title: Millicent Simmonds

texts:
<mask> (born ) is a deaf American actress who starred in the 2018 horror film A Quiet Place and its 2020 sequel A Quiet Place Part II. Her breakout role was in the 2017 drama film Wonderstruck. For Wonderstruck and A Quiet Place, she was nominated for several awards for best youth performance. In television, she appeared in Andi Mack in 2018 and in This Close in 2019. <mask> grew up in Bountiful, Utah in the United States. She has four siblings; two older and two younger than her. Prior to turning 12 months old, Simmonds lost her hearing due to a medication overdose.Her mother learned American Sign Language and taught the family so they could communicate with her. Simmonds said without her family using ASL, "I wouldn't have a relationship with my own family, I wouldn't have communication." Simmonds's mother also encouraged her to read books extensively. When Simmonds was three years old, she started attending the Jean Massieu School of the Deaf, where she participated in its drama club. Her first play was in A Midsummer Night's Dream as Puck. After completing sixth grade, she mainstreamed at the Mueller Park Junior High School in the fall of 2015. She has performed at the Utah Shakespeare Festival in Cedar City, Utah, and her primary film experience before Wonderstruck was a deaf student's short, "Color the World".Simmonds has a cochlear implant. With it, she listens to Father John Misty and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Her favorite film to date is The Truman Show (1998). Career

Wonderstruck and A Quiet Place

Simmonds was 12 years old when she first acted in the film Wonderstruck, released in 2017. She had read the deaf-themed juvenile novel Wonderstruck when it was published in 2011. When open casting for the film began, her former drama teacher shared the news with her, and she auditioned for a role in the film. She competed with over 250 others.When she won the role, she moved to New York City with her mother and her younger siblings to film Wonderstruck. She used American Sign Language interpreters to communicate on set and also received a tutor to continue schoolwork while filming. Vanity Fairs Charles Bramesco said of her casting, "A Utah native without any major film credits to her name, young Simmonds is expected to make quite a splash both as a new face in the industry as well as an icon for deaf and otherwise sensory-disabled actors." When Wonderstruck premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, the Associated Press's Jake Coyle said Simmonds's screen debut was "hailed as a breakthrough". Simmonds was subsequently nominated for several awards for best youth performance (see accolades). The Associated Press also recognized Simmonds as one of eight actors who were Breakthrough Entertainers of 2017. In 2018, Simmonds starred in the horror film A Quiet Place as the deaf daughter of a hearing couple, played by John Krasinski and Emily Blunt.While the producers did not specifically plan to cast a deaf actress to play the deaf daughter, Krasinski, who was also the director, pushed to have a deaf actress. Simmonds and her family answered Krasinski's questions for writing a screenplay about a family with a deaf child. The filmmakers hired an ASL interpreter for Simmonds, so that signed and spoken language could be interpreted fluently on set. Simmonds helped teach her fellow actors to sign. TV roles and return to A Quiet Place
In 2018, Simmonds appeared in a two-episode arc in the third season of the Disney Channel television series Andi Mack. She had first appeared as an extra in the first season, and the series creators invited her back for a recurring role. For her arc, Simmonds taught the other actors how to use ASL, and the showrunners decided to show her scenes involving ASL without providing subtitles so viewers could focus on figuring out the sign language.In one of the episodes, Simmonds also spoke for the first time ever on-camera, responding audibly "I like you" in response to Asher Angel's character Jonah signing "I like you" to her character. Simmonds said of the spoken dialogue, "I can't even remember how it was brought up or who had the idea, but I remember my mom asking me how I felt about it, and I told her I thought I could try. I was actually pretty nervous about it. I don't use my voice a lot in public." In the following year, Simmonds appeared in an episode of the second season of This Close. In October, Simmonds was cast in a lead role in the pilot for the TV series Close Up on Freeform, and production took place later in the year in Vancouver. By May 2020, Freeform passed on the pilot.<mask> also reprised her role in the sequel film A Quiet Place Part II, which filmed in the middle of 2019. John Krasinski, who also directed the sequel, said, "I had this small idea, which was to make Millie [Simmonds] the lead of the movie... her character opens the door to all the themes I was dealing with in the first movie." The film had its world premiere in March 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, its commercial release was postponed to May 2021. In October 2021, Simmonds was cast as the deafblind historical figure Helen Keller for the film Helen & Teacher with principal photography scheduled to start in mid-2022. Deaf advocacy
Following Simmonds's 2017 debut in Wonderstruck, KSL.com's Liesl Nielsen reported, "Millie plans to continue both acting and advocating for the deaf community." In 2019, after starring in A Quiet Place, Simmonds received the Greenwich International Film Festival's Make An Impact Award and participated in the festival's panel to discuss cinematic representation of people with disabilities. In 2020, with the commercial release of A Quiet Place Part II being postponed to the following year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Simmonds and a speech-language pathology clinical fellow designed a face mask that includes a transparent panel to allow lip-reading and facial expressions to be seen.Simmonds partnered with fair-trade fashion brand Rafi Nova to make the masks and to have net proceeds go to deaf and hard-of-hearing organizations. She also participated in a virtual panel hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences about representation of creative figures with disabilities, as part of the 30th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Toward the end of the year, the teenage magazine Seventeen recognized Simmonds among 15 recipients of Voices of the Year 2020 for their vision and activism. With deaf characters historically played by hearing actors, or sign language obscured by the editing process, Simmonds considers her films Wonderstruck, A Quiet Place, and A Quiet Place Part II as "a corrective" to that history. Credits

Accolades

References

Further reading
 (Juvenile audience)

External links

2003 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Utah
American child actresses
American deaf actresses
American film actresses
Living people
People from Bountiful, Utah

masks:
Millicent Simmonds
Background Simmonds
Simmonds


title: Alex Buzo

type: original

texts:
<mask> (23 July 194416 August 2006) was an Australian playwright and author who wrote 88 works. His literary works recorded Australian culture through wit, humour and extensive use of colloquial Australian English. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 23 July 1944 in Sydney. His father <mask> (1912-2006) was from Berat, Albania, an American Harvard University graduate and civil engineer of Albanian origin. Elaine Johnson, an Australian teacher of Irish descent was his mother. <mask>'s brother, <mask> (born 1948, Brisbane) is a Korean studies scholar and former Australian diplomat. The first school Buzo attended was the Middle Harbour State Primary School.<mask>'s interests in his early years were shaped by his influential mother's sister Ailsa, a theatre and movie goer. At age 10, <mask> and the whole family went to live in Armidale when his father got a position at Armidale University. <mask> attended The Armidale School where his interest in drama developed. His father later was employed in Switzerland and <mask> attended the International School of Geneva. He formed a lifelong interest for both cricket and rugby in his youth where he participated as a player in team sports. <mask> returned to Australia and held a job at the Sydney Stock Exchange for a year. He attended and was a successful student at the Australian National University.Later he went to the University of New South Wales, which had Australia's first drama course and graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. At the time <mask> worked as a barman in the Sydney suburb of Neutral Bay at the Oakes hotel. Playwriting career
<mask> started acting with the inner Sydney New Theatre company after being inspired by director Aarne Neeme and the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA). Later in Sydney he became a playwright at 21 and Buzo emerged as a prominent figure among Australian dramatists, part of the New Wave group. <mask> was also involved with the Melbourne based Australian Performing Group (APG). In 1966 <mask> wrote The Revolt. Norm and Ahmed was written in 1968 after his friend Pakistani student Mohammed Kazim ("Kaz") was harassed in a pub by an older white Australian.The play explored issues of racism within Australia and was a one act drama centred on two characters, the Anglo-Australian engineer Norm and a Pakistani student Ahmed at a bus stop. The controversial play brought <mask> into the national spotlight and it was performed widely in Australian cities and also in Britain and the US. Debates over censorship in theatre followed and the use of colourful Australian expressions like "fuckin' boong" in the play's last line resulted in obscenity charges against Buzo, then court cases with the matter ending up at the High Court in 1970. The charges were eventually quashed by the Attorney-General. During 1969, <mask> wrote two plays The Front Room Boys and Rooted. The name Rooted got <mask> into difficulties as in Australian colloquial terminology the term used as a pun can mean sexual relations. He wrote The Roy Murphy Show, a satirical play about a rugby television panel show in 1971 and two others in 1972, Macquaire, exploring issues of Australian identity and the past and Tom.At age 28, <mask> became a resident playwright with the Melbourne Theatre Company. In 1974, <mask>'s Coralie Lansdowne Says No achieved much success and was about a woman's struggle for independence and challenges she encounters in life. Other plays explored similar themes regarding social alienation and the pursuit of individuals seeking to attain and find purpose in a world that prevents it from happening like Martello Towers in 1976 and Makassar Reef in 1978. <mask> was at the height of his career as his plays were often sold out performances and well received by attending audiences. In 1980 Buzo wrote the Big River, in 1983 The Marginal Farm, in 1987 Stingray, in 1988 Shellcove Road and in 1995 Pacific Union. <mask> was one of the early playwrights of the New Wave group to gain international attention for Makassar Reef, Rooted and Tom, being well received in the US. Buzo's plays have also been performed in south East Asia and the UK.Over the span of his career, <mask> was also a writer-in-residence for various schools, universities and theatre companies. Businessman David Hill, an Oakes Hotel coworker from Buzo's university days sued him for defamation in the 1980s over an unsavoury character claimed to be based on Hill in Makassar Reef. Both Hill and Buzo reconciled in 1990. Subsequent career

In later years Buzo wrote fiction including prose and topics covered ranged from the misusage of everyday language to sport. Books he wrote on the Australian language and life that achieved popularity were Tautology and Meet the New Class both in 1981, Glancing Blows in 1987, The Young Persons Guide to the Theatre in 1988, Kiwese in 1994 and A Dictionary of the Almost Obvious in 1998. Two novels by Buzo were The Search for Harry Allway in 1985 and Prue Flies North in 1991. He wrote news articles about rugby and important books on cricket, the Legends of the Baggy Green (2004) and coauthored The Longest Game: A Collection of the Best Cricket Writing from <mask> to Zavos, from the Gabba to the Yabba (1992).In his writing career he wrote for the children's animation show, Arthur and the Square Knights of the Round Table. In 2001 he gave the 3rd annual Tom Brock Lecture. <mask> died in Sydney on 16 August 2006 after several years battling cancer. Style
Early in his career, Buzo's writing style and use of wit was similar to his Australian playwright contemporary David Williamson. Sometimes during his career, comparisons of Buzo to British playright Harold Pinter were made. Like Pinter, Buzo's works were marked by surrealism, use of triviality, colloquial expressions and language. Over time Buzo's works also employed romanticism.The topic of social alienation was often explored in <mask>'s plays through their characters. <mask> was an observer of language and it was reflected in his writing style through wit, humour and clever use of colloquial Australian English. Apart from theatre plays, <mask> achieved success in most literary genres. He wrote many witty and insightful books on Australian life, language and sport, and his articles on many varied subjects including reviews and travel writing were published in all the major newspapers and magazines in Australia. Personal life
<mask> was married for forty years to Merelyn Johnson ("Jock"), an art teacher from Armidale and the couple had three daughters, Emma, Laura and Genevieve and several grandchildren. He supported the North Sydney Bears (later known as the Northern Eagles) and participated in the failed campaign to stop its demotion from the National Rugby League. Legacy

The Alex Buzo Company
In 2007 <mask>'s eldest daughter Emma formed The Alex Buzo Company.Its aim is to produce, promote and perpetuate the work of <mask> both in Australia and internationally. The company is supported by the <mask> family and manages his estate. It is dedicated to fostering the same level of excellence Buzo achieved in his career in contemporary Australian literature through innovative programs of theatre, education and training. In honour of <mask>'s life work, the Alex Buzo Shortlist Prize was created (2006) for Australian writers. Awards
 1972 Gold Medal from the Australian Literature Society for his history play Macquarie
 1998 an Alumni Award from the University of New South Wales
 2005 Honorary Doctorate of Letters from UNSW for his contribution to Australian Literature. and the Square Knights of the Round Table (1966–1968)

Live-action film screenplays
Ned Kelly (1970) (uncredited)

Animated film screenplays
Out of the eight Dickens adaptations by Burbank Animation Studios, four were adapted by Buzo:
 A Christmas Carol (1982)
 Great Expectations (1983)
 David Copperfield (1983)
 The Old Curiosity Shop (1984)

References

Other sources
A comprehensive list of articles on <mask> can be found on the "Media and Links" page of The Alex Buzo Company website. External links
 Alex Buzo Company

1944 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
Australian people of Albanian descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Writers from Sydney
People from Armidale, New South Wales
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
University of New South Wales alumni
Australian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Australian dramatists and playwrights
ALS Gold Medal winners
20th-century Australian male writers
International School of Geneva alumni

masks:
Alexander John Buzo
Alex Buzo
Zihni Jusuf Buzo
Buzo
Adrian Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Alexander
Death Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Alex Buzo
Buzo
Buzo
Alex Buzo


title: Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)

texts:
<mask> is a scholar and practitioner of yoga. He studied yoga intensively in India, and became a qualified yoga teacher, until returning to England to study divinity and research the origins of modern postural yoga. His doctoral dissertation, which argued that posture-based forms of yoga represent a radical break from haṭha yoga tradition, with different goals, and an unprecedented emphasis on āsanas, was later published in book form as the widely-read Yoga Body. <mask> was a Senior Research Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, working on the European Research Council-funded Hatha Yoga Project. As an editor of scholarly texts and essays on yoga, his works have been widely praised and well received by scholars. Gurus of Modern Yoga and Roots of Yoga are both considered important contributions to the field of yoga. Education and career

Practitioner

<mask> spent three years in India in the 1990s learning yoga intensively, both physically and mentally, becoming a qualified teacher of Iyengar Yoga and Satyananda Yoga.He said that the classes and workshops that he took were aimed mostly at "Western yoga pilgrims", and that authentic, traditional Indian yoga was strikingly difficult to find. He continued his intensive yoga practice with two and a half hours early each morning and teaching or taking classes in the evenings, but focused his days on studying the history and philosophy of yoga. His studies caused him what he referred to as "something like a crisis of faith", namely, the discovery that modern āsana-based yoga had much more recent origins than was claimed for it. Scholar

Returning to England, he attended Cambridge University, working as a research assistant at the Dharam Hinduja Institute of Indic Research from 2002-2003, and earning his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in divinity in 2007 under the supervision of Elizabeth De Michelis. He continued his study of Sanskrit to enable him to access medieval haṭha yoga texts. From 2006 to 2013 he taught at St John's College, Santa Fe. Meanwhile, he served as consultant for the Smithsonian exhibition Yoga: The Art of Transformation, contributing also to the exhibition catalogue.After leaving the St John's College faculty, he went on to serve under James Mallinson, a renowned indologist, as a Senior Research Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) from 2015 to 2020. At SOAS, he worked on the European Research Council-funded Hatha Yoga Project, researching and translating yoga practice texts from Sanskrit and other languages. At the same time, he served as the co-chair for the American Academy of Religions group studying yoga in theory and practice. Major works and reception
In 2009, <mask> began editing scholarly collections on yoga. His works have been considered valuable in the field of yoga. One of his books, Yoga Body, has gained a wider readership despite its scholarly approach, attracting both praise and criticism. Yoga in the Modern World

The researcher Suzanne Newcombe, reviewing the 2009 collection Yoga in the Modern World edited by <mask> and Jean Byrne, notes that several of the chapters "successfully combine emic experience (seen from inside) with an etic analysis.Burley and Liberman openly declare that, in addition to being established scholars, they also teach forms of modern yoga. For Nevrin, Smith, and Strauss, experiencing the practice of yoga is an inherent part of a rigorous anthropological understanding that acknowledges embodied experience." In Newcombe's view, "rigorous academic reflection" on modern yoga is an "interesting" development, making the book a valuable overview of the field. Yoga Body

In 2010 <mask> published a revised version of his PhD thesis on yoga as exercise, Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice; it argues that certain modern forms of yoga represent a radical reworking of the haṭha yoga tradition in both content (dropping most haṭha practices other than āsanas) and purpose (exercise rather than mokṣa, spiritual liberation), and that the incorporation of many standing āsanas into popular yoga reflects the rise of systems of modern physical culture (such as Niels Bukh's Primitive Gymnastics) widespread in India during the 20th century. He noted that āsanas were brought to the Western world in the early 20th century by Yogendra; postural yoga was developed further by Kuvalayananda, Vishnudevananda, and by Krishnamacharya and his pupils Indra Devi, B. K. S. Iyengar, and K. Pattabhi Jois. <mask> notes that while some āsanas are undoubtedly ancient, traditional sources such as Patanjali's Yoga Sutras say nothing of the best-known modern yoga poses like downward dog. Krishnamacharya's method, <mask> wrote, was "a synthesis of several extant methods of physical training that (prior to this period) would have fallen well outside any definition of yoga," making use of haṭha yoga, the British army's calisthenic exercises, and Niels Bukh's primary or primitive gymnastics from Denmark.The book was widely read both by scholars and by practitioners, arousing sometimes strong reactions. The book was attacked from two sides: saffronising Hindu nationalists wanting to reclaim yoga as a single thing, distinctively Indian; and modern global yoga marketing wanting to wrap its product "in the mantle of antiquity" to maximise sales. In 2011, Mallinson pointed out that it had become a catalyst in arguments over "who owns yoga", despite the deep antisectarianism in the medieval texts; and that Yoga Body reiterated that yoga was always meant to be "a practical method of achieving liberation that was open to all, irrespective of philosophy or theology". Mallinson questioned <mask>'s view that modern postural yoga was only lightly related to medieval haṭha yoga, giving examples of asanas with definite medieval origins. Harold Coward, reviewing Yoga Body for the Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, admired its analysis and accessibility. The yoga instructor Timothy Burgin, reviewing it for Yoga Basics, calls it "fascinating and remarkable", both well-documented and likely to "ruffle a few yogis' feathers". The yoga teacher Jill Miller, reviewing the book on Gaiam, observes that the book agreed with the intuition that many āsanas were similar to those in martial arts, and that authenticity in yoga was not what it seemed.The author Matthew Remski, writing in Yoga International, called the publication "a watershed moment in the history of global asana culture." He agrees that the book is "uncomfortable", gently deconstructing terms like "original" and "authentic", pointing instead to the student-teacher relationship. He finds the book strongly "yogic", weaving together "the cultural and the personal". He has written about his work in The New York Times and the Yoga Journal, including a tribute to B. K. S. Iyengar, an Indian yoga teacher who brought yoga as exercise to Westeners. Gurus of Modern Yoga

In 2014, <mask> and Ellen Goldberg edited the collection Gurus of Modern Yoga. Scholars reviewing the book found it an important and substantial addition, even "outstanding", to the often limited scholarly analysis of modern yoga gurus, especially of female leaders, though some regretted the lack of a chapter comparing existing work, or an overall conclusion." She finds its inclusion of women gurus "an important contribution".Roots of Yoga

While working at SOAS, he co-authored with the Mallinson Roots of Yoga. This is a collection of mostly original translations of over one hundred yoga texts, mainly from Sanskrit but with texts from The sources were written in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Tamil, Pali, Kashmiri, Old Marathi, Avadhi, and Braj Bhasha, the last two being early forms of Hindi. Its eleven themed chapters cover many of the traditional practices of yoga (such as āsana, prāṇāyāma, mudrā, meditation, and mantra) as well as essential contexts for practising yoga (such as preliminaries to yoga practice, the yogic body, siddhi or special powers, and mokṣa, liberation). The book, published in 2017, has a main introduction summarizing the history of yoga and yoga scholarship, while each chapter has its own shorter contextual introduction and notes. Scholars reviewing Roots of Yoga universally welcomed the wealth of sources, from ancient times to the 19th century, made available for the first time in English in the book, and admired the editors' lack of partisanship. Reviewers noted that the collection would be useful to scholars, yoga teachers, and practitioners. They admired the concise and erudite introduction to the texts, and that it would quickly become a classic.Other works

Articles

 <mask>, <mask>. "Salvation through relaxation: Proprioceptive therapy and its relationship to yoga". Journal of Contemporary Religion, 20.3 (2005): 289-304. <mask>, <mask>. "Yoga, eugenics, and spiritual Darwinism in the early twentieth century". International Journal of Hindu Studies, 11.2 (2007): 125-146. <mask>, <mask>."Suggestive therapeutics: new thought's relationship to modern yoga". Asian Medicine, 3.1 (2007): 64-84. <mask>, <mask> and Birch, Jason (2019) "The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Haṭhayoga on the Cusp of Modernity". Journal of Yoga Studies, (2), pp 3-70. Book chapters

 <mask>, <mask> and Larios, Borayin (2020) "The Scholar-practitioner of yoga in the western academy". In: O'Brien-Kop, Karen and Newcombe, Suzanne, (eds. ), Routledge Handbook of Yoga and Meditation Studies.Abingdon and New York: Routledge, pp 37-50. <mask>, <mask> (2020) "Early Hatha Yoga". In: O'Brien-Kop, Karen and Newcombe, Suzanne, (eds. ), Routledge Handbook of Yoga and Meditation Studies. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, pp 120-129. <mask>, <mask> (2017) "The Spiritual Body in Twentieth-Century Yoga". Proceedings of the International Workshop, Modernization and Spiritual, Mental and Physical Practices: From Yoga to Reiki.Kyoto: Institute for Research in Humanities, (Jinbunken), Kyoto University. <mask>, <mask> (2017) "David Frawley and Vedic Yoga". In: Guenzi, Caterina and Voix, Raphaël, (eds. ), In the name of the Veda: Referring to Vedic Authority in India and Abroad. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. <mask>, <mask> (2016) "Introduction". Telo joge: koreni moderne posturalne prakse.Belgrade: Neopress Publishing. <mask>, <mask> (2015) "Yoga and physical culture: Transnational history and blurred discursive contexts". In: Jacobsen, Knut A., (ed. ), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. London: Routledge, pp 172-184. Translations

 <mask>, <mask> (2017) Translation of article "Religious Modernity", by Sébastian Tank-Storper. Dictionnaire des faits religieux [English Edition], Dictionnaires Quadrige.References

Books

External links

 Mukti Jain Campion - The Secret History of Yoga on BBC Radio 4, featuring <mask>'s work

Living people
Yoga scholars
1972 births

masks:
Mark Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton
Mark
Singleton


title: Heath Pearce

texts:
<mask> (born August 13, 1984) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender for teams in Europe and North America. He represented his national team on 35 occasions. <mask> is currently the host of "The Mixer", "KPR" (Kick Power Rankings) and "WTF" (Walk Talk Football), all programs on the YouTube channel COPA90 US (formerly known as KICKTV). Career

College and amateur
<mask> played his high school soccer at Peter Johansen High School in Modesto, California before playing his college soccer at the University of Portland, where he was an All-West Coast Conference honorable mention selection. In his final year at Portland, he started all 20 games, scoring two goals and racking up five assists. During his college years he also played for the Bradenton Academics in the USL Premier Development League. FC Nordsjælland
<mask> signed with FC Nordsjælland and began his professional career in the 2004–05 Danish Superliga season.He made 75 league appearances and scored two goals for club in his two and a half seasons there. Hansa Rostock
After stating that he would leave Nordsjælland after the 2007 season with a goal to be signed by a team in Germany, Scotland, or the Netherlands, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Hansa Rostock on July 16, 2007. In January 2008, <mask> was briefly suspended for being late to return to the club from international duty, but was eventually allowed back on the team. On April 13, 2009, <mask> was permanently suspended from Hansa Rostock's first team and demoted to the reserve squad. At the end of the season, <mask> was released from his contract. FC Dallas
On September 2, 2009, <mask> reportedly signed a two-year contract with Turkish team Bursaspor, but the next day it had emerged that a deal was not reached until after the transfer window had closed. After his failed move to Turkey, he signed with Major League Soccer side FC Dallas on September 11, 2009.In his first full season in Dallas <mask> helped the club to the 2010 MLS Cup final. Chivas USA
On February 15, 2011, after two seasons with Dallas, <mask> was traded to Chivas USA in return for allocation money. <mask> was traded to New York Red Bulls on May 17, 2012 with allocation money and future considerations in exchange for forward Juan Agudelo. <mask> scored his first MLS goal on June 20 versus the Vancouver Whitecaps helping New York to earn a 1–1 draw with his late equalizer. New York Red Bulls
Midway through the 2013 season, <mask> elected to have hip surgery that ruled him out for the remainder of the season. New York and <mask> mutually parted ways at the end of the 2013 MLS season. He entered the 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft but was not selected.Montreal Impact
On March 6, 2014, <mask> signed with Montreal Impact. <mask> appeared in 29 matches in his lone season in Montreal. After one season in Montreal, in December 2014 <mask> was selected by Orlando City SC in the 2014 MLS Expansion Draft. IFK Göteborg
On January 29, 2015 <mask> signed a five-month-long contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Göteborg. International career
<mask> made his international debut in November 2005 against Scotland. <mask> was included by Bruce Arena in United States training camps and friendly matches prior to the 2006 FIFA World Cup but did not make the team. Under Bob Bradley, <mask> became a regular starter for the national team.With relatively little competition in the U.S. player pool at left back, <mask> played the most minutes of any American field player in 2008. But as his club situation deteriorated, <mask> has seen less time with national team. Though a member of the squad at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, he did not make an appearance in the tournament as Jonathan Bornstein and Carlos Bocanegra were the preferred choices. <mask> was a member of the second-tier U.S. team for the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Lately he has not seen much action due to the return of Bornstein and also Bocanegra and Jonathan Spector both being versatile enough to play in that position. <mask> was included on the 30-man preliminary roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but did not make the final 23 man squad. Personal life
<mask> has one younger adopted sister and two brothers.His sister Lindsay has starred in the TV series The Glee Project where she won a role on the Fox hit show Glee. <mask> is an avid car and racing enthusiast. He has partnered with Matt Young as a co-owner in a professional sports car racing venture, Matt Young Motorsports with <mask>. A current free agent, <mask> also works in the field of media and broadcast. He has replaced his former Chivas USA teammate Jimmy Conrad as host of the YouTube channel KICK, now known as COPA90 US. Career statistics

Club

International

Honors

Portland Pilots
 West Coast Conference Regular Season: 2002

FC Dallas
 Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship: 2010

New York Red Bulls
 Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield: 2013

Montreal Impact
 Canadian Championship: 2014

IFK Göteborg
 Svenska Cupen: 2014–15

References

External links

 U.S Soccer Player Bio

 Career statistics

Living people
1984 births
Association football defenders
American soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Sportspeople from Modesto, California
Soccer players from California
Portland Pilots men's soccer players
IMG Academy Bradenton players
American expatriate soccer players
FC Nordsjælland players
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
American expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
FC Hansa Rostock players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Major League Soccer players
Expatriate footballers in Germany
American expatriate sportspeople in Germany
FC Dallas players
Chivas USA players
New York Red Bulls players
CF Montréal players
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
IFK Göteborg players
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
United States men's international soccer players
2007 Copa América players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
USL League Two players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players

masks:
Heath Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
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title: Radoslav Glavaš (junior)

texts:
<mask> (29 October 1909 – June 1945) was a Herzegovinian Franciscan who headed the Department of Religion of the Ministry of Justice and Religion of the fascist Independent State of Croatia during the World War II. A native of Drinovci near Grude in Herzegovina, Glavaš became a member of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina in 1928. After finishing his studies at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, he taught the Croatian language and literature at the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg. Known as a nationalist, he supported the puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH), established by Nazi Germany and Italy in 1941. He became head of the Department of Religion at the Ministry of Justice and Religion of the NDH immediately after the establishment of the puppet state in May 1941 and held that post until the dissolution of the NDH in May 1945. As an official at the Ministry of Justice and Religion, <mask> was charged with setting up the procedures and regulations for mass conversion of the Serb Eastern Orthodox population to Catholicism, even though the Catholic Church's hierarchy opposed such programme. He used his position to favor the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina, enabling the state sponsorship of its schools and state-controlled collection of financial revenues for the Franciscans.Despite the opposition from the Catholic Church, he enabled the establishment of the Franciscan Faculty of Theology in Sarajevo by the fascist government. <mask> also used his position to oppose the appointment of Petar Čule, a secular priest, as bishop of Mostar-Duvno, a position previously held by the Franciscans. For this reason, he was excommunicated by the papal delegate Ramiro Marcone in 1942. <mask> was executed by the Yugoslav Partisans for collaborating with the fascist regime in June 1945. Early life

<mask> was born in Drinovci near Grude in the region of Herzegovina, at the time part of Austria-Hungary, to father Petar and mother Mara née Marinović. He was christened as Andrija by parson in Drinovci friar Vjenceslav Bašić. His baptismal godfather was <mask>.Glavaš finished elementary school in Drinovci in 1921. Afterward, Glavaš attended the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg as an "internal" student, that is to become a priest and a monk. After finishing the sixth grade in 1927, Glavaš paused his education and entered a one-year novitiate at the Franciscan friary in Humac, Ljubuški on 29 June 1927. He changed his name to <mask> and was ordained a monk by Lujo Bubalo. He returned to the gymnasium to finish the remaining two grades and graduated on 24 July 1930. Glavaš took his monastic vows in front of Provincial Dominik Mandić on 1 July 1928 and solemn vows on 3 July 1931, also in front of Mandić. After finishing his high-school education, Glavaš enrolled at the Franciscan seminary in Mostar in 1930, where he studied until 1932.He continued his education in Lille, France. As he was not yet 24 years old, Glavaš asked Mandić to obtain permission for his premature priestly ordination. Mandić asked the Pope for permission for Glavaš to be ordained on 19 May 1933, which Pope granted. Glavaš was ordained a priest in Fontenoy, and Mandić was notified about the ordination on 17 July 1933. Glavaš remained in Lille another year and asked to return to Herzegovina, which was granted by Provincial Mate Čuturić on 1 July 1934. After returning to Herzegovina, Glavaš served as a chaplain in Široki Brijeg from 1934 to 1935. He was then sent to study Croatian at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, after which he was supposed to return to the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg to teach Croatian.As Herzegovinian Franciscans didn't own any accommodation in Zagreb, they lived in the monasteries of other Franciscan Provinces. Thus, Glavaš lived in the friary of the Croatian Franciscan Province of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kaptol, Zagreb. Glavaš encountered several problems while living there, as he saw the statutory provisions and living style of these Franciscans as redundant and unnecessary and refused to wear the friar's clothes. The next year, the guardian of the Franciscan friary in Kaptol informed Čuturić that they cannot accommodate Glavaš anymore. Čuturić took up for Glavaš and asked the Zagreb Provincial Mihael Troha and the guardian of the friary to at least probe Glavaš until Christmas. His petition was accepted in October 1935, and Glavaš continued to live in Kaptol. However, Troha again complained about Glavaš to Čuturić in 1938, informing him that Glavaš leaves the friary at whim and often returns after midnight.Čuturić requested that Glavaš returns to Mostar. Glavaš left Zagreb for Mostar in December 1938. In the meantime, the two Provincials agreed that Glavaš would continue his studies at the friary near Zagreb in Jaska. Glavaš finished all of his exams on 27 June 1939 and remained in Jaska until July. During the studies, Glavaš became a prominent nationalist and anti-communist amongst the students, and while studying met Mile Budak, a prominent Ustaše and later a member of the World War II fascist Government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Glavaš wrote positive critiques of Budak's literal work. Glavaš spent vacations in Austria in 1936 and Germany in 1937 to learn German.Čuturić asked him to return to Široki Brijeg to teach Croatian already in 1938, however, Glavaš asked him to prolong his studies. As he was preparing his doctoral thesis on Jakša Čedomil, a Catholic priest from Split, he asked Čuturić to ask the Franciscan friary in Dobro near Split to allow him to live there, as the majority of material about Čedomil could be found only in Split. His request was granted so he moved there in July 1939. He asked to remain in Dobro for an additional semester to finish his doctoral studies, however, Čuturić already appointed him professor in the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg in April 1939 and refused his request. Thus, in September 1939, Glavaš started to lecture the Croatian language and literature in Široki Brijeg. This stalled his doctoral studies, so he defended his doctoral thesis only in 1942. Independent State of Croatia

In 1940 and early 1941, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria all agreed to adhere to the Tripartite Pact and thus join the Axis.Hitler then pressured Yugoslavia to join as well. The Regent, Prince Paul, yielded to this pressure and declared Yugoslavia's accession to the Pact on 25 March 1941. This move was highly unpopular with the Serb-dominated officer corps of the military and some segments of the public: a large part of the Serbian population, as well as liberals and Communists. Military officers (mainly Serbs) executed a coup d'état on 27 March 1941, and forced the Regent to resign, while King Peter II, though only 17, was declared of age. Upon hearing news of the coup in Yugoslavia, on 27 March Hitler issued a directive, which called for Yugoslavia to be treated as a hostile state. The Germans started an invasion with air assault on Belgrade on 6 April 1941. On 10 April 1941, the two Axis Powers, Germany and Italy, established its puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH).The establishment of the NDH was welcomed amongst the professors of the Franciscan gymnasium in Široki Brijeg. Glavaš openly supported the newly established fascist regime. However, the gymnasium's administration sanctioned political outbursts amongst its students, with many students being expelled because of their political activity. Budak became Minister of Justice and Religion of the newly established NDH and asked the Herzegovinian Provincial Krešimir Pandžić on 10 May 1941 to allow Glavaš to become a member of his ministry. Pandžić accepted the request five days later. <mask> was appointed the head of the Department of Religion at the Ministry. With the new position, <mask>, taught by his own experience, bought the house where Herzegovinian Franciscans could live in Zagreb in 1942.The Herzegovinian Franciscans also used his position to equalise the status of the Franciscan schools with the public schools and to secure the financing for their schools from the state treasury, to become independent from their dioceses and the bishops. Glavaš also initiated the state-sponsored establishment of the Franciscan Faculty of Theology in Sarajevo for all the Franciscan Provinces in the NDH in 1944. This initiative was opposed by the Church authorities, who insisted that such an educational institution must be established and approved by the Church. Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb wrote against such a move, complaining that the church authorities must not be bypassed. Archbishop Ivan Šarić was also "seriously surprised" by the state establishment of the faculty without the church approval. However, the Franciscans claimed that they have a right to establish the faculty without the church's approval. Using his post, Glavaš also influenced the appointment of politicians in Herzegovina.Persection of Serbs

As an official of the Ministry of Justice and Religion, Glavaš was charged with setting up the procedures and regulations within the programme of the mass conversion of the Eastern Orthodox Serb population to Catholicism. The programme was initiated without any consultation with the Church. The head of the programme was another Franciscan Dionizije Juričev. The auxiliary bishop of Zagreb Josip Lach immediately condemned the move. However, the government ignored the bishop's condemnation, announced the introduction of the new regulations in July 1941 and started recruiting individual priests to carry out the conversions. The Church opposed the forced conversions and insisted that only it can proscribe the conditions for conversion and that the issue is out of the scope of the government. The NDH government intended to organise mass conversions, while the Church held that thorough religious education is necessary before any conversion.Glavaš's procedure and regulation of the conversion had an aim to eradicate Serb identity from the NDH. He prohibited the educated and the middle-class to be converted in order for them to be killed, deported, or otherwise removed. In the summer and autumn of 1941, individual priests were sent out to rural areas to conduct the conversions, and Serbs agreed to convert fearing for their lives. However, the Ustaše continued to persecute them even after the conversion. After realising that the conversions won't save them, the programme to convert the Serbs became obscure. By 1942, only about two hundred thousand Serbs converted, and the programme was soon abandoned. The intimidating attitude of some priests, especially those in Herzegovina, together with the arbitrariness of conversions, led to the fact that they shook the legitimacy of the entire programme.Glavaš also managed to get the money earned from the assets of the Serbian Eastern Orthodox churches to the Franciscan friaries. Čule affair

Glavaš was involved in an affair of the episcopal appointment in Herzegovina, when a secular priest Petar Čule was named the new bishop of Mostar-Duvno and the apostolic administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan. The episcopal seat was previously held by the Franciscans, who felt that the seat should belong to one of their own. They gained a promise from the Ustaše government via Glavaš that the new bishop would be a Herzegovinian Franciscan.. The Ustaše government complained that Čule's and the appointment of the Greek Catholic bishop Janko Šimrak, occurred without consultation with them. On 3 June 1942, the Ministry of Justice and Religion sent a protest note to all parish priests in Herzegovina in which they demonstrated opposition to his appointment, noting that since Čule was appointed "without knowledge and hearing, even without knowledge of the Croatian State Government, the Croatian State Government cannot recognise such an appointment, and will take its stance accordingly in order to protect the state sovereignty pro foro civili". Glavaš participated in the making of the protest note.At the time when Pavelić was preparing to celebrate his name day on the feast of Saint Anthony of Padua on 13 June 1942, he was informed by the Pope's delegate Giuseppe Masucci, that if he would hold to this protest note, he would be automatically excommunicated in the accordance with the 2334 Code of Canon Law, and that this would obstruct the celebration of his name day. This persuaded Pavelić to give up any sanctions against Čule. Few days after the protest note was issued, Archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac invited a high official in the Ministry of Justice and Religion together with Glavaš, and threatened them both with excommunication if they don't refrain from their actions. Furthermore, the papal delegate Marcone, who was present there, excommunicated Glavaš. Glavaš refused to acknowledge the excommunication, claiming that he had no role in the creation nor spreading of the protest note against Čule's appointment. Nonetheless, in July 1942, Glavaš influenced Pavelić to send the Minister of Internal Affairs Andrija Artuković to Mostar, in order to prevent Čule's appointment, but the effort was unsuccessful, mainly because of Stepinac's threats to Glavaš and the Ustaše authorities. The Herzegovinian Franciscans started to persuade Čule to denounce his appointment but to no avail.Stepinac and the Archbishop of Vrhbosna Šarić received threatening letters, in which they were informed that "if you [Stepinac and Šarić] dare to cross the border of the city of Mostar and Herzegovina for the purpose of the consecration of the new bishop, you [Stepinac and Šarić] should know that anything could happen. There will be blood and flesh, even if you would carry the papal tiara. There will be blood and flesh." Marko Perić considers that the threatening letters originate from the Franciscans. Franciscan Oton Knezović, unsatisfied with Čule's appointment, wrote an article in Katolički list (The Catholic Newspaper) regarding the incident, but the article was of such content that Stepinac ordered it to be destroyed. Aftermath

Before the entrance of the Partisans in Zagreb, the NDH government took the treasures of the Croatian National Bank, including gold, jewelry, and foreign currency, and put them in 42 boxes. Glavaš helped them hide 32 boxes of gold and other treasure, including money, in the Franciscan monastery in Zagreb, while the rest of the boxes were taken out of the country.OZNA, the Yugoslav secret police, found the boxes in January 1946. Immediately after the fall of the NDH regime, <mask> was arrested and tried in June 1945, and was executed afterwards. Robin Harris wrote that Glavaš was probably the most notorious Ustaše priest. Notes

References

Books

Journals

1909 births
1945 deaths
People from Grude
Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
Franciscans of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
Ustaše
Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Croatian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Croatian people of World War II
Executed Yugoslav collaborators with Nazi Germany
Executed politicians
Executed Croatian people
20th-century Roman Catholic clergy
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church

masks:
Radoslav Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš
Ivan Glavaš
Radoslav
Glavaš
Glavaš
Glavaš


title: Tendai Biti

texts:
<mask> (born 6 August 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician who served as Finance Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013. He is the current Member of Parliament for Harare East Constituency and the second Vice President of  Citizens Coalition for Change. He was the Secretary-General of the Movement for Democratic Change and the subsequent Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) political parties and a Member of Parliament for Harare East until he was expelled from the party and recalled from parliament in mid-2014,before winning the seat again in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born in Dzivarasekwa, Harare, and he is the eldest in a family of 6 children. From 1980 to 1985 he attended Goromonzi High School, where he was appointed deputy head boy in 1985. He enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe law school as a freshman in 1986. In 1988 and 1989, <mask> was Secretary General of the University of Zimbabwe Student Representative Council, with Terry Mhungu as SRC President, which led student protests against government censorship in academia.After school, he joined the Law firm Honey and Blackenberg, where he became the youngest partner by the age of 26. <mask> lost his father in his early 30s. Political career
In 1999 he helped found the MDC. He was elected Member of Parliament for the Harare East constituency in 2000. During the Fifth Parliament he served as a member of the Parliament Portfolio Committee on Lands, Agriculture, Water Development, Rural Resources and Resettlement and that on Defence and Home Affairs. In March 2005 he retained the constituency. He serves in the Portfolio Committee on Budget, Finance and Economic Development and is currently the MDC's Secretary General.In his legal career <mask> has handled labour and human rights litigation representing large trade unions such as the Post and Telecommunications Trade Union. He was arrested in 2007 with many others, including MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai, after a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield. On 16 June 2007, <mask> and Welshman Ncube met with Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and Labor Minister Nicholas Goche, in Pretoria, South Africa. South African President Thabo Mbeki, appointed by the Southern African Development Community, presided over the negotiations which sought to end sanctions on Zimbabwe top ZANU-PF leaders or top government officials. 2008 elections
<mask> was re-elected to the House of Assembly from Harare East in the March 2008 parliamentary election. According to official results, he received 8,377 votes against 2,587 for the ZANU-PF candidate. In the period following the election, he stayed outside of Zimbabwe (mainly in South Africa), along with Tsvangirai, amidst a post-electoral situation that was marked by serious violence against MDC supporters.Arrest
<mask> returned to Zimbabwe on 12 June 2008 and was immediately arrested at the airport in Harare. Before his departure from Johannesburg, <mask> said that he had already learned that he would be arrested, but maintained that his only crime was "fighting for democracy" and said that it was necessary for him to return to participate in the MDC's struggle. Following <mask>'s arrest, police spokesman Wayne Bvudzijena said that he would be charged with treason, based on an MDC document about changing the government. This document, which was called "The Transition Strategy" and was said to have been written by <mask> on 25 March, included purported plans to rig the election in favour of the MDC. Bvudzijena said that Biti would additionally be charged with making false statements "prejudicial to the state" due to his announcement of election results prior to their release by the Electoral Commission. United States Ambassador James McGee expressed deep concern on behalf of the US government, saying that the document in question was an unobjectionable statement of the MDC's plans and goals; according to McGee, another, more extreme version of the document existed, but it was forged. <mask>'s lawyer also claimed that the material in question was forged.On 13 June, <mask>'s lawyers said that they had not been allowed to meet with him, and they filed an urgent application with the High Court on the same day. The MDC said that it was "deeply worried" about Biti's welfare and that it had sent a team to police stations across Harare, hoping to determine where he was being held. He appeared in court on 14 June. <mask>'s home was searched by the police on 16 June, although the police did not take anything out of the home. His lawyer, Lewis Uriri, said that <mask> had been interrogated for a full 24 hours after his arrest; Uriri also said that he would seek an order from the High Court to release <mask> on the grounds that he had been held without charge for more than the allowed 48-hour period. <mask> again appeared in court on 18 June; however, this hearing was postponed to the next day because the power failed, meaning that the hearing could not be recorded. He was charged on 19 June.He faced four charges: "treason, communicating falsehoods prejudicial to the State, insulting President Mugabe and causing disaffection among the defence forces".. Prosecutors argued against granting bail to Biti, noting that the charges against him were so serious that he could be executed. The defence submitted an application to have the charges thrown out, but on 20 June magistrate Mishrod Guvamombe dismissed this application, saying that he believed there was "reasonable suspicion that the accused committed the said offence". <mask>'s next court appearance was set for 7 July, and Guvamombe ordered that he remain in custody until then. On 26 June, Biti was granted bail at one trillion Zimbabwean dollars; he was also required to surrender his home's title deeds and to report to the police on a weekly basis. <mask>'s lawyers later filed a petition asking for the return of his passport so that he could attend talks between the parties in South Africa, and as a result his passport was returned to him on 9 July, enabling him to go. He led the MDC-Tsvangirai delegation to the talks, which began in Pretoria on 10 July, although according to Tsvangirai the purpose of this was only to set the MDC-Tsvangirai's conditions for participating in the talks, not to actually participate in them.Uriri applied for the removal of <mask>'s remand on the grounds that a trial date should have been set and the police investigation should have been completed. On 27 August 2008, Chioniso Mutongi, a magistrate in Harare, rejected this request, saying that <mask> had not been on remand long enough for its removal to be appropriate. In 2018 following Zimbabwe's disputed elections, he was arrested and denied asylum in Zambia. Appointment to Government of National Unity
On 10 February 2009, MDC leader and Prime Minister-designate Morgan Tsvangirai announced the appointment of <mask> as Finance Minister in the Government of National Unity. Though he has no known history in financial and economic matters, analysts suggest that Tsavingarai really had no other option considering <mask>'s position in the MDC. In addition, he is known to drive a hard bargain and could be the best person to deal with the Zanu-PF controlled public service. He was sworn in alongside other Ministers on 13 February 2009 in Harare.Return to legal career
On 20 November 2013, <mask> announced he would be opening a new law firm. The firm was to specialize in international finance law as well as domestic constitutional issues. Return to politics
<mask> fell out with Tsvangirai in 2014, resulting in Tsvangirai announcing <mask>'s expulsion in April 2014. In 2015 <mask> joined other disaffected MDC-T members in a breakaway group, MDC-Renewal, becoming its secretary-general. In September 2015, MDC-Renewal launched as a separate party, the People's Democratic Party, and <mask> was elected president of the new party. In 2020, <mask> criticized a three-member delegation from South African which was sent to investigate human rights abuses when they returned to their country without speaking to opposition groups. In February 2019 he was convicted of contravening the Electoral Act for illegally announcing purported results for the 2018 presidential election in Zimbabwe.He was fined $200. In February 2022, <mask> <mask>, was detained by police for several hours while campaigning for the by-elections in Harare, a spokeswoman for his party said. References

External links

, NewsDay
The Zimbabwean Leadership Profiles
"Zimbabwe MDC's economic blueprint", 3 February 2004, BBC News
"Opposition anger at Zimbabwe deal", 2 March 2002, BBC News
"Tsvangirai leaves Harare hospital", 16 March 2007, BBC News
"Faces to expect in the cabinet", 15 September 2008, Zimbabwe Metro
Interview with <mask> <mask>, 30 April 2009 Radio France Internationale

1966 births
Living people
University of Zimbabwe alumni
Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe
Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai politicians
Government ministers of Zimbabwe

masks:
Tendai Laxton Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Biti
Tendai
Biti
Tendai
Biti


title: Paul Lincke

texts:
<mask> (7 November 1866 – 3 September 1946) was a German composer and theater conductor. He is considered the "father" of the Berlin operetta. His well-known compositions include "" ("Berlin Air"), the unofficial anthem of Berlin, from his operetta Frau Luna; and "The Glow-Worm", from his operetta Lysistrata. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 November 1866 in the Jungfernbrücke district of Berlin. He was the son of magistrate <mask> and his wife Emilie. His father played the violin in several small orchestras. When <mask> was only five years old his father died.Emilie moved with her three children to Adalbertstaße, and later to Eisenbahnstraße, near Lausitzer Platz. <mask>'s early musical inclinations were towards military music. His mother sent him after the completion of secondary school education to Wittenberge. Here he was trained in the Wittenberg City Band under Rudolf Kleinow as a bassoonist. He also learned to play the tenor horn, the drums, the piano and the violin. Career

Performance and early compositions
Instead of pursuing a career as a military musician, <mask> secured employment as a bassoonist at Berlin's Central Theatre, under Adolf Ernst. After one year, he joined the orchestra of the Ostend Theatre.In entertainment and dance music <mask> gained valuable experience at the Königsstädtischen Theater, the Belle-Alliance-Theater and the Parodie-Theater. He accompanied the musical vaudeville programs and provided his own compositions for popular singers. His  (Venus on Earth), a revue-like one-act play was created in 1897 at the Apollo Theater in Friedrichstraße. Success with
For two years, <mask> worked at the most famous European vaudeville house, the Folies Bergère in Paris. He then returned with new compositions to the Apollo-Theater where, with huge success in 1899  (Mrs Moon) was premiered. That same year, followed  (In the Realm of Indra), and in 1902 the operetta Lysistrata. The librettos of these were by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers.In 1908 <mask> became principal conductor and composer for the Metropol Theater, whose spectacular revues were the capital's biggest attraction. During the Nazi regime and World War II

With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, <mask> maintained his position and was feted by the Nazi regime. In 1937 he was awarded the Silver Medal of Honour of his native city, on his 75th birthday he was made an honorary citizen of Berlin. His operetta "Frau Luna" (Mrs. Moon) was turned into  starring Lizzi Waldmüller, Irene von Meyendorff and Georg Alexander and directed by Theo Lingen in 1941. In 1943 <mask> toured Marienbad, Bohemia, to conduct , whose first performance in 1899 is now regarded as the birth of the Berlin operetta. During his absence, his house and his music publisher in Berlin were bombed.After the war ended, <mask> wanted to return to Berlin. He strove in vain to obtain the approval of the Allies, which, as a native Berliner, he was required to have at that time. With the help of one American General Pierce, he moved first to Arzberg, Bavaria, with his housekeeper Johanna Hildebrandt, who had worked for him for 35 years. <mask>'s ailing health was worsened by the climate there, and he moved again to Hahnenklee. He died there shortly before his 80th birthday. His funeral was held in Hahnenklee, where his grave is still maintained today. Personal life
In 1885, while in the orchestra of the Grand Theatre, <mask> fell in love with the 16-year-old soubrette Anna Mueller, whom he married a year later.His wife later celebrated triumphs with the Berlin audience under the name Anna Müller-<mask>. In 1901 <mask> divorced his first wife, Anna. That same year he met a young actress who was known under the stage name Ellen Sousa. She played in the Friedrich-Wilhelmstädtischen Theater, and enchanted <mask> from the first moment. Sousa at first rejected his advances but <mask> was persistent. Within a few weeks she had visited his home, and they developed a deeply affectionate relationship, leading to her request to be cast to sing  at the Apollo Theater. Sousa had hoped the connection would boost her career, but it did not.She became pregnant and left the stage before giving birth to a son. <mask> now demanded that Sousa fulfil her maternal duties and leave stage work. However, three months later Sousa was again singing  at the Apollo. <mask> offered Ellen Sousa marriage in return for her leaving the stage. She in return demanded a cooling-off period to consider her new role as wife and mother. <mask> experienced another wave of success from Paris, leading to him spending many nights out on the social scene, leaving Sousa at home to attend to her maternal commitments. <mask> now pressured Sousa to choose between him or returning to the stage, giving her ten days to think it over while he left town to make a guest appearance.When he returned after six days, Sousa and the child had moved out. Years later Ellen Sousa married a wholesale merchant, whom she followed to Dresden and who adopted her son without <mask>'s objection. This was the end of his relationship with Ellen Sousa and his son. From those events came his well-known instrumental waltz "" (Spurned Love). Legacy

<mask>'s march "" ("Berlin Air") is the unofficial anthem of Berlin. It is one of the traditional encores of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. The aria comes from the 1922 revision of <mask>'s 1899 operetta , about a trip to the moon in a hot air balloon, where an adventurous party of prominent Berliners meet Frau Luna and her court.The march was originally from <mask>'s 1904 two-act burlesque . Other Lincke operettas include  (In the Kingdom of Indra) and Lysistrata. The latter includes the song "Das Glühwürmchen," known in English as "The Glow-Worm". It was originally translated into English by Lilla Cayley Robinson in the early 20th century, but American lyricist Johnny Mercer later expanded and greatly revised her lyrics. His version was a hit for the Mills Brothers in 1952, and has been performed by many others. <mask> also composed the wedding dance played in the 1997 movie Titanic; it is played while the ship is going down and in the dining room in earlier scenes. Selected operettas
 Venus auf Erden (Berlin 1897)
  (Berlin 1899)
  (Berlin 1899)
 Fräulein Loreley (Berlin 1900)
 Lysistrata (Berlin 1902)
 Nakiris Hochzeit, oder Der Stern von Siam (Berlin 1902)
 Prinzess Rosine (Berlin 1905)
 Casanova (Darmstadt 1913)
 Ein Liebestraum (Hamburg 1940)

Sources

External links

, conducted by Plácido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic

1866 births
1946 deaths
German classical composers
German operetta composers
Musicians from Berlin
German male classical composers

masks:
Carl Emil Paul Lincke
Lincke
August Lincke
Paul
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Paul Lincke
Paul Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke
Lincke


title: Alessandro Duranti

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1950) is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and served as Dean of Social Sciences at UCLA from 2009 to 2016. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Education
<mask> was trained in linguistics at the Sapienza University of Rome (laurea, 1974), where he studied general linguistics and ethnolinguistics with  (1943–1988), and at the University of Southern California (PhD, 1981), where he specialized in Bantu languages under Larry Hyman while working with Elinor Ochs on the conversational foundations of Italian word order patterns. His dissertation, The Fono: A Samoan Speech Event, based on 13 months of fieldwork in Falefā, on the island of 'Upolu in Samoa, focused on the language and social organization of the meeting of the local 'council' (fono) that he analyzed by extending Dell Hymes' Speech Event Model to include speechmaking across speakers and situations. Overview
Duranti fully embraced an anthropological perspective on language through his collaboration with Elinor Ochs during and after their fieldwork in (then Western) Samoa in 1978–79 and 1981. In 1980–81, Duranti was a postdoctoral fellow at the Australian National University where he was part of a Working Group on Language and Context under the direction of Roger Keesing. In 1980–81, the core group, which met regularly throughout the year, included Elinor Ochs, John B. Haviland, Penelope Brown, Steven Levinson, and Robert Van Valin, Jr.In 1983–84, Duranti was a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) at the University of California, San Diego, directed by Michael Cole. After teaching at the University of Rome, Pitzer College, and the University of California at San Diego, Duranti joined the Anthropology Department at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1988. In the 1990s, he carried out fieldwork among Samoan immigrants in Southern California to study, in collaboration with Elinor Ochs, how second generation Samoan children were being socialized in the context of a bicultural, bilingual environment. In 1987 <mask> (in collaboration with Bambi Schieffelin) founded the journal IPrA Papers in Pragmatics, later renamed Pragmatics. In 1992, he co-edited with Charles Goodwin Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, a collection of essays that continues to be widely read and cited as one of the key references on the study of the relationship between language and context. In 1994, Duranti published From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village (University of California Press), an ethnography of Samoan ways of speaking that integrates the analysis of the spatio-temporal dimensions of speech events with the detailed analysis of the grammatical patterns used in political arenas and in more informal interaction to manage what Duranti called "the moral flow of discourse." This was the beginning of his interest in how agency is
expressed and enacted through language, a topic that he has since explored in a number of publications.In 1995–96, using a combination of participant-observation and videography, Duranti documented the political campaign for the U.S. Congress of Walter Capps, then Professor of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In support of this project, in 1999 he received a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship. After completing a treatise on the field of linguistic anthropology for the Cambridge University Press series in linguistics (Duranti 1997), he dedicated himself to editing a number of collections to make recent research on language and culture accessible to a wider range of students and scholars (Duranti 2001a, 2001b, 2004). In 2002, Duranti started a collaboration with legendary jazz guitarist Kenny Burrell, with the goal of documenting jazz culture and teaching jazz aesthetics to students in the social sciences. One product of their collaboration is a course on the culture of jazz aesthetics, where jazz musicians are invited to play and talk about their music. The video recording of their class, student concerts, and other events in which jazz is taught, played, and discussed at the university and elsewhere has produced hundreds of hours of audio visual documentation of the contemporary jazz scene in Los Angeles. Since the late 1980s, Duranti has also had an active role in editing journals and books.In 1990–1994, he was an associate editor of American Ethnologist and in 1999–2001 he was editor of the Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. <mask>'s most recent work, The Anthropology of Intentions: Language in a World of Others, investigates his long-held interests on the limits of focusing on speakers' intentions for understanding language as action. His earlier critique of speech act theory is here expanded to a broader discussion of intentionality and intersubjectivity inspired by Edmund Husserl's writings and supported by examples drawn from three of his research projects: his ethnographic study of Samoan ways of speaking, the audio-visual documentation of the 1995–96 political campaign of Walter Capps for the U.S. Congress, and a study of the culture of jazz aesthetics and improvisation. Duranti demonstrates how "cognitive, emotional, and embodied dispositions [are] always embedded in an intersubjective world of experience." Duranti introduces into anthropological theory the novel concept of the intentional continuum to describe "a range of graded ways of being disposed or mentally (and sensorially) connected with some entity in the world." In his review of the book, the developmental psychologist Martin J. Packer demonstrates how the intentional continuum is a necessary expansion to the standard theory of mind found in John Searle:

In her review of the book, the anthropologist and linguist Jane H. Hill writes that "Duranti aims here to move away from homogeneous characterizations of whole cultures as inattentive or attentive to mens rea toward richer and more deeply contextualized accounts of exactly when, by whom, and how such attention is given or withheld." <mask>'s book is the subject of a 2017 Book Symposium in HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, which includes response from Eve Danziger, Shaun Gallagher and the authors of the other featured book, The Concept of Action, N.J Enfield and Jack Sidnell.Selected publications

Books
 1979 – (with E. Byarushengo and L.M. Hyman) Haya Grammatical Structure. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California. 1981 – The Samoan Fono: a sociolinguistic study – Canberra: The Australian National University, Pacific Linguistics Monograph B80
 1992a – Etnografia del parlare quotidiano – Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica/Carocci Editore. 1992b – (Ed. with Charles Goodwin) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1994 – From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village – Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1997 – Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press [Italian translation: Antropologia del Linguaggio. Roma: Meltemi; Spanish translation: Antropología Lingüistica. Madrid: Cambridge University Press]
 2001 – (Ed.) Key Terms in Language and Culture. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
 2001 – (Ed.) Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader – Malden, Mass: Blackwell. 2004 – (Ed.) A Companion to Linguistic anthropology – Malden, Mass: Blackwell
 2007 – Etnopragmatica. La forza nel parlare. Rome: Carocci Editore
 2009 – (Ed.) Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader.Second Edition – Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell. 2012 – (with E. Ochs and B.B. Schieffelin) (Eds.) Handbook of Language Socialization. – Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell. 2015 – The Anthropology of Intentions: Language in a World of Others – Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Articles and Chapters
 1979 – (with E. Ochs) "Left-dislocation in Italian Conversation."In Syntax and Semantics, vol. 12: Discourse and Syntax, ed by T. Givon, 377–416. New York: Academic Press. 1981 – "Speechmaking and the Organization of Discourse in a Samoan Fono." Journal of the Polynesian Society 90: 357–400. 1983 – "Samoan Speechmaking Across Social Events: One Genre in and out of a Fono." Language in Society 12: 1-30.1984 – "The Social Meaning of Subject Pronouns in Italian Conversation." Text 6: 277–311. 1985 – "Sociocultural Dimensions of Discourse." Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol. 1, ed. by T.A. van Dijk.London: Academic Press, pp. 193–230. 1986 – (with E. Ochs) "Literacy Instruction in a Samoan Village." In Acquisition of Literacy: Ethnographic Perspectives, ed. by B.B. Schieffelin & P. Galimore, pp. 213–232, Ablex.1988 – "Ethnography of Speaking: Toward a Linguistics of the Praxis." In Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, vol. VI. Language: The Socio-cultural Context, ed. by F. J. Newmyer. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, pp. 210–228.1990a – (with E. Ochs) "Genitive Constructions and Agency in Samoan Discourse." Studies in Language 14-1: 1-23. 1990b – "Doing Things With Words: Conflict, Understanding, and Change in a Samoan Fono." In Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies, ed. by K. Watson-Gegeo & G. White. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 459–89.1990c – "Code Switching and Conflict Management in Samoan Multiparty Interaction." Pacific Studies 14:1, 1-23. 1990d – "Politics and Grammar: Agency in Samoan Political Discourse." American Ethnologist 17, 4: 36–56. 1992 – "Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Ceremonial Greetings." American Anthropologist 94: 657–91. 1993a – "Truth and Intentionality: Towards an Ethnographic Critique."Cultural Anthropology 8 (2): 214–245. 1993b – "Beyond Bakhtin or the Dialogic Imagination in Academia." Pragmatics 3 (3): 333-340
 1995 – (with E. Ochs & E. K. Ta`ase) "Change and Tradition in Literacy Instruction in a Samoan American Community." Educational Foundations, 9:57-74. 1996 – "Mediated Encounters with Pacific Cultures: Three Samoan Dinners." In P. Reill and D. Miller (Eds.) Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.326–34. 1997a – "Indexical Speech Across Samoan Communities". American Anthropologist 99: 342–54. 1997b – (with E. Ochs). "Syncretic Literacy in a Samoan American Family." In Lauren B. Resnick, Roger Säljö, Clotilde Pontecorvo and Barbara Burge (Eds.) Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition.Berlin: Springer, pp. 169–202. 1997c – "Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7: 63–97. 1997d – (with E. Ochs) "Syncretic Literacy in a Samoan American Family." In Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition. Eds.L.B. Resnick, R. Säljö, C. Pontecorvo and B. Burge. Berlin: Springer, pp. 169–202. 1997e – "Indexical Speech Across Samoan Communities." American Anthropologist 99: 342–54. 1997f – "Polyphonic Discourse: Overlapping in Samoan Ceremonial Greetings."Text 17:349-81. 2004 – "Jazz Improvisation: A Search for Hidden Harmonies and a Unique Self." Ricerche di Psicologia. 3, pp. 71–101. 2005 – "On Theories and Models." Discourse Studies 7:409-429.2006a – "Narrating the Political Self in a Campaign for the U.S. Congress." Language in Society 35(4): 467–97. 2006b – "The Social Ontology of Intentions." Discourse Studies 8 (1):31-40. 2008 – "Further Reflections on Reading Other Minds." Anthropological Quarterly 81(2):pp.483–494. 2009a – "The Relevance of Husserl's Theory to Language Socialization." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19(2):205-226. 2009b – "The Force of Language and its Temporal Unfolding." Language in Life and a Life in Language: Jacob Mey – A Festschrift Ed. By Kenneth Turner and Bruce Fraser. Emerald Group Publishers, pp.63–71. 2010 – "Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology." Anthropological Theory 10(1):1-20. 2011 – "Linguistic Anthropology: Language as a Non-Neutral Medium." The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Ed. By Raj Mesthrie. Cambridge University Press.2012a – "Anthropology and Linguistics." In ASA Handbook of Social Anthropology, ed. by Richard Fandon, O. Harris, T. H.J. Marchand, M. Nuttall, C. Shore, V. Strang, and R.A. Wilson. Los Angeles & London: Sage, pp. 12–23. 2012b – (with S. Black) "Socialization and Improvisation."In A<mask>, E. Ochs, and B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.) Handbook of Language Socialization. Malden, Mass. : Wiley-Blackwell. 2013 – "Husserl." In Encyclopedia of Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by R. J. McGee and R. L. Warms.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2014 – (with J. Throop) "Attention, Ritual Glitches, and Attentional Pull: The President and the Queen." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. November Issue, pp. 1–28. References

External links

University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Italian emigrants to the United States
Linguists
Writers from Rome
1950 births
Living people

masks:
Alessandro Duranti
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. Duranti


title: James Bowie

texts:
<mask> ( ) ( – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture. <mask> was born in Kentucky. He spent most of his life in Louisiana, where he was raised and where he later worked as a land speculator. His rise to fame began in 1827 on reports of the Sandbar Fight near present-day Vidalia, Louisiana. What began as a duel between two other men deteriorated into a mêlée in which <mask>, having been shot and stabbed, killed the sheriff of Rapides Parish with a large knife.This, and other stories of <mask>'s prowess with a knife, led to the widespread popularity of the <mask> knife. <mask> enlarged his reputation during the Texas Revolution. After moving to Texas in 1830, <mask> became a Mexican citizen and married Ursula Veramendi, the daughter of Juan Martín de Veramendi, the Mexican vice-governor of the province. <mask> led an expedition to find the lost San Saba mine, during which his small party repelled an attack by a large Native American raiding party. This enhanced his reputation, although they didn't find the mine. At the outbreak of the Texas Revolution, <mask> joined the Texas militia, leading forces at the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight. In January 1836, he arrived at the Alamo, where he commanded the volunteer forces until an illness left him bedridden.<mask> died on March 6, with the other Alamo defenders. Despite conflicting accounts of his death, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" accounts maintain that he died in his bed while defending himself against Mexican soldiers. Early years
According to his older brother, John, <mask> was born in Logan County, Kentucky, on March 10, 1796 (Historical marker: 36° 46' 25"N 86° 42' 10"W). In his 1948 book, <mask> Knife, historian Raymond Thorp gives <mask>'s birth date as April 10 but does not support it with any documentation. <mask>'s surname was pronounced  . (Some reference works refer to an incorrect alternate pronunciation  ). <mask> was the ninth of ten children born to Reason (or Rezin) and Elve Ap-Catesby (née Jones, or Johns) <mask>.His father was wounded while fighting in the American Revolutionary War, and in 1782 he married Elve, the young woman who nursed him back to health. The <mask>s first settled in Georgia and then moved to Kentucky. At the time of <mask>'s birth, his father owned eight enslaved African Americans, eleven head of cattle, seven horses, and one stud horse. The following year, the family acquired  along the Red River. They sold that property in 1800 and relocated to what is now Missouri. In 1802, they moved south to Spanish Louisiana, where they settled on Bushley Bayou in what soon became Rapides Parish. The family moved again in 1809, settling on Bayou Teche in Louisiana before finding a permanent home in Opelousas in 1812.Raised on the frontier, the <mask> children worked from a young age, helping to clear the land and plant and cultivate crops. All the children learned to read and write in English, but <mask> and his elder brother Rezin could also read, write, and speak Spanish and French fluently. The children learned to survive on the frontier, learning how to fish, butcher meat, and run a farm and plantation. <mask> became proficient with pistol, rifle, and knife, and had a reputation for fearlessness. When he was a boy, one of his Native American friends taught him to rope alligators. In late 1814, in response to General Andrew Jackson's plea for volunteers to fight the British in the War of 1812, <mask> and Rezin enlisted in the Louisiana militia. The <mask> brothers arrived in New Orleans too late to participate in the fighting.After mustering out of the militia, <mask> settled in Rapides Parish. He supported himself by sawing planks and lumber, and floating them down the bayou for sale. In June 1819, he joined the Long Expedition, an effort to liberate Texas from Spanish rule. The group encountered little resistance and, after capturing Nacogdoches, declared Texas an independent republic. The extent of <mask>'s participation is unclear, but he returned to Louisiana before the invasion was repelled by Spanish troops. Land speculator and slave smuggler
Shortly before the senior <mask> died, circa 1820, he gave ten slaves and horses and cattle to both <mask> and Rezin. For the next seven years, the brothers worked together to develop several large estates in Lafourche Parish and Opelousas.Louisiana's population was growing rapidly, and the brothers hoped to take advantage of its rising land prices through speculation. Lacking the capital required to buy large tracts, in 1818 they entered into a partnership with pirate Jean Lafitte. By then, the United States had outlawed the importation of slaves from Africa. Most Southern states gave incentives for informing on an illegal slave trader: Informers could receive half of what the imported slaves would earn at auction, as a reward. <mask> made three trips to Lafitte's compound on Galveston Island. On each occasion, he bought smuggled slaves and took them directly to a customhouse to inform on his own actions. When the customs officers offered the slaves for auction, <mask> purchased them and received back half the price he had paid, as allowed by the state laws.He could legally transport the slaves and resell them at a greater market value in New Orleans or areas farther up the Mississippi River. Using this scheme, the brothers collected $65,000 to use for their land speculation. In 1825, the two brothers joined with their younger brother, Stephen, to buy Acadia Plantation near Thibodaux. Within two years, they had established there the first steam mill in Louisiana for grinding sugar cane. The plantation became known as a model operation, but on February 12, 1831, they sold it and 65 slaves for $90,000. With their profits, <mask> and Rezin bought a plantation in Arkansas. In the late 1820s, <mask> and his brother John were involved in a major Arkansas court case over land speculation.When the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803, it promised to honor all former land grant claims made to French and Spanish colonists. For the next 20 years, efforts were made to establish who owned what land. In May 1824, Congress authorized the superior courts of each territory to hear suits from those who claimed they had been overlooked. In late 1827, the Arkansas Superior Court received 126 claims  from residents who claimed to have purchased land in former Spanish grants from the <mask> brothers. Although the Superior Court originally confirmed most of those claims, the decisions were reversed in February 1831, after further research showed that the land had never belonged to the <mask>s and that the original land grant documentation had been forged. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the reversal in 1833. When the disgruntled purchasers considered suing the <mask>s, they discovered that the documents in the case had been removed from the court.Left  without evidence, they declined to pursue the lawsuit. <mask> knife

<mask> became internationally famous as a result of a feud with Norris Wright, the sheriff of Rapides Parish. <mask> had supported Wright's opponent in the race for sheriff, and Wright, a bank director, had been instrumental in turning down a <mask> loan application. After a confrontation in Alexandria one afternoon, Wright fired a shot at <mask>, after which <mask> resolved to carry his hunting knife at all times. The knife he carried had a blade that was  long and  wide. The following year, on September 19, 1827, <mask> and Wright attended a duel on a sandbar outside of Natchez, Mississippi. <mask> supported duelist Samuel Levi Wells III, while Wright supported Wells's opponent, Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox.The duelists each fired two shots and, because neither man had been injured, resolved their duel with a handshake. Other members of the groups, who had various reasons for disliking each other, began fighting. <mask> was shot in the hip, and, after regaining his feet,:he drew a knife, described as a butcher knife, and charged his attacker. The man hit <mask> over the head with his empty pistol, breaking the pistol and knocking <mask> to the ground. Wright shot at and missed the prone <mask>, who returned fire and possibly hit Wright. Wright drew his sword cane and impaled <mask>. When Wright attempted to retrieve his blade by placing his foot on <mask>'s chest and tugging, <mask> pulled him down and disemboweled Wright with his large knife.Wright died instantly. <mask>, with Wright's sword still protruding from his chest, was shot again and stabbed by another member of the group. The doctors who had been present for the duel removed the bullets and patched <mask>'s other wounds. Newspapers picked up the story and named it the Sandbar Fight, describing in detail <mask>'s fighting prowess and his unusual knife. Witness accounts agreed that <mask> did not attack first, and the other combatants had focused their attack on <mask> because "they considered him the most dangerous man among their opposition." <mask>'s reputation as a superb knife fighter was set across the South. Scholars disagree as to whether the knife <mask> used in this fight was the same design as the blade, now known as a <mask> knife, fabricated by a knifemaker in Arkansas who created another renowned large blade known as the Arkansas toothpick.There are multiple accounts of the design and fabrication of the first Bowie knife. Some claim that <mask> designed it, while others attribute the design to noted knife makers of the time. In a letter to The Planter's Advocate, his brother Rezin claimed to have designed the knife. Many <mask> family members, as well as "most authorities on the Bowie knife tend to believe it was invented by" Rezin. However, Rezin <mask>'s grandchildren said that Rezin only supervised his blacksmith, who was the designer of the knife. After the Sandbar Fight and subsequent battles in which <mask> used his knife in self-defense, the Bowie knife became very popular. Many craftsmen and manufacturers made their own versions, and major cities of the Old Southwest had "Bowie knife schools" that taught "the art of cut, thrust, and parry."<mask>'s fame, and that of his knife, spread to Great Britain, and by the early 1830s, many British manufacturers were producing Bowie knives for shipment to the United States. The design of the knife continued to evolve, but a Bowie knife is now generally considered to have a blade  long and  wide, with a curved point, a "sharp false edge cut from both sides", and a cross-guard to protect the user's hands. Establishment in Texas
In 1828, after recovering from the wounds he received in the Sandbar Fight, <mask> decided to move to Coahuila y Texas, at that time a state in the Mexican federation. The 1824 Constitution of Mexico banned religions other than Roman Catholicism and gave preference to Mexican citizens in receiving land. <mask> was baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in San Antonio on April 28, 1828, sponsored by the alcalde (chief administrator) of the town, Juan Martín de Veramendi, and his wife, Josefa Navarro. For the next 18 months, <mask> traveled through Louisiana and Mississippi. In 1829, he became engaged to Cecilia Wells, but she died in Alexandria on September 29, two weeks before they were to be married.On January 1, 1830, <mask> left Louisiana to live in Texas, permanently. He stopped at Nacogdoches, at Jared E. Groce's farm on the Brazos River, and in San Felipe, where he presented a letter of introduction from Thomas F. McKinney, one of the Old Three Hundred colonists, to Stephen F. Austin. On February 20, <mask> swore an oath of allegiance to Mexico and proceeded to San Antonio de Bexar. At the time, the city was known as Bexar and had a population of 2500, mostly of Mexican descent. <mask>'s fluency in Spanish helped him to get established in the area. <mask> was elected a commander of the Texas Rangers later that year, with the rank of colonel. Although the Rangers would not be organized officially until 1835, Austin had founded the group by hiring 30 men to keep the peace and protect the colonists from attacks by hostile Native Americans.Other areas assembled similar volunteer militias. <mask> commanded a group of  volunteers. <mask> renounced his American citizenship and became a Mexican citizen on September 30, 1830, after promising to establish textile mills in the state of Coahuila y Tejas. To fulfill his promise, <mask> entered into partnership with Veramendi to build cotton and wool mills in Saltillo. With his citizenship assured, <mask> had the right to buy up to 11 leagues of public land. He convinced 14 or 15 other citizens to apply for land and transfer it to him, giving him 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) for speculation. <mask> may have been the first to induce settlers to apply for empresario grants, which could be sold in bulk to speculators, as <mask> had.The Mexican government passed laws in 1834 and 1835 that stopped much of the land speculation. On April 25, 1831, <mask> married nineteen-year-old Maria Ursula de Veramendi, the daughter of his business partner, who had become the vice governor of the province. Several days before the ceremony, he signed a dowry contract promising to pay his new bride 15,000 pesos (approximately $15,000 then, or $ today) in cash or property within two years of the marriage. At the time, <mask> claimed to have a net worth of $223,000 ($ today), mostly in land of questionable title. <mask> also lied about his age, claiming to be 30 rather than 35. The couple built a house in San Antonio, on land Veramendi had given them near the San José Mission. After a short time, however, they moved into the Veramendi Palace to live with Ursula's parents, who supplied them with spending money.The couple had two children, Marie Elve (b. March 20, 1832) and <mask> <mask> (b. July 18, 1833). Maria Ursula, her parents, and both children died in September 1833 during a cholera epidemic that swept through the South and along major waterways.

] Los Almagres Mine

Shortly after his marriage, <mask> became fascinated with the story of the "lost" Los Almagres Mine (also known as the lost San Saba Mine and the lost Bowie Mine), said to be northwest of San Antonio, near the ruin of the Spanish Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba. According to legend, the mine had been operated by local Native Americans before being seized by the Spanish. After Mexico won independence from Spain, government interest in mining waned. A number of native groups roamed the area, including Comanche, Lipan Apache, Tawakoni, and Tonkawa.Without government troops to keep hostile natives at bay, mining and mineral exploration were impossible. Some believed that the Lipan took over the mine after the Mexican citizens left the area.of

After obtaining permission from the Mexican government to mount an expedition into Indian territory to search for the legendary silver mine, <mask>, his brother Rezin, and ten others set out for San Saba on November 2, 1831. Six miles (10 km) from their goal, the group stopped to negotiate with a large raiding party—reportedly more than 120 Tawakoni and Waco, plus another 40 Caddo. The attempts at parley failed, and <mask> and his group fought for their lives for the next 13 hours. When the  raiding party finally retreated, <mask> reportedly had lost only one man, while more than 40 Indians had been killed and 30 were wounded. In the meantime, a party of friendly Comanche rode into San Antonio bringing word of the raiding party, which outnumbered the <mask> expedition by 14 to 1. The citizens of San Antonio believed the members of the <mask> expedition must have perished, and <mask> began wearing widow's weeds.To the town's surprise, the surviving members of the group returned to San Antonio on December 6. <mask>'s report of the expedition, written in Spanish, was printed in several newspapers, further establishing his reputation. He set out again the following month, with a larger force, but returned home empty-handed after two-and-a-half months of searching. <mask> never talked about his exploits, despite his increasing fame. Captain William Y. Lacey, who spent eight months living in the wilderness with <mask>,

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