title: Billie Davis

texts:
Carol Hedges (born 22 December 1945) who was known professionally as <mask>, is an English singer who had hits in the 1960s, and is best remembered for the UK hit version of the song, "Tell Him" (1963) and "I Want You to Be My Baby" (1968). Early career
She was born in Woking, Surrey, England. <mask>' performing name was suggested by the impresario, Robert Stigwood, and was derived from those of blues singer <mask> and the entertainer <mask>. In her teens, Hedges was an engineering secretary before she started her recording career. After winning a talent contest in which she was backed by Cliff Bennett's band, the Rebel Rousers, she cut some early demo records with the Tornados for record producer Joe Meek. However, her first commercial success, under Stigwood's guidance, was "Will I What", released in August 1962, on which she performed as a foil to Mike Sarne, rather as Wendy Richard had done on Sarne's chart-topping disc, "Come Outside". This reached number 18 in the UK Singles Chart in September 1962.In February 1963 <mask> had her biggest success with a cover version of The Exciters' "Tell Him". Written by Bert Russell (also known as Bert Berns), this song was covered in the sixties by a number of artists, including Helen Shapiro and Alma Cogan, and was successfully revived in the late 1990s by Vonda Shepard, for the American Fox television program, Ally McBeal. <mask>' recording reached number ten in the UK chart, and was followed by "He's The One", which crept into the Top 40 in May 1963. Setback
In 1963, the year in which popular music was transformed by the rise of The Beatles, <mask> left Decca records owing to financial disagreements. In September of that year she suffered a broken jaw when a chauffeur-driven limousine in which she and Jet Harris, former bass guitarist of the Shadows, were returning from a concert in Worcester, crashed in the West Midlands. Harris received head injuries that seriously affected his already troubled career. The reporting in the press of a relationship with Harris, an unhappily married man, earned <mask>, still only 17, some unwelcome publicity at a difficult time and may have been one of the factors which held back her career.In an interview included in the liner notes of the 2007 compilation CD Whatcha Gonna Do? (RPM 326), <mask> acknowledged the scandal, but also placed blame for the "lost momentum" on being unable to record for four months due to having her jaw wired shut after the accident. <mask> was an early proponent of many of the fashion styles for which the 1960s are remembered: bobbed hair, long boots of the kind popularised by Honor Blackman in early episodes of The Avengers, and leather mini-skirts. She was said to have beaten the latter for "percussive effect" when recording. The biographer of the "supergroup" Cream described her as "astonishingly photogenic". Later career
In 1966, <mask> paired with Keith Powell (Keith Powell and the Valets) as "Keith (Powell) and <mask> (<mask>)" under the Piccadilly record label. They released three singles including "Swingin' Tight", which while popular did not make the chart and the short lived pairing was dissolved.In the late 1960s, <mask> returned to Decca, with former Ready Steady Go! presenter Michael Aldred as her producer. Recordings included Chip Taylor's "Angel of the Morning", in 1967, on which she was backed by, amongst others, Kiki Dee and P. P. Arnold. Arnold later recorded the song herself and had the bigger hit in 1968. <mask>' final chart entry was a Northern soul version of Jon Hendricks' "I Want You to Be My Baby", originally recorded by Louis Jordan in 1952, which reached number 33 in October 1968, although sales were affected by an industrial dispute at the manufacturing plant. <mask> left Decca in April 1971 after a stay of eight years. She continued to record into the 1980s and was popular, in particular, with audiences in the Spanish-speaking world.Her cover of Burt Bacharach's "The Last One to Be Loved" appeared on the compilation album Trains & Boats & Covers (1999). A retrospective collection of her recordings for Decca was released in 2005. In 2006, she was re-united with Jet Harris for a series for concerts. Personal life

<mask> has lived in North London for most of her life and career. <mask> had two children: her son born in 1972, was a DJ, who died in 2014. Her daughter, born 1982, is an artist, designer and milliner. Discography

UK singles
 "Will I What" (as 'Mike Sarne featuring <mask>') b/w "Bird, You Know I Love Ya" (Mike Sarne only) – August 1962 – Parlophone R4932 UK No.18
 "Tell Him" (Russell) b/w "I'm Thankful" (Blackwell) – February 1963 – Decca F11572 UK No. 10
 "He's The One" (Blackwell) b/w "V.I.P." (Stephens) – May 1963 – Decca F11658 UK No.

masks:
Billie Davis
Davis
Billie Holiday
Sammy Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Style Davis
Davis
Billie
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Billie
Billie
Billie Davis


title: Leslie Groves

type: original

texts:
Lieutenant General <mask>. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a top secret research project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. The son of a U.S. Army chaplain, Groves lived at various Army posts during his childhood. In 1918, he graduated fourth in his class at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and was commissioned into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to Nicaragua as part of an expedition to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal. Following the 1931 earthquake, Groves took over Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936; and the Army War College in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the War Department General Staff. Groves developed "a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty" and in 1940 he became special assistant for construction to the Quartermaster General, tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress.In August 1941, he was appointed to create the gigantic office complex for the War Department's 40,000 staff that would ultimately become the Pentagon. In September 1942, <mask> took charge of the Manhattan Project. He was involved in most aspects of the atomic bomb's development: he participated in the selection of sites for research and production at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Los Alamos, New Mexico; and Hanford, Washington. He directed the enormous construction effort, made critical decisions on the various methods of isotope separation, acquired raw materials, directed the collection of military intelligence on the German nuclear energy project and helped select the cities in Japan that were chosen as targets. Groves wrapped the Manhattan Project in security, but spies working within the project were able to pass some of its most important secrets to the Soviet Union. After the war, <mask> remained in charge of the Manhattan Project until responsibility for nuclear weapons production was handed over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. He then headed the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, which had been created to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons.He was given a dressing down by the Army Chief of Staff, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, and told that he would never be appointed Chief of Engineers. Three days later, <mask> announced his intention to leave the Army. He was promoted to lieutenant general just before his retirement on 29 February 1948 in recognition of his leadership of the bomb program. By a special Act of Congress, his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test. He went on to become a vice-president at Sperry Rand. Early life
<mask> <mask> Jr. was born in Albany, New York, on 17 August 1896, the third son of four children of a pastor, <mask> <mask> Sr., and his wife Gwen née Griffith. He was half Welsh and half English, with some French Huguenot ancestors who came to the United States in the 17th century.<mask> Sr. resigned as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian church in Albany in December 1896 to become a United States Army chaplain. He was posted to the 14th Infantry at Vancouver Barracks in Washington in 1897. Following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Chaplain <mask> was sent to Cuba with the 8th Infantry. On returning to Vancouver Barracks, he was ordered to rejoin the 14th Infantry in the Philippines; service in the Philippine–American War and the Boxer Rebellion followed. The 14th Infantry returned to the United States in 1901 and moved to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The family relocated to there from Vancouver, then moved to Fort Hancock, New Jersey, and returned to Vancouver in 1905. Chaplain <mask> was hospitalized with tuberculosis at Fort Bayard in 1905.He decided to settle in southern California and bought a house in Altadena. His next posting was to Fort Apache, Arizona. The family spent their summers there and returned to Altadena where the children attended school. In 1911, Chaplain <mask> was ordered to return to the 14th Infantry, which was now stationed at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana. At Fort Harrison, Groves met Grace (Boo) Wilson, the daughter of Colonel Richard Hulbert Wilson, a career Army officer who had served with Chaplain <mask> during the 8th Infantry's posting to Cuba. In 1913, the 14th Infantry moved once more, this time to Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington. Groves entered Queen Anne High School in 1913, and graduated in 1914.While completing high school, Groves also enrolled in courses at the University of Washington, in anticipation of attempting to gain an appointment to the United States Military Academy. Groves earned a nomination from President Wilson, which allowed him to compete for a vacancy, but did not score high enough mark on the examination to be admitted. Charles W. Bell from California's 9th congressional district nominated Groves as an alternate, but the principal nominee accepted. Instead, Groves enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and planned to re-take the West Point entrance exam. In 1916, Groves tested again, attained a passing score, and was accepted. He later said "Entering West Point fulfilled my greatest ambition. I had been brought up in the Army, and in the main had lived on Army posts all my life."Groves' class entered West Point on 15 June 1916, but the United States declaration of war on Germany in April 1917 led to their program of instruction being shortened as the War Emergency Course (WEC), which graduated on 1 November 1918, a year and a half ahead of schedule. Groves finished fourth in his class, which earned him a commission as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, the first choice of most high ranking cadets. At MIT he had played tennis informally but at West Point he could not skate for ice hockey, did not like basketball, and was not good enough for baseball or track. So football was his only sport. He said that "I was the number two centre but was on the bench most of the time as in those days you didn’t have substitutes and normally the number one played the whole game. I was not very heavy, and today would be considered too light to play at all". Between the wars
After the traditional month's leave following graduation from West Point, Groves reported to Camp A.A. Humphreys, Virginia, in December 1918, where he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 May 1919. He was sent to France in June on an educational tour of the European battlefields of World War I. After returning from Europe, Groves became a student officer at the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys in September 1919. On graduation he was posted to the 7th Engineers at Fort Benning, Georgia, as a company commander. He returned to Camp Humphreys in February 1921 for the Engineer Basic Officers' Course. On graduation in August 1921, he was posted to the 4th Engineers, stationed at Camp Lewis, Washington. He was then posted to Fort Worden in command of a survey detachment.This was close to Seattle, so he was able to pursue his courtship of Grace Wilson (1897–1986), who had become a kindergarten teacher. They were married in St. Clement's Episcopal Church in Seattle on 10 February 1922. Their marriage produced two children: a son, Richard Hulbert, born in 1923, and a daughter, Gwen, born in 1928. In November 1922, Groves received his first overseas posting, as a company commander with the 3rd Engineers at the Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. He earned a commendation for his work there, constructing a trail from Kahuku to Pupukea. In November 1925 he was posted to Galveston, Texas, as an assistant to the District Engineer, Major Julian Schley. Groves' duties included opening the channel at Port Isabel and supervising dredging operations in Galveston Bay.In 1927 he became commander of Company D, 1st Engineers, at Fort DuPont, Delaware. During the New England Flood of November 1927 he was sent to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, to assist with a detachment of the 1st Engineers. After a pontoon bridge they constructed was swamped and swept away by the flood waters, Groves was accused of negligence. A month later Groves and several of his men were seriously injured, one fatally, when a block of TNT prematurely detonated. Groves' superior wrote a critical report on him, but the Chief of Engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, interceded, attributing blame to Groves' superiors instead. Groves was returned to Fort DuPont. In 1929, <mask> departed for Nicaragua in charge of a company of the 1st Engineers as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal.Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. Groves was promoted to captain on 20 October 1934. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, after which he was posted to Kansas City, Missouri, as assistant to the commander of the Missouri River Division. In 1938 and 1939 he attended the Army War College. On 1 July 1939, he was posted to the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C.

World War II

Construction Division

Groves was promoted to major on 1 July 1940. Three weeks later, he became special assistant for construction to the Quartermaster General, Major General Edmund B. Gregory. The two men had known each other a long time, as Groves' father was a close friend of Gregory's.At this point, the US Army was about to embark on a national mobilization, and it was the task of the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps to prepare the necessary accommodations and training facilities for the vast army that would be created. The enormous construction program had been dogged by bottlenecks, shortages, delays, spiralling costs, and poor living conditions at the construction sites. Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Division with incompetence, ineptitude, and inefficiency. Groves, who "had a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty", was one of a number of engineer officers brought in to turn the project around. He was tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress. On 12 November 1940, Gregory asked Groves to take over command of the Fixed Fee Branch of the Construction Division as soon as his promotion to colonel came through. Groves assumed his new rank and duties on 14 November 1940.Groves later recalled:

Groves instituted a series of reforms. He installed phone lines for the Supervising Construction Quartermasters, demanded weekly reports on progress, ordered that reimbursement vouchers be processed within a week, and sent expediters to sites reporting shortages. He ordered his contractors to hire whatever special equipment they needed and to pay premium prices if necessary to guarantee quick delivery. Instead of allowing construction of camps to proceed in whatever order the contractors saw fit, Groves laid down priorities for completion of camp facilities, so that the troops could begin moving in even while construction was still under way. By mid-December, the worst of the crisis was over. Over half a million men had been mobilized and essential accommodations and facilities for two million men were 95 per cent complete. Between 1 July 1940 and 10 December 1941, the Construction Division let contracts worth $1,676,293,000 ($ with inflation), of which $1,347,991,000 ($ with inflation), or about 80 per cent, were fixed-fee contracts.On 19 August 1941, Groves was summoned to a meeting with the head of the Construction Division, Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. In attendance were Captain Clarence Renshaw, one of Groves' assistants; Major Hugh J. Casey, the chief of the Construction Division's Design and Engineering Section; and George Bergstrom, a former president of the American Institute of Architects. Casey and Bergstrom had designed an enormous office complex to house the War Department's 40,000 staff together in one building, a five-story, five-sided structure, which would ultimately become the Pentagon. The Pentagon had a total square footage of —twice that of the Empire State Building—making it the largest office building in the world. The estimated cost was $35 million ($ with inflation), and Somervell wanted  of floor space available by 1 March 1942. Bergstrom became the architect-engineer with Renshaw in charge of construction, reporting directly to Groves. At its peak the project employed 13,000 persons.By the end of April, the first occupants were moving in and  of space was ready by the end of May. In the end, the project cost some $63 million ($ with inflation). Groves steadily overcame one crisis after another, dealing with strikes, shortages, competing priorities and engineers who were not up to their tasks. He worked six days a week in his office in Washington, D.C. During the week he would determine which project was in the greatest need of personal attention and pay it a visit on Sunday. Groves later recalled that he was "hoping to get to a war theater so I could find a little peace." Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was formally established by the Chief of Engineers, Major General Eugene Reybold on 16 August 1942. The name was chosen by Groves and MED's district engineer, Colonel James C. Marshall.Like other engineer districts, it was named after the city where its headquarters was located, at 270 Broadway. Unlike the others, however, it had no geographic boundaries, only a mission: to develop an atomic bomb. Moreover, Marshall had the

masks:
Leslie Richard Groves Jr
Groves
Groves
Groves
Leslie Richard
Groves
Leslie Richard
Groves
Leslie Groves
Groves
Groves
Groves
Groves
Groves


title: Leslie Groves

texts:
 authority of a division engineer head and reported directly to Reybold. Although Reybold was satisfied with the progress being made, Dr. Vannevar Bush was less so. He felt that aggressive leadership was required, and suggested the appointment of a prestigious officer as overall project director. Somervell, now Chief of Army Service Forces, recommended Groves. Somervell met Groves outside the hearing room where Groves had been testifying before a United States Congress committee on military housing and informed him that "The Secretary of War has selected you for a very important assignment, and the President has approved the selection ...If you do the job right, it will win the war." Groves could not hide his disappointment at not receiving a combat assignment: "Oh, that thing," he replied. Groves met with Major General Wilhelm D. Styer in his office at the Pentagon to discuss the details. They agreed that in order to avoid suspicion, Groves would continue to supervise the Pentagon project. He would be promoted to brigadier general, as it was felt that the title "general" would hold more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Project. Groves therefore waited until his promotion came through on 23 September 1942 before assuming his new command. His orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold, with Marshall now answerable to Groves.Groves was given authority to sign contracts for the project from 1 September 1942. Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson (retrospectively) delegated his authority from the President under the War Powers Act of 1941 in a memorandum to Groves dated 17 April 1944. Groves delegated the authority to Nichols, except that contracts of $5 million or more required his authority. The written authority was only given in 1944 when Nichols was about to sign a contract with Du Pont, and it was found that Nichols original authority to sign project contracts from Colonel Marshall was based on a verbal authority from Styer, and Nichols only had the low delegated authority of a divisional engineer. Groves soon decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth floor of the New War Department Building (now known as the Harry S Truman Building) in Washington, D.C., where Marshall had maintained a liaison office. In August 1943, the MED headquarters (and Nichols, who was in charge of the production facilities at Hanford and Oak Ridge) moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but the name of the district did not change. Construction accounted for roughly 90 percent of the Manhattan Project's total cost.The day after Groves took over, he and Marshall took a train to Tennessee to inspect the site that Marshall had chosen for the proposed production plant at Oak Ridge. Groves was suitably impressed with the site, and steps were taken to condemn the land. Protests, legal appeals, and congressional inquiries were to no avail. By mid-November US Marshals were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in. Meanwhile, Groves had met with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the University of California, Berkeley physicist, and discussed the creation of a laboratory where the bomb could be designed and tested. Groves was impressed with the breadth of Oppenheimer's knowledge. A long conversation on a train in October 1942 convinced Groves and his deputy Kenneth Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area.These were features that Groves found lacking in other scientists, and he knew that broad knowledge would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not just physics, but chemistry, metallurgy, ordnance, and engineering. In October 1942 <mask> and Oppenheimer inspected sites in New Mexico, where they selected a suitable location for the laboratory at Los Alamos. Unlike Oak Ridge, the ranch school at Los Alamos, along with  of surrounding forest and grazing land, was soon acquired. Groves also detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an "overweening ambition" which Groves reckoned would supply the drive necessary to push the project to a successful conclusion. Groves became convinced that Oppenheimer was the best and only man to run the laboratory. Few agreed with him in 1942. Oppenheimer had little administrative experience and, unlike other potential candidates, no Nobel Prize.There was also concern about whether Oppenheimer was a security risk, as many of his associates were communists, including his brother Frank Oppenheimer, his wife Kitty, and his girlfriend Jean Tatlock. Oppenheimer's Communist Party connections soon came to light, but Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943. Groves' faith in Oppenheimer was ultimately justified. Oppenheimer's inspirational leadership fostered practical approaches to designing and building bombs. Asked years later why Groves chose him, Oppenheimer replied that the general "had a fatal weakness for good men." Isidor Rabi considered the appointment "a real stroke of genius on the part of General <mask>, who was not generally considered to be a genius ..."

Groves made critical decisions on prioritizing the various methods of isotope separation and acquiring raw materials needed by the scientists and engineers. By the time he assumed command of the project, it was evident that the AA-3 priority rating that Marshall had obtained was insufficient.The top ratings were AA-1 through AA-4 in descending order, although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies. Ratings AA-1 and AA-2 were for essential weapons and equipment, so Colonel Lucius D. Clay, the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources, felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA-3, although he was willing to provide an AAA rating on request for critical materials to remove bottlenecks. Groves went to Donald M. Nelson, the chairman of the War Production Board and, after threatening to take the matter to the President, obtained a AAA priority for the Manhattan project. It was agreed that the AA-3 priority would still be used where possible. The Combined Development Trust was established by the governments of the United Kingdom, United States and Canada in June 1944, with Groves as its chairman, to procure uranium and thorium ores on international markets. In 1944, the trust purchased  of uranium oxide ore from companies operating mines in the Belgian Congo. In order to avoid briefing Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. on the project, a special account not subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies.Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947, Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust's account. In 1943, the Manhattan District became responsible for collecting military intelligence on Axis atomic research. Groves created Operation Alsos, special intelligence teams that would follow in the wake of the advancing armies, rounding up enemy scientists and collecting what technical information and technology they could. Alsos teams ultimately operated in Italy, France and Germany. The security system resembled that of other engineer districts. The Manhattan District organized its own counterintelligence which gradually grew in size and scope, but strict security measures failed to prevent the Soviets from conducting a successful espionage program that stole some of its most important secrets. Groves met with General Hap Arnold, the Chief of U.S. Army Air Forces, in March 1944 to discuss the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets.Groves was hoping that the Boeing B-29 Superfortress would be able to carry the finished bombs. The 509th Composite Group was duly activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets. A joint Manhattan District – USAAF targeting committee was established to determine which cities in Japan should be targets; it recommended Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata, and Kyoto. At this point, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson intervened, announcing that he would be making the targeting decision, and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto. Groves attempted to get him to change his mind several times and Stimson refused every time. Kyoto had been the capital of Japan for centuries, and was of great cultural and religious significance. In the end, Groves asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not just from the list of nuclear targets, but from targets for conventional bombing as well.Nagasaki was substituted for Kyoto as a target. Groves was promoted to temporary major general on 9 March 1944. After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became public knowledge, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:
Groves had previously been nominated for the Distinguished Service Medal for his work on the Pentagon, but to avoid drawing attention to the Manhattan Project, it had not been awarded at the time. After the war, the Decorations Board decided to change it to a Legion of Merit. In recognition of his work on the project, the Belgian government made him a Commander of the Order of the Crown and the British government made him an honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath. After the war

Responsibility for nuclear power and nuclear weapons was transferred from the Manhattan District to the Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947.On 29 January 1947, Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson and Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal issued a joint directive creating the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons. Groves was appointed its chief on 28 February 1947. In April, AFSWP moved from the New War Department Building to the fifth floor of the Pentagon. Groves had already made a start on the new mission by creating Sandia Base in 1946. The Army Chief of Staff, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, met with Groves on 30 January 1948 to evaluate his performance. Eisenhower recounted a long list of complaints about Groves pertaining to his rudeness, arrogance, insensitivity, contempt for the rules and maneuvering for promotion out of turn. Eisenhower made it clear that Groves would never become Chief of Engineers.Groves realized that in the rapidly shrinking postwar military he would not be given any assignment similar in importance to the one he had held in the Manhattan Project, as such posts would go to combat commanders returning from overseas, and he decided to leave the Army. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 24 January 1948, just before his retirement on 29 February 1948, in recognition of his leadership of the Manhattan Project. By special Act of Congress his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test. Later life

Groves went on to become a vice president at Sperry Rand, an equipment and electronics firm, and moved to Darien, Connecticut, in 1948, and retired at age 65 in 1961. He also served as president of the West Point alumni organization, the Association of Graduates. He presented General of the Army Douglas MacArthur the Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1962, which was the occasion of MacArthur's famous Duty, Honor, Country speech to the U.S. Military Academy Corps of Cadets. In retirement, Groves wrote an account of the Manhattan Project entitled Now It Can Be Told, originally published in 1962.In 1964, he moved back to Washington, D.C.

Groves suffered a heart attack caused by chronic calcification of the aortic valve on 13 July 1970. He was rushed to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, where he died that night at age 73. A funeral service was held in the chapel at Fort Myer, Virginia, after which Groves was interred in Arlington National Cemetery next to his brother Allen, who had died of pneumonia in 1916. Legacy
Groves is memorialized at a namesake park along the Columbia River, near the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. In 2007, Groves was portrayed by Eric Owens in the Lyric Opera of Chicago's work Doctor Atomic. The opera follows Oppenheimer, Groves, Teller and others in the days preceding the Trinity test. In the 1989 film Fat Man and Little Boy, Groves was portrayed by Paul Newman.In Day One, a TV-movie broadcast the same year, he was played by Brian Dennehy. In the miniseries War and Remembrance, broadcast in 1988, and based on the novel by Herman Wouk, he was portrayed by George Murdock. He was portrayed by Richard Masur in the 1995 film Hiroshima. Groves will be played by Matt Damon in Christopher Nolan's upcoming 2023 film Oppenheimer. Orders, decorations and medals

Dates of rank

Notes

References

External links

 11 hours of interviews with Groves on the Manhattan Project. Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Groves describes the first Trinity (nuclear test) in New Mexico. Papers of <mask>s at the National Archives and Records Administration
Arlington National Cemetery
Generals of World War II

1896 births
1970 deaths
American military engineers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Manhattan Project people
Military personnel from Albany, New York
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers
Operation Alsos
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
American people of English descent
American people of Welsh descent
American people of French descent
20th-century American Episcopalians
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army

masks:
Groves
Groves
Leslie Grove


title: Carl Weber (theatre director)

texts:
<mask> (7 August 192525 December 2016) was a theatre director and a professor of drama at Stanford University. He was Bertolt Brecht's directing assistant and a dramaturg and actor at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company in 1952. After Brecht's death in 1956, <mask> remained as a director of the company. He directed in major theatres in Germany, America, Canada and elsewhere since 1957. He produced English translations of German dramatist Heiner Müller. He was born in Dortmund, Germany, and died in Los Altos, California. 1994.The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companion to Literature Ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . p.xv-xvi. Cynthia Haven, "<mask> is dead at 91. He was Bertolt Brecht's protégé and brought Germany's experimental theater to America." The Book Haven, 27 December 2016

External links
 <mask> (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1925 births
2016 deaths
People from Dortmund
German theatre directors
Stanford University Department of Drama faculty

masks:
Carl Weber
Weber
Carl Weber
Carl Weber


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

texts:
<mask>-Khamis bin Yusef bin Hassan al-Alawi (), also known as <mask> () or <mask> () (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961), was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1953; he was recognized as Sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955, and as King from 1957 to 1961. Upon his father Moulay Yusef's death he succeeded to the throne. He was a member of the 'Alawi dynasty. Biography

Beginning of his reign (1927–1939)
<mask> was one of the sons of Sultan Moulay Yusef, who was enthroned by the French in September 1912 and his wife Lalla Yaqut. On 18 November 1927, a "young and timid" 17-year-old Muhammad bin Yusef was enthroned after the death of his father and the departure of Hubert Lyautey. He married Lalla Hanila bint Mamoun in 1925 and in 1928, he married Lalla Abla bint Tahar, the latter gave birth to Hassan II in 1929. During World War II (1939–1945)
At the time of <mask>'s enthronement, the French colonial authorities were "pushing for a more assertive 'native policy.'"On 16 May 1930, Sultan <mask> signed the Berber Dahir, which changed the legal system in parts of Morocco where Amazigh languages were primarily spoken (Bled es-Siba), while the legal system in the rest of the country (Bled el-Makhzen) remained the way it had been before the French invasion. Although the sultan was under no duress, he was only 20 years old. This dhahir "electrified the nation"; it was sharply criticized by Moroccan nationalists and catalyzed the . Sultan <mask> participated in the Anfa Conference hosted in Casablanca during World War II. On 22 January 1943, he met privately with the US president Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. and the Prime Minister of the UK Winston Churchill. At this dinner, Roosevelt assured the sultan that "the post-war scene and the pre-war scene would ... sharply differ, especially as they related to the colonial question." The sultan's 14-year-old son and future king of Morocco, Hassan II, also attended and later stated that Roosevelt said, "Ten years from now your country will be independent.""There are competing accounts of exactly what <mask> did or did not do for the Moroccan Jewish community" during the Holocaust. However, "though a subject of debate, most scholars stress the benevolence of <mask> toward the Jews" during the Vichy era. <mask> reportedly refused to sign off on efforts by Vichy officials to impose anti-Jewish legislation upon Morocco and deport the country's 250,000 Jews to their deaths in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in Europe. The sultan's stand was "based as much on the insult the Vichy diktats posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects, including the Jews, as on his humanitarian instincts." Partial Nazi race measures were enacted in Morocco over <mask>'s objection, and <mask> did sign, under the instructions of Vichy officials, two decrees that barred Jews from certain schools and positions. Nevertheless, <mask> is highly esteemed by Moroccan Jews who credit him for protecting their community from the Nazi and Vichy French government, and <mask> has been honored by Jewish organizations for his role in protecting his Jewish subjects during the Holocaust. Some historians maintain that <mask>'s anti-Nazi role has been exaggerated; historian Michel Abitol writes that while <mask> was compelled by Vichy officials to sign the anti-Jewish dahirs, "he was more passive than Moncef Bay (ruler of Tunisia during the Second World War) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of Vichy's policy."Struggle for Independence (1945–1953)
Sultan <mask> was a central figure in the independence movement in Morocco, or as it is also called: the Revolution of the King and the People (). This  grew from protests regarding the Berber Dahir of 16 May 1930. He was critical of early movements for reform in French colonial administration in Morocco before becoming a supporter of independence later on. His central position in the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco further boosted his image as a national symbol. On 9 and 10 April 1947, he delivered two momentous speeches respectively at the Mendoubia and Grand Mosque of Tangier, together known as the Tangier Speech, appealing for the independence of Morocco without calling out specific colonial powers. In 1947, the rapid progress of the nationalist movement prompted Sidi <mask> to demand independence for the first time during the Tangier speech, where he also called for the union of the Arabs and Morocco's membership of the Arab League which was founded in 1945, in which he praised, emphasized the close ties between Morocco and the rest of the Arab world. This rapprochement between the monarchy and the nationalist movement, whose projects differ, can be explained, according to historian Bernard Cubertafond, by the fact that "each side needs the other: the national movement sees the growing popularity of the king and his prudent but gradual emancipation from a protector who, in fact, left the treaty of 1912 to come to direct administration; the king cannot, except to discredit himself, cut himself off from a nationalist movement bringing together the living forces of his country and the elite of his youth, and he needs this power of protest to impose changes on France”.From then on, relations became strained with the French authorities, in particular with the new Resident General, General Alphonse Juin who applied severe measures and pressured the sultan to disavow the Istiqlal and distance himself from nationalist claims. The break with France was consummated in 1951 and Sidi Mohammed concluded with the nationalists the pact of Tangier to fight for independence. The appointment of a new Resident General, General Augustin Guillaume , accentuated the dissension between <mask> and France. Further demonstrations turn into riots in Morocco in 1952, notably in Casablanca, while Sidi Mohammed gives the Moroccan cause an international audience at the UN with the support of the United States. Deposition and Exile (1953–1955)
On 20 August 1953 (the eve of Eid al-Adha), the French colonial authorities forced <mask>, an important national symbol in the growing Moroccan independence movement, into exile in Corsica along with his family. His first cousin once removed, <mask> Aarafa, called the "French sultan," was made a puppet monarch and placed on the throne. In response, Muhammad Zarqtuni bombed Casablanca's Central Market on Christmas Eve of that year.<mask> and his family were then transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. <mask> returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and was again recognized as Sultan after active opposition to the French protectorate. The situation became so tense that in 1955, the Moroccan nationalists, who enjoyed support in Libya, Algeria (with the FLN) and Egypt forced the French government to negotiate and recall the sultan. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France and Spain for the independence of Morocco. After Independence (1956–1961)
As <mask> returned to the throne, he suppressed many insurgencies, especially in the south and in the Rif. In 1957, he took the title of King of Morocco, to symbolise the unity of the country despite the divisions between Arabs and Berbers. In terms of domestic policy, upon his return he allowed the first congress of the Istiqlal, which formed various governments under his reign.He authorized the creation of trade unions, but the unrest and the strikes lead him to take full power in the last years of his reign. During his reign, the Moroccan Liberation Army waged war against Spain and France, and successfully captured most of Ifni as well as Cape Juby and parts of Spanish Sahara. With the treaty of Angra de Cintra, Morocco annexed Cape Juby and the surroundings of Ifni, while the rest of the remaining colony was ceded by Spain in 1969. Death
He died at 51 years old 26 February 1961 following complications of a minor operation he had undergone. Legacy
The Mohammed V International Airport and Stade Mohamed V of Casablanca are named after him, as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across Morocco. There is an Avenue Mohammed V in nearly every Moroccan city and a major one in Tunis, Tunisia, and in Algiers, Algeria. In December 2007, The Jewish Daily Forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the Moroccan government to have <mask> admitted to the Righteous Among the Nations.Personal life
His first wife was Lalla Hanila bint Mamoun. They married in 1925. She was the mother of his first daughter Lalla Fatima Zohra. His second wife was his first cousin Lalla Abla bint Tahar. She was the daughter of Moulay <mask> bin Hassan, son of Hassan I of Morocco. She married <mask> in 1928 and died in Rabat on 1 March 1992. She gave birth to five children: the future King Hassan II, Lalla Aicha, Lalla Malika, Moulay Abdallah and Lalla Nuzha.His third wife was Lalla Bahia bint Antar, mother of his last daughter Lalla Amina. Honours

Order of Blood of the Tunisian Republic
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic-1927
Collar of the Order of Charles III of the Kingdom of Spain-1929
Companion of the Order of Liberation of the French Republic-1945
Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit of the United States-1945
Grand Collar of the Imperial Order of the Yoke and Arrows of Francoist Spain-3 April 1956
Grand Collar of the Order of Idris I of the Kingdom of Libya-1956
Collar of the Order of the Hashemites of the Kingdom of Iraq-1956
Grand Cordon of the Order of Umayyad of Syria-1960
Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of Lebanon, special class-1960
Collar of the Order of the Nile of the Republic of Egypt-1960
Collar of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali of Jordan-1960
Grand Cordon of the King Abdulaziz Decoration of Saudi Arabia-1960

See also
 History of Morocco
 List of Kings of Morocco

References

Bibliography
 David Bensoussan, Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (); Second edition: www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, , 620p. (ebook);

External links
History of Morocco

1909 births
1961 deaths
Alaouite dynasty
Sultans of Morocco
Kings of Morocco
World War II political leaders
People from Fez, Morocco
People from Rabat
Moroccan people of Arab descent
20th-century Arabs
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Companions of the Liberation
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Extraordinary Grades of the Order of Merit (Lebanon)
Moroccan exiles in Madagascar
Moroccan independence activists

masks:
Mohammed al
Sidi Mohammed bin Yusef
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed
Muhammad V
Muhammad V
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed
Mohammed
Mohammed
Mohammed
Mohammed V
Mohammed
Mohammed V
Muhammad V
Mohammed
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed Ben
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed V
Mohammed Tahar
Mohammed V


title: Paul Sepuya

texts:
<mask> (born 1982) is an American photographer and artist. His photographs focus heavily on the relationship between artist and subject. He often explores the nude in relation to the intimacy of studio photography. The foundation of Sepuya's work is portraiture. He features friends and muses in his work that creates meaningful relationships through the medium of photography. Sepuya reveals the subjects in his art in fragments:  torsos, arms, legs, or feet rather the entire body. Through provocative photography, Sepuya creates a feeling of longing and wanting more.This yearning desire allows viewers to connect deeply with the photography in a meaningful way. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Bernardino, California. He temporarily moved to New York to pursue a Bachelor in Fine Arts in Photography & Imaging from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 2004 and subsequently a Master of Fine Arts in Photography from UCLA Department of Art in 2016. Work from his master's degree was presented at the UCLA MFA Exhibition #3. Style
<mask> is best known for his portraiture. Portraiture is the artist's representation of a person. The artist uses elements of art such as composition, line, or color to display the personality or mood of a person.using photographs of artists, his friends and himself. Another major feature of his work is fragmentation. Viewers are able to see parts of the body in Sepuya's portraits. Through this, he is able to create an intimate feeling of yearning for more. It is this yearning that allows viewers to connect deeply with his art. Typically his photographs are ripped apart, rearranged and taped to form a deeper meaning of the queer culture as well as social and sexual exchange. His photographs show his interest in the history of portraiture and wanting to have black photography exist in the same time space as contemporary conversations.His photography sessions mostly take place in a familiar studio like his own or a friends in order for his photographs to show his presence and his relationship with the individuals in his photographs. Career
Sepuya's series Studio Work (2010–11) continues the development of his sustained interest in portraiture and the intimacy developed between the sitter and the photographer in the controlled environment of the studio. The range and breadth of his work examines not only the personality and character of the portrait but the private performance that exists within the photographic studio. “My studio was private, but not a closed environment. Rather, it was a stage that I inhabited and opened to those around me,” he says in reflecting on the production of the studio environment and those invited to have their portraits made. He draws inspiration for his contemporary investigations of studio photography from the works of Robert Mapplethorpe and art historian and critic Brian O'Doherty whose publication "Studio and Cube:On the relationship between where art is made and where art is displayed" both feature prominently in his early work. He has held a residency at the Studio Museum in Harlem and his work is included in the Leslie-Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art.In addition he has published several artists books and editions with Printed Matter, Inc and has maintained a professional relationship with its former executive director (2004-2010) AA Bronson. Since 2004, Sepuya has shot editorial features for I.D. (magazine), Kaiserin Magazine, and BUTT Magazine. His evolving collection of the self-published periodical 'SHOOT' has been sold internationally since its inception in 2005. Sepuya's 2010 publication, "The Accidental Egyptian and Occidental Arrangements," co-created with artist Timothy Hull, was financed through crowdfunding. Sepuya is represented by DOCUMENT, Chicago; Yancey Richardson Gallery, New York; Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town. His work is featured in various exhibitions such as the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, The Studio Museum in Harlem, Franklin Art Works, Minneapolis, the Artist Institute in New York, and The Center for Photography at Woodstock.He has had solo exhibitions at DOCUMENT, Platform Centre for Photography and Digital Arts in Winnipeg, Clough-Hanson Gallery at Rhodes College in Memphis, Artspeak in Vancouver, and Blaffer Art Museum in Houston. Predominantly New York-based through 2014, he is currently visiting faculty at CalArts, School of Art, Program in Photography and Media. Four of his photos are in the collection of MoMA, and he was included in their Spring 2018 show "New Photography". As of 2018, he was represented by Team Gallery and his first solo exhibition there titled The Conditions, debuted in March 2019. Sepuya's work was included in the 79th Whitney Biennial, in 2019. Sepuya's work, Darkroom Mirror (_2070386) (detail), 2017, from the series “Darkroom Mirrors,” 2017 was featured on the cover of the ArtForum Magazine's March 2019 Issue. Critical reception

Sepuya's work is generally critically acclaimed by art critics and enthusiasts.His work is distinctive in a sense that critics acknowledge his effective use of body fragmentation portraiture techniques. A contributor writer from The Brooklyn Rail, explains how one of Sepuya's exhibits called the Mirror Study (2016), "has lingered with him the most" in that "the photographer captures himself photographing a cut-up portrait of a man taped to a mirror, hiding the camera and all but his arms behind what remains of the printed image (only the man’s arm)". An art critic from the May 2017, Fine Arts section issue of The Nation states that Sepuya's photographs are "as insistently reflective and formally refined as any being made today, can nonetheless proclaim that in his work, the sum total of content lies outside of the conversation about art". Sepuya "almost too perfectly encapsulates the current tendency to see photography as a game of mirrors. Its conceptually self-questioning strategies and fastidious-almost-to-the-point-of-finicky aesthetics account, in part, for why he seems to be a must-have artist of the moment", the art critic exclaims when mentioning Sepuya's proven track record. See also
AA Bronson
Slava Mogutin

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American photographers
African-American artists
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

masks:
Paul Mpagi Sepuya
Sepuya
Sepuya


title: David Gerrold

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; January 24, 1944) is an American science fiction screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the script for the original Star Trek episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", created the Sleestak race on the TV series Land of the Lost, and wrote the novelette "The Martian Child", which won both Hugo and Nebula Awards, and was adapted into a 2007 film starring John Cusack. Early life
Gerrold was born to a Jewish family on January 24, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Van Nuys High School and graduated from Ulysses S. Grant High School in its first graduating class, Los Angeles Valley College, and San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge). Star Trek

Star Trek: The Original Series
Within days of seeing the Star Trek series premiere "The Man Trap" on September 8, 1966, 22-year-old Gerrold wrote a sixty-page outline for a two-part episode called "Tomorrow Was Yesterday", about the Enterprise discovering a ship launched from Earth centuries earlier. Although Star Trek producer Gene L. Coon rejected the outline, he realized Gerrold was talented and expressed interest in his submitting some story premises. Bearing preliminary titles and, in some cases, preliminary character names, Gerrold submitted five premises.Two of the submissions of which he later had little recollection involved a spaceship-destroying machine, similar to Norman Spinrad's "The Doomsday Machine", and a situation in which Kirk had to play a chess game with an advanced intelligence using his crew as chess pieces. A third premise, "Bandi", involved a small being running about the Enterprise as someone's pet, and which empathically sways the crew's feelings and emotions to comfort it, even at someone else's expense. A fourth premise, "The Protracted Man", applied science fiction to an effect seen in West Side Story, when Maria twirls in her dancing dress and the colours separate. Gerrold's story involved a man transported from a shuttlecraft trying out a new space warp technology. The man is no longer unified, separating into three visible forms when he moves, separated by a fraction of a second. As efforts are undertaken to correct the condition and move the Enterprise to where corrective action can be taken, the protraction worsens. The fifth premise, "The Fuzzies", was also initially rejected by Coon, but a while later he changed his mind and called Gerrold's agent to accept it.Gerrold then expanded the story to a full television story outline entitled "A Fuzzy Thing Happened To Me…", and it eventually became "The Trouble With Tribbles". The name "Fuzzy" was changed because H. Beam Piper had written novels about a fictional alien species of the same name (see Little Fuzzy). The script went through numerous rewrites, including, at the insistence of Gerrold's agent, being re-set in a stock frontier town instead of an "expensive" space station. Gerrold later wrote a book, The Trouble With Tribbles, telling the whole story about producing the episode and his earlier premises. "The Cloud Minders" from the third season has a story credited to Gerrold and Oliver Crawford.I came in with what I thought was a near-perfect Star Trek story, which is we find a culture that isn't working for everybody and fix it. But my original ending was that, as they’re flying off, Kirk says, "Well, we solved another one." Spock says, "Well, actually, it’ll take years and years and years for all of these changes to be put in place."And McCoy says, "I wonder how many children are going to die in the meantime." So the idea was, "Let's get gritty. We’re not going to change things overnight, but we can put changes in place that will have long-term effects." There was also more to the story that was about the social issue, and there was no magical zenite gas that was causing the problem. Freddy Freiberger and Margaret Armen came in and changed it to a "Let's solve it all in the last five minutes with gas masks" (ending). And I thought, "That's really not a very good story. It doesn't do what Gene Roddenberry or Gene L. Coon would have been willing to do."So I was disappointed. The Trouble with Tribbles was one of two books Gerrold wrote about Star Trek in the early 1970s after the original series had been canceled. His other was an analysis of the series, entitled The World of Star Trek, in which he criticized some of the elements of the show, particularly Kirk's habit of placing himself in dangerous situations and leading landing parties himself. Star Trek: The Animated Series
Gerrold contributed two stories for the Emmy Award-winning Star Trek: The Animated Series which ran from 1973 to 1974: "More Tribbles, More Troubles" and "Bem". "Bem" featured the first use of James T. Kirk's middle name, which was revealed to be Tiberius. This was later entered into live-action canon in the movie Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country when Captain Kirk and Doctor McCoy are on trial for the death of the Klingon Chancellor Gorkon. Star Trek: The Next Generation
Many of the changes Gerrold had advocated in The World of Star Trek were incorporated into Star Trek: The Next Generation when it debuted in 1987.He parted company with the producers at the beginning of the first season. Gerrold wrote a script for Star Trek: The Next Generation entitled "Blood and Fire", which included an AIDS metaphor and a gay couple in the ship's crew. Gerrold wrote this script in response to being with Roddenberry at a convention in 1987 where he had promised that the upcoming Next Generation series would deal with the issue of sexual orientation in the egalitarian future. The script was purchased by the TNG producers, but eventually shelved. He later reworked the story into the third book in the Star Wolf series (see below) and again as a two-part episode of the fan-produced Star Trek: New Voyages, which he also directed. Other Trek involvement
Gerrold had wanted to appear onscreen in an episode of Star Trek, particularly "The Trouble with Tribbles". The character of Ensign Freeman, who appears in the famous bar scene with the Klingons, was originally intended by Gerrold to be a walk-on part for himself, however another actor took the role since Gerrold was deemed too thin at the time.He also had an In-joke cameo of sorts in "Star Trek The Animated Series": "More Tribbles, More Troubles" where a very thin Ensign is told to seal off the transporter room area by Kirk. Gerrold also provided the voice for alien Em/3/Green in "The Jihad". While Gerrold appeared as a crewman extra with other Trek fandom notables in Star Trek: The Motion Picture, he did not appear in a Trek series until Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, when he played a security guard in "Trials and Tribble-ations", set during the time frame of his original episode. Gerrold wrote a novelization of the Star Trek: The Next Generation series premiere "Encounter at Farpoint", published in 1987, and an original Star Trek novel titled The Galactic Whirlpool, published in 1980, which was based on his story outline "Tomorrow Was Yesterday". In 2006, for the 40th anniversary of Star Trek, he co-edited, with Robert J. Sawyer, an essay collection titled Boarding the "Enterprise". Gerrold acted as a series consultant for fan-produced series "Star Trek: New Voyages" and "Star Trek: Phase II" starting in 2006. In June 2013 he was named Showrunner of the series.Other television work
After his early success with "The Trouble with Tribbles" Gerrold continued writing television scripts (mostly for science fiction series such as Land of the Lost, Babylon 5, Sliders, and The Twilight Zone). He has also made several uncredited appearances on the TV series The Big Bang Theory. Early science fiction novels
His science fiction novels include The Man Who Folded Himself (1973), about a man who inherits a time-travel belt, and When HARLIE Was One (1972), the story of an artificial intelligence's relationship with his creators. When HARLIE Was One was nominated for best novel for both the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award. This novel is notable for being one of the first to describe a computer virus. A revised edition, entitled When HARLIE Was One, Release 2.0, was published in 1988, incorporating new insights and reflecting new developments in computer science. The War Against the Chtorr

Gerrold is the author of the War Against the Chtorr series of books, about an invasion of Earth by mysterious aliens: A Matter for Men (1983), A Day for Damnation (1985), A Rage for Revenge (1989), and A Season for Slaughter (1993).He eventually announced that what was initially supposed to be a trilogy would in fact require seven books. In approximately 2010 Gerrold was reputed to have a considerable amount of work completed on the remainder of the series, and the fifth book, A Method for Madness, was listed on Amazon with a publication date. The publication date has been updated several times since; the last was January 1, 2014. At that time the remaining books in the series were tentatively titled A Method For Madness, A Time For Treason, and A Case For Courage. In 2017, he announced that the fifth book, now tentatively titled A Nest for Nightmares, and the sixth book, A Method For Madness, are nearing completion, over two decades after the last book came out. Whether a seventh Chtorr book is still planned, or what its title will be if it is, are unknown. Gerrold is considering crowdfunding and other ways to raise money to fund completion of organization of the material and final writing for the two books.The alien invasion is an ecological one. Instead of Earthlings terraforming another planet, the aliens are "Chtorraforming" Earth. Instead of armies, the unseen aggressors gradually unleash plants and animals from their older, more evolved planet (which is indicated as being perhaps a half billion years older than Earth, and evolved into a higher effective competitiveness). These outcompete and displace their terrestrial counterparts and Earth becomes more and more Chtorr-like as the "war" progresses. Portions of the remaining books have made it into print, however. Gerrold released to fans a cliffhanger teaser chapter from Method for Madness. In his collection The Involuntary Human (), he included "It Needs Salt" (as a portion of the planned but not formally scheduled Time for Treason).Finally, he also published the story "Enterprise Fish" in a volume of Thrilling Wonder Stories, (; edited by Winston Engle). "Enterprise Fish" is described as an excerpt from Time for Treason. The Chtorr series and its central character have moved through stages of development with each book in the series, with another layer of the Chtorran ecology explained and understanding of it unveiled with each successive book. Since "It Needs Salt" and "Enterprise Fish" are short stories from planned future layers of plot and character development, fans of the series are forewarned that they contain "spoilers". Star Wolf

Gerrold is also the author of the Star Wolf series of books, centered on the star ship Star Wolf and its crew: Voyage of the Star Wolf (1990), The Middle of Nowhere (1995), Blood and Fire (2004), and Yesterday's Children (1972) which is actually an earlier novel that features the same main character, later significantly expanded and republished as Starhunt (1985)—it occurs prior to the other novels in the series' main continuity. The initial germ of Yesterday's Children was the "framing" story in his early Star Trek proposal "Tomorrow Was Yesterday", much altered over time. Gerrold had planned to develop this concept into a TV series, as he writes in an introduction to Voyage of the Star Wolf.The Star Wolf series reflects Gerrold's contention that, due to the distances involved, space battles would be more like submarine hunts than the dogfights usually portrayed—in most cases the ships doing battle would not even be able to see each other. Other works
In 1999, he contributed a short piece to Smart Reseller magazine predicting that cell phones could evolve into devices he called "Personal Information Telecommunications Agent", and described a feature set very similar to modern smartphones:

Gerrold wrote the non-fiction book Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy, published in 2001. The Martian Child is a semi-autobiographical novel, expanded from a novelette of the same name, based on the author's own experiences as a single adoptive father, with most of the key moments drawn from actual events. The novelette won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, and a movie version was released in November 2007, with John Cusack playing the adoptive father. There is some controversy surrounding this character, as <mask>d and his character in the novel are both gay, but in the movie he is a straight widower. In 2000, his long-time admiration of the works of Robert A. Heinlein led him to create a new series, called The Dingilliad. It follows a resourceful teenager and his family as they try to begin a new life.Although not necessarily canon, there are hints that it ties into the War Against the Chtorr universe, with everything from the plagues to the rumored appearance of a giant purple worm (similar cross-universe tie-ins occur in Gerrold's Trackers books). The Dingilliad trilogy consists of Jumping Off the Planet (2000), Bouncing Off the Moon (2001), and Leaping to the Stars (2002). Jumping Off the Planet received the 2002 Hal Clement (Young Adult Award) for Excellence in Children's Science Fiction Literature. In 2005, Gerrold was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado. In 2013, Gerrold wrote a Starcraft 2 short story titled "In the Dark" for Blizzard Entertainment's series of Starcraft short stories. As of 2015, he is also a member of the board of directors for the Hollywood Science Fiction Museum. <mask>d was the winner of the Robert A. Heinlein Award for 2022.Bibliography

Series

The War Against the Chtorr
A Matter for Men (1983)
A Day for Damnation (1984)
A Rage for Revenge (1989)
A Season for Slaughter (1992)
A Nest for Nightmares (in progress)
A Method for Madness (in progress)
A Time for Treason (projected)
A Case for Courage (projected)

Star Wolf
Yesterday's Children (aka Starhunt) (1972, rv.1980)
Voyage of the Star Wolf (1990)
The Middle of Nowhere (1995)
Blood and Fire (2004)

The Dingilliad

 Jumping Off the Planet (2000)
 Bouncing Off the Moon (2001)
 Leaping to the Stars (2002)
 Hella (2020)

Trackers
Under the Eye of God (1993)
A Covenant of Justice (1994)

Star Trek novels
The Galactic Whirlpool (1980)
Encounter at Farpoint (1987) (a novelization)

Other novels
 The Flying Sorcerers (also known as The Misspelled Magishun, 1971; with Larry Niven)
 Space Skimmer (1972)
 Yesterday's Children (1972)
 When HARLIE Was One (1972; revised as When HARLIE Was One, Release 2.0, 1988)
 Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
 The Man Who Folded Himself (1973)
 Moonstar Odyssey (1977)
 Deathbeast (1978)
 Chess with a Dragon (1987)
 The Martian Child (2002)
 Child of Earth (2005)
 Ganny Knits a Spaceship (April 2019), . Based upon a 2009 short story of the same name that was first published in Jim Baen's Universe. Hella (2020)

Single author collections
 With a Finger in My I (1972)
 The Far Side of the Sky (2002)
 Alternate Gerrolds (2005)
 The Involuntary Human (2007)

Anthologies (editor)
Protostars (1971) (with Stephen Goldin)
Generation (1972)
Science Fiction Emphasis 1 (1974)
Alternities (1974)
Ascents of Wonder (1977)

Short stories
 "The Impeachment of Adlai Stevenson" (1992) (collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Presidents)
 "The Kennedy Enterprise" (1992) (collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Kennedys)
 "The Firebringers" (1993) (collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Warriors)
 "What Goes Around" (1994) (collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Outlaws)
 "Satan Claus" (1994) (also collected in Alternate Outlaws)

Nonfiction
 The Trouble with Tribbles (1973)
 The World of Star Trek (1973, rv. 1984)
 Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy (2001)
 Taking the Red Pill: Science, Philosophy and Religion in The Matrix (2003) (with Glenn Yeffeth)
 Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek (2006) (with Robert J. Sawyer)

See also

 Sexuality in Star Trek

References

External links

 Career spanning interview

1944 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American science fiction writers
American television writers
American male television writers
California State University, Northridge alumni
American gay writers
Hugo Award-winning writers
Jewish American writers
LGBT Jews
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Illinois
Living people
Los Angeles Valley College people
Nebula Award winners
Van Nuys High School alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Screenwriters from California
Grant High School (Los Angeles) alumni
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American screenwriters

masks:
David Gerrold
Jerrold David Friedman
David Gerrol
David Gerrol


title: Giusy Ferreri

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask> on 17 April 1979) is an Italian singer-songwriter. In 2008, Ferreri took part at the first Italian edition of the talent show X Factor, in which she came in second place. She topped the Italian Singles Chart 5 times, with the singles "Non ti scordar mai di me", "Novembre", diamond certified collaboration  "Roma-Bangkok" with Baby K, "Amore e Capoeira" and "Jambo", both with Tagaki and Ketra. She spent a total of 48 weeks at number one in the country, beating the previous record owned by Madonna (38 weeks). Thanks to her successful singles, five studio albums and two greatest hits albums, Ferreri has sold over 2.8 million copies worldwide to-date. She has collaborated with many notable Italian singers, including Ornella Vanoni, Claudio Baglioni, Ron, Tiziano Ferro, J-Ax, Ermal Meta and Giuliano Sangiorgi. Career
In June 2008, Sony BMG Italy released the debut EP by Ferreri, which includes her first single "Non ti Scordar mai di me" written by Italian pop singer Tiziano Ferro, and five covers of classic songs from the 1960s and 1970s.The single held the number one position of the Italian singles chart for fifteen consecutive weeks, becoming one of the most successful tracks ever on that chart. The album debuted at the top spot of the Italian album chart and stayed there for eleven consecutive weeks. It went on to be certified 4x platinum denoting over 314,000 copies shipped. She is considered to be the Italian version of Linda Perry. Debut album: Gaetana

In October 2008, the song Novembre, the first single from Ferreri's official debut album Gaetana, was released. The tune debuted at number one in Italy and held the top for eight weeks so far. The album was released on 14 November 2008.It debuted at number one on the iTunes Italy chart and subsequently peaked at #2 on the Italian FIMI albums chart, behind Laura Pausini's album "Primavera anticipata", selling over 80,000 copies in its first week of release. The album sold so far over 706,000 copies in Italy and Greece and was cerified "Diamond" by FIMI for selling more than 350.000 copies in the country. The second single from the album, "Stai fermo lì", was announced on 8 January 2009 and was released in Italy on 16 January 2009. The third single off the album was "La Scala (The Ladder)", originally written by Linda Perry and translated in Italian by singer Tiziano Ferro. The song peaking at #27 on the FIMI singles chart and at #49 on the Greece Singles Chart. Cover album: Fotografie

On 20 November 2009 her second studio album was released across Europe, debuting at #10 on the Italian FIMI albums chart. The first single is a cover of "Ma il cielo è sempre più blu" by Rino Gaetano.In her second studio album, Ferreri records cover versions of some of her favourite (Italian and international) artists: "La magia è la mia amante (I Was Made to Love Magic)" by Nick Drake, "Con una rosa" by Vinicio Capossela and Paolo Benvegnù, "Il mare verticale (Portrait the Sea)" by Jerome Kern, "Yesterdays" (song played in the past by Billie Holiday), "Ciao amore ciao" by Luigi Tenco and Estate by Bruno Martino. In 2010 the rapper Marracash and Ferreri released the single "Rivincita" . The song was the single from the Marracash album "Fino a qui tutto bene". Third album: Il mio universo

On 16 February 2011 her third studio album was released across Europe, debuting at #13 and peaked at #11 on the Italian FIMI albums chart and #98 on the Swiss Album chart. The first single is "Il mare immenso" released on the very same day, written by Bungaro. The first single taken from her third studio album debuted at #8 and peaked at #6 on the FIMI Top 10 Singles Chart. "Il mare immenso" stayed for three months in the top fifty of the FIMI Singles Charts and peaked at number 5 of the Italian Radio Airplay Chart.Eventually the song was awarded as the Best Sanremo Song at the "Premio Lunezia". The second and third singles, "Piccoli Dettagli" and "Noi brave ragazze", were written respectively by Rudy Marra and Bungaro. "Piccoli Dettagli" was chosen as the "Song of the summer" after a survey made by Skytv

Fourth album: L'attesa, "Roma-Bangkok" and Hits

After participating to Sanremo with  the single "Ti porto a cena con me", Giusy released the album "L'attesa" which debuted and peaked at number 4 of the Italian Charts. Her second single "La bevanda ha un retrogusto amaro", failed to enter the charts. In 2015 she came back with Baby K for the single "Roma-Bangkok". The song was extremely successful in many countries of Europe. It remained on top of the Italian chart for eleven consecutive weeks and later was certified "Diamond" in Italy for selling more than 500.000 copies in the country."Roma Bangkok" was the best selling hit of 2015 and so far it is the Most Italian Video Watched on YouTube with more than 250.000.000 views. In November of the same year <mask> released her first greatest hits, Hits, which was certified "Gold" for selling more than 25.000 copies. The lead single "Volevo te" reached number 2 of the Italian Airplay charts and was certified platinum by FIMI. Fifth album: Girotondo

In 2017 <mask> came back to Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Fa talmente male" and released the album "Girotondo" which debuted and peaked at number 11. The second single "Partiti adesso" reached number 1 on the Italian Airplay Charts and was certified platinum by FIMI. The third single "L'amore mi perseguita" featuring Tiromancino peaked at number six of the Italian Airplay charts. Giusy took part in the seventeenth edition of the talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi.She was one of the teacher/judges together with Rudy Zerbi, Paola Turci, Alessandra Celentano and Veronica Peparini. In the summer 2018, Tagaki and Ketra chose Ferreri to be the female voice of the song "Amore e Capoeira", which spent 12 weeks at number one of the Italian Charts and reached number 2 in Switzerland. The single was certified 5 times Platinum for selling more than 250,000 copies. The song won the "Wind Summer Festival" and was awarded the "Song of the Summer 2018". The "Girotondo Live Tour" started in the beginning of May in Tuscany. In January 2019 Giusy released "Le cose che canto": the song was written by Dario Faini and Tommaso Paradiso. In May 2019 the collaboration with Tagaki and Ketra continued and together with Omi.They released the single "Jambo" that reached number one after three weeks. The song stayed at number one for two weeks and was certified double platinum for selling more than 150,000 copies. In November 2019 she released the song "Momenti perfetti", written by Roberto Casalino and Niccolò Verrienti. On 24 June 2020 a collaboration with the singer Elettra Lamborghini was announced and on 29 of the same month, the song "La Isla" was released. The song peaked at number 22 of the Italian Single Charts and was the 93rd best selling single of the year in Italy. "La Isla" was produced by Takagi & Ketra. On November 2020 the song has been certified Platinum by the Italian Federation of Music.In May 2021 Takagi & Ketra renovated for the third time the collaboration with Ms Ferreri with the single "Shimmy Shimmy" a dance pop song with an Arabic Touch. The song went viral on Tik Tok thanks to the video coreography. "Shimmy Shimmy" debuted at number 82 of the Italian Single Charts and eventually peaked at  number 22 reaching the Platinum Certification for more than 70.000 copies sold in the country. The song managed to reach the number 4 of the Italian Airplay radio. Discography

 2008 - Non ti scordar mai di me
 2008 - Gaetana
 2009 - Fotografie
 2011 - Il mio universo
 2014 - L'attesa
 2015 - Hits
 2017 - Girotondo

TV programs

 X Factor, second edition (Rai 2, 2008) contestant -second place
 Amici di Maria De Filippi, seventeenth edition (Canale 5, 2017-2018) teacher-judge

Awards and nominations

Notes

External links
 Official Site

1979 births
Italian pop singers
Living people
X Factor (Italian TV series) contestants
Sony BMG artists
Torch singers
Musicians from Palermo
21st-century Italian singers
21st-century Italian women singers

masks:
Giusy Ferreri
Giuseppa Gaetana Ferreri
Giusy
Giusy


title: Gerhart Eisler

texts:
<mask> (20 February 1897 – 21 March 1968) was a German politician, editor and publicist. Along with his sister Ruth Fischer, he was a very early member of the Austrian German Communist Party (KPDÖ) and then a prominent member of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Leipzig, the son of Marie Edith Fischer and <mask>, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig but of Austrian nationality. His father was Jewish and his mother was Lutheran. His brother was the leftist composer <mask> and his sister was Communist activist Ruth Fischer. In November 1918, <mask> returned from the front of World War I and joined the Austrian Communist Party under the influence of his older sister. In 1919, he married Hede Massing (1900–1981).In 1920, he followed his sister to Berlin, where in January 1921 he became associate editor of the Die Rote Fahne. It was Germany's leading left-wing newspaper. Comintern agent
He left Hede in 1923 for her sister Elli Tune. Elli left him with their baby daughter Natasha in 1933, when she could no longer cope with the demands the Comintern made on him. In 1937, he met Hilde Vogel-Rothstein and they married in Queens, New York City in 1942. His first wife Hede and her third husband Paul Massing both spied for the Soviet Union in the USA and they all kept in touch. Hede Massing later turned towards the FBI and testified against Alger Hiss in his second trial.Massing saw <mask> on his return to the Soviet Union: "<mask>… was involved in the Wittdorf affair, a political maneuver to dethrone Ernst Thälmann, who was supported by Stalin…. <mask> was, after a time, in complete isolation in Moscow, forbidden to read German papers in order to get Germany out of his system, and then sent as Comintern representative to China where, according to many reports, he achieved great success through his ruthless policy. He stepped back into Stalin's favor." From 1929 to 1931, he was a liaison between the Communist International and the Communist Parties in China and then from 1933 to 1936 to the United States. Time reported in 1947 that he had made a trip to China in the late 1920s during which he earned the name "the executioner" for "purging the party of spies and dissidents". <mask> was charged in two trials in 1947 first with refusing to answer the HUAC, then of violating U.S. laws by misrepresenting his Communist Party affiliation on his immigration application. He was sentenced to one and three years in prison, but was soon released on bail.Newsweek described him in its 23 February 1948 issue as the "number one Red agent" (echoing Time magazine's "No. I U.S. Communist" from 1947).). Escaping America
In 1948, Lee Pressman of New York and Joseph Forer of Washington, DC, represented <mask> along with Charles A. Doyle of the Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers Union; Irving Potash, vice president of the Fur and Leather Workers Union; Ferdinand C. Smith, secretary of the National Maritime Union; and John Williamson, labor secretary of the CPUSA). On 5 May 1948, Pressman and Forer received a preliminary injunction so their defendants might have hearings with examiners unconnected with the investigations and prosecutions by examiners of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. When his last legal appeal failed, he jumped bail and secretly boarded the Polish liner MS Batory bound for London in early May 1949. He was discovered by the crew only after the ship was at sea. Once in England, he was dragged off the ship by his hands and feet; the authorities allowed him to leave for the German Democratic Republic.Senior East German official
<mask> became an employee of the party executive of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and a member of the People's Chamber. n the course of the establishment of the SED rule, he informed his colleagues at the party executive committee meeting on October 4, 1949 that, as Marxists, they must know: “If we found a government, we will never give it up again, neither through elections nor through others Methods". Until 1953 he was responsible for the management of the press and radio in the GDR government. Because of sympathizing with the opponents of SED party leader Walter Ulbricht before and during the uprising on June 17, 1953, he was deposed, but rehabilitated in 1955. From 1956 to 1962 <mask> was deputy chairman and then until his death chairman of the State Committee for Broadcasting of the GDR, and from 1967 he was member of the Central Committee of the SED. There he was one of the most innovative leading figures in the GDR media apparatus: for example, he set up the DT 64 youth studio, which he also protected from attacks from the party, during his time. Legacy

After his death during an official visit in Yerevan, Armenia, several schools and streets in the German Democratic Republic were named in his honor.His cremation urn was placed at the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde in Berlin. Files from the UK National Archives released on 4 March 2008 included information about <mask> <mask>. The MI5 summary states:<mask>, who was supposed by many to be the covert leader and director of the Communist Party in America during and after the Second World War, became the centre of a diplomatic incident in 1949 when, having stowed away on a Polish ship out of New York, he was forcibly removed and arrested in Southampton. This file documents the Security Service's involvement in the case. The earliest traces of <mask> in the file (KV 2/2773, 1936–1949) date from 1936, when Comintern efforts to secure a false American passport in the name of Edwards were reported. In 1947 information obtained from <mask>'s former wife, Hedwiga Messing, suggested that <mask> had used this cover name in New York in 1934. An allegation from former Communist Louis F. Budenz that Lillian Hellman hosted a dinner party for Eisler the night before he stowed away on the Batory was instrumental in labeling her an active Communist and in the subsequent dismissal of John F. Melby from the U.S. State Department in 1953.Works
 The Lesson of Germany: A Guide to Her History (1945)
 <mask> Hits Back:  A Reply to Rankin Men (1946)
 Five Men on a Hunger Strike (1949)
 "Foreign Ideas" in Fighting Words (1949)
 Wir reden hier nicht von Napoleon: Wir reden von Ihnen! (1971)
 Auf der Hauptstraße der Weltgeschichte (1981)

References

External links

 State Department passport brief, A115–A116
 Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, hearings of 6 February 1947, U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, House Un-American Activities Committee, 80th Cong., 1st sess., 14–19. "The Brain", ''Time, Monday, 28 October 1946

1897 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Leipzig
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German people of Jewish descent
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Defectors to East Germany
Austrian emigrants to East Germany

masks:
Gerhart Eisler
Eisler
Rudolf Eisler
Hanns Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Gerhart
Gerhart
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Gerhart
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler
Eisler


title: Anoop Desai

texts:
<mask> (born December 20, 1986) is an American singer-songwriter best known for his time as a contestant on the eighth season of American Idol. <mask> was the first ever 13th finalist on American Idol, and was the second Indian American to advance to the final stages of the show

Biography

Early life
<mask>, an only child, was born in Cary, North Carolina. His family moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in 1998. He went to Fuller GT Magnet Elementary School in Raleigh, North Carolina. His parents both work in North Carolina’s Research Triangle. <mask>’s father, <mask>, graduated from IIT Kanpur and came to the US in 1977, and his mother, <mask>, studied in a college program in Navsari, Gujarat and earned her doctorate in South Africa, and works in the bio-tech field. He is fluent in Gujarati.In the 1990s, <mask> appeared on the WRAL-TV (NC Triangle) television children's show, CentralXpress.com, and played the character "Raj". The show won multiple awards, including seven regional Emmys, two national Iris awards, and a national Gabriel Award. <mask> attended Carnage Middle School and Phillips Middle School, then later went on to attend East Chapel Hill High School, graduating in 2004. During his time at East Chapel Hill High School, he was a member of the all-male a cappella group, the Chiefs of Staff. He was awarded a four-year academic merit scholarship to attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and was the Haywood W. Hinkle Carolina scholar from 2004 to 2008. After being accepted and planning to attend college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, <mask> auditioned for and was accepted as a member of the UNC Clef Hangers, a long-standing male a cappella group founded in 1977. He was accepted in the group as a senior in high school with the understanding that he would begin attending the University in the fall of 2004.<mask> served as the group's music director during his junior year and as the group's president his senior year. <mask>’s performance as a soloist on the song “She Has No Time” was recognized with the BOCA 2007 (Best of College A Cappella). <mask> graduated from UNC in 2008 with a bachelor of arts degree, with a double major of political science and American studies. He was awarded the 2008 Peter C. Baxter Memorial Prize in American Studies, as one who exemplified "intellectual excellence, personal warmth and creativity." American Idol

Overview
<mask> rose to national fame with his participation in the eighth season of American Idol. Motivated by the death of his friend Eve Carson, <mask> auditioned for American Idol on August 8, 2008 in Kansas City, Missouri, and was selected as a semifinalist following his "Hollywood Week" performances., Although he was not one of the three finalists chosen out of his semifinal performance group, he returned as a "Wild Card." The judges saved <mask> for last on Wild Card night and after announcing that Matt Giraud had made the Top 12, Simon Cowell then revealed the twist of Season 8: that <mask> would also move onto the finals, leading to the first ever Top 13 in Idol history.<mask>'s first finals performance of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" was panned by the judges, with Simon Cowell saying that it was "very lightweight" and that he regretted choosing <mask> for the Top 13. But <mask> won the judges over again the next week, when he sang Willie Nelson's classic country ballad "Always On My Mind" for "Grand Ole Opry Week." Even Cowell was impressed, and retracted his remarks about <mask> not deserving to be in the Top 13. <mask>'s rendition of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors" three weeks later, which also garnered praise from the judges, prompted Cowell to compare the contestant to a "yo-yo", going back and forth between good and weak performances. Nonetheless, <mask> landed in the Bottom Two that week, just as he had the previous week. He finished in the Bottom Three during Top 7 week, when Matt Giraud was saved from elimination by the judges. This meant the next week would be a double elimination, wherein <mask> ended up being voted off along with Lil Rounds.Celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres and Keith Urban said they favored <mask> to win. <mask> returned for the season finale of Idol'''s Season 8 to perform "I'm Yours" with fellow Idol contestant Alexis Grace and singer Jason Mraz. Performances/Results

 <mask> was initially eliminated, as he did not receive enough votes to advance immediately to the Top 12. However, on the March 4 results show, the American Idol judges selected him as one of the 8 Wild Card contenders. <mask> was selected as one of the finalists. His selection marked the first time in the show's history that 13 finalists were chosen. When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in the particular night, <mask> was in the bottom three, but declared safe second when Megan Joy was eliminated.When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in the particular night, <mask> was in the bottom three, but declared safe second when Scott MacIntyre was eliminated. <mask> was saved first from elimination. Due to the judges using their one save to save Matt Giraud, the Top 7 remained intact for another week, in which there was a double elimination. Post-Idol
Since appearing on American Idol, <mask> has appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Mo'Nique Show, Access Hollywood, Today, and local radio stations across the nation. He has also performed with Amos Lee in Atlanta, Georgia. <mask> also performed on the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2009 with his fellow Top 10 contestants; the tour visited 50 cities in the United States and Canada from July 5 to September 15, 2009.<mask>'s first single, titled "My Name," was co-written by Brandon Rogers and <mask>, and was released on March 23, 2010. His debut album, titled All Is Fair'', was produced by Ian Schreier and was released on May 4, 2010. <mask>'s second single, titled "All Is Fair (Crazy Love)," was co-written by David Mikush and <mask>. <mask> was selected by Clear Channel Music and iheartradio as an "artist to watch" for September 2010 with this single as the featured track. The music video for "All Is Fair (Crazy Love)" was released on February 3, 2011. <mask> began performing in live concerts as a part of the All Is Fair Tour in Fall, 2010, with the first show in Carrboro, N.C., on October 8, 2010. In addition to the headlining shows, he often performs at charity appearances.<mask> now resides in Atlanta, Georgia, and is currently working on a project entitled Zero: The Mixtape. The project is a collaboration with Atlanta-based musicians, writers and producers including DJ Trauma. The mixtape will be released in multiple parts, and the first installment was to become available on March 23, 2011. The second EP is expected to release in July, and the third EP is expected to release in October. He is being represented and managed by The Industry Connect. <mask> now performs hip-hop and soul music under the name TOTEM. Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Digital singles

Awards and nominations

References

External links
<mask> <mask> Official Website
In the Spotlight with <mask> <mask>

1986 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
American Idol participants
American male singers of Indian descent
American singers of Indian descent
Singers from North Carolina
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
People from Cary, North Carolina
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Anoop Manoj Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Manoj Desai
Nalini Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Desai
Anoop
Desai
Anoop
Desai