title: Edwin Albert Link

texts:
<mask> (July 26, 1904 – September 7, 1981) was an American inventor, entrepreneur and pioneer in aviation, underwater archaeology, and submersibles. He invented the flight simulator, which was called the  "Blue Box" or "Link Trainer". It was commercialized in 1929, starting a now multibillion-dollar industry. In total, he obtained more than 27 patents for aeronautics, navigation and oceanographic equipment. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington, Indiana, in 1904, the son of <mask><mask>, Sr., and Katherine (Martin<mask>. In 1910, he moved with his family to Binghamton, New York.Aviation
He took his first flying lesson in 1920. In 1927, he obtained the first Cessna airplane ever delivered and eked out a living by barnstorming, charter flying and giving lessons. As a young man, <mask> used apparatus from his father's automatic piano and organ factory (of the Link Piano and Organ Company) to produce an advertising airplane. A punched roll and pneumatic system from a player piano controlled sequential lights on the lower surfaces of the wings to spell out messages like "ENDICOTT-JOHNSON SHOES". To attract more attention, he added a set of small but loud organ pipes, also controlled by the roll. In the 1920s, he developed the Link Trainer, "a fuselage-like device with a cockpit and controls that produced the motions and sensations of flying." Much of the pneumatic system was adapted directly from technology used in the organ factory.(In the 1970s, <mask> used parts scavenged from an inoperative trainer to help rebuild a Link pipe organ.) He formed the Link Aeronautical Corporation in 1929 to manufacture the trainers. His few early customers were amusement parks, not flight training schools; the early models served as amusement rides. Finally, in 1934, the United States Army Air Corps bought six. During World War II, more than half a million airmen were taught using the Link Trainer. In 2000 the Link Trainer was placed on the List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks. Together with his wife Marion Clayton <mask>, whom he had married in 1931, <mask> managed the very successful Link Aviation, Inc.He contributed a great deal to the Binghamton, New York area, where he set up a production facility that at one time employed thousands of workers. Although the company later passed through different ownership, its legacy can be traced to the current L3Harris division known as Link Training and Simulation, now headquartered in Arlington, Texas (though it still maintains some operations in Binghamton). In 1953, <mask> and <mask> established The Link Foundation. The foundation continues to provide grants and fellowships in aeronautics, simulation and training, ocean engineering, energy, and organizations of interest to the Links. Undersea interests

Man-in-Sea project
After <mask> sold his company to General Precision in 1954, he turned his attention to underwater archaeology and research. <mask> worked at developing equipment for deeper, longer lasting and more secure diving. To this end he designed several submersible decompression chambers.On August 28, 1962, at Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean Sea, <mask> inaugurated his "Man in Sea" project by spending eight hours at a depth of  in his submersible decompression chamber (SDC), becoming the first diver to be completely saturated with a mixture of oxygen and helium (heliox) while breathing underwater. This dive served as a test run for a dive the following month by Robert Sténuit, who spent over 24 hours in the SDC at a depth of  and thus became the world's first aquanaut. In June–July 1964, <mask> conducted his second Man in Sea experiment in the Berry Islands (a chain in the Bahamas) with Sténuit and Jon Lindbergh, one of the sons of Charles Lindbergh. Sténuit and Lindbergh stayed in <mask>'s SPID habitat (Submersible, Portable, Inflatable Dwelling) for 49 hours underwater at a depth of , breathing a helium-oxygen mixture. Dr. Joseph B. MacInnis participated in this dive as a life support specialist. Submersibles
In March 1967, <mask> launched Deep Diver, the first small submersible designed for lockout diving, allowing divers to leave and enter the craft while underwater. Deep Diver carried out many scientific missions in 1967 and 1968, including a  lockout dive in 1967 (at the same location as the 1964 Sténuit-Lindbergh dive) and a  lockout dive near Great Stirrup Cay in 1968.Dr. MacInnis participated in both of these dives as an observer in Deep Diver'''s forward chamber. Later in 1968, after Deep Diver had been requisitioned by the United States Navy to help search for the lost submarine USS Scorpion, the Bureau of Ships determined that Deep Diver was unsafe for use at great depths or in extremely cold temperatures because of the substitution of the wrong kind of steel, which became brittle in cold water, in some parts of the sub. <mask> proceeded to design a new lockout sub with a distinctive acrylic bubble as the forward pilot/observer compartment. In January 1971 the new sub was launched and commissioned to the Smithsonian Institution. It was named the Johnson Sea Link after its donors, <mask> and his friend John Seward Johnson I. Death of son

In June 1973, <mask>'s 31-year-old son, <mask> <mask>, and another diver, 51-year-old <mask>. Stover, died during a seemingly routine dive off Key West. They suffered carbon dioxide poisoning when the Johnson Sea Link became trapped in debris around a Navy destroyer, the Fred T. Berry, which had been sunk to create an artificial reef.The submersible's other two occupants survived. Over the next two years, <mask> designed an unmanned Cabled Observation and Rescue Device (CORD) that could free a trapped submersible. Death
<mask> died in his sleep on September 7, 1981 in Binghamton, New York, where he had been undergoing treatment for cancer. Honors

<mask> was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1945 for developing training devices for aviators, and the Royal Aeronautical Society Wakefield Gold Medal in 1947. He received an honorary degree from Syracuse University in 1966 and Binghamton University in 1981. In 1976, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1992, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.<mask> donated $6 million dollars to build the engineering building on the campus of Syracuse University. The <mask> A. <mask> Hall of Engineering'' was dedicated in presence of <mask> and his family on October 16, 1970. It currently houses offices, classrooms and laboratories of the Syracuse University College of Engineering and Computer Science. From the early 1980s to the 1990s, what is now Greater Binghamton Airport was named <mask> A. <mask> Field-Broome County Airport his honor, and there is an original "Blue Box" on display in the terminal. References

Bibliography

External links
 Biography of <mask>.Link, Binghamton University Libraries
A biographical sketch of <mask><mask>
The <mask> A. <mask> and Marion Clayton Link Collections Finding Aids, Binghamton University
Bibliography of The <mask> A. <mask> Collection of the Evans Library at Florida Institute of Technology
The Link Foundation
U.S. Coast Guard report on fatal Johnson Sea Link accident

1904 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American inventors
American underwater divers
Aviation inventors
Aviators from Indiana
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Binghamton, New York
People from Huntington, Indiana

masks:
Edwin Albert Link
Edwin Link
Edwin A
. Link
) Link
Edwin Link
Link
Link
Edwin Link
Edwin
Marion Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Edwin Clayton
Link
Albert D
Edwin Link
Edwin Link
Link
Link
Link
Edwin
Link
Link
Edwin
Link
Edwin A
Edwin A
. Link
Edwin
Link
Edwin
Link


title: Edappadi K. Palaniswami

type: original

texts:
<mask>; 12 May 1956), popularly known as E.P.S., is an Indian politician and the current leader of opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He served as the 7th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, from 2017 to 2021. He is also the joint coordinator of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. <mask> has represented Edappadi since 2011 as Member of the Legislative Assembly, previously serving from 1989 to 1996. In the 1998 Indian general election he was elected as Member of Parliament of the Lok Sabha representing Tiruchengode. When AIADMK won the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, he was given a ministerial berth by J. Jayalalithaa and served as the Minister of Highways and Minor Ports on 16 May 2011 for the government of Tamil Nadu. After 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election victory, he was given the additional responsibility of Ministry of Public Works by J. Jayalalithaa.Personal life
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 12 May 1956 to <mask> Gounder and Thavasiyammal at Siluvampalayam, Salem, Madras State, India (now in Tamil Nadu, India). His parents were farmers. After completing school, he enrolled for B.Sc degree in Sri Vasavi College but did not graduate. He was the students union leader at college. He has a brother Govindraj and a sister Ranjitham. He is married to Ratha <mask> and has one son and is an agriculturalist by occupation. Political career

<mask> entered politics as a volunteer for the AIADMK in 1974.Later he became the key member of the party in Salem district. He was first elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989,representing Edappadi constituency, and won re-election in 1991. He was elected Member of Parliament, representing Tiruchengodu constituency in the 12th Lok Sabha. He emerged a dominant force in the AIADMK in the Western belt during late 1990s . He was elected from Edappadi constituency in 2011 and 2016 when the AIADMK emerged as a ruling party. He slowly gained prominence as one of the strong confidants of J.Jayalalithaa along with O. Paneerselvam and Dindigul C.Sreenivasan. He served as the Minister of Highways and Minor Ports in the J. Jayalalithaa, O. Panneerselvam and in his own ministry from 2011.Chief Minister, 2017-2021
<mask> was selected by the AIADMK as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in February 2017, following the resignation of O. Panneerselvam, who became chief minister after the demise of former chief minister J. Jayalalithaa who won the 2016 Legislative Assembly election as CM candidate of AIADMK. He was announced as the Chief Minister by V. K. Sasikala and was sworn in on 16 February 2017 before a crowd of party workers, along with his 32-member cabinet. <mask> also holds the charge of Home, Prohibition & Excise Departments along with the other portfolios normally held by the Chief Ministers, and not mentioned elsewhere. He is elected from Edappadi constituency. During his reign, he introduced various schemes like Kudimaramaththu Work, FAME India scheme and Amma Patrol in Tamil Nadu to ascertain the security of women and children in public places. In May 2018, police opened fire on protests against a Sterlite plant that was polluting local groundwater in Thoothukudi, killing 13 people. While ordering a one-man commission into the violence, <mask> also declared the shootings were in "self-defence."On 28 May, <mask> led Tamil Nadu Government ordered the permanently closure of the Sterlite Copper plant. “The Amma government has issued an order to have the Sterlite plant closed down permanently in deference to the sentiments of the people of Thoothukudi,” then Chief Minister <mask> K<mask> told journalists in the evening after chairing a meeting of his party legislators at the AIADMK headquarters in Chennai. However, during the 2019 elections, AIADMK contested in alliance with the BJP and was swept out of parliament when the DMK-led alliance won 38 out of 39 seats in the state. In 2019 he went on a 13-day tour in the United States, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates to promote foreign investment in Tamil Nadu. While there he launched the Yaadhum Oore programme (lit. all countries, based on Puranauru 192) to encourage the Tamil diaspora to re-invest in Tamil Nadu, in the same line as other states with large NRI populations such as Kerala. During trip he secured 3 lakh crores worth of foreign investment, a greater amount than even his predecessor Jayalalithaa did.In February 2020, <mask> led Tamil Nadu government declared the Cauvery delta region as a Protected Special Agriculture Zone. The announcement was widely hailed by political parties and farmers organisations. Under his governance, Tamil Nadu was rated as the best governed state based on a composite index in the context of sustainable development according to the Public Affairs Index-2020 released by the Public Affairs Centre in Oct 2020. <mask> is also praised for his administration during the coronavirus pandemic. On 3 May 2021, <mask> resigned as Chief Minister following AIADMK's defeat in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election. Leader of the Opposition, 2021
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2021, <mask> won the Edappadi constituency and was elected as the Leader Of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Elections contested and positions held

Lok Sabha elections

Tamil Nadu Legislative elections

Posts in Parliament of India

Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

See also

 Edappadi K. Palaniswami ministry

References

External links
 Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Living people
State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu
People from Salem district
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021
1956 births
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
12th Lok Sabha members
Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026

masks:
Edappadi K Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Edappadi
Karuppa
Palaniswami
Karuppa
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Edappadi
. Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami


title: Zina Garrison

texts:
<mask> (born November 16, 1963) is a former top five professional tennis player from the United States. She was the women's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990, a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion, and a women's doubles gold medalist and singles bronze medalist in Seoul at the 1988 Olympic Games. Career
The youngest of seven children, <mask> started playing tennis at the age of 10 and entered her first tournament at the age of 12. At 14, she won the national girls' 18s title. In 1981, she won both the Wimbledon and US Open junior titles and was ranked the world No. 1 junior player. <mask> graduated from Sterling High School in Houston, Texas in 1982.<mask> began suffering from the eating disorder bulimia when she was 19, following the death of her mother. "I had never been comfortable with my looks and felt I had lost the only person who loved me unconditionally", <mask> told the Observer Sport Monthly in 2006. "The pressure of being labeled 'the next Althea Gibson' only made things worse. I felt I was never going to be allowed to grow into just becoming me." <mask> turned professional in 1982, and skipped her graduation at Ross Sterling High School to compete in the French Open, her first tournament as a professional, where she reached the quarterfinals. She was awarded the WTA Newcomer of the Year in 1982. Despite battling bulimia during her first few years on the tour, <mask> enjoyed notable success on-court.She reached the Australian Open semifinals in 1983, her first full year on the tour, and finished the year ranked world No. 10. She won her first top-level singles titles in 1984 at the European Indoor Championships in Zürich. In 1985, <mask> beat world no. 3 Hana Mandlíková and world no. 2 Chris Evert on her way to winning the Amelia Island Championships. She was also a Wimbledon semifinalist in 1985, and in 1986, she won her first tour doubles at the Canadian Open (partnering Gabriela Sabatini).At the Australian Open in 1987, <mask> won the mixed doubles (partnering Sherwood Stewart) and finished runner-up in the women's doubles (partnering Lori McNeil). A year later, <mask> and Stewart captured the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, <mask> teamed with Pam Shriver to win the women's doubles gold medal for the United States, defeating Jana Novotná and Helena Suková of Czechoslovakia in the final. <mask> defeated Shriver in the quarterfinals of the singles event, where she won a bronze medal. At the US Open, she defeated defending champion Navratilova for the first time in her career, advancing to the semifinals, where she lost to Sabatini. In 1989, <mask> defeated Chris Evert 7–6, 6–2 in the quarterfinals of the US Open in Evert's final tournament. <mask> lost to Navratilova in the semifinals.She finished 1989 ranked a career-high world No. 4 in singles. The highlight of <mask>'s career came in 1990 at Wimbledon, as she defeated Samantha Smith, Cecilia Dahlman, Andrea Leand, Helena Suková, then French Open champion Monica Seles in the quarterfinals 3–6, 6–3, 9–7, and defending Wimbledon champion and world No. 1 Steffi Graf in the semifinals 6–3, 3–6, 6–4 to reach her only Grand Slam singles final, becoming the first African-American woman to do so since Gibson. Moreover, it ended Graf's record 13-time streak of Grand Slam finals. Then, she lost to Navratilova 6–4, 6–1, who thus won her record ninth women's singles title at Wimbledon. <mask> claimed her third mixed doubles title at Wimbledon that year (partnering Rick Leach).In 1992, <mask> finished runner-up in the Australian Open women's doubles (partnering Mary Joe Fernandez). At Wimbledon in 1994, <mask> beat world no. 2 Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario on the way to her 15th and final Grand Slam quarterfinal appearance. <mask> retired from professional tennis in 1996. From 1982 to 1995, she remained uninterrupted in the world's top 25. During her career, she won 14 top-level singles titles and 20 doubles titles. Personal life and post-tennis career
<mask> married Willard Jackson in September 1989; however, the marriage ended in divorce in 1997.Since retiring from the tour, <mask> has worked as a television commentator and maintained active roles in the community and in tennis. She founded the Zina Garrison Foundation for the Homeless in 1988, and the Zina Garrison All-Court Tennis Program, which supports inner-city tennis in Houston, in 1992. She has also served as a member of the United States President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. <mask> has maintained a presence on the professional tennis scene, and was the captain for the U.S. Federation Cup (later Fed Cup) team. <mask> also led the U.S. women's team at the 2008 Beijing Games tennis event where team members Venus and Serena Williams won a gold medal in doubles. After "piling on weight" in her 40s, <mask> participated in season 16 of the reality TV competition The Biggest Loser, titled The Biggest Loser: Glory Days, which premiered September 11, 2014 on NBC.Despite losing 8 lbs., she was the first person eliminated from the program. Playing style
<mask> played an attacking style. It was common for her to slice her backhand and attack the net (a chip-and-charge tactic). <mask> had excellent volleys and overheads. She was able to rally when she wanted to but her main game plan was to get to the net so she could finish with the volley. Major finals

Grand Slam tournaments

Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)

Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Olympics

Singles: 1 bronze medal

<mask> lost in the semifinals to Steffi Graf 2–6, 0–6. In 1988, there was no bronze medal play-off match, both beaten semifinal players received bronze medals.Doubles: 1 gold medal

WTA career finals

Singles: 36 (14–22)

Doubles: 46 (20–26)

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Mixed doubles

References

Bibliography
 A. P. Porter, <mask> <mask>: Ace, First Ave. Editions, 1992

External links

 ESPN biography

1963 births
African-American female tennis players
American female tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in tennis
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in tennis
Tennis commentators
Tennis players from Houston
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon junior champions
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Zina Lynna Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Zina
Garrison


title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1796 in Woodstock, Connecticut – May 9, 1847 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a 19th-century American surgeon. He is best known for founding the Jefferson Medical College and the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and his pioneering work in surgery, including writing a widely used textbook. Life and work
<mask> was born on December 22, 1796 in Woodstock, Connecticut, the son of Eunice (Eldredge) and <mask>. His family was of Scottish and English ancestry. His great-grandfather fought on the Jacobite side in the Battle of Culloden, the last pitched battle in Britain, before immigrating to Worcester, Massachusetts. <mask>'s grandfather, <mask> was a Brigadier General in the American Revolutionary War. Through his father, he was also a descendant of Plymouth, Massachusetts Governor William Bradford.Throughout his life, <mask> was known for his personality, having a mix of positive and negative traits. He had a good memory for names and faces of virtually everyone he met. One former student recalled a brief meeting with the doctor and then being recognized even one year later, stating, "the moment we entered Doctor <mask>'s office, he recognized and named each one of us, although he had seen us only once before, a year back, and only a very short time." However, Darrach wrote, "<mask> had his peculiarities." He often came across as disrespectful and even insubordinate and spoke in a "rapid incoherent manner." It has been noted that he routinely perturbed individuals above him in title. Nonetheless, some people just accepted this as something that came with his "surgical zeal."<mask>'s famous family includes his wife, Elizabeth (Brinton), two sons, John Hill Brinton <mask>, who was a physician, and the other, General <mask> <mask>, who was a major general during the American Civil War. His grandson, <mask> (1849–1913) became the Chair of Anatomy at Jefferson Medical College and authored the famous medical text, Regional Anatomy. <mask> died early in the morning on May 9, 1847 from exsanguination due to an ulcerated lesion below the sigmoid flexure of the colon. He is interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. Career
<mask> entered into the sophomore class at Yale at the age of sixteen and excelled in mathematics and published natural sciences articles in the American Journal of Science. In 1815, at age 18, he obtained his baccalaureate degree. He then took up the study of medicine, first with Thomas Hubbard of Pomfret, Connecticut, later Professor of Surgery of the Medical College of New Haven, with whom he remained one year.In 1817, he went to Philadelphia to attend medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and to become the private pupil of John Syng Dorsey, Professor of Materia Medica, receiving his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1819. Founder of medical schools
<mask> gave a series of private anatomy lectures before deciding to found a new medical school. Many unsuccessful requests had already been made for a new medical school in Philadelphia so he and others had the idea to couple it with Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. With this in mind, he and others made a request to the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1824, and in 1825, received a charter for what was to become Jefferson Medical College. With the "highly regarded" University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine already being in Philadelphia, it was considered "professional heresy" to open a second school, but <mask> thought that opening a second medical school would just lead to more students going to Philadelphia to study medicine. Because of this, physicians at that time noted that he had to choose instructors "greatly inferior in talent to himself" and it was not a sure thing that the school would survive. The Jefferson Medical College opened in 1826, in Philadelphia, and in 1836 had an entering class of 360 medical students nonetheless and <mask> lectured in surgery.In 1838, Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College, and all instructors, including <mask>, were vacated and the trustees hired all new individuals to teach. This change, unrelated to <mask>'s leaving, led the school came to be considered a "legitimate" medical school. For his next project, <mask> opened The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College with Samuel Colhoun, William Rush, and <mask> Morton in Philadelphia, giving the first course of lectures in November 1839. Due to monetary circumstances, the four men resigned their professorships in 1843. In 1858, the school planned to merge with the Philadelphia College of Medicine, but that school closed the next year in 1859. 1861 saw the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College close due to unpaid bills and low enrollment secondary to the American Civil War. Nonetheless, his extended medical education system (referring to more years spent in school than the standard 2 to 3 at the time) became widely accepted and spread among schools.As a teacher
Even before founding Jefferson Medical College, <mask> was regarded as a great teacher, with his colleague, William Darrach, stating, "[a] teacher so qualified will attract pupils." He had added an anatomy and surgery teaching room next to his office and lectured nightly to students of his medical classes. Before, and while at Jefferson, <mask> had a successful lectureship in surgery until 1838 when Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College and the teaching positions were all vacated. He then went on to teach at the new school he co-founded. As a surgeon
<mask> was an accomplished and famous surgeon, leading to <mask> Morton summing up what many of his contemporaries thought of him in a memorandum from March 8, 1845:

The day before yesterday I was present at an operation performed by Dr. <mask>, on a gentleman from Virginia. It consisted in the removal of the whole of the parotid gland in a scirrhous and much enlarged state, from the left side of the face. Nothing could exceed the combined coolness and skill manifested by Dr. M. throughout this terrible operation, which he has now performed for the eleventh time, and hitherto with remarkable success.On this occasion, however, he was doomed to disappointment, for the patient died last night, about thirty-six hours after the operation. <mask> sent for me in the evening, to see the dying man with him, and we met in the chamber of death between ten and eleven o'clock. I had sometimes heard <mask> spoken of as a heartless surgeon, devoid of feeling or sympathy for those who came under his knife; but I can solemnly aver that I have seldom witnessed more unaffected sorrow than he manifested on this occasion. He walked the room incessantly, and repeatedly clasped my hands in his, while he expressed, in emphatic language, the feelings that preyed upon his mind. He moreover assured me, that he seldom performed one of his severer operations without first asking the blessing of God on his undertaking; and that days and nights of painful anxiety, often preceded those great professional efforts which have justly placed his name on the pinnacle of surgical fame. The gurgling respiration of the unfortunate patient announced the near approach of death, and I withdrew, full of sympathy for the agonized emotions of my friend. His name became widespread and he was known to have performed more surgeries than any other during his lifetime.His fame led him to operate on patients from the United States, but he also attracted patients from Europe, the West Indies, and South America, especially for operations in ophthalmic surgery. <mask> was one of the first surgeons to perform a lens extraction, and was the first American to perform many operations, including removal of the parotid gland. Expertise led to his contributing to the American Medical Review and Journal, editing textbooks, and writing a widely used surgery textbook, The Principles and Practice of Surgery. The book was left as a manuscript in 1847, but was edited by his son John H. B<mask> and published the following year. References

External links

A Brief History of Thomas Jefferson University

1796 births
1847 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
People from Woodstock, Connecticut
Thomas Jefferson University
Yale College alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American surgeons
University and college founders
19th-century American physicians
McClellan family
19th-century surgeons

masks:
George McClellan
McClellan
James McClellan
George McClellan
Samuel McClellan
George McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
George Brinton
McClellan
George McClellan
George McClellan
McClellan
George McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
Samuel George
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
Samuel George
George McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
. McClellan


title: Mike Denness

texts:
<mask>  (1 December 1940 – 19 April 2013) was a Scottish cricketer who played for England, Scotland, Kent and Essex. Scotland did not have a representative international team at the time of <mask>' career, so he could only play for England at Test and ODI level. He was the sixth player born in Scotland to play for England, after Gregor MacGregor, Alec Kennedy, Ian Peebles, David Larter and Eric Russell, but remains the only England captain to be born in Scotland (Douglas Jardine and Tony Greig had Scottish parents, but Jardine was born in Bombay and Greig in South Africa). <mask> later became an ICC match referee. He was one of the inaugural inductees into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame and was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1975. He was president of Kent County Cricket Club in 2012–13. Early life
<mask> was born in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.His father was employed by W.D. & H.O. Wills, a tobacco importer and cigarette manufacturer and part of Imperial Tobacco. After his family moved to Ayr, he was educated at Ayr Academy, where he played rugby with Ian Ure and Ian McLauchlan and played for Ayr Cricket Club at Cambusdoon, where he was coached by former Sussex player Charles Oakes. <mask> was selected to play cricket for Scotland against Ireland in 1959 while still at school. Former Kent bowler Jimmy Allan was also in the Scotland team, and he suggested <mask>'s name to his former county. E. W. Swanton also met <mask> in Ayr and put in a good word, and Les Ames invited <mask> to a trial in 1961.Domestic cricket career
<mask> made his first-class debut for Kent against Essex in July 1962 but was dismissed by Jim Laker twice on a turning pitch for 0 and 3. But he quickly established himself in the team, scoring over 1,000 runs in the 1963 season. From 1964 he played as an opening batsman in partnership with Brian Luckhurst. <mask> became a tall, stylish right-handed batsman. He received his county cap in 1965 and Kent won the County Championship in 1970 for the first time since 1913. He succeeded Colin Cowdrey as Kent captain at the beginning of the 1972 cricket season, having often substituted for Cowdrey when he was on Test duty. Under his captaincy, the club won the John Player League three times (1972, 1973, 1976), the Benson & Hedges Cup twice (1973, 1976), and the Gillette Cup once (in 1974; also his benefit season).<mask> was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1975. After 5 years as captain, the club voted to replace him as captain by Asif Iqbal at the end of the 1976 season. After being dismissed as captain at Kent, he moved to Essex in 1977, helping the club to win the County Championship and Benson & Hedges Cup in 1979. He retired after the 1980 English cricket season. In all, he made 501 appearances in first-class cricket and 232 more in one day matches. He scored over 30,000 domestic runs in all, including 33 first-class hundreds and a best of 195, and six one-day centuries with a top score of 188 not out. He also took two wickets with his occasional bowling.He scored over 1,000 first-class runs in 14 English cricket seasons. After he retired as a player at the end of the 1980 English cricket season <mask> became 2nd XI captain at Essex and also worked as a coach. Outside cricket, he had jobs in finance, insurance and public relations. Test cricket
<mask> played for England in 28 Tests and was the captain on 19 occasions, winning six, losing five and drawing eight matches. He made his Test debut in the final test against New Zealand at The Oval in 1969. After the cancellation of the 1970 South Africa tour, <mask> played in the first match against the Rest of the World XI in 1970, before being dropped. He was vice-captain on the tour to India in 1972-3, captained by Tony Lewis, and he was appointed to replace Ray Illingworth as captain in September 1973.As captain, he suffered a lack of support from Geoffrey Boycott, who had hoped to be appointed captain instead, and these tensions contributed to the downfall of <mask> as a skipper. Boycott played in the first 6 Tests with <mask> as captain, including the five matches in the 1–1 drawn series in the West Indies and the first Test of a 3–0 whitewash against India, during which <mask> scored his first two Test centuries, but Boycott then refused to play under <mask> and remained out of the Test team until 1977. After a 0–0 drawn three-match series against Pakistan at home in 1974, Boycott's boycott left England exposed in several matches against the fast bowling of Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson in the Ashes series in Australia in 1974-5. <mask> dropped himself from the England team for the 4th Test at Sydney after scoring only 65 runs in 6 innings (6, 26, 2, 20, 8, 2) in the first three Tests, although he was selected again for the 5th Test in Adelaide after his replacement John Edrich was injured, and achieving his highest Test score of 188 at Melbourne in the 6th Test to win by an innings. The victory was little consolation, as Australia had already won four of the six matches in the series. While in Australia, <mask> received an envelope that had been sent with the address "<mask>, cricketer". The letter inside read, "Should this reach you, the post office clearly thinks more of your ability than I do."He scored another large Test century, 181, when the tour continued to New Zealand, and captained England in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, losing to Australia in the semi-final. He stepped down from the captaincy after losing the 1st Test of the 1975 Ashes series against Australia, at Edgbaston, by an innings (he had been dismissed for 3 and 8). He was replaced by Tony Greig and never played for England again. <mask> scored 1,667 runs in his 28 Tests, including four centuries. His seven accompanying half-centuries helped to leave him with a Test batting average of 39.69. His ODI career was less successful, playing only 12 matches and scoring 264 runs at an average of 29.33, with a best of 66. Match referee

<mask> was appointed as an ICC match referee in 1996.He caused controversy after the Port Elizabeth Test between South Africa and the visiting Indians in 2001-2 when he sanctioned six Indian players, four including Virender Sehwag and Harbhajan Singh for excessive appealing, Sachin Tendulkar for alleged ball-tampering, and the captain Sourav Ganguly for failing to control his players. At first, India refused to accept the sanctions and named the players for the following Test match. The International Cricket Council responded by stripping the game of Test match status. Soon after, both the BCCI and ICC decided to establish a referee committee to verify <mask>'s conclusions. The match referee was heavily criticised for failing to explain his actions at a press conference, thus infuriating the Indian cricket establishment. The BCCI later decided to forget the incident on humanitarian grounds, after <mask> underwent heart surgery. In March 2002, <mask>' role as a match referee came to an end, when the ICC rejected his bid for their newly formed Elite Panel of Referees, although he had been put forward by the ECB as a candidate.Later life
<mask> became a committee member at Kent, and was chairman of cricket at Kent until he resigned in 2004 over a dispute involving Andrew Symonds. He was president of Kent County Cricket Club in 2012–13, <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to sport. He published his autobiography, I Declare, in 1977. He was an inaugural member of the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame and was a member of the Scottish Cricket Hall of Fame. He married his childhood sweetheart, Molly, in 1964. They had a son and two daughters. They were divorced.<mask> died at the age of 72, on 19 April 2013, after a long battle with cancer. He was survived by his partner, Doreen Wadlow, and his three children. See also
 List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations

References

Further reading

 Obituary, The Guardian, 19 April 2013
 Obituary, The Telegraph, 19 April 2013
 Obituary, The Scotsman, 20 April 2013
 Obituary, The Independent, 22 April 2013
 <mask> Obituary and Funeral Arrangements, Kent County Cricket Club, 24 April 2013

External links

1940 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricket match referees
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricketers
England Test cricket captains
Essex cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Kent cricketers
Kent cricket captains
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Ayr Academy
Presidents of Kent County Cricket Club
Sportspeople from Bellshill
Scottish cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Scotland cricketers
Scottish cricket captains
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
A. E. R. Gilligan's XI cricketers
D. H. Robins' XI cricketers
Ayr RFC players
Marylebone Cricket Club President's XI cricketers

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title: Samuel J. Meisels

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<mask><mask> is an American academic in the areas  of early childhood assessment, child development and educational practices that support the developmental needs of young children. <mask> is the founding executive director of the Buffett Early Childhood Institute at the University of Nebraska, president emeritus of Erikson Institute, and a professor and research scientist emeritus at the University of Michigan. In 2010 <mask> received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Roosevelt University and in 2019 the Simms/Mann Institute awarded Meisels its Visionary Leadership Award in Development and Education. Education

<mask> received his bachelor's degree with high honors in philosophy from the University of Rochester in 1967  and then enrolled in a master's and doctoral program at Harvard University in education and philosophy. While at Harvard <mask> began studying the work of <mask>, whose ideas about children and epistemology motivated him to become a teacher of preschool, kindergarten, and first grade. <mask> completed his doctoral studies at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1973. Professional Positions
In 1972 Meisels accepted a position as a faculty member at Tufts University and, from 1973-1978, was director of the Eliot-Pearson Children's School, the laboratory school of the Department of Child Study.From 1979-1980 he served as Senior Advisor in Early Childhood Development in the Developmental Evaluation Clinic of Children's Hospital Medical Center at Boston before joining the faculty of the University of Michigan in the fall of 1980. During his 21 years at Michigan, <mask> held several positions including that of research scientist and acting director at the Center for Human Growth and Development, and professor, interim dean, and associate dean of research in the School of Education. In 2002 <mask> became the president of Erikson Institute. In June 2013 <mask>’s earliest work demonstrated his interest in theory-based instructional approaches in early childhood classrooms. Over his career he published more than 200 books, articles, assessments, and monographs. His research focused on developmental screening, inclusion of young children with special needs in regular educational programs, developmental consequences of high-risk birth, school readiness, and performance assessment of young children.In addition to developing and researching early childhood assessments, Meisels prepared activity books for parents and co-edited two handbooks for the field. He has served on numerous editorial boards as a reviewer and editor. <mask> has long been committed to fairness, accuracy, utility, and developmental principles in assessment of children. He has written extensively about the use of alternative assessment strategies that are authentic, performance-based, and developmentally appropriate for young children and those in the early elementary grades and he co-authored three widely-used early childhood assessments. The Early Screening Inventory
In 1975 <mask> and his colleagues began work on a brief developmental screening instrument designed to identify children, aged 3–6, who were at risk for learning and behavior problems. Known as the Early Screening Inventory (ESI-3), this well-researched, nationally validated screening instrument identifies children who can benefit from early intervention services. It is one of the most reliable and carefully developed early childhood screening instruments available and is currently in its third edition.The Work Sampling System

The Work Sampling System (WSS) is an observational assessment for children from preschool (age 3) - Grade 3. Constructivist in orientation, WSS gives teachers a unique perspective on children's learning and development that differs sharply from conventional outcomes available from standardized achievement tests. The three times per year developmental observations recorded with WSS enable teachers to document what children are learning in relation to standards of progress they are showing and children's specific strengths and areas in need of development. The Work Sampling System has been used throughout the United States and internationally for more than three decades. Currently in its fifth edition, WSS has undergone extensive validation, and was the subject of a number of peer-reviewed empirical studies that document its validity. The Ounce Scale

Meisels and colleagues also published the Ounce Scale: An Observational Assessment for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, an authentic performance assessment that is used with children from infancy through age three. Notable is the Ounce Scale's focus on the social and emotional development of infants and toddlers and the involvement of families in this assessment.Erikson Institute
Meisels served as president of Erikson Institute, a graduate school in child development, from 2002-2013. Under Meisels's leadership, Erikson grew into a source of research, community partnerships, and graduate programs, all of which continually evolved to meet the needs of the early childhood field. Meisels expanded institute funding for applied research and community-based projects; creating new partnerships with public school teachers, administrators, and students through the New Schools Project, Early Math Collaborative, and Herr Research Center for Children and Social Policy; establishing a comprehensive clinical assessment and counseling center for at-risk children and families; and completing a successful five-year fundraising campaign to build a new campus and support an endowed chair, fellowships, and special programs. Buffett Early Childhood Institute
Meisels was appointed the founding Executive Director of the Buffett Early Childhood Institute  in June 2013. The Institute was created in order to raise early childhood to a university priority. Under Meisels, the Institute developed programs to close the achievement and opportunity gap for vulnerable young children, and to prepare a workforce to care for young children from birth through Grade 3. The issues raised by these programs involve multiple systems of care, training, public policy, and funding, as well as research and evaluation.In 2017 the university named Meisels to the Richard D. Holland Presidential Chair in Early Childhood Development, the highest honor the university can confer on a faculty member. References

1945 births
University of Rochester alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni

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title: Kevin Trudeau

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<mask> (; born February 6, 1963) is an American author, salesman, and convicted fraudster known for promotion of his books and resulting legal cases involving the US Federal Trade Commission. His ubiquitous late-night infomercials, which promoted unsubstantiated health, diet, and financial advice, earned him a fortune but resulted in civil and criminal penalties for fraud, larceny, and contempt of court. In the early 1990s, <mask> was convicted of larceny and credit card fraud. In 1998, he was accused of grossly misrepresenting the contents of his book, The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About. In a 2004 settlement, he agreed to pay a $500,000 fine and cease marketing all products except his books, which are protected under the First Amendment. However, in 2011, he was fined $37.6 million for violating the 2004 settlement, and ordered to post a $2 million bond before engaging in any future infomercial advertising. In 2013, facing further prosecution for violations of the 2011 agreement and non-payment of the $37 million judgment, <mask> filed for bankruptcy protection.His claims of insolvency were challenged by FTC lawyers, who maintained that he was hiding money in shell companies, and cited examples of continued lavish spending, such as $359 for a haircut. In November 2013, <mask> was convicted of criminal contempt, and was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison. He will be eligible for release in 2022. Infomercials starring <mask> and promoting his books continue to air regularly on United States television stations. Early life
<mask> grew up in Lynn, Massachusetts, the adopted son of Robert and <mask>. He attended St. Mary's High School in Lynn, where he was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" by the class of 1981. Career
After high school Trudeau became a used car salesman, then joined the seminar circuit, selling memory improvement techniques.In 1990 he pleaded guilty to depositing $80,000 in worthless checks and impersonating a physician, but served, he said, fewer than 30 days. In 1991, he pleaded guilty to 11 counts of credit card fraud and spent two years in federal prison. After his release in 1993, <mask> joined a multi-level marketing firm, Nutrition for Life. The firm was successful until the Attorney General of Illinois charged that it was running a pyramid scheme. <mask> and Nutrition for Life settled cases brought by the state of Illinois, and seven other U.S. states, for US$185,000. Next, <mask> produced and appeared in a series of late-night television infomercial broadcasts throughout North America. They promoted a range of products, including health aids, dietary supplements (such as coral calcium), baldness remedies, addiction treatments, memory-improvement courses, reading-improvement programs, and real estate investment strategies.The FTC took regulatory action against <mask>, alleging that his broadcasts contained unsubstantiated claims and misrepresentations. In 1998, he was fined. In 2004, he settled a contempt-of-court action arising out of the same cases by agreeing to a settlement that included both payments of a $2 million fine and a ban on further use of infomercials to promote any product other than publications protected by the First Amendment. In 2004, <mask> began writing books and promoting them with infomercials in the U.S. The first book he published was a medical guide titled Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, which was published in 2005. The book was criticized for containing no natural cures. <mask> claimed he was not able to include them because of threats by the FTC.The book became a bestseller selling 5 million copies. Two years later, <mask> published a second medical book titled More Natural Cures Revealed: Previously Censored Brand Name Products That Cure Disease (). According to <mask>, the book identifies brand name products that will cure myriad illnesses. <mask>'s books claim that animals in the wild rarely develop degenerative conditions like cancer or Alzheimer's disease, and that many diseases are caused not by viruses or bacteria, but rather by an imbalance in vital energy. Science writer Christopher Wanjek critiqued and rejected many of these claims in his July 25, 2006 LiveScience.com health column. <mask> went on to publish The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About and Debt Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About. His writing has been commercially successful if not factual.In September 2005, Natural Cures was listed in the New York Times as the number-one-selling nonfiction book in the United States for 25 weeks. <mask> launched a self-titled Internet radio talk show in February 2009 which also aired on several small radio stations consisting of mostly brokered programming. Personal life

<mask> has been married at least three times. Little is known about his first marriage, to Oleksandra Polozhentseva, a Ukrainian immigrant. His second union, in 2007, to Kristine Dorow, a Norwegian student whom he met in London, ended in annulment after four months. In 2008, he married Natalya Babenko, another Ukrainian, who currently runs several of his former companies. She has returned to her home in Kyiv, according to <mask>.Publications

Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About

In 2004, <mask> self-published his book Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, in which he made a number of unsubstantiated claims—for example, that sunlight does not cause cancer, sunscreen is one of the major causes of skin cancer, and that AIDS was a hoax devised as an excuse to stimulate medication usage. <mask> further suggested—again without documentation—that various "natural cures" for serious illnesses, including cancer, herpes, arthritis, AIDS, acid reflux disease, various phobias, depression, obesity, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and muscular dystrophy, had been deliberately hidden from the public by the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, and the major food and drug companies. In one widely quoted example, he asserted that the University of Calgary had developed a "natural" diabetes treatment, then quashed its data, fearing reprisals from the pharmaceutical industry. (A spokesman for the school told ABC News that "there have been no human studies conducted at the University of Calgary in the past 20 years on herbal remedies for diabetes." The university later sent <mask> a "cease and desist" letter, ordering him to stop using its name.) Rose Shapiro cited Natural Cures as a prime example in her book, Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All. Natural Cures sold briskly due to an aggressive infomercial promotion.Quackwatch and other internet watchdog sites cautioned that the infomercial itself was "misleading". In a 2005 public warning from the New York State Consumer Protection Board, CPB Chairman Teresa A. Santiago cautioned that Natural Cures contained no actual cures, only "speculation". Cures were promised, but only by subscribing to <mask>'s newsletter or website at $71.40 per year or $499 for a "lifetime membership". The paid sites contained only additional, similarly unsubstantiated speculation, according to the CPB. The Chicago Tribune also noted that a purported back-cover endorsement by former FDA commissioner Herbert Ley—who died three years before the book was written—was actually an excerpt from a 35-year-old New York Times interview. More Natural Cures Revealed
Following Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, <mask> released a second medical guide two years later. His second book, More Natural Cures Revealed: Previously Censored Brand Name Products That Cure Disease, was self-published as well.The book is a similar publication to his first, where he purports to explain why drug and food companies hide the truth about how their products can cause disease. In More Natural Cures Revealed, <mask> writes that workers at the FDA and FTC want to censor him and, figuratively, burn his books. Though the book received negative comments from some reviewers, it received average ratings on both Amazon and GoodReads.com. The Weight Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About

In April 2007, <mask> in the 1950s involving injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The diet was criticized in 1962 by the Journal of the American Medical Association as hazardous to human health and a waste of money. In 1976, the FTC ordered clinics and promoters of the Simeons Diet and hCG to inform prospective patients that there had been no "substantial evidence" to conclude hCG offered any benefit above that achieved on a restricted calorie diet.Clinical research trials published by the Journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition have shown that hCG is ineffective as a weight-loss aid, citing "no statistically significant difference in the means of the two groups" and that hCG "does not appear to enhance the effectiveness of a rigidly imposed regimen for weight reduction." The FTC filed a contempt-of-court action against <mask> alleging that the alleged misrepresentations in the book violate a 2004 consent order. Debt Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About
Debt Cures was published in 2007 and has been marketed on television. Chuck Jaffee, a columnist at CBS MarketWatch, stated: "Truth be told, most of the information (in the book) is readily available in personal finance columns you can find online or in books that are readily available in your local library." <mask> says that if readers disagree with items on their credit reports, they can dispute them as identity theft; this was the "magic cure" of the book's title. Your Wish Is Your Command
Published in 2009, the product says it gives tools on how to use the Law of Attraction to manifest readers' desires. The packaging also says it contains key links to using the Law of Attraction that are missing in other publications.Among the claims made in the related infomercial is <mask>'s assertion to have virtually flunked out of high school. He also says he was "taken in" by a mysterious group called "The Brotherhood" that taught him the secrets that he is now widely announcing in his book. There is also an invitation to join the now defunct "Global Information Network," an "exclusive group of highly influential, affluent, and freedom-orientated [sic] people" (see below). The network operated out of the Caribbean island Nevis and employed the Law of Attraction as its principal wealth generator, a concept generally regarded by much of the scientific community as placebo or pseudoscience. Media interviews
<mask> has been interviewed by CNN's Paula Zahn, Matt Lauer of NBC's Today Show, and Harry Smith of CBS's The Early Show. Trudeau was also the subject of investigative reports done by Inside Edition, ABC's 20/20 and Dateline NBC. The 20/20 segment highlighted a Nightline interview with Jake Tapper in which Trudeau misrepresented the money he was forced to pay to the government, the charges filed against him and the reason the government did not follow through with charges, and claiming ignorance when the claims made in his book were called false by Tapper.Infomercials
At one time, <mask> was a prolific producer of infomercials. He consented to an FTC ban applying to everything except publications that the FTC concluded would infringe upon his First Amendment rights. All of his subsequent infomercials advertised his books, Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You To Know About and The Weight Loss Cure. Notable co-hosts included Leigh Valentine (former wife of televangelist Robert Tilton) and the late Tammy Faye Messner (the former Tammy Faye Bakker). Pharmaceutical companies
Trudeau offers a conspiracy theory, saying that the drug industry and the FDA work with each other to effectively deceive the public by banning all-natural cures in order to protect the profits of the drug industry. Trudeau says that FDA commissioners who leave the FDA to work for large drug companies are paid millions of dollars. In any other industry, according to Trudeau, this would be called "bribery," a "conflict of interest" or "payoffs."<mask> also says in his infomercials that the food industry includes chemicals (such as MSG and aspartame) to get people "addicted to food" and to "make people obese." References to scientific studies
One of the major complaints about <mask>'s infomercials is that he makes only vague references to scientific studies, making them impossible to cross-check for accuracy. The same criticism exists for the anecdotal evidence that he presents in the infomercials. He does not identify people who he claims have been cured by his methods. For example, he tells a story in an infomercial about "a friend from England" who came to his house and complained of heartburn. He also references a study done on the antidepressant qualities of St. John's Wort compared to two prescription medications. These studies, the infomercials suggest, are identified in the book being advertised for sale, but none of his books provide any such substantiation.In an interview, he explained that he cannot reveal his source material because of "FTC suppression"; but readers can join his web site, where, for $9.99 a month or $499 for a lifetime, they can gain access to the special members-only section from which they can e-mail him for the information. Newspaper articles
A pair of 2005 Associated Press articles by Candice Choi on the infomercials elaborated on the success and problems of the programs. Choi says that by repeatedly mentioning government sanctions against him, <mask> "anticipated any backlash with his cuckoo conspiracy theory" and can partially deflect any criticism of him or his infomercials. <mask>'s use of the word "cure" is an issue for regulators. Also, bookstores are polled on their decisions to sell or not sell a successful and controversial self-published book. Additional marketing ventures

Audio tapes: "Mega Memory"

<mask> says he adapted techniques used to improve the memory of the blind and the mentally challenged to create Mega Memory and Advanced Mega Memory audio tapes. His promotion of memory-enhancing products was ended by the intervention of the Federal Trade Commission which alleged that the claims made by <mask> were false and programs involved would not enable users to achieve a "photographic memory," as the advertising claimed.<mask> used research that Dr. Michael Van Masters conducted with the State School for the Blind in Muskogee, Oklahoma, in 1975 as the basis of the Mega Memory products. <mask> was selling automobiles at Neponset Lincoln Mercury in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston in 1982 when he first met Van Masters. Shortly after meeting Van Masters, he joined the latter's business in Chicago. Non-surgical facelift
In addition to Natural Cures, <mask> also hosted an infomercial that features the "Perfect Lift" non-surgical facelift. In the United Kingdom, this infomercial was found to violate the ITC advertising rules. In 2008, Trudeau began airing another infomercial, for a product called Firmalift, with Leigh Valentine. Partnership with Donald Barrett and ITV Direct
On September 11, 2006, Donald Barrett and ITV Direct, a direct marketing company based in Beverly, Massachusetts, announced that they had entered into a partnership with Trudeau to market both of his Natural Cures books.<mask> also worked with ITV to create ITV Ventures, a new MLM group based out of ITV's home office. As of December 2006, ITV Direct has pulled all information concerning both this partnership and <mask>'s books from its corporate website; however, the infomercials continued to run for several years thereafter. International Pool Tour

In 2005, <mask> founded the International Pool Tour (IPT). His goal was to transform billiards into a "major league" sport with aggressive promotion and the largest purses ever offered. The initial three events in 2005 and early 2006 were successful, but at the fourth, the IPT World Open tournament in Reno, Nevada, promoters announced that they did not have sufficient funds on hand to cover the purse. Winners were assured that they would receive their prizes in small installments, but most were never paid. The Reno fiasco marked the demise not only of IPT but of professional pool competitions as a whole.As one commentator put it, "The pool hustler wasn't murdered by any single suspect, but the last man holding the knife was <mask>." Legal proceedings

In connection with his promotional activities he has had a felony conviction and has been an unsuccessful defendant in several US Federal Trade Commission lawsuits. <mask> has been charged several times by agencies of the United States government for making claims without evidence. In these cases, <mask> signed a consent decree in which he did not plead guilty but did agree to stop making the claims and to pay a fine. <mask> subsequently began to sell books, which are protected by the First Amendment. <mask> was convicted of fraud and larceny in the early 1990s. The FTC has sued him repeatedly and keeps an extensive record of its conflicts with him.A court order currently restricts his ability to promote and sell any product or service; however, he is permitted to promote books and other publications due to free-speech protection under the First Amendment as long as they are not used to promote or sell products or services and do not contain misrepresentations. On November 19, 2007, a court found <mask> in contempt of that court order for making deceptive claims about his book The Weight Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About. In August 2008, he was fined more than $5 million and banned from infomercials for three years for continuing to make fraudulent claims

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Kevin Mark Trudeau
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title: Kevin Trudeau

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 pertaining to the book. The amount of the monetary damages was later increased to $37 million. 1990–1991: Larceny and credit card fraud

In 1990, Trudeau posed as a doctor in order to deposit $80,000 in false checks, and in 1991, he pleaded guilty to larceny. That same year, <mask> faced federal charges of credit card fraud after he stole the names and Social Security numbers of eleven customers of a mega memory product and charged $122,735.68 on their credit cards. He spent two years in federal prison because of this conviction.Later, in an interview, he explained his crimes as:

1996: SEC and various states

<mask> began working for Nutrition For Life, a multi-level marketing program, in the mid-1990s. In 1996, his recruitment practices were cited by the states of Illinois and Michigan, as well as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Illinois sued <mask> and Jules Leib, his partner, accusing them of operating an illegal pyramid scheme. They settled with Illinois and seven other states for $185,000 after agreeing to change their tactics. Michigan forbade him from operating in the state. A class action lawsuit was filed by stockholders of Nutrition for Life for violations of Texas law, including misrepresenting and/or omitting material information about Nutrition for Life International, Inc.'s business. In August 1997, the company paid $2 million in cash to common stockholders and holders of warrants during the class period to settle the case.The company also paid the plaintiffs' attorney fees of $600,000. 1998: FTC fine
In 1998, <mask> was fined $500,000, the funds to be used for consumer redress by the FTC, relating to six infomercials he had produced and in which the FTC determined he had made false or misleading claims. These infomercials included "Hair Farming," "Mega Memory System," "Addiction Breaking System," "Action Reading," "Eden's Secret," and "Mega Reading." The products included a "hair farming system" that was supposed to "finally end baldness in the human race," and "a breakthrough that in 60 seconds can eliminate" addictions, discovered when a certain "Dr. Callahan" was "studying quantum physics." 2004: FTC contempt of court and injunction
In June 2003, the FTC filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against <mask> and some of his companies (Shop America (USA), LLC; Shop America Marketing Group, LLC; and Trustar Global Media, Limited), alleging that disease-related claims for Coral Calcium Supreme were false and unsubstantiated. In July 2003, <mask> entered into a stipulated preliminary injunction that prohibited him from continuing to make the challenged claims for Coral Calcium Supreme and Biotape. In the summer of 2004, the court found <mask> in contempt of court for violating the preliminary injunction, because he had sent out a direct mail piece and produced an infomercial making prohibited claims.The court ordered <mask> to cease all marketing for coral calcium products. In September 2004, <mask> agreed to pay $2 million ($500,000 in cash plus transfer of residential property located in Ojai, California, and a luxury vehicle) to settle charges that he falsely claimed that a coral calcium product can cure cancer and other serious diseases and that a purported analgesic called Biotape can permanently cure or relieve severe pain. He also agreed to a lifetime ban on promoting products using infomercials, but excluded restrictions to promote his books via infomercials. <mask> was the only person ever banned by the FTC from selling a product via television. Lydia Parnes, speaking for the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection stated: "This ban is meant to shut down an infomercial empire that has misled American consumers for years." <mask> claimed the government was trying to discredit his book because he was "exposing them." 2005: <mask> v. FTC
On February 28, 2005, <mask> filed a complaint against the FTC in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking declaratory and injunctive relief.<mask> also filed a motion for preliminary injunction, which the court denied. The complaint charged that the FTC had retaliated against him for his criticism of the agency by issuing a press release that falsely characterized and intentionally and deliberately misrepresented the 2004 Final Order. That conduct, <mask> asserted, exceeded the FTC's authority under 15 U.S.C. § 46(f) and violated the First Amendment. The FTC responded with a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), and for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6). The district court granted the FTC's motion to dismiss. First, the court concluded that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because the press release was not "a 'final agency action'" under "section 704 of the [Administrative Procedure Act]", 5 U.S.C.§ 704. Second, the court held, "in the alternative, that <mask>'s claims failed to state a viable cause of action as a matter of law." <mask> later filed an appeal which was unsuccessful in reversing the court's ruling. 2005: <mask> v. New York Consumer Protection Board
Trudeau filed a lawsuit on August 11, 2005, accusing the New York State Consumer Protection Board of violating his First Amendment rights by contacting television stations in New York state and urging them to pull <mask>'s infomercials promoting his book Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About. <mask> won a temporary restraining order on September 6, 2005 prohibiting the Board from sending letters to the television stations. The temporary restraining order was replaced by a preliminary injunction. However, <mask> lost a motion to have the Board send a "corrective letter" to the television stations and subsequently dropped all claims for monetary damages.The case is still in litigation. 2007: FTC contempt of court action
The FTC filed a contempt of court action against <mask> and the companies that market The Weight Loss Cure 'They' Don't Want You to Know About, alleging that <mask> was in contempt of a 2004 court order by "deceptively claiming in his infomercials that the book being advertised establishes a weight-loss protocol that is 'easy' to follow." The action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois on September 17, 2007. According to an FTC press release, <mask> has claimed that the weight loss plan outlined in the book is easy, can be done at home, and readers can eat anything they want. When consumers buy the book, they find it describes a complex plan that requires intense dieting, daily injections of a prescribed drug that is not easily obtainable, and lifelong dietary restrictions. On November 19, 2007, <mask> was found in contempt of the 2004 court order for "patently false" claims in his weight loss book. US District Court Judge Robert W. Gettleman ruled that <mask> "clearly misrepresents in his advertisements the difficulty of the diet described in his book, and by doing so, he has misled thousands of consumers."On August 7, 2008, Gettleman issued an order that <mask> was not to appear in infomercials for any product in which he has any interest, for three years from the date of the order; and was to pay a penalty of $5,173,000, an estimate of the royalties received from the weight loss book. On November 4, 2008, Gettleman amended the judgment to $37,616,161, the amount consumers paid in response to the deceptive infomercials. The court denied <mask>'s request to reconsider or stay this ruling on December 11 of the same year. <mask> appealed the ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit which upheld the contempt finding, but sent the case back to the lower court to explain the basis of the $37,616,161 damage finding and the three-year infomercial ban. After the lower court justified the basis for the damage finding, and set a $2 million performance bond for future infomercial advertising, <mask> again appealed to the Seventh Circuit, which affirmed the damage award on November 29, 2011. 2010: Arrest on criminal contempt of court charge
On February 11, 2010, <mask> was arrested and appeared in U.S. District Court before Gettleman for criminal contempt of court after he "asked his supporters to email the federal judge overseeing a pending civil case brought against him by the Federal Trade Commission." He was forced to turn over his passport, pay a $50,000 bond and was warned he could face future prison time for interfering with the direct process of the court.On February 17, Gettleman sentenced <mask> to 30 days in jail and forfeiture of the $50,000 bond. Psychiatrist Stephen Barrett, the creator of Quackwatch.org, "has for years labeled <mask> a fraud" and was quoted: "He struck me as somebody who (believes he) is omnipotent. That is, no one can touch him," Barrett said. "That's almost been the case." <mask> appealed the ruling and on May 20 the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals granted his motion, dismissing the contempt citation. 2011: Loss of appeal against $37.6 million fine
On November 28, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission issued warnings to companies selling human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as weight loss products as the claims are unsupported. The HCG diet was popularized by <mask>'s The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About book in 2007.On Nov. 29, 2011, <mask> lost his 2010 appeal in the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. The court found that the $37.6 million fine for violating his 2004 settlement with the Federal Trade Commission was appropriate as <mask> had aired 32,000 infomercials and described the figure as "conservative." The court considered sales only from the 800 number used to place orders and excluded internet and store sales. Additionally, the court found that requiring <mask> to make a $2 million performance bond prior to participating in an infomercial was constitutional. 2013–2015: Additional contempt citations, asset concealment, imprisonment
In September 2013, Judge Gettleman held <mask> in civil contempt for violation of multiple court orders and failure to pay the $37 million fine assessed in 2010. Noting that he continued to maintain a lavish lifestyle, despite insisting that he had been "completely wiped out" financially, Gettleman appointed a receiver to identify and catalog <mask>'s assets and holdings. A month later <mask> was arrested after refusing to cooperate with the receiver's investigation.In November a jury found him in criminal contempt for repeated violations of his 2004 agreement as well as subsequent orders and plea deals. Pending sentencing he was held without bail as a flight risk, and for continued failure to disclose hidden assets. In February 2014, the court-appointed receiver announced that a number of <mask>'s known assets, including a home in Ojai, California, would be auctioned, with proceeds to be applied toward unpaid fines and restitution. The receiver also assumed control of <mask>'s Global Information Network (GIN), the Nevis-based "secret club" that had promised extraordinary "secrets to success". Court officials informed GIN members that the club's business model "likely amounted to an illegal pyramid scheme", and that its relentlessly publicized group of 30 billionaire financial advisors known as the "GIN Council" did not exist. GIN's remaining assets were later auctioned as well. In March 2014, <mask> was sentenced to 10 years in prison, an "unusually lengthy" term for a contempt conviction.Judge Ronald Guzman, "visibly irritated" by <mask>'s plea for leniency, described him as "deceitful to the core". "[<mask>] has treated federal court orders as if they were mere suggestions ... or at most, impediments to be sidestepped, outmaneuvered or just ignored," Guzman said. "That type of conduct simply cannot stand." <mask> filed an appeal, contending that (a) Gettleman erred in ruling that <mask>'s misrepresentations of the content of Free Money "They" Don't Want You to Know About was in contempt of the court's 2004 Order; (b) that the district court abused its discretion when it ordered him to pay compensatory damages of $37.6 million; and (c) further abused its discretion when it amended its 2004 Order to prohibit him from participating in infomercials promoting his books. In February 2016, a federal appeals court found no basis to accept Trudeau's claims, and ruled that the 10-year sentence was reasonable, given "the size of <mask>'s fraud and the flagrant and repetitive nature of his contumacious conduct." <mask> served most of his sentence at the Federal Prison Camp Montgomery in Alabama. A government database shows that he has been transferred to a Chicago area "halfway house" program, and is scheduled to be released in 2022.He is still involved in publicity for his Global Information Network, which by one account is using some of the language of Scientology to attract members. A group of his fans and followers maintain an active Facebook fan page for him, posting motivational words by or about him, soliciting donations for his "defense fund" and for his support once he is released from prison, and comparing his imprisonment to that of heroes and martyrs such as Nelson Mandela. In April 2014, Guzman ordered that royalties payable to <mask> from continuing sales of his books—now owned by a California company called Free is My Favorite LLC, which purchased the rights from <mask>—be forwarded to a government-controlled trust and used for fine and restitution payments. Infomercials for Free Money "They" Don't Want You to Know About, produced and marketed by Free is My Favorite LLC, continue to run on television stations throughout the United States. In October 2015, Gettleman approved a partial refund of about $8 million to more than 820,000 people who bought The Weight Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About. Other criticisms

Medical experience
One common criticism by consumer groups is that Trudeau has had no medical training. Trudeau responds that by not having such training, he is not biased toward pharmaceutical companies and the FDA, and that medical doctors "are taught only how to write out prescriptions" for "poisons" and "cut out pieces of a person's anatomy."Unsubstantiated claims
<mask> has been criticized for his inability to provide evidence to back up his claims. Although he recites anecdotes, he has never provided evidence evaluated by licensed medical practitioners. In instances where <mask> has been asked to provide proof, he has misinterpreted medical studies or cited dubious or fictitious studies. For example, <mask> cited a nonexistent 25-year research study involving a natural cure for diabetes at the University of Calgary. When ABC News correspondent Jake Tapper confronted him on Nightline, Trudeau insisted that he had a copy of the study and would provide it; he never did. He later claimed in his infomercials that the university destroyed its findings to prevent reprisals from the pharmaceutical industry. In 2006 University of Calgary officials announced in a public statement that none of Trudeau's claims about the university's research were true, and that its attorneys had sent Trudeau a "cease and desist" letter, demanding that he stop associating himself with the school.False endorsements
In August 2005, the New York Consumer Protection Board warned consumers that <mask> has used false claims of endorsements to promote his products, noting that the back cover of Natural Cures includes false endorsements. Further, the NYCPB states that <mask>'s television advertisements "give the false impression that Tammy Faye Messner opposes chemotherapy in favor of the 'natural cures' in <mask>'s book." A representative for Messner before her death from cancer said that was not true and that she was starting chemotherapy again. The back cover includes the following quote from Dr. Herbert Ley, a former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who died three years before the book was written: "The thing that bugs me is that people think the FDA is protecting them. It isn't. What the FDA is doing and what people think it's doing are as different as night and day." The statement, extracted from a 1969 interview in The New York Times, was made in the context of Ley's resignation from his post as a result of numerous policy disputes.<mask>'s lawyer, David J. Bradford, says that this quote does not constitute a false endorsement of the book by Ley, but rather is merely a statement that is in line with the purpose of the book. References

Further reading

 Natural scams "he" doesn't want you to know about – Michael Shermer, Scientific American, March 2006
 After Jail and More, Salesman Scores Big with Cure-All Book – The New York Times, August 28, 2005
 Critique of Health Claims re Coral Calcium
 Would You Buy A Used Cure From This Man? – The Smoking Gun, August 26, 2005
 Consumer Affairs article
 "The Curious Case of <mask>, King Catch Me If You Can" by Catherine Bryant Bell, Mississippi Law Journal, vol. 79, page 1043 (Summer 2010): . External links

1963 births
Living people
American adoptees
21st-century American businesspeople
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American conspiracy theorists
American health and wellness writers
American people convicted of fraud
American prisoners and detainees
American salespeople
American television personalities
Alternative cancer treatment advocates
American confidence tricksters
Consumer fraud
Criminals from Massachusetts
Infomercials
Medical controversies in the United States
People convicted for health fraud
People from DuPage County, Illinois
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
People from Zürich
Pool coaches, managers and promoters
Pseudoscientific diet

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Kevin Trudeau


title: Tom Konyves

texts:
<mask> (born July 13, 1947) is a Canadian poet, video producer, educator and a pioneer in the field of videopoetry. He teaches creative visual writing at the University of the Fraser Valley. Biography
Born Könyves Tamás  in Budapest, Hungary, he emigrated to Canada following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He lived in Montreal from 1957 to 1983, when he moved to Vancouver, where he resides with his wife, Marlene, sons Alexander, Gabriel and daughter, Hannah. He graduated from Concordia University in 1969, worked as a teacher, editor and journalist until 1977, when he became a poet-member of Vehicule Art Gallery, Montreal's first artist-run non-profit centre. As a poet at Vehicule Art, he collaborated with Endre Farkas, Ken Norris, Artie Gold, Stephen Morrissey, Claudia Lapp and John McAuley to form a group of 7 who became known as The Vehicule Poets. Their exploits were documented in the 1993 book, Vehicule Days: An Unorthodox History of Montréal's Vehicule Poets, edited by Ken Norris.The Vehicule Years

Between 1977 and 1983, Konyves produced his first videopoems – Sympathies of War, Mummypoem, Yellow Light Blues, No Parking, And Once They Have Tasted Freedom, Not Before Nor After (with Linda Lee Tracy), Quebecause and Thus Spoke Tzarathustra. In 1978, Véhicule Press published No Parking, his first book of poetry. To promote the poetry reading series he was organizing at Vehicule Art, he approached the daily newspaper, The Montreal Star; subsequently, he was hired to write a monthly column, Poetry Corner, which he wrote until the demise of The Star, 13 months later. He published 2 issues of a poetry magazine, Hh  (invented acronym for the word "hobbyhorse", considered the dictionary definition of Dada), that included some visual poems and text collages. In 1979, with a grant from the Montreal Arts Council, he produced the controversial public poetry project, Poetry On The Buses,  Poésie en Mouvement; fifty copies of 20 poems, 10 by Anglophone Quebec poets, 10 by Francophone Quebec poets, on 11 “x 28” styrene panels, were to be posted on 1000 buses. At first, the MUCTC (Montreal Urban Community Transport Commission) agreed only to post the French poems. Following a protest  by the poets, led by Louis Dudek, the commission relented and agreed to post 30% of the English poems, reflecting the Anglo population of Montreal.The project, the first of its kind in Canada, was launched on Thursday, December 13, 1979, with all major media present in a bus provided by the MUCTC in front of the old bus terminal on St. Antoine St. The consultant for the English poems was Louis Dudek; the consultant for the French poems was Claude Beausoleil. Influenced by performance art, Konyves performed Ezra Pound's poem, In A Station Of The Metro at the Berri Metro Station, bowing with the last word, bough; other performances included Motions and Marie The Poem, performed with black electric tape on a white wall, accompanied by a recording of the day's radio programming, edited by manually changing stations. He initiated collaborative performances, first with Ken Norris on the video See/Saw  (including Konyves' 7-year-old son, Michael Konyves), followed by Drummer Boy Raga: Red Light, Green Light, based on To Dawn,  a poem written by <mask>, performed by Konyves, Ken Norris, Endre Farkas, Stephen Morrissey, John McAuley and Opal L. Nations, accompanied by Robert Van Wyck on flute, <mask> on bongo drum, and 16-year-old dancer, Vivian Katz. In 1979, he produced Art Montreal, a series of 26 half-hour TV programs for Channel 9, Cable TV. The following year, assisted by a grant from The Canada Council, he produced 6 one-hour documentary programs, Performance Art in Quebec. Having moved from 61 to 307 St. Catherine Street, Vehicule Art presented its first Exhibition of Concrete Poetry, curated by <mask> in June, 1980.With CBC journalist Jacques Marchand, Konyves co-hosted a series of 11 French-language programs, Les Poètes Quebecois de la Langue Anglaise, broadcast on CBC once a week through November and December 1982. On April 8, 2004, 25 years after the Maker Press publication of the anthology The Vehicule Poets, the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal sponsored Cabaret Vehicule, an evening celebrating the 7 Montreal poets at Place des Arts. The theatre group Step dans Fuego performed poems by the poets, which was followed by videopoems by <mask> and readings by the poets. Artie Gold, one of the original group, was too ill to attend; his poems were read by Ruth Taylor. Within 2 years, Ruth died, followed a year later, on Valentine's Day, by Artie Gold himself. Videopoetry

In 1982, <mask> coined the term 'videopoetry' in "The Insecurity of Art", a book of essays on poetics published by Véhicule Press. In the essay titled Videopoetry, he writes, "Whereas I consider a line the unit of poem-making, like bricklaying, in video we substitute visual lines for printed lines and proceed to "layer" a poem: spoken words (the poet-performer); words heard (taped, dubbed); and seen (signs, subtitles, printed, painted).Naturally, a poem written with these three forms of word-smithing is never 'itself' until it is meshed with visual imagery... the end-product demonstrates a "judicious" mix of the two." (p.83)

Between 1978 and 2010, he produced 17 works in the genre. In 2008, to develop a course in visual poetry at the University of the Fraser Valley, <mask> began researching videopoetry by visiting archives in Vancouver, San Francisco, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Toronto, New York and Chicago. On Sept. 6, 2011, he published Videopoetry: A Manifesto. In the manifesto, he claimed it was necessitated by "the underlying dichotomy (that) opposes videopoetry – I envision the measured integration of narrative, non-narrative and anti-narrative juxtapositions of text, image and sound as resulting in a poetic experience – to works which publish poems (voiced or displayed on-screen) in video format." (p. 3)

The manifesto addresses 3 aspects of videopoetry: its definition, its constraints and its categories. Videopoetry is defined as "a genre of poetry displayed on a screen, distinguished by its time-based, poetic juxtaposition of images with text and sound.In the measured blending of these three elements, it produces in the viewer the realization of a poetic experience." (p. 4)

Of its constraints, <mask> writes, "Text, displayed on-screen or voiced, is an essential element of the videopoem. A work which does not contain visible or audible text could be described as poetic, as an art film or video art, but not as a videopoem. Imagery in a videopoem – including on-screen text – does not illustrate the voiced text." (p. 4)

Based on a work's use of text, he describes 5 categories of videopoetry: Kinetic Text, Visual Text, Sound Text, Performance and Cin(e)poetry. (p. 6)

In addition, <mask> distinguishes between the various uses of text in a videopoem. "Text is typically written for the videopoem, not for print; in some cases it is found – in books or on signs – and repurposed for the videopoem.Used in a videopoem, a previously composed/published poem represents only one element of the resulting poem, the text element. The “poetry” in videopoetry is the result of the judicious juxtaposition of text with image and sound." (p.8)

A M Productions

Arriving in Vancouver in 1983, <mask> established A M PRODUCTIONS, a video production facility. From 1983 to 2003, the company produced numerous educational, industrial, corporate and music videos, including To Return: The John Walkus Story, the award-winning documentary  on belonging, acceptance and loss of culture. This powerful one-hour documentary witnesses and celebrates young Kwakwaka'wakw artist John Walkus Green's journey home to the village he was forcefully adopted out of as a child. This story is also an investigation into the BC Provincial Government's Adoption policies which had tragic consequences for the children it was meant to protect. The film received a humanitarian award from the American Indian Film Festival in San Francisco.Stephen Hume of the Vancouver Sun described the film as “one of the most disturbing, illuminating and deeply troubling documentaries I’ve seen in years.”
In 2003, a fire destroyed the AM space and production ceased. To date, the company continues to distribute the hundreds of videos in its catalogue of educational videos in the fields of mining, remote sensing, GIS, as well as the performance art videos produced under the title of Art Montreal. Bibliography

Love Poems, Asylum Press, 1974
Proverbsi (with Ken Norris), Asylum Press, 1978. No Parking, Véhicule Press, 1978. Poetry in Performance, The Muses’ Company, 1982. Ex Perimeter, Caitlin Press, 1988. Sleepwalking Among The Camels: New and Selected Poems, The Muses’ Company, 1998.OOSOOM (Out of Sight Out of Mind), Bookthug, 2007. "Perfect Answers to Silent Questions", Ekstasis Editions, 2015. Videopoems

Sympathies of War (1978) 10 Min. Mummypoem (Sympathies of War - A Postscript) (1978) 6 Min. See/Saw (with Ken Norris)(1978) 15 Min. Ubu’s Blues (1979) 22 Min. No Parking (1979) 5 Min.Yellow Light Blues (1980) 15 Min. And Once They Have Tasted Freedom (1981) 3 Min. Not Before Nor After (1982) 3 Min. (with Linda Lee Tracy)
Quebecause (1982) 2 Min. Thus Spoke Tzarathustra (1983) 6 Min. Sign Language (1985) 4 Min. Percussion (1993) 30 Sec.Hopscotch (1993) 60 Sec. A Poem for the Rivers Project (2004) (with <mask>) 2 Min. Beware of Dog (2008) 4 min. All This Day Is Good For (2010) 3 min. ow(n)ed (2014) 6 min. Critical reception

On The Vehicule Poets

What is on the boards (and the buses) is no less than "a whole culture busting loose," a catharsis of values, an aesthetic revolution. <mask>, the ringleader, is the most avant-gardist, Dadaist, surrealist, multi-media-prone.You must put your reason and sanity aside to read him. - LOUIS DUDEK, The Montreal Gazette, Feb. 16, 1980

On Poetry In Performance

The most experimental by far is <mask>. He's taken the poem off the page and turned it into visual performance. He has, in effect, made the "writing" of poetry into a creative act. He is also the most articulate defender of this type of poetry and his Poetry in Performance is crammed with explanatory notes, reasons why he does what he does and essays that anticipate criticism. - MICHAEL MIROLLA, The Montreal Gazette, Dec. 24, 1982

<mask> acknowledges both the surrealists and the dadaists as major influences on his performance poetry. Poetry in Performance is a collection of the scripts of his video and performance poems, along with introductory essays and footnotes to each of them, accounts of his collaborations with The Véhicule Poets, <mask>' concrete poems, and some short essays on poetry.The introductions serve to document the extraordinarily energetic literary activity in Montreal over the past decade, and specifically <mask>' movement towards video poetry. Reflecting political as well as aesthetic interests, the scripts are witty and lively, and two of them, "Sympathies of War" and "No Parking," moved me especially. Like the essays, they raise questions about the nature and function of poetry and poets. <mask>' first "tribe" was the other Véhicule poets. But beyond this kind of collaboration, he is after larger collaborations: between sight and sound, form and content, environment and art, poetry and technology, conception and performance, the audience and the poet. Removing words from a linear context is part of the poet's war of imagination against rationalism: war against any hard line, political or artistic, which is exclusive or divisive. - ANN MANDEL, Books In Review, Canadian Literature, Issue 101, summer 1984 (p. 149-153)

On Ex Perimeter

As his title suggests, in Ex Perimeter, <mask> explores boundaries — between poetry and prose, and between art and life.Like American poet Frank O'Hara, Konyves views the poem as a "temporary object," which must be "true/ to the moment." The economy of language here, the proselike cadence, the focus on the "real" world, and on human mortality, are all features of Konyves' writing in this volume. - SUSAN SCHENK – Unmapped Territory, Journal of Canadian Literature, Issue #130 (Autumn 1991)

Fascinating, encouraging, delightful. Here is honesty, genuineness of mind and of poetic delivery. Several of these poems are little masterpieces. -LOUIS DUDEK

Konyves relays an authentic voice in well-carpentered passages... short, from the heart epiphanies one finds marked with peculiarly urban tenderness; back alley kind of poems that cue on the localized imagery of a Montreal lane, a cemetery, a lover's bed. Konyves has a precise eye for detail and he strives for meaning in his observations.There is contentment with the ordinary, tribute to birth and death, to change of landscape. - TREVOR CAROLAN, The Vancouver Sun, May 13, 1989

The poems in Ex Perimeter are sparse, clear, direct and full of delicate and precise insight. Whenever I read them I say to myself, "Yes, that is it, exactly." In this life of mine which is too often out of control and beyond reflection, these poems bring me to a sudden stop. "Pay attention," they say, "to the moment, to experience, to what is." - LIONEL KEARNS

On Sleepwalking Among The Camels
<mask>ves’ strong experimental impulses and wide range of technical skills produce some remarkably successful poems... both his selections from Ex Perimeter (1988) and his most recent material in the section Into This Space represent the work of a skilled poet who is finally coming into his own. The diversity of this material stands out even to the casual reader.Konyves displays an extraordinary sensitivity to rhythm... Allusions to poets... are woven into meditations that are both fresh and vulnerable. In short, these final fifty pages come close fulfilling Konyves’ own declared desire to create “a temporary object / through which a thought flows / searching for a vantage point / to view the human soul.”
- JOURNAL OF CANADIAN POETRY

Konyves’ poems are beyond poems, mouthfuls with a surprising aftertaste, and difficult to explain. - rob mclennan

On The Vehicule Poets_Now

Konyves... was always the one most involved in the history and course of the central European avant garde. <mask>, for example, became fascinated with the possibilities of videotape when that medium was new. He made something he called "videopoetry," and is now a west coast video-arts doyen. Konyves is witty, terse and cynical. He chose his surrealist roots, and they, along with his years as a video artist, have led him away from exposition.- George Bowering, Introduction, The Vehicule Poets_Now, The Muses Company, 2004

References

Living people
1947 births
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian expatriates in Canada
Concordia University alumni
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
University of the Fraser Valley people
Hungarian emigrants to Canada
20th-century Canadian male writers

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