title: Jean Balue

texts:
<mask> (5 October 1491) was a French cardinal and minister of Louis XI. Born without resources, he managed to climb the political ladder by exploiting connections, to whom he often did not remain loyal, and by making himself an indispensable agent of the king's purposes in a time of political disorder in France. His services were as much military as ecclesiastical, bringing him the critical task of defending the city of Paris against the King's enemies. His work as a diplomat in dealing with Duke Francis of Brittany and with Charles de France brought him the office of first minister to the King. <mask> overreached himself in negotiating a treaty between the King and Charles the Bold, who had become Duke of Burgundy and was trying to recover all his family inheritance. Secret correspondence revealed that he might have been playing both sides in the negotiation, and he was arrested, and held on charges of treason from 1469 to 1481, while King and Pope argued over jurisdiction. After the death of King Louis and Pope Sixtus, the new French king, Charles VIII, appointed <mask> his ambassador in Rome.Biography
He was born of very humble parentage at Angles-sur-l'Anglin in Poitou. The date of his birth is conjectured to be around 1421, based on his epitaph in Santa Prassede in Rome, in which he is said to have died as Legate of the Marches while in his seventies, Legatum agens septuagenarius gloriose obiit. The word 'septuagenarian' is somewhat elastic. <mask> had a brother Antoine and a brother Nicolas. He was first patronized by the bishop of Poitiers, Jacques Juvénel des Ursins (1449–1457). By December 1457 <mask> had obtained a Licenciate in law, perhaps from the University of Angers. In 1461 <mask> is still referred to as 'clericus', but by 1465 he is called a priest.These are the parameters for his date of ordination to the priesthood. Likewise in 1461 he was given the Deanship of Candé by his new patron, Bishop <mask> Beauvau of Angers. Canon <mask>

In 1461 he became vicar-general (Grand Vicar) of the bishop of Angers, <mask> Beauvau (1447–1467), and was named a Canon of the Cathedral of Saint-Mauritius. In 1462 he accompanied Bishop de Beauvau to Rome in the embassy which was sent to present the homage of the new King of France, Louis XI, to Pope Pius II, and to engage in negotiations concerning the revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction, as well as the French claims to the Kingdom of Naples. The leader of the embassy was Bishop <mask> of Arras, who had been named a cardinal on 18 December 1461. During this visit <mask> was named a Protonotary Apostolic by the Pope. On their return to Angers, Bishop de Beauvau wanted to reward <mask> with the grant of the prebend of S. Marguerite in the Cathedral Chapter, which had just fallen vacant on the death of the Dean of the Chapter.The prebend, however, was in the gift of the Chapter, not the bishop, and they protested successfully to the Pope, who granted the prebend to the Chapter's candidate on 21 January 1463. Not satisfied with the result, <mask> carried an appeal to the King. In Paris he got in touch with Thibault de Vitry, a Canon of Paris who held the office of Treasurer of the Cathedral Chapter of Angers as a benefice. He was introduced to the Lieutenant-General of Paris and the Île-de-France, Charles de Melun, whose father was Governor of Champagne and Brie and Governor of the Bastille. Melun in due course presented Balue to the King. Louis XI granted letters patent on 15 September 1463 ordering the Chapter to hand over the prebend to <mask>. On 10 February 1464, at the request of King Louis, the Pope granted Balue a new Canonry in the Cathedral Chapter of Angers which had fallen vacant.His activity, cunning, and mastery of manipulation gained him the appreciation of Louis XI, who made him his almoner in 1464 and one of his secretaries. <mask>'s ambitions then got him into trouble. He looked to succeed Vitry, who had just died, as Treasurer of Angers, and on 23 March 1464 made his claim. But Bishop de Beauvau held a bull of Pius II which granted him the gift of an abbey or any other benefice which happened to become vacant. Beauvau wanted the Treasurership for his own purposes. The Canons of the Cathedral opposed <mask> out of respect for the bishop, but, on 20 April a cleric of Paris, Jacques Chaumort appeared in Angers with a mandate from the King, ordering the Canons to allow <mask> to enjoy the fruits of the office of Treasurer. The Canons complied.This was the end of the friendship and patronage of Bishop de Beauvau. <mask> also acquired a number of other benefices during the year 1464. He was made Abbot Commendatory of Fécamp, Abbot Commendatory of Saint-Thierry de Reims, and (in 1465) Abbot Commendatory of Saint-Jean-d'Angély. He was also named Prior of Saint-Eloi-de-Paris, and (in 1465) Saint-Jean-des-Sables. On 26 December, King Louis named <mask> a Councilor clerk in Parliament, and on 28 December he granted <mask> the privilege of conferring a wide range of benefices which were in the gift of the King. These included bursaries at the Collège de Navarre, benefices at the Hôtels-Dieu, hospitals for the sick and almonries. Bishop Balue

Bishop Guillaume de Flocques of Évreux died on 27 November 1464, and on 18 December the King assigned the temporalities of the Diocese of Évreux to <mask>.Then, on 4 February 1465, King Louis XI nominated <mask> to the bishopric of Évreux; he was elected by the Cathedral Chapter on 5 February; and he was preconised (approved) by Pope Pius II on 20 May 1465. His consecration took place in Paris at Notre-Dame on 4 August, with Bishop Guillaume Chartier of Paris acting as principal consecrator. <mask> took possession of his diocese in person on 22 August 1465. On 27 August the King granted <mask> a subsidy from the gabelle to allow him to resume work on the restoration of the Cathedral, which had begun under the patronage of Charles VII but which had ceased from lack of funds. Bishop <mask> Beauvau of Angers was excommunicated by his Metropolitan, the Archbishop of Tours, on 13 November 1465, for various acts of insubordination. Beauvau refused to accept the sentence, and appealed to the Pope, claiming to be exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop. But after some exchanges, Beauvau was summoned to appear before the courts in Rome.He refused to go, demonstrating yet again his commitment to Gallican liberties and the Pragmatic Sanction. Finally, under pressure from King Louis XI, Pope Paul II issued a decree of deposition on 5 June 1467, and on the same day he issued a bull transferring Bishop <mask> from the diocese of Évreux to the diocese of Angers. Bishop de Beauvau attempted to appeal to the Parliament of Paris against the Pope, but the King ordered the Parliament not to take cognizance of the case. <mask> had replaced his former patron. In the War of the Public Weal (Bien Publique), Bishop <mask> and Charles Melun were assigned to the task of defending the city of Paris for the King. Melun was named Lieutenant-General, and <mask> was ordered to see to the defenses. Neither was to leave Paris for the duration.On 13 July 1465, King Louis notified Marechal Rouault at Paris that it was his intention to fight on the next day, and he ordered Rouault's presence. Rouault asked <mask> and Melun what he should do. <mask> advised him to go to the King with his entire army, Melun opposed him. The Battle of Montlhéry was not decisive, but Louis conceived the idea that Melun had been prepared to betray him if the battle had been lost. He stripped Melun of everything that he had. On 5 October 1465 Louis was constrained to sign the Treaty of Conflans with Charles, Count of Charolais. On 23 December 1465 King Louis signed the Treaty of Caen with Duke Francis II of Brittany, and <mask>, one of the cosigners, was ordered to keep watch on the Dukes of Burgundy and Brittany and provide the King with counsel as necessary

In February 1466, Bishop <mask> and Admiral de Montauban were sent to Nantes, where Duke Francis of Brittany had taken up residence.They were to continue discussions on Francis' proposals made at Caen, and also to take the measure of the envoys of Charles de France, Guillaume de Harancourt, the Bishop of Verdun, Charles' Chancellor; and Pierre Doriole, his Intendant of Finances. A most important goal was to get Charles himself away from Duke Francis and back to the company of the King. The rumor went round about that the Admiral explained privately to Charles what might happen to him if he returned to the King—as though Charles could not work that out himself. Whether true or not, Charles flatly refused the King's request and <mask> had to give a completely negative report of the mission. Things might have become worse if the Admiral had not died on 1 May. At the end of the year Bishop <mask> was sent back to Nantes, this time along with Guillaume de Paris, as Ambassadors of the King of France, to protest Louis' desire for good relations with Francis of Brittany, but to inquire about rumored dealings with the English. Francis disavowed any sinister implications, but it was discovered that the Duke and Duchess

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title: Jean Balue

type: original

texts:
 of Savoy were in Brittany, negotiating a league against King Louis.<mask> returned and joined the King at Blois in February 1467. Cardinal Balue

King Louis IX made Bishop <mask> le premier du grant conseil. Thomas Basin remarks that the King held <mask> to be velut fidissimum omnium mortalium hominum amicum ('practically the most trusted friend in the world'). In spite of his bad reputation for greed and disloyalty, the King requested and obtained for him a cardinalate. This was in gratitude for his finally negotiating the revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction, which was registered by the Parlement of Paris on 1 October 1467. <mask> was named a cardinal by Pope Paul II in his first Consistory for the creation of cardinals on 18 September 1467, and was assigned the titular church of Santa Susanna, but not until the Consistory of 13 May 1468. He received his red hat in a ceremony in Notre-Dame in Paris on 17 November 1468.In May 1467, <mask> and <mask>'Estouteville were sent to Paris to engage in a mass enrollment of men to defend the city of Paris against the King's enemies. On 15 June, Charles the Bold became Duke of Burgundy. He was determined to recover territories which his father had sold to Louis XI to raise money for a crusade. These included Picardy, and Amiens. The prince-bishopric of Liège tried three times to revolt against the Duke (1465, 1467, 1468), each time with support promised by Louis XI, which repeatedly failed to materialize. On 20 September 1468, a conference was begun at Ham, between the delegates of King Louis (the Constable de Saint-Pol, Pierre Doriole, and <mask>) and those of Charles the Bold, who was encamped at Peronne, to arrange a peace between the two contenders and detach Duke Charles from Duke Francis of Brittany. The Cardinal, it seems, was attempting to keep the King from being seduced by the promises of the Duke.In April 1469 Cardinal <mask> accompanied the King and participated in the Estates General at Tours. On 14 October 1469 King Louis, advised by his friend <mask>, consented to the terms of the Peace which <mask> had negotiated with Charles the Bold. Imprisoned

But <mask> shortly became compromised in the king’s humiliation by Charles the Bold at Péronne, as more and more important persons expressed disapproval of the treaty. Even people in the streets began to mock the King and his treaty. Louis decided to place all of the blame on <mask>, who found himself excluded from the Council. He then intrigued with Charles against the King, revealing details of the King's secret plans. Their secret correspondence was intercepted by accident when, in April 1469, a suspicious priest was fortuitously arrested.On 23 April 1469 <mask> was arrested at Amboise, and then transferred to Montbazon. The King was intent on putting <mask> on trial for treason before royal judges, and Louis appointed a commission of eight men to find out the truth and mete out the punishment; but that raised the old issue of the exemption of clerics from civil jurisdiction; a cleric could only be tried in an ecclesiastical forum in accordance with Canon Law, and that was the position of Pope Sixtus IV. There was an impasse, which neither party wanted to take the responsibility for solving. King Louis sent an agent to Rome, Pierre Gruel, a President of the Parlement of Grenoble to explain the situation to the Pope. He was joined in November by Guillaume Cousinot, Sieur de Montreuil, and a lawyer Guillaume Lefranc. The ambassadors were received by the Pope on 1 December 1469, and a long series of discussions and debates ensued, which finally ended in an agreement to disagree as to who had the right and obligation to proceed against <mask>. At the end of January 1470 Cardinal <mask> was removed to Onzain on orders of Louis XI, but by 2 July 1472 he was being kept at Chinon.In May 1472 Cardinal Bessarion was sent as Legate to France, and he held discussions with Louis XI about the release of <mask>, but without success. He remained a prisoner for eleven years, but not, as has been alleged, in an iron cage. His accomplice, the Bishop of Verdun, Guillaume d'Harancourt, was kept in the Bastile. The charge was lèse-majesté. In Angers the Vicars of Cardinal <mask> remained loyal and resisted the pressures from the Cathedral Chapter and the King until 1472, when they renounced the exercise of their functions under threat of royal fines. In March 1476 Pope Sixtus IV took the extraordinary step of relieving Bishop <mask> Beauvau of the various ecclesiastical censures which he had incurred, and returning his former benefices; his various acts were ratified. He was then named Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Angers, superseding the Cardinal and his officers.Beauvau exercised this office until his death on 23 April 1479. The Chapter immediately elected as his successor a royal favorite, Auger de Brie (1479–1480). With Auger's appointment, a schism developed in the Chapter of the Cathedral of Angers, some Canons supporting the King's man, others supporting Cardinal <mask>. The King wrote to the Pope about the situation, but the most that the Pope was prepared to do was to appoint a Coadjutor for Cardinal <mask>. In June 1480, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere was sent to France as Legate to make peace between Louis XI and Maximilian of Austria, as well as to negotiate the release of <mask> and Harancourt. He reached Paris in September, and finally, on 20 December 1480, King Louis gave orders that <mask> be handed over to the Archpriest of Loudun, who had been commissioned by the Legate to receive him in the name of the Pope. Released
In February 1481 his departure from France was delayed by illness, for which he had already been under medical treatment at Chinon, but he arrived in Lucca at the beginning of Spring.There he waited for a commission of Cardinals to decide his fate; the commission, headed by Cardinal Olivier Carafa, did not begin its meetings until 30 January 1482. On 26 February 1482, Pope Sixtus reestablished <mask> in all his rights and all his dignities. Notwithstanding the work of the commission, Cardinal <mask> received permission to enter Rome along with Cardinal della Rovere, who was returning from his mission as Legate to France. On 31 January 1483, Pope Sixtus named Cardinal <mask> suburbicarian Bishop of Albano, making clear to all where his sympathies lay. On the same day Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere was named suburbicarian Bishop of Ostia. Della Rovere and <mask> were met at the gate of Rome by nearly all the Cardinals on 3 February 1483, and shortly thereafter were received in public Consistory. Rome
From that time Cardinal <mask> lived in high favour at the court of Rome.King Louis XI died on 30 August 1483, thereby closing a chapter of struggle over <mask>'s status. In 1484 <mask> was sent to France as Legate a latere, by Pope Sixtus IV, but he was not received there as such. He did visit his diocese of Angers, and was solemnly received on 24 July 1484. He made a solemn entry into Paris on 20 August 1484. He returned to Rome on 8 February 1485. Pope Sixtus IV had died on 12 August 1484, while <mask> was in Angers. He did not participate in the Conclave that elected Pope Innocent VIII on 29 August.In February 1485 Cardinal <mask> was named French ambassador to the Court of Rome and Protector of France by King Charles VIII. He and Cardinal della Rovere were to work to bring Innocent VIII over to the French side, and to favor the French claim, in the person of René of Anjou, to the Kingdom of Naples. On 5 March 1486, arguments in Consistory between Cardinal <mask> and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, a relative and supporter of Ferdinand of Naples, grew so heated that Pope Innocent had to silence them both. Envoys of Charles VIII and René reached Rome in May 1486, prepared to conclude negotiations, but the diplomacy of Ferdinand of Aragon, the operations of the condottiere Broccolino Guzzoli, and the appearance of Turkish ships in the Adriatic, put a stop to the French adventure. In 1485, following the wishes of Pope Innocent VIII, Cardinal <mask> instituted the Feast of the Visitation in the diocese of Angers, to which, however, he never returned. On 14 March 1491, Cardinal <mask> was promoted Bishop of Palestrina. He died at Ripatransone, a village fifty-six miles south of Ancona, where he was serving as Rector of the Marches of Ancona, on 5 October 1491.His funeral took place in Rome on 18 October, and he was buried in the chapel he had built in Santa Prassede. The Pope was his heir since the Cardinal had left no Last Will and Testament, and the rumor reported by Joannes Burchard, the Master of Ceremonies, was that he was worth some 100,000 ducats. References and notes

Bibliography
  Breguet, Emmanuel (1986), "La carrière angevine du cardinal Balue (1457-1491)," in: Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest, XCIII (1986), pp. 155–169. Déprez, M. E. (1899) "La trahison du Cardinal Balue (1469) (Chanson et ballades inédites)," in:

Acknowledgment

External links

1420s births
1491 deaths
15th-century French cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Albano
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Bishops of

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title: Brock Kreitzburg

texts:
<mask> (born February 16, 1976) is an American bobsledder who has competed since 2001. Career biography
A graduate from the University of Toledo and a native of Akron, Ohio, Kreitzburg has been in the US Bobsled program since 2001. In 2003, Kreitzburg graduated from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. He became a Christian after his father had died from cancer 20 years earlier which caused "an emptiness" that he tried to fill "with so many different things in high school and even the beginning of college." It left Kreitzburg a void he "...was trying to fill...". Perseverance and dedication to the sport is something that Kreitzburg has had to prove constantly and with his selection to the 2006 US Olympic Team he was able to dispel the disappointment of being dropped from his ride at the 2005 World Championship by his then partner Steve Holcomb of the USA 2 bobsled. While the USA 2 bobsled.While the USA 2 bobsled did not fare well without Kreitzburg, this moment in his life led him to vow for Torino that “I will not be left at home” and his rededicated the World Cup 2005-06 season to be one of the world’s best. The 05-06 season saw <mask> become one of the most constituent pushers on the World Cup scene. With success at hand, USA 1 bobsled driver Todd Hays came knocking on Kreitzburg's door and invited him to join his team and he then graduated from the #2 team to the #1 team for the lead up to and during the Torino Games. At the 2006 Games, he appeared in the Cleveland Plain Dealer & Cleveland.com as an athlete correspondent and was a frequent on-air personality on NBC with multiple appearances on the Today Show and appeared on The Tonight Show in a bit with 3 teammates and Tom Green. As a member of the Home Depot program, Kreitzburg took part in a satellite media tour Torino back to the US. Kreitzburg was a member of the Home Depot Olympic Job Opportunity Program and worked with Home Depot since 2002 until they ended the program & their sponsorship of the US Olympic Team in March 2009. Following the Games, Kreitzburg was an occasional host of local programming for the NBC affiliate in Cleveland.The 2006-07 season, saw a changing of the guard with USA 1 and the sled was now driven by former USA 2 teammate Steve Holcomb. The season gave Kreitzburg as Holcomb’s pushman the greatest success collectively they had ever seen and the 2 of them won the World Cup 2-man championship. Additionally, the 4-man team that <mask> was a member of finished 2nd overall. The 2 & 4 man teams collected eight medals during the season. The 2007-08 campaign was not as smooth as the previous season and Kreitzburg focused much of his time towards being a member of the 4-man team and he was able to pick up another 2 Gold and 2 Silvers during the season. During the 2007-08 off season, Kreitzburg participated in the NASCAR Nationwide Series as a member of Stanton Barrett’s pit crew. Kreitzburg took the 2008-09 season off to have surgery.”<mask>  was able to resume his career after these surgeries and was named a member of the 2009-10 US National Bobsled Team. <mask> did not qualify for the US team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in wake of his two hip surgeries in the 17 months leading up to the 2010 Games. World championship biography

Competed for the United States in Six World Championships

USA 1: 2005-06, 2006–07, 2007–08

USA 2: 2003-04, 2004–05

USA 3: 2002-03

Collegiate biography

<mask> graduated from the University of Toledo. He competed in track and field in the decathlon and football as a wide receiver. <mask> earned a Master of Divinity degree from the Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in 2003. 1998 University of Toledo, B.A. Elementary Education

Home Depot biography

As a member of the US Olympic Team's Olympic Job Opportunity Program, Kreitzburg amongst hundreds of other OJOP athletes was able to work at a variety of Home Depot locations throughout the United States and then be able to earn an honest wage while being able to still do all of what was needed to train for the World Cups, World Championships and ultimately the Winter Olympics.Through this program that Home Depot had been committed to from 1992, the program netted over 100 Olympic Medals to the United States and hundreds more in World Cup and World Championships for both Summer and Winter sports. <mask> worked in the Paint Department. Additionally, Kreitzburg took part in events where the Home Depot would ask OJOP participants to represent themselves and the company. This included the 2006 Tournament of Roses Parade on the Home Depot float. This is an incomplete list, but these are some of the stores that Kreitzburg was able to work at while a member of the Home Depot program:

The Home Depot in Wadsworth, Ohio
The Home Depot in Colorado Springs, Colorado

References
FIBT profile
FIBT World Championships 2007 two-man results
FIBT World Championships 2007 four-man results
McGlinchey, Thomas D. "Olympic journeys". WORLD magazine. 13 February 2010. p. 57.US Olympic Committee profile
List of combined men's bobsleigh World Cup champions: 1985-2007
List of four-man bobsleigh World Cup champions since 1985
List of two-man bobsleigh World Cup champions since 1985

1976 births
Living people
American male bobsledders
American male decathletes
American football wide receivers
Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary alumni
Olympic bobsledders of the United States
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio
Toledo Rockets football players
University of Toledo alumni

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title: David E. Kelley

texts:
<mask> (born April 4, 1956) is an American television writer, producer, and former attorney, known as the creator of Doogie Howser, M.D., Picket Fences, Chicago Hope, The Practice, Ally McBeal, Boston Public, Boston Legal, Harry's Law, Goliath, Big Little Lies, Mr. Mercedes, Big Sky, and Nine Perfect Strangers as well as several films. <mask> is one of very few screenwriters to have created shows that have aired on all four top commercial U.S. television networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC). Early life
<mask> was born in Waterville, Maine, raised in Belmont, Massachusetts, and attended the Belmont Hill School. His father is <mask>, a member of the United States Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. <mask> was a stick boy for the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association in their inaugural season of 1972-1973 when his father coached the team. <mask> was captain of the Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey team at Princeton University, where he graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in political science. Demonstrating early on a creative and quirky bent, in his junior year at Princeton, <mask> submitted a paper for a political science class about John F. Kennedy's plot to kill Fidel Castro, written as a poem.For his senior thesis, he turned the Bill of Rights into a play. "I made each amendment into a character", he said. "The First Amendment is a loudmouth guy who won't shut up. The Second Amendment guy, all he wanted to talk about was his gun collection. Then the 10th Amendment, the one where they say leave the rest for the states to decide, he was a guy with no self-esteem." Also while at Princeton, he was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club. He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.)from Boston University School of Law, where he wrote for the Legal Follies, a sketch comedy group composed of Boston University law students which still holds annual performances. He began working for a Boston law firm, mostly dealing with real estate and minor criminal cases. In 1983, while considering it only a hobby, <mask> began writing a screenplay, a legal thriller, which was optioned in 1986 and later became the Judd Nelson feature film From the Hip in 1987. Television work

L.A. Law (1986–1994)

In 1986, Steven Bochco was searching for writers with a law background for his new NBC legal series, L.A. Law. His agent sent him <mask>'s movie script for From the Hip. Enthusiastic, Bochco made him a writer and story editor for the show. During this first year, <mask> kept his law office in Boston as a hedge.However, his involvement in the show only expanded. In the second year, he became executive story editor and co-producer. Finally, in 1989, Bochco stepped away from the series making <mask> the executive producer. While executive producer, <mask> received two Emmys for Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series and the show received the award for Outstanding Drama Series for both years. For the first five seasons that he was involved with the show, he wrote or co-wrote two out of three episodes. <mask> left after the fifth season in 1991 and ratings began to fall. As Newsday's TV critic wrote, "The difference between good and bad L.A. Law ... was <mask>."Midway through the sixth season, both Bochco and <mask> were brought in as creative consultants after the show received bad press about its decline in quality. Picket Fences (1992–1996)

In 1992, after co-creating Doogie Howser, M.D. with his mentor Steven Bochco, <mask> formed his own production company, David E Kelley Productions, making a three-series deal with CBS. Its first creation, Picket Fences, airing in 1992 and influenced by Twin Peaks and Northern Exposure, focused on the police department in the fictional quirky town of Rome, Wisconsin. <mask> wrote most of the episodes for the first three years. The show was critically acclaimed but never found a sizable audience. Picket Fences went on for four years, receiving a total of 14 Emmy awards including consecutive Emmys for Outstanding Drama Series for its first and second seasons.In 1995, the fourth and final season, <mask> wrote only two episodes. "We had almost 10 writers try to come in and take over for this one man", said Picket Fences actress Holly Marie Combs. "The quality was not nearly what it was." Chicago Hope (1994–2000)

Under pressure from CBS to develop a second series even though he didn't feel ready to produce two shows simultaneously, <mask> launched the medical drama Chicago Hope, starring Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, which premiered in 1994. Airing at the same time as the season's other new medical drama, NBC's ER, the ultimate ratings leader, Chicago Hope plotted "upscale medicine in a high-tech world run by high-priced doctors". During its six-year run, it won seven Emmys and generally high critical praise, but only middling ratings. Originally intending to write only the first several episodes in order to return full-time to Picket Fences, <mask> eventually wrote most of the material for both shows, a total of roughly 40 scripts.Expressing a desire to focus more on his production company and upcoming projects, <mask> ceased day-to-day involvement with both series in 1995, allowing others to write and produce. Towards the end of the fifth season in 1999, facing cancellation, <mask> fired most of the cast members added since he had left the show, brought back Mandy Patinkin and began writing episodes again. The Practice (1997–2004)

In 1995, <mask> entered into a five-year deal with 20th Century Fox Television to produce shows for both the ABC and FOX television networks, each agreeing to take two series. If one network passed on a project, the other got first refusal. <mask> retained full creative control. Ally McBeal on FOX and The Practice on ABC were the first two projects to come from this deal. Premiering as a midseason replacement for the 1996-1997 season, The Practice was <mask>'s chance to write another courtroom drama but one focusing on the less-glamorous realities of a small law firm.The Practice would be the first of four successful series by <mask> that were set in Boston, proximal to his hometown of Belmont, Massachusetts. Receiving critical applause (along with two Emmys for Outstanding Drama Series) but low ratings in its starting seasons, it eventually became a popular top 10 program. The New York Times described the show as "the profoundly realistic, unending battle between soul-searching and ambition". Full-time writers on the first season of The Practice included <mask>, later the creator of House, Stephen Gaghan, a future Oscar winner for Traffic, Michael R. Perry, the creator of the 2011-12 series The River, and <mask>, co-creator of the 2011-12 series Unforgettable. Later the writing staff would grow to 10, most with law degrees. By the fifth season, he would usually only edit the final script and was generally not on the set during filming. In 2003, due to sagging ratings, ABC cut <mask>'s budget in half for the eighth and final season.He responded by firing most of the cast and hiring James Spader for the role of Alan Shore, whom The New York Times described as "a lecherous, twisted antitrust lawyer with a breezy disregard for ethics." The final episodes of The Practice were focused on introducing the new characters from his next show, Boston Legal. Ally McBeal (1997–2002)

When Ally McBeal premiered in 1997 on FOX, <mask> was also shepherding his other two shows, Chicago Hope and The Practice, although he was not actively participating in Chicago Hope at the time. The title character Ally is a young, attractive, impulsive, Harvard-educated lawyer described by a New York Times journalist as "stylish, sexy, smart, opinionated, and an emotional wreck." In contrast to The Practice and its idealistic lawyers, the law firm in Ally McBeal was founded only to make money. The New York Times felt that the show uniquely emphasised "character and caricature". The show lasted five seasons, seven Emmys (one for Outstanding Comedy Series for its second season), mostly positive reviews and a barrage of criticism for its portrayal of women, with many journalists saying that the character Ally was a giant step backwards.Parallel to The Practice, <mask> penned all the scripts for the first season, then brought in other writers in subsequent years although he continued to write many episodes himself. Portrayal of the Ally McBeal character
When the program Ally McBeal first ran, many women lauded its portrayal of the lead character. Sharon Waxman, writing for The Washington Post, commented that <mask> had a keen insight into the human nature of both men and women. She quoted Dyan Cannon: "This man understands the way a woman thinks, ... the complex ways we've found to hide our fears." A New York Times writer used the character as an example of a strong television woman's role, another saw herself, at times, in the character's portrayal of self-absorption and reflection, her crafted neuroses, her vulnerabilities. Later, however, much press coverage was spent on the controversial nature of women in Ally McBeal. Time featured a cover story about the decline of feminism with a picture of Ally (among a pantheon of feminist heroines) on the cover.In the article, Ginia Bellafante used the McBeal character as a modern exemplar proving that "[M]uch of feminism has devolved into the silly." In response, author <mask> felt that the Time journalist diminished her argument by using only pop-cultural references and ignoring the majority of real-world women who have made significant progress. Writing in Salon.com, Joyce Millman disputed that Ally McBeal should even be described as a "women's show"—that its representations of women were, in fact, a male fantasy. She felt that <mask> treated his female characters "sadistically" in general, beginning all the way back to L.A. Law, saving only The Practice for positive remarks. <mask>'s Ally McBeal was hugely successful in attracting the 18-to-34-year-old women audience demographic. The New York Times columnist, Maureen Dowd, quoted two young, professional women saying they liked shows with female characters like themselves, single, even obsessed. Dowd quoted the executive producer of Law & Order, Dick Wolf, "I think there is a wish-fulfillment factor when you put an attractive woman in a situation where she is doing real, adult stuff."Boston Public (2000–2004)
In 2000, 20th Century Fox Television extended its arrangement with <mask>. The deal, which ran for six years, reportedly made <mask> the highest-paid producer in TV history—up to $40 million a year—in return for a first-look at his projects. Premiering on FOX in 2000, Boston Public, which follows the lives of teachers and administrators at a Boston inner-city high school, joined The Practice and Ally McBeal for the season, meaning <mask> was responsible for writing or overseeing 67 episodes. The program was initially considered a modest hit but received less than glowing reviews. The previous season, <mask> stumbled with both the short-lived Snoops, his first attempt at delegating most of the responsibilities to others, and with Ally, the experiment with 30-minute shortened episodes of Ally McBeal. The TV critic from the Fort Worth Star-Telegram opined that these failures and the weaknesses he saw in Boston Public were a sign that <mask> had lost the Midas touch. The show lasted four seasons, garnering one minor Emmy.Boston Legal (2004–2008)
In addition to Snoops, <mask> continued to have a string of unsuccessful series: girls club in 2002, The Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire in 2003 and the reality show The Law Firm in 2005. All the while, he continued overseeing Boston Public and The Practice. Boston Legal on ABC, premiering in 2004, gave continuity and success to the <mask> franchise. It was a spin-off of his long-running legal drama The Practice, and followed attorney Alan Shore (a character who became the star of The Practice in its final season, played by James Spader) to his new law firm, Crane, Poole & Schmidt. It also starred veteran television actors Candice Bergen and William Shatner. Critically popular with less than spectacular ratings (ranked 27th for the first season, 46th for the second), the show was an "Emmy darling" during its run, winning seven times and being nominated over 25 times. The show won the Peabody Award in 2005 for its signature political commentaries.In 2007, Boston Legal began to see a rise of viewership as a result of its following ABC's popular Dancing with the Stars series, mostly ranking either first or second most-watched program of the evening in its ten o'clock time period, beating out CBS and NBC's shows. The fifth and final season began in 2008 with <mask> writing most of the episodes. The season only aired thirteen episodes, making a series run of 101 episodes. The 2-hour series finale drew 11 million viewers. Still, the show drew over 15 million viewers much of its first season—and <mask> felt ABC's treatment of the show over the years ultimately killed it, saying to TV Guide that ABC always treated the show like its "bastard child". Boston Legal aired on four different nights (Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Monday) in its five-season run, with the ratings slipping after each move. In the second-to-last episode of the series, <mask> blatantly wrote a show questioning the legitimacy of the Nielsen ratings and the network's treatment of the show by including a plot about a lawsuit against an unnamed television network.In 2007, <mask> received the Justice in the Arts Award from Death Penalty Focus, an organization dedicated to the abolition of the death penalty. He previously received an award from this organization in 2000 for his work on the show The Practice. The Wedding Bells (2007)
The Wedding Bells premiered in fall 2007 and was canceled after seven episodes. Additionally, <mask> worked on an Americanized version of the BBC show Life on Mars for the 2007–2008 season on ABC and also worked on an adaptation of Joseph Wambaugh's Hollywood Station. He later handed production to another creative crew. 2008–present

In May 2008, <mask> signed a deal with Warner Bros. Television and later penned a spec script for another legal drama entitled Legally Mad in a comic vein. NBC ultimately rejected the series.NBC would pay a two million dollar penalty to

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title: David E. Kelley

texts:
 Warner Bros. for <mask>'s scripts. <mask> was the creator and executive producer of Harry's Law, which premiered on NBC on January 17, 2011. The series starred Kathy Bates in the titular role. The show was cancelled in 2012 even though it was the network's second most-watched drama, because its audience skewed too old as the more desirable 18–49 demographic viewership was very low. In 2011, <mask> wrote a script for the pilot episode of a new Wonder Woman TV series for Warner Bros. Television, but the pilot was rejected by NBC for its fall 2011 lineup. A new medical series, Monday Mornings, co-created with Sanjay Gupta, premiered February 2013 on TNT, the cable television channel owned by Time Warner. Set in Portland, Oregon, the show stars Ving Rhames, Alfred Molina and Jamie Bamber.In May 2013, the show was canceled by TNT. A new comedy series created by <mask>, The Crazy Ones, starring Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar, premiered on CBS on September 26, 2013. The show was cancelled after a season due to lukewarm reception. In 2015, <mask> created the Amazon Studios series Goliath. In 2017, <mask> spearheaded a new HBO series, Big Little Lies, which won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series. He is also a showrunner on the TV adaptation of the Stephen King novel Mr. Mercedes. In March 2018, it was announced that HBO had given a series order for The Undoing, a miniseries based on the 2014 novel You Should Have Known by Jean Hanff Korelitz.The series was written by <mask>, who also served as executive producer with Nicole Kidman (who starred alongside Hugh Grant and Donald Sutherland), Per Saari, and Bruna Papandrea. Susanne Bier directed. It premiered in October 2020, and was the most-watched show on HBO that year. In June 2019, <mask> wrote a script for a CBS crime drama series, The Lincoln Lawyer, based from the 2005 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. However, on May 2, 2020, CBS announced that the pilot would not be moving forward. However, on January 11, 2021, the series was picked up by Netflix. <mask> was announced as the writer and showrunner on the ABC crime drama series Big Sky, based on the book The Highway by C. J.Box. <mask> would serve as writer, executive producer and showrunner on The Missing, an American adaptation of Israeli television series Missing File on Peacock. Methods

Writing
<mask> writes his first drafts longhand using a Bic ballpoint and yellow legal pad. He typically writes scripts in two to four days, initially working without collaboration, finding it faster and easier than trying to explain what he wants to others. <mask> has been criticised for not delegating. A Picket Fences writer described his time on the show as "the most boring period of my life—you'd write a scene... [and <mask> would] rewrite it completely. Or he just cut you out completely—you learned nothing.Having a writing staff was a needless expense for the network." <mask> gradually became more comfortable bringing in writers for ideas and taking over writing responsibilities. <mask> described this as a natural evolution:

Story elements
<mask> structures his episodes with multiple storylines. An episode may include a self-contained subplot plus other story arcs that either began in a previous episode or will continue subsequently—some will continue the entire season. The viewer is thereby rarely sure whether what appears as a simple incident will blossom into a major plot point. <mask> seeds his plots with political and social "hot-button" issues. One method is by introducing provocative legal cases.Episodes have covered the gamut of contemporary issues from the culpability of tobacco companies and gun makers to assisted-suicide crusaders. Another way is by undergirding the character's social interrelationships with serious explorations such as feminism, sexuality and divorce. Instead of lessons, <mask> strives to "raise moral and ethical questions without easy answers." He avoids a didactic narrative by not losing sight of the audience's desire to be entertained. He states:

Instead of taking clear stands on issues, <mask> creates scenarios meant to challenge audience preconceptions. For example, an episode of Ally McBeal dealt with a female employee who sued for sexual harassment because she noticed that other prettier women were being promoted. There was deliberately no clear point of view.<mask> uses humor and the surreal and mixes tragedy with farce. He describes his strategy as follows:

In Ally McBeal, <mask> utilized two techniques: a voiceover providing an interior monologue for the title character, and Walter Mitty fantasy sequences (ala Dream On as critics have noted) giving a humorous and often deeply honest (but sometimes ironic) explanation of the character's inner thoughts. Crossover episodes
<mask> frequently crossed the cast of different shows. One crossover program event (which crossed networks also) involved characters from <mask>'s Ally McBeal on the Fox network appearing on his ABC show, The Practice, and, in turn, The Practice characters appeared on Ally McBeal. This was done in spite of the two shows' different tones (one a comedy, the other a drama). This crossover was partially credited for raising ratings for The Practice, which it sustained after those episodes. <mask> repeated this maneuver with his Boston Public, Ally McBeal, and Boston Legal shows.Thereafter, many other crossovers occurred including shows not created by <mask>. <mask>'s most elaborate crossover was only partially successful. He sought to crossover an episode of his Picket Fences with Chris Carter's The X-Files. Both shows aired Friday nights, but on different networks. The intent was to begin the story on one show, then hope viewers would switch channels to watch the conclusion on another network. CBS balked, and both scripts were rewritten, with The X-Files Fox Mulder no longer set to appear on Picket Fences. Yet, both episodes deal with Wisconsin and cows, with Fences referencing an FBI investigation in a neighboring town.CBS blurred the connection further by postponing the Fences episode by one week. Casting
<mask> often uses regular actors from older shows in newer shows. For example, Anthony Heald and René Auberjonois both played judges on The Practice, and both went on to be regular cast members in later shows (Heald on Boston Public as a vice-principal and Auberjonois on Boston Legal as a partner at a law firm). Both Kathy Baker and Justin Shenkarow (Picket Fences) have been used in Boston Public. Kathy Baker as Meredith "The Hook Lady" Peters and Justin Shenkarow as the student Warren Dickson. In addition many actors who either had the main roles or major roles in <mask>'s previous shows would make at least one guest appearance in Boston Legal. After the HBO series Big Little Lies, <mask> started a working relationship with Academy Award-winning actress Nicole Kidman.The pair have collaborated on several shows together, including Big Little Lies, The Undoing and Nine Perfect Strangers. Portrayal of real life
Legal profession
The Practice was considered more accurate in its portrayal of the law than L.A. Law or Ally McBeal . The importance of legal strategy, sometimes at the expense of the truth, rang true. One attorney said, "[I]t's really about the tactics and the mistakes that opposing counsel makes." Judges were represented as complex, less-than-perfect human beings, sometimes with emotional problems. Plots demonstrated how a defendant's personality would impact the adjudication of a case. Stuart Levine of Variety magazine said, "[The Practice] isn't afraid to paint the firm's clients as the dregs of society."<mask> said,

Other aspects of the legal profession in <mask>'s shows have been criticized as unrealistic. Attorneys have complained that:
 Ex parte meetings (where lawyers meet in a judge's chambers without opposing counsel present) do not happen. Judges would not allow attorneys to badger or attack witnesses. Shows overplayed prosecutorial and law enforcement misconduct. Time required to select and empanel a jury is not shown or in the story's timeline. Many of the cases would never have made it to trial. Public education
Samuel G. Freedman, a professor of journalism at Columbia University, writing in The New York Times, praises <mask>'s series Boston Public as an attempt to both reflect and change public opinion about public education, particularly the urban, overcrowded, underfinanced variety.He liked the realism of the setting, the mixed ethnicity of the faculty and (oftentimes antipathetic) student body and the bureaucratic struggles. He criticized <mask>, though, for pandering to stereotypes of teachers and students and for failing to show successful teaching strategies. Medicine
In The New York Times, Arthur Caplan, professor of bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, felt that medical dramas such as <mask>'s Chicago Hope do a good job of addressing bioethical issues such as who should receive a liver transplant or when should a patient be allowed to die. However, there is a lack of discussion concerning the primary money issue: "How do people pay for this?" The show has been criticized for presenting a one-sided view of managed care, portraying HMOs as dramatically evil while glossing over the complexities. Doctors are too often shown as selfless patient advocates ready to battle whatever the financial cost. Catholicism
<mask> has incorporated religious subject matter from the beginning, including issues involving Protestantism, Judaism, Scientology and Catholicism among others.With the widespread media coverage of child sexual abuse cases in the Roman Catholic Church during the mid-to-late 1990s, <mask> began to introduce this controversy into his scripts. For instance, the character Bobby Donnell on The Practice, a Catholic, became personally estranged from the Church over the issue of sexually abusive priests. While the conservative Catholic League did not object to this episode, they frequently complained of anti-Catholic bias in <mask>'s shows because of his references to this subject. Feature films
Besides his first film, From the Hip, which received poor reviews, <mask> wrote and produced three other films. 1996's To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday, a romance, co-starring his wife, Michelle Pfeiffer, received tepid critical and box office reception. In 1999, came two films: Lake Placid, a combination of suspense, horror and comedy, and Mystery, Alaska, about a fictional small-town ice hockey team that plays a game against the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. Neither movie did well with either the critics or the audience.Personal life
Although he is sometimes assumed to be a Catholic because his programs address Catholic issues, <mask> was raised a Protestant. In January 1993, actress Michelle Pfeiffer was set up on a blind date with <mask>. He took her to the movies to see Bram Stoker's Dracula the following week, and they began dating seriously. Pfeiffer had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met <mask>. In March 1993, she adopted a newborn daughter Claudia Rose. They married on November 13, 1993, and christened Claudia the same day. In August 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry.Levine, <mask><mask>: The Man Behind Ally McBeal.p. 34

<mask>'s brother, <mask>, is the Director of Amateur Scouting for the Chicago Blackhawks. Filmography

Films

Television

TimelineNote:''' The above timeline does not include the three additional episodes of Snoops broadcast in non-U.S. markets nor the short-lived Ally. Awards

Emmy awards and nominations

Notes
 Information from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences online database
 Several shared writing nominations not included. In 1999, he was the first producer ever to take home Emmys for both Best Comedy Series (Ally McBeal) and Best Drama (The Practice). Emmy winning actors and actresses in <mask>'s series
Among the actors and actresses who have won Emmys for playing roles in <mask>'s series are Peter MacNicol, Tracey Ullman, Sharon Stone, William Shatner, James Spader, Alfre Woodard, Charles S. Dutton, <mask>, James Whitmore, Beah Richards, <mask>, Michael Badalucco, Holland Taylor, John Larroquette, Camryn Manheim, Christine Lahti, Héctor <mask>, Mandy Patinkin, Kathy Baker, Ray Walston, Paul Winfield, Richard Kiley, Fyvush Finkel, Leigh Taylor-Young, Tom Skerritt, Richard Dysart, Paul McCrane, Christian Clemenson, Jimmy Smits, Larry Drake, Nicole Kidman, Alexander Skarsgård, and Laura Dern. Peabody awards

The following information is from the Peabody Awards database. Television Hall of Fame
In 2014, <mask><mask> was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.References

Bibliography
 Caldwell, John: "Convergence Television: Aggregating Form and Repurposing Content in the Culture of Conglomeration". Television after TV: Essays on a Medium in Transition. Ed. Lynn Spigel and Jan Olsson. Duke University Press, 2004
 Caves, Richard E.: Switching Channels: Organization and Change in TV Broadcasting. Harvard University Press, 2005. <mask>, John: Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty.I. B. Tauris, 2000
 Levine, Josh: <mask><mask>: The Man Behind Ally McBeal. ECW Press, 1999
 Orlik, Peter B.: Electronic Media Criticism: : Applied Perspectives. LEA, Inc., 2000
 Tucker, Ken: Kissing Bill O'Reilly, Roasting Miss Piggy: 100 Things to Love And Hate About TV''. St. Martin's Press, 2005

External links

1956 births
Living people
Film producers from Massachusetts
American Protestants
American male screenwriters
Television producers from Massachusetts
American television writers
Boston University School of Law alumni
Edgar Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Massachusetts lawyers
People from Belmont, Massachusetts
People from Waterville, Maine
Princeton University alumni
Showrunners
Articles which contain graphical timelines
American male television writers
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20th-century American screenwriters
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
21st-century American screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Belmont Hill School alumni
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Cincinnati Stingers draft picks
EHC Arosa players
Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
21st-century American male

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title: Saul Kassin

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<mask> is a distinguished professor of psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. and Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Biography and education

<mask> is an American social psychologist. Born in 1953, he was raised in Brooklyn, and then in Belle Harbor, New York. He attended Brooklyn College from 1971 to 1974 and graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor of Science degree. While there, he  helped run experiments on implicit learning for cognitive psychologist and mentor Arthur S. Reber. From 1974 to 1978, he attended the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut, where he received his Ph.D. in personality and social psychology.While there, he studied attribution theory with his advisor Charles A. "Skip" Lowe. His dissertation was titled "Causal Attribution: A Perceptual Approach." With his doctoral degree he went on to begin his psychology and law career by studying jury decision making with Lawrence S. Wrightsman at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. He then taught for two years taught at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, before starting at Williams College in 1981, where he spent most of his career. In 1984-85, while on sabbatical from Williams, <mask> was awarded a U.S. Supreme Court Judicial Fellowship and worked at the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, DC. In 1985-86, worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Psychology and Law Program at Stanford University.Career books, awards, research, and advocacy

Over the years, <mask> has authored and edited several books, including: Psychology, Essentials of Psychology, Developmental Social Psychology (with Sharon S. Brehm and Frederick X. Gibbons), The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure (with Lawrence S. Wrightsman), The American jury on trial: psychological perspectives (with Lawrence S. Wrightsman), and Confessions in the Courtroom (with Lawrence S. Wrightsman). He is also co-author of the textbook Social Psychology with Steven Fein and Hazel Rose Markus, now in its eleventh edition. <mask> is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the Association for Psychological Science (APS), and the American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS). Although he has published research in the social psychology of attribution theory, jury decision-making, and eyewitness testimony, <mask> is best known for his groundbreaking work on false confessions. In 2007, he received a Presidential Award from the APA for this research. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iiiRG). In 2014, he received an Award for Distinguished Contribution from AP-LS.In 2017, he received an Award for Lifetime Contribution from the European Association of Psychology and the Law (EAPL). In 2017, he also received the Award for Distinguished Contribution for Research on Public Policy from the American Psychological Association (APA). In 2021, he received the James McKeen Cattell Lifetime Achievement Award for Applied Research from APS. <mask> was the president of Division 41 of APA, a.k.a. AP-LS. He continues to teach, research, write, and lecture to judges, lawyers, law enforcement groups, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other high interest groups in the area of social psychology and the law. He has appeared as a guest analyst on all major TV networks and many syndicated news shows.He also appears in a number of podcasts, such as APA's "Speaking of Psychology: False confessions aren’t always what they seem", and documentaries such as the 2012 film by Ken and Sarah Burns, The Central Park Five. Determined to raise public awareness, <mask> has also written some high-profile opinion editorials and a provocative article on the false confessions that surrounded the infamous 1964 killing of Kitty Genovese. A staunch critic of the Reid technique of interrogation, and in light of research showing that Miranda does not protect the innocent, <mask> is a vocal advocate for the requirement that all interrogations be videotaped in their entirety--without exception. <mask> is best known for pioneering the scientific study of false confessions. In 1985, he and Lawrence Wrightsman introduced a taxonomy that distinguished three types of false confessions—voluntary, compliant, and internalized. This classification scheme is universally accepted in the field. <mask> also created the first laboratory research methods (the most notable being the computer crash experiment, used in forensic psychology to study the problems with certain types of police interrogation techniques and why innocent people confess.Along with fellow experts Steven Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli Gudjonsson, Richard Leo, and Allison Redlich, he wrote a 2010 AP-LS White Paper called "Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations." To assess the consensus of opinions within the scientific community, he and his colleagues also recently published a survey of confession experts from all over the world. Over the years, <mask> has published many other empirical articles on the subject of confessions and has introduced such terms as positive coercion bias, minimization and maximization, guilt-presumptive interrogation, the phenomenology of innocence, and the forensic confirmation bias In recent articles, he explains why judges, juries, and others tend to believe false confessions even when contradicted eyewitnesses, alibis, DNA, and other evidence. <mask> has long advocated for the mandatory video recording of suspect interviews and interrogations—in their entirety and without exception. With funding support from the National Science Foundation, he and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments on the effects of video recording on police, suspects, and lay fact finders, including the first fully randomized field experiment involving actual suspects. The results have all been published. <mask>'s work is cited all over the world, including by the U.S. Supreme Court and the Supreme Courts of Canada and Israel.He has worked on many high-profile cases and with the Innocence Project to use psychology to help prevent and correct wrongful convictions. He has testified as an expert witness in state, federal, and military courts. He was recently the subject of a feature article published in SCIENCE. References

External links
Op-ed article
Op-ed article
Kassin biography
Professional Profile <mask>'s White Paper on false confessions
Review on the psychology of confessions
Social psychological analysis of false confessions
Historical exploration into the 1964 killing of Kitty Genovese: What ELSE does this case tell us? CBS News: Do you know your MIRANDA rights? Interview of <mask> at the Vera Institute of Justice
National Science Foundation Video (2016) - What Can We Do About False Confessions? Oprah Winfrey show on coerced confessions

1953 births
Living people
American psychologists
Brooklyn College alumni
University of Connecticut alumni
Fellows of the American Psychological Association

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title: Jack LaLanne

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Francois Henri "<mask><mask> (; September 26, 1914January 23, 2011) was an American fitness and nutrition guru and motivational speaker. He described himself as being a "sugarholic" and a "junk food junkie" until he was age 15. He also had behavioral problems, but "turned his life around" after listening to a public lecture about the benefits of good nutrition by health food pioneer Paul Bragg. During his career, he came to believe that the country's overall health depended on the health of its population, and referred to physical culture and nutrition as "the salvation of America." Decades before health and fitness began being promoted by celebrities like Jane Fonda and Richard Simmons, <mask> was already widely recognized for publicly preaching the health benefits of regular exercise and a good diet. He published numerous books on fitness and hosted the fitness television program The <mask> Show from 1951 to 1985. As early as 1936, at age 21, he opened one of the nation's first fitness gyms in Oakland, California, which became a prototype for dozens of similar gyms bearing his name.One of his 1950s television exercise programs was aimed toward women, whom he also encouraged to join his health clubs. He invented a number of exercise machines, including the pulley and leg extension devices and the Smith machine. Besides producing his own series of videos, he coached the elderly and disabled not to forgo exercise, believing it would enable them to enhance their strength. <mask> also gained recognition for his success as a bodybuilder, as well as for his prodigious feats of strength. Arnold Schwarzenegger once exclaimed "That <mask>'s an animal!" after a 54-year-old <mask> beat then 21-year-old Schwarzenegger in an informal contest. On the occasion of <mask>'s death, Schwarzenegger credited <mask> for being "an apostle for fitness" by inspiring "billions all over the world to live healthier lives," and, as governor of California, had earlier placed him on his Governor's Council on Physical Fitness.Steve Reeves credited <mask> as his inspiration to build his muscular physique while keeping a slim waist. <mask> was inducted into the California Hall of Fame and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Early life
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Jennie (née Garaig; 1882–1973) and Jean/John <mask> (1881–1939), French immigrants from Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Both entered the U.S. in the 1880s as young children at the Port of New Orleans. <mask> had two older brothers, Ervil, who died in childhood (1906–1911), and Norman (1908–2005), who nicknamed him "<mask>." He grew up in Bakersfield, California and later moved with his family to Berkeley, California circa 1928. In 1939, his father died at the age of 58 in a San Francisco hospital, which <mask> attributed to "coronary thrombosis and cirrhosis of the liver."In his book The <mask> Way to Vibrant Health, <mask> wrote that as a boy he was addicted to sugar and junk food. He had violent episodes directed against himself and others, describing himself as "a miserable kid ... it was like hell." Besides having a bad temper, <mask> also suffered from headaches and bulimia, and temporarily dropped out of high school at age 14. The following year, at age 15, he heard health food pioneer Paul Bragg give a talk on health and nutrition, focusing on the "evils of meat and sugar." Bragg's message had a powerful influence on <mask>, who then changed his life and started focusing on his diet and exercise. In his own words, he was "born again," and besides his new focus on nutrition, he began working out daily (although while serving during World War II as a Pharmacist Mate First Class at the Sun Valley Naval Convalescent Hospital, <mask> stated that he started in bodybuilding at "age 13"). Describing his change of diet, <mask> stated, "I had to take my lunch alone to the football field to eat so no one would see me eat my raw veggies, whole bread, raisins and nuts.You don't know the crap I went through." Writer Hal Reynolds, who interviewed <mask> in 2008, notes that he became an avid swimmer and trained with weights; he described his introduction to weight lifting thus:

<mask> went back to school, where he made the high school football team, and later went on to college in San Francisco where he earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. He studied Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body and concentrated on bodybuilding and weightlifting. Fitness career

Health clubs
In 1936, he opened the nation's first health and fitness club in Oakland, California, where he offered supervised weight and exercise training and gave nutritional advice. His primary goal was to encourage and motivate his clients to improve their overall health. Doctors, however, advised their patients to stay away from his health club, a business totally unheard of at the time, and warned their patients that "<mask> was an exercise 'nut,' whose programs would make them 'muscle-bound' and cause severe medical problems." <mask> recalls the initial reaction of doctors to his promotion of weight-lifting:

<mask> designed the first leg extension machines, pulley machines using cables, and the weight selectors that are now standard in the fitness industry.He invented the original model of what became the Smith machine. <mask> encouraged women to lift weights (though at the time it was thought this would make women look masculine and unattractive). By the 1980s, <mask>'s European Health Spas numbered more than 200. He eventually licensed all his health clubs to the Bally company, now known as Bally Total Fitness. Though not associated with any gym, <mask> continued to lift weights until his death. <mask>'s gym ownership led to a brief professional wrestling career in 1938. Wrestlers were among the few athletes who embraced weight training, and they frequented his health club.<mask> wrestled in the Bay Area for only a few months. He was well respected enough that he was booked to wrestle to a draw against some big name opponents rather than lose, despite his lack of experience. According to Ad Santel's grandson David Ad Santel, <mask> wanted to be a champion from the start, but did not have the wrestling skills to do so. <mask> was also friendly with such performers as Lou Thesz and Strangler Lewis. Books, television and other media

<mask> presented fitness and exercise advice on television for 34 years. The <mask> Show was the longest-running television exercise program. According to the SF Chronicle TV program archives, it first began on 28 September 1953 as a 15-minute local morning program (sandwiched between the morning news and a cooking show) on San Francisco's ABC television station, KGO-TV, with <mask> paying for the airtime himself as a way to promote his gym and related health products.<mask> also met his wife Elaine while she was working for the local station. In 1959, the show was picked up for nationwide syndication, and continued until 1985. The show was noted for its minimalist set, where <mask> inspired his viewers to use basic home objects, such as a chair, to perform their exercises along with him. Wearing his standard jumpsuit, he urged his audience "with the enthusiasm of an evangelist," to get off their couch and copy his basic movements, a manner considered the forerunner of today's fitness videos. In 1959, <mask> recorded Glamour Stretcher Time, a workout album that provided phonograph-based instruction for exercising with an elastic cord called the Glamour Stretcher. As a daytime show, much of <mask>'s audience were stay-at-home mothers. Wife <mask> was part of the show to demonstrate the exercises, as well as the fact that doing them would not ruin their figures or musculature.<mask> also included his dog Happy as a way to attract children to the show. Later in the run, another dog named Walter was used, with <mask> claiming "Walter" stood for "We All Love To Exercise Regularly." <mask> published several books and videos on fitness and nutrition, appeared in movies, and recorded a song with Connie Haines. He marketed exercise equipment, a range of vitamin supplements, and two models of electric juicers. These include the "Juice Tiger," as seen on Amazing Discoveries with Mike Levey, and "<mask>'s Power Juicer." It was on the show that <mask> introduced the phrase "That's the power of the juice!" However, in March 1996, 70,000 Juice Tiger juicers, 9% of its models, were recalled after 14 injury incidents were reported.The Power Juicer is still sold in five models. <mask> celebrated his 95th birthday with the release of a new book titled, Live Young Forever. In the book, he discussed how he maintained his health and activeness well into his advanced age. Personal health routine

Diet
<mask> blamed overly processed foods for many health problems. For most of his life, <mask> was mostly vegetarian while including fish in his evening meal. In his later years, he appeared to advocate a mostly meatless diet that included fish, and took vitamin supplements. He ate two meals a day and avoided snacks.His breakfast, after working out for two hours, consisted of hard-boiled egg whites, a cup of broth, oatmeal with soy milk, and seasonal fruit. For dinner, he and his wife typically ate raw vegetables, egg whites, and fish. He did not drink coffee. Exercise
When exercising, <mask> worked out repetitively with weights until he experienced "muscle fatigue" in whatever muscle groups he was exercising, or when it became impossible for him to go on with a particular routine; this is most often referred to as "training to failure." <mask> moved from exercise to exercise without stopping. To contradict critics who thought this would leave him tightly musclebound and uncoordinated, <mask> liked to demonstrate one-handed balancing. His home contained two gyms and a pool that he used daily.He continued with his two-hour workouts into his 90s, which also included walking. He stated, "If I died, people would say 'Oh look, <mask> died. He didn't practice what he preached.'" When asked about sex, <mask> had a standard joke, saying that despite their advanced age, he and his wife still made love almost every night: "Almost on Monday, almost on Tuesday, almost on Wednesday..."

He added, "I know so many people in their 80s who have Alzheimer's or are in a wheelchair or whatever. And I say to myself 'I don't

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title: Jack LaLanne

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 want to live like that. I don't want to be a burden on my family. I need to live life.And I'd hate dying—it would ruin my image.'" <mask> summed up his philosophy about good nutrition and exercise:

Views on food additives and drugs

<mask> often stressed that artificial food additives, drugs, and processed foods contributed to making people mentally and physically ill. As a result, he writes, many people turn to alcohol and drugs to deal with symptoms of ailments, noting that "a stream of aches and pains seems to encompass us as we get older." He refers to the human bloodstream as a "River of Life," which is "polluted" by "junk foods" loaded with "preservatives, salt, sugar, and artificial flavorings." Relying on evidence from The President's Council on Physical Fitness, he also agreed that "many of our aches and pains come from lack of physical activity." As an immediate remedy for symptoms such as constipation, insomnia, tiredness, anxiety, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure, <mask> states that people will resort to various drugs: "We look for crutches such as sleeping pills, pep pills, alcohol, cigarettes, and so on." Family
<mask> was married to his second wife, Elaine Doyle <mask>, for over five decades. They had three children: a daughter named <mask> from his first marriage, a son named Dan Doyle from Elaine's first marriage, and a son named <mask> together.Yvonne is a chiropractor in California; Dan and Jon are involved in the family business, BeFit Enterprises, which they and their mother and sister plan to continue. Another daughter from Elaine's first marriage, Janet Doyle, died in a car accident at age 21 in 1974. Death
<mask> died of respiratory failure due to pneumonia at his home on January 23, 2011. He was 96. According to his family, he had been sick for a week, but refused to see a doctor. They added that he had been performing his daily workout routine the day before his death. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, California.<mask>'s feats

(As reported on <mask>'s website)  These accounts are not necessarily entirely accurate descriptions of what <mask> actually did. See the 1974 Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf swim (below) for an illustration of the difference between the website account and objective reporting of the same event. 1954 (age 40)Swam the entire  length of the Golden Gate in San Francisco, under water, with  of air tanks and other equipment strapped to his body; a world record. 1955 (age 41)Swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco while handcuffed. When interviewed afterwards, he was quoted as saying that the worst thing about the ordeal was being handcuffed, which significantly reduced his ability to do a jumping jack. 1956 (age 42)Set what was claimed as a world record of 1,033 push-ups in 23 minutes on You Asked For It,  a television program hosted by Art Baker. 1957 (age 43)Swam the Golden Gate channel while towing a  cabin cruiser.The swift ocean currents turned this one-mile (1.6 km) swim into a swimming distance of . 1958 (age 44)Maneuvered a paddleboard nonstop from Farallon Islands to the San Francisco shore. The  trip took 9.5 hours. 1959 (age 45)Did 1,000 push ups and 1,000 chin-ups in 1 hour, 22 minutes, to promote The <mask> Show going nationwide. <mask> said this was the most difficult of his stunts, but only because the skin on his hands started ripping off during the chin-ups. He felt he couldn't stop, because it would be seen as a public failure. 1974 (age 60)For the second time, he swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf.Again, he was handcuffed, but this time he was also shackled and towed a  boat, according to his obituary in Los Angeles Times in 2011 and his website. However, according to an account of this event published the day after it occurred in the Los Angeles Times, written by Philip Hager, a Times staff writer, <mask> was neither handcuffed nor shackled if each of those terms has the conventional meaning of "tightly binding the wrists or ankles together with a pair of metal fasteners." Hager says that <mask> "had his hands and feet bound with cords that allowed minimal freedom." But "minimal" clearly did not mean "no" freedom, since elsewhere in the article Hager describes <mask>'s method of propulsion through the water as "half-breast-stroke, half-dog paddle" which is how you swim with your hands tied. 1975 (age 61)Repeating his performance of 21 years earlier, he again swam the entire length of the Golden Gate Bridge, underwater and handcuffed, but this time he was shackled and towed a  boat. 1976 (age 62)To commemorate the "Spirit of '76," United States Bicentennial, he swam one mile (1.6 km) in Long Beach Harbor. He was handcuffed and shackled, and he towed 13 boats (representing the 13 original colonies) containing 76 people.1979 (age 65)Towed 65 boats in Lake Ashinoko, near Tokyo, Japan. He was handcuffed and shackled, and the boats were filled with  of Louisiana Pacific wood pulp. 1980 (age 66)Towed 10 boats in North Miami, Florida. The boats carried 77 people, and he towed them for over one mile (1.6 km) in less than one hour. 1984 (age 70)He towed 70 rowboats, one with several guests, from the Queen's Way Bridge in the Long Beach Harbor to the Queen Mary, 1 mile. Awards and honors

On June 10, 2005, then governor Arnold Schwarzenegger launched  the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sport. In his address, Schwarzenegger paid special tribute to <mask>, who he credited with demonstrating the benefits of fitness and a healthy lifestyle for 75 years.In 2008, he inducted <mask> into the California Hall of Fame and personally gave him an inscribed plaque at a special ceremony. In 2007, <mask> was awarded The President's Council's Lifetime Achievement Award. The award is given to "individuals whose careers have greatly contributed to the advancement or promotion of physical activity, fitness, or sports nationwide." Winners are chosen based on the "individual's career, the estimated number of lives the individual has touched through his or her work, the legacy of the individual's work, and additional awards or honors received over the course of his or her career." Other honors
 1963: Founding member of President's Council on Physical Fitness under President Kennedy
 President's Council of Physical Fitness Silver Anniversary Award
 Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award
 The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans
 American Academy of Achievement
 American Cancer Society
 American Heart Association
 American Medical Association
 WBBG Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
 APFC Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
 Patriarch Society of Chiropractors
 NFLAHealthy American Fitness Award
 Received an Award from the Oscar Heidenstam Foundation Hall of Fame
 Received National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Gold Circle Award commemorating over 50 years in the Television Industry
 IHRSA Person of the Year Award
 <mask> Award from the Los Angeles Police Historical Society
 Interglobal's International Infomercial Award
 The Freddie, Medical Media Public Service Award
 Freedom Forum Al Neuharth Free Spirit Honoree
 Lifetime Achievement Award from Club Industry
 1992 (age 78): The Academy of Body Building and Fitness Award
 1994 (age 80): The State of California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award
 1996 (age 82): The Dwight D. Eisenhower Fitness Award
 1999 (age 85): The Spirit of Muscle Beach Award
 2002 (age 88): A star on the Hollywood Boulevard Walk of Fame. At his induction ceremony, LaLanne did pushups on the top of his star. 2005 (age 91): The <mask> Webb Award from the Los Angeles Police Department Historical Society; the Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award; the Interglobal's International Infomercial Award; the Freddie Award; the Medical Media Public Service Award; Free Spirit honoree at Al Neuharth's Freedom Forum; Inaugural Inductee into the National Fitness Hall of Fame
 2008 (age 94): Inducted by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (fellow 2005 inductee of the National Fitness Hall of Fame) and Maria Shriver into the California Hall of Fame

Filmography

LaLanne appeared as himself in the following films and television shows:
 You Bet Your Life (1961)
 Peter Gunn (1960) - LaLanne appeared in an episode with Craig Stevens.Mister Ed (1961), episode "Psychoanalyst Show" (as "Instructor"), (1963), episode "Doctor Ed"
 The Addams Family (Season 2, 1966), episode "Fester Goes on a Diet"
 Batman (man on roof with girls, uncredited cameo) (1966)
 Here's Lucy (Season 2, 1969), episode "Lucy and the Bogie Affair"
 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (Episode #5.14, 1971), Guest Performer
 Fit & Fun Time (kids TV pilot) (1972)
 The Chevy Chase Show
 Amazing Discoveries (1991)
 The Simpsons (Season 10, 1999), episode "The Old Man and the 'C' Student"
 Beefcake (1999)
 Hollywood's Magical Island: Catalina (2003)
 "Mostly True Stories: Urban Legends Revealed" (2004)
 Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (Season 2, 2004)
 The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006), Hercules

References

External links

Official

Media and publications
 , video, 31 January 2011

 <mask>'s book Live Young Forever. Interviews
 Interview with <mask> on his 93rd birthday
 Interview with <mask>
 Interview by Donald Katz
 Interview by Dennis Hughes of Share Guide
 Taped interview with Dr. McDougall 02 July, 1994
 <mask> interview at Archive of American Television12 September 2003
Miscellaneous
 CPSC Tiger Juicer Recall Page
 Official <mask> Power Juicer page
 <mask> Power Juicer manual
 <mask> interviewed by Janice Hughes and Dennis Hughes

Memorials and retrospectives
 Life Magazine remembers <mask>anneslideshow
 Chicago Tribune photo gallery of <mask> |1914-2011

1914 births
2011 deaths
American bodybuilders
American chiropractors
American exercise and fitness writers
American exercise instructors
American health and wellness writers
American nutritionists
American people of French descent
Television personalities from San Francisco
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Diet food advocates
People associated with physical culture
People from Morro Bay, California
Writers from San Francisco
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Deaths from respiratory

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title: Rosie Napravnik

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Anna Rose "<mask>" Napravnik (born February 9, 1988) is a former  American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey and two-time winner of the Kentucky Oaks. Beginning her career in 2005, she was regularly ranked among the top jockeys in North America in both earnings and total races won. By 2014 she had been in the top 10 by earnings three years in a row and was the highest-ranked woman jockey in North America. In 2011, she won the Louisiana Derby for her first time and was ninth in the 2011 Kentucky Derby with the horse Pants on Fire. In 2012 she broke the total wins and earnings record for a woman jockey previously held by Julie Krone, and became the first woman rider to win the Kentucky Oaks, riding Believe You Can. She won the Oaks for a second time in 2014 on Untapable. She is only the second woman jockey to win a Breeders' Cup race and the first to win more than one, having won the 2012 Breeders' Cup Juvenile on Shanghai Bobby and the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff on Untapable.Napravnik's fifth-place finish in the 2013 Kentucky Derby and third in the 2013 Preakness Stakes on Mylute are the best finishes for a woman jockey in those two Triple Crown races to date, and she is the only woman to have ridden in all three Triple Crown races. A native of New Jersey, she and her horse trainer husband, Joe Sharp, have homes in Louisville, Kentucky and New Orleans, Louisiana. She was the leading rider at the Fair Grounds Race Course every year from 2011 through 2014 and leading rider at Keeneland Race Course in 2013 and 2014. After her win in the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff, Napravnik announced she was seven weeks pregnant and taking a "retirement" of "indefinite" duration from race riding following the 2014 Breeders' Cup. She continues to assist Sharp in training race horses, including 2017 Kentucky Derby contender Girvin. Background
Napravnik was born in her grandmother's home in Mendham, New Jersey, on February 9, 1988. Shortly after she was born, she was sent to a hospital in Morristown, New Jersey, which is often mistakenly listed as her location of birth.Her father Charles is a farrier and her mother Cindy ran a boarding and training stable, plus trained event horses. She has one older sister, Jasmine (known as "Jazz"), and a brother, Colt. Napravnik began working with horses at a very young age. Her first horse-related injury was a broken arm that occurred when she fell off a pony at age four. By the age of seven, she began to ride in pony races, and, inspired by the documentary Jewels of the Triple Crown, she decided that year to become a jockey who rode Triple Crown races. She spent most of her childhood in New Jersey, but lived briefly in Vermont with her mother after the divorce of her parents, though she spent summers with her sister Jazz, who was living in Maryland and Pennsylvania. In early adolescence, Napravnik, along with her sister, went to work for trainers Lilith Boucher, Bruce Miller and Jack Fisher.By age 13, she worked for steeplechase trainer Jonathan Sheppard. At 15, she decided to take a year off from employment in the horse industry to spend time with friends and to be an ordinary teen. But at 16, Napravnik went to live with her sister at the farm of trainer Holly Robinson in Maryland, and Robinson sent her to work for trainer Richard "Dickie" Small. Small had a good reputation for mentoring young riders and had helped several other women jockeys get started in their careers. Napravnik began exercising Small's race horses in 2004. That year, she attended both Hereford High School and night school, but left school before her senior year to begin racing as a professional jockey. She later passed her high school equivalency GED test.Napravnik is  tall, and as a jockey rode at about . In addition to racing, she is very active in efforts to rehome and provide aftercare to retired race horses. In 2014, she began to show her own off-track Thoroughbred Old Ironsides, nicknamed Sugar, in Eventing. Interviewed for Vogue magazine, she explained how she felt about riding in the American classic horse races, "When you're riding in the Derby, you see all those iconic silks in the same race and it gives it a special feel, like you're part of history." Joe Sharp and family

Napravnik married Joe Sharp in October 2011. He is three years older than Napravnik, and has a daughter, Aiyana, born in 2005, whose mother is jockey Chamisa Goodwin. Napravnik and Sharp have two sons together, Carson, born in 2015 and Tucker, born 2016.Horse owner Ken Ramsey, who knows <mask> and Sharp well, says the couple are likable and well-respected, saying "They go together like ham and eggs." Sharp had <mask> ride a horse for him at Penn National Race Course in 2009, and they began dating a few months later,  becoming engaged in 2011. Sharp, a horse trainer, was born in Martinsburg, West Virginia. He is an only child and grew up around horses. His father, Marc Sharp, is a trainer who also owns a horse farm near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. His mother, Sara Escudero, was an exercise rider. The pair divorced and Sharp split his time between them, growing up in Kentucky and West Virginia.Sharp was a jockey from 2004 to 2005, riding mostly at Canterbury Park in Minnesota, but also in West Virginia and Maryland. Sharp was an assistant trainer to Michael Stidham for four years, and then for three years an assistant to Mike Maker, where he ran Maker's operations in New York, Kentucky and New Orleans. Napravnik and Sharp sometimes competed against each other when a horse Sharp trained was running against one Napravnik was riding, but the two were a trainer-rider team for Ramsey's three-year-old colt, Vicar's In Trouble, who won the Louisiana Derby and contested the 2014 Kentucky Derby. In August 2014, Sharp left Maker's barn to begin an independent horse training stable, with the full support of both Maker and Napravnik. He scored his first graded stakes win on May 16, 2015 on the Preakness undercard with the Ramsey's horse Sandbar in the Grade III Maryland Sprint Handicap. In 2017, Sharp won the Louisiana Derby with Girvin, a colt who was Sharp's first starter in the 2017 Kentucky Derby. Napravnik was the exercise rider for the colt at Sharp's training stable, and commented, "I thought about putting out something on Twitter .. . saying I was going to ride Girvin, as an April Fool’s joke, but I was worried people might take it seriously." Of the couple's relationship, Sharp has stated, "Some guys might think being married to someone as famous as <mask> is a tough position, but I don't, I'm very proud of her." Sharp and Napravnik split their time between homes in Louisville and New Orleans. Besides working with horses, the pair also provide foster care to rescue dogs. Career

Napravnik obtained her jockey license in 2005 at Pimlico Race Course. She won her first race as a licensed jockey on June 9 of that year, riding Small's horse, Ringofdiamonds. She initially rode under the name "A.R.Napravnik" to conceal her gender. In November 2005, she broke her left collarbone and was sidelined for almost six weeks. The horse in front of her fell and her horse was unable to avoid a collision, creating a four-horse chain reaction that sent Napravnik and one of the other riders to the hospital. At the time of the accident she was the leading jockey at Laurel Park Racecourse. Napravnik established herself as a top-ranked jockey in 2006 when she finished 30th in national earnings and fifth in total wins with 300 victories on 1,465 mounts and purse winnings of $6,395,075. That year at Laurel Park, she won her first stakes race. One of her highest profile wins was in a race that was on the undercard for the 2006 Preakness.She won riding titles in 2006 at all four meets at the major Maryland tracks, one at the annual meet at Pimlico, and the other three at Laurel Park. Napravnik was runner-up to Julien Leparoux for the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Apprentice Jockey that year. When a horse fell with her in a January 2007 race at Laurel Park, Napravnik suffered three compression fractures of her thoracic vertebrae and was out for several weeks to recuperate. In July, after recovering from the Laurel Park injuries, she had another fall that resulted in a major break to her wrist, subsequently repaired with a plate. In spite of her injuries and layoff, she still rode 507 races with 89 winners in 2007. In 2008, Napravnik was the most successful rider in Maryland with 101 wins. Riding a total of 893 races with 176 wins, she finished 62nd in earnings for the year, even though she broke her tibia and fibula in a racing accident at Delaware Park Racetrack in August, resulting in a three-month layoff.She moved to Aqueduct Racetrack in New York in November 2008, and in 2009 finished 38th in national earnings with 184 victories out of 1,109 mounts and with earnings of $5,176,563. In 2010, Napravnik began riding at Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana. Initially, she faced some of the most significant problems in her career with intimidation by the male jockeys, but overcame the challenge by refusing to give ground. Eventually she earned the respect of her male colleagues, and that year, she won her first graded stakes race, the Grade III Cicada Stakes at Aqueduct. By 2013 Napravnik was viewed as one of the most popular jockeys at the Fair Grounds. She finished the year with no major injuries and was ranked 30th in earnings. Napravnik began 2011 with a win in the Louisiana Derby, riding Pants on Fire, becoming the first woman to win that race.When she was named the leading rider at that track in 2011, with 110 wins, she was also the first woman rider to win the

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