title: James Hall Brookes

texts:
<mask>, D.D. (February 27, 1830 – April 18, 1897) was an American Presbyterian pastor, Christian leader and author. Dr. <mask> led congregations in Ohio and Missouri during a career spanning 43 years. He became a leader among his peers in the Niagara Bible Conference which led to editing The Truth: or, Testimony for Christ, a periodical. His legacy is also found in the many books, booklets and tracts he produced. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pulaski, Tennessee, February 27, 1830, into a family descending on both sides from clergymen. When he was very young, his father, also a Presbyterian minister, died.<mask> made his way to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he graduated in 1853. He had brief studies at the Princeton Theological Seminary where he refused financial assistance. When he "was compelled to stop his theological studies on account of lack of means," he returned to Ohio. After becoming established in Saint Louis, he received the honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1864 from both the University of Missouri and Westminster College. Ministry and leadership
Soon after returning to Ohio, on April 20, 1854, <mask> <mask> was ordained and installed as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Dayton. Soon he received a call to the Second Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, preaching there for the first time on February 18, 1858. A new congregation was "colonized" in 1864 by members from Second Presbyterian to a location at Walnut & 16th Streets where a new edifice was built.<mask> became the pastor of the resulting Walnut Street Presbyterian Church. This congregation relocated in 1879 to a new church building at the corner of Washington and Compton streets, becoming the Washington and Compton Presbyterian Church, where <mask> remained until his death on Easter Sunday, April 18, 1897. Brookes had a deep knowledge of the Bible's original languages, an excellent memory, and continually read and studied the Bible. He believed the Bible to be perfect, inerrant, and therefore infallible and immutable. This remarkable knowledge was coupled with his ability to communicate in a highly effective manner. Benjamin B. Warfield, then professor of theology at Princeton Seminary, wrote of Brookes: "Large in figure, commanding in carriage, fluent and forceful in speech, fired with intense convictions, infused with emotion, whether in pulpit or on platform his oratory not only caught the attention but dominated the feelings and controlled the convictions of his audience ... [He had] the voice of a lion and the vehemence of an Elijah ... His was no anæmic (sic) Christianity." Dispensationalist and Premillennialist
Brookes was a premillennialist, believing that nowhere in the New Testament is there "so much as a hint of the millennium .. . preceding the personal [Second] coming of Christ." During this thousand year period, Christ will reign and "Israel will see the fulfillment of its covenants that were unconditionally promised in the Old Testament." The millennium will follow the "resurrection and rapture" of believers and a period of "culminating wickedness" before Christ returns with his church to reign over the earth. <mask> <mask> was considered a "founding father" of dispensationalism in the United States along with men like Dwight L. Moody, Adoniram Judson Gordon, C. I. Scofield, William Eugene Blackstone, and Arno C. Gaebelein. In the foreword to the Dictionary of Premillennial Theology, Mal Couch writes "Not all premillennialists are dispensationalists, but all dispensationalists are premillennialists." Among their beliefs, dispensationalists hold that the Bible is inerrant, verbally inspired, and must be consistently interpreted with a normal literal-grammatical-historical hermeneutic, views that were foundational for Brookes. <mask> led the Niagara Bible Conference for many years which "helped to spread Dispensationalism across America."Premillennial and dispensational beliefs became incorporated in the 1878 confession of faith (Niagara Creed) that was largely written by Brookes and adopted by the Niagara Bible Conference. Writings
Dr. <mask> was a prolific author, writing more than 200 books, booklets, tracts and journal articles. He was a well-known Bible teacher and the editor of The Truth or Testimony for Christ, a periodical which served, along with the journal Watchword, as the official organ of the premillennial movement until his death in 1897. Many of <mask>'s writings are available digitally and as reprints. Following are a sample. An Outline of the Books of the Bible (n.d.)
 Bible Reading on the Second Coming of Christ (n.d.)
 Chaff and Wheat. A defense of verbal inspiration (1891)
 Did Jesus Rise?A book written to aid honest skeptics (n.d.)
 From Death Unto Life; or, The Sinner Saved (n.d.)
 God Spake All These Words (1895)
 Gospel Hymns (1871)
 He Is Not Here: the Resurrection of Christ (1896)
 How to be Saved: or, The sinner directed to the Saviour (1864)
 "I Am Coming"  (1895)
 In Memoriam: Hamilton Rowan Gamble, Governor of Missouri (1864)
 Is the Bible Inspired? (n.d.)
 Is the Bible True? (1877)
 Israel and the Church, the terms distinguished as found in the word of God (n.d.)
 Life through the Living One (1891)
 May Christians Dance? (1869)
 Maranatha: or The Lord Commeth (1889)
 Present Truth: being the testimony of the Holy Ghost on the second coming of the Lord, the divinity of Christ and the personality of the Holy Ghost (1877)
 The Bible Under Fire
 The Christ (1893)
 The Holy Spirit (n.d.)
 The Mystery of Suffering (1890)
 The Way Made Plain (n.d.)
 Till he Come (1891)

Family
In 1854, after returning from his brief study at Princeton Theological Seminary and accepting the call to ministry at First Presbyterian Church of Dayton, Ohio, <mask> married Susan Ann Oliver. They had five daughters. Etta Oliver Brookes lived from 1856 to 1872. Susan Mary <mask> (1861–1936) married Selden P. Spencer, who became a U.S.Senator. Sarah Lacy <mask> (1864–1886) married Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, who became president of Miami University. Judith Bertha <mask> (1866–1905) married Harry French Knight, a St. Louis financier. Olive J<mask> (1872–1930) married David Riddle Williams who authored the 1897 James H. Brookes: A Memoir. Olive's second husband was Rev. Harris H. Gregg. Dr. <mask> died in 1897 on Easter Sunday; his wife, Susan, died in 1910.Both Dr. and Mrs. <mask> along with all of their children except Judith are buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis, Missouri. Brookes Bible College
The Saint Louis Bible Training School for Lay Workers was established in Saint Louis in 1909. Subsequently, the school was renamed in honor of Dr. <mask>. It was known as Brookes Bible Institute for many years. Following its accreditation, the name was changed to Brookes Bible College. The college is now located in Saint Ann, Missouri, a suburb of Saint Louis. References

External links

1830 births
1897 deaths
American Presbyterian ministers
American religious writers
19th-century American clergy

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title: Maqoma

type: original

texts:
Jongumsobomvu <mask> (1798–1873) was a Xhosa chief and a commander of the Xhosa forces during the Cape Frontier Wars. Born in the Right Hand House of the Xhosa Kingdom, he was the older brother of Chief Mgolombane Sandile and nephew to King Hintsa. In 1818, he commanded the forces of his father, Ngqika, who seemingly was trying to overthrow the government and become the king of the Xhosa nation. In 1829, he moved to the so-called neutral zone to take land but was expelled by the British troops. Early life
Born on in the right hand house of the Xhosa Kingdom , <mask> was the oldest son of Chief Ngqika. Throughout his life, he was opposed to his father's strategy of ceding land to the Cape Colony; as a result, in 1822, he went back into the Neutral Zone in order to establish his own chiefdom. Sixth Xhosa War

The Sixth War is known as Hintsa's War by the Xhosa.However, Hintsa did not instigate the war and, although he gave support to the Xhosa armies which were involved, it was Chief <mask> who was the primary leader of the Xhosa forces. Background
On the Cape's eastern border (now the Keiskamma River) insecurity persisted. Particularly as the Xhosa on the other side of the border were under considerable pressure from forces further east such as the effects of the expanding Zulu Empire. Although highly unstable, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of cultural diversity, with Europeans, Khoikhoi and Xhosa living and trading throughout the frontier region. Outbreak
Local Cape responses to the Xhosa cattle raids varied, but in some cases were drastic and violent. On 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by <mask>, swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony, pillaged and burned the homesteads and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the Kat River valley by the British authorities.Refugees from the farms and villages took to the safety of Grahamstown, where women and children found refugee in the church
In the cape

British campaign
The response was swift and multi-faceted. Boer commandos mobilised under Piet Retief and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the Winterberg Mountains in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via Algoa Bay. The British governor, Sir Benjamin d'Urban mustered the combined forces under Colonel Sir Harry Smith, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the uprising had reached Cape Town. It was from Grahamstown that the retaliatory campaign was launched and directed. The campaign inflicted a string of defeats on the Xhosa, such as at Trompetter's Drift on the Fish River, and most of the Xhosa chiefs surrendered. However <mask> and Tyali (the other major Xhosa leader) retreated to the fastnesses of the Amatola Mountains.The treaty
British governor Sir Benjamin d'Urban believed that Hintsa ka Khawuta, King of the Gcaleka Xhosa, commanded authority over all of the Xhosa tribes and therefore held him responsible for the initial attack on the Cape Colony, and for the looted cattle. D'Urban came to the frontier in December 1834, and led a large force across the Kei river to confront Hintsa at his residence and dictate terms to him. The terms dictated that all the country from the Cape's prior frontier, the Keiskamma River, as far as the Great Kei River was annexed as the British "Queen Adelaide Province", and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of province's government was selected and named King William’s Town. The new province was declared to be for the settlement of loyal tribes, rebel tribes who replaced their leadership, and the Fengu (known to the Europeans as the "Fingo people"), who had recently arrived fleeing from the Zulu armies and had been living under Xhosa subjection. Magistrates were appointed to administer the territory in the hope that they would gradually, with the help of missionaries, undermine tribal authority. Hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836, after having continued for nine months.Eighth Xhosa War

Background
Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor Harry Smith, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European culture. Harry Smith also attacked and annexed the independent Orange Free State, hanging the Boer resistance leaders, and in the process alienating the Burghers of the Cape Colony. To cover the mounting expenses he then imposed exorbitant taxes on the local people of the frontier and cut the Cape's standing forces to less than five thousand men. In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region. The Outbreak of War (December 1850)
Governor Sir Harry Smith travelled to meet with the prominent chiefs after unrest in the Xhosa nation.When Sandile refused to attend a meeting outside Fort Cox, Governor Smith deposed him and declared him a fugitive. On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was ambushed by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to Fort White, under heavy fire from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties. The very next day, during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them. With this attack, the bulk of the Ngqika joined the war. Initial Xhosa victories
While the Governor was still at Fort Cox, the Xhosa forces advanced on the colony, isolating him there.The Xhosa burned British military villages along the frontier, and captured the post at Line Drift. Meanwhile, the Khoi of the Blinkwater River Valley and Kat River Settlement revolted, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and captured Fort Armstrong. Large numbers of the "Kaffir Police" — a paramilitary police force the British had established to combat cattle theft — deserted their posts and joined Xhosa war parties. For a while, it appeared that the Khoi people of the in Xhosaland were also fighting and taking up arms against the British. Harry Smith finally fought his way out of Fort Cox with the help of the local Cape Mounted Riflemen, but found that he had alienated most of his local allies. His policies had made enemies of the Burghers and Boer Commandos, the Fengu, and the Khoi, who formed much of the Cape's local defences. Even some of the Cape Mounted Riflemen refused to fight.British counter-attack (Jan 1851)
After  these initial successes, however, the Xhosa experienced a series of setbacks. Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and Fort Hare. Similarly, on 7 January, Hermanus and his supporters launched an offensive on the town of Fort Beaufort, which was defended by a small detachment of troops and local volunteers. The attack failed however, and Hermanus was killed. The Cape Government also eventually agreed to levy a force of local gunmen (predominantly Khoi) to hold the frontier, allowing Smith to free some imperial troops for offensive action. British reinforcements
By the end of January, the British were beginning to receive reinforcements from Cape Town and a force under Colonel Mackinnon was able to successfully drive north from King William's Town to resupply the beleaguered garrisons at Fort White, Fort Cox and Fort Hare. With fresh men and supplies, the British expelled the remainder of Hermanus' rebel forces (now under the command of Willem Uithaalder) from Fort Armstrong and drove them west toward the Amatola Mountains.Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. In 1852, HMS Birkenhead was wrecked at Gansbaai while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of Sir Harry Smith. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. Final stages of the conflict

Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold was situated on Mount Misery, a natural fortress on a narrow neck wedged between the Waterkloof and Harry's Kloof.The Waterkloof conflicts lasted two years. Maqoma also killed Colonel Fort Fordyce and inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Sir Harry Smith. In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry the feet  inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by George Cathcart, who took charge in March. For the last 6 months, the man of foot town  ordered scourings of the countryside for rebels. In February 1853, Sandile and the other chiefs surrendered. The 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in the complete subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa.Imprisonment
<mask> was twice prisoner at Robben Island. During the first term, he was allowed company with his wife and son. However, on the second term, at the age of seventy-three, he was sent there alone. A visiting Anglican chaplain witnessed his last moments in 1873, when he "cried bitterly, before dying of old age and dejection". See also
Makana (prophet)
Xhosa Wars
Hintsa kaKhawuta

References

Xhosa people
African warriors
1873 deaths

1798 births

masks: Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma


title: Frederick III, Elector Palatine

texts:
<mask> of Simmern, the Pious, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (14 February 1515 – 16 October 1576) was a ruler from the house of Wittelsbach, branch Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim. He was a son of John II of Simmern and inherited the Palatinate from the childless Elector Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine (Ottheinrich) in 1559. He was a devout convert to Calvinism, and made the Reformed confession the official religion of his domain by overseeing the composition and promulgation of the Heidelberg Catechism. His support of Calvinism gave the German Reformed movement a foothold within the Holy Roman Empire. Life

<mask> was strictly educated in the Catholic faith at his father's court and at Cologne, but, influenced by his wife, the pious princess Maria of Brandenburg, whom he married in 1537, he followed the Reformation, and in 1546 made a public profession of his faith. He succeeded his father John II as duke of Simmern on 18 May 1557, and became elector on 12 February 1559, on the death of Otto Henry. Under his predecessor strict Lutherans like Tilemann Heshusius, Melanchthonians, and Calvinists had found a place in the Palatinate.In the summer of 1559 bitter controversies arose among them. Theses on the Lord's Supper prepared by the Heidelberg deacon Wilhelm Klebitz provoked a bitter controversy between him and Heshusius. When efforts at mediation failed <mask> deposed both men on 16 September 1559. To get a clear understanding of the controversy <mask> spent days and nights in theological studies and was thus led more and more to the Reformed confession. A disputation held in June 1560 between the Saxon theologians Johann Stössel and Joachim Mörlin and the Heidelbergers Pierre Boquin, Thomas Erastus, and Paul Einhorn increased <mask>'s dislike for the Lutheran zealots. After the Naumburg Convention (January 1561) <mask> fully adopted the Reformed dogmas. In March 1561 he invited Emmanuel Tremellius to Heidelberg, and in September the famous Zacharius Ursinus.The whole Church was now transformed. Caspar Olevianus had been there since January 1560. Images of the saints, vestments, baptismal fonts, and other "idolatrous works," even organs, were ruthlessly removed from the churches. In the celebration of the Lord's Supper the breaking of bread was introduced. The revenues from monasteries and foundations were confiscated and applied to Evangelical church purposes or charity. The Heidelberg Catechism, prepared by a committee of theologians and ministers likely led by Ursinus, now served as the norm of doctrine and for the instruction of the youth. The church order of 15 November 1563 and the consistory order of 1564 consolidated the changes.The opposition of ministers inclining to Lutheranism was suppressed by their dismissal. Among the Lutherans, <mask>'s measures caused a great sensation. The religious colloquy held at Maulbronn in April 1564 increased the animosity. In 1565 the Emperor Maximilian ordered the changes to be annulled. A unanimous decree of the 1566 Diet of Augsburg also demanded the abolition of the changes. <mask>, however, declared in the 14 May session of the Diet that a matter was concerned over which God alone has the rule, and if it was intended to proceed against him, he would find comfort in the promises of his Saviour. The decree was not carried out.After completing the work of reform in the Rhine Palatinate, <mask> endeavored to continue it in the Upper Palatinate; but here he was resisted by the zealous Lutheran estates. He continued his work of reform on the Rhine by introducing in 1570 a strict church discipline. <mask> pronounced the sentence of death on the Antitrinitarian Johann Sylvan based on the opinion signed by Olevianus, Ursinus, and Boquin, on 23 December 1572. In 1562 <mask> gave Frankenthal as a refuge to the Evangelicals driven from the Netherlands. He sent his like-minded son Johann Casimir in 1567 and again in 1576 to France in aid of the Huguenots. In 1569 he assisted also Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken on his way to France. <mask>'s last years were troubled by domestic afflictions.As his older son Louis was a strict Lutheran, he could not hope that after his death his work would be carried out in his own spirit. Family and children
<mask> was married twice. Firstly, he married in 1537  Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519 – 1567), daughter of Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth and Susanna of Bavaria. Their children were:
 Alberta (4 April 1538 – 19 March 1553)
 Louis VI, Elector Palatine (4 July 1539 – 22 October 1583)
 Elisabeth (30 June 1540 – 8 February 1594), married in 1558 to Duke <mask> II of Saxony
 Hermann Ludwig (6 October 1541 – 1 July 1556)
 Johann Casimir (7 March 1543 – 16 January 1592); married: 1570 Elisabeth of Saxony (18 October 1552 - 2 April 1590)
 Dorothea Susanne (15 November 1544 – 8 April 1592), married in 1560 to John William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
 Albert (30 September 1546 – 30 April 1547)
 Anna Elisabeth (23 July 1549 – 20 September 1609), married:
 in 1569 to Landgrave Philipp II of Hesse-Rheinfels;
 in 1599 to Count Palatine John August of Veldenz
 Christof (13 June 1551 – 14 April 1574)
 Karl (28 December 1552 – 12 September 1555)
 Kunigunde Jakobäa (9 October 1556 – 26 January 1586), married in 1580 to Count John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg

Secondly, he married in 1569 Amalia of Neuenahr ( 1539 – 1602), but this marriage was childless. He died in 1576, and was succeeded as Elector Palatine by his son Louis VI. <mask> had carved out a territory from the Lower Palatine land dubbed "Pfalz-Lautern" for his second surviving son Johann Casimir as an enclave to enable the continued existence of the Reformed faith. Johann Casimir would serve as regent for the Electorate of the Palatinate upon Louis VI's death and would oversee the return of the Reformed faith to the Palatinate.Literature

Ancestors

1515 births
1576 deaths
People from Simmern
Converts to Calvinism
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
House of Palatinate-Simmern
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate

masks:
Frederick III
Frederick
Frederick
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Frederick
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Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
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Frederick III
Johann Frederick
Frederick


title: Roberto Gualtieri

texts:
<mask> (born 19 July 1966) is an Italian historian, academic and politician of the Democratic Party (PD), incumbent Mayor of Rome since 2021 and Minister of Economy and Finances in the government of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte from 2019 until 2021. He previously was a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019, where he chaired the influential Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee within the Parliament from 2014 until 2019. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Rome in 1966. In 1992 he graduated in Literature and Philology at Sapienza University of Rome. In 1997, he obtained a Ph.D in History at the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino. <mask> later became professor of Contemporary history at Sapienza University of Rome, where he had authored several books and articles on twentieth century Italian history and on the history of the European integration. Political career
Since 2001, Gualtieri has been Deputy Director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation.In the same year, he became a member of Democrats of the Left (DS), the main social-democratic political party in Italy, direct heir of the Italian Communist Party. In 2006, Gualtieri was among the founders of the Democratic Party (Congress of Orvieto, October 2006) and he was among the "wise men" who wrote its Manifesto. In 2007 he was elected to the National Assembly of the party and since 2008 he has been a member of its National board, where he was confirmed in 2014. Gualtieri voted against party leader Matteo Renzi in favour of post-communists both in 2013 and 2014 (the year Renzi won the leadership ballot). From 2008 to 2011, Gualtieri served as director (with José Luis Rhi-Sausi) of the "Annual Report on European Integration" (published by Il Mulino). Since 2009, he is a member of the editorial committee of the Foundation "Italianieuropei" . Member of the European Parliament
In 2009, Gualtieri was appointed S&D Group coordinator for the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE) and standing rapporteur for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) budget in the Committee on Budgets (BUDG).He was also a full member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) and substitute of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET). In 2010, he was appointed S&D Group negotiator within the EP negotiating team (with Elmar Brok and Guy Verhofstadt) on the creation of the European External Action Service. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the parliament's delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly between 2009 and 2014. In December 2011, Gualtieri was part of the European Parliament negotiating team (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Daniel Cohn-Bendit) for the establishment of the "Fiscal Compact". In October 2012, he was designated "sherpa" negotiator for the European Parliament (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Cohn-Bendit) in the working group set up by Herman Van Rompuy on a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. In 2013 he was co-rapporteur of  the Report on constitutional problems of a multitier governance in the European Union with Rafał Trzaskowski. In 2013, he participated in the elaboration of the new Treaty for the European Union, with Brok, Verhofstaft, Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen, promoted by the "Spinelli Group", of which he is a member.From 2013, Gualtieri was member of the Spinelli Group in the European Parliament, and he has been among the authors of the "Fundamental Law of the European Union" (with Elmar Brok, Guy Verhofstadt, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen), published by the Bertelsmann Foundation. Gualtieri led the EU-Election Observer Missions for the parliamentary election in Kosovo in 2014 and the 2013 municipal elections in Kosovo. Following his re-election as an MEP in July 2014, Gualtieri was elected Chairman of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. On the committee, he served as rapporteur of several files, among which the Annual Banking Union report, statistical files, including the appointments of heads and board members of the European Central Bank, the Single Resolution Board, the European Banking Authority, the European Securities and Markets Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority. He chaired the EP Financial Assistance Working Group, established in 2016 to monitor the implementation of third Greek financial assistance program, and the Committee's Banking Union Working Group. From 2016, Gualtieri was also a member of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion. In addition, he was a member of the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD), the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime) and of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.From 2017, Gualtieri served on the Parliament's so-called Brexit Steering Group, which works under the aegis of the Conference of Presidents and to coordinates Parliament's deliberations, considerations and resolutions on the UK's withdrawal from the EU. Within group, he was – together with Guy Verhofstadt and Elmar Brok – one of the Parliament's representatives at the European Council Sherpa meetings on Brexit. Following the 2019 elections, Gualtieri was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade. Shortly after, <mask> was elected vice-chair of the S&D Group, under the leadership of chairwoman Iratxe García. Minister of Economy and Finance

In August 2019 tensions grew within the populist government, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte by the League. After Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government, and on 29 August President Sergio Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so.On 5 September 2019 <mask> was appointed Minister of Economy and Finance. On 26 January 2020, <mask> was picked by the centre-left coalition as its candidate at the incoming by-election in the constituency of Rome Quartiere Trionfale for the Chamber of Deputies. The by-election follows the resignation of Paolo Gentiloni from his seat in the Chamber after his appointment as European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs in the von der Leyen Commission. In July 2020, <mask>, along with Prime Minister Conte and Minister Vincenzo Amendola, played a key role in one of the longest European Councils in history. After days of harsh confrontations, the European leaders agreed on a new proposal by the President of the Council, Charles Michel, which provided a budget of €750 billion for the so-called Recovery Fund, composed of €390 billion in grants and €360 billion in loans. Italy would benefit from nearly €82 billion in grants and €127 billion in loans. In January 2021, the centrist party Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government.Although Conte was able to win confidence votes in the Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign after failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate. When negotiations to form Conte's third cabinet failed, the former President of the European Central Bank, Mario Draghi, formed a national unity government, in which Gualtieri was not confirmed as minister. Mayor of Rome
On 9 May 2021, Gualtieri officially announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome in the upcoming election.<ref>La battaglia per il Campidoglio, Gualtieri si candida a sindaco di Roma: "Farò le primarie". Conte: "M5S compatto su Raggi", la Repubblica</ref> On 18 October, he defeated the centre-right candidate, Enrico Michetti, with 60.2% of votes. He took office on 21 October 2021. Political positions
<mask> is a social democrat and often describes himself as a Keynesian. In 2016, the magazine Politico'' ranked Gualtieri as number 8 among 40 most influential MEPs.Personal life
Gualtieri is married and he has a son. He was once a semi-professional bossa nova musician who accompanied Brazilian singer Rosalia de Souza when she performed in Italy. Other activities

European Union institutions
 European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

International organizations
 African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

Non-profit organizations
 New Pact for Europe, Member of the Advisory Group

Electoral history

First-past-the-post elections

References

External links

1966 births
21st-century Italian politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Italian historians
Living people
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
MEPs for Italy 2019–2024
Politicians from Rome
Sapienza University of Rome faculty
Conte II Cabinet
Finance ministers of Italy
Mayors of Rome

masks:
Roberto Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri


title: Gene Haas

texts:
<mask> (born November 12, 1952) is the American founder, president, and sole stockholder of Haas Automation, a CNC machine tool manufacturer. He also has a presence in motorsports, having founded NASCAR team Haas CNC Racing (now known as Stewart-Haas Racing) and the Formula One team, Haas F1 Team. Haas Automation

Haas graduated from California State University, Northridge in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting and finance. He originally majored in engineering but switched to business after Lockheed nearly went bankrupt. After graduation he was unable to find employment that paid more than what he was earning at his summer machine shop job. So, for the next few years he worked as a machinist and CNC programmer. In 1978, he opened Pro-turn Engineering, a small machine shop with two employees.In 1980, <mask> noticed that it took one of his employees a long time to manually position an indexer. <mask> thought that building his own indexer with a stepper motor drive would be more efficient. He built one for himself and few more for other machine shops. In March 1983, he displayed his indexer at WESTEC (an industry expo). After seeing the positive reaction of attendees, he decided to form Haas Automation to mass-produce them. His first commercial product, the HBI-5C (Haas Brothers Indexer), sold well because it was programmable and inexpensive. In 1986, <mask> and a partner were awarded a US patent for their invention.In 1988 Haas started production on a fully enclosed CNC machining center priced well below the competition. Some believed Haas copied or reverse engineered this machine, but at the time existing machines were so hard to use that Haas used them as an example of what not to do. Over time, Haas machine tools became extremely popular, mostly because they were simple, very affordable, and operator-friendly. By 1996, Haas had outgrown its facilities in Chatsworth, California, and began a search that ultimately brought it to Oxnard, California. In March 1997, the move was completed into the Oxnard factory, a  facility. By 2005, the factory had been expanded to . Haas Automation is now the largest machine tool manufacturer in the United States.Sales for 2008 reached a record, reportedly just under $1 billion worldwide. Auto racing

NASCAR

In 2002, <mask> formed a NASCAR race team, Haas CNC Racing. After purchasing the Concord, North Carolina-based Craftsman Truck race facility from Hendrick Motorsports, Haas CNC Racing began work on its first entry in the Winston Cup (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) Series as a single-car team. The first entry for the new team was September 30, 2002 with driver Jack Sprague, who finished 35th after a crash. The team raced only three times in 2002. By 2003 the team was running full-time with several driver changes over the season. The team won its first race in the then-Busch Series in 2004 with driver Jason Leffler.By 2006 the team had relocated to a new, state-of-the-art facility in Kannapolis, North Carolina, and was fielding a full-time two car team in the Cup Series. At the end of 2008, the team was still struggling with a career-average finish of just under 27th place. Late in 2008, <mask> announced that he would join forces with driver Tony Stewart; Stewart would drive for the team and in return would be given a 50% stake in the company. Stewart led the points for much of 2009, winning four times at Pocono, Daytona, Watkins Glen, and Kansas, ending up sixth in points. Stewart had a mediocre 2010 before picking up wins at Atlanta and Fontana, while Newman won at Phoenix. Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, winning 5 of the 10 Chase races. <mask> was present at the first team win in May 2009 when Stewart won the All-Star Race.<mask> also joined Stewart on the podium at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, 2011, as Stewart won the Ford EcoBoost 400 that day and claimed his third Sprint Cup Championship. <mask> won their second Cup title with Kevin Harvick in 2014. On September 30, 2015, Stewart announced his retirement from the Cup Series as a driver following the 2016 season. The team currently runs cars in the Cup Series for Harvick (No. 4), Chase Briscoe (No. 14), Aric Almirola (No. 10) and Cole Custer (No.41). With Cole Custer's victory at New Hampshire in September 2014, <mask> joined a select club of owners who have won as an owner in all three national touring series, joining Rick Hendrick, Richard Childress, Jack Roush, and Bill Davis. Formula One

In January 2014, <mask> confirmed that he had formally submitted to the FIA his interest in entering a team in the F1 championship in 2015 or 2016, initially named Haas Formula and Haas Racing Developments. On April 11, 2014, <mask> announced that he had been granted a license from the FIA. On May 28, however, it was revealed that the team would delay its debut until 2016, with <mask> officially confirming the postponement on June 4. In September 2014, the team took up its current name of Haas F1 Team to better promote its involvement in the chosen sport. In December 2014, it was further reported that <mask> purchased major assets from the bankrupted Marussia F1 team, which was confirmed in early 2015.Wind Shear wind tunnel

In 2006 planning began for a commercial wind tunnel. Haas commissioned California-based Triliad Development to oversee the project. The facility was designed to be the most advanced automotive wind tunnel in the world. The facility is centered on an MTS rolling road which allows a car to be restrained in place directly on top of a massive tread mill-like machine with a  by  by 1 mm thick stainless steel belt rotating at speeds up to . The rolling road accurately simulates the dynamics of a car on the race track, unlike traditional fixed-floor tunnels. Construction of the new wind tunnel began in 2007 and was completed by year-end. After six months of commissioning, the wind tunnel opened to its first customer, a Formula One race team, in July 2008.Today the Wind Shear facility counts numerous NASCAR, IndyCar, Formula One and American Le Mans Series teams as customers. Wind Shear is owned 100% by Haas. Philanthropic activities
Haas Automation and Haas were the recipient of the Roy Pinkerton Award, presented by United Way, Ventura County Chapter. Many engineering colleges have "CNC Labs" outfitted with machines he donated, including California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), California State University, Channel Islands, California State University, Northridge, and De Anza College. <mask> also has been a generous donor to two-year colleges, most recently Danville Community College through the award of a $1 million grant in April 2015 to support an Associate of Applied Science degree program in Integrated Machining Technology. The program, which will be housed in the Gene Haas Center for Integrated Machining in Danville, Virginia, will build upon the college's existing 80-credit Precision Machining Technology two-year diploma program. The Gene Haas Foundation
The Gene Haas Foundation has provided charitable donations since 2001 including Hospice Foundation, Boy Scouts of America, Los Angeles Mission, YMCA Kids Camp, NAACP, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS Society, and others.Criminal tax evasion
On June 19, 2006, <mask> was arrested by IRS agents for investigation of filing false tax returns, witness intimidation, and conspiracy. Four others were indicted together with <mask>, all of whom pleaded guilty. Just before <mask>'s case was to go to trial, a plea agreement was reached, whereby he would plead guilty to felony conspiracy to commit tax evasion. He was sentenced to two years in prison and ordered to pay $75 million in restitution. <mask> was incarcerated beginning January 2008 and was released on probation on May 7, 2009 after serving 16 months of his two-year sentence. References

 Gene Haas Foundation data provided by Manager, Gene Haas Foundation, 2800 Sturgis Road, Oxnard, California 93030

External links

 Industry Week article on Haas Automation
 Official Haas Automation website
 Official Haas CNC Racing website
 <mask>'s biography at Haas Automation

1952 births
Living people
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American manufacturing businesspeople
American people convicted of tax crimes
Businesspeople from California
California State University, Northridge alumni
Engineers from California
Formula One team owners
NASCAR team owners

masks:
Eugene Francis Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Stewart Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas


title: Christin Hussong

texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1994) is a German track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. She has won gold at the 2011 World Youth Championships, 2015 European U23 Championships and at the 2018 European Championships. Hussong holds the European Championships record with her personal best throw of 69.19 m.

She is a member of LAZ Zweibrücken's track and field squad and is coached by her father, Udo Hussong. Career

2010–2015
Hussong represented Germany in the girls' javelin throw at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, placing fourth with a throw of 49.89 m. Her season best that year, 55.35 m, ranked her third in the world among youth athletes. Hussong improved her personal best to 59.74 m at the 2011 World Youth Championships, winning gold by more than five metres and setting a new championship record; the International Association of Athletics Federations named her Rising Star of the Year in women's athletics. 59.74 m remained Hussong's personal best until 2014; at the 2012 World Junior Championships she threw 53.20 m in her best effort and placed seventh, while at the 2013 European Junior Championships she threw 57.90 m and won silver, one centimetre behind gold medalist Sofi Flink of Sweden. In 2014, Hussong broke 60 metres for the first time, winning with a throw of 60.26 m at the German U23 Championships on 15 June.A month later, she threw 63.34 m at the Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern meeting, setting a German U23 record and meeting the qualifying standard for the European Championships. At the 2014 European Championships she threw 61.13 m in the qualification round and 59.29 m in the final, placing seventh. In March 2015, she won gold with a throw of 60.81 m at the 2015 European U23 Throwing Cup. In July, she won gold at the 2015 European U23 Championships with a  65.60 m throw, seven metres ahead of second place. This 65.60 m throw broke both her own German U23 record and Madara Palameika's championship record and moved Hussong to second (behind Mariya Abakumova) on the European U23 all-time list. She then competed at the 2015 World Championships in August. She placed first in the qualification round with a personal best throw of 65.92 m and finished sixth in the final with a 62.98 m effort.2016–present
In March 2016, she competed at the 2016 European Throwing Cup, where she won gold with a 61.80 m throw. In June, she set a new personal best of 66.41 m at the 2016 German Athletics Championships, winning the competition in the process. The next month, she competed at the 2016 European Championships, where she placed seventeenth with a 57.17 m throw in the qualification round and did not make it to the final. In August, Hussong represented her homeland at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She advanced through the qualification round with a throw of 62.17 m and placed twelfth in the final with a 57.70 m throw. In March 2017, she competed at the 2017 European Throwing Cup, where she won bronze with a 59.00 m throw. In July, she placed first at the 2017 Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern with a seasonal best throw of 64.18 m. In August, she participated in the 2017 World Championships.She placed seventeenth in the qualification round with a throw of 60.86 m and did not make it through to the final. Later that month, she competed at the 2017 Summer Universiade. She topped the qualification round with a 60.18 m throw then finished fifth in the final with a 60.59 m effort. In July 2018, Hussong won gold at the German Athletics Championships for a second time, with a throw of 63.54 m. In August, she won gold at the 2018 European Athletics Championships. She won the qualifying round with a personal best throw of 67.29 m, and in the final set another personal best—and championship record—throw of 67.90 m, over six metres further than silver medallist Nikola Ogrodníková. She won silver at the 2018 IAAF Continental Cup in September.


title: Patrick Suppes

texts:
<mask> (; March 17, 1922 – November 17, 2014) was an American philosopher who made significant contributions to philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, the foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology and educational technology. He was the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and until January 2010 was the Director of the Education Program for Gifted Youth also at Stanford. Early life and career
Suppes was born on March 17, 1922, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He grew up as an only child, later with a half brother George who was born in 1943 after <mask> had entered the army. His grandfather, C. E<mask>, had moved to Oklahoma from Ohio. Suppes' father and grandfather were independent oil men. His mother died when he was a young boy.He was raised by his stepmother, who married his father before he was six years old. His parents did not have much formal education. Suppes began college at the University of Oklahoma in 1939, but transferred to the University of Chicago in his second year, citing boredom with intellectual life in Oklahoma as his primary motivation. In his third year, at the insistence of his family, Suppes attended the University of Tulsa, majoring in physics, before entering the Army Reserves in 1942. In 1943 he returned to the University of Chicago and graduated with a B.S. in meteorology, and was stationed shortly thereafter at the Solomon Islands to serve during World War II. Suppes was discharged from the Army Air Force in 1946.In January 1947 he entered Columbia University as a graduate student in philosophy as a student of Ernest Nagel and received a PhD in 1950. In 1952 he went to Stanford University, and from 1959 to 1992 he was the director of the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (IMSSS). He would subsequently become the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Stanford. Work

Computer-aided learning
In the 1960s Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson (the future president of the University of California) conducted experiments in using computers to teach math and reading to school children in the Palo Alto area. Stanford's Education Program for Gifted Youth and Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC, now named Pearson Education Technologies) are indirect descendants of those early experiments. At Stanford, Suppes was instrumental in encouraging the development of high-technology companies that were springing up in the field of educational software up into the 1990s, (such as Bien Logic). One computer used in Suppes and Atkinson's Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) experiments was the specialized IBM 1500 Instructional System.Seeded by a research grant in 1964 from the U.S. Department of Education to the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences at Stanford University, the IBM 1500 CAI system was initially prototyped at the Brentwood Elementary School (Ravenswood City School District) in East Palo Alto, California by Suppes. The students first used the system in 1966. Suppes' Dial-a-Drill program was a touchtone phone interface for CAI. Ten schools around Manhattan were involved in the program which delivered three lessons per week by telephone. Dial-a-Drill adjusted the routine for students who answered two questions incorrectly. The system went online in March 1969. Touchtone telephones were installed in the homes of children participating in the program.Field workers educated parents on the benefits of the program and collected feedback. Decision theory
During the 1950s and 1960s Suppes collaborated with Donald Davidson on decision theory, at Stanford. Their initial work followed lines of thinking which had been anticipated in 1926 by Frank P. Ramsey, and involved experimental testing of their theories, culminating in the 1957 monograph Decision Making: An Experimental Approach. Such commentators as Kirk Ludwig trace the origins of Davidson's theory of radical interpretation to his formative work with Suppes. Awards and honors
 In 1965 he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences for his work on mathematical psychology. In 1971 he was elected as a Permanent Member of the Institut international de philosophie. On November 13, 1990, President George H. W. Bush awarded Suppes with the President's National Medal of Science for work in Behavioral and Social Science.In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is the laureate of the 2003 Lakatos Award for his contributions to the philosophy of science. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2012, he was given the first ever Software and Information Industry Association Lifetime Achievement Award

Works

Including: Suppes, <mask> (1960), Stimulus-sampling theory for a continuum of response, pp. 348–363. Suppes, <mask> (1972 [1960]). Axiomatic Set Theory.Dover. Spanish translation by H. A. Castillo, Teoria Axiomatica de Conjuntos. Suppes, <mask> (1984). Probabilistic Metaphysics, Blackwell Pub; Reprint edition (October 1986)
 Humphreys, P., ed. (1994). <mask>s: Scientific Philosopher, Synthese Library (Springer-Verlag). Vol.1: Probability and Probabilistic Causality. Vol. 2: Philosophy of Physics, Theory Structure and Measurement, and Action Theory. Suppes, <mask> (1999) (1957). Introduction to Logic. Dover. Spanish translation by G. A. Carrasco, Introduccion a la logica simbolica.Chinese translation by Fu-Tseng Liu. <mask>, <mask> (2002). Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures. CSLI (distributed by the University of Chicago Press). <mask>, <mask>; Hill, Shirley (2002) (1964). A First Course in Mathematical Logic. Dover.Spanish translation. Suppes, <mask>; Luce, R. Duncan; Krantz, David; Tversky, Amos (2007) (1972). Foundations of Measurement, Vols. 1–3. Dover. See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

External links

 Suppes's autobiography and complete subject bibliography – Stanford University
 Suppes's papers (pdf), and chronological bibliography – Stanford University
 Suppes on Computer Chronicles TV program. "Computer Chronicles: Computers In Education (1984): An early look at how computers are being used in formal education.Guests include Professor <mask> of Stanford University and Glenn Kleiman, author of 'Brave New Schools'. Includes demonstrations of the LOGO and BASIC languages. Guest host is Herb Lechner of SRI International." 1922 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
Action theorists
American logicians
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American philosophers
American philosophy academics
Analytic philosophers
Aristotelian philosophers
Central High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University people
Communication theorists
Contemporary philosophers
Educational psychologists
Epistemologists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Education
Lakatos Award winners
Lecturers
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Metaphysicians
National Medal of Science laureates
Ontologists
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of psychology
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of technology
Philosophy writers
Set theorists
Stanford Graduate School of Education faculty
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
Tarski lecturers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army reservists
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma

masks:
Patrick Colonel Suppes
Patrick
. Suppes
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Suppe
Patrick
Suppes
Patrick
Suppes
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Suppes


title: Tim Seelig

texts:
<mask> (born January 10, 1951) is an American conductor, singer, and educator. He is the Artistic Director of the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus. In addition, he guest-conducts and presents workshops in the US and around the world. <mask> joined the Turtle Creek Chorale in 1987 and served as its conductor for two decades during which he co-founded The Women's Chorus of Dallas. In 1999, he conducted the World's Longest Choral Concert as declared by Guinness World Records. At Turtle Creek, he recorded a total of 36 compact discs. For his work at Turtle Creek, he was named the Conductor Emeritus.He has authored five books on the topics of choral music and vocal technique. He is the author of The Perfect Blend, The Perfect Rehearsal, The Perfect Choral Workbook, The Music Within and Quick Fixes. As a clinician, he has appeared at state, regional and national conferences of the American Choral Directors Association and the Music Educators National Conference. Early life and education
Seelig was born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas in a devout Southern Baptist family. His mother was a singer and voice teacher and father the Vice President of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He sang in church choirs in the Baptist church from his earliest days. After completing high school, he majored in vocal performance and subsequently completed a master's degree and a Doctorate of Musical Arts from the University of North Texas.Since teenage years, he dreamed about studying in Salzburg, Austria, having been impressed by the beauty of the place during a family vacation. When he was 24, he moved to Salzburg, enrolled at the conservatory where he received a Diploma in Lieder and Oratorio. Upon completing his degree at Mozarteum, he and his wife returned to the United States to continue studies and begin teaching. Seelig was then offered a job at the Swiss National Opera and moved, with his wife and two small children, to Switzerland. He made his European operatic debut at the Staatsoper in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Upon total immersion in the life of a full-time opera singer, he realized it did not fit his personality or goals in life. He returned to the United States and resumed teaching at Houston Baptist University and began serving as Associate Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Houston.Career

1986 - 2003
In 1986, Seelig made the decision that he could no longer hide the fact that he was gay. Coming out brought instant repercussions. He was fired by the church lost his home, family, and most of his friends. He found out about a gay men's chorus in Dallas, the Turtle Creek Chorale, that was looking for a conductor. During his academic career, he had majored in vocal performance and minored in conducting. That minor and course of study proved useful. He applied for the job and was selected.When Seelig joined the TCC in 1987, it was in financial trouble. Through his work, the chorale began making profit again by 1989 and had grown from the original 40 singers to 200. In 1989, he co-founded the Women's Chorus of Dallas and conducted it off and on for the next twelve years. In 1989, he made his solo debut at Carnegie Hall, which was reviewed by the New York Times, which called him "an expressive performer." In the 1980s the US was witnessing an epidemic of AIDS in gay men. Being the leader of a gay men's chorus, Seelig actively worked to support the fight against AIDS. The chorale itself lost almost 200 of its member during the epidemic.In 1994, Seelig and his chorus' efforts to cope with the grief brought about by the epidemic was featured in After Goodbye: An AIDS Story, a documentary directed by Ginny Martin. The documentary went on to win twelve awards including an Emmy. Seelig began teaching voice and vocal pedagogy at the Meadows School for the Arts at Southern Methodist University in 1996. In 1999, Seelig conducted the World's longest choral concert at the Lakewood Theatre in Dallas. The show lasted for twenty hours as celebration of the 20th anniversary of the chorale. It was also a homage to the people the chorale had lost to AIDS. 2003 - 2010
In 2005, the Turtle Creek Chorale was approached to do a follow-up documentary to the 1994 After Goodbye.Seelig agreed and they produced The Power of Harmony about gay marriage, adoption and other important GLBT topics of the time. Seelig's first book The Perfect Blend was published in March 2005 by the Shawnee Press. The book provided vocal technique for choral singers. It included 100 exercises, rehearsal and programming tips as well as tips for vocal health. The book was sold with a CD of the same title. A sequel to the book The Perfect Rehearsal was published by Shawnee Press in August 2007 followed by The Perfect Choral Workbook in November. After working twenty years at the Turtle Creek Chorale, Seelig stepped down from the position of the conductor in 2007.The same year, The Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses (GALA) was looking to start a program for an Artistic Director-in-Residence. When he stepped down from Turtle Creek, he was invited by GALA to apply for the program. He applied and was named the first Artist Director-in-Residence of the association. The initial tenure for the program was one year, however, after the completion of the first year, Seelig stayed on for another year. During this time, he visited 40 choruses in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. After he stepped down from TCC, he was contacted by his friend Reverend Michael Piazza, who was the senior pastor at Cathedral of Hope. Piazza wanted Seelig to join him at a non-profit he had started called Hope for Peace and Justice.<mask> agreed to help him and was selected the director for the program Arts for Peace and Justice. In 2008, he founded Resounding Harmony, a mixed chorus in Dallas that performs with the sole purpose of raising money for non-profit organizations. Seelig made his fifth appearance at the Carnegie Hall at the Shawnee Press' 70th Anniversary in 2009. In May, he guest conducted the San Francisco's Gay Men's Chorus at the Davies Symphony Hall. He also conducted the North American GALA chorus at Southbank Centre in London performing Sing for a Cure – a choral symphony commissioned in coordination with the Susan Komen for the Cure featuring Maya Angelou. In 2009, Seelig produced An Evening of Hope at the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center honoring Maya Angelou on her 80th Birthday. In 2010, through Arts for Peace and Justice, he organized the first Gayther Homecoming, a gala evening of Christian music and songs following the format of Gaither Homecoming, but allowing homosexual people to perform.The original Gaither Homecoming, which started in 1991 does not allow openly homosexual people to perform. The proceeds from the gala were donated to Interfaith Peace Chapel at the COH. In Fall, Seelig served as the guest conductor of the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles and the Denver Gay Men's Chorus. 2011 - Present
In 2010, Seelig learned that the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus was looking for a conductor. He applied for the job and was selected. He left his job at the Southern Methodist University and Hope for Peace and Justice and relocated to San Francisco. He started as the conductor of the SFGMC in January 2011.As conductor of the SFGMC, he commissioned Steven Schwartz to compose a piece called Testimony inspired by the It Gets Better project. Testimony received positive reviews and The Huffington Post called it "the It Gets Better anthem." The same year, Seelig also contacted Andrew Lippa to write a five-minute piece about Harvey Milk. Excited by the project, Lippa proposed writing a complete sixty-minute show. Seelig commissioned the work and Lippa wrote I am Harvey Milk, which was premiered as part of the Harvey Milk concert in 2013 to commemorate the 35th Anniversary of SFGMC and Harvey Milk's assassination. In 2012, Seelig discussed the idea of creating a suite for Tyler Clementi with Schwartz. The two worked together and commissioned eight composers to do eight movements of the story of Clementi.San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus premiered the suite in 2013. Seelig was invited by the Turtle Creek Chorale to guest conduct and host the 35th anniversary concert of the chorale in 2015. In 2016, SFGMC performed Heartthrobs: Biggest Boy Band Ever directed and conducted by Seelig. The show featured pop music from the 70s and 80s to present day. In 2016, Seelig presented a master class as part of the summer choral program at the Idyllwild Arts Summer Program. In February 2020, Seelig conducted the Kansas Music Educators' Association All-State Mixed Choir. LGBT issues
In 2013, Seelig and his partner Dan England were contacted by Best Vacations Ever with an offer of attending a time share seminar and getting a discounted vacation to Las Vegas.The couple decided to enroll for the seminar. However, they were told later that the company cannot accept gay couples. Seelig took it to his Facebook and it was then picked up by Towleroad and other media outlets. The company responded by claiming that they allow gay couples in the seminar only if they are co-habitating and that the customer representatives Seelig spoke to misunderstood him. Seelig asked the Best Ever Vacations for a public apology, but there was no further response from the company. Bibliography
The Perfect Blend: Seriously Fun Vocal Warm Ups (2005)
The Perfect Rehearsal: Everything You Wanted to Know About Rehearsals! (2007)
The Perfect Choral Workbook: Everything You Need to Organize Your Choral Program (2007)
Quick Fixes: Prescriptions for Every Choral Challenge!(2008)
The Music Within: Discovering the Joy - AGAIN! One Man's Story, Everyone's Journey (2010)
The Language of Music (2015)

Discography

With Turtle Creek Chorale

With Women's Chorus of Dallas

Individually

References

External links

HoliGays Are Here! Beyond the Footlights
There’s No Place Like (an Acronym for) Home, Especially If It’s CoPa! Summer Vacation

Living people
American choral conductors
American male conductors (music)
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Classical musicians from California
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
American gay musicians
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people
1951 births

masks:
Tim Seelig
Seelig
Seelig


title: Bruce Adolphe

texts:
<mask> (born May 31, 1955) is a composer, music scholar, the author of several books on music, and pianist. He is currently Resident Lecturer and Director of Family Concerts of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and founder and creative director of The Learning Maestros, formerly called PollyRhythm Productions. He also founded the nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational organization Artful Thinkers. Adolphe performs a weekly "Piano Puzzler" segment on the nationally broadcast Performance Today classical music radio program hosted by Fred Child. "Piano Puzzler" was on National Public Radio starting in 2002, and is now on American Public Media. The program is also available as a podcast and from iTunes. Mr. Adolphe is also artistic director of Off the Hook Arts Festival, an interdisciplinary festival combining music, science, and visual arts, based in Fort Collins, Colorado.Biography
Adolphe earned a Bachelor of Music and a Master's of Music from Juilliard in 1976. In 1974, he wrote music for playwright Paul Corrigan's Nancy's Tragic Period and Tan My Hide, which were performed together at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan in May 1974. Adolphe has composed music for Yo-Yo Ma, Itzhak Perlman, Joshua Bell, Daniel Hope, Carlo Grante, Sylvia McNair, the Beaux Arts Trio, the Brentano String Quartet, the Miami Quartet, the National Symphony Orchestra, the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Chicago Chamber Musicians, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, and many other  performers and organizations. In 2009, Adolphe's one-act opera Let Freedom Sing: The Story of Marian Anderson, with a libretto by Carolivia Herron, premiered at the Atlas Theater in Washington, D.C. The opera was premiered by the Washington National Opera and the Washington Performing Arts Society, who commissioned the piece. Also in 2009, Adolphe's "Violin Concerto" was premiered by violinist Eugene Drucker with the Idyllwild Academy Orchestra and conducted by Peter Askim at the Redcat Theater of Disney Hall in Los Angeles. "Music Is", for children's chorus and youth orchestra, premiered as part of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Thurnauer School of Music in June 2009, with the Young People's Chorus of New York City and the Thurnauer Orchestra.Also in 2009, an evening of Adolphe's chamber music was presented at The Kennedy Center. On May 3, 2009, Yo-Yo Ma played the world premiere of Adolphe's "Self Comes to Mind", a neuroscience-inspired work for solo cello with two percussionists. The percussion parts were performed by John Ferrari and Ayano Kataoka. "Self Comes to Mind" was a collaboration with neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, who wrote a text in poetic form about the evolution of consciousness for the piece. The premiere took place at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and featured live interactive images that responded to the music. The images were based primarily on brain scans created by Hanna Damasio, Antonio Damasio's wife and collaborator. The Damasios are the founders and co-directors of the Brain and Creativity Institute in Los Angeles and have invited Adolphe to be composer-in-residence there.Prior to his collaboration with Damasio on "Self Comes to Mind", Adolphe composed two other works based on passages in Damasio's book Descartes' Error, titled "Memories of a Possible Future" (for piano and string quartet) and "Body Loops" (for piano and orchestra). Adolphe's cantata on themes of social justice, civil rights, and freedom around the world, titled "Reach Out, Raise Hope, Change Society", was commissioned to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the School of Social Work of the University of Michigan. It premiered with the Chamber Chorus and musicians from the university's School of Music, conducted by Jerry Blackstone, in November 2011. The film Einstein's Light, a documentary about Albert Einstein by Nickolas Barris, was released in 2015 in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Einstein's theory of general relativity. The soundtrack features violinist Joshua Bell and pianist Marija Stroke, and was released by Sony Classical in December 2015. Adolphe composed Suite for Pete (dedicated to the memory of Pete Seeger) in 2015 for guitarist Eliot Fisk, who premiered the work at the Off the Hook Arts Festival in Fort Collins, Colorado in June 2016. In 2015, Adolphe's violin concerto "I Will Not Remain Silent", inspired by the life of Joachim Prinz, received its world premiere with the IRIS Orchestra conducted by Michael Stern and Sharon Roffman as soloist.The concerto was then performed in Lucerne at KKL by violinist Ilya Gringolts with the Human Rights Orchestra of Europe, conducted by Alessio Allegrini. The concerto was again performed by Daniel Hope with the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Jeffrey Kahane, in January 2017. Daniel Hope performed the concerto again in 2018 in Essen, Germany, with Jaime Martin conducting the Essen Philharmonie. Scott St. John performed the concerto with Guillermo Figueroa conducting the Santa Fe Symphony in 2019. In 2021, The Milken Archive of Jewish Music released the album I Will Not Remain Silent, including an interview with <mask>olphe about the work. Adolphe's "Piano Concerto" premiered in July 2016 with the Philharmonia Zürich conducted by Fabio Luisi with piano soloist Carlo Grante. Grante then commissioned two piano works from Mr. Adolphe: "Chopin Dreams" and "Seven Thoughts Considered as Music", both of which Grante recorded for Naxos American Masters series and released in November 2017.In 2019, Adolphe's "I saw how fragile and infinitely precious the world is" for mezzo-soprano, cello, and recorded sounds from space (provided by NASA) and planet Earth was recorded by mezzo-soprano Theodora Hanslowe and cellist Sophie Shao and later premiered (in live performance) by mezzo-soprano Kady Evanyshyn and Ms. Shao. The latter duo also performed the work at NASA Goddard Space Center in March, 2019, at a colloquium honoring the late scientists and astronaut Piers Sellers. The title of the piece is a quote of Piers Sellers, said looking back at Earth from the space station. Adolphe is also known for his compositions for young listeners. These works are created primarily for The Learning Maestros, Adolphe's education company, which he co-founded with Julian Fifer, an impresario best known as founder and executive director of the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. His compositions for young listeners are often interdisciplinary, combining music with science, literature, history, visual arts, and current events. Adolphe's pieces for the Learning Maestros include:

Tyrannosaurus Sue: A Cretaceous Concerto, premiered by Chicago Chamber Musicians in 2000 at the Field Museum of Natural History (unveiling of the T-rex "Sue")
Red Dogs and Pink Skies: A Musical Celebration of Paul Gauguin, created to accompany an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Witches, Wizards, Spells, and Elves: The Magic of Shakespeare, premiered by Chicago Shakespeare Theater actors with the Chicago Chamber Musicians
Tough Turkey in the Big City, a Thanksgiving comedy with script by Louise Gikow, featuring a bass trombone as the turkey; premiered at Chamber Music Northwest in Oregon and at the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center
The Girl Who Loved Wild Horses, based on the story by Paul Goble.Commissioned by Boston Musica Viva. Zephyronia, a piece about the power of wind energy, created with writer Louise Gikow for the Imani Winds, who perform the music (for wind quintet) and act the parts of the characters in the story. Adolphe's music has also been recorded on Naxos, Sony Classical, CRI, PollyRhythm, New World, Koch, Music@Menlo archives, Delos, Soundbrush, and other record labels. His film scores include the documentary permanently on display in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Books
 The Mind's Ear: Exercises for Improving the Musical Imagination, Oxford University Press (2nd edition published 2013)
 What To Listen for in the World, Hal Leonard
 Of Mozart, Parrots and Cherry Blossoms in the Wind: A Composer Explores Mysteries of the Musical Mind, Hal Leonard
 Secrets of Creativity, Oxford University Press, an anthology of writings on the creative process and the neuroscience of creativity, edited by Suzanne Nalbantian. Adolphe's chapter is "The Musical Imagination: Mystery and Method in Musical Composition". Published in 2019. Selected works
2019: "Coiled" for string quartet, based on Beethoven's Opus 95, first movement.Commissioned by the Brentano String Quartet. 2019: "The King, the Cat, and the Fiddle" for solo violin, 2nd violin, viola, cello, bass, piano, and narrator. Commissioned by Daniel Hope. Text from the story by Yehudi Menuhin and Christopher Hope. 2019: "The Nightingale" for solo violin and narrator (one person); commissioned by Daniel Hope. (Text by the composer, based on the story by Hans Christian Andersen, updated to include a robotic bird.) 2019: "I Too Bleed and Hope for Beauty" A tribute to the life of Alma Rose, violinist and conductor of the Women’s Orchestra, Auschwitz;                                                                                for chamber orchestra.Commissioned by the River Oaks Chamber Orchestra, Houston. Premiere on November 15, 2019, in conjunction with the re-opening of the renovated Holocaust Museum of Houston. 2017: "Out of the Air" for clarinet, cello, and piano; commissioned by Ocean Reef Chamber Music Festival; premiered by Anne-Marie McDermott (pno), Todd Palmer (clar), Keith Robinson (vc), Ocean Reef, Fl.

masks:
Bruce Adolphe
Bruce Ad


title: Louis Odier

texts:
<mask> (March 17, 1748 – April 14, 1817, Geneva) was a Genevan and then Swiss physician, medical campaigner and advisor; he was also a translator and publisher of medical texts, particularly from English. He was a major figure in medicine in 18th-century Europe because of his promotion of vaccination against smallpox and more broadly his lobbying for medical funds and usage of data from historical medical records, relating them to probability in life expectancy and subsequent advice for economic planning. Early life and family
He was born in the then independent Republic of Geneva, the son of <mask> and <mask>, a merchant; theirs was a Protestant family. His brother was Jacques-<mask>, who became a cotton manufacturer and merchant; his nephew was <mask>, a Swiss-born French politician and banker. When he was a student of philosophy in Geneva, he founded a "Literary Society" and a "Philosophical Society" along with three friends. He moved to Edinburgh in 1767 to study medicine at the Edinburgh Medical School, then the leading English-speaking centre for medical studies. He was awarded his doctorate in 1770 and remained in the city until 1772.While there he was elected president of the Medical Society of Edinburgh. He also became the close friend of François-Étienne de La Roche, a fellow Swiss, who became a physician and scientist. He joined a number of courses in other European cities: at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, he attended courses by George Fordyce, and William Hunter; at the University of Leiden, he followed Hieronymus David Gaubius; in Paris, he attended courses of Pierre Joseph Macquer and Guillaume-François Rouelle. Career
On his return to Geneva in 1772, he passed through London and Paris, where he had the opportunity to observe victims of smallpox and the effects of inoculation, also seeing the innovations of the proponents of inoculation and witnessing the criticism they received. In 1769, Dr. Jobst Bose, a Holstein official living in Göttingen, had shown that protection against smallpox can be acquired through ingestion of the milk of sick cows, and in 1774 the Yetminster farmer Benjamin Jesty – personally aware of the lack of susceptibility of cowpox suffers to smallpox – successfully immunised his wife and two sons with a vaccine during a smallpox epidemic, by transferring a small quantity of the pustular matter from cowpox (a less virulent form of the disease) taken from one of his cattle and applying it via a scratch on their arms. <mask> married his childhood sweetheart, Suzanne Baux (daughter of Judith Tardieu and <mask> Baux, a merchant) in 1773; she had had an undiagnosed illness for some time and he sought professional advice from William Cullen his former Professor at Edinburgh; she died in 1778, without issue. In 1780 he married Andrienne Lecointe (daughter of <mask>ffe and Gédéon Lecointe, a pastor); they had five children: Jean-Louis-Gédéon, <mask>, Ami, Amélie and <mask>.<mask> practised as a physician in Geneva between 1773 and 1817. He began his career by teaching a chemistry course, developing the theory of latent heat which was recently discovered by Scottish chemist Joseph Black but had yet to be widely disseminated outside Great Britain. He discussed objections in continental Europe against the practice of vaccination in letters to Anton de Haen, which were published in the Journal de Médecin (volume 40). The fourth letter was published in 1777. <mask> had obtained data from London relating to the number of deaths from smallpox; he recognised an increase but attempted to show that it was not attributable to inoculation. As such, he was one of the Swiss médecins voyageurs, along with others such as <mask> Gosse. He admired the health plans of Johann Peter Frank and Oxford University's Radcliffe fellowships and promoted similar ideas to Swiss and French companies and authorities.He campaigned for official recognition only of the views of medically-trained physicians in medical matters. In 1778, <mask> published data from the mortuary in Geneva (for 1777 and 1778) in the Memoirs of the Geneva Society for the Promotion of the Arts and Agriculture. Included were tables for "calculating the probability of life," which he stated would be useful for economists and financiers, for annuities, evaluation of differences in the population, determination of the course of epidemics and appreciation of different causes of mortality. <mask> became a disciple of the Swiss doctor Theodore Tronchin, an early advocate of vaccination against smallpox. In 1789, as secretary of the University of Geneva, <mask> applied for the vacant chair of medicine after becoming the medical advisor to bankers who were setting up the annuities he had written about. In his table of mortality, probability of life expectancy and average life expectancy in Geneva from 1560 to 1760 (first published in the Journal de Genève of 9 July 1791 and also the Parisian journal, La Médecine Eclairée) he provided advice on the best people to carry annuities. One of the so-called Thirty Immortals of Geneva – a group of girls whose longevity was the basis of a large public loan of <mask> – was his own daughter.He was instrumental in introducing vaccination into France and Switzerland after Edward Jenner's 1796 publication of a method for controlling smallpox by transferring cowpox. In 1760, Daniel Bernoulli had already shown that, despite the risks, the earlier practice of variola inoculation would increase life expectancy by three years, but it sparked many debates. <mask> translated the works of Jenner and others, and the first usage of the word 'vaccine' outside of the English language was in his translations. The process of vaccination became widely known in relatively popular science journalism from late 1798. In 1799 Jean de Carro repeated Jenner's experiment on his sons; the process was then established in Paris, with Napoléon I ensuring that his son, the King of Rome, received the preventive treatment. On January 14, 1805, <mask> attacked the stance of the Savoyard and Valais priests, whom he blamed for the slow take-up of the vaccine on the outskirts of Geneva. In France, there was continued resistance from the clergy, led by Armand de Roquelaure (commander of the Order of the Holy Spirit, first chaplain to <mask> and later archbishop of Mechelen).A physician-philosopher fed by the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment, <mask> also took part in the writing of a weekly journal, published under the title of :fr:Journal de Genève in the years 1789, 1790 and 1791. He was a member of the Council of Two Hundred in 1788 and then worked to draft a Geneva Penal Code, after the annexation of Geneva by the young French Republic in 1798. In 1815, he wrote to Charles Aubert, then a partner in Lyon of the house of Odier, Juventin & Cie – active in fabric trading and banking – to convince him to create a bank together in Marseille. References

1748 births
1817 deaths
Physicians from the Republic of Geneva
Politicians from the Republic of Geneva
Swiss naturalists
19th-century Swiss physicians

masks:
Louis Jean Odier
Louise de Villas
Antoine Odier
Antoine Odier
Antoine Odier
Odier
Jean Louis
Louise Gali
Jacques Louis
Anne Louise
Odier
Odier
Louis André
Odier
Odier
Odier
Louis XVI
Odier
Odier
Louis XV
Louis Odier


title: Supangmung

texts:
<mask> (reigned 1663–1670), also known as Chakradhwaj Singha   (), was an important Ahom king under whom the Ahom kingdom took back Guwahati from the Mughals following the reverses at the hands of Mir Jumla and the Treaty of Ghilajharighat. He is known for his fierce pride as an Ahom monarch. Reign

Ascension
Jayadhawaj Singha left no sons, so the Ahom nobles called in the Charing Raja and placed him on the throne. He was a cousin of the Jayadhwaj Singha, and a grandson of Suleng Deoraja, a previous Charing raja and the second son of Suhungmung . The new monarch was named Supangmung by the Deodhais. He assumed the Hindu name Chakradhawaj Singha. At the installation ceremony, the Jaintia Raja sent an envoy to convey his congratulation.So also did the Koch Raja of Darrang, who had sided with Mir Jumla during his invasion, and with whom friendly relations were thus restored. About the same time Mughal emperor Aurangzeb had presented a khelat or robe of honour to Supangmung, and the imperial envoys insisted on the king's donning them in their presence. King Supangmung could not stand this grave humiliation. He shouted out from his throne--"Death is preferable to a life of subordination to foreigners. I have to surrender my independence for a suit of sewn garments!" Recapture of Guwahati
Chakradhawaj Singha soon after the start of his reign started repairing the forts at Samdhara and Patakallangand and restored the army to a state of efficiency. In March 1665 the king summoned an assembly of his ministers and nobles and ordered them to devise and adopt measures for expelling Mughals from Western Assam, adding--"My ancestors were never subordinate to any other people; and I for myself cannot remain under the vassalage of any foreign power.I am a descendant of the Heavenly King and how can I pay tribute to the wretched foreigners. Early in 1667 Saiad Firuz Khan, who succeeded Rashid Khan as Thanadar of Guwahati, sent a strongly worded letter to the Ahom King, demanding the payment of the balance of the indemnity still outstanding. On receiving this letter, Chakradhavaj Singha made up his mind to fight the Mughals. The necessary preparation were made with all speed, and in August 1667 a well-equipped army set out led by Lachit Borphukan to wrest Guwahati from the Mughals. King Supangmung gave valuable gifts to the commanders of the expedition and delivered to them the following message--"I desire that your wives and children, and the cows and Brahmans should be duly protected and preserved; and I should also acquire the prestige and reputation of having vanquished the Mughals. If you prove incompetent in the task of defeating the enemy at Itakhuli you shall not be let off with impunity. And, do you think that there will paucity of Phukans and Rajkhowas like yourselves."At midnight, around November 2, 1667, Itakhuli and the contiguous garrison of Guwahati fell into the hands of Ahoms. The victors took possession of the elephants, horses, guns, coins and all other articles which they found in the imperial stores in Guwahati. The enemy was chased down to the mouth of Manas River, the old boundary of Assam and Mughal India. The Ahoms also succeeded in bringing back the Assamese subjects who had been taken captives by the Mughals during the expedition of Mir Jumla. Thus within the short span of two months the Ahoms succeeded in recovering their lost possession and along with it their lost prestige and glory, and this was due mainly to the determination and courage of Ahom King Supangmung. On receiving the news of victory the king cried out--"It is now that I can eat my morsel of food with ease and pleasure"

The Ideal Monarch
The king was regarded by Assamese as the fountain head of all energy and inspiration, and Lachit Barphukan was fortunate in having Supangmung as the supreme head of the state. The patriotism and self-respect of this monarch have but few parallels in the history of Assam.He had to suffer in the beginning from the shameful legacies of the preceding regime. During the two years long preparation for the war with the Mughals, the monarch personally supervised the preparations—stocking of food, arms and ammunitions, he placed the smiths inside the palace enclosures to oversee their work, trained the archers with his own hand, then finally ordered the march to Gauhati when he was fully satisfied with the preparation. Supangmung also sent letters to neighbouring chiefs in order to obtain their cooperation and support in his plan to resist the Mughals. The king's patriotic intent and self-respect came out in the letters of the period. In June 1664, he wrote to Raja Prana Narayan of Koch Behar, "You know for yourself all about the manner in which we repeatedly dealt heavy blows upon the Mughals. If God has inflicted on us a reverse on this occasion, does it imply that we shall be subjected to discomfiture a second time?" He wrote again in February 1666, "Because the Mughals have humiliated us once, does it follow that we should make no attempt to throw off this position of subordination to them?Supangmung's insight and wisdom were best shown in the selection of Lachit Barphukan as the commander in chief to lead the new army. A wrong man would have behaved differently, but the king's nominee was imbued with the same zeal and patriotism of the spirited sovereign, and he succeeded in expelling the Mughal from Assam. Supangmung also ordered his Prime Minister Atan Burhagohain, a skilled soldier, military engineer and diplomat to accompany Lachit Borphukan on the campaign to oust the Mughals from Assam. While the best brains of the country, whether in statesmanship or warcraft were in the frontline at Gauhati, the King had to manage the affairs of the country with inferior talents and abilities. Sitting at the capital for nearly two years he managed and gave logistic support to the army in the front supplying men, arms and food materials. After the recapture of Gauhati and recovery of the land up to the old boundary at Manas river, King Supangmung organised and streamlined the civil administration and revenue collection system of lower Assam under senior officers—Phukans and Rajkhowas adapting from the Mughal's system. From the capital he maintained an efficient civil administration in the country which was necessary to guarantee the regular reinforcements of men and materials to the Army in the frontline.Death of King Supangmung
The long war has taken both physical and mental toll of the King and in April 1670 Supangmung died, just one year before the Battle of Saraighat. The King did not get the satisfaction of seeing the final defeat of the imperialist Mughal Army at Saraighat, which sealed the fate of all the Mughal plans of expansion of their kingdom to the East. Supangmung gave the desired momentum which paved the way for the ultimate victory of the Assamese. See also
 Ahom Dynasty
 Battle of Saraighat

Notes

References

Ahom kings
1670 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Deaths from edema
Ahom kingdom


title: Saidi Berkat

texts:
Sultan <mask> (c. 1563 – 1628) was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the Philippines and had interests in Maluku, repeatedly tried to subdue Ternate, but were unsuccessful in their early attempts. <mask>'s reign coincides with the arrival of the Dutch in Maluku, which indirectly caused his deposal and exile through a Spanish invasion. Taking over the spice empire

<mask>, also called <mask>yah, was, according to Dutch information, born in c. 1563 in the time of his grandfather Sultan Hairun. His mother Bega was a co-wife of Prince Baab, later Sultan Babullah. After the assassination of Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese in 1570, Babullah took over and successfully fought the European intruders.Portuguese power became restricted to a few forts in Tidore and Ambon and they lost control over the trade in spices which gave Maluku its wider significance. Babullah built up a veritable maritime empire that encompassed most of Maluku, parts of Sulawesi, and even remoter territories. This meant that the lively trade in cloves, nutmeg and forest products proceeded under relatively free and unrestricted conditions, attracting merchants from several regions - Portuguese, Javanese, Malays. As Babullah passed away in July 1583, <mask> succeeded him, though not without controversy. Babullah had a half-brother Mandar Syah, whose higher birth on his mother's side gave rights to claim the throne. However, Babullah had persuaded his oldest brother Kaicili (prince) Tolu to support <mask>'s succession by letting <mask> marry Tolu's daughter Ainal-ma-lamo. A few years later <mask> hatched an intrigue to get rid of Mandar Syah.One of his sisters had since long been promised as consort to Gapi Baguna, the Sultan of Tidore who, although supported by the Spanish and Portuguese, still entertained relations with his neighbour and had a role in <mask>'s enthronement. Mandar Syah showed interest in the princess, his niece, and <mask> unscrupulously encouraged him to abduct her. Mandar Syah actually eloped with her, to the furor of Gapi Baguna. <mask> now handily executed his uncle under the pretext of calming down the feelings of the Tidore ruler. This treacherous behaviour evoke the anger of other Ternatan princes. Enraged over the loss of his brother, Tolu began to plot to overthrow <mask> in 1587, and contacted the Spanish and Portuguese on the matter. The idea was to join forces to eliminate <mask>, but the Europeans lacked sufficient resources at the moment to allow themselves be involved, and Tolu died shortly after.Abortive Spanish advances

The Spanish governor in the Philippines, Santiago de Vera, tried to strengthen the Iberian positions in Maluku after Babullah's demise. A small fleet of four frigates under Pedro Sarmiento was dispatched from Manila in 1584 and forced the Ternatan dependency Moti Island to submit temporarily with the help of the Tidorese allies. Three frigates were then dispatched to the Bacan Islands to take in foodstuff. However, Kaicili Tolu met them in a sea battle where one frigate exploded as a vat of gunpowder was lit, and the others withdrew to Tidore. In the next year 1585 a larger Spanish fleet appeared in Maluku, driven by fear that the English might try to establish a post in the Spice islands. <mask> was requested to give up the formerly Portuguese fort on Ternate, but gave a vague answer. Supported by the rulers of Tidore, Bacan and northern Sulawesi, the Iberian forces invaded Ternate.The defenders, reinforced by the crews of 30 Javanese merchant vessels, successfully defeated an attempt to storm the fortress. The Spanish commander Juan de Morones was forced to give up the enterprise and shortly returned to Manila. A new expedition with 2,000 Spanish and Filipino soldiers was dispatched in 1593 but faltered due to a mutiny among the Chinese rowers. A few years later <mask> went on the offensive, sending a strong fleet of korakoras (large outriggers) to Mindanao which was loosely claimed by Ternate. They joined local rebels and Malay raiders to fight the Spaniards, but were eventually expelled in 1596. Arrival of the Dutch

The Dutch first arrived to Indonesia in 1596 and were, like the Portuguese, bent on controlling the spice trade. Their first visit to Ternate followed in 1599 with two ships under Captain Wijbrand van Warwijk.Sultan <mask> received them in a friendly mood, hoping to use the newcomers against his indigenous and European enemies. The Dutch described him as strong, big man of about 36 years, pleasant, humorous and very curious about new things. He was a renowned warrior and a devoted Muslim. Ternate was described as almost devoid of foodstuff apart from sago. Local society was only partly monetarized. The inhabitants had a "good and sweet" temper though they bore a mortal hatred for the Portuguese. When Van Warwijk departed he left some crew members on the island in order to stock cloves.A new visit under Jacob Cornelisz van Neck took place in 1601. Since Spain and Portugal were at war with the Dutch Republic in Europe, the presence of the newcomers alarmed the Iberian colonist. A Spanish-Portuguese force once again tried to conquer Ternate in 1603 but was heavily defeated by the Ternatans and Javanese mercenaries. This in turn prompted a Dutch counter-attack in 1605 under Cornelis Sebastiaansz, that captured the Iberian fort in Tidore after a furious fight. The defeated enemy was allowed to sail for the Philippines. With <mask>'s consent, a Dutch token force was henceforth kept in Ternate. The Spanish conquest of Maluku

Iberian power in Maluku was now entirely depleted, since the Portuguese stronghold in Ambon had also been captured.These losses inspired Governor Pedro Bravo de Acuña to dare a larger enterprise. This time more than 3,000 men were sent on 37 larger and smaller vessels, departing from Iloilo in January 1606. Helped by 600 Tidorese auxiliaries, the Spaniards undertook a well-coordinated attack on Ternate on 1 April. The defenders were quickly overwhelmed and <mask> escaped to Halmahera with a number of followers. With Ternate in their hands again after 36 years, the Iberians demanded the surrender of <mask> as a condition for peace. Some Ternatans declared that their Sultan had behaved in a negligent and despotic fashion, and professed their loyalty to the Iberian Crown. <mask> complied and gave himself up, though this did not save his position.He was brought to Manila with the victorious fleet, together with most of the royal family. With this, most of Maluku was securely under the thumb of Spain. A peace treaty was forced upon Ternate, where they promised to have no contact with the English or Dutch, allow Catholic missionizing, and abide to Spanish dispositions. However, a new Sultan was soon proclaimed by some Ternatan grandees. This was <mask>'s son Mudafar Syah I who allied with the Dutch, who were soon to come back to northern Maluku. Exile and death

<mask> and his kin had to participate in a triumphal parade in Manila. His appearance on the occasion is described thus: "That King was strong body'd, and his Limbs well Knit; his Neck, and great Part of his Arms he wore naked; his Skin being the Colour of a Cloud rather inclined to Black than Tawny.The Features of his Face were like a European. His eyes large, full, and sparkling, to which they add the Fierceness of long Eyebrows, thick Beard and Whiskers, and lank Hair. He always wore his Campilane, or Cimiter, and Criz, or Dagger, the Hilts of them resembling the Heads of Snakes gilt." As most of Maluku slipped from their power in the next years due to the intervention of the Dutch East India Company, the Spanish tried to make use of their exalted prisoner. In 1611 Governor Juan de Silva appeared in front of Ternate with a fleet, accompanied by <mask>, and tried to bring about a reconciliation with the Ternatan elite. This initiative failed, however. In 1623 a Spanish embassy turned up in Ternate with letters from Saidi where his good treatment was emphasized.During a meeting the Spaniards and Ternatans agreed to make peace, under the condition that <mask> should be sent back from exile. In the end the ex-Sultan was never actually returned to Ternate, so that hostilities resumed. <mask> eventually died in his Spanish-Philippine exile in 1628. Family

Sultan <mask> <mask> had the following wives:
 Ainal-ma-lamo, daughter of Kaicili Tolu
 Sirikaya, daughter of the Sangaji of Moti

He had the following known children:
 Kaicili Sidang, killed in action in 1613
 Kaicili Gapi, killed in action in 1613
 Mudafar Syah I, Sultan of Ternate 1606-1627
 A daughter, married the vassal ruler Doa of Jailolo
 A daughter, married Sultan Nur Salat of Bacan in 1616

See also
 List of rulers of Maluku
 Sultanate of Ternate
 Sultanate of Tidore
 Portuguese-Ternate wars

References

1560s births
1628 deaths
Sultans of Ternate
Ternate Sultanate
People from Maluku Islands
16th-century Indonesian people
17th-century Indonesian people

masks:
Saidi Berkat
Saidi
Saidi Berkat
Said Din Berkat S
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Sultan Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Berkat