title: Jack Blackburn

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Charles Henry "<mask><mask> (May 20, 1883 – April 24, 1942) was an American boxer and boxing trainer. Fighting in the first half of his career as a lightweight and later a welterweight, he was known for an exceptional defense and fought many men above his weight class, including six bouts with the great Sam Langford. He fought Joe Gans three times in no-decision bouts, defeating him once according to newspaper accounts and made good showings against Harry Lewis, Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, and Harry Greb. He found most of his fame training 1937 World Heavyweight Champion Joe Louis, but also had a significant role in training 1926 Lightweight Champion Sammy Mandell. He helped to train World Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor and World Light-Heavyweight Champion John Henry Lewis as well. Early life and career

Birth in Versailles, Kentucky, May 1883
<mask> was born the son of a minister on May 20, 1883, in Versailles, Kentucky. At the age of ten he moved to Indiana, where he was raised in Indianapolis and Terra Haute.In one of his earliest bouts, according to the Pittsburgh Courier, he knocked out Eddie Gardner, brother of the better known Oscar, in eleven rounds in 1899. Frank Sutton was his trainer for a large portion of his career after <mask> came to Pittsburgh to box around 1903. At one time Sutton operated a boxing club on Ross Street in Pittsburgh, though <mask> did much of his mid-career boxing in Philadelphia. <mask> fought 147 recorded professional fights, often against considerably heavier opponents, though many of his fights were never recorded. He fought notable boxing legends Joe Gans, Sam Langford, Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, Panama Joe Gans, and Harry Greb and finished with a final record omitting newspaper decisions of 99-26-19. After retiring from boxing around 1923, he became a trainer, most notably of legendary heavyweight champion Joe Louis. Bouts with Black Philadelphian boxer Dave Holly
<mask> met Black Philadelphia boxer Dave Holly on at least five occasions.He first met Holly on May 4, 1903, drawing with him in a newspaper decision at the Sports Club in Philadelphia. <mask> likely lost to Holly in a close six-round newspaper decision on November 21, 1903, at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia. On August 26, 1904, three Philadelphia newspapers considered <mask> the victor over Holly in a close six-round match at the Manhattan Athletic Club in Philadelphia. On January 20, 1905, the two met again in a no-decision bout in Philadelphia. On January 10, 1906, Blackburn defeated Holly at the National Sporting Club in Wilmington, Delaware, in a close six-round newspaper decision. <mask> floored Holly with a right to the jaw in the second round, but in the third Holly sent <mask> to the mat for a count. In the fourth through the sixth, the Pittsburgh Press considered Blackburn to have the advantage, though the fighting was close.On October 11, 1906, the Philadelphia Item considered <mask> the victor over Holly in a six-round match at the Broadway Athletic Club in Philadelphia. All of these matches were likely originally no-decision bouts. Holly was a Black Philadelphian boxer who would meet Sam Langford and Joe Gans on several occasions, including a bout with Joe Gans in a World Lightweight Championship bout on July 23, 1906. Boxing career highlights

Bouts with World Lightweight Champion Joe Gans

Boxing with a three-inch reach advantage on November 2, 1903, <mask> impressively defeated the great World Lightweight Champion Joe Gans in a close non-title, six-round newspaper decision at the Washington Sporting Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <mask> was actually down in the first round from a short right to the jaw, but fought on gamely. <mask> scored frequently with straight lefts to Gans, as well as blows to the body. On March 25, 1904, <mask> lost to Joe Gans in Baltimore, Maryland in a fifteen-round points decision.The Philadelphia Item noted that "Gans won easily". It was <mask>'s first loss by decision, but it was to one of the greatest black lightweights in history. On December 31, 1903, boxing as a light welterweight at 142, <mask> lost to 1907 World Welterweight Champion Mike "Twin" Sullivan at the Chelsea Athletic Club in Chelsea, Massachusetts in fifteen rounds in the opinion of most of the Boston newspapers. The bout was most likely a pre-arranged draw. On January 8, 1904, <mask> drew with Black boxer Sam Bolen in a close fifteen-round decision at Shlegel's Hall in Baltimore, Maryland. The Scranton Republican felt strongly that Bolen had the better of the bout in every round but the second, when he was briefly down on the mat. He fought Bolen one other time, in a six-round win by newspaper decision on December 3, 1904, before the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia.On October 13, 1905, <mask> fought a fifteen-round pre-arranged draw at the Marlborough Theatre in Marborough, Massachusetts, with Black New York based boxer Larry Temple. A talented adversary, Temple would fight Joe Walcott, Sam Langford, and Harry Lewis in his career. <mask> fought Temple on September 4, 1905, in a twelve-round draw in Sharon Pennsylvania, sandwiched between two bouts with Sam Langford. Boxing later on June 9, 1906, <mask> lost to Gans in a six-round bout decided in Gans' favor by newspaper decision at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Boston Morning Journal wrote that "Gans showed that he was his opponent's master in every department of the game." Bouts with future World Colored Middleweight Champion Sam Langford
<mask> fought the extraordinary Sam Langford a noteworthy six times in his career. On December 23, 1903, perhaps in one of his most memorable fights, <mask> met Langford for the first time in a twelve-round pre-arranged draw at the Central Athletic Club in Boston, Massachusetts.Three local Boston papers, including the Boston Globe and Herald wrote that Blackburn likely had the better of the bout. On January 11, 1904, Blackburn and Langford fought a six-round draw at the Washington Sporting Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On September 9, 1904, Blackburn drew with Langford at the Marlborough Opera House in Marlborough, Massachusetts in a fifteen-round points decision. The fight was sensational, and Blackburn may have been outweighed by Langford by well over thirty pounds. On September 20, 1905, in front of a substantial crowd of 600, at the Lyric Athletic Club in Allentown, Pennsylvania, Blackburn and Langford met in a ten-round draw. The boxing was fierce and drew blood and both boxers had the better of their opponent at times, with Langford finding a way to counter the keen left of Blackburn. In the third round Blackburn was doubled over the ropes by Langford, and may have been out but for the bell.Gans and <mask> met earlier on August 18, 1905, in Leiperville, Pennsylvania, in what was considered a great bout, though <mask> lost in a fifteen-round points decision. Langford would rightfully claim the World Colored Heavyweight Championship when <mask> vacated it in July 1909, and defend it for several fights, though he would be denied a chance at Johnson's new World Heavyweight Title. Langford would take the World Colored Middleweight Championship defeating Young <mask> in a twenty-round bout on November 12, 1907, at the Pacific Athletic Club in Los Angeles. Wins over Jimmy Gardner, Blink McCloskey, and George Cole 1904–07
On January 2, 1904, <mask> defeated well known light and welterweight Jimmy Gardner at the Central Athletic Club in Boston, Massachusetts in a twelve-round points decision. On September 14, 1904, <mask> defeated prolific Jewish Philadelphian boxer Blink McCloskey in a six-round newspaper decision by the Philadelphia Inquirer and Philadelphia Record. McCloskey was a boxer of considerable ability and usually lost only to boxers of considerable talent. On June 10, 1905, Blackburn first met Black Philadelphian boxer George Cole in Philadelphia, losing in a six-round newspaper decision of the Philadelphia Item.Cole's win was something of an upset. On January 1, 1907, <mask> decisively won his first newspaper decision over Cole at the Philadelphia Athletic Club, giving Cole a "bad whipping". On June 7, 1907, at the New Pen Art Club in Philadelphia, <mask> won again in a six-round newspaper decision over Cole. Ten bouts with Black boxer George Gunther
On January 3, 1906, <mask> first met Black boxer George Gunther at New Castle, Pennsylvania in a fifteen-round bout, defeating him in the opinion of several newspapers. On January 31, 1906, <mask> defeated Gunther by newspaper decision in a ten-round bout in Newcastle, Pennsylvania, though <mask> was down in both the third and sixth rounds. Fighting as a 132-pound lightweight, <mask> was outweighed by ten pounds though having a three-inch height advantage. On February 7 he would defeat Gunther in a six-round newspaper decision in Pittsburgh in the opinion of three Pittsburgh newspapers as well as the smaller Newcastle Herald.He would meet Gunther a total of ten times drawing with him once, and fighting many close bouts in which he was usually the victor in the opinions of most newspapers. In their December 6, 1907 bout, Blackburn knocked out Gunther in the fifth round at the Industrial Athletic Club in Philadelphia. After sidestepping a rush by Gunther, Blackburn's knockout blow was the result of a well-timed right on Gunther's jaw. The fifth saw some heavy blows on both sides. In their April 18, 1907 six round bout at the Broadway Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Blackburn had the better of the close match, in the opinion of the Philadelphia Item but was still battered by the end. Gunther was dropped for a count of nine in the second, but showed a slight advantage in the remaining rounds and took the lead in the sixth when Blackburn showed fatigue. On May 23, 1907, against at Philadelphia's Broadway Athletic Club, Blackburn fought what the local papers ruled a draw with Gunther, though the Pittsburgh Press felt a hard left hook to Gunther's face in the fourth gave him the advantage in the bout.Gunther would face many great boxers in his career including Sam Langford, Harry Lewis, and George Carpentier in France. Bouts with Jim Barry, July, September 1907
On July 8, and September 5, 1907, <mask> won by newspaper decision and then lost on points to talented opponent Jim Barry who outweighed him by about twenty pounds in both matches. The bouts were in Philadelphia, and Bridgeport, Connecticut. In their July bout Barry was down in the middle of the sixth round from a hard blow to the head and the Wilkes-Barre Evening News wrote that <mask> had the best of every round. Barry had been a Montana cowboy and would fight some talented heavyweights in his career including Sam Langford, Battling Levinsky, and Billy Miske, though he would die tragically in a shooting after a boxing match in Ancon, Panama in March 1917. Impressive bout with 1908 World Welterweight Champion Harry Lewis, November 1907

On November 20, 1907, before around 3000 spectators, Blackburn impressively defeated 1908 World Welterweight Champion Harry Lewis, though the six-round, no-decision bout at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia was decided by newspaper decision of the Philadelphia Item and Philadelphia Record. The bout was a carefully boxed defensive show with neither boxer landing knockout blows.Showing an effective defense against such an exceptional boxer as Lewis was a considerable achievement for Blackburn. Blackburn appeared to land more blows than Lewis in the first two rounds, but was cautious in the third and fourth. He opened up in the fifth and sixth, being urged on by the crowd, and connected with a few powerful rights, particularly one to the ribs of Lewis which caused him to cover up. Characteristic of <mask>'s style, he effectively used his left jab throughout the bout. Blackburn's three inch reach advantage was used to his

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title: Jack Blackburn

type: original

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 benefit. The Wilkes-Barre Evening News wrote that "the bout was so palpably one sided, even the most ardent admirers of Lewis were quieted before the third round was over." Each man collected around $1000 from the well attended bout.The New York Age wrote that "<mask> was a marvel of science, and self-possession, outboxing his opponent at every angle, judging distance better and hitting a harder blow." Loss to 1905 World Light Heavyweight Champion Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, June 1908
Boxing as a 147-pound welterweight on June 10, 1908, <mask> was defeated by Philadelphia <mask>'Brien in a six-round bout at the National Athletic Club. O'Brien knocked <mask> down in the first round and had him groggy in the third, but <mask> evaded a knockout in the no-decision bout. <mask> was outweighed in the bout by slightly under twenty-five pounds, though both boxers were near equal in height. <mask> was very briefly down in the fifth from a slip. The sixth saw many heavy blows landed but neither men down for a count. The bout was fast throughout.<ref>"<mask>'Brien Won From Blackburn", Trenton Evening News", Trenton, New Jersey, pg.11, 11 June 1908</ref> O'Brien had taken the World Light Heavyweight Championship in December 1905. On December 10 and 14, 1908, <mask> met competent Southpaw boxer <mask> at the Broadway and West End Athletic Clubs in Philadelphia, winning in a close newspaper decision on the tenth, and again in a six-round newspaper decision on the fourteenth. Four bouts with Mike Donovan
<mask> first defeated Mike Donovan on October 18, 1907, in a six-round bout at Industrial Hall in Philadelphia in the opinion of the Philadelphia Record, though several newspapers considered the close fight a draw. On December 24, 1907, <mask> defeated Donovan in Reading, Pennsylvania at the Bijou Theatre in a ten-round newspaper decision. On April 21, 1908, <mask> drew with Donovan in ten rounds at the Abel Opera House in Easton, Pennsylvania. In their November 23, 1908, six round bout, at the opening of Duquesne Gardens as a fight venue in Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh Daily Post wrote that "from start to finish, <mask> danced around the Rochester man (Donovan), landing six blows to his opponent's one," and that he used a large repertoire of blows against which Donovan's only effective defense was to clinch. Trouble with the law, manslaughter conviction, 1909–14
<mask> fought outside the ring at times, which caused him trouble in his life.He served four years and eight months for manslaughter as the result of a tragic shooting spree he instigated that led to several deaths in Philadelphia in 1909. In 1935, <mask> was indicted for manslaughter, as a result of two shootings in October of that year, though the charges were later dropped. He was briefly held in jail on October 21, 1935, and probably for a period later in that year.Louis's Trainer Suspected of Shooting Girl", Nevada State Journal, Reno, Nevada, pg. 1, 22 October 1935

Second half of career, and return to boxing after jail sentence
After the completion of his jail sentence, <mask> usually fought closer to the welterweight and light middleweight divisions, but continued to fight highly skilled opponents. His loss of training and advancing age caused by his sentence affected his boxing somewhat, and he won fewer bouts subsequent to his jail term. Close loss to heavyweight Gunboat Smith, May 1914
In one of his first bouts after his prison term, fighting as a 150-pound light middleweight, he lost to Gunboat Smith in a six-round newspaper decision in front of 3000 fans at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia on May 20, 1914. Smith was a 6' 2" heavyweight who outweighed him by thirty pounds.<mask> was down for a count of nine from a right to the forehead in the first round. <mask> took another count of nine in the fifth round, but throughout the fight he showed pluck and often was the aggressor. In the fourth and particularly the third rounds, <mask> kept the boxing close and may have taken the third. Smith would meet Battling Levinsky and <mask> on several occasions in his career, and was considered one of the top white heavyweight contenders at the time. Exciting bout with 1923 World Middleweight Champion Harry Greb, January 1915

On January 25, 1915, <mask> met 1923 World Middleweight Champion Harry Greb at Duquesne Gardens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, losing in a six-round newspaper decision of the Pittsburgh Post. Even against the great competitor Greb who was known to throw an exceptionally large number of punches, the Post wrote that <mask> "blocked, side-stepped, slipped, rode, and ducked", putting up an excellent defense. The bout was reasonably close with Greb clearly taking around four of the six rounds.<mask> opened up in the third, sending a stiff left to the jaw of Greb and another to the mouth. <mask> may have taken the sixth, but Greb's ability to throw far more punches, characteristic of his style, probably helped him to win on points. The Pittsburgh Press noted <mask>'s "eel-like evasions of Greb's short range stuff", and that he "served flashes of former brilliancy", but Greb's youth, stamina, and strength was the final determinant of the fight's outcome. The Pittsburgh Daily Post wrote that <mask> was "so elusive that not one punch in ten that Greb started ever connected." On August 23, 1916, <mask> defeated Young Ahearn, a noted welter and middleweight based in Brooklyn, at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in a six-round newspaper decision of Philadelphia's Public Ledger, and Record. <mask> had a two-inch advantage in height and reach, though Ahearn was six years younger at only twenty-three to <mask>'s thirty-four, an advancing age for a competitive boxer. One month later on August 8, <mask> and Ahearn would fight a ten-round draw at the Harlem Sports Club in New York City.On October 20 and November 3, 1916 Blackburn lost twice to powerful hitter Joe Borrell by six-round newspaper decisions at the Nonpareil Athletic Club in Philadelphia. In their October 20 bout, Blackburn staggered Borrell in the first with a right hook to the jaw, making Borrell fight more cautiously. In the sixth and final round, Borrell took the advantage, staggering Blackburn, and showing more aggression. Borrell was ten years younger than Blackburn at only twenty-four. In their November 3, bout, Borrell gave Blackburn a "severe whipping", and never let up on his opponent. Borrell reached both the head and body. In their last bout on June 15, 1917, in a six-round bout at the Cambria Club in Philadelphia, Blackburn defeated Borrell in the opinion of the Philadelphia Record, though the boxing was close.Late career loss to the future Colored Light Heavyweight Champion Kid Norfolk, June 1920
On June 22, 1920, <mask> met the great future 1923 Colored Light Heavyweight World Champion Kid Norfolk, originally William Ward, losing in a fourth-round knockout at Madison Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Norfolk reportedly had a twenty-pound advantage on <mask> and was about thirteen years younger, requiring the referee to stop the bout in the fourth round, as <mask> could do little against his far stronger opponent. A match with such a glaring weight discrepancy would not have been made among more contemporary boxers, though <mask> had a slight advantage in height and reach. Loss to Panama Joe Gans, July 1922
<mask> fought the Barbados-born boxer Panama Joe Gans, who had boxed extensively in Panama where he lived prior to 1917. Panama Joe held the World Colored Middleweight Championship from 1920 to 1924, and held a Panamanian Lightweight Title in his youth. On July 24, 1922, <mask> lost one of his last bouts to Gans in Indianapolis, Indiana, in a fourth-round technical knockout of a scheduled ten round bout. Panama Joe was a formidable boxer and fourteen years younger than <mask> when they met, though <mask> had a three-inch advantage in height and reach.Boxing at forty, <mask> probably should not have been matched with the twenty-six year old Gans. On March 7, 1923, Gans fought Ray Pelkey, in what was likely his last recorded bout, at the Auditorium in Oakland, California, losing in a third-round knockout. <mask> went down to one knee in the third round and remarked to the referee that he lacked the wind to continue. The referee ended the bout as a knockout. <mask> was boxing at forty to Pelkey's twenty-four years. Eleven years later, <mask> would begin training Joe Louis. Sammy Mandell takes World Lightweight Championship, July 1926
On July 3, 1926 Sammy Mandell took the World Lightweight Championship, defeating Rocky Kansas in Chicago.<mask> had trained Mandell on his punching skills from his earliest start in boxing. Working as a trainer to Joe Louis, 1934–42
After retiring from boxing around 1923, <mask> drifted from job to job before Black Chicago businessman, Julian Black chose him to train Joe Louis, who was fresh from his achievements in the Golden Gloves. <mask> wrote he had trained Louis since June 1934, shortly before Louis's first recorded professional bout, a knockout against <mask> in Chicago. He helped Louis to properly time his blows, improve his punching accuracy, and to focus on proper balance. <mask>'s greatest achievement as a trainer came on June 22, 1937, when Joe Louis took the World Heavyweight Championship from Jim Braddock at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois in an eighth-round knockout. <mask> had trouble with drinking in his later years while training Joe Louis that likely caused the deterioration of his health.Julian Black chose him as trainer in "<mask>'s Death Toughtest Blow for Lewis", The News-Herald, Franklin, Pennsylvania, pg. 7, 25 April 1942

List of <mask>'s trainees
In his career, besides his long work with Joe Louis, <mask> had roles training Light Heavyweight Champion John Henry Lewis, Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor, as well as Art Lasky, <mask>, Lew Tendler, Sailor Freedman, and Von Porat.He also trained Billy Ryan a welterweight from Cincinnati. While in Philadelphia, <mask> briefly trained Jersey Joe Walcott. Early death by heart attack in 1942
He died on April 24, 1942, of a heart attack while he was being given a routine physical examination. He had been suffering from pneumonia for two months, beginning shortly before Joe Louis met Abe Simon at Madison Square Garden in March of that year. Only months before his death, <mask> was in Louis's corner giving him advice. <mask>'s death came particularly hard for his greatest training protégé, world heavyweight champion Joe Louis whom he had trained since Louis's first professional bout. His funeral, which several thousand attended, took place on the South side of Chicago at Pilgrim Baptist Church on April 29, 1942.He was buried at Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery. Chicago businessman Julian Black, who had helped recruit him as a trainer for Joe Louis, attended, as did Louis's manager Mike Jacobs. He was survived by his widow Laura, a stepson, a brother John, and a sister. Legacy
He is an inductee of the World Boxing Hall of Fame and was an inductee of the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category in 1992. He appeared as a character in the opera, Shadowboxer, based on the life of Joe Louis. He was portrayed by actor Richard Roundtree in the 2002 film Joe and Max and also by James Edwards in the 1953 movie The Joe Louis Story''. Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.Official record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted as a win, loss or draw. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. References

1883 births
1942 deaths
American male boxers
American boxing trainers
Lightweight boxers
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Joe Louis
Boxers from Kentucky
People from Versailles,

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title: Katharine Graham

texts:
<mask> (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American newspaper publisher. She led her family's newspaper, The Washington Post, from 1963 to 1991. <mask> presided over the paper as it reported on the Watergate scandal, which eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. She was the first twentieth century female publisher of a major American newspaper. <mask>'s memoir, Personal History, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Early life

<mask> was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in New York City, to Agnes Elizabeth (née Ernst) and Eugene Meyer. Her father was a financier and, later, Chairman of the Federal Reserve.Her grandfather was Marc Eugene Meyer, and her great-grandfather was rabbi Joseph Newmark. Her father bought The Washington Post in 1933 at a bankruptcy auction. Her mother was a bohemian intellectual, art lover, and political activist in the Republican Party, who shared friendships with people as diverse as Auguste Rodin, Marie Curie, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, John Dewey and Saul Alinsky. Her father was of Alsatian Jewish descent, and her mother was a Lutheran whose parents were German immigrants. Along with her four siblings, <mask> was baptized as a Lutheran but attended an Episcopal church. Her siblings included Florence, Eugene III (Bill), Ruth and Elizabeth Meyer. Meyer's parents owned several homes across the country, but primarily lived between a "castle" on a large estate near Mount Kisco, New York, and a mansion in Washington, D.C. Meyer often did not see much of her parents during her childhood, as both traveled and socialized extensively; she was raised in part by nannies, governesses, and tutors.<mask> endured a strained relationship with her mother. Agnes was reportedly very negative and condescending towards <mask>, which had a negative impact on Meyer's self-confidence. Her older sister Florence Meyer was a successful photographer and wife of actor Oscar Homolka. Her father's sister, Florence Meyer Blumenthal, founded the Prix Blumenthal. Meyer was an alumna of The Madeira School (to which her father had donated much land) and attended Vassar College before transferring to the University of Chicago. In Chicago, she became quite interested in labor issues and shared friendships with people from walks of life very different from her own. Career
After graduation, Meyer worked for a short period at a San Francisco newspaper where, among other things, she helped cover a major strike by wharf workers.Meyer began working for the Post in 1938. While in Washington, D.C., she met a former schoolmate, Will Lang Jr. The two dated, but broke off the relationship due to conflicting interests. On June 5, 1940, Meyer was married in a Lutheran ceremony, to <mask>, a graduate of Harvard Law School and a clerk for Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. They had a daughter, Lally Morris Weymouth (born 1943), and three sons: Donald Edward <mask> (born 1945), William Welsh <mask> (1948-2017) and Stephen Meyer <mask> (born 1952). She was affiliated as a Lutheran. <mask> died at 69 on December 20, 2017, in his Los Angeles home.Like his father, <mask>, he died by suicide. The Washington Post

<mask> became publisher of the Post in 1946, when Eugene Meyer handed over the newspaper to his son-in-law. <mask> recounts in her autobiography, Personal History, how she did not feel slighted by the fact her father gave the Post to Philip rather than her: "Far from troubling me that my father thought of my husband and not me, it pleased me. In fact, it never crossed my mind that he might have viewed me as someone to take on an important job at the paper." Her father, Eugene Meyer, went on to become the head of the World Bank, but left that position only six months later. He was Chairman of the Washington Post Company until his death in 1959, when <mask> took that position and the company expanded with the purchases of television stations and Newsweek magazine. Social life and politics
The <mask>s were important members of the Washington social scene, becoming friends with John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Robert F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert McNamara, Henry Kissinger, Ronald Reagan, and Nancy Reagan among many others.In her 1997 autobiography, <mask> comments several times about how close her husband was to politicians of his day (he was instrumental, for example, in getting Johnson to be the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1960), and how such personal closeness with politicians later became unacceptable in journalism. She tried to push lawyer Edward Bennett Williams into the role of Washington D.C.'s first commissioner mayor in 1967. The position went to Howard University-educated lawyer Walter Washington. <mask> was also known for a long-time friendship with Warren Buffett, whose Berkshire Hathaway owned a substantial stake in the Post. <mask>'s illness and death
<mask> dealt with alcoholism and mental illness throughout his marriage to <mask>. He had mood swings and often belittled her. On Christmas Eve in 1962, <mask> found out her husband was having an affair with Robin Webb, an Australian stringer for Newsweek.Philip declared that he would divorce <mask> for Robin, and he made motions to divide up the couple's assets. At a newspaper conference in Phoenix, Arizona, Philip apparently had a nervous breakdown. He was sedated, flown back to Washington, and placed in the Chestnut Lodge psychiatric facility in nearby Rockville. On Saturday, August 3, 1963, he committed suicide with a shotgun at the couple's "Glen Welby" estate near Marshall in the Virginia horse country. Leadership of the Post

<mask> <mask> assumed the reins of the company and of the Post after <mask>'s suicide. She held the title of president and was de facto publisher of the paper from September 1963. She formally held the title of publisher from 1969 to 1979, and that of chairwoman of the board from 1973 to 1991.She became the first female Fortune 500 CEO in 1972, as CEO of the Washington Post company. As the only woman to be in such a high position at a publishing company, she had no female role models and had difficulty being taken seriously by many of her male colleagues and employees. <mask> outlined in her memoir her lack of confidence and distrust in her own knowledge. The convergence of the women's movement with <mask>'s control of the Post brought about changes in <mask>'s attitude and also led her to promote gender equality within her company. <mask> hired Benjamin Bradlee as editor, and cultivated Warren Buffett for his financial advice; he became a major shareholder and something of an eminence grise in the company. Her son Donald was publisher from 1979 until 2000. Watergate
<mask> presided over the Post at a crucial time in its history.The Post played an integral role in unveiling the Watergate conspiracy which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. <mask> and editor Bradlee first experienced challenges when they published the content of the Pentagon Papers. When Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein brought the Watergate story to Bradlee, <mask> supported their investigative reporting and Bradlee ran stories about Watergate when few other news outlets were reporting on the matter. In conjunction with the Watergate scandal, <mask> was the subject of one of the best-known threats in American journalistic history. It occurred in 1972, when Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, warned reporter Carl Bernstein about a forthcoming article: "<mask>'s gonna get her tit caught in a big fat wringer if that's published." The Post published the quote, although Bradlee cut the words her tit. <mask> later observed that it was "especially strange of [Mitchell] to call me Katie, which no one has ever called me."Views regarding the relationship between the press and intelligence agencies
On November 16, 1988, <mask> gave a speech titled "Secrecy and the Press" to a packed auditorium at CIA headquarters as part of that agency's Office of Training and Education's Guest Speaker series. In discussing the potential for press disclosures to affect national security, <mask> said: "We live in a dirty and dangerous world. There are some things the general public does not need to know, and shouldn't. I believe democracy flourishes when the government can take legitimate steps to keep its secrets and when the press can decide whether to print what it knows." Other accomplishments and recognition

<mask> had strong links to the Rockefeller family, serving both as a member of the Rockefeller University council and as a close friend of the Museum of Modern Art, where she was honored as a recipient of the David Rockefeller Award for enlightened generosity and advocacy of cultural and civic endeavors. At the University of Chicago, <mask> has a dormhouse in Max Palevsky Residential Commons named after her. Every year on March 2 they celebrate "Graham Day," honoring their namesake and her accomplishments.In 1966, <mask> was the named honoree of Truman Capote's Black and White Ball. In 1973, <mask> received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. In 1975, <mask> received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured <mask>'s name and picture. In 1979, Deborah Davis published a book titled Katharine the Great about <mask>. In 1987, <mask> won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism. In 1988, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<mask> published her memoirs, Personal History, in 1997. The book was praised for its honest portrayal of <mask>'s mental illness and received rave reviews for her depiction of her life, as well as a glimpse into how the roles of women have changed over the course of <mask>'s life. The book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Nora Ephron of the New York Times, who was at one point married to Carl Bernstein, raved about <mask>'s autobiography. She found it an amazing story of how <mask> was able to succeed in a male-dominated industry. “Am I making clear how extraordinary this book is? “ Ephron said.“She manages to rewrite the story of her life in such a way that no one will ever be able to boil it down to a sentence.”

In 1997, she received the Freedom medal. In 1999, <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. The award was presented by Awards Council member Coretta Scott King. In 2000, <mask> was named one of the International Press Institute's 50 World Press Freedom Heroes of the past 50 years. In 2002, <mask> was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. On January 30, 1998, television station WCPX-TV in Orlando changed its callsign to WKMG-TV in honor of longtime Washington Post publisher, <mask> M<mask>.In 2017, <mask> was portrayed by Meryl Streep in the Steven Spielberg film The Post. Streep was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress (among other awards) for her work. <mask> does not appear in the film adaptation of All The President's Men, but Robert Redford, who plays Woodward, revealed that <mask> had a scene written for her in earlier versions where she asks Woodward and Bernstein (played by Dustin Hoffman) about the Watergate story, beginning with, "What are you doing with my paper?" Death

On July 14, 2001, <mask> fell and struck her head while visiting Sun Valley, Idaho; she died three days later. Her funeral took place at the Washington National Cathedral. <mask> is buried in historic Oak Hill Cemetery, across the street from her former home in Georgetown. Notes

References

External links

Charlie Rose's interview with <mask> <mask>, year-1997

1917 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
20th-century American women writers
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Idaho
American people of German descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
American women memoirists
20th-century American memoirists
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
<mask> family (newspapers)
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
Madeira School alumni
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
University of Chicago alumni
Vassar College alumni
The Washington Post publishers
Watergate scandal investigators

masks:
Katharine Meyer Graham
Graham
Graham
Katharine Meyer
Katharine
Katharine
Katharine
Philip Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
William Graham
Phil Graham
Philip Graham
Katharine
Philip Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Philip Graham
Philip Graham
Katharine
Katharine
Katharine
Katharine
Graham
Philip Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Katie Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Katherine Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Philip Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Katharine
. Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Katharine
Graham
Graham


title: William McKeag

texts:
<mask> MSM (29 June 1897 – 4 October 1972) was a British politician, soldier and solicitor. His political affiliations changed over the years from Liberal to National Liberal, back to Liberal and finally to Conservative, but he never wavered from a fierce loyalty to his native North East of England and was described in his obituary in The Times as one of the North East's leading figures, a keen publicist for the area and for Tyneside in particular. Early life and education
<mask> was born in County Durham, the son of <mask>. of Carrville near Belmont. McKeag was educated at Belmont School, at Johnston's School in Durham and privately. Afterwards, McKeag qualified as a solicitor becoming a partner in firm of Molineux McKeag and Cooper, which had offices in Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham. He later became the director of various companies. Military career
<mask> was 17 years old at the outbreak of the Great War.He joined the army and served six years in France, Italy, Turkey and Russia. He fought with the White Russian commanders Anton Ivanovich Denikin and Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel and during his time in Russia, he became the youngest First-Class Warrant Officer in the British Army. During his service, <mask> was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal as well as two Russian decorations, the Order of Saint Stanislaus and the Order of Saint Anne. During the Second World War, McKeag attained the rank of Major in the infantry and was Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. Political career

Parliamentary career
At the 1924 general election, <mask>, who had reputation for being a witty and able debater was the Liberal Party candidate for Durham but lost to the Labour Party candidate Joshua Ritson who had held the seat since 1922. He fought Durham again in 1929 but was again defeated by Ritson. By the time of the 1931 general election however, the national mood was swinging against Labour.The crisis in the economy over the summer of 1931 which brought about the National Government of prime minister Ramsay MacDonald meant that McKeag fought the general election in October as a Liberal in support of the National Government, enabling him to take advantage of the public support for the coalition and win the seat by the narrow majority of 270 votes. When the Liberal Party led by Sir Herbert Samuel withdrew from the coalition in November 1933, <mask> refused to cross the floor into opposition with Samuel. He then associated himself with the Liberal National group in Parliament led by Sir John Simon at least to allow him to be the nominated National candidate at the 1935 general election, which he fought under the description Liberal National in a straight fight with the former Labour MP Joshua Ritson. Labour were confident of a political revival in 1935, attacking the government on domestic policy and the armaments programme insisting that a vote for the National Government meant a vote for war. Durham went solidly Labour with the party winning every seat in the county, including the Seaham constituency represented by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. Local politics
<mask> resumed political activity at a local level after losing his Parliamentary seat. He resumed his status as a Liberal without prefix or suffix and was elected to Newcastle City Council in 1936.He remained a member of the council for 25 years, during which time he was raised to the Aldermanic Bench, Deputy Mayor and was Mayor of the City twice, in 1951–52 and in 1953–54. In 1966, he was declared an Honorary Freeman of Newcastle. <mask> still retained ambitions to return to Parliament as a Liberal but during the Second World War there was a truce between the main political parties which ensured that they did not oppose each other when by-elections occurred. In 1940 however the seat of Newcastle upon Tyne North became vacant on the retirement of Sir Nicholas Grattan-Doyle, the sitting Conservative MP. While the Liberals would not officially oppose the Conservative candidate, Sir Nicholas' son Second Lieutenant Howard Grattan-Doyle, McKeag was talked of as a possible Independent candidate for the by-election. However, the seat was successfully contested by an Independent Unionist, Cuthbert Headlam. In the event, McKeag did not stand, perhaps because like a large number of electors he found it distasteful to fight an election when the British Expeditionary Force was struggling to get home from the beaches of Dunkirk, perhaps because he did not wish his political career to interfere with his own war service.<mask> retained his connection with the Liberal Party, holding the positions of President of Tynemouth Liberal Association and Vice–President of Newcastle Liberal Club and he tried again to get back to Parliament as a Liberal in Newcastle North at the 1945 general election and in 1950 at Newcastle upon Tyne East, but after this he seems to have become disillusioned with the prospects of the party. Changing political allegiances
By the mid-1950s, <mask>'s political label on Newcastle City Council was described as Progressive rather than Liberal and he was some time president of the Progressive Party in Newcastle. It was clear he had moved towards the Conservatives however, perhaps retaining links from his days as a Liberal National, because in 1957, <mask> Lloyd George in opposition to the official Conservative. The old association was disaffiliated in 1951 when the new one was formed to accommodate Lloyd George's becoming the local MP. <mask> agreed to accept the nomination. The official Conservatives adopted a young Morpeth farmer, <mask> and Labour chose T.L. MacDonald, a Carlisle printer.In the event, the unofficial Conservatives chose not to contest the election, which Elliott won comfortably with a majority of more than 6,000 votes. Other public service
<mask> held a long list of public offices as a result of his professional and political associations with Newcastle, County Durham and the North East of England. He was President of the Newcastle upon Tyne Law Students Association, a member of Newcastle upon Tyne Law Society Council, Under Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne; a Governor of Royal Victoria Infirmary; a Governor of Newcastle Royal Grammar School; Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee of Newcastle Corporation; a Member of Tyneside Industrial Development Board; a member of the Committee of the Institute of Directors of Newcastle upon Tyne; a member of the Tyne Improvement Commission, an organisation which held property along the River Tyne. He also supported many local associations and charities in the North East. He also held the position of Consul for the Republic of Iceland and was a Commander of the Order of the Falcon an Icelandic award for Icelanders and foreigners for achievements in Iceland or internationally. McKeag was also a Director of Newcastle United F.C. for 28 years, and was for a time, its chairman.His son <mask> was also a Chairman of the club from 1988 to 1990. Personal life and death
In 1922, he married Marie Elizabeth, the daughter of <mask> Crow of Newcastle upon Tyne. They had two sons and a daughter together. McKeag died aged 75 years on 4 October 1972 at Whitley Bay. References

External links

1897 births
1972 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1931–1935
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
Newcastle United F.C. directors and chairmen
Conservative Party (UK) politicians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for City of Durham
People from County Durham (district)

masks:
William McKeag
William McKeag
William McKeag Sr
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeag
McKeagm
McKeag
William Elliott
McKeag
Gordon McKeag
William Corn


title: Mike Opat

texts:
<mask> (born March 25, 1961) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Minnesota. He serves on the Hennepin County Board of Commissioners, the governing body for the largest county in Minnesota, with more than 1.25 million residents and an annual budget of $2.4 billion. <mask> represents District 1 (out of 7 districts), an area that includes more than 170,000 residents and encompasses six suburban cities: Brooklyn Center, Brooklyn Park, Crystal, New Hope, Osseo, and Robbinsdale. In his time on the County Board, <mask> has led, among other initiatives, policy and governance changes at Hennepin County Medical Center, numerous advancements in public infrastructure including the revitalization of the Humboldt Greenway, reconstruction of Highway 100 in the northern suburbs, construction of the new Brookdale library, the construction of Target Field and expansion of the Twin Cities area transit network, including the planned Bottineau Light Rail line along County Road 81 through the northern part of the county. <mask> has been described as one of the "most aggressive local government leaders", and said he considered a bid for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) nomination for governor of Minnesota in the 2010 election. Early life, education, and career
<mask> was born on March 25, 1961 in North Minneapolis to mother Joan and father <mask>, an Ironworker. <mask> attended the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities while working full-time at the Hennepin County Adult Correctional Facility, also known as the county "workhouse", and coaching basketball.After earning his Bachelor of Science degree in business in 1983, he continued at the workhouse as a Correctional Officer. In 1987, <mask> was awarded the Minnesota Correctional Officer of the Year award by the Minnesota Corrections Association, which he says motivated him to apply to the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government. After gaining his Masters of Public Policy from Harvard in 1989, <mask> was promoted to Shift Supervisor and worked three more years at the workhouse before running for public office in 1992. Hennepin County Board

1992 election
Branded a "political novice," <mask> decided to run for Hennepin County Commissioner in 1992, declaring that the incumbent, John Derus, was motivated by self-interest. Derus, one of Minneapolis's most durable politicians of the time, crushed <mask> at the DFL nominating convention. But <mask> emerged from the fall primary trailing Derus by only 173 votes, out of nearly 19,000 cast. <mask> won the general election, and Derus graciously conceded.<mask> credited that first victory to fortuitous timing and a team of about 200 volunteers who did it "because they wanted to, not because they had to." <mask> was elected as the Chair of the Hennepin County Board of Commissioners in January 2009, replacing Randy Johnson, a Republican who had been the board's chair since 2004. He went on to chair the board for a total of nine (9) years. 2010 gubernatorial election
Saying that the 2010 gubernatorial election "will be won or lost in the suburbs," <mask>, whose Hennepin district is 90 percent suburban, has said he is considering entering the race. Arguing that DFLers in the Legislature had "missed the point" in 2009, <mask> has argued for pragmatism in electing a Democratic governor, saying that candidates at either end of the political spectrum aren't likely to be particularly effective at building consensus and governing. And the DFL needs to widen its base, he said. "We need to connect; we have to have a clear message about the DFL philosophy in 2009.Given the economic crisis, our neighbors are hurting, regardless of their political views." Policies and priorities
<mask> describes himself as a "lifelong Democrat," and is a member of the Minnesota Democratic Farmer-Labor Party. He endorsed then Senator Barack Obama via a letter to the Star Tribune in January 2008, saying the election was "the most important" in his lifetime. He cited the importance of Obama's domestic agenda to improve our infrastructure through road and transit initiatives, as well as the prospects of reasonable immigration policy. Opat's district includes more Liberian immigrants than anywhere in Minnesota. Health care and human services

HCMC and Governance
Between 1997 and 2003, HCMC lost about $17 million annually in federal and state support and was unable to continue making significant investments in new technology, facilities maintenance and employee compensation. In addition, uncompensated care cases were increasing, putting more demand on HCMC's services.In 2004, <mask> led the charge for a change in the governing structure of HCMC, which, as Hennepin County's hospital, was governed by the County Board. <mask> led the adoption of a task force's proposal to transfer day-to-day management of the hospital from the County Board to Hennepin Healthcare Systems Inc., a nonprofit governing board composed of doctors, local professionals, health-care executives and two county commissioners (<mask> and Randy Johnson). <mask>, in advocating the new arrangement said that it would "...let the hospital manage its labor costs more efficiently, move more nimbly in a competitive health care market, raise money for crucial capital investments and even seek out profitable new lines of business to subsidize its public mission." The Board adopted the proposal, and retained the power to review the hospital's operating mission every year. In addition, Hennepin County remains the ultimate financial backstop for the hospital and underwrites its "uncompensated care" losses. The Minneapolis Star Tribune's editorial board called the new governance proposal "...a serious effort to solve a problem that no one else wants to acknowledge." The change went into effect in January 2007.HCMC once had a national reputation as a Level 1 Trauma Center, teaching, and safety-net hospital. In addition it has been recognized in excellency for oncology, pregnancies, burn treatment, hyperbaric medicine and obstetrics, and has consistently earned a spot on U.S. News and World Report''s list of best hospitals. Teen pregnancy prevention
<mask> has said that preventing teen pregnancy "should be the county's first priority," and he has been an advocate for county funding of public school health and sex-education teachers who teach comprehensive pregnancy prevention. In defending the county spending, he has cited the 1,200 teen pregnancies a year in Hennepin County, and how they result in more expensive county services. The number of births to teenage mothers in northwestern Hennepin County has increased sharply - from an average of 270 births in 1995–2003, to over 310 births in both 2004 and 2005. In May 2003, for his efforts in preventing teen pregnancy, <mask> was awarded "Minnesota Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy, Prevention and Parenting" (MOAPPP)'s Policymaker of the Year award. Developmental disabilities
In his 2009 State of the County address, Opat said that Hennepin County can never forget that it must be the face and the voice of the most vulnerable people — the poor, sick, aged, developmentally disabled, blind, deaf and hard-of-hearing.<mask> is the legal guardian of his brother, who is developmentally disabled, and has served on the Minnesota Special Olympics Board of Directors. "We have to announce when help for the mentally ill or chronically homeless is threatened," he added "Our obligation is to minimize our clients' pain and preserve their independence and dignity as best we can." Public infrastructure

Bottineau Boulevard Transit
see also Bottineau Boulevard Transitway

Bottineau Boulevard, also known as County Road 81, is a transport corridor that extends between Downtown Minneapolis and North Minneapolis through the northwest suburbs of the Twin Cities including; Golden Valley, Crystal, Robbinsdale, Osseo, Brooklyn Park and Maple Grove. In addition, Bottineau extends through the rapidly growing communities of Dayton, Rogers, and Hassan Township. The corridor has been continuously growing in traffic and population, with predictions showing a 30% increase in population between 2000 and 2025. Home to a major hospital (North Memorial), North Hennepin Community College, Hennepin Technical College, a railway, two lakes, three creeks, and a major regional park, Bottineau was chosen in the "Metropolitan Council 2030 Transportation Policy Plan" as a corridor to advance for development as a busway. However, due to the success of the METRO Blue Line Light Rail and lobbying by Opat, as well as the evolution of land use on the corridor, the mode choice was designated as a light rail transit corridor.CTIB

In April 2008, the Hennepin County Board voted to enter into a joint powers agreement with Anoka County, Dakota County, and Ramsey County to form the Counties Transit Improvement Board (CTIB). These counties adopted a 0.25% sales tax that is used to fund expansion of metropolitan transit projects, including light rail and commuter rail. The board named Opat and Commissioner Peter McLaughlin as Hennepin County's representatives on CTIB. On the same day, Opat offered two amendments to the board, acting as the Hennepin County Regional Rail Authority (HCRRA), one of which named the Bottineau, Central, and Southwest corridors as "priority transit corridors" for Hennepin County. The other directed a property tax cut of more than 50% subsequent to the enactment of the sales tax. In 2017, as permitted in the CTIB bylaws, the organization was dissolved so that the county could pursue its preferred transit priorities. Hennepin County is thus working to build two light rail transit lines.Victory Memorial Drive

Guided by the legislatively created Victory Memorial Drive Task Force, which is co-chaired by Opat and Commissioner Mark Stenglein, and the principles of the Park Board's Victory Memorial Drive 2005 Master Plan, Hennepin County has programmed $3.5 million in its capital budget toward:
 Restoring the historic street grid and parkway, and extending the green space. Revitalizing the flagpole plaza. Adding historic gateway monuments and entrances to the parkway at Humboldt Avenue North on the east, and Lowry Avenue North on the south. Removing or replanting elm trees, using multiple species that are resistant to Dutch Elm disease, and restoring the rank-and-file grid that is at the heart of the memorial. In 2009, the Minnesota State Legislature awarded $1 million in the Omnibus Bonding Bill for the project, as well as $40,000 in the "Omnibus Cultural and Outdoor Resources Finance Bill" for parks and trails. REPP
Opat also launched the Roadside Enhancement Partnership Program, designed to beautify the pedestrian areas near roadways, including streetscapes, sidewalks, landscaping, masonry and public art. Humboldt Greenway/Shingle Creek Parkway
The Humboldt Greenway project is the revitalization of the Shingle Creek and Lind-Bohanon neighborhoods by changing the character of Humboldt Avenue North to a landscaped greenway.Opat is credited for leading the revitalization for the avenue in the mid-1990s. <mask> insisted the new neighborhood should offer home buyers a variety of housing that would be affordable to middle-class residents, provide enhanced views of Shingle Creek, and fit into the scale of homes found on Victory Memorial Drive. In 2000, work began to remove about 212 existing single family homes and replace them with about 270 new single family homes and townhomes, building value and enhancing the existing tax base through investment in parks and improved infrastructure. "I think the results are great, especially the public open spaces," <mask> has said. "Humboldt Avenue is terrific, after we gave it a curving look, streetscaping and bike paths. There's better storm water runoff, too. We've even gotten the railroad to clean up its part of the area."In 2002, Commonbond Communities opened the first of 235 housing units, named Shingle Creek Commons. The Commons is a 75-unit retirement living community, which addressed the needed supply in the area for senior rental housing. In 2008, Kingsley Commons was completed on the Greenway, featuring 25 units, and becoming one of the nation's first apartment buildings designed to provide independent living to people with multiple sclerosis. At some point in 2019, all lots available along the Greenway will be developed. The revitalization will then be complete. Public safety

Productive Day
In 1994 Opat launched the "Productive Day" initiative which required inmates serving longer than a 15-day sentence at the Hennepin County Adult Correctional Facility to work or go to school for at least 8 hours per day. More than 100 employees participated in planning and implementing the change into one that emphasized work and education, rather than just "doing time."<mask> cited the need to "motivate residents to develop skills, habits and abilities necessary to successfully integrate into the community and...gain economic self-sufficiency upon release" as a driving principle behind this initiative. Crime
In November 2007, while outside his home in Robbinsdale, <mask> was attacked by two assailants, one of whom wielded a sawed off shotgun. He was hit with the butt of the gun, then knocked down, kicked, and punched. While lying in the alley, <mask> grabbed the gun barrel and broke free, running to safety. He lost his vehicle, his wallet, and his cellphone, but escaped with only minor injuries. The car was recovered, but the assailants have not been identified. In his 2009 State of the County address, <mask> proposed an initiative to form a crime lab work group to examine crime lab services, such as DNA analysis and identification in Hennepin County, and make recommendations for the efficiencies of the services of the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office and the City of Minneapolis Police Department.Minnesota Twins ballpark

In 2006, Commissioner <mask> led the effort with the Minnesota Twins to finance and build the new outdoor ballpark in downtown Minneapolis. This was despite the fact that "Public opinion polls have shown that a majority of Minnesotans don't favor public financing for stadiums." It was scheduled to open in April 2010. Construction
"I am proud that we are building this important public amenity at a time when jobs are crucial," <mask> has said "It's the first of many investments on the new edge of downtown Minneapolis, and will pay many dividends into the future." Chairmanships

2001–2003
Since his election, <mask> was a frequent critic of Chairman Randy Johnson, and was a behind the scenes competitor for the chairmanship four times between 1992 and 2000. <mask> did eventually unseat him as Board Chairman in 2001, following a 5–2 board vote. 2009–2015
The board unanimously elected Opat chairman once more in January 2009 and through 2015.2009 State of the County Address
In April 2009, in what was called a "powerful performance by an unlikely star in Minnesota politics," Opat gave the "2009 State of Hennepin County Address" at the University of Minnesota Carlson School of Management. Noting the "bleak times" for public institutions like Hennepin County with many low-income residents, <mask> stated that "the state of Hennepin County is challenged, but not imperiled," and he urged the County to lead new innovations and public investments. Opat proposed three new initiatives:
 A framework for the county to award up to $2 million each year in capital grants for youth activities in Hennepin, as part of the ballpark project. An Urban Lakes Initiative that would address the water quality of badly impaired lakes in the county's inner-ring suburbs. Opat cited recent water-quality tests that gave either a "D" or "F" to 25 lakes in the county, and proposed partnering with cities and water management groups to seek grants to make major improvements. A crime lab workgroup composed of public safety experts to examine crime lab services in the county and study options for combining the crime labs of the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office and the Minneapolis Police Department and make recommendations this fall to the Hennepin County Board. A local blogger said the address as demonstrated "a progressive in command of his message and in sync with his constituents."Controversy
<mask> is a defendant in a defamation lawsuit brought forth by Kevin and Valerie Holler. Comments by <mask> and Stenglein "might be read specifically as intending to damage the Hollers' reputation and to shame them into selling the property," wrote a three-judge panel of the state Court of Appeals. Reports the Star Tribune. The Minnesota Appeals Court decision can be found on the mn.gov website: http://mn.gov/lawlib/archive/ctapun/2014/opa131014-020314.pdf

Hennepin County Attorney's office disagreed with the three judge panel of the Court of Appeals and petitioned the Supreme Court of Minnesota for further review. The petition was denied (April 15, 2014; number 19 of 37). References

1961 births
County commissioners in Minnesota
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Politicians from Minneapolis
People from Robbinsdale, Minnesota
American people of German descent
American prison officers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni

masks:
Michael Joseph Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Harold Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
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Opat
Opat
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Opat
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Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Opat
Mike Opat
Opat


title: Linda Lavin

texts:
<mask> (born October 15, 1937) is an American actress and singer. She is known for playing the title character in the sitcom Alice and for her stage performances, both on and off-Broadway. After acting as a child, <mask> joined the Compass Players in the late 1950s. She began acting on Broadway in the 1960s, earning notice in It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman in 1966 and receiving her first Tony Award nomination for Last of the Red Hot Lovers in 1970. She moved to Hollywood in 1973 and began to work on television, making recurring appearances on the sitcom Barney Miller before landing the title role on the hit comedy Alice, which ran from 1976 to 1985. She appeared in many telefilms and later she appeared in other TV works. She has also played roles in several feature films.In 1987, she returned to Broadway, starring in Broadway Bound (winning a Tony Award), Gypsy (1990), The Sisters Rosensweig (1993), The Diary of Anne Frank (1997–1998) and The Tale of the Allergist's Wife (2000–2001), among others. In 2010, she appeared as Ruth Steiner in Collected Stories, garnering her fifth Tony nomination. She starred in NBC's short-lived sitcom Sean Saves the World as Lorna and the CBS sitcom 9JKL. She currently stars in the CBS sitcom B Positive. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Portland, Maine, the daughter of David Joseph <mask>, a businessman, and Lucille (née Potter), an opera singer. The Lavin family were active members of the local Jewish community. Both sets of grandparents, Simon and <mask> and Harry and Esther Potter, emigrated from Russia.Her family was musically talented, and <mask> has been onstage since the age of five. She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City. She attended Waynflete School before enrolling in the College of William & Mary. While at William and Mary, she performed with the William and Mary Theater in many productions directed by long-time Professor Howard Scammon. In the summer of 1958, she played one of the leads in The Common Glory, an outdoor drama written by Pulitzer-Prize winning playwright Paul Green and staged at an amphitheater on campus. Upon her graduation from William and Mary, she had already received her Actors' Equity Association card. She was a member of the Compass Players in the late 1950s.By the early 1960s, <mask> had appeared in several Broadway shows and appeared on the 1966 cast recordings of The Mad Show performing Stephen Sondheim's "The Boy From...". From It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman, one of her numbers, "You've Got Possibilities", was the album's best-received song and was called "The one memorable song...flirty, syncopated" by the Dallas Observer. Career

Television and film
In 1967, <mask> made an appearance as Gloria Thorpe in a television version of the baseball musical Damn Yankees with Phil Silvers. In 1969, <mask> married actor Ron Leibman, and by 1973, the couple had arrived in Hollywood, California. After various guest appearances on episodic television series such as The Nurses, Rhoda, Harry O and Kaz, <mask> landed a recurring role as Detective Janice Wentworth on Barney Miller during the first and second seasons (1975–1976). She left Barney Miller to star in the lead role in Alice. The show was a popular hit for CBS and ran from 1976 to 1985.The series was based on the Martin Scorsese-directed Ellen Burstyn film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore. <mask> portrayed Alice Hyatt, a waitress and singer, the character that Burstyn had played. Lavin performed the series' theme song, "There's a New Girl in Town," which was written by David Shire and Alan and Marilyn Bergman and was updated for each of the first six seasons. During the series' nine-season run, <mask> earned two Golden Globe Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and gained experience directing, especially during the later seasons. <mask> also played a dual role in Alice, as Debbie Walden, the wizened and former landlady of the character Vera Louise Gorman-Novak. Lavin also made numerous television appearances outside of Alice, including hosting her own holiday special for CBS, <mask> in Wonderland (1980). She acted in two sitcoms, Room for Two (1992–93) and 1998's Conrad Bloom.In Room for Two, she played a mother who moved in with her daughter, played by Patricia Heaton, who has a show on a local television station. The daughter gives <mask>'s character her own segment, called Just a Thought, at the end of her program. After working in theater for many years, <mask> was cast in the NBC television sitcom Sean Saves the World (2013–14) playing Sean Hayes' pushy, meddling mother Lorna. The Los Angeles Times interviewer noted: "A highlight of the show is the wonderful chemistry between <mask> and Hayes, who exchange repartee and quips with breezy ease. And the cast seems smitten with her." She made numerous television guest appearances, including roles on The Muppet Show (1979), Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The O.C., Touched by an Angel (1999) and HBO's The Sopranos (2002). She also appeared in many telefilms between 1967 and 1998, including: Damn Yankees!, Sadbird, The Morning After, Jerry, Like Mom, Like Me, The $5.20 an Hour Dream, Another Woman's Child, Maricela, Lena: My 100 Children, Whitewash, A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story, Stolen Memories: Secrets from the Rose Garden, For the Future: The Irvine Fertility Scandal, The Ring, and Best Friends for Life.Lavin produced and starred in A Matter of Life and Death, the 1981 telefilm based on the work of nurse thanatologist Joy Ufema. She directed the 1990 telefilm Flour Babies. <mask> made her feature film debut in The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984). Her other feature film appearances include See You in the Morning, starring Jeff Bridges; Alain Resnais's I Want to Go Home, opposite Gérard Depardieu (both 1989); and The Back-up Plan (2010). In 2015, Lavin guest starred as a judge approached to stop an execution in the episode of Bones titled "The Verdict in the Victims." Emily Deschanel said "Lavin was particularly fun to have on" the show. Lavin played Judy Roberts in the CBS sitcom 9JKL (2017–18) alongside Mark Feuerstein and Elliott Gould.Lavin caught up with Portland Magazine in its Winterguide 2018 issue about her return to CBS stating:

In 2019, <mask> joined the cast of the Netflix comedy/horror Santa Clarita Diet, starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant. In 2020, Lavin performed the song "The Boy From..." from The Mad Show in Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration. <mask> currently appears in the CBS comedy B Positive, which premiered on November 5, 2020, in a recurring role as Norma, one of the senior citizens at a local retirement home. Theater
<mask> began her career with Broadway appearances in the musical A Family Affair (1962) and plays such as The Riot Act (1963) and Carl Reiner's Something Different (1967). In his New York Times review of John Guare's two one-act plays, Cop-Out (1969), Clive Barnes wrote: "Miss <mask>...carries versatility almost to the point of paranoia, and camps up a storm." She "arrived at showbiz stardom with a featured role" in the musical It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman (1966). She received her first Tony Award nomination in 1970, for her role in the Neil Simon play Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1969).Clive Barnes, in his review for The New York Times, wrote: "<mask>, eyebrows, [sic] flaunting like telegraphed messages, mouth twitching and pouting, voice as dry as thunder and with a cough like electric static, is beautiful as Elaine, the sex cat feeling coolly kittenish and looking for a safe tin roof." <mask>'s last Broadway credit before she moved to Hollywood was in Paul Sills' Story Theatre in 1971. In her early years, Lavin also appeared in numerous Off-Broadway productions, including the revue Wet Paint (1965), the musical The Mad Show (1966) and Little Murders (1969). Lavin won the Theatre World Award for Wet Paint and a Drama Desk Award for Little Murders. In 1975, she appeared in the Shakespeare in the Park (New York City) production of The Comedy of Errors at the Delacorte Theater. In 1984, Lavin played the character of "The Mother" in Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author in a production directed by Robert Brustein at the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts. After more than a decade away, appearing on television, <mask> returned to the Broadway stage in 1987, winning a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and her second Drama Desk Award for her role as Kate in Simon's play Broadway Bound.Frank Rich, in his New York Times review, wrote: "One only wishes that Ms. <mask>, whose touching performance is of the same high integrity as the writing, could stay in the role forever." Theatre critic Charles McNulty wrote of her performance that it "is widely considered one of the most memorable in contemporary Broadway history, winning not just awards but praise approaching the level of myth. The distinguished theater critic Gordon Rogoff, extolling 'the power available only to an actor at the height of her own command of detail,' went so far as to describe <mask>'s portrayal as 'one of those textbook lessons in great acting...' "

She then starred on Broadway in Gypsy as Mama Rose Hovick, replacing Tyne Daly in July 1990. June Havoc saw <mask>'s performance in Gypsy and sent <mask> a photo of Havoc's mother, the real Rose Hovick, with a note of appreciation for <mask>'s particular portrayal of the character. Subsequent Broadway roles included The Sisters Rosensweig, as a replacement Gorgeous Teitelbaum starting in September 1993 and Mrs. Van Daan in The Diary of Anne Frank (1997–1998), opposite Natalie Portman, for which she garnered a Tony nomination as Featured Actress in a Play. In 1995 she appeared in the Off-Broadway Death-Defying Acts, which consists of three one-act plays; <mask> performed in the Elaine May ("Hotline") and Woody Allen plays ("Central Park West"). She was nominated for a Drama Desk Award (Outstanding Actress – Play) and won an Obie Award (Performance) and the Lucille Lortel Award.She also directed theater during this period. She played Marjorie in The Tale of the Allergist's Wife (2000–2001), co-starring Tony Roberts and Michele Lee, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award, Leading Actress in a Play, and Drama Desk Award, and "nanny" for Helen (young Carol Burnett, played by Sara Niemietz and Donna Lynne Champlin) in Hollywood Arms in Chicago and on Broadway in 2002. In 2010, <mask> appeared as Ruth Steiner in a Broadway revival of the play Collected Stories, reprising her role for a PBS production of the play, and received a fifth Tony nomination for the role. She appeared in the new play by Jon Robin Baitz, Other Desert Cities, Off-Broadway at the Mitzi Newhouse Theater (Lincoln Center) beginning in previews in December 2010, closing February 27, 2011. <mask> was featured in the Kennedy Center (Washington, DC) production of the musical Follies, from May 2011 to June 2011, as Hattie Walker. She appeared in the premiere of the Nicky Silver play The Lyons at the Off-Broadway Vineyard Theatre, beginning in September 2011, through November 11. Ben Brantley, The New York Times reviewer, commented: "Watching Ms. Lavin, I found myself thinking of Nora from Ibsen's Doll's House – well, a pursed-lipped, lemony-sour, older Nora in pseudo-Chanel, one who's never at a loss for what to say and when to say it.Rita may be a little behind schedule in discovering herself, but no one can fault the hair-trigger timing of the actress playing her or the surprising dimensions she finds within one-liners." She reprised her role in the Broadway production, which opened at the Cort Theatre on April 23, 2012 and closed on July 1, 2012. <mask> appeared in the new Nicky Silver play Too Much Sun, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre on May 18, 2014. Ben Brantley, in his review for The New York Times wrote: "And it's an unconditional treat to witness an actress like Ms. <mask> tuned so precisely into the writer's wavelength that script and performance become a marriage of true minds." <mask> appeared in 2015/16 on Broadway at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre in a Manhattan Theatre Club production of Richard Greenberg's Our Mother's Brief Affair. In January 2017, <mask> appeared in New York City Opera's production of Leonard Bernstein's Candide at the Rose Theatre at Lincoln Center in the role of The Old Lady. Cabaret and recording
Lavin has appeared in cabaret and concert performances.In 2005 she appeared at the Empire Plush Room in San Francisco, accompanied by Billy Stritch and her husband, Steve Bakunas. The talkinbroadway reviewer summed up her performance: "<mask> is funny, warm and full of personality." In April 2006 she performed at Birdland (New York) "with her critically acclaimed cabaret act The Song Remembers When", with Billy Stritch. She performed with the Wilmington Symphony (Wilmington, North Carolina) in March 2012. Her recording Possibilities was released by Ghostlight Records in 2012. Steven Suskin wrote: "There is still that sweet, friendly sound of long ago (and 'sweet' and 'friendly' are not words you'd use to describe Lavin-the-actress)." Personal life

<mask> has been married three times.Her first marriage to Ron Leibman ended in divorce in 1981. Her second marriage, to Kip Niven, whom she met on the set of Alice, ended in a bitter divorce in 1992. While <mask> has no biological children, she is the stepmother of the children of her second husband and plays an active role in their lives and she also plays an active role in the lives of her grandchildren, and she is also the stepmother of the children of her third and current husband, artist/musician Steve Bakunas, whom she married in 2005. The couple resided in Wilmington, North Carolina, where they were committed community members who were working together to rehabilitate impoverished neighborhoods including renovating many homes, donating a park to the city and creating a community theatre, the Red Barn Studio. In 1997, <mask> founded The Linda Lavin Arts Foundation in Wilmington, "to promote and foster the advancement of the performing and visual arts, with special emphasis on arts in education. Her foundation has created a theater program called Girl Friends, whose purpose is to raise the self-esteem of at-risk teenage girls of the inner city." Both of her former husbands, the aforementioned Niven and Leibman, died in 2019 along with Alice co-stars Philip McKeon and Charles Levin.In Wilmington, she was a stage director. One of her directorial credits was a 1998 production of William Shakespeare's As You Like It, updated to a Brazilian jazz style. In both Wilmington and New York she teaches master classes in acting and singing. In September 2012 <mask> announced that she intended to sell her home in Wilmington and return to New York City. <mask> and Bakunas had lived in New York City since circa 2013–2014. In July 2016, the Luxury Living website posted <mask>'s Central Park South apartment for sale at $1.25 million. Awards and nominations
<mask> was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame for 2010 in January 2011.Tony Awards
1970 Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play – Last of the Red Hot Lovers (Nominated)
1987 Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play – Broadway Bound (Won)
1998 Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play – The Diary of Anne Frank (Nominated)
2001 Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play – The Tale of the Allergist's Wife (Nominated)
2010 Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play – Collected Stories (Nominated)
2012 Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play – The Lyons (Nominated)

Drama Desk Awards
1987 Outstanding Actress in a Play – Broadway Bound (Won)
2008 Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play – The New Century (Won)

Obie Award
1994–95 Outstanding Actress – Death Defying Acts (Won)
2012 Performance The Lyons (Won)

Golden Globe Awards
1979 Best TV Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Alice (Won)
1980 Best TV Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Alice (Won)
1981 Best TV Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Alice (Nominated)

Primetime Emmy Awards
1979 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Alice (Nominated)

Work

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

References

Further reading
Putt, Jr., Barry M. (2019). Alice: Life Behind the Counter in Mel's Greasy Spoon (A Guide to the Feature Film, the TV Series, and More). Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media. . External links

 <mask> biography, as "Alice" cast member

1937 births
American women singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
College of William & Mary alumni
Drama Desk Award winners
Living people
Jewish American actresses
Jewish singers
Musicians from Portland, Maine
Maine
Actors from Wilmington, North Carolina
Tony Award winners
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Portland, Maine
Waynflete School alumni
American people of Russian-Jewish descent

masks:
Linda Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Jessie Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Linda
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Linda Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Linda Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Lavin
Linda Lavin


title: William Guild

texts:
<mask> (1586–1657) was a Scottish minister, academic and theological writer. Life

He was the second son of Marjorie (born Donaldson) and <mask>, a wealthy armourer of Aberdeen, and Deacon of the Guild of Hammermen. He had three sisters including the philanthropist <mask> who was baptised in 1573. He  was born in Aberdeen, and was educated at Marischal College. He received licence to preach in 1605, and in 1608 was ordained minister of the parish of King Edward in his native county. Two years later his wealth was increased by his marriage with Katherine Rolland or Rowen of Disblair, Aberdeenshire. In 1617, during the visit of James I to his ancestral kingdom, <mask> was in Edinburgh, and was a member of the assembly which met in the music school of that city, and protested for the liberties of the kirk; the temper of the king was thought to make it dangerous to sign the protestation, but <mask> was one of the fifty-five who subscribed.While in Edinburgh he made the acquaintance of Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, then with the king, and to him (in 1620) he dedicated his best-known work, Moses Unvailed. <mask> was made a chaplain to Charles I, by the support of Peter Young. Soon afterwards he received the degree of D.D., then almost unknown in Scotland. He was translated to the second charge at Aberdeen in 1631, where he joined the clergy in supporting episcopacy. In 1632 he was created the first Patron of the Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen and held this role until 1657 when he was succeeded by Rev John Menzies. In 1635 he was one of the preachers at the funeral of Bishop Patrick Forbes, his diocesan. The National Covenant was viewed at Aberdeen with disfavour, and the commissioners sent to press its acceptance on the city were met by the Aberdeen Doctors for the university, and the town ministers, with a series of questions disputing its lawfulness.<mask> signed these questions, but soon subscribed the Covenant, though with three limitations: he would not condemn the Articles of Perth, though agreeing for the peace of the church to forbear the practice of them; he would not condemn episcopal government absolutely; and he reserved his duty to the king. <mask> went as commissioner to the Glasgow assembly of 1638, which deposed the Scottish bishops. In March 1640 an army approached Aberdeen to enforce unconditional subscription of the Covenant. <mask> for a time took refuge in Holland, but soon returned, and administered the communion according to the Presbyterian form on 3 November. In August 1640 the covenanters expelled Dr. <mask>, and appointed Guild principal of King's College, Aberdeen, in preference to Robert Baillie. He retired from his position as minister, preaching for the last time on 27 June 1641. He helped in the dismantling of the bishop's palace at Old Aberdeen and the purging of the cathedral and the college chapel of ornaments; but Andrew Cant, then all-powerful at Aberdeen, thought him lukewarm, and at the visitation of King's College by Oliver Cromwell's military commissioners in 1651 he was deprived.<mask> was a benevolent man; he purchased the convent of the Trinity Friars at Aberdeen and endowed it as a hospital, for which he received a royal charter in 1633. His widow left an endowment to maintain poor students, and for other charitable purposes. He died at Aberdeen on 25 July August, and was remembered there for his benefactions to its public institutions; there is a William Guild Building in the University. He is buried against the west boundary wall of the Kirk of St Nicholas in Aberdeen. The huge monument bears the date 1659: the year of the death of his wife, Katharine Rolland. It was restored in the late 19th century when the original central marble inscription tablet was replaced with red granite. Works

Guild wrote:

 The New Sacrifice of Christian Incense, or the True Entrie to the Tree of Life, and Gracious Gate of Glorious Paradise, London, 1608.The Only Way to Salvation, or the Life and Soul of True Religion, London, 1608. Moses Vnuailed … whereunto is added the Harmony of All the Prophets (the latter, with separate title-page dated 1619, dedicated to Peter Young), London, 1620, 1626, 1658, Glasgow 1701, and Edinburgh, 1755, 1839. This work made <mask> an early Protestant adapter of the tradition of figural hermeneutics. It was then followed by Thomas Taylor (Christ Revealed, 1635), and Samuel Mather's sermons of the 1660s. Issachar's Asse … or the Uniting of Churches, Aberdeen, 1622. Three Rare Monuments of Antiquitie, or Bertram, a Frenchman, Ælfricus, an Englishman, and Maurus, a Scotsman: all stronglie convincing that grosse errour of transubstantiation. Translated and compacted by W. <mask>, Aberdeen, 1624.Translations from Ratramnus, Ælfric of Eynsham and Hrabanus Maurus. Ignis Fatuus, or the Elf-fire of Purgatorie, with a latter Annex, London, 1625. Popish Glorying in Antiquity turned to their Shame, Aberdeen, 1626. A Compend of the Controversies of Religion, Aberdeen, 1629. Limbo's Battery, or an Answer to a Popish Pamphlet concerning Christ's Descent into Hell, Aberdeen, 1630. The Humble Addresse both of Church and Poore … for the Vniting of Churches and the Ruine of Hospitalls, Aberdeen, 1633. The first part is a reprint of Issachar's Asse.Sermon at the Funeral of Bishop Forbes, 1635. Trueth Triumphant, or the conversion of … F. Cupif from Poperie. … Faithfully translated into English by W<mask>, Aberdeen, 1637. An Antidote against Poperie; one of three treatises printed together at Aberdeen, 1639; its ascription to <mask> is doubtful. The Christian's Passover, Aberdeen, 1639. The Old … in opposition to the New Roman Catholik, Aberdeen, 1649. Antichrist … in his true Colours, or the Pope of Rome proven to bee that Man of Sinne, Aberdeen, 1655.The Sealed Book opened, being an explication of the Revelations, Aberdeen, 1656. Answer to "The Touchstone of the Reformed Gospel", Aberdeen, 1656. The Noveltie of Poperie discovered and chieflie proved by Romanists out of themselves, Aberdeen, 1656. Love's Entercours between the Lamb and his Bride, or A Clear Explication … of the Song of Solomon, London, 1658. The Throne of David, an Exposition of II Samuel, published at Oxford, 1659, by John Owen, to whom it was to have been dedicated, and to whom the manuscript was sent by Guild's widow. Notes

Attribution

1586 births
1657 deaths
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Principals of the University of Aberdeen
17th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland

masks:
William Guild
Matthew Guild
Jean Guild
Guild
Guild
Guild
Guild
Guild
Guild
William Leslie
Guild
Guild
Guild
. Guild
Guild


title: Martinho da Vila

texts:
<mask> (born February 12, 1938) is a Brazilian singer and composer who is considered to be one of the main representatives of samba and MPB. He is a prolific songwriter, with hundreds of recorded songs across over 40 solo albums. He also has many songs that were recorded by singers from different musical genres. Internationally celebrated artists such as Nana Mouskouri (Greece), Ornella Vanoni (Italy), Katia Guerreiro (Portugal), Rosario Flores (Spain) have put their voices to <mask>’s songs and lyrics. As a singer, he is considered by critics as one of the top exponents of samba to have ever lived. Among his many national collaborations, a few notable names are Zeca Pagodinho, Arlindo Cruz, Chico Buarque, Beth Carvalho, Noel Rosa, Alcione, among others. Furthermore, <mask> composed some of the most important samba enredos (samba school themed songs) and has forged a solid partnership with the Vila Isabel samba school.In spite of being a self-taught singer / songwriter with no academic background, <mask> has a great connection with classical music. He participated in the symphonic project "Samba Classics" under the baton of the late Maestro Silvio Barbato, which went on to be performed by several classical orchestras such as the Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, and Espirito Santo Orchestras, as well as the Orquestra Petrobras and the Orfeônica of Denmark. He also devised, in partnership with Maestro Bruno Leonardo, the Black Concert, a Symphonic performance that focuses on the participation of black musicians in classical music. In addition to being a celebrated singer and songwriter, <mask> is also a writer and author of 13 books: Notable works include Os Lusófonos, republished in Portugal, as well as Joanna and Joanes - A Fluminense Romance, and Ópera Negra, which was later translated into French. At the Book Fair in Paris in 2015, <mask> released his novel Os Lusófonos. As a journalist, <mask> writes articles for O Globo, Folha de São Paulo and O Estadão newspapers, several magazines, and, for two years, he was a weekly columnist of the newspaper O Dia. He is also politically active and a prominent figure and spokesperson for Afro-Brazilian issues as well as for the Communist Party of Brazil.He is the author of six books, and has been a recording artist since 1969. Apart from his own interpretations, Simone stands out as one of his greatest interpreters, with a whole album dedicated to him, entitled Café com leite. Biography
<mask> <mask>’s artistic career became public at the III Festival of Record, in 1967, when he entered the competition with the song "Menina Moça". However, success came the following year, in the fourth edition of the same festival, with the song "Casa de Bamba," one of <mask>'s classics. The first album, released in 1969, entitled Martinho da Vila, already demonstrated the extent of his talent as a composer and musician, which, in addition to "Casa de Bamba", showcased masterpieces such as "O Pequeno Burguês," "Quem é do Mar não enjoa" and "Pra que Dinheiro" among other gems such as" Brasil Mulato", "Amor pra que Nasceu" and "Tom Maior". He soon became one of the most respected Brazilian artists as well as one of the major album sellers in Brazil. He was only the second samba recording artist to exceed the mark of one million copies sold with the CD Tá Delícia, Tá Gostoso released in 1995 (the first was Agepê, which in 1984 sold a million and a half copies with his Brazilian Mix album).At the closing ceremony of the 2016 Rio Olympics, <mask> performed onstage in the Maracanã Stadium, singing "" with his three daughters and one granddaughter. Awards
Among the titles received are Carioca Citizen (for citizens of Rio de Janeiro), Citizen Benefactor of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Commander of the official degree in Republic and the Order of Cultural Merit, for his contribution to Brazilian culture. In his musical career, in 1991 <mask> won the Shell Award for Brazilian Popular Music. In 2014, he was nominated to the Latin Grammy for Best Samba / Pagode Album. In 2021, <mask> was one of the recipients of the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and his album Rio: Só Vendo a Vista was nominated in the same ceremony in the Best Samba/Pagode Album category. Samba School
His dedication to the beloved GRES Unidos de Vila Isabel, began in 1965. Before that, he used to be a regular at the Aprendizes da Boca do Mato samba school.Since joining Vila Isabel, he has written dozens of songs for the school. He wrote the samba “Kizomba: A Festa da Raça”, which secured Special Group title in 1988. After a 17-year hiatus, in 2010, <mask> won the sambas enredo contest again, providing the school’s theme - Noel Rosa, another composer of Vila Isabel, to celebrate his centenary. <mask> had said that would be his last samba enredo. In 2013, when <mask> turned 75, his son Tonico <mask> took Vila Isabel to the title with the theme “A Vila Canta o Brasil, Celeiro do Mundo. Água no Feijão, que Chegou Mais Um”. Bocskay, Stephen (2017)."Undesired Presences: Samba, Improvisation, and Afro-Politics in 1970s Brazil". Latin American Research Review. 52 (1): 64–78. 2. Bocskay, Stephen (2012). Voices of Samba: Music and The Brazilian Racial Imaginary (1955-1988) (Doctorate). Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University.References

External links
 Official site

1938 births
Afro-Brazilian male singers
Living people
Latin Grammy Award winners
Brazilian composers
People from Rio de Janeiro (state)
Música Popular Brasileira singers
20th-century Brazilian male singers
Samba musicians
Samba enredo composers
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
21st-century Brazilian male singers

masks:
Martinho da Vila
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
da Vila
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
da Vila
Martinho
Martinho
Martinho
da Vila