title: Bernard G. Segal

texts:
<mask>Bernie" G<mask> (June 11, 1907 – June 1, 1997) was an American lawyer known for his advocacy for the poor and his work in the civil rights movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City but spent his childhood in Allentown and Philadelphia. He received both his bachelor's and law degrees at the University of Pennsylvania. Career
Upon his graduation from law school, <mask> became a deputy attorney general in the office of William A. Schnader, the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. At 24, <mask> was the youngest deputy attorney general in state history. When Schnader lost a race for governor and established his own firm in 1935, <mask> quickly became a partner, eventually serving as chairman of the firm, now known as Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis. In the 1950s, <mask> became the first Jewish lawyer elected chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association, the nation's oldest bar association.In 1969, he became president of the American Bar Association. In fifty years as a corporate lawyer specializing in appellate work, Segal represented blue-chip clients including Bell Telephone, RCA, NBC, Hertz Corporation, Gimbel Brothers, and also United Parcel Service, where he served for many years as director and general counsel. Segal argued nearly 50 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, but as a lawyer Segal took a broad view of his calling. Segal was known as the nation's foremost advocate of merit selection of judges. In the mid-1950s he persuaded then Attorney General Herbert Brownell and President Dwight D. Eisenhower to submit to the American Bar Association Committee on the Federal Judiciary the names of all prospective federal judicial nominees, including the Supreme Court, for a report and recommendation on their qualifications. That practice has continued ever since, with Presidents very rarely appointing a Federal Judge found "Not Qualified" by the ABA Committee. Segal chaired that Committee for six years and continued his key role in judicial selection long after he relinquished his chairmanship.In 1963, as the civil rights revolution was heating up, Segal called Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and asked why the President was not marshaling lawyers to help the civil rights movement. President John F. Kennedy convened a meeting of 244 prominent lawyers suggested by Segal and established the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, with <mask> as co-chairman. The Committee sent lawyers to defend civil rights workers in southern states and played a critical role in advancing civil rights, not only in the south, but in many northern cities as well. <mask>'s wife, Dr. <mask> <mask>, a civil rights scholar in her own right, worked closely with Segal in their civil rights activities. Segal also played a seminal role in furthering legal services for the poor, chairing the Advisory Committee on the National Legal Services Program under President Lyndon B. Johnson and enlisting lawyers throughout the nation to provide legal services to the indigent. He was devoted to the principle that the most despised defendants also deserved a defense. In 1953, he organized the defense of nine Philadelphians denounced as Communists.In the 1970s he also defended Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, MD, who was convicted of murdering his family in February 1970. Segal received honorary degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Villanova University, Franklin and Marshall College, Dropsie College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Vermont Law School, Georgetown University, Suffolk University and Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. He received many other awards and honors from institutions and organizations throughout the world, among them the World Peace Through Law Award as the "World's Greatest Lawyer"; the National Civil Rights Award by the Attorney General of the United States; first Lifetime Achievement Award of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law; the National Human Relations Award by the National Conference of Christians and Jews; and the Judge William H. Hastie Award of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. In 1981, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review devoted a unique issue to Segal, with tributes from Supreme Court Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. and Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Judges Arlin Adams and Louis H. Pollak and other legal luminaries. In that Review, former Judge A. Leon Higginbotham stated:
When the high court of history writes its judgment in praise of <mask><mask>, it will place an even higher value on his indefatigable efforts to expand and improve legal services for the poor, the powerless, and the dispossessed. I will note his mighty role in pushing the organized bar and many individual lawyers to accept the eradication of barriers of racial discrimination and religious bigotry as part of their mission. It will stress his efforts to maintain and improve the independence and excellence of the judiciary."Personal life
<mask> died on June 1, 1997, 10 days before his 90th birthday, from complications of cancer at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. References

External links
 The <mask><mask> Papers at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Archives
 Testimony by <mask><mask> in support of the nomination of Justice Lewis F. Powell to the United States Supreme Court
 History of the American Bar Association in the 1960s
 A Moral Issue, by <mask>. St. John, detailing Segal's work with the American Bar Association on civil rights
 The Rainmakers, by <mask>. St. John, referencing Segal's career
 A review of Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, (403 U.S. 29, June 7, 1971), a free speech case successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court by <mask>. Segal
 Full text of the United States Supreme Court decision in Rosenbloom v. Metromedia

1907 births
1997 deaths
American civil rights lawyers
20th-century American Jews
Activists for African-American civil rights
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania political activists
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
People from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Philadelphia
20th-century American lawyers

masks:
Bernard "
. Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Geraldine
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Bernard G
. Segal
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Gerard J
Bernard G


title: José Figueres Ferrer

type: original

texts:
<mask> (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) served as President of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1948–1949, 1953–1958 and 1970–1974. During his first term in office he abolished the country's army, nationalized its banking sector, and granted women and Afro-Costa Ricans the right to vote, as well as access to Costa Rican nationality to people of African descent. He was a good friend of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, praising his political achievements in one of his essays. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 September 1906 in San Ramón in Alajuela province. The locations are significant, according to his best biographer, because his parents came from a world of wide ambition that most Costa Ricans envied, and he was born in a nation that put a high value on his impeccable Spanish background. <mask> was the eldest of the four children of a Catalan doctor and his wife, a teacher, who had recently immigrated from Catalonia to San Ramón in west-central Costa Rica. Figueres' first language was Catalan, as he talked to his parents in this language.Early business career
In 1924 he left for Boston, United States, on a work and study trip. There he studied hydroelectric engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a farm in Tarrazú. He named the farm, with a certain degree of foresight, La Lucha sin Fin (the endless struggle).10

Figueres became a successful coffee grower and rope manufacturer, employing more than 1,000 sharecroppers and factory laborers. Describing himself as a "farmer-socialist", he built housing and provided medical care and recreation for his workers and established a community vegetable farm and a dairy with free milk for workers' children.3

His sharecroppers could either sell hemp grown on his plantation to him at market price for use in his rope factory, or sell it elsewhere if they were offered a better price.3

Political career

Return to Costa Rica, the Caribbean Legion, and the Costa Rica Civil War (1944–1948)

When Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1944 from being exiled in Mexico, he established the Democratic Party, which a year later transformed into the Social Democratic Party. The party was intended to be a counterweight to the ruling National Republican Party (PRN), led by former President Calderón and his successor Teodoro Picado. The highly controversial Calderón had angered Costa Rican elites, enacting a large social security retirement program and implementing national healthcare.Calderón was accused of corruption by the elites, providing a rallying cry for Figueres and the Social Democratic Party.18

Figueres began training the Caribbean Legion, an irregular force of 700. Figueres launched a revolution along with other landowners and student agitators, hoping to overthrow the Costa Rican government. With plans of using Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned next to remove the three Central American dictators. Washington officials closely watched the Legion's activities, especially after Figueres carried out a series of terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were supposed to climax in a general strike, but the people did not respond.1, 3, 8, 9

Former President Calderón supporters prevented and invalidated the 1 March 1948, presidential election in which Otilio Ulate had allegedly defeated Calderón in his second term bid with fraud. In March–April 1948, the protests over the election results mushroomed into armed conflict, then into revolution. Figueres defeated Communist-led guerrillas and the Costa Rican Army, which had joined forces with President Picado.4, 8

With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. Figueres as the provisional president (1948–1949)

After the civil war Figueres became President at the head of a provisional junta known as the "Junta Fundadora" (Founding Council) that held power for 18 months.During that time he took several actions:

 abolishing the army (as a precaution against the militarism that has perennially thwarted or undercut democracy in Central America)4 Figueres said he was inspired to disarm Costa Rica by H.G. Wells "Outline of History", which he read in 1920 while at MIT. "The future of mankind cannot include armed forces. Police, yes, because people are imperfect. ", he declared. Ever since, Costa Rica has had no army and has maintained a 7,500-member national police force for a population of over five million.6
 enabled women and illiterates to vote3,
 put into effect basic welfare legislation1,
 nationalised banks1,
 outlawed the Communist Party3,
 directed the writing of a new constitution3,
 guaranteed public education for all3,
 gave citizenship to black immigrants' children3,
 established civil service to eliminate the spoils system in government3, and

"In a short time, we decreed 834 reforms that completely changed the physiognomy of the country and brought a deeper and more human revolution than that of Cuba", Figueres said in a 1981 interview.4

Once Figueres gained control, the legislation he passed regarding social reform for his Second Republic of Costa Rica was not that much different from Calderón's proposals. In fact, it is believed by some historians (such as David LaWare) that Figueres' social reforms were more or less the same as Calderón's Labor Code of 1943, only Figueres had gained the power with which to enact the laws upon the whole country with the complete support of virtually all the country.Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D. Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1930s. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did, however he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked...What we need now is an international New Deal, to change the relations between North and South. "614

<mask> stepped down after 18 months, handing his power over to Otilio Ulate, and ever since Costa Ricans have settled their arguments constitutionally.1

"Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships", Figueres told American interviewers in 1951. "It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy. "6

Second term as President (1953–1958)
In 1953, <mask> created the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in the 1953.4,  10 He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history. During his various terms in office he nationalized the banking system and contributed to the construction of the Panamerican Highway that goes across Central America. He promoted the private industry sector and stimulated the national industry sector.He succeeded in energizing the country's middle class creating a strong buffer between the upper and lower classes. What most alarmed U.S. officials was Figueres's material and moral support for the Caribbean Legion, even though Figueres had obviously lost interest in the Legion after he gained power. But Figueres still criticized U.S. support for the dictators, going so far as to boycott the 1954 inter-American meeting because it was held in Caracas, where President Marcos Pérez of Venezuela held sway.8, 9

Figueres happily cooperated with North American military plans. After the United States established the School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone to train Latin American officers in Anti-Communist techniques, more Costa Rican "police" graduated from the School between 1950 and 1965 than did officers of any other hemispheric nation except Nicaragua.8

The Republic of China awarded him the "Shining Star" in 1955. In 1957, an assassination plot by dictator Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic) was uncovered. Border war with Somoza's Nicaragua (1954–1955)
<mask>'s support for the Caribbean Legion nearly cost him his job during this second presidency. Implicated in an invasion of Nicaragua in April 1954 by anti-Somoza exiles linked to the Caribbean Legion, Anastasio Somoza García launched a counter-attack, allowing the exiled former Costa Rica president Rafael Calderón to invade Costa Rica in January 1955.<mask> had played a dangerous game, but he had also abolished the Costa Rican army, which forced him to appeal to the Organization of American States to protect his country from Somoza's aggression. The OAS, with the concurrence of the U.S. representative, ordered a cease-fire and sent a delegation to Costa Rica for an on-site investigation. At that point, Somoza realized that he had to act quickly. He called in his IOU from the CIA. He had permitted the CIA to use Las Mercedes Airport, outside Managua, as a base for its P-47s during the Guatemalan intervention. Now he wanted the planes that were parked there to help him in his feud with <mask>. On 15 January, three days after the OAS action, a P-47 Thunderbolt violated Costa Rican airspace and bombed and strafed a number of Costa Rican towns.<mask>, alarmed by this escalation, pointed out that Costa Rica had no defense against "modern weapons" of this kind and again appealed to the OAS. The council of the organization immediately authorized the United States to sell four P-51 Mustang fighters to Costa Rica for a dollar apiece. The State Department, responding to pressure from certain U.S. congressmen and sensing an opportunity to improve America's image in Latin America after Guatemala, came to the rescue and preserved the Caribbean's "lone democrat." Its gesture ended the "invasion", and the State Department scored one over the CIA. The Nicaraguan dictator withdrew, but not before extracting a commitment from Figueres that he would sever links with the exiles. 4, 10, 11

1958 testimony before U.S. Congress
In 1958, during a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon was spat at by anti-American protesters who also disrupted and assaulted Nixon's motorcade, pelting his limousine with rocks, shattering windows, and injuring Venezuela's foreign minister. The event prompted the US Congress to create a special committee to investigate the reasons behind it.Many people were invited to speak before it, including <mask>, who testified as follows (in part) on 9 June 1958:

"As a citizen of the hemisphere, as a man who has dedicated his public life to promote inter-American comprehension, as an educated man who knows and appreciates the United States and who has never tried to hide that appreciation to anyone, no matter how hostile he was, I deplore that the people of the Latin America, represented by a fistful of overexcited Venezuelans, have spit upon a worthy public officer who represents the greatest nation of our time. But I must speak frankly and even rudely, because I am convinced that the situation demands it: the people cannot spit at a foreign policy, which was what they tried to do. But when they have exhausted all other means of trying to make themselves understood, the only thing left to do is spitting. "With all due respect to Vice-President Nixon, and with all my admiration towards his conduct, which was, during the events, heroic and later noble, I have no choice but to say that the act of spitting, however vulgar it is, lacks a substitute in our language to express certain emotions.... If you’re going to speak of human dignity in Russia, why is it so hard to speak of human dignity in the Dominican Republic? Where is intervention and where is non-intervention? Is it that a simple threat, a potential one, to your liberties, is, essentially, more serious than the kidnapping of our liberties?"Of course you have made certain investments in the (Latin) American dictatorships. The aluminum companies extract bauxite almost for free. Your generals, your admirals, your public officers and your businessmen are treated there like royalty. "Like your Senate verified yesterday, there are people who bribe the reigning dynasties with millions, to enjoy the privilege of hunting in their lands. They deduct the money from the taxes they pay in the US, but it returns to the country and, when it arrives in Hollywood, becomes extravagant furs and cars that bring down the fragile virtue of female stars. And, meanwhile, our women are kidnapped by gangsters, our men are castrated in the torture chambers and our illustrious professors disappear, lugubriously, from the halls of the University of Columbia, in New York. When one of your lawmakers calls this a "collaboration to fight communism", 180 million Latin Americans feel the need to spit."Spitting is a despicable custom, if done physically. But what about moral spitting? When your government invited , the Himmler of the Western Hemisphere, to be honored in Washington, didn’t you spit upon the face of all democrats in (Latin) America? … I can assure you that, when it comes to international economic policy, the United States seems to be willing to repeat certain errors of domestic policy that inflicted much damage in the past, including, of course, the ones that led to the great crisis of 1929. "We, the Latin Americans, are tired of pointing at these mistakes; especially, the lack of interest in the prices of our products. Every time we suggest a plan to stabilize prices at a fair level you answer with economy slogans, like "the law of supply and demand" or "the free market system", or with insults like "Aren’t we paying you enough money now?" We don’t beg, except in emergencies.We’re not people who will spit about merely money. We’ve inherited all the flaws of the Spanish character, but also some of its virtues. "Our poverty does not diminish our pride. We have our dignity. What we want is to be paid a fair price for the sweat of our people, for the impoverishment of our land when we provide a product needed by another country. That would be

masks:
José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer
Figueres
Figueres
Figueres
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Figueres
Figueres
Figueres
Figueres
Figueres


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 enough to live, to raise our own capital and to carry on with our own development." Third presidential term (1970–1974)
The termination of Alliance for Progress funds as well as the collapse of the Central American Common Market, threatened to cripple the country's economy until Figueres discovered a new market by selling 30,000 tons of coffee to the Soviet Union in 1972.Costa Rica then became the only Central American nation to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund also delivered millions of dollars to keep the economy afloat.10, 13

When opponents of Nicaragua's Gen. Anastasio Somoza Debayle seized a plane in San José in 1971, the 5'3" Figueres stood on the runway and aimed a submachine gun at the cabin until the hijackers surrendered.3

He claimed that he almost ruined a 1973 Central American summit when he twitted five army generals: "Isn't it odd that all you bastards are generals, and I'm the only civilian, but I'm the only one who's ever fought a war? "3

Political connections

Figueres' connection with the KGB

According to revelations from the Mitrokhin Archive, the KGB secretly transmitted to Figueres a $300,000 loan via the Costa Rican Communist Party to help finance his 1970 campaign, in exchange for establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, which he did upon election. Figueres later escalated his relationship with the San Jose residency of the KGB, expanding his activities to providing confidential reports on other countries in Central America and the Caribbean. In 1974, a KGB report to Leonid Brezhnev revealed that Figueres had agreed to publish materials advantageous to the KGB. For this reason, he was given $10,000 under the guise of stock purchases in his newspaper. Figueres' connection with the CIA
The CIA gave Figueres money to publish a political journal, Combate, and to sponsor the founding meeting of the Institute of Political Education in Costa Rica in November 1959.The institute was organized as a training school and a center for political collaboration for political parties of the democratic left, principally from Costa Rica, Cuba (in exile), the Dominican Republic (in exile), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (in exile), Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. The CIA concealed its role from most of the participants except Figueres. Its funds passed first to a shell foundation, then to the Kaplan Fund of New York, next to the Institute for International Labor Research (IILR) located in New York, and finally to San José. Socialist leader Norman Thomas headed the IILR. After the CIA connection was revealed, Thomas maintained that he had been unaware of it, but the IILR's treasurer, Sacha Volman, who also became treasurer of the institute in San José, was a CIA agent. The CIA used Volman to monitor the institute, and Cord Meyer  collaborated directly with Figueres.11

Mr. <mask> himself acknowledged in 1981 that he had received help from the Central Intelligence Agency. "At the time, I was conspiring against the Latin American dictatorships and wanted help from the United States", he recalled."I was a good friend of Allen Dulles." "Anyway", Mr. <mask> went on, "the C.I.A. 's Cultural Department helped me finance a magazine and some youth conferences here. But I never participated in espionage. I did beg them not to carry out the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, which was madness, but they ignored me." 4

Cord Meyer came to San José sometime in the summer of 1960. He and <mask> created the Inter-American Democratic Social Movement (INADESMO), which was nothing more than a front.A flier describing the idealistic purpose of INADESMO carried the same post office box as <mask>'s personal letterhead. The INADESMO setup enabled Meyer to disburse funds more directly, without having to bother with conduits or the accounting procedures of the institute. For example, INADESMO contributed $10,000 to help finance the First Conference of Popular Parties of Latin America in Lima, Peru, in August 1960. The following May, Meyer returned to San José for a more urgent purpose. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs failure, he provided <mask> with INADESMO funds to sponsor a meeting at his estate, 'La Lucha', (12–20 May) between the leaders of the principal Dominican exile movements, Juan Bosch and Horacio Ornes. With <mask> as sponsor, Bosch and Ornes agreed to form a coalition government in anticipation of the overthrow of dictator Rafael Trujillo. As the United States moved to rally the hemisphere against Fidel Castro, Trujillo had become expendable, because the United States needed to demonstrate that it opposed all dictators, not just those on the left.For over a year, the CIA had been in contact also with dissidents inside the Dominican Republic who argued that assassination was the only certain way to remove Trujillo. The CIA station in Ciudad Trujillo (now Santo Domingo) had encouraged the dissidents and actually delivered to them three pistols and three carbines "attendant to their projected efforts to neutralize Trujillo." Because the Bay of Pigs failure created an uncertain situation, the United States tried to put the brakes on this operation and refused to pass along additional weapons to the dissidents which the Dominican station already had, specifically M-3 machine guns. The U.S. National Security Council, meeting on 5 May, "noted the President's view that the United States should not initiate the overthrow of Trujillo before [knowing] what government would succeed him." On 30 May, Trujillo was ambushed and assassinated. The same "action group" with whom the CIA had been in contact and to whom it had delivered pistols and carbines carried out the attack. According to the 1975 report of the Church Committee, there was "no direct evidence" that CIA weapons had been used in the assassinations and the effect of the Bosch-Ornes pact upon the events that transpired remains a matter for speculation.Nonetheless, the CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the Dominican Republic "as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the Dominican Republic from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy." Bosch himself was elected president of the Dominican Republic. Sacha Volman followed him there, establishing a new "research and publication center" and taking with him the CIA funding that used to go to Figueres in Costa Rica. Though one cannot prove that there was a coordinated link between the external and internal opposition groups, Cord Meyer  was in a position to know what both elements were doing.11

Relationship with Cuba
Figueres also opposed the dictatorial regime in pre-Castro Cuba and went so far as to dispatch a planeload of weapons for Cuban insurgents led by the young Fidel Castro, a member of Caribbean Legion. But soon after the 1959 success of the Cuban Revolution, he and Mr. Figueres had a falling out over the growth of Communist influence on the island.4 In March, 1959, <mask> was invited to Havana, and during a public speech, he warned Castro about the ideological deviations he had observed in Cuba, and immediately the microphone was taken from him. Figueres supported John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress but not the C.I.A. 's clandestine wars with Cuba.1

Robert Vesco, fugitive U.S. financier
Figueres was stubborn about his blunders, most notably his most controversial decision to grant asylum to Robert Vesco, the fugitive U.S. financier, accused of looting millions of dollars from the Investors Overseas Service, Ltd. (IOS) mutual funds in the 1970s.Mr. Vesco not only had a personal and business relationship with Mr. <mask> but he also made contributions to the campaign coffers of both leading political parties in the 1974 elections. <mask> made it clear, however, that he would not hesitate to extradite Vesco if the United States requested it. <mask> tried to intervene with president Jimmy Carter on Vesco's behalf. In the resulting political uproar in Costa Rica, <mask>' party lost the 1978 presidential election. Mr. Vesco fled Costa Rica after the Presidential elections of 1978 were won by Rodrigo Carazo, who had vowed to expel him. 1, 3, 4, 6

In an interview in 1981, <mask> said that Vesco had "committed many stupidities" but added:

"I have always defended asylum and would protect him again if I could because I never abandon my friends. The only thing that pains me is that some friends thought I personally benefitted from Vesco."Earlier, in a 1973 interview, <mask> said that he had been introduced to Vesco in Costa Rica in 1972 and that Vesco had then arranged for the investment of $2.15 million in Sociedad Agricola Industrial San Cristobal, S.A. The financially troubled company was founded by Figueres and owned by him and others. It had diverse operations in agriculture and its 3,000 employees made it the fourth largest employer in Costa Rica.4

Career after presidency
<mask> was well liked and received in many Latin American countries for his center-left ideals. He has been called one of the greatest contributors to the social democratic ideology. After the presidency, as an acknowledged elder statesman, <mask> became a roving ambassador for subsequent administrations.3

Americans were shocked by that series of hostile demonstrations during U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon's "goodwill" tour of Latin America in 1958. They climaxed in May in Caracas, Venezuela, where a mob stoned and spat upon the vice president's motorcade and threatened his life.At the invitation of U.S. Representative Charles Porter of Oregon, Figueres (at the time, just out of office) came to Washington to explain what had caused these events. "People cannot spit on a foreign policy", Figueres told a House committee, "which is what they meant to do." Figueres insisted that Latin America supported the United States in the cold war, but he asked, "If you talk human dignity to Russia, why do you hesitate so much to talk human dignity to the Dominican Republic?" He testified that the United States must change its policy in Latin America and that it could not sacrifice human rights for "investments." Figueres backed the leftist Sandinista revolution in neighboring Nicaragua that overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979. He railed against U.S. policy when the United States supported Nicaragua's Contra guerrillas.2, 3

A proposal by his supporters for a fourth presidential term in the 1980s was quickly crushed.10

"This is an exemplary little country. We are the example for Latin America", <mask> told the Los Angeles Times in a 1986 interview."In the next century, maybe everyone will be like us. "3

Private life
<mask> married Henrietta Boggs of Alabama in 1941. They had two children, Muni and <mask>, before the marriage ended in divorce in 1954. He later married Karen Olsen Beck of New York. They had four children, <mask>, Karen Christiana, Mariano and Kirsten. His wife was a member of the country's Legislative Assembly. His son, <mask> <mask>, also served as president from 1994 to 1998.His daughter, Muni <mask> Boggs, is the current Ambassador from Costa Rica to the United States. His other daughter, Christiana <mask>, is a Costa Rican diplomat who served from 2010 to 2016 as the Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and is widely considered to be the architect of the Paris Agreement. Awards
 : Order of Propitious Clouds (1973)

Tributes to <mask>
New York Times:
If Costa Rica has eluded the familiar afflictions of Central America – war, poverty and repression – much of the credit belongs to <mask> <mask>, a fighter for democracy who died recently at the age of 83. It was he who took the bold step of dissolving Costa Rica's army nearly 40 years ago. He later remarked with justifiable pride that such reforms gave Costa Rica a deeper and more human revolution than that of Cuba. That it was: Costa Rica has shown by example how a farewell to arms can make practical as well as moral sense.1

Los Angeles Times:
Former Costa Rican President <mask>, considered the father of peaceful modern democracy in his country and one of the most colorful elder statesmen of the Western Hemisphere, died Friday.3

New York Times:
Mr. <mask> was 5 feet 3 inches tall and was given to airy philosophizing. I am what you might call a farmer-philosopher, he said to an interviewer in 1973, during his last term.But repeatedly, in times of crisis, he stood out as a man of action. It has been said in Costa Rica that once while President he appeared at an airport carrying a submachine gun to put a stop to a hijacking.4

Newsday (New York):
Once there was a very tiny country, surrounded by war and killing, blessed with a good leader who decided his best legacy, after winning a civil war, would be to abolish the army, and – breaking the mold created by despots in the other small countries around him – let the people vote. In his essay, LaWare argues that both Calderón's and Figueres' policies on social development were virtually identical, and differed really only the subjects of Communism and labor parties, and proper implementation. Note 15:  , pp 67–68
Note 16:  , pp 68–69
Note 17:  , pg 69
Note 18:  Ian Holzhauer, "The Presidency of Calderón Guardia (University of Florida History Thesis, 2004)

External links
International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution
Truman Library: Oral History Interview with Jose Figueres <mask>, 8 July 1970

Further reading

  "Figueres best biographer" according to Mr. La Feber7

 Costa Rica: Child in the Wind, 1988. (Video) (58 min.) A Bold Peace: Costa Rica's Path of Demilitarization, 2016. (Documentary film) (90 min.)See also
Costa Rican Civil War

1906 births
1990 deaths
People from San Ramón, Costa Rica
Costa Rican people of Catalan descent
National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) politicians
Presidents of Costa Rica
Costa Rican revolutionaries
Male feminists
People of the Costa Rican Civil War
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
Costa Rican agnostics
Recipients of the Order of Propitious

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José Martí
José María
José María
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Jose Figueres
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Jose Figueres
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title: Norman Bettison

texts:
Sir <mask>, QPM (born 3 January 1956) is a British former police officer and the former Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He resigned  in October 2012 amidst controversy about his role in the Hillsborough disaster, in which he was involved in the implementation of a cover-up of police errors. He remained the subject of an Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigation, and was charged on the 28 June 2017 with four counts of misconduct in public office. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. <mask>'s own book Hillsborough Untold (2016) contains his version of events. Early life

<mask> was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 3 January 1956, the son of <mask>, a steelworker, and Betty Heathcote. He married Patricia Favell in Rotherham in 1976.Bettison said that he attended football matches as a spectator from time to time, following Sheffield Wednesday. He described his experience as a 14-year-old boy watching Sheffield Wednesday vs. Manchester City on 22 April 1970 from the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough stadium:

"... the terraces had become so full ... there was no room to move ... I remember, at one time, being squashed against a barrier to such an extent that I was exerting all my energies to prevent injury ... I dreaded any goals or near misses as this was followed by a surge of people which caused me to be squashed painfully against the barrier. After fighting my way through a crowd I found a more comfortable position. I had been in very large football grounds before and since but had never experienced anything quite like the pressure that was created in this crowd at Hillsborough." The experience led him to state in 1989 that "I wonder, now, whether the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough is somehow susceptible to retaining the pressure created in crowd build up".Education

Bettison attended South Grove Comprehensive School before leaving  at the age of 16 to join South Yorkshire Police as a cadet. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy and psychology from the University of Oxford, which was later upgraded to a Master of Arts (MA) – an automatic process which requires no further study or examination – and gained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in business administration and media studies from Sheffield Hallam University. – the former Sheffield Polytechnic. He is also a graduate of the FBI Executive Programme

Career

<mask> began his police career in 1975 when, at the age of 19, he joined South Yorkshire Police as a Constable. He served through its ranks, acting as a Superintendent in the Traffic Division from October 1989 to January 1991, whilst simultaneously working in the Hillsborough disaster liaison unit; as Superintendent in the Divisional Commander's office from January 1991 to April 1992; and as Chief Superintendent in the Corporate Development unit from April 1992 to May 1993. In May 1993 he was appointed Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, where his portfolios included Management & Information Support, Personnel, and Operations Support. Chief Constable of Merseyside Police

He left West Yorkshire in 1998 to become Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, covering the area where most of the Hillsborough victims had lived and still had relatives living.A member of Merseyside Police Authority, Councillor Steve Foulkes, said the appointment had caused outrage among the families of the victims of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, because Bettison had been involved in the investigation, which had been controversial. Bettison offered to meet the families to defuse the controversy. As Chief Constable of Merseyside he was a pioneer of Neighbourhood Policing: a policing style which provides dedicated teams of police officers and community support officers (CSO) who work with the community and partners at a local level

Chief Executive of Centrex

He retired from the police in January 2005 to become Chief Executive of Centrex, which provided training and development to police forces in the UK and enforcement agencies throughout the world until it was abolished in March 2007. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police

He rejoined the police service in January 2007 as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He attempted to secure a package to receive both a retirement pension from Merseyside and a salary from the new post; he threatened legal action but the claim was settled out of court. Shortly after taking office as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, Sir <mask> ordered a review of shifts worked by officers claiming they did not provide the best service to the public as they included four rest days when officers were not at work. A new shift pattern consisting of two distinct patterns referred to as VSA 1 and VSA 2 (variable shift arrangement) was produced and commenced in March 2008.Response officers worked VSA 1 and neighbourhood policing teams worked VSA 2. The VSA 2 still included four rest days for officers. Officers posted to Communications Division were allowed to continue working the more popular previous shift pattern, FSDR (Force Standard Duty Rosta) as Communications Division had been able to successfully argue that VSA was not fit for purpose for their requirements. The VSA 1 proved deeply unpopular with many officers claiming that they were more tired than they had been working the previous shift pattern. A report leaked from the Police Federation to local media suggested that there had been an increase of 16,000 hours of sickness between April and August 2008, a 3.4% increase on the previous year. After pressure by the police federation a further review was taken and VSA 1 was re-designed and commenced in April 2009. Many officers remain unconvinced as to the need to deviate from the FSDR shift pattern which had allowed West Yorkshire Police to achieve 'very significant performance gains' and be regarded as one of the most improved forces.Media statements

In October 2008, <mask> was touted as a possible replacement for Sir Ian Blair as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, but ruled himself out of consideration citing the politicisation of the role and the way Blair was removed. He warned of "dangerous consequences" if the independence of chief constables were lost, saying "I am not prepared to set aside my professional judgement and integrity, forged over 36 years, in order to meet short-term political expediency" and warning of "the ambition which seems to be shared by all three major political parties at the moment... to make the police service more accountable to elected representatives. What that means is bringing the police service under greater political control." On 12 April 2010 <mask> wrote an article in The Times saying "I'm not worth £213,000"; his annual cost to the tax payer when pensions and benefits are considered. He criticized the notion, in the National Health Service and other government bureaus, that public sector organisations had to offer wages for senior managers comparable to those for private industry, or that businesspeople should be brought in to conduct strategic reviews of public agencies. Instead, he wrote, "People join, and remain in, the public sector because of a sense of vocation — to make a difference to society or to the quality of people’s lives. The best leaders are those who can secure long-term public value and a vision for their staff.Not some mercenary performance manager peddling a short-term fix." Thus he suggested freezing public sector pay, without exceptions, beginning with the highest wage earners, which he felt in combination with a 50p in the pound increase in taxes for higher earners and the removal of all tax allowances would sustain public services. In an article for the Yorkshire Post, <mask> wrote that over-zealous health and safety officials were making the jobs of his front line officers increasingly more demanding, branding them "the health and safety Taliban". He described feeling that he was "pushing the boundaries" by commending a police officer who jumped into a canal to save a suicidal man, due to the officer's personal risk, and that in another case police and ambulance crews failed to save two shooting victims after being delayed 20 minutes, because it is "genuinely easier, in that kind of environment, to do nothing. We are not trained, equipped, practised or informed sufficiently for this or that particular scenario." He also described the conviction of Metropolitan Police for the death of Jean Charles de Menezes as "A triumph for health and safety, a lucrative new territory for lawyers, a disaster for common sense." Role in Hillsborough disaster

Match attendance

On 15 April 1989, as an off-duty police Chief Inspector/private citizen Bettison, attended the semi-final FA Cup football match tie between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at the Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield.At 15:06 the Hillsborough disaster unfolded, which resulted in 97 Liverpool fans being fatally crushed (although three of them died at later dates), and remains the deadliest stadium-related disaster in British history and one of the world's worst ever football disasters. Bettison subsequently left his seat and joined in the South Yorkshire Police efforts to control the unfolding disaster. He claims to have attended a number of casualties, and set up a rendezvous centre for relatives at a local boys' club. South Yorkshire Police review/liaison

After the disaster and in the period leading up to the Taylor Report, Bettison was seconded to an internal review group within South Yorkshire Police team who were tasked with liaising with regards issues associated with Hillsborough. Later described as a "black propaganda" unit, the media output included a 30 minute film narrated by Bettison that was shown to MP's during a visit by SYP to Westminster, which verbally reiterated the claims of drunk, violent and ticketless fans breaking down the dilapidated turnstiles at the Leppings Lane end. During a prior meeting to brief Michael Shersby MP and show him the film, it was also claimed that the South Yorkshire Police had deliberately left the rescue operation to the fans so that the fans "would not take out their frustration on the police". Bettison has consistently described his role in Hillsborough as 'peripheral', which has been disputed.He has been asked to explain how exactly  his role was peripheral, what exactly his role was, who he was answerable to, and what he did for the two-year period. As a result of his role within the unit, the Hillsborough Families Support Group later led protests on Merseyside when Bettison was proposed as the Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, objections which were over ruled by the police authority. Contribution hearings

On 12 July 1990, Bettison prepared and submitted a document for the Hillsborough contribution hearings, the civil court case through which the police sought to recover damages from other parties with liability such as the football club and stadium engineers. In this document, Bettison wrote:

"The fullest information on the closure of the central tunnel at the 1988 Semi-Final ... it was an informal initiative at junior level not reported to command level"

This conclusion was also drawn by the Coroner who directed the inquest jury that the senior officers had not been aware of diversions from the tunnel by police officers in 1988. Internal documents later released by South Yorkshire Police to the Hillsborough Independent Panel included the minutes of a meeting held on 17 April 1989 with senior members of South Yorkshire Police. It is not clear whether Bettison was in attendance. In the meeting, the then Chief Constable is documented to have stated:

"You were well aware that there were contingencies to deal with the filled stand.i.e the shutting off of the tunnel." Hillsborough Independent Panel report

On 12 September 2012 <mask>'s role in the Hillsborough disaster was revealed by the Hillsborough Independent Panel report. Families of the victims demanded Bettison's resignation. In response to the report, Bettison released a statement saying that his role was never to "besmirch" the fans, but said that Liverpool fans' behaviour that day made policing the event "harder than it needed to be." His comments sparked fury, and led to calls for him to resign. The IPCC later criticised <mask>'s statement saying that it was "insensitive and inappropriate to make reference to fan behaviour  at all, bearing in mind that publication of the report represented a vindication for the fans that their behaviour was not a factor," and that his "unwise" comments "flew in the face of the report's definitive findings". Trevor Hicks, chair of the families support group, said; "Sir <mask>, currently chief constable of West Yorkshire police and a former chief constable of Merseyside, should quit.As a South Yorkshire chief inspector and later superintendent, he was a member of the internal review group or liaison unit on Hillsborough and, as such, the families say he had a key role in presenting the police in the best light and blaming the fans for the disaster. Labour MP Maria Eagle told parliament: the "liaison unit orchestrated what can only be described as a black propaganda campaign." Hicks, who lost his two teenage daughters in the disaster, said: "If he is anything of a man, he will stand down and scurry up a drainpipe somewhere." On 13 September 2012 former Home Secretary Jack Straw said in a radio interview that Bettison was "bound to be considering his position". He added that in his experience Bettison was a fine police officer . Later that same day, Bettison was referred to the West Yorkshire Police Authority, over his role and post-disaster conduct at the Hillsborough disaster. He was quoted as saying "I really welcome the disclosure of all facts that can be known about the Hillsborough tragedy because I have absolutely nothing to hide."On 14 September, Bettison issued an apology for his statement issued on 13 September "for any upset caused by a statement he issued about his role in the Hillsborough tragedy." Bettison said he had not intended to suggest Liverpool fans had hindered police during the disaster, that Liverpool fans were "in no way to blame", and that he was sorry if he had "caused any further upset". On 28 June 2017, he was charged with offences related to alleged lies in the aftermath. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. Resignation

At the start of October 2012 he announced that he was to retire in March 2013, ending 38 years of service to the police. On 23 October 2012, Bettison resigned with immediate effect as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, after Maria Eagle MP on the floor of the House and thus protected by Parliamentary privilege, accused him of boasting about the Hillsborough cover-up operation involving concocting a story that all the Liverpool fans were drunk and that police were afraid that they were going to break down the gates and so decided to open them. Bettison denied the claim, and more general allegations about his conduct, saying "there is nothing I'm ashamed of".Merseyside Police Authority confirmed that he would receive an £83,000 pension, unless convicted of a criminal offence in relation to Hillsborough. Hillsborough families called for the payments to be frozen during the IPCC investigation. Gross misconduct charge

Following a Freedom of Information request, the minutes of West Yorkshire Police Authority were released and they revealed that Bettison resigned  after learning that "he faced possible dismissal over a last minute discussion with a police authority executive in which he allegedly sought to influence talks about his role in the Hillsborough scandal." This conversation would have justified his sacking if it was proved that he had interfered with the “integrity of the complaints handling process." Bettison is also to be investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission over allegations that he was involved in the theft of a substantial quantity of precious metal on 11 August 1987. Alleged misconduct in Stephen Lawrence enquiry

On 3 July 2013 Bettison was referred to the IPCC by West Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Mark Burns-Williamson in relation to alleged misconduct during the Macpherson Inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black South London teenager who had been fatally stabbed in a racist attack 20 years earlier. Three documents were found, about which Burns-Williamson said:

"These documents raise significant concerns over the role of Sir <mask>on at the time he was Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police in 1998 in commissioning a report to be prepared in the respect of a key witness appearing before the Macpherson Inquiry.This may suggest an attempt to intervene in the course of a public inquiry and influence the manner in which the testimony of a witness, who was due to present evidence before it, was received. I have today referred this to the Independent Police Complaints Commission." Honours

<mask> was made an Honorary Fellow of Liverpool John Moores University in 2004. In the 2000 Birthday Honours, he was awarded the Queen's Police Medal, and was knighted in 2006. Liverpool John Moores University came under pressure to rescind <mask>'s fellowship, following the publication of the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel. The University responded that the requests were being treated with the 'utmost seriousness' but that it would be 'prejudicial' to IPCC investigation to make a decision before the outcome of that investigation was known. On 9 April 2013, LJMU announced they were withdrawing the honorary fellowship granted to Bettison.He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the University of Huddersfield in 2012. References

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1956 births
Living people
People from Rotherham
Chief Constables of Merseyside Police
Chief Constables of West Yorkshire Police
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Hillsborough disaster

masks:
Norman George Bettison
Bettison
Bettison
George Bettison
Bettison
Norman
Bettison
Bettison
Bettison
Bettison
Bettison
Norman Bettison
Norman Bettis
Bettison
Bettison


title: Francis Kenrick

texts:
<mask> (December 3, 1796 or 1797 –  July 8, 1863) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the third Bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia (1842–1851) and the sixth Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Baltimore (1851–1863). Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Dublin to Thomas and Jane (née Eustace) <mask>. His younger brother, Peter, would later become the first Archbishop of St. Louis. His uncle was the pastor of St. Nicholas of Myra Church in Dublin, and took an active role in his education. At the age of eighteen, he was selected to study at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he became a distinguished student. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Candido Maria Frattini on April 7, 1821. Ordination and ministry
Shortly after his ordination, <mask> accepted an invitation from Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget, S.S., to join the Diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky, in the United States.He then held the chair of theology at St. Thomas Seminary for nine years, in addition to teaching Greek and history at St. Joseph's College. Apart from his academic duties, he also engaged in missionary work; he facilitated several conversions and publicly debated with Protestant ministers. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and effective apologist, and was a recognized theologian and scripture scholar. <mask> was later made private secretary to Flaget, whom he accompanied to the First Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829 as his personal theologian. He also served as an assistant secretary of the Council. Bishop of Philadelphia
On February 25, 1830, <mask> was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia, and Titular Bishop of Arath by Pope Pius VIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 6 from Flaget, with Bishops Henry Conwell and John Baptist Mary David, S.S., serving as co-consecrators, in Bardstown.<mask> assumed full administrative powers from the aged Bishop Conwell, whose tenure had been plagued by a public feud with a schismatic priest named William Hogan. Immediately upon his arrival, he also became engaged in the long-running dispute between episcopal authority and the lay trustees of St. Mary's Church. The trustees eventually conceded their struggle for power after <mask> placed St. Mary's Cathedral under interdict. He also placed all church property in the name of the bishop instead of those of the trustees. In 1832, <mask> founded St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, which was originally located at his personal residence. That same year an outbreak of cholera took place in Philadelphia. The Committee of the Almshouse, later known as Philadelphia General Hospital, asked Bishop <mask> if he could request additional help from the Sisters of Charity to serve as nurses.Father Michael Hurley, pastor of St. Augustine's Church turned it into a makeshift hospital under the supervision of Dr. Oliver H. Taylor. <mask> led the local Catholic clergy and sisters in ministering to the sick; his efforts were publicly recognized by Mayor John Swift. <mask> successfully petitioned the Holy See to separate Western Pennsylvania into a new diocese, and the Diocese of Pittsburgh was established in 1836; <mask> was initially considered for the new diocese as well as for coadjutor bishop of New York, but withdrew his candidacy. <mask> succeeded Conwell as the third Bishop of Philadelphia upon the latter's death on April 22, 1842. As Bishop, <mask> expressed public concern over the fact that Catholics in Philadelphia were forced to participate in Protestant religious instruction in the public schools. This dispute led to 1844 riots, a series of riots resulting from increasing anti-Catholic sentiment at the growing population of Irish Catholic immigrants. Although most of the patients cared for by the Sisters at St. Augustine were listed as non-Catholic, the church was burned to the ground during the riots.Throughout the violence, <mask> encouraged Catholics "to follow peace and have charity." He closed all Catholic churches and ordered the suspension of all Masses until the riots were brought to a halt by military force. Following the riots, <mask> ended his advocacy for changes in the religious instruction of public schools and initiated the creation of a Parochial school system designed for Catholic students and run by the Church. Influenced by the work of his contemporary, an English priest named John Lingard, <mask> published his own translation of the four Gospels in 1849; he eventually translated the entire Bible, as a new revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible. Between 1830 and 1850, the number of churches in the diocese grew from 22 to 92; priests from 35 to 101; charitable institutions from two to six; and the Catholic population from 35,000 to 170,000. He also began construction on the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul and oversaw the rebuilding of St. Michael and St. Augustine following the 1844 riots. Archbishop of Baltimore
Following the death of Archbishop Samuel Eccleston, S.S., <mask> was named the sixth Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland, by Pope Pius IX on August 19, 1851.His installation took place on the following October 9. He presided over the First Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1852. As Archbishop of Baltimore, <mask> expanded the Parochial School System beyond Philadelphia and help to make Catholic instruction the norm for Catholic children in America. Under his tenure, parochial schools were free for all students, and were supported directly by the parishes. In 1854, he was invited by Pius IX to attend the promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in Rome. In 1858, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, with the approval of Pius IX, conferred a "prerogative of place" on the Archbishop of Baltimore over all archbishops and bishops in the United States, regardless of seniority in promotion or ordination. Death and legacy
In his later years, Archbishop <mask> struggled to reduce tensions between Catholics and the Protestant majority.While several anti-Catholic Riots took place in the US during the 1850s, none took place in <mask>'s archdiocese except the Know-Nothing Riots of 1856. <mask> was greatly troubled by the outbreak of the Civil War. He died aged 66 on July 8, 1863, shortly after reading of the massive slaughter that had taken place in nearby Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. (The entire state was part of his ecclesiastical province at the time.) <mask> will be remembered primarily for his contribution to the development of the US Parochial School System. His best known literary works include the following:

 A new translation of the Douay Bible, with a commentary;
 Theologia Moralis (3 Vols) (1860);
 The Primacy of the Apostolic See, Vindicated (1848);
 A Treatise on Baptism (1852);
 Theologia dogmatica. Secundis curis auctoris (1858);
 A Vindication of the Catholic Church, in a Series of Letters Addressed to the Rt.Rev. John Henry Hopkins (1855). See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

Notes
Parts of <mask>'s Bible Translation
Marschall, John P.,<mask> <mask>, 1851-1863: The Baltimore Years (Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of America, 1965)
Spalding, Thomas W. The Premier See: A History of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, 1789-1989. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989

References

External links

  Kennedy-Kenrick Catholic High School
 Kenrick's Bible Editions
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore

1796 births
1863 deaths
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Christian clergy from Dublin (city)
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Roman Catholic bishops of Philadelphia
Roman Catholic archbishops of Baltimore
Translators of the Bible into English
Burials at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
19th-century translators

masks:
Francis Patrick Kenrick
Francis Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Francis Kenrick
Francis Patrick
Kenrick


title: Bill Bertka

texts:
<mask> (born August 8, 1927) is a current basketball consultant/special assistant and a former National Basketball Association (NBA) assistant coach, scout and executive with the Los Angeles Lakers and New Orleans Jazz. A pioneering proponent of film study, advance scouting, player development and basketball analytics, <mask> has spent more than 50 years in the NBA and has been a part of 10 NBA championships with the Lakers, including seven as an assistant coach. Early life
<mask> was born in Akron, Ohio, in August 1927 and later credited the local Akron YMCA as the place where he developed a passion for the game of basketball. He played at nearby Buchtel High and won a city championship in 1945. He went into the U.S. Army out of high school, serving in communications rebuilding efforts for two years in Salzburg, Austria, following the conclusion of World War II. Using the GI Bill to fund his education upon his return from Europe, <mask> attended Kent State University and played for the Division I basketball team from 1949–51. Pre-NBA career
After graduating, <mask> began a coaching journey that brought him to the West Coast.He coached at the high school level for three years before spending nine years at two different colleges. It was at that time, during a two-year span beginning in 1952, that <mask> played professionally for the Santa Maria Golden Dukes of the National Industrial Basketball League, a precursor to the NBA. In 1954, he took over in his first collegiate head coaching role at Hancock College (Santa Maria, CA), where he would later lead the Bulldogs to a 41-game winning streak and the state community college championship in 1957. <mask> also coached his alma mater of Kent State from 1957–61, where, at the age of 30, he was one of the youngest college head coaches in America. He left coaching in 1961 to take a job as the director of community recreation for the city of Santa Barbara, where he served for a decade. It was during this time that he and his wife, Solveig, began an endeavor called "Bertka's Views" that became one of the most successful college scouting services in the country. Operating from 1961–1995, many of the nation’s premier college basketball programs utilized Bertka’s Views as their sole scouting service, which also served as a key starting point for a number of scouts and coaches that would eventually make it to the NBA.Additionally during this time, <mask> hosted Sports With Bertka, his own radio show in Santa Barbara that won three Golden Mike Awards in the 1970’s. Professional coaching career
<mask> began his NBA career in 1968 when the Los Angeles Lakers followed the recommendation of former West Virginia great Rod Hundley and hired him to scout college players for the NBA Draft, making him the first full-time scout in league history. When Head Coach <mask> took over the team in 1971–72, <mask> began working with players in an assistant coaching role while also adding advance scouting duties. In what was revolutionary at the time, he would compile film on upcoming opponents in order to prepare the team. That group would later go on a 33-game winning streak – still a professional sports record – en route to an NBA title, giving Bertka his first ring. In 1974, <mask> left the Lakers to become the first general manager of the New Orleans Jazz (now the Utah Jazz) and also had an initial ownership stake in the franchise through his company, Invest West Sports. He would later serve as a Jazz assistant coach under Elgin Baylor beginning in the 1977–78 season.In 1981, Pat Riley became head coach of the Lakers and brought <mask> back as his first assistant. Together, the duo constructed what came to be known as the Lakers “Showtime” era, guiding the team to seven NBA Finals appearances in nine seasons and winning four NBA titles (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988). During this time, <mask> and Riley created their own measure of player performance – the plus-minus system – in what became one of the league’s earliest preludes to modern basketball analytics. <mask> remained as an assistant coach with the Lakers for two decades, later winning back-to-back championships under Head Coach Phil Jackson in 2000 and 2001, his final season on the Lakers bench. <mask> then transitioned to a primary role as Director of Scouting, a position in which he served through the 2011–12 season, winning three more league titles. He continues to advise the Lakers as a basketball consultant. <mask> has twice served as interim coach of the Lakers.His first stint, in relief of Randy Pfund toward the end of the 1993–94 season, lasted two games. The Lakers went 1–1, winning at Dallas, 112–109, and losing at Houston, 113–107. He also replaced Del Harris in the 1998–99 season, defeating the Clippers by a score of 115–100. At 71 years of age, the interim stint made <mask> the oldest person to ever coach an NBA game. Throughout his career, <mask> has coached some of the best players in the game’s history – including Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Earvin “Magic” Johnson, Shaquille O’Neal and Kobe Bryant, among others. Overall, he has 10 NBA Championship rings, including seven as an assistant coach with the Lakers and three in other roles with the team. Awards and honors
<mask> is a member of several halls of fame, including the Santa Barbara Sports Hall of Fame (1989), the Summit County (OH) Sports Hall of Fame (1989), the Kent State University Sports Hall of Fame (2004) and the Santa Barbara Basketball Court of Champions (2014).In July 2019, he received the prestigious Tex Winter Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Basketball Coaches Association, an honor recognizing <mask>’s extraordinary contributions to the sport throughout his career by building a body of work that has had a positive and powerful impact on the NBA coaching profession. Personal life
<mask> and wife Solveig were married in 1956 and have two daughters – Britt, who is married to veteran NBA assistant coach Jim Eyen, and Kris, married to Yankees scout <mask> – and they live on a 50-acre avocado farm in Santa Barbara. References

External links
 Career coaching statistics from Basketball-Reference.com

1927 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Ohio
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in California
Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Kent State Golden Flashes men's basketball coaches
Kent State Golden Flashes men's basketball players
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
New Orleans Jazz (NBA team)
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio

masks:
Bill Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bill Sharman
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bertka
Bill Pintard


title: Samantha Bond

texts:
<mask> (born 27 November 1961) is an English actress, who is best known for playing Miss Moneypenny in four <mask> films during the Pierce Brosnan years, and for her role on Downton Abbey as the wealthy widow Lady Rosamund Painswick, sister of Robert Crawley, the Earl of Grantham. She is also known for originating the role of "Miz Liz" Probert in the Rumpole of the Bailey series. <mask> is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. In her television career, she is known for her role as "Auntie Angela" in the sitcom Outnumbered and the villain Mrs Wormwood in the CBBC Doctor Who spin-off, The Sarah Jane Adventures. Early life
<mask> is the daughter of actor <mask> and TV producer Pat Sandys, and is the sister of the actress <mask> and the journalist <mask>. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Welsh. She was brought up in London, in homes in Barnes and St Margarets.She attended the Godolphin and Latymer School, and studied acting at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. Career

Early career

<mask>'s first acting role came at the age of 21, as a student in the original stage production of Denise Deegan's play about a girls' school, Daisy Pulls It Off, which opened at Southampton's Nuffield Theatre in 1983. Her earliest television roles took place during the same year, when she played Maria Rushworth (née Bertram), in the BBC mini-series adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, and Rumpole's pupil in chambers "Miz Liz" Probert in the fourth series of Rumpole of the Bailey. In 1985, she appeared as Julia Simmons in the BBC's televised adaptation of Agatha Christie's crime novel A Murder is Announced, part of the Miss Marple series. Theatre

<mask>'s association with the Royal Shakespeare Company (known as the RSC) began in 1987; she performed in three of the company's stage productions that year: Les Liaisons Dangereuses, Hero and Leander, and Lorca's Women. In 1992, the RSC cast her as Rosalind in Shakespeare's As You Like It, which she performed in their Stratford-upon-Avon and London theatres, and as Hermione in The Winter's Tale, also at the company's two theatres. She then toured with the RSC as Hermione in 1993.<mask> starred as the titular Amy in the Royal National Theatre's West End production of David Hare's play Amy's View, opposite Judi Dench, in 1997 and into early 1998. Later in 1998, she co-starred in playwright Shelagh Stephenson's The Memory of Water, also in the West End. In 1999, <mask> and Dench reprised their roles in Amy's View on Broadway for a limited run at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. Their performances garnered <mask> a Tony nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play, and Dench the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Play. Hare received a special citation from the New York Drama Critics' Circle. <mask> revisited The Memory of Water, making her directorial debut on a short touring production of the play in 2000, the same year it won an Olivier award for Best New Comedy. She also performed in numerous stage productions during the 2000s, among them:
Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream in 2001, as Hippolyta and Titania, again for the RSC; Donald Margulies's Pulitzer prize-winning Dinner with Friends, as Karen, opposite her Downton Abbey co-star Elizabeth McGovern and directed by McGovern's husband Simon Curtis, in 2001; The Vagina Monologues in 2002; and in Shakespeare's Macbeth, as Lady Macbeth opposite Sean Bean in the title role, on tour in 2002 and 2003.Other stage performances include Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance in 2003; The Rubenstein Kiss in 2005; Michael Frayn's Donkey's Years at London's Comedy Theatre in 2006; and David Leveaux's West End revival of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre, in 2009 as Hannah, alongside another Downton Abbey co-star, Dan Stevens. The next decade brought <mask> onstage in Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband, as Mrs. Cheveley opposite her real-life actor husband Alexander Hanson as Mr. Cheveley, in 2010–2011, and as Nell in Passion Play by Peter Nichols in 2013. In 2014, <mask> acted and sang in the West End musical production of Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, playing the role of Muriel Eubanks. <mask> stated in an interview that she hadn't sung on stage in over 30 years and had many moments during rehearsals where she turned her back toward anyone listening to her sing and frequently shook "with terror" at the prospect. In a Radio Times review of the play, the critic described <mask> as "stage royalty" and "hilarious." In October and November 2017, <mask> appeared in the English language premiere of Florian Zeller's modern French farce, The Lie, once again alongside her husband, Alexander Hanson, at an Off-West End theatre called the Menier Chocolate Factory. Television and film

In 1989, <mask> starred as Mary MacKenzie, a young Scottish woman, in the television adaptation of Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, and was featured in Erik the Viking, an independent fantasy film with Tim Robbins in the title role.She appeared in a 1990 adaptation of Agatha Christie's short story, The Adventure of the Cheap Flat, for the series Agatha Cristie's Poirot on ITV, starring David Suchet as Hercule Poirot. <mask> was also seen on ITV in an episode of the "Inspector Morse" detective drama series based on novels by Colin Dexter, in 1992, and in a 1995 episode of Ghosts, an anthology series of ghost stories on the BBC. In 1996, she portrayed Mrs. Weston in the television movie Jane Austen's Emma, starring Kate Beckinsale as Emma, a Meridian-ITV/A&E production that has been described as grittier and "more authentic" to Austen's story than the theatrical film starring Gwyneth Paltrow that was released the same year. The television movie was broadcast in the US in 1997 on PBS. From 1995 to 2002, <mask> played Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary at MI6, in the four <mask> films with Pierce Brosnan as Agent 007: GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. The role of Miss Moneypenny is the smallest role she ever played, yet the character remains a favorite among <mask> fans. In a BBC interview, <mask> remarked that she retired from the role when Pierce Brosnan stepped down as the lead.However, she later appeared as Miss Moneypenny in an advertisement for London's 2012 Olympic bid, alongside previous <mask> actor Roger Moore. <mask> co-starred in 2004 with Peter Davison, as a married couple who uproot themselves to a remote island to save their marriage, in the ITV drama-comedy Distant Shores. In 2007, she played the villain Mrs. Wormwood in the pilot episode of the BBC children's drama series The Sarah Jane Adventures, a spin-off of Doctor Who. She later came back to play the same character in the two-part finale of the show's second series, Enemy of the Bane. <mask> guest-starred in three episodes of the long-running and popular murder mystery series Midsomer Murders: Destroying Angel in 2001, Shot at Dawn in 2008, both starring fellow RSC member John Nettles in the lead role of DCI Tom Barnaby, as well as the first episode in 2011's series 14, Death in the Slow Lane. The 2011 episode is notable for Neil Dudgeon's debut as DCI John Barnaby, who takes over as the new detective in Midsomer after his cousin Tom Barnaby retired. From 2007 to 2014, <mask> had a recurring role as Auntie Angela in the BBC's semi-improvised comedy series Outnumbered, alongside Hugh Dennis, Claire Skinner and David Ryall.She appeared in all five series. From 2010 through 2015 (in the UK), <mask> appeared as Lady Rosamund Painswick in the ensemble cast of ITV's drama series Downton Abbey, written and produced by Julian Fellowes. The show quickly became an unprecedented worldwide hit. Each series was shown in the US on PBS's Masterpiece program one year following its broadcast in the UK; according to PBS, Downton Abbey rose to become the most popular drama ever shown on the station, and the most popular series in the history of Masterpiece. Lady Rosamund is the widowed, wealthy, and sometimes meddling sister of Robert Crawley, the Earl of Grantham. <mask>'s first appearance was in the last episode of the first series; she appeared in 18 episodes overall, throughout the entire show. The ITV show Home Fires featured <mask> as Frances Barden, a woman working to strengthen connections among the women in her small English village by keeping the local Women's Institute operating during the early days of World War II.The show premiered in the UK in 2015 and was cancelled in 2016, to which fans reacted by petitioning ITV to reinstate the popular drama, to no avail. It played in the US on PBS's Masterpiece in 2016 and 2017, where viewers were similarly disappointed to learn of the show's demise. The series creator, Simon Block, has stated he intends to continue the story in written form, as novels. In 2020 <mask> played Joanne Henderson in Death in Paradise (S9:E5). Audiobooks
<mask> has narrated a number of audiobooks including Mary Norton's The Borrowers, Joanna Trollope's An Unsuitable Match, Anthony Horowitz's Magpie Murders and Helen Fielding's Bridget Jones's Baby: The Diaries' 'Goldeneye. She has most recently released S J Bennett's novel, The Windsor Knot. She received an Earphones Award for Magpie Murders.Personal life
<mask> lives in St Margarets, London, and has been married since 1989 to Alexander Hanson, with whom she has two children, Molly and Tom. She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Northampton in 2014. Filmography

Film

Television

Narrator

Video games

Stage
Daisy Pulls It Off (Denise Deegan) at the Nuffield Theatre, 1983
Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Christopher Hampton) (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Ambassadors Theatre, 1987
Hero and Leander (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Barbican Theatre, 1987
Lorca's Women (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Barbican Theatre, 1987
Man of the Moment (Alan Ayckbourn) at the Globe Theatre, 1990
Rosalind in As You Like It (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 1992
Hermione in The Winter's Tale (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 1992
Rosalind in As You Like It (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Barbican Theatre, 1993
Hermione in The Winter's Tale (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Barbican Theatre, 1993
Infanta in Le Cid (Pierre Corneille) at the Cottesloe Theatre, 1994. Nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Amy in Amy's View (David Hare), 1997 and 1998
The Memory of Water (Shelagh Stephenson), 1998
Amy in Amy's View (David Hare) at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, 1999. Nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. Nominated for Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play.Hippolyta and Titania in A Midsummer Night's Dream (Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Barbican Hall, 2001
Dinner with Friends (Donald Margulies) at the Hampstead Theatre, 2001
The Vagina Monologues, 2002
Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, 2002 and 2003
Mrs Arbuthnot in A Woman of No Importance (Oscar Wilde) at the Haymarket Theatre, 2003
The Rubenstein Kiss (James Phillips) at the Hampstead Theatre, 2005
Donkey's Years (Michael Frayn) at London's Comedy Theatre, 2006. Nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Hannah in David Leveaux's West End revival of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre, 2009
Mrs. Cheveley in An Ideal Husband (Oscar Wilde), 2010-2011
Mrs Prentice in What The Butler Saw (Joe Orton) at the Vaudeville Theatre, 2012
Nell in Passion Play (Peter Nichols), 2013
Muriel Eubanks in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, 2014. Nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical category. Nominated for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical category at the WhatsOnStage Awards. Appeared in English language premiere of Florian Zeller's modern French farce, The Lie, 2017

Awards and nominations

Television

Theatre

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
English film actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
People educated at Godolphin and Latymer School
English people of Welsh descent
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
English Shakespearean actresses
Actresses from London
English stage actresses
People from Kensington

masks:
Samantha Bond
James Bond
Bond
Samantha Bond
Philip Bond
Abigail Bond
Matthew Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
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James Bond
James Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
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Bond
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Miss Bond
Bond
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title: Joseph Masson

texts:
<mask> (January 5, 1791 – May 15, 1847) was a Canadian businessman, who is considered the first French Canadian millionaire. Seigneur of Terrebonne, Quebec, president of Masson societies, president of the City Gas, he was also vice-president of the Banque de Montréal, president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal and member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He was the major Canadian businessman in the 1830 years, and he is a member of the Canadian Business Hall of Fame. Biography
<mask>, born in Saint-Eustache, Quebec in 1791, was the only son (there were also three daughters) born to <mask>, joiner who did not know how to write, and Suzanne née Pfeiffer or Payfer. After studies at Saint-Eustache school, he went at 16 to Saint-Benoît, Mirabel to learn the commercial business, as an apprentice of the merchant Duncan McGillis. Import-export

<mask> was hired in May 1812 by the Scottish merchant Hugh Robertson, who found him very clever. The company had some difficulties, and a bankruptcy in 1814.But <mask> proved his worth, and became partner in 1815 with 12.5% of the shares. He became responsible for sales in Scotland, and then the chief of the Canadian company. His partnership contract with the Robertsons was revised in 1818 and in 1819, when William Robertson died, and his share of the profits rose to 50%. <mask> was married in 1818 to Marie-Geneviève-Sophie Raymond, daughter of Jean-Baptiste Raymond (1757–1825), seigneur of Lake Matapedia and deputy of Huntingdon. Masson devoted all his energy to develop his business, and admitted wanting to "beat" and "break down" his competitors. His import-export companies grew and diversified. In 1830, the group had three companies: the W. and H. Robertson and Company, in Glasgow, led by Hugh Robertson; the Robertson, Masson, LaRocque and Company in Montreal, led by Masson; Masson, LaRocque, Strang and Company in Quebec, created by Masson and directed by John Strang.Masson and Robertson held more than 80% of their capital. Masson was while the Canadian businessman most involved in trade with the UK market. Transports and energy

To transport his products, he bought a new boat of 290 tons, he gave it the name of his wife, "Sophie". Then he bought, in whole or in participation, two other boats and a steamboat. Also related to transport, he asked the Legislative Assembly to build a canal; he created a shipping company and initiated the construction of a railway. In 1832, <mask>on involved in the founding of the first railway in Canada: the railway Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad. Masson also invested in urban utilities of water supply and Gas lighting, in Montreal, in Quebec and in Toronto.At the invitation of his associates, he made an initial investment in Montreal, and his participation in 1842 reached more than a third of the société du Gaz de Montréal. He founded with John Strang in 1841 the Compagnie de l’eau et de l’éclairage au gaz of Quebec, and with Furniss founded the City of Toronto Light Gas and Water Company, of which he was president. The banks

Vice chairman of Bank of Montreal
The Banque de Montréal (Bank of Montreal) acted as Canada's central bank. Already a shareholder of the Bank of Canada, <mask> bought shares of Bank of Montreal in 1824. He joined the board of directors of Bank of Montreal in 1826. In 1830, Masson increased his shareholding, and reached his goal to increase his influence in the region. <mask> was appointed in 1834 vice chairman of Bank of Montreal.He was also linked with the Bank of the City, Montreal, the Gore Bank and the Commercial Bank of Midland District. Systematic use of credit
<mask> was one of the few businessmen in this time to make substantial profits using credit to develop his business. He managed to double his business volume systematically using credit; but he had trouble to convince his Scottish partner to do the same. Masson companies
Masson became the main manager of the companies of the group; he was also their major shareholder, and their names were changed to include his name: <mask>on, Sons and Company (Montreal); Masson, Langevin, Sons and Company (Quebec); Masson, Sons and Company (Glasgow). The last was devoted to managing the purchasing. He was the major Canadian businessman in the 1830 years. Seigneur de Terrebonne
IN 1832, <mask> acquired the seigneurie de Terrebonne, a holdover from seigneurial system of New France.It was mostly for the prestige, but <mask> worked to rapidly gain a large return on this investment. He developed trade and industry, with forges and mills, offering new processes. As a result, his revenues increased to $3,000 and more. Politician

 Montreal and the Legislative Council of Lower Canada
<mask> was Member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada from 1834 to 1838. He was also member of the Montreal City Council from December 1842. He was invited to become the Mayor of Montreal in December 1842, but declined. He was militia captain from 1823, member of the Board of Trade of Montreal, first churchwarden of Notre-Dame parish and judge of the peace.Loyalist and patriot

Masson focused on his business above all else, and he was generally loyalist. In 1837 he was the Commission to administer loyalty oaths in Montreal. But he was a patriot when he hid Louis-<mask>, who had a bounty on his head in 1837, and in 1845 when he agreed to be elected the third president of the Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste. Death; Family

<mask> died in 1847 at Terrebonne. He is considered to be the first French-Canadian millionaire. After his death, his wife, Marie-Geneviève-<mask> (daughter of Jean-Baptiste Raymond) and her eldest sons continued Masson's companies and the managing of the seigneurie. She created the seigneurial bureau in 1850, constructed the Masson manor from 1848 to 1854, developed the industry and the mills, and founded the Collège Masson à Terrebonne.They had twelve children. Amongst them:
 Isidore-Édouard-Candide <mask> (1826–1875), businessman and political figure, founder of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson, Quebec. Louis-Rodrigue <mask>, PC (1833–1903), Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, Minister of Militia and Defence, President of the Privy Council. Honours
 <mask> was elected one of the members of the Canadian Business Hall of Fame. A commemorative plaque, placed in 1975 by The Commission des monuments historiques on the former Masson Manor, states that Masson served as an example to all Canadian people. His name was given to:
 Masson (electoral district), a provincial electoral district in Quebec. An avenue, a street, a promenade, a park in Montréal, Quebec.The name of his widow was given to the new Pont Sophie-Masson across the Riviere des Mille Iles. Bibliography

 Gérard Parizeau, "<mask>, ou le sens de la durée", in La société canadienne-française au XIXè siècle, Montreal, Fides, 1975. <mask>, dernier seigneur de Terrebonne, 1791-1847, Montréal, 1972. R. Rumilly, Histoire de Montréal'', Fides, 1970. Notes and references

See also
 Canadian Business Hall of Fame
 Isidore-Édouard-Candide <mask> (1826–1875), businessman and political figure, his son. Jean-Baptiste Raymond, his father-in-law. Legislative Council of Lower Canada
 Louis-Rodrigue <mask> (1833–1903), Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, another son.Masson (electoral district)
 Terrebonne (provincial electoral district)
 Terrebonne, Quebec

External links

1791 births
1847 deaths
Canadian businesspeople
Presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal
Members of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada
People from Saint-Eustache, Quebec

masks:
Joseph Masson
Masson
Antoine Masson
Joseph Masson
Masson
Joseph Masson
Joseph Mass
Masson
Joseph Masson
Masson
Joseph Mass
Joseph Masson
Masson
Masson
Joseph Papineau
Joseph Masson
Sophie Masson
Masson
Masson
Masson
Joseph Masson
Joseph Masson
Masson
Masson


title: Mark Mulder

texts:
<mask> (born August 5, 1977) is an American former professional baseball player. A left-handed starting pitcher, <mask> pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB)  for the Oakland Athletics and St. Louis Cardinals. He is a two-time All-Star. Baseball career

College career
<mask> attended Michigan State University, where he played college baseball for the Michigan State Spartans. In 1997, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Bourne Braves, and was named a league all-star. Oakland Athletics
<mask> was selected by the Oakland Athletics with the second overall pick in the 1998 MLB draft. He was placed on the fast track to the MLB and made his MLB debut on April 18, ; he was still only 22 years old and had less than two seasons of minor-league experience.He had a rocky start to his MLB career, going 9-10 with a 5.44 ERA. In , <mask> played his first full major-league season and quickly became a dominant pitcher. Leading the American League with 21 wins, he anchored a powerful Oakland rotation along with Barry Zito and Tim Hudson, called "The Big Three." <mask> finished second in AL Cy Young Award voting behind Roger Clemens. He continued to do well in , winning 19 games and striking out a career-high 159 batters in 207.1 innings. Limited by injuries in , he would only log 26 starts, he still won 15 games and had a career-best 3.13 earned run average. was an inconsistent year for <mask>.He started the season strong, and was chosen to start that season's All-Star Game. However, he had a higher ERA and walked more batters in the second half of the season. The A's traded him to the St. Louis Cardinals on December 18, 2004, for pitchers Dan Haren and Kiko Calero, and minor league catcher Daric Barton. <mask>, Hudson, and Zito were able to carry their team to the postseason four seasons in a row (2000–2003). <mask> competed in the playoffs in 2001 and 2002, logging two starts each against the New York Yankees (2001) and the Minnesota Twins (2002). He carried over his strong regular-season performance by pitching 24 innings in the four playoff starts, with an ERA of 2.25 and 19 strikeouts. St. Louis Cardinals
After the 2004 season, the Athletics traded <mask> to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Dan Haren, Kiko Calero, and Daric Barton.In the 2005 season, <mask>'s first with the Cardinals, he pitched well, 16-8 with a 3.64 ERA. His efforts helped the Cardinals reach the NLCS, where they lost to the Houston Astros. <mask> began the 2006 season strong, with a 5-1 record and 3.69 ERA through May 17. However, his next six starts were mediocre to awful, and his ERA ballooned to 6.09. He turned out to be suffering from rotator cuff and shoulder problems, and the Cardinals placed him on the disabled list June 23. In August he was taken off the disabled list and made several starts in the minors. On August 23, he made his first ML start in two months and gave up 9 runs, all of which were earned, in 3 innings.After undergoing rotator cuff surgery, and with a return for the opening of the 2007 season unlikely, <mask>'s future with the Cardinals looked somewhat uncertain in the 2007 offseason. However, despite being offered comparable deals with the Cleveland Indians and the Texas Rangers, <mask> re-signed with the St. Louis Cardinals on January 10, to a two-year $13 million contract, with performance-based incentives and a club option that could take the deal to three years at a possible $45 million. After being re-activated on September 5, 2007, he continued to struggle with his command, losing all three of his starts with an ERA of 12.27. In that time, he pitched only 11 innings, and gave up 22 hits and seven walks. This prompted an MRI scan, which led the team to the conclusion that <mask> needed additional clean-up rotator cuff surgery. Although he was expected to recover from surgery in time for Spring training, <mask> started the 2008 season on the disabled list. On June 30, 2008, <mask> made his return.He came in from the bullpen with a 7-1 lead over the New York Mets in the top of the ninth. <mask> finished the ballgame with no runs. On July 9, 2008, <mask> started his first game of the season against the Philadelphia Phillies. After striking out Jimmy Rollins to begin the game, <mask> threw eight consecutive pitches out of the strike zone, and left the game with a shoulder injury while attempting a pickoff throw. After the 2008 season, the Cardinals chose not to exercise <mask>'s $11 million option for the 2009 season, instead buying out his contract for $1.5 million. After remaining unsigned, <mask> announced his retirement on June 15, 2010, saying "I guess I have retired." 2014 comeback attempt
While watching the 2013 MLB postseason, <mask> began to mimic the throwing motion of Paco Rodriguez, and felt the hand separation at the top of the delivery felt natural.<mask> began auditioning for teams in November 2013. On January 1, 2014, <mask> came to terms with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training. <mask> expressed going into spring training that his shoulder felt strong, but wondered about the susceptibility of his lower back and legs to injury. On February 15, <mask> tore his achilles tendon. He suffered the injury in agility drills on the second day of spring training, before he was scheduled to throw his first bullpen session. The Angels released <mask> on March 11. Accomplishments
 Led American League in wins in 2001 (21)
 Led American League pitchers in complete games in 2003 (9) and 2004 (5)
 Led American League in shutouts in 2001 (4) and 2003 (2)
 American League All-Star, 2003 and 2004

Post-playing career
After first retiring from baseball, <mask> pursued golf.He won the 2015 American Century Championship, considered to be the "premier" celebrity golf tournament. He won it again in 2016, successfully defending his title. On July 16, 2017, he won his third straight American Century Championship. In October 2018, he played in a PGA Tour event, the Safeway Open, via a sponsor's invitation. <mask> is annually one of the contenders at what is now the Diamond Resorts Tournament of Champions. He won the celebrity division in 2017. He also served as an analyst on ESPN's Baseball Tonight, and as a part time analyst for Athletics telecasts on NBC Sports California in 2016 and 2017.See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
American League wins champions
American people of Dutch descent
Baseball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Illinois
Bourne Braves players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Redbirds players
Michigan State Spartans baseball players
Oakland Athletics announcers
Oakland Athletics players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from South Holland, Illinois
Sacramento River Cats players
Springfield Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Swing of the Quad Cities players
United States national baseball team players
Vancouver Canadians players
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games

masks:
Mark Alan Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mark
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
Mulder
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