title: Emily Dickinson

texts:
 consciously artistic. In a 1915 essay, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant called the poet's inspiration "daring" and named her "one of the rarest flowers the sterner New England land ever bore". With the growing popularity of modernist poetry in the 1920s, <mask>'s failure to conform to 19th-century poetic form was no longer surprising nor distasteful to new generations of readers.<mask> was suddenly referred to by various critics as a great woman poet, and a cult following began to form. In the 1930s, a number of the New Critics – among them R. P. Blackmur, Allen Tate, Cleanth Brooks and Yvor Winters – appraised the significance of <mask>'s poetry. As critic Roland Hagenbüchle pointed out, their "affirmative and prohibitive tenets turned out to be of special relevance to <mask> scholarship". Blackmur, in an attempt to focus and clarify the major claims for and against the poet's greatness, wrote in a landmark 1937 critical essay: "... she was a private poet who wrote as indefatigably as some women cook or knit. Her gift for words and the cultural predicament of her time drove her to poetry instead of antimacassars ... She came ... at the right time for one kind of poetry: the poetry of sophisticated, eccentric vision." The second wave of feminism created greater cultural sympathy for her as a female poet. In the first collection of critical essays on <mask> from a feminist perspective, she is heralded as the greatest woman poet in the English language.Biographers and theorists of the past tended to separate <mask>'s roles as a woman and a poet. For example, George Whicher wrote in his 1952 book This Was a Poet: A Critical Biography of <mask>, "Perhaps as a poet [<mask>] could find the fulfillment she had missed as a woman." Feminist criticism, on the other hand, declares that there is a necessary and powerful conjunction between <mask> being a woman and a poet. Adrienne Rich theorized in Vesuvius at Home: The Power of <mask> (1976) that <mask>'s identity as a woman poet brought her power: "[she] chose her seclusion, knowing she was exceptional and knowing what she needed ... She carefully selected her society and controlled the disposal of her time ... neither eccentric nor quaint; she was determined to survive, to use her powers, to practice necessary economics." Some scholars question the poet's sexuality, theorizing that the numerous letters and poems that were dedicated to Susan Gilbert <mask> indicate a lesbian romance, and speculating about how this may have influenced her poetry. Critics such as John Cody, Lillian Faderman, Vivian R. Pollak, Paula Bennett, Judith Farr, Ellen Louise Hart, and Martha Nell Smith have argued that Susan was the central erotic relationship in <mask>'s life. Legacy
In the early 20th century, <mask> Bianchi and Millicent Todd Bingham kept the achievement of <mask> alive.Bianchi promoted <mask>'s poetic achievement. Bianchi inherited The Evergreens as well as the copyright for her aunt's poetry from her parents, publishing works such as <mask> Dickinson Face to Face and Letters of <mask>, which stoked public curiosity about her aunt. Bianchi's books perpetrated legends about her aunt in the context of family tradition, personal recollection and correspondence. In contrast, Millicent Todd Bingham's took a more objective and realistic approach to the poet. <mask> is now considered a powerful and persistent figure in American culture. Although much of the early reception concentrated on <mask>'s eccentric and secluded nature, she has become widely acknowledged as an innovative, proto-modernist poet. As early as 1891, William Dean Howells wrote that "If nothing else had come out of our life but this strange poetry, we should feel that in the work of <mask>, America, or New England rather, had made a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not be left out of any record of it."Critic Harold Bloom has placed her alongside Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens, Robert Frost, T. S. Eliot, and Hart Crane as a major American poet, and in 1994 listed her among the 26 central writers of Western civilization. <mask> is taught in American literature and poetry classes in the United States from middle school to college. Her poetry is frequently anthologized and has been used as text for art songs by composers such as Aaron Copland, Nick Peros, John Adams and Michael Tilson Thomas. Several schools have been established in her name; for example, Emily Dickinson Elementary Schools exist in Bozeman, Montana; Redmond, Washington; and New York City. A few literary journals — including The Emily Dickinson Journal, the official publication of the Emily Dickinson International Society — have been founded to examine her work. An 8-cent commemorative stamp in honor of <mask> was issued by the United States Postal Service on August 28, 1971, as the second stamp in the "American Poet" series. <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973.A one-woman play titled The Belle of Amherst appeared on Broadway in 1976, winning several awards; it was later adapted for television. <mask>'s herbarium, which is now held in the Houghton Library at Harvard University, was published in 2006 as <mask>'s Herbarium by Harvard University Press. The original work was compiled by <mask> during her years at Amherst Academy, and consists of 424 pressed specimens of plants arranged on 66 pages of a bound album. A digital facsimile of the herbarium is available online. The town of Amherst Jones Library's Special Collections department has an Emily Dickinson Collection consisting of approximately seven thousand items, including original manuscript poems and letters, family correspondence, scholarly articles and books, newspaper clippings, theses, plays, photographs and contemporary artwork and prints. The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College has substantial holdings of <mask>'s manuscripts and letters as well as a lock of <mask>'s hair and the original of the only positively identified image of the poet. In 1965, in recognition of <mask>'s growing stature as a poet, the Homestead was purchased by Amherst College.It opened to the public for tours, and also served as a faculty residence for many years. The Emily Dickinson Museum was created in 2003 when ownership of the Evergreens, which had been occupied by <mask> family heirs until 1988, was transferred to the college. Modern influence and inspiration

<mask>'s life and works have been the source of inspiration to artists, particularly to feminist-oriented artists, of a variety of mediums. A few notable examples are as follows:
 The feminist artwork The Dinner Party, by Judy Chicago, first exhibited in 1979, features a place setting for <mask>. Jane Campion's film The Piano and its novelization (co-authored by Kate Pullinger) were inspired by the poetry of <mask> as well as the novels by the Brontë sisters. A character who is a literary scholar at a fictional New England college in the comic campus novel by Pamela Hansford Johnson Night and Silence Who Is Here? is intent on proving that <mask> was a secret dipsomaniac.His obsession costs him his job. The 2012 book The Emily Dickinson Reader by Paul Legault is an English-to-English translation of her complete poems published by McSweeney's. <mask>'s work has been set by numerous composers including Aaron Copland, Samuel Barber, Chester Biscardi, Elliot Carter, John Adams, Libby Larsen, Peter Seabourne, Michael Tilson Thomas, and Judith Weir. A public garden is named in her honor in Paris: 'square <mask>', in the 20th arrondissement. Jazz saxophonist Jane Ira Bloom released the 2017 double album Wild Lines: Improvising <mask> inspired by the poet's works. English director Terence Davies directed and wrote A Quiet Passion, a 2016 biographical film about the life of <mask>. The film stars Cynthia Nixon as the reclusive poet.The film premiered at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016 and was released in the United Kingdom on April 7, 2017. <mask> is a TV series starring Academy Award nominee Hailee Steinfeld as <mask> and premiered in 2019 on Apple TV+. The series focused on <mask>'s life. Translation
<mask>'s poetry has been translated into languages including French, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Kurdish, Turkish, Georgian, Swedish, and Russian. A few examples of these translations are the following:
 The Queen of Bashful Violets, a Kurdish translation by Madeh Piryonesi published in 2016. French translation by Charlotte Melançon which includes 40 poems. Mandarin Chinese translation by Professor Jianxin Zhou
Swedish translation by Ann Jäderlund.Persian translations: Three Persian translations of <mask> are available from Saeed Saeedpoor, Madeh Piryonesi and Okhovat. Turkish translation: Selected Poems, translated by Selahattin Özpalabıyıklar in 2006, is available from Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları through its special Hasan Âli Yücel classics series. See also

 List of <mask> poems

References

Notes

Editions of poetry and letters
 Cristanne Miller (ed.). 2016. <mask>'s Poems: As She Preserved Them. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Franklin, R. W.(ed.). 1998. The Poems of <mask>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. .
 Johnson, Thomas H. and Theodora Ward (eds.). 1958. The Letters of <mask>. Cambridge:  The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Johnson, Thomas H. (ed.). 1955. The Complete Poems of <mask>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Secondary sources

 Bianchi, <mask>. 1970.<mask> Face to Face: Unpublished Letters with Notes and Reminiscences. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. Blake, Caesar R. (ed). 1964. The Recognition of <mask>: Selected Criticism Since 1890. Ed. Caesar R. Blake.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Bloom, Harold. 1999. <mask>. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. .
 Bloom, Harold. 1994. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages.New York: Harcourt Brace. Buckingham, Willis J. (ed). 1989. <mask>'s Reception in the 1890s: A Documentary History. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. . Comment, Kristin M. 2001."<mask>'s Bawdy: Shakespeare and Sexual Symbolism in <mask>'s Writing to <mask>". Legacy. 18(2). pp. 167–181. Crumbley, Paul. 1997.Inflections of the Pen: Dash and Voice in <mask>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. .
 D'Arienzo, Daria. 2006. "Looking at <mask>", Amherst Magazine. Winter 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. Farr, Judith (ed).1996. <mask>: A Collection of Critical Essays. Prentice Hall International Paperback Editions. .
 Farr, Judith. 2005. The Gardens of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press. .
 Ford, Thomas W. 1966. Heaven Beguiles the Tired: Death in the Poetry of <mask>.University of Alabama Press. Franklin, R. W. 1998. The Master Letters of <mask>. University of Massachusetts Press. .
 Gordon, Lyndall. 2010. Lives Like Loaded Guns: <mask> and Her Family's Feuds. Viking. .
 Grabher, Gudrun, Roland Hagenbüchle and Cristanne Miller.1998. The Emily Dickinson Handbook. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Habegger, Alfred. 2001. My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of <mask>. New York: Random House. .
 Roland Hagenbüchle: Precision and Indeterminacy in the Poetry of <mask>, Emerson Society Quarterly, 1974
 Hecht, Anthony.1996. "The Riddles of Emily Dickinson" in Farr (1996) 149–162. Juhasz, Suzanne (ed). 1983. Feminist Critics Read <mask> Dickinson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. .
 Juhasz, Suzanne. 1996."The Landscape of the Spirit" in Farr (1996) 130–140. Knapp, Bettina L. 1989. <mask>. New York: Continuum Publishing. Martin, Wendy (ed). 2002. The Cambridge Companion to <mask>.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 McNeil, Helen. 1986. <mask>. London: Virago Press. .
 Mitchell, Domhnall Mitchell and Maria Stuart. 2009. The International Reception of <mask>. New York: Continuum. .
 Murray, Aífe.2010. Maid as Muse: How Domestic Servants Changed <mask>'s Life and Language. University Press of New England. .
 Murray, Aífe. 1996. "Kitchen Table Poetics: Maid Margaret Maher and Her Poet <mask>," The Emily Dickinson Journal. 5(2). pp.285–296. Paglia, Camille. 1990. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to <mask>. Yale University Press. .
 Oberhaus, Dorothy Huff. 1996. " 'Tender pioneer': <mask>'s Poems on the Life of Christ" in Farr (1996) 105–119.Parker, Peter. 2007. "New Feet Within My Garden Go: <mask>'s Herbarium", The Daily Telegraph, June 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2008. Pickard, John B. 1967. <mask>: An Introduction and Interpretation.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pollak, Vivian R. 1996. "Thirst and Starvation in <mask>'s Poetry" in Farr (1996) 62–75. Sewall, Richard B. 1974. The Life of <mask>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. .
 Smith, Martha Nell.1992. Rowing in Eden: Rereading <mask>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. .
 Stocks, Kenneth. 1988. <mask> and the Modern Consciousness: A Poet of Our Time. New York: St. Martin's Press. Walsh, John Evangelist.1971. The Hidden Life of <mask>. New York: Simon and Schuster. Wells, Anna Mary. 1929. "Early Criticism of <mask>", American Literature, Vol. 1, No.3. (November 1929). Wilson, Edmund. 1962. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .
 Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. 1986.<mask>. New York. Alfred A. Knopf. .

Further reading
Emily Dickinson Papers, 1844–1891 (3 microfilm reels) are housed at the Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University. Visiting Emily: Poems Inspired by the Life and Works of <mask> (University of Iowa Press, 2001) by Thomas Tammaro and Sheila Coghill (2001 Minnesota Book Awards winner)

External links

 Dickinson Electronic Archives
 Emily Dickinson Archive
 <mask> poems and texts at the Academy of American Poets
 Profile and poems of <mask>, including audio files, at the Poetry Foundation. <mask> Dickinson Lexicon
 <mask> at Modern American Poetry
 Emily Dickinson International Society
 Emily Dickinson Museum The Homestead and the Evergreens, Amherst, Massachusetts
 <mask> at Amherst College, Amherst College Archives and Special Collections
 Emily <mask> Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University
 Emily Dickinson Papers, Galatea Collection, Boston Public Library
 Interview with Them Tammaro and Sheila Coghill about their book Visiting Emily: Poems Inspired by the Life and Work of <mask>, NORTHERN LIGHTS Minnesota Author Interview TV Series #465 (2001)

1830 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American poets
19th-century American women writers
American women poets
Deaths from nephritis
Mount Holyoke College alumni
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Women in the American Civil War
Writers from Amherst, Massachusetts
Christian poets
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title: Vettius Agorius Praetextatus

type: original

texts:
Vettius <mask> (ca. 315 – 384) was a wealthy pagan aristocrat in the 4th-century Roman Empire, and a high priest in the cults of numerous gods. He served as the praetorian prefect at the court of Emperor Valentinian II in 384 until his death that same year. Sources
His life is primarily known through the works of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Ammianus Marcellinus, supplemented by some epigraphical records. Symmachus (345 c. – 402 c.) was a leading member of the senatorial aristocracy of his time and the best orator of his age. Symmachus' letters, speeches and relations have been preserved and testify a sincere friendship between Symmachus and Praetextatus: according to Symmachus, Praetextatus was a good magistrate and a virtuous man. Ammianus Marcellinus, writing in the early 390s, tells about Praetextatus in three passages of his Res Gestae: in all of them Ammianus shows appreciation of Praetextatus' actions, while the same author is usually critical about the members of the Senate; for this reason some historians think Ammianus and Praetextatus knew each other.Several inscriptions referring to Praetextatus have been preserved, and among them the most important is the one on the funerary monument to <mask> and his wife Aconia Fabia Paulina; other information is provided in some laws addressed to Praetextatus as praefectus urbi and praetorian prefect, and preserved in the Theodosian Code; in addition, there are some letters addressed to him by Emperor Valentinian III about a religious dispute and preserved in the Collectio Avellana. Jerome (347–420), a Christian writer and theologian, knew the Roman aristocracy through his acquaintances among the Roman matrons. He wrote about Praetextatus in two letters and in his polemic Contra Ioannem Hierosolymitanum (397); the sorrow caused by the death of Praetextatus was so diffused among his acquaintances that Jerome wrote a letter to a matron in which he wrote that Praetextatus was in hell. A different kind of source is represented by the philosopher and writer Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, who made Praetextatus the main character of his Saturnalia, a book describing the pagan renaissance of the late 4th century. However the Saturnalia was written half a century after Praetextatus' death, so his description is highly idealised. Finally, two later historians wrote about Praetextatus. The first is Zosimus, a pagan historian who lived in the first half of the 6th century and author of the Historia Nova, who described Praetextatus as a defender of the Hellenic cults in Greece; the second historian is Joannes Laurentius Lydus, who lived in the second half of the 6th century, and who talks about a hierophant named Praetextatus, but this identification is uncertain.Biography

Early life

Praetextatus' birthday is unknown, but the sources show he was born before Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. They also state that in 384, the year of his death, Praetextatus had been married to his wife Aconia Fabia Paulina for forty years; if Paulina was his first wife and if they married when he was twenty/twenty-five years old, as was customary among the senatorial aristocracy, his birth can be assumed between 314 and 319. According to Joannes Lydus, however, a "Praetextatus the hierophant" and the Neo-platonic philosopher Sopater of Apamea participated to the polismós ceremony during the foundation of Constantinople, around 330. As aristocrats took sacerdotal roles very young, it is possible that this Praetextatus was Vettius Agorius, who actually was Pontifex Vestae; in this case, he would have been born between 310 and 324. As regards Praetextatus' family, sources are silent and only hypotheses can be drawn. Gaius Vettius Cossinus Rufinus (Praefectus urbi of Rome in 315–316) could have been his father, both because of their names and because they followed a similar career (corrector Tusciae et Umbriae, proconsul Achaiae, pontifex Solis and augur): in the senatorial aristocracy, the sons often held the same political, administrative and religious positions as their fathers. However, many years separated their careers (Praetextatus was praefectus urbi in 367), so it has been proposed that Cossinus Rufinus was the father of Vettius Rufinus (consul in 323) and the latter was Praetextatus' father.Nonetheless, we know that <mask>' family was ancient and noble, and therefore he possessed a network of relationships with other members of the senatorial aristocracy, a network that was used also to gain advantages. His acquaintances included Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, his father Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus, Virius Nicomachus Flavianus and probably the senators Volusius Venustus and Minervius. An example of this network of relationships is the very wedding between <mask> and his wife Aconia Fabia Paulina, celebrated around 344 (they had been married for 40 years in 384); Paulina, in fact, was the daughter of Aconius Catullinus Philomatius, Praefectus urbi in 342–344 and Consul in 349. They had at least one son, recalled in the funeral eulogy and the author of an inscription in honour of his father, dated to shortly after his death and found in their home on the Aventine. Even if most historians identify the commissioner of the inscription with a son, this could be also a daughter, maybe the Praetextata cited by Jerome. Finally, Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius, consul in 527 and with a similar interest in literature, could have been his great-grandson. Political and religious career
The tomb of Praetextatus and of his wife Aconia Fabia Paulina, conserved at the Musei Capitolini, records his cursus honorum.Praetextatus held several religious positions: pontifex of Vesta and Sol, augur,  tauroboliatus, curialis of Hercules, neocorus, hierophant, priest of Liber and of the Eleusinian mysteries. He also held several political and administrative positions: he was quaestor, corrector Tusciae et Umbriae, Governor of Lusitania, Proconsul of Achaea, praefectus urbi in 384 and was praetorian prefect of Italy and Illyricum, as well as consul designated for the year 385, an honour he did not achieve because he died in late 384. In 370, several senators were tried for alleged magic practices by prefect Maximinus; Praetextatus led a senatorial legation to emperor Valentinian I, including Volusius Venustus and Minervius, charged with asking Valentinian to forgo torture for those senators involved in trials; the three of them were allowed in the presence of the Emperor, who denied having given such a disposition, but, thanks to the influence of the quaestor Eupraxius, the rights of the senators were restored. While holding the office of praefectus urbi, he gave back to the Bishop of Rome, Damasus, the basilica of Sicininus and had the other bishop, Ursicinus, expelled from Rome, thus restoring peace in the city, even if he granted an amnesty to the followers of the defeated bishop. His justice was celebrated; he had removed those private structures that were built against pagan temples (the so-called maeniana) and distributed within the whole city uniform and verified weights and measures. He also restored the Porticus Deorum Consentium in the Roman Forum. After his death, the Emperor asked the Roman Senate for a copy of all his speeches, while the Vestal Virgins proposed to the Emperor that they be allowed to erect statues in his honour.Support of traditional Roman religion

Praetextatus was one of the last political supporters of the res divina, the Roman religion, in Late Antiquity; he was particularly devoted to Vesta, as was his wife. Praetextatus was friend with another major figure of the pagan aristocracy, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, with whom he exchanged letters partially conserved. According to Jerome, in reference to Bishop Damasus' luxurious lifestyle, he joked to him "Make me bishop of Rome and I will become a Christian". During his office as Proconsul of Achaea he appealed against an edict by Emperor Valentinian I (issued in 364) that forbade night sacrifices during the Mysteries: Praetextatus maintained that this edict made it impossible for pagans to keep their faith, and Valentinian nullified his own edict. In 367, during his tenure as praefectus urbi, he oversaw the restoration of the Porticus Deorum Consentium in the Roman Forum (), the last great monument devoted to a pagan cult in Rome. Even if this was a simple restoration of the damaged statues and a renovation of the worship, it was a symbolic choice, as the Di Consentes were the protectors of the Senate, and therefore used to balance the power of the Emperor (it is significant that the inscription does not mention the Emperor). It has been also proposed that the restoration of the cult of the Di Consentes appealed to Praetextatus as a propagation of "his ideology of the numen multiplex" cited in his funerary poem.A few years before his death, while his friend Symmachus was praefectus urbi, <mask> held an important ceremony, a pagan ascent to the Capitolium, an event that is recorded by Jerome: Praetextatus ascended, preceded by the highest magistrates, in a ceremony that was not a triumph, but which was really close to a pagan triumphal ceremony. In 384, during his tenure as praetorian prefect, he obtained from Valentinian II an edict about the persecution of the crimes of demolition of pagan temples and the attribution of the related investigations to the praefectus urbi of Rome (who, at that time, was his friend Symmachus). Praetextatus' policy of restoration of the ancient Roman religion hit the Christian members of the imperial court (at Milan) and possibly it was for this reason that Symmachus, as friend and ally of Praetextatus, was falsely accused of torturing Christian priests: Symmachus responded that he was authorised by Praetextatus on the basis of the imperial edict and even Damasus supported him. Praetextatus and Paulina had a palace located at the corner of via Merulana and viale del Monte Oppio () in Rome, on the place of the modern Palazzo Brancaccio. The garden around the palace, the so-called Horti Vettiani, extended to the modern Roma Termini railway station. Archaeological investigations in this area brought out several discoveries related to <mask>' family. Among them there is the base of a statue dedicated to Coelia Concordia, one of the last Vestal Virgins, who had erected a statue in honour of Praetextatus after his death; the latter statue was criticised by Symmachus, who wrote a letter to Flavianus saying he opposed this erection because that was the first time that the Virgins had erected a statue to a man, even if pontifex.Literature
Praetextatus published the Latin version of the Analytics written by Aristotle, in the Greek version composed by the philosopher Themistius. It is possible that Praetextatus knew Themistius, either meeting him in Constantinople or when the philosopher visited Rome (in 357, when Themistius followed Emperor Constantius II as leader of the Senate of Constantinople, or in 376, when Themistius honoured Emperor Gratian with a speech in the Roman Senate), and it is known he could read Greek, as he had been one of the quindecimvir sacri faciundi, who had to know Greek in order to read the Sybilline books. Praetextatus also collaborated with acquaintances of Symmachus and Nicomachus Flavianus in the emendation and transmission of texts of the traditional Roman culture. He was also the main character of the Saturnalia by Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, and might be the target of the anonymous Carmen contra paganos. Notes

Bibliography

Primary sources
 ; ; ;
 Collectio Avellana
 Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae Libri XXXI
 Jerome, letters
 Joannes Laurentius Lydus, De mensibus
 Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica
 Zosimus Historia Nova

Secondary sources
 Cameron, Alan. The Last Pagans of Rome. Oxford University Press, 2011, .Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: A.D. 260–395, volume 1 (PLRE I), Cambridge University Press, 1971, . Kahlos, Maijastina, "The Restoration Policy of Praetextatus", Arctos 29 (1995), pp. 39–47. Kahlos, Maijastina, Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between, Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002,  (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). Lanciani, Rodolfo, Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries,  Houghton & Mifflin, Boston and New York, 1898, pp. 169–170.On-line at LacusCurtius

External links
Epitaph by Aconia Fabia Paulina
Vettius <mask> Praetextatus' eulogy for his wife Pauline

Senators of the Roman Empire
4th-century clergy
4th-century Romans
310s births
384 deaths
4th-century Christianity
Late-Roman-era pagans
Correspondents of Symmachus
Praetorian prefects of the Illyricum
Praetorian prefects of Italy
Roman governors of Achaia
Roman governors of Lusitania
Roman governors of Tuscia et Umbria
Urban prefects of Rome
Roman consuls designate
Augurs of the Roman Empire
Agorius Praetextatus
Year of birth uncertain
Eleusinian hierophants

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title: Murad III

texts:
<mask> (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث Murād-i sālis, Turkish: <mask>. Murat) (4 July 1546 –  16 January 1595) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. Early life
Born in Manisa on 4 July 1546, <mask> was the oldest son of Şehzade Selim and his powerful wife Nurbanu Sultan. He received a good education and learned Arabic and Persian language. After his ceremonial circumcision in 1557, <mask>'s grandfather, the Sultan Suleiman I, appointed him sancakbeyi (governor) of Akşehir in 1558. At the age of 18 he was appointed sancakbeyi of Saruhan. Suleiman died (1566) when <mask> was 20, and his father became the new sultan, Selim II.Selim II broke with tradition by sending only his oldest son out of the palace to govern a province, assigning <mask> to Manisa. Reign
Selim died in 1574 and was succeeded by <mask>, who began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled. His authority was undermined by harem influences – more specifically, those of his mother and later of his favorite wife Safiye Sultan, often to the detriment of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's influence on the court. Under Selim II power had only been maintained by the genius of the powerful Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who remained in office until his assassination in October 1579. During <mask>'s reign the northern borders with the Habsburg Monarchy were defended by the Bosnian governor Hasan Predojević. The reign of <mask> <mask> was marked by exhausting wars on the empire's western and eastern fronts. The Ottomans also suffered defeats in battles such as the Battle of Sisak.Expedition to Morocco

Abd al-Malik became  a trusted member of the Ottoman establishment during his exile. He made the proposition of making Morocco an Ottoman vassal in exchange for the support of <mask> <mask> in helping him gain the Saadi throne. With an army of 10,000 men whom were mostly Turks, Ramazan Pasha and Abd al-Malik left from Algiers to install Abd al-Malik as an Ottoman vassal ruler of Morocco. Ramazan Pasha conquered Fez which caused the Saadi Sultan to flee to Marrakesh which was also conquered, Abd al-Malik then assumed rule over Morocco as a client of the Ottomans. Abd al-Malik made a deal with the Ottoman troops by paying them a large amount of gold and sending them back to Algiers suggesting a looser concept of vassalage than <mask> <mask> may have thought. <mask>'s name was recited in the Friday prayer and stamped on coinage marking the two traditional signs of sovereignty in the Islamic world. The reign of Abd al-Malik is understood to be a period of Moroccan vassalage to the Ottoman Empire.Abd al-Malik died in 1578 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur who formally recognised the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan at the start of his reign while remaining de facto independent, however he stopped minting coins in <mask>s name, dropped his name from the Khutba and declared his full independence in 1582. War with the Safavids

The Ottomans had been at peace with the neighbouring rivaling Safavid Empire since 1555, per the Treaty of Amasya, that for some time had settled border disputes. But in 1577 <mask> declared war, starting the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), seeking to take advantage of the chaos in the Safavid court after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. <mask> was influenced by viziers Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha and Sinan Pasha and disregarded the opposing counsel of Grand Vizier Sokollu. <mask> also fought the Safavids which would drag on for 12 years, ending with the Treaty of Constantinople (1590), which resulted in temporary significant territorial gains for the Ottomans. Ottoman Activity in the Horn of Africa

During his reign an Ottoman Admiral by the name of Ali Bey was successful in establishing Ottoman supremacy in numerous cities in the Swahili coast between Mogadishu and Kilwa. Ottoman suzerainty was recognised in Mogadishu in 1585 and Ottoman supremacy was also established in other cities such as Barawa, Mombasa, Kilifi, Pate, Lamu and Faza. Financial Affairs
<mask>'s reign was a time of financial stress for the Ottoman state.To keep up with changing military techniques, the Ottomans trained infantrymen in the use of firearms, paying them directly from the treasury. By 1580 an influx of silver from the New World had caused high inflation and social unrest, especially among Janissaries and government officials who were paid in debased currency. Deprivation from the resulting rebellions, coupled with the pressure of over-population, was especially felt in Anatolia. Competition for positions within the government grew fierce, leading to bribery and corruption. Ottoman and Habsburg sources accuse <mask> himself of accepting enormous bribes, including 20,000 ducats from a statesman in exchange for the governorship of Tripoli and Tunisia, thus outbidding a rival who had tried bribing the Grand Vizier. During his period, excessive inflation was experienced, the value of silver money was constantly played, food prices increased. 400 dirhams should be cut from 600 dirhams of silver, while 800 was cut, which meant 100 percent inflation.For the same reason, the purchasing power of wage earners was halved, and the consequence was an uprising. English Pact
Numerous envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan <mask> <mask>. In one correspondence, <mask> entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with <mask> <mask> during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy. This diplomacy would be continued under <mask>'s successor Mehmed <mask>, by both the sultan and Safiye Sultan alike. Personal life

Palace life
Following the example of his father Selim II, <mask> was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave Topkapı Palace.For two consecutive years he did not attend the Friday procession to the imperial mosque—an unprecedented breaking of custom. The Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki wrote that whenever <mask> planned to go out to Friday prayer, he changed his mind after hearing of alleged plots by the Janissaries to dethrone him once he left the palace. <mask> withdrew from his subjects and spent the majority of his reign keeping to the company of few people and abiding by a daily routine structured by the five daily Islamic prayers. <mask>'s personal physician Domenico Hierosolimitano described a typical day in the life of the sultan:

<mask>'s sedentary lifestyle and lack of participation in military campaigns earned him the disapproval of Mustafa Âlî and Mustafa Selaniki, the major Ottoman historians who lived during his reign. Their negative portrayals of <mask> influenced later historians. Both historians also accused <mask> of sexual excess. Children
Before becoming sultan, <mask> had been loyal to Safiye Sultan, his Albanian concubine who had given him a son, Mehmed, and two daughters.His monogamy was disapproved of by his mother Nurbanu Sultan, who worried that <mask> needed more sons to succeed him in case Mehmed died young. She also worried about Safiye's influence over her son and the Ottoman dynasty. Five or six years after his accession to the throne, <mask> was given a pair of concubines by his sister Ismihan. Upon attempting sexual intercourse with them, he proved impotent. "The arrow [of <mask>], [despite] keeping with his created nature, for many times [and] for many days has been unable to reach at the target of union and pleasure," wrote Mustafa Ali. Nurbanu accused Safiyye and her retainers of causing <mask>'s impotence with witchcraft. Several of Safiye's servants were tortured by eunuchs in order to discover a culprit.Court physicians, working under Nurbanu's orders, eventually prepared a successful cure, but a side effect was a drastic increase in sexual appetite—by the time <mask> died, he was said to have fathered over a hundred children. Nineteen of these were executed by Mehmed <mask> when he became sultan. Women at court
Influential ladies of his court included his mother Nurbanu Sultan, his sister Ismihan Sultan, wife of grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, and musahibes (favourites) mistress of the housekeeper Canfeda Hatun, mistress of financial affairs Raziye Hatun, and the poet Hubbi Hatun, Finally, after the death of his mother and older sister, his wife Safiye Sultan was the only influential woman in the court. Eunuchs at court
Before <mask>, the palace eunuchs had been mostly white. This began to change in 1582 when <mask> gave an important position to a black eunuch. By 1592, the eunuchs' roles in the palace were racially determined: black eunuchs guarded the Sultan and the women, and white eunuchs guarded the male pages in another part of the palace. The chief black eunuch was known as the Kizlar Agha, and the chief white eunuch was known as the Kapi Agha.<mask> and the arts

<mask> took great interest in the arts, particularly miniatures and books. He actively supported the court Society of Miniaturists, commissioning several volumes including the Siyer-i Nebi, the most heavily illustrated biographical work on the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Book of Skills, the Book of Festivities and the Book of Victories. He had two large alabaster urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and a large wax candle dressed in tin which was donated by him to the Rila monastery in Bulgaria is on display in the monastery museum. <mask> also furnished the content of Kitabü’l-Menamat (The Book of Dreams), addressed to <mask>'s spiritual advisor, Şüca Dede. A collection of first person accounts, it tells of <mask>'s spiritual experiences as a Sufi disciple. Compiled from thousands of letters <mask> wrote describing his dream visions, it presents a hagiographic self-portrait. <mask> dreams of various activities, including being stripped naked by his father and having to sit on his lap, single-handedly killing 12,000 infidels in battle, walking on water, ascending to heaven, and producing milk from his fingers.He frequently encounters the Prophet Muhammed, and in one dream sits in the Prophet's lap and kisses his mouth. In another letter addressed to Şüca Dede, <mask> wrote "I wish that God, may He be glorified and exalted, had not created this poor servant as the descendant of the Ottomans so that I would not hear this and that, and would not worry. I wish I were of unknown pedigree. Then, I would have one single task, and could ignore the whole world." The diplomatic edition of these dream letters have been recently published by Ozgen Felek in Turkish. Death
<mask> died from what is assumed to be natural causes in the Topkapı Palace and was buried in tomb next to the Hagia Sophia. In the mausoleum are 54 sarcophagus of the sultan, his wives and children that are also buried there.He is also responsible for changing the burial customs of the sultans' mothers. <mask> had his mother Nurbanu buried next to her husband Selim II, making her the first consort to share a sultan's tomb. Family

 Consorts
<mask>'s named consorts were:
Safiye Sultan, an ethnic Albanian. The rest, who were married, included the following:
 Hümaşah  Sultan, married only once to Damad Nişar Mustafazade Mehmed Pasha (died 1586);. Safiye's possibly eldest daughter. ), was married and had three children who died young. Amriye Sultan

In fiction
Orhan Pamuk's historical novel Benim Adım Kırmızı (My Name is Red, 1998) takes place at the court of <mask> III, during nine snowy winter days of 1591, which the writer uses in order to convey the tension between East and West.The Harem Midwife by Roberta Rich - a historical fiction set in Constantinople (1578) which follows Hannah, a midwife, who tends to many of the women in Sultan <mask> <mask>'s harem. In popular culture
In the 2011 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, <mask> <mask> is portrayed by Turkish actor Serhan Onat. References

External links

 Ancestry of Sultana Nur-Banu (Cecilia Venier-Baffo)

[aged 48]

1546 births
1595 deaths
16th-century Ottoman sultans
Turks of the Ottoman Empire
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Ottoman dynasty

masks:
Murad III
III
Şehzade Murad
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title: Siobhan Chamberlain

texts:
<mask> (born 15 August 1983) is a retired English professional footballer who last played as a goalkeeper for FA WSL club Manchester United and the England national team. She is also a sports pundit and commentator. She joined Manchester United in 2018 after playing for Liverpool. Before joining Liverpool in December 2015, she had been at Notts County on loan from Arsenal. <mask> previously played at the top club level for Chelsea, Fulham, Birmingham City and Bristol Academy, as well as for North American W-League club Vancouver Whitecaps. She has represented the England women's national football team on 50 occasions since her debut in 2004. This included being part of the squad at three FIFA Women's World Cups and three UEFA Women's Championships.Club career

Early career
A childhood gymnast, <mask> took up goalkeeping at the age of 14 and was spotted by Chelsea. In 2003, she left Chelsea for Fulham, who had lost their professional status and Norwegian international goalkeeper Astrid Johannessen. <mask> played for Fulham in the UEFA Women's Cup, but moved on to Birmingham City at the end of the season. At Birmingham City <mask> provided competition for Jo Fletcher during the 2004–05 season. <mask> then played for Bristol Academy for two seasons, leaving to rejoin Chelsea in the 2007 close season. On 26 May 2010, she left Chelsea and signed for Canadian W-League Vancouver Whitecaps. Bristol Academy
In October 2010, <mask> returned to Bristol Academy ahead of their inaugural FA WSL campaign.She helped Bristol reach the FA Women's Cup final, played in the UEFA Women's Champions League and was named in the WSL team of the season. In April 2012 she was appointed as one of eight digital media ambassadors, one from each team, who wear their Twitter account name on their shirt sleeves to raise the profile of the WSL. Arsenal

In December 2013, <mask> quit Bristol Academy to sign a two-year contract with Arsenal, where she would rival the incumbent goalkeeper Emma Byrne for a starting position. <mask> had played every minute of every game in her three seasons back at Bristol, but craved a new challenge: "My ambition is to be England's number one so the added competition at Arsenal is what I need at this point in my career." Loan to Notts County
On 9 July 2015, <mask> moved to Notts County on loan until the end of the season following injury to England teammate Carly Telford. She was ineligible for the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final and The Football Association refused Notts County's request for dispensation to sign another goalkeeper, so Telford played in the team's 1–0 defeat despite a shoulder injury. Liverpool
Chamberlain failed to dislodge Byrne from Arsenal's starting line-up and was mainly used in cup matches.She was pushed further down the pecking order by the signing of Sari van Veenendaal. In December 2015, Liverpool announced their signing of <mask> on a one-year contract. When Liverpool decided not to renew 34-year-old <mask>'s contract in May 2018, she criticised the club for a lack of ambition. Manchester United

On 13 July 2018, it was announced that <mask> would join Manchester United for their inaugural season playing in the FA Women's Championship. During a pre-season friendly against her former club Liverpool on 17 July 2018, <mask> suffered a suspected serious neck injury and was rushed to hospital; however, checks revealed that the injury was not as serious as first thought. She recovered in time for the start of the season and made her competitive debut for Manchester United in a 1–0 League Cup victory against Liverpool on 19 August. On 9 September, she made her Championship debut in a 12–0 win against Aston Villa.<mask> did not concede a league goal until United's sixth game, with Angela Addison's 82nd minute consolation goal in United's 4–1 win ending a streak of 531 minutes without conceding. United clinched the Championship title on 20 April 2019 with a 7–0 win over Crystal Palace with <mask> having played in all 18 league matches, conceding seven goals in that time. She subsequently missed the final two games of the season with a foot injury, collecting her winners medal on the last day of the season in an aircast. In May 2019, she was named PFA Community Champion of the Year for her work with the Manchester United Foundation. For the 2019–20 season, <mask> took part in a reduced training programme while pregnant with her first child. She expressed a desire to return to the club full-time following her pregnancy. While sidelined, <mask> explored opportunities with the club's social media and press team, worked as club photographer and commentated on matches for the club's TV channel.She terminated her contract by mutual consent on 15 July 2020. Retirement
On 4 September 2020, after fielding several offers and spending the 2020–21 preseason training with an unnamed WSL club, <mask> announced her retirement from professional football in order to spend more time with her family and focus on her master's in sporting directorship. She has continued to serve as a commentator alongside Pien Meulensteen on MUTV. International career

<mask> progressed through the youth ranks with England before making her senior debut against the Netherlands in September 2004. She won her second cap in a record 13–0 win against Hungary and her third against Sweden in Cyprus. <mask> was named in England's squad for the 2007 World Cup. In May 2009, <mask> was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association.She went to UEFA Women's Euro 2009 as an understudy to first-choice Rachel Brown. When Brown was controversially sent-off in a World Cup qualifying play-off in Switzerland, <mask> came on as her replacement. By the 2011 World Cup American-born Karen Bardsley had taken over the England team's first-choice goalkeeping position, with Brown and <mask> as back-ups. Bardsley also retained the number one role at UEFA Women's Euro 2013. In May 2015, national coach Mark Sampson named <mask> in his final squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, to be hosted in Canada. On 27 June 2015, she replaced fellow goalkeeper Bardsley in the 52nd minute of England's 2–1 quarter-final win over hosts Canada, as her country reached the semi-finals of the World Cup for the first time in their history. Bardsley had suffered a swollen eye after an allergic reaction to the rubber crumb on the controversial artificial turf pitch, but was restored to the team for England's semi-final defeat by Japan.At UEFA Women's Euro 2017, <mask> was again named as Bardsley's understudy. She played 90 minutes in a dead rubber group win over Portugal and again entered play as a quarter-final substitute following another injury to Bardsley. She was selected for the semi-final against hosts the Netherlands but conceded three unanswered goals as England exited the competition. At the 2018 SheBelieves Cup <mask> won her 50th England cap. Personal life
<mask> joined the National Player Development Centre at Loughborough University when she was 18, training every day while earning a degree in sports science and a master's degree in sports nutrition. She was later employed as a lecturer / coach by South Gloucestershire and Stroud College in Bristol. In 2015, <mask> married Leigh Moore, a former media assistant at the FA.Moore was left in charge of planning the wedding while <mask> was away at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. In July 2019, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. Emilia Francesca Moore was born on 31 January 2020. In July 2018, <mask> became a member of pledge-based charity Common Goal. In July 2020, <mask> became a club ambassador for Hashtag United F.C. following the club's creation of a fourth division women's team ahead of the 2020–21 season. Career statistics

Club

Honours
Arsenal
FA Women's Cup: 2013–14

Manchester United
FA Women's Championship: 2018–19

England
Cyprus Cup: 2009, 2013, 2015
UEFA Women's Championship runner-up: 2009
FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2015

Individual
PFA FA WSL 1 Team of the Year: 2011, 2013–14

References

External links

Profile at ManUtd.com

1983 births
Living people
English women's footballers
England women's international footballers
Bristol Academy W.F.C.players
Chelsea F.C. Women players
Arsenal W.F.C. players
Fulham L.F.C. players
Notts County L.F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. Women players
Birmingham City W.F.C. players
Manchester United W.F.C.players
FA Women's National League players
FA Women's Super League players
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC (women) players
England women's under-23 international footballers
Footballers from Greater London
Women's association football goalkeepers
English expatriate women's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate women's soccer players in Canada

masks:
Siobhan Rebecca Chamberlain
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title: Cyrus Vance

texts:
<mask>. (March 27, 1917January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer and United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to serving in that position, he was the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Johnson administration. During the Kennedy administration he was Secretary of the Army and General Counsel of the Department of Defense. As Secretary of State, <mask> approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict and a special interest in arms reduction. In April 1980, he resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. He was succeeded by Edmund Muskie. <mask> was the cousin (and adoptive son) of 1924 Democratic presidential nominee and lawyer John W. Davis.He was the father of Manhattan District Attorney <mask> Jr. Early life and family
<mask> was born on March 27, 1917, in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was the son of John Carl <mask> and his wife Amy Roberts <mask>, and had an elder brother, John Carl <mask>. Following <mask>'s birth, his family relocated to Bronxville, New York, so that his father could commute to New York City, where he was an insurance broker. <mask>'s father was also a landowner and worked for a government agency during World War I. He died unexpectedly of pneumonia in 1922. <mask>'s mother was Amy Roberts <mask>, who had a prominent family history in Philadelphia and was active in civic affairs.Following her husband's death, she moved her family to Switzerland for a year, where <mask> and his brother learned French at L'Institut Sillig in Vevey. <mask>'s much older cousin (referred to as an "uncle" within the family) John W. Davis, an Ambassador to the United Kingdom and 1924 United States presidential candidate, became his mentor and adopted him. <mask> graduated from Kent School in 1935 and earned a bachelor's degree in 1939 from Yale College, where he was a member of the secret society Scroll and Key. He also earned three varsity letters in ice hockey at Yale. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1942. While there, his classmates included Sargent Shriver, William Scranton, Stanley Rogers Resor, and William Bundy, with all of whom he would later work. <mask> entered the military during World War II, serving in the United States Navy as a gunnery officer on the destroyer USS Hale (DD-642) until 1946.He saw sea action in the Battle of Tarawa, the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam (1944), the Bougainville Campaign, and the Philippines Campaign (1944–1945). After the war, he worked for the Mead Corporation for a year before joining the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in New York City. At the age of 29, <mask> married Grace Elsie "Gay" Sloane on February 15, 1947. She was a Bryn Mawr College graduate and was the daughter of the board chairman of the W. & J. Sloane furniture company in New York City. They had five children:
 Elsie Nicoll <mask>
 Amy Sloane <mask>
 Grace Roberts <mask>
 Camilla <mask>
 <mask> R. <mask>. Political career
In 1957, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson asked <mask> to leave Wall Street to work for the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, where he helped draft the National Aeronautics and Space Act, leading to the creation of NASA. In 1961, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara recruited <mask> to become General Counsel of the Department of Defense.He was then made the Secretary of the Army by President John F. Kennedy. He was Secretary when Army units were sent to northern Mississippi in 1962 to protect James Meredith and ensure that the court-ordered integration of the University of Mississippi took place. In 1964, <mask> became the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense and now-President Johnson sent him to the Panama Canal Zone after student riots. After the 1967 Detroit riot, Johnson sent him to Michigan. <mask> next attempted to delay the Cyprus dispute. In 1968, Johnson sent him to South Korea to deal with the  hostage situation. <mask> first supported the Vietnam War but by the late 1960s changed his views and resigned from office, advising the president to pull out of South Vietnam.<mask> served as a deputy to W. Averell Harriman during the Paris Peace Accords, which were a failure due to the duplicity of the South Vietnamese. <mask> called the failed peace talks "one of the great tragedies in history". He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969. Secretary of State

President Jimmy Carter initially wanted to nominate George Ball to become  Secretary of State, but, fearing Ball was too liberal to be confirmed, nominated <mask> instead. <mask> played an integral role as the administration negotiated the Panama Canal Treaties, along with peace talks in Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. He worked closely with Israeli Ministers Moshe Dayan and Ezer Weizman to secure the Camp David Accords in 1978. <mask> insisted that the President make Paul Warnke Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, over strong opposition by Senator Henry M. Jackson.<mask> also pushed for closer ties to the Soviet Union, and clashed frequently with the more hawkish National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski. <mask> tried to advance arms limitations by working on the SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union, which he saw as the central diplomatic issue of the time, but Brzezinski lobbied for a tougher more assertive policy vis-a-vis the Soviets. He argued for strong condemnation of Soviet activity in Africa and in the Third World as well as successfully lobbying for normalized relations with the People's Republic of China in 1978. As Brzezinski took control of the negotiations, <mask> was marginalized and his influence began to wane. When revolution erupted in Iran in late 1978, the two were divided on how to support the United States' ally the Shah of Iran. <mask> argued in favor of reforms while Brzezinski urged him to crack down – the 'iron fist' approach. Unable to receive a direct course of action from Carter, the mixed messages that the Shah received from <mask> and Brzezinski contributed to his confusion and indecision as he fled Iran in January 1979 and his regime collapsed.<mask> negotiated the SALT II agreement directly with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, bypassing American Ambassador Malcolm Toon, who then criticized the agreement. In June 1979, President Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the treaty in Vienna's Hofburg Imperial Palace, in front of the international press, but the Senate ultimately did not ratify it. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on December 27, 1979, <mask>'s opposition to what he had called "visceral anti-Sovietism" led to a rapid reduction of his stature. His attempt to surreptitiously negotiate a solution to the Iran hostage crisis with Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini through the Palestine Liberation Organization failed badly. Believing that diplomatic initiatives could see the hostages safely returned home, <mask> initially fought off attempts by Brzezinski to pursue a military solution. <mask>, struggling with gout, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend. On Friday, the National Security Council held a newly scheduled meeting and authorized Operation Eagle Claw, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages.Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher, who attended the meeting in <mask>'s place, did not inform him. Furious, on April 21 <mask> handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski "evil". The only Secretaries of State who had previously resigned in protest were Lewis Cass, who resigned in the buildup to the Civil War, and William Jennings Bryan, who resigned in the buildup to World War I. President Carter aborted the operation after only five of the eight helicopters he had sent into the Dasht-e Kavir desert arrived in operational condition. As U.S. forces prepared to depart from the staging area, a helicopter collided with a transport plane, causing a fire that killed eight servicemen. <mask>'s resignation was confirmed several days later, and he was replaced by Senator Edmund Muskie. A second rescue mission was planned but never carried out, and the diplomatic efforts to negotiate the release of the hostages were handed over to Deputy Secretary Christopher.The hostages were released during the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, after 444 days in captivity. Later career in law and as Special Envoy
In May 1970, <mask> was appointed to serve as a commissioner in a landmark panel known as the Knapp Commission, which was formed and tasked by New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay with investigating systemic corruption at the New York Police Department. The Knapp Commission held televised hearings into police corruption and issued a final report of its findings in 1972. The work of the Knapp Commission led to the prosecution of police officers on charges of corruption and culminated in significant, if short-lived, reforms and oversight in respect of the police department, including the appointment of a temporary special prosecutor to investigate and prosecute corruption committed by NYPD officers, district attorneys, and judges. From 1974 to 1976, <mask> served as president of the New York City Bar Association. <mask> returned to his law practice at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980, but was repeatedly called back to public service throughout the 1980s and 1990s, participating in diplomatic missions to Bosnia, Croatia, and South Africa. <mask> helped negotiate the dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.In 1991, he was named Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Croatia and proposed the <mask> plan for solution of conflict in Croatia. Authorities of Croatia and Serbia agreed to <mask>'s plan, but the leaders of SAO Krajina rejected it, even though it offered Serbs quite a large degree of autonomy by the rest of the world's standards, as it did not include full independence for Krajina. He continued his work as member of Zagreb 4 group. The plan they drafted, named Z-4, was effectively superseded when Croatian forces retook the Krajina region (Operation Storm) in 1995. In January 1993, as the United Nations Special Envoy to Bosnia, <mask> and Lord David Owen, the EU representative, began negotiating a peace plan for the ending the War in Bosnia. The plan was rejected, and <mask> announced his resignation as Special Envoy to the UN Secretary-General. He was replaced by Norwegian Foreign Minister Thorvald Stoltenberg.In 1997, he was made the original honorary chair of the American Iranian Council. Later life and death
In 1993, <mask> was awarded the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award. In 1995 he again acted as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and signed the interim accord as witness in the negotiations between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece. <mask> was a member of the Trilateral Commission. <mask> also served on the board of directors of IBM, Pan American World Airways, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, U.S. Steel, and The New York Times, as a trustee of the Yale Corporation, as Chairman of the Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Vice Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. <mask> suffered for several years from Alzheimer's disease, and died at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City on January 12, 2002, aged 84, of pneumonia and other complications. His funeral was held at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in Manhattan.His remains were interred at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. His wife Grace died in New York City on March 22, 2008, at the age of 89. Legacy
In 1980, <mask> received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. He received the Freedom Medal in 1993. The house of <mask>'s mother, which was known as the Stealey-Goff-<mask> House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is home to the Harrison County Historical Society.In 1999, <mask> was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association. In the 2012 movie Argo, he was portrayed by actor Bob Gunton. References

Further reading

 McLellan, David S. <mask>. Rowman & Littlefield, 1985. Scholarly biography. Sexton, Mary DuBois. The wages of principle and power: <mask><mask> and the making of foreign policy in the Carter administration (Ph.D. thesis, Georgetown University, 2009).Smith, Gaddis. Morality, Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986). Wallis, Christopher. The Thinker, the Doer and the Decider: Zbigniew Brzezinski, <mask> and the Bureaucratic Wars of the Carter Administration (PhD Thesis, Northumbria University 2018). Primary sources
 Talbott, Strobe, Endgame: The Inside Story of Salt II (New York: Harpercollins, 1979) online
 <mask>, <mask>. Hard Choices: Four Critical Years in Managing America's Foreign Policy (1983) memoir as Secretary of State. online
 "U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, <mask><mask>, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr." International Studies Notes, Vol.11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984. (pp. 10-20)
 <mask>, <mask>. "The Human Rights Imperative". Foreign Policy 63 (1986): 3-19. . External links
Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award. , from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
 <mask><mask> and Grace Sloane <mask> Papers, 1957-1992, held at Yale University Library, Manuscripts & Archives

 : Cartes sur table, 31 March 1980 (40 minutes)

1917 births
2002 deaths
American adoptees
American athlete-politicians
Military personnel from West Virginia
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Ice hockey people from West Virginia
New York (state) lawyers
Kennedy administration personnel
Kent School alumni
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Operation Condor
Politicians from Clarksburg, West Virginia
Lawyers from New York City
People of the Iranian Revolution
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense
United States Navy officers
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of the Army
Yale Law School alumni
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Carter administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
Urban Institute people
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Yale College alumni
Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players

masks:
Cyrus Roberts Vance Sr
Vance
Vance
Cyrus Vance
Cyrus Vance
Vance II
Vance
Vance III
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance Holmes
Cyrus
Vance Jr
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Cyrus Vance
Cyrus R
. Vance
Cyrus Vance
Vance
Cyrus
Cyrus R
. Vance
Vance
Cyrus R
Cyrus R
. Vance
Vance


title: Joachim Kelly

texts:
<mask> (born 2 December 1955) is an Irish hurling manager and former player. He is the manager of the Offaly senior hurling team. <mask> played for club side Lusmagh and was a member of the Offaly senior hurling team for 19 seasons, during which time he usually lined out at midfield. <mask> began his hurling career at club level with Lusmagh. He broke onto the club's top adult team as a 15-year-old in 1971 and enjoyed his first success in 1973 when the club won the Offaly Junior Championship. <mask> later won an Offaly Senior Championship medal in 1989 when Lusmagh won their first and only title. He ended his club career with the Lusmagh junior B in 2003.At inter-county level, <mask> began his career at minor level in 1973 before progressing onto the Offaly under-21 team. He joined the Offaly senior team in 1974. From his debut, <mask> lined out in a variety of positions, including midfield, half-forward, corner-forward and centre-back, and made a record 171 National League and Championship appearances in a career that ended with his last game in 1993. During that time he was part of two All-Ireland Championship-winning teams – in 1981, 1985. <mask> also secured seven Leinster Championship medals and a National Hurling League medal. He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 15 September 1993. <mask> won his first All-Star in 1980, before claiming a further All-Star in 1984.At inter-provincial level, <mask> was selected to play in several championship campaigns with Leinster, with his sole Railway Cup medal being won in 1979. As a manager, selector, coach and trainer, <mask> has previously worked with club sides Lusmagh, Loughmore-Castleiney, Kilcormac-Killoughey, Portumna, Shinrone and Coolderry, and inter-county teams Westmeath, Wexford and Roscommon. Playing career

Lusmagh

<mask> joined the Lusmagh club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels. He was still eligible for the minor grade when he joined the club's top adult team during the 1971 Offaly Junior Championship. On 26 November 1973, <mask> was at wing-forward when Lusmagh faced Ballinamere in the final of the Offaly Junior Championship. He top-scored with 3-01 in the 6-03 to 3-05 victory. On 10 October 1982, lined out at centre-forward when Lusmagh faced St. Rynagh's in their very first Offaly Senior Championship final.He scored a point from play but ended on the losing side following a 2-09 to 0-11 defeat. When Lusmagh qualified for their next final on 22 October 1989, <mask> was switched from the forwards to midfield as well as being player-manager. He remained scoreless throughout the game but collected a winners' medal following a 1-11 to 1-10 defeat of Seir Kieran. On 1 November 1992, <mask> lined out in a third and final Offaly Senior Championship final. He scored 0-02 but ended on the losing side following a 0-10 to 0-09 defeat by St. Rynagh's. Offaly

Senior

<mask> joined the Offaly senior team prior to the start of the 1974-75 National League. He made his first appearance for the team when he lined out at left wing-forward in a 5-03 to 3-08 defeat of Antrim on 13 October 1974.<mask> made his first appearance in the Leinster Championship on 22 June when he was selected at right corner-forward for the 6-06 to 4-12 draw with Kildare. On 13 July 1980, <mask> lined out at midfield when Offaly faced Kilkenny in what was only their second Leinster final appearance in 50 years. He scored a point from play in the 3-17 to 5-10 victory in what was Offaly's first ever provincial title. <mask> ended the season by claiming a first All-Star award. On 12 July 1981, <mask> won a second successive Leinster Championship following Offaly's 3-12 to 2-13 defeat of Wexford in the final. This victory gave Offaly a straight passage to the All-Ireland final against reigning champions Galway on 6 September. <mask> lined out at midfield and collected an All-Ireland winners' medal following the 2-12 to 0-15 victory.<mask> lined out in his by now customary position of midfield when Offaly qualified for a third successive Leinster final on 25 July 1982. Offaly suffered their first provincial defeat in three seasons following a 1-11 to 0-12 defeat by Kilkenny. On 10 July 1983, <mask> lined out at midfield in a fourth successive Leinster final. He scored a point from play in the 1-17 to 0-13 defeat by reigning champions Kilkenny. Offaly reached a sixth successive Leinster final on 8 July 1984, with <mask> once again lining out at midfield. He collected a third winners' medal following the 1-15 to 2-11 defeat of Wexford. Offaly subsequently qualified for an All-Ireland final-meeting with Cork at Semple Stadium on 2 September.<mask> was held scoreless from midfield in the 3-16 to 1-12 defeat. He ended the season with a second All-Star award. On 21 July 1985, <mask> lined out at midfield in his sixth successive Leinster final. He claimed a fourth winners' medal following the 5-15 to 0-17 defeat of Laois. <mask> retained his position at midfield for the All-Ireland final against Galway on 1 September 1985. He remained scoreless throughout the game but collected a second All-Ireland medal following a 2-11 to 1-12 victory. Offaly qualified for an eighth successive Leinster final on 13 July 1986.<mask> was again at midfield, however, he ended up on the losing side following a 4-10 to 1-11 defeat by Kilkenny. For the ninth successive season, Offaly qualified for the Leinster final on 2 August 1987 with <mask> lining out at midfield. Kilkenny ended that game as champions following a 2-14 to 0-17 victory. Offaly continued their dominance of the Leinster Championship by qualifying for a tenth successive final on 10 July 1988. <mask> claimed a fifth winners' medal overall - his first in three seasons - following a 3-12 to 1-14 defeat of Wexford. On 9 July 1989, <mask> lined out in his 11th Leinster final. He scored a point from midfield and collected a sixth winners' medal following the 3-15 to 4-09 defeat of Kilkenny.For the 12th successive season, Offaly qualified for the Leinster final on 1 July 1990 with <mask> lining out at midfield. He scored a point from play and collected a seventh winners' medal following the 1-19 to 2-11 defeat of Dublin. 1991 began well as Offaly captured their first National League title, however, Offaly surrendered their provincial crown to Kilkenny. <mask> played his final championship game for Offaly against Kilkenny in the Leinster semi-final of 1993. Leinster

<mask> also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He won one Railway Cup title following a victory over Connacht in 1979. Managerial career

Early career

Four years before his retirement from inter-county hurling <mask> had already ventured into hurling management.He broke his leg in 1990 which ruled him out of playing for some time. To stay involved in the game he took charge of the Westmeath senior hurling team. In his first year in charge Westmeath won promotion to Division 2 of the National League. In <mask>'s second year in charge his team won the All-Ireland 'B' title in Croke Park. After his two-year stint with the Westmeath <mask> joined Éamonn Cregan's Offaly backroom team in 1995. He remained a selector for just over a year, having tendered his resignation after the Leinster final defeat to Wexford in July 1996. At club level <mask> had a two-year spell as manager of Loughmore-Castleiney in Tipperary.In 1997 he devoted his time to the management of Kilcormac-Killoughey. In 1999, he managed the Wexford senior hurling team for one season, ending in a heavy championship defeat to Offaly. In 2008 <mask> was announced as manager of the Offaly Junior Camogie Team which is their main team. In his first year they reached the All-Ireland Junior Camogie Final. They lost to Clare after a late late goal by Shonagh Enright. However just one year later in 2009 they did in fact capture the All-Ireland Camogie title. He has been announced as the trainer for Roscommon senior hurling team for 2014, working with manager Justin Campbell, a former Galway hurler.Coolderry

<mask> took over as manager of the Coolderry senior hurling team prior to the start of the 2018 Offaly Senior Championship. On 7 October, he guided the club to their 31st Offaly Senior Championship following a 2-17 to 0-17 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey in the final. Offaly

<mask> was appointed interim manager of the Offaly senior hurling team on 20 May 2019, following Kevin Martin's removal from the position. References

1955 births
Living people
Lusmagh hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling managers
Hurling selectors
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Garda Síochána officers

masks:
Joachim Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
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Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
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Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Joachim
Kelly
Kelly


title: Foxy Brown (rapper)

texts:
Inga DeCarlo Fung Marchand (born September 6, 1978), better known by her stage name <mask>, is an American rapper. After signing to Def Jam in 1996, she released her debut album, Ill Na Na, later that year on November 19, 1996. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and has sold over 7 million copies worldwide. She was also part of the hip hop supergroup the Firm, along with Nas, AZ and Cormega (who was later replaced by Nature). The Firm's sole album arrived in 1997 and was released by Dr. Dre's Aftermath Records. In 1999, her second album Chyna Doll, debuted at the top of the Billboard 200, making her the second female rapper to top the chart after Lauryn Hill in 1998. Her third album Broken Silence, was released in 2001, which featured the Grammy-nominated track, "Na Na Be Like".In 2003, she left Def Jam and canceled the release of her Ill Na Na 2 album, but returned in 2005 once Jay-Z, then the label's president and CEO, signed her again to begin work on another unreleased album titled Black Roses. Her mixtape Brooklyn Don Diva was released in May 2008, and her visual album, King Soon Come, was slated for 2019 release but has been delayed indefinitely. Early life

1994–1995: Early career
While still a teenager, <mask> won a talent contest in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. Members of the production team Trackmasters who were working on LL Cool J's Mr. Smith album were in attendance that night and were impressed enough to invite <mask> to rap on "I Shot Ya." She followed this debut with appearances on several RIAA platinum and gold singles from other artists, including remixes of songs "You're Makin' Me High" by Toni Braxton. <mask> was also featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film The Nutty Professor, on the songs "Touch Me Tease Me" by Case and "Ain't No Nigga" by Jay-Z. She became an instant sensation due to being very talented and rapping provocatively at such a young age.The immediate success led to a label bidding war at the beginning of 1996, and in March, Def Jam Records won and added the then 17-year-old rapper to their roster. Music career

1996–1997: Ill Na Na and The Firm
In 1996, <mask> released her debut album Ill Na Na to strong sales. The album sold over 128,000 copies in the first week, and debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 album charts. The album was heavily produced by Trackmasters, and featured guest appearances from Jay-Z, Blackstreet, Method Man, and Kid Capri. The album was platinum and launched two hit singles: "Get Me Home" (featuring Blackstreet) and "I'll Be" (featuring Jay-Z). Following the release of Ill Na Na, <mask>, and Cormega (later replaced by Nature) to form the supergroup known as The Firm.The album was released via Aftermath Records and was produced and recorded by the collective team of Dr. Dre, the Trackmasters, and Steve "Commissioner" Stoute, then of Violator Entertainment. An early form of The Firm appeared on "Affirmative Action" from Nas' second album It Was Written. A remix of the song and several group freestyles were on the album Nas, <mask> <mask>, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album. The album entered the Billboard 200 album chart at No. 1. In March 1997, she joined the spring break festivities hosted by MTV in Panama City, Florida, among other performers including rapper Snoop Dogg, pop group The Spice Girls, and rock band Stone Temple Pilots. Later, she joined the Smokin' Grooves tour hosted by the House of Blues with the headlining rap group Cypress Hill, along with other performers like Erykah Badu, The Roots, OutKast, and The Pharcyde, the tour set to begin in Boston, Massachusetts, in the summer of 1997.However, after missing several dates in the tour, she left it. 1998–1999: Chyna Doll
Chyna Doll was released in January 1999 and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Album chart, selling 173,000 copies in its opening week, making her the second female rapper to accomplish this feat after Lauryn Hill. However, its sales quickly declined in later weeks. Chyna Doll has been certified platinum after surpassing one million copies sold in shipments. 2000–2003: Broken Silence and Ill Na Na 2: The Fever

In 2001, <mask> released Broken Silence. The single  "BK Anthem" showcased <mask>'s "street" image and giving a tribute to her hometown, Brooklyn, and to famous rappers such as The Notorious B.I.G.and Jay-Z. The first single from the album was "Oh Yeah", which featured her then-boyfriend, Jamaican dancehall artist Spragga Benz. The track "Na Na Be Like" was produced by Kenya Fame Flames Miller and Nokio from Dru Hill. "Na Na Be Like" was also on the Blue Streak Soundtrack. The album debuted on the Billboard Charts at No. 5, selling 130,000 units its first week. Like previous albums, Broken Silence also sold over 500,000 records and was certified gold by the RIAA.In the same year, <mask> recorded a song for the action-comedy film Rush Hour 2, Blow My Whistle, which is a collaboration with Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada, and was written by Utada herself alongside Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. The song is included on Def Jam's Rush Hour 2 Soundtrack, which peaked the 11th spot on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and also the first on the Top Soundtracks. "Blow My Whistle" was produced by The Neptunes. In 2002, <mask> returned to the music scene with her single "Stylin'", whose remix featured rappers Birdman, her brother Gavin, Loon, and N.O.R.E. It was to be the first single from her upcoming album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever. The next year, she was featured on DJ Kayslay's single "Too Much for Me" from his Street Sweeper's Volume One Mixtape. She also appeared on Luther Vandross' final studio album Dance with My Father.That April, <mask> appeared on popular New York radio DJ Wendy Williams' radio show, and revealed the details of her relationships with Lyor Cohen, president of Def Jam Recordings at the time, and Sean "P. Diddy" Combs. <mask> accused both of illegally trading her recording masters. She also announced that Cohen had cancelled promotion for her fourth album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever over personal disagreements. Therefore, "Stylin'" was released on the compilation album The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits Vol. 6 in December 2002. 2004–2007: Black Roses
Upon leaving Def Jam Recordings after her disappointment in the cancelled promotion of her studio album, Ill Na Na 2: The Fever, <mask> began recording in late 2004. Months after, she reunited with Jay-Z after performing dates on his Best of Both World Tours.After signing back to Def Jam under his regime, <mask> and Jay-Z began work on Black Roses with production by The Neptunes, Kanye West, Timbaland, Trackmasters, and Dave Kelly. <mask> confirmed guest appearances by Barrington Levy, Dido, Luther Vandross, Mos Def, Baby Cham, Spragga Benz, Shyne, Big Daddy Kane, Rakim, KRS-One, Roxanne Shante, and Jay-Z, although it was uncertain whether all would make the final cut for the album. After suffering from a hearing loss and pushing back release dates for the album, <mask> left Def Jam for the second time and launched an independent record label, Black Rose Entertainment, in a distribution deal with Koch Records. According to <mask>, two albums worth of material had been recorded between 2004 and 2007 and she planned to release some of the material onto the street album, Brooklyn's Don Diva. In November 2004, <mask> announced that the title for her upcoming album would be Black Roses, explaining, "My best friend Barrington Levy has a song called "Black Roses." He's been traveling all over the world and never seen a black rose in no other garden. When he found his black rose, he knew that shit was special.Y'all niggas can have all the female rappers in the world, but there's only one black rose. I feel that's me." In November 2004, <mask> announced that she would be the first artist signed to Jay-Z's upcoming imprint record label S. Carter Records. Rather than launching the imprint, though, Jay-Z became the new president and CEO of Def Jam Records, where he signed <mask> as one of the first artists on his new roster. On December 8, 2005, <mask> announced she had experienced severe and sudden hearing loss in both ears and she had not heard another person's voice in six months. <mask> put Black Roses aside during this time. In June 2006, <mask> said her hearing had been restored through surgery and she was planning to resume recording.Her label did not set a release date, but hoped the album would be out by the end of 2006. They were unsure if the title Black Roses would be kept. In November 2006, there was speculation that Jay-Z was disappointed in <mask> <mask>'s "lack of productivity on the album" and was planning to drop her from the Def Jam label. The planned December 2006 release of Black Roses was cancelled. On May 22, 2007, Black Hand Entertainment announced a management deal with <mask>, with Chaz Williams as her manager. No release date was set for Black Roses, but <mask> said the album was nearly complete. A release date of September 6, 2007, was announced two days later.<mask> signed to Koch Records in August 2007. On August 16, 2007, Black Hand Entertainment announced that <mask> would leave Def Jam to launch an independent record label, Black Rose Entertainment, distributed by Koch Records. A street album, Brooklyn's Don Diva, was eventually scheduled with a release date of December 4, 2007, but was delayed until the

masks:
Foxy Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
BrownsZ
Foxy
BrownZ
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Foxy
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


title: Foxy Brown (rapper)

texts:
 following year. 2008–2018: Brooklyn's Don Diva and other ventures
Brooklyn's Don Diva was released as a street album on May 13, 2008, after many delays triggered by her prison sentence. It contains two previously unreleased songs from her shelved album Ill Na Na 2: The Fever. The album peaked at No. 83 on the Billboard 200 chart, No.8 on the Independent Albums chart, and No. 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. In 2012, <mask> released the diss track "Massacre", a response to Lil' Kim's "Black Friday". On August 14, 2012, <mask> <mask> appeared as a special featured guest on Nicki Minaj's Pink Friday Tour in New York City. Rapper AZ hinted that she was working on new material with Minaj. In August 2018, <mask> made her first official guest appearance since 2009 on "Coco Chanel" from Nicki Minaj's fourth studio album Queen. 2019–present: Upcoming fourth studio album
According to media sources, <mask> is currently back to work on her upcoming fourth studio album.In 2019, <mask> remixed Casanova's "So Brooklyn". In August 2020, <mask> reunited with her group The Firm for the song "Full Circle" from Nas' album King's Disease. Artistry

Musical style
<mask>'s lyrics have been described to be "raunchy" and "over-the-top" with "skimpy clothes to match." Her music is often centred around themes such as "fashion, sex, and the mafia" and is described as "intriguingly seductive" and having "a contemporary edge with a sleek and sexy soundscape." Her work for her debut album was described as "a heroine straight from the pages of a James Bond novel," selling over a million copies with the support of major male artists such as Nas and AZ. <mask>'s voice has been described as a "husky flow" with "dancehall swagger". Although her work was compared to rapper Lil' Kim, Highsnobiety writer David Opie said that,
Just because they were both the 'First Ladies' of their respective crews, doesn’t mean that <mask> or Kim were identical by any means, and it was hugely misogynistic to suggest otherwise [...] In an industry that still actively mocks vulnerability and weakness, hip hop needs more rappers who are willing to open up in this way, and the fact that Foxy did so such a long time ago speaks volumes about her artistry.Influences
<mask> has cited Nas, MC Lyte and Salt-N-Pepa as her influences. As seen in her album, Broken Silence, <mask>'s musical influences were "her most adventurous offering to date, dipping in and out of exotic sounds". Legacy
<mask>'s impact on the rap world has often been overlooked due to her legal run-ins, but it has been noted that "she's bright, talented, sexy and, most important, she's not afraid to take risks creatively" and that her "impact still stands." Her albums have been cited to harness "a winning formula of looping R&B songs into hip-hop hits, resulting in the genre-shifting record," Ill Na Na. The release of her album marked a monumental moment in hip-hop history, but was downplayed due to comparisons between her and rapper, Lil' Kim and although Foxy may not have achieved the "iconic status" Kim had reached, "her debut album was an essential part of a turning point in mainstream rap music." Rolling Stone author, Kathy Iandoli stated,

In seeing Foxy ... release [Ill Na Na] it was a reassurance that skills paid off; it didn’t really matter who was helping with the rhymes. It was the delivery and the content that was being said, and whose mouth it was coming out of.It was just a reassurance to me as a hip-hop head that this space might be opening up for women in a way that has never been done before. There was something about what [she] said and how [she was] saying it, that was hinting that a huge change was about to come. Cited as a fashion icon, Elle writer Janelle Harris wrote that <mask> celebrated "the beauty of her mahogany skin as the self-professed 'dark-skinned Christian Dior poster girl,' boasted about being 'dripped in Gabbana [...] starring in billboards as big as the pride of the Black girls who saw themselves in her likeness." Described as one of the "illest to ever do it - regardless of gender," Scott Glaysher of HipHopDX noted that "If those aforementioned male rappers epitomize the menacing New York City mobster of the late 90s then Foxy represents the mob wife that is even more sinister with weaponized sexuality." He stated that "the sheer confidence and astute rhyming Foxy brought to Ill Na Na, makes it one of the 90s most memorable albums and a catalyst for the fierce feminine rap wave that followed. In 2020, Spin ranked her at 20, as one of the 30 Best Female Rappers Ever. <mask>'s sophomore studio album Chyna Doll debuted at number one in 1999, making it only the second female rap album to debut at the top spot after The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill in 1998 by Lauryn Hill and eventually joined by Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady in 1999, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded in 2012 and Invasion of Privacy in 2018 by Eve, Nicki Minaj and Cardi B respectively.Her work has been paid homage to by numerous artists including, Nicki Minaj, Kash Doll, Bia, Ivorian Doll, Megan Thee Stallion and Maliibu Miitch. Minaj has even gone so far to say that without Foxy she "may have never even started rapping" and that she is "the most influential female rapper." Personal life
Marchand is a Trinidadian-American of Dougla (mixed Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian) and Chinese-Trinidadian descent. Her uncle, Federico de la Asuncion, was one of 265 fatalities in the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 on November 12, 2001. From 1997 to 1999, she was engaged to a fellow rapper, Kurupt. Around 2001, she was engaged to Spragga Benz. In 2000, she announced that she was suffering from depression.She subsequently entered drug rehabilitation at Cornell University Medical College to receive treatment for opioid addiction, stating that she could no longer record or perform without resorting to morphine. <mask> <mask> suffered hearing loss from May 2005 to June 2006. She opted for a hearing aid, and, while recording music, had someone tap beats on her shoulder. She also has a substantial history of assault and menacing. On January 13, 2017, she gave birth to her first child, a girl. Comparisons between Lil' Kim and <mask>'s work led to fierce competition, which is noted to be the simplest way to describe the relationship between them. "Things got really personal when shots were fired outside a New York radio station."The two have not resolved the issue, with <mask> siding and collaborating with rapper Nicki Minaj in her feud with Kim in recent years. Following her release from prison, Kim does not acknowledge <mask>. <mask>, on the other hand, has consistently targeted Kim on a prime basis in her music and concerts since Kim's release. Legal troubles

Violation of probation; jail time
On September 7, 2007, New York Criminal Court Judge Melissa Jackson sentenced <mask> <mask> to one year in jail for violating her probation that stemmed from a fight in 2004 with two manicurists in a New York City nail salon. On September 12, 2007, representatives of the rapper disputed claims by her lawyer that she was pregnant. On October 23, 2007, <mask> was given 76 days in solitary confinement due to a physical altercation that took place on October 3, 2007, with another prisoner. According to the prison authorities, <mask>, the next day after the incident, was also verbally abusive toward correction officers and refused to take a random drug test.Prison authorities reported on November 27 that she was released "from solitary confinement...for good behavior", and <mask> was finally released from prison on April 18, 2008. Violation of order of protection
On July 22, 2010, <mask> was arrested and charged with one count of criminal contempt, which is a class E felony (the least severe), for violating an order of protection. The charge stems from an incident during the evening of July 21, 2010, in which it was claimed that <mask> swore at and then mooned her neighbor Arlene Raymond, at whom she had thrown her BlackBerry, in 2007. Following the BlackBerry incident, Raymond sought and received a restraining order against <mask>. Following her arrest, <mask> appeared in court where she pleaded "not guilty" to the charge and was released on a $5,000 bail. If convicted, she faced up to seven years' imprisonment. On July 12, 2011, the charges were dropped.Discography

Studio albums
 Ill Na Na (1996)
 Chyna Doll (1999)
 Broken Silence (2001)

Collaboration albums
 The Album with The Firm (1997)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on ReverbNation

1978 births
Living people
American women rappers
American rappers of Caribbean descent
East Coast hip hop musicians
Def Jam Recordings artists
MNRK Music Group artists
American people convicted of assault
American rappers of Trinidad and Tobago descent
American rappers of Asian descent
Fugitives wanted by Jamaica
People from Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

People from Park Slope
Rappers from Brooklyn
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Hardcore hip hop artists
21st-century American rappers
The Firm (hip hop group) members
Hip hop models
American female models
People of Dougla descent
Models from New York City
20th-century women rappers
21st-century women rappers
American people of Chinese descent
African-American women

masks: Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Foxy Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Foxy Brown