title: Stephen Potter

texts:
<mask>  <mask> (1 February 1900 – 2 December 1969) was a British author best known for his parodies of self-help books, and their film and television derivatives. After leaving school in the last months of the First World War he was commissioned as a junior officer in the British Army, but by the time he had completed his training the war was over and he was demobilised. He then studied English at Oxford, and after some false starts he spent his early working life as an academic, lecturing in English literature at Birkbeck College, part of the University of London, during which time he published several works on Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Finding his income inadequate to support himself and his family, he left the university and took up a post producing and writing for the BBC. He remained with the BBC until after the Second World War, when he became a freelance writer, and remained so for the rest of his life. His series of humorous books on how to secure an unfair advantage began in 1947 with Gamesmanship, purporting to show how poor players can beat better ones by subtle psychological ploys. This sold prodigiously and led to a series of sequels covering other aspects of life.The books were adapted for the cinema in the 1960s and for television in the 1970s. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Battersea, London, the only son  of Frank Collard <mask> (1858–1939), a chartered accountant, and his wife Elizabeth Mary Jubilee née Reynolds (1863–1950). He attended Westminster School from age 13 to 18, during the First World War. As he reached school-leaving age he wrote in his diary, "If this war doesn't end soon I shall have to join the beastly army and lay down my blooming life for my blinking country." He volunteered for the army, was trained as an officer and "passed out" (graduated) as top of his company. He was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards as a second lieutenant just as the war was ending, and did not see active service. <mask> was demobilised in 1919, and spent a few months in his father's office learning book-keeping, before going to Merton College, Oxford, to study English.His family paid for his university education, a fact that put him in the shadow of his elder sister Muriel (later a form mistress at St Paul's Girls' School, then headmistress of South Hampstead High School), who had won a scholarship to St Hugh's College, Oxford, and had taken a first-class degree. <mask> achieved only a second-class degree in English language and literature. On the strength of this he was offered the post of talks producer at the BBC, but turned it down as it was based in the provincial city of Birmingham, where he had no wish to reside. <mask> instead tried to earn a living as an elocution teacher in London, advertising "Cockney accents cured", but attracted only one pupil. He then tried his luck as a tutor and schoolmaster before becoming private secretary to a well-known playwright, Henry Arthur Jones. Lecturer in English literature
In 1926 <mask> began teaching English literature at Birkbeck College, University of London. On 7 July 1927 he married Marian Anderson Attenborough (1900–1981), a painter professionally known as <mask>.There were two sons of the marriage Andrew (1928-2008) and Julian (1931-2013). The family at first lived in Chiswick, London, before moving to a flat in Harley Street. <mask>'s first book, The Young Man (1929), was an autobiographical novel, which was well-reviewed. The Manchester Guardian wrote, "a brilliant performance ... a distinguished contribution to intellectual fiction." In 1930 he wrote  D. H. Lawrence: A First Study, the first book-length work on Lawrence, which appeared in print within a few days of the death of its subject, unfortunate timing because it seemed like an inadequate memorial rather than what it was intended to be, a critical reappraisal. It also suffered from a regrettable misprint, rendering the heading "Sea and Sardinia", as "Sex and Sardinia". This was soon amplified by rumour into "Sex and Sardines", none of which helped <mask>'s reputation as a serious writer.<mask>'s most comprehensive critic was the friend from whom he had inherited the Cape commission, G.B. Edwards, in Middleton Murry's Adelphi. After this he concentrated in his next four works on Coleridge. He edited the Nonesuch Press Coleridge (1933), praised in The Times as "the best anthology that has ever shown Coleridge as poet, philosopher and critic. This was followed by an edition of Sara Coleridge's letters to Thomas Poole, Minnow among Tritons (1934), which <mask> edited from the original manuscripts in the British Museum. In 1941 he wrote a play, Married to a Genius, based on the Coleridge marriage. In 1935 he published his most important contribution to the subject, Coleridge and S.T.C., a discussion of the duality in the poet's nature, "not merely the earlier and the later, but the true and the false, and the exciting and the nauseating," as John Middleton Murry put it in a review in The Times Literary Supplement.Reviews were good, but with reservations that <mask> oversimplified the dichotomy in Coleridge's nature (The Observer) or else did not explore the underlying reasons for it (TLS). In 1937 <mask> published The Muse in Chains: a Study in Education, a humorous satire on the academic teaching of English literature. G. M. Young wrote of it: "if I were suddenly commissioned by some Golden Dustman to organize a new University, I think I should send for Mr. <mask> and offer him the Chair of English literature forthwith." Other reviewers thought <mask>'s suggestions more entertaining than practical. <mask>'s humorous insights into academic life were widely praised. He wrote of George Saintsbury: "It is recorded that for eighteen years he started the day by reading a French novel (in preparation for his history of them) – an act so unnatural to man as almost in itself to amount to genius." BBC writer and producer
<mask> first wrote for BBC radio in 1936.Finding that his academic career, although promising, was insufficiently well paid to support his family, he resigned from Birkbeck in 1937 and the following year joined the BBC as a writer-producer in its features department, originally concentrating on literary features and documentaries. In the same year he joined the Savile Club, known for its artistic and especially literary members, who have included Hardy, Kipling, and Yeats. He was a leading player of the club's idiosyncratic version of snooker, and some of his later "gamesmanship" ploys are thought to have originated in the Savile's games room. At the outbreak of the Second World War <mask> was sent by the BBC to work in Manchester. Later in the war years he and his wife moved south, living in a farmhouse in Essex where she found more scope to pursue her career as a painter. In 1943 <mask> collaborated with Joyce Grenfell on a gently satirical comedy feature "How to Talk to Children". It was well received and they made twenty-eight more "How to ..." programmes, including "How to Woo" and "How to Give a Party".In 1946 "How to Listen" was the first broadcast heard on the newly created Third Programme. At the end of the war, <mask> took on a number of concurrent literary tasks. These included drama critic for the New Statesman and book reviewer for the News Chronicle. Gamesmanship and freelance writing
A ten-day power-cut at the beginning of 1947 prevented any broadcasting and gave <mask> the opportunity to dash off a book. To the despair of his publisher he was a far from methodical author: every <mask> manuscript was "a mass of dirty bits of paper, vilely typed, corrected in illegible biro, episodic and half-revised." This book, The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship: Or the Art of Winning Games Without Actually Cheating, illustrated by Frank Wilson, was published in 1947, and sold prodigiously. It was the first of his series of books purporting to teach ploys for manipulating one's associates, making them feel inferior and thus gaining the status of being one-up on them.From this book, the term "Gamesmanship" entered the English language. <mask> said that he was introduced to the technique by C. E. M. Joad during a game of tennis in which Joad and <mask> were struggling against two fit young students. Joad politely requested the students to state clearly whether a ball had landed in or out (when in truth it was so obviously out that they had not thought it necessary to say so). This nonplussed the students, who wondered if their sportsmanship was in question; they became so edgy that they lost the match. With the success of Gamesmanship, <mask> left the BBC in 1949, ended his existing journalistic commitments, and briefly became editor of a weekly, Leader Magazine. According to Joyce Grenfell, <mask> had become bored with the joke by this time, "but for the rest of his life he found it difficult to speak or write naturally, so accustomed had he grown to the jocose gambits and ploys of his own invention." <mask> himself was aware of the pigeonhole in which he had put himself.He described himself in The Times in 1967 as "one whose sole contribution to world thought has been the naming and description of the form of behaviour now known as gamesmanship". Another friend said of him, "This kind of fame was not what he had hoped for. He wanted to be a great serious writer. Yet that was totally beyond him." <mask>'s last works went in new directions. In 1959 he wrote a corporate history of H.J. Heinz under the title The Magic Number, and his autobiography of his first 20 years, Steps to Immaturity.His publisher was doubtful about the latter, but it was well received. The Times Literary Supplement, called it "this sympathetic, beguiling book" and looked forward to a sequel, and other papers from The Daily Express to The New Statesman praised it in their reviews. In 1965 when his youngest son was about 9 years old, <mask> wrote a children's book, Squawky, illustrated by George Him, with whom he had earlier created the mythical County of Schweppshire as part of an advertising campaign for a soft-drink manufacturer. At the time of his death he was making notes on word origins from the natural world; they were posthumously edited and published in 1973 as Pedigree: Essays on the Etymology of Words from Nature. <mask> died of pneumonia in London at the age of 69. Adaptations and commemorations
The 1960 film School for Scoundrels recapitulates many of the "one-up" ideas, and extends them to "Woo-manship", meaning the art of manipulative seduction of women. The script was adapted by Peter Ustinov from <mask>'s books.The film starred Ian Carmichael as the innocent in need of Professor <mask>'s teaching, Alastair Sim as <mask>, Terry-Thomas, Dennis Price and Peter Jones as exemplars of one-upmanship. One-Upmanship is a British television series based on <mask>'s work. It was written and adapted by Barry Took for the BBC for a Christmas special, initially in 1974. Starring Richard Briers, Peter Jones (who also played a supporting role in School for Scoundrels), and Frederick Jaeger, it was subsequently broadened into three series that were broadcast between 1976 and 1978. Details of the broadcasts can be found on this BBC comedy Web site. <mask>'s diaries, acquired by the University of Texas after his death, were a primary source for <mask> at the BBC (2004) by his second son, <mask>, a chronicle of <mask> and the Match-Fixing Syndicate, by Adam Corres, is an extension of <mask>'s theories, explaining the principles of cricket gamesmanship and the psychology of "thinking the batsman out".In a 1959 article Edmund Wilson wondered why <mask>, as an academic himself, did not "exploit the fertile field of one-upmanship among professors, whereupon Wilson proceeded to fill the gap". In 2007, devotees of <mask> created an annual winter golf tournament based on the tactics espoused in the author's book Gamesmanship. "The Potter Cup" is held annually at Fenwick Golf Course in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Wider influence
Eric Berne in his best-selling Games People Play readily acknowledges <mask>'s Gamemanship as a precursor: 'Due credit should be given to <mask> for his perceptive, humorous discussions of manoeuvres, or "ploys", in everyday social situations'. Elsewhere he calls <mask> 'the chief representative of the humorous exposition of ulterior transactions'. What has been termed <mask>'s "blend of flat and serious tone (reminiscent of a gentlemanly sports handbook) united with a sceptical judgement of the values of the English middle-class social scene" would thus seem to have fed into Berne's own "sardonically humorous Games People Play ... con-games of daily life that Dr Berne describes with desperately penetrating gallows-wit". <mask>'s ' Game Leg..."Limpmanship", as it used to be called, or the exact use of minor injury' precedes Berne's "Wooden Leg"; <mask>'s 'Nice Chapmanship ...Being a Nice Chap in certain circumstances is valuable' precedes Berne's "Good Joe"; <mask>'s "Advicemanship", whereby 'if properly managed, the mere giving of advice is sufficient' to win, precedes Berne's "I'm Only Trying to Help You", where 'the damage is done while being helpful'. And 'Just as there are O.K.-words in conversationship', so too in transactional analysis there are "O. K. Words: Words rewarded by parental approval ... those approved by the Parental part of the patient's father, mother, therapist, or other parental person". Where <mask> noted that "each gambit has its answer or 'counterlife, Berne would note how everyone has positive forces in them "counter to the plot of [their] script – a counterscript"; where <mask> offered 'Counter Psychiatry, which is, of course, a huge subject', Berne explored how "Psychiatry as a procedure must be distinguished from 'Psychiatry' as a game". The sociologist Erving Goffman also profited from <mask>'s work, in the sense that it "disclose[s] an elaborate code of conventions which operated in everyday social intercourse, which was nevertheless tacit", and could be exploited by the sociologist: "what <mask>'s articles perhaps did, by their oblique but recognisable affinity with Goffman's own ideas, was to provide the kind of licence or mandate" Goffman needed to find his own creative approach. Bibliography
, some of his works are out of print, but many have new editions. In 2005, Lifemanship was re-published by Moyer Bell. The Young Man.1929
 D.H. Lawrence: A First Study. 1930
 Minnow Among Tritons. 1934
  (ed. ): The Nonesuch Coleridge.1934
 Coleridge and S.T.C. 1935
 The Muse in Chains. 1937
 The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship: Or the Art of Winning Games Without Actually Cheating. 1947.Illustrated by Frank Wilson
 Lifemanship: With a Summary of Recent Researches in Gamesmanship. 1950. Illustrated by Frank Wilson
 One-Upmanship: Being Some Account of the Activities and Teachings of the Lifemanship Correspondence College of One-Upness and Games Lifemastery. 1952. Illustrated by Frank Wilson
 The Sense of Humour. 1954
 Christmas-ship; or, The Art of Giving and Receiving. 1956
 Potter on America.1956
 Supermanship, or, How to Continue to Stay Top without Actually Falling Apart. 1958. Illustrated by Frank Wilson. Steps to Immaturity: An Autobiography. 1959
 The Magic Number. 1959
 Anti-Woo: The Lifeman's Improved Primer for Non-Lovers. 1965.Illustrated by Frank Wilson
 Squawky, the One-up Parrot. 1965
 The Complete Golf Gamesmanship. (Also titled Golfmanship). 1968. Illustrated by Frank Wilson. The Complete Upmanship: Including, Gamesmanship, Lifemanship, One-Upmanship, Supermanship. 1970.Pedigree. 1973. (edited by Laurens Sargeant). Notes

References
 Chaney, Edward, Genius Friend: G.B. Edwards and The Book of Ebenezer le Page, Blue Ormer 2015
 Hart-Davis, Rupert (ed): Lyttelton/Hart-Davis Letters, Volume 3 (1958 letters), John Murray, 1981  and Vol 4 (1959 letters), John Murray, 1982
 Jenkins, Alan, <mask>: Inventor of Gamesmanship, Weidenfeld, London, 1980. <mask>, Julian, <mask> at the BBC, Orford Books, Woodbridge, 2004. External links

 Detailed biography and bibliography (Oneupmanship.co.uk)
 <mask> at the BBC
 Feature story from Links: The Best of Golf

English biographers
Coldstream Guards officers
English satirists
English literary critics
English non-fiction writers
English humorists
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
1900 births
1969 deaths
20th-century English novelists
20th-century biographers
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
Male biographers

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title: Aladi Aruna

type: original

texts:
<mask> (alias<mask> was an Indian politician .He was the Law Minister of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from Alangulam constituency in 1967, 1971 elections and 1996 elections. He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of India's Parliament from Tirunelveli constituency in the 1977 elections . He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He came into limelight when he issued dissent note in the JPC report on the Bofors Scandal against a clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi government. He was murdered in 2004. Personal life
<mask>, alias <mask>, was born in Aladipatti, a village about 30 kilometres from Tirunelveli, to Vaithiyalingam Nadar and Pathirakaaliyammal.His father was a farmer and also owned a provisions store. He was the eldest son in the family with two brothers and two sisters. After his primary school education at the Primary school in Aladipatti, he completed his high school education from Tirunelveli. He graduated in B.A. (Economics) from St.John's College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli and a Bachelor of Law degree from Madras Law College. He was married to Kamala with whom he had five sons and a daughter. His daughter, Poongothai <mask> <mask>, followed him into politics.He founded Einstein College of Engineering in Tamil Nadu in 2004 and was also instrumental in the success of Dhanalakshmi Higher Secondary School established in 1913, a 100-year school in North Chennai. Political career

Though born into a family that traditionally held the priestdom of the famous Vaithiyalingasamy Kovil in Aladipatti, he was strongly influenced by the rationalist movement spearheaded by Periyar and greatly enchanted with the silver-tongued oratory of C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi. These influences soon became his guiding forces and he entered the political movement even as a young student and actively participated in the "Anti-Hindi agitation". His book "Hindi Egathipathiyam" is considered a treatise on the movement. He started his political career by unsuccessfully contesting in the Assembly elections from Alangulam as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) candidate in 1962. He was later elected to the Assembly on two occasions in 1967 and 1971 as a DMK candidate. He was greatly responsible for the organisation of cooperatives for the beedi workers during this period.He also won Lok Sabha election in 1977 from Tirunelveli. He later joined the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and was elected to the Lok Sabha, from Tirunelveli and later M. G. Ramachandran nominated him to the Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu in 1984. He also served as the leader of the AIADMK in the Rajya Sabha. During this tenure, he served as a member of the Joint Parliament Committee that probed the Bofors scandal. He raised a dissent note on the report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee which examined the Bofors Scam, which was a death-knell to the Rajiv Gandhi government. <mask> <mask>'s comment in the dissent note said "The son (Rajiv Gandhi) has surpassed mother (Indira Gandhi) in corruption and abuse of power". After the death of Ramachandran, he rejoined the DMK and was appointed its spokesperson.He was the first person to hold office as spokesperson in the DMK. He became a Law Minister of Tamil Nadu after winning the assembly election contesting as a DMK candidate in 1996. He was instrumental in the establishment of the law university in Chennai and setting up the High Court branch in Madurai, bringing a law college to Tirunelveli. DMK
He participated and lead various agitations against Hindi during 1962 - 1967, was imprisoned for more than a year during that Anti Hindi Movement. He organized Beedi rollers of Tirunelveli to come under a forum and made them powerful. It is his efforts that got the beedi rollers separate ID cards and getting benefits from State and Central Governments. He was always a star speaker in all meetings and conferences, it was said that Aringar Anna will tell the meeting organisers to make <mask> Aruna speak after his arrival as he wants to listen the speech of <mask> Aruna.Never in his political life accused of any allegations in any form. Even the apposition political party leader admire him for his honesty, integrity and service. He was one of the respected politicians in New Delhi. He was suspended from DMK party for alleged anti-party activities. He accused the party of sidelining those who oppose M. K. Stalin emerging as a potential candidate for Chief Minister. He also said that Stalin was unfit to become Chief Minister or lead the party headed by stalwarts such as C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi. Books
<mask> <mask> was one of the foremost Dravidian writers in English.He has authored several books in English and Tamil. He has written several books on varied topics. Unfederal Features of the Indian Constitution is notable among his books
Defend Our Rights - which discusses center state relationship
Voice for the States - A compilation of his various speeches in Parliament. He was the editor of weekly "Ennam" . His other works in Tamil include,
 Hindi Egathipathiyam (இந்தி ஏகாதிபத்தியம்)history of Anti Hindi Agitation Movement
 Aladi <mask> Sirukathaigal(ஆலடி அருணா சிறுகதைகள்) his writings in Ennam News Magazines
 Inthiya Arasiyal Amaippum koothachiyum (இந்திய அரசியல் அமைப்பும் கூட்டாட்சியும் )
 Kamarajar oru vazhikatti(காமராஜர் ஒரு வழிகாட்டி). Incomplete works on Moondru muthalvargaludan naan

Death
<mask> <mask> was murdered during a morning walk near Alangulam, in Tenkasi district on 31 December 2004. His friend R. Ponraj who also accompanied him was killed and Socrates, TASMAC bar attendant from Aladipatti survived the attack.According to police, <mask> was attacked by a gang instructed by his friend and local educationist S. A. Raja, with whom he had fallen out over setting up of educational institutions in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Raja was arrested in January 2005 but was bailed by the Supreme Court of India in July 2006. The district court acquitted Raja on 15 April 2008. The High Court reversed the verdict on 5 August 2009. The Supreme Court then again acquitted and released him on 30 July 2010, writing that the high court could not establish that he was guilty. Two of the accused, Balamurugan and Azhagar, were convicted in Tirunelveli principal sessions court and sentenced to death in April 2008. A third, Veldurai, was convicted for a violation of the Arms Act and sentenced to three years in prison.Six others were acquitted, including Raja. References

<mask> aruna -Sila ninaivugal :Author :Selvamuthu

External links
  "RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003
Official biographical sketch in Lok Sabha website

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
2004 deaths
Assassinated Indian politicians
1933 births
Tamil Nadu ministers
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
6th Lok Sabha members
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001
People from Tirunelveli district
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976

masks:
Aladi Aruna
) V Arunachalam
Aladipatti Arunachalam
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title: Sean Avery

texts:
<mask> (born April 10, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During his career in the National Hockey League (NHL), he played left wing for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers and Dallas Stars, gaining recognition for controversial and disrespectful behavior both on and off the ice. His agitating playing style led to multiple teams waiving him and to having a contract terminated. He led the league in penalty minutes twice, during the 2003–04 and 2005–06 NHL seasons. After retiring in 2012, <mask> focused full-time on working in the creative industry. He has worked in fashion as an intern at Vogue magazine, as a model, and as a former restaurateur. <mask>'s memoir, Ice Capades: A Memoir of Fast Living and Tough Hockey, was published by Blue Rider Press in 2017.Early life
<mask> was born in North York, Ontario, the son of Al and Marlene <mask>, both teachers. He grew up in Pickering, Ontario, where he attended Dunbarton High School. He has a younger brother named Scott. Playing career

Junior league (1996–2000)
Prior to joining the NHL, <mask> played for the Owen Sound Platers and the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Detroit Red Wings (2001–2003)
<mask> was signed by the Detroit Red Wings as a free agent in 1999. He played one final season in the OHL before turning professional in 2000 with the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks of the American Hockey League (AHL). <mask> first played in the NHL during the 2001–02 season, playing 36 games with the Red Wings and 36 in the minors.The Red Wings went on to win the Stanley Cup that season but <mask> did not play in the playoffs  nor did he play the required 41 games to get his name engraved on the Cup. Midway through the 2002–03 season, <mask> was traded to the Los Angeles Kings, along with defenseman Maxim Kuznetsov and two draft picks for Mathieu Schneider. He finished the season with 15 points in 51 games. Los Angeles Kings and NHL lockout (2003–2007)

In 2003–04, <mask> played 76 games for the Kings, scoring 9 goals to go along with 19 assists. He also led the NHL in penalty minutes with 261. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, <mask> briefly played in the Finnish Elite League with the Lahti Pelicans, and in the United Hockey League for the Motor City Mechanics. Along with 149 penalty minutes in just 16 games, he tallied 26 points for the Mechanics, including two hat tricks, making him the first player in Mechanics history to record two hat tricks in one season.Several players spoke publicly of their dissatisfaction with the NHL Players' Association’s leadership during the lockout, including <mask>, who publicly blamed NHLPA president Bob Goodenow for wasting an entire season with a battle that alienated fans and yielded few results. <mask> led the league in penalty minutes for the second consecutive season in 2005-06, with 257. With three games remaining, the Kings unofficially suspended <mask> for the remainder of the season after he refused to do a drill in practice. Nevertheless, the team re-signed him to a one-year deal. During his time with the Kings, <mask> has been said to have mocked Dustin Brown about his lisp. Former Kings' teammate Ian Laperrière said it "was bullying, like you might see in high school." But according to other players and coaches, Brown's lisp was not <mask>'s target, Brown's then girlfriend, now wife, Nicole was.<mask> did not think Nicole Brown was glamorous enough to be a "girlfriend of a hockey player in Hollywood." New York Rangers (2007–2008)

On February 5, 2007, in the middle of the 2006–07 season, <mask> was traded to the New York Rangers. After joining the Rangers, he scored 20 points in 29 games to help the team complete a 17–4–6 end-of-season run to qualify for the playoffs. On March 17, <mask> recorded a single-game career-high four points (one goal and three assists) against the Boston Bruins in a 7–0 victory. <mask> played in his first career playoff game on April 12 against the Atlanta Thrashers, recording his first playoff points with a goal and an assist. On August 1, 2007, <mask>, as a restricted free agent, earned an arbitration award of $1.9 million for the 2007–08 season, which the Rangers accepted. On February 16, 2008, in a game against the Buffalo Sabres, <mask> scored a goal 10 seconds into the game, setting a record for fastest goal scored by a Ranger on home ice.Dallas Stars (2008)
<mask> signed a four-year, $15.5 million contract with the Dallas Stars on July 2, 2008. In December 2008, the NHL suspended <mask> after he made controversial remarks about other players dating his ex-girlfriends. After serving a six-game suspension and completing a counseling program, the Stars placed <mask> on waivers on February 7, 2009. Return to the Rangers (2009–2012)

After clearing waivers on February 9, 2009, <mask> was assigned to the Hartford Wolf Pack, the Rangers' AHL affiliate, although he remained a member of the Stars organization (that season, the Stars had no AHL affiliate). On March 2, <mask> was placed on re-entry waivers by Dallas, and claimed by the Rangers the following day. On January 5, 2010, in a game against the Stars, his former team, <mask> recorded one goal and three assists. On October 4, 2011, the Rangers waived <mask>.He later cleared waivers and re-joined the Rangers for their November 5 game against the Montreal Canadiens.After being a healthy scratch for nine games, <mask> was once again placed on waivers on December 30, 2011. Since no NHL team claimed him, he returned to the AHL's Connecticut Whale. His last game played with the Whale was on January 27, 2012. He was left off the Whale's Clear Day list of players eligible to play for the remainder of the AHL season submitted on March 5, and told to no longer report to games or practices. On March 12, 2012, <mask> retired. He announced his retirement on Watch What Happens Live with host Andy Cohen. Orlando Solar Bears (2022)

On February 23, 2022, the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL signed <mask> to a standard player contract, putting him on the team's reserve list.Orlando released him two days later. <mask> did not play in a game for the Solar Bears. Controversies and bullying
Over the course of his hockey career, <mask> was involved in a number of controversies that resulted in fines by the NHL on numerous occasions. He also has a long-documented history of bullying co-workers, support staff, and his own mother-in-law. The lack of respect for others started early in his career; Red Wings general manager Ken Holland said he traded <mask> during the 2002–03 season  because he did not live up to the standards of an NHL professional. <mask> has bullied people including Dustin Brown and Martin Brodeur. One former teammate said of <mask>, “He is all smoke and mirrors.He doesn’t have a lot of friends in any line of work.”

Leukemia comment
In November 2007, Howard Berger, a reporter for Toronto radio station FAN 590 stated that an unnamed Rangers player had accused <mask> of commenting about Toronto Maple Leafs player Jason Blake's battle with leukemia, prior to a pre-game confrontation between <mask> and Toronto's Darcy Tucker. <mask>, who denied the allegation, received an NHL-maximum $2500 fine, and Tucker received a $1000 fine. The <mask> Rule

During Game 3 of the 2008 Eastern Conference Quarter-Finals against the New Jersey Devils, <mask> turned his back on the play in order to face and screen Devils goaltender Martin Brodeur during a two-man advantage on the power play. He waved his hands and stick in front of Brodeur in an attempt to distract him and block his view. The puck was later cleared out of the Devils' zone but on the second Rangers offensive attack, <mask> scored a power play goal. Notable in this instance was that <mask> had spent the initial part of the play facing Brodeur while ignoring the puck, with his back to the play (normally, the player screening the goaltender is facing the play). The following day, the NHL issued an interpretation of the league's unsportsmanlike conduct rule to cover actions such as the one employed by <mask>, which would now result in a minor penalty.This became known colloquially as "The <mask> Rule". <mask>'s tactics during that series against the Devils earned multiple power plays, and he scored in each of the first three games. The Rangers managed a 4–1 series win. Heckling incident

On November 1, 2008, following a game with the Stars against the Boston Bruins, <mask> was accused of shouting obscenities at a fan who had been heckling him during the game. A report of complaint was filed with the NHL, but no action was taken. "Sloppy seconds" comment
On December 2, 2008, prior to the Stars' morning skate in preparation for a game against the Calgary Flames, <mask> approached the assembled reporters in the dressing room and stated, “I just want to comment on how it's become like a common thing in the NHL for guys to fall in love with my sloppy seconds. I don't know what that's about, but enjoy the game tonight.” At the time, two of <mask>'s ex-girlfriends were dating fellow NHL players – actress Elisha Cuthbert was dating Flames defenseman Dion Phaneuf, and model Rachel Hunter was dating Kings center Jarret Stoll.Within hours, the NHL suspended <mask> indefinitely for "conduct detrimental to the league or the game of hockey". His comments were met with near-unanimous condemnation by the Stars organization, fellow players, and fans alike. Stars

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title: Sean Avery

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 owner Tom Hicks said that the team would have suspended <mask> had the NHL not acted first. <mask> apologized the next day, calling his actions "inappropriate" and "a bad attempt to build excitement for the game". On December 5, the NHL fixed <mask>'s suspension at six games, retroactive to the December 2 game against the Flames. He agreed to undergo anger management counseling due to what the NHL called unacceptable and antisocial behavior. Commissioner Gary Bettman noted that both he and league disciplinarian Colin Campbell had warned <mask> several times before about his behavior.On December 14, after the last game of <mask>'s suspension, the Stars announced that <mask> would not return to the team. One factor in the Stars decision was that coach Dave Tippett and several of the players, including Mike Modano and Marty Turco, let it be known they weren't willing to take him back on the team. Tippett had warned <mask> not to talk to the media about his former girlfriends, and was outraged when he did so. According to TSN's James Duthie, <mask>'s teammates had soured on him not long after he arrived. The "sloppy seconds" incident was the last straw, and Hicks had been actively looking to cut ties with him while the suspension was underway. Feud with John Tortorella
Prior to his second stint with the Rangers, <mask> had been called out on numerous occasions by then TSN commentator, future Rangers coach and Stanley Cup winner John Tortorella, who is noted for his no-nonsense behavior with his players and the press. After rejoining the Rangers, <mask>’s relationship with Tortorella was uneasy, although in <mask>'s book he reports there were moments of mutual admiration.Nearly a year after <mask> retired, on March 30, 2013, following the Rangers’ second consecutive shutout loss, <mask> posted on his Twitter account about his former coach, “Fire this CLOWN, his players hate him and wont play for his BS.” On May 29, 2013, after the Rangers lost to the Bruins in the Eastern Conference semifinals, Tortorella was fired. <mask> told the New York Post that he “had a huge smile” on his face after finding out that Tortorella was fired, adding, “It’s not that I’m happy for myself. I’m happy for the Rangers and Ranger fans.”

Restraining order and other bullying incidents
In late 2014, <mask> left rehearsals of a Broadway production he was a part of early after growing agitated. The next day, <mask>’s behavior grew worse. According to witnesses, when a young assistant stage manager named Natalie asked the athlete-turned-actor if he wanted a slice of pizza, he said no, but somehow thought the assistant had called him an “a–hole.” “It’s a complete horror story … <mask> had a complete meltdown in rehearsals and quit. He pretty much snapped,” witnesses told the New York Post. In 2016, <mask> was served with a restraining order for harassing his mother-in-law.Beginning in summer of 2016, <mask> "...was harassing her. They were running into each other, belonged to the same gym, and he’d issue profanities at her and make obscene gestures. He was driving in his car too close to her and scaring her.”

Advertising

Upon retirement from the NHL in 2012, <mask> began working at Lipman, a New York City-based advertising and creative agency. <mask> was said to have "charmed (David) Lipman into giving him a position" and was brought on as the chief strategic officer. <mask> helped develop strategies for the company and worked as a model. He also handled a range of assignments for Lipman’s parent company, Revolate Holdings, a "failed brand marketing holding company that had stakes in a number of ventures". During his time at Lipman, <mask> was said to have been "terrorizing everyone in the office.” According to former co-workers, “He will stop at nothing to get it done, even if there are casualties along the way.He creates conflict and pushes it too far.” In August 2013, when Lipman declared bankruptcy, <mask> was owed $229,167 for his work. Fashion

Vogue
In April 2008, it was announced that <mask> would be spending the summer offseason interning at Vogue magazine. In June 2008, <mask> guest-edited Mensvogue.com, the website for Men's Vogue magazine. His interest mainly resides with women's fashion; of men's fashion <mask> has said, “You do suits and pants and that's about that. Women's clothes tell a story. That's what's interesting to me.”

In 2008, New Line Cinema put into development a film based on <mask>’s life, focusing on his status as a professional athlete with an active interest in fashion, including a summer internship at Vogue. Stan Chervin was hired to write the script.Commonwealth Utilities
In 2009, <mask> worked with men's fashion label Commonwealth Utilities to present a clothing line for New York Fashion Week. Modeling

Hickey <mask> was hired to be the face of Hickey Freeman's Spring/Summer 2012 ad campaign, shot by Francesco Carrozzini. The print ads appeared in Vanity Fair, DC Modern Luxury and other magazines. As of 2021, he is no longer working with Hickey Freeman. 7 For All Mankind
<mask> was in the 2013 campaign for 7 For All Mankind, A Beautiful Odyssey. He also appeared in print ads. Film and television appearances
<mask> had a small role in the 2005 Maurice Richard biopic The Rocket: The Legend of Rocket Richard, portraying former New York Rangers defenseman Bob Dill.<mask> appeared in a 2007 episode of MADtv with Kings teammates Tom Kostopoulos and Scott Thornton. He was on People magazine’s Sexiest Man Alive 2007 list. He was a guest on a 2009 episode of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon; a Top Ten List presenter on a 2009 episode of Late Show with David Letterman; a guest judge on Project Runway: All Stars in 2012; and appeared on Fashion Police in 2013. On March 4, 2014, he was announced as one of the celebrities who will take part in the 18th season of Dancing with the Stars. He partnered with Karina Smirnoff. The two were the second couple to be eliminated on week 2 after a double elimination. In January 2020, <mask> announced he was cast in Christopher Nolans film Tenet.Appeared in S01E06 of Kevin Can F**k Himself. as Himself. <mask>'s memoir, Ice Capades: A Memoir of Fast Living and Tough Hockey (titled Offside: My Life Crossing the Line in Canada), was published by Blue Rider Press on October 24, 2017. Restaurants
<mask> had financial interest in two New York City restaurants in the early 2010s. In August 2013, the New York Post reported that <mask> had sold his interests in both Warren 77 and Tiny's. According to sources, “For the betterment of the business, they paid him to go away. He got bought out”.Activism

Political endorsements
On August 29, 2021, <mask>, via Twitter, endorsed Republican Curtis Sliwa for Mayor of New York City. Same-sex marriage
In May 2011, <mask> recorded a video for the New Yorkers for Marriage Equality campaign, in support of same-sex marriage. In an interview with the New York Times, he stated, "I certainly have been surrounded by the gay community. And living in New York and when you live in L.A., you certainly have a lot of gay friends." <mask> also traveled to Albany, New York, to lobby politicians prior to the July 2011 legalization of same-sex marriage in New York State. Athlete Ally
In 2012, <mask> was a member the board of directors of Athlete Ally. As of 2013, he is no longer associated with the group.Personal life
<mask> married model Hilary Rhoda at the Parrish Art Museum in New York on October 10, 2015. The couple had been engaged since November 8, 2013. The two first met at Warren 77 in the summer of 2009. The couple have been publicly estranged from Rhoda's mother for several years. <mask> and Rhoda have a son, Nash Hollis <mask>, born on July 28, 2020. Career statistics
Bold indicates led league

Transactions
 January 11, 1999 – Traded to Kingston (OHL) by Owen Sound (OHL) with Steve Lafleur for Aaron Fransen and D. J. Maracle. September 21, 1999 – Signed as a free agent with the Detroit Red Wings.March 11, 2003 – Traded by the Red Wings, along with Maxim Kuznetsov, Detroit's 2003 first-round draft choice and 2004 second-round draft choice, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Mathieu Schneider. November 24, 2004 – Signed as a free agent by Lahti (Finland). February 11, 2005 – Signed as a free agent by Motor City (UHL). February 5, 2007 – Traded by the Kings, along with John Seymour, to the New York Rangers in exchange for Jason Ward, Jan Marek, Marc-André Cliche and New York's 2008 third-round draft choice. July 2, 2008 – Signed as a free agent with the Dallas Stars. March 3, 2009 – Claimed off re-entry waivers by the Rangers. October 11, 2011 – Sent down to the Connecticut Whale (AHL).October 31, 2011 – Placed on 24-hour re-entry waivers. March 12, 2012 – Announces retirement. References

External links

1980 births
Advertising people
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian male models
Canadian restaurateurs
Connecticut Whale (AHL) players
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs players
Lahti Pelicans players
LGBT rights activists from Canada
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Motor City Mechanics players
New York Rangers players
Owen Sound Platers players
Sportspeople from North York
Undrafted National Hockey League

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title: Peter Loewenberg

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<mask><mask> (born August 1933 in  Hamburg, Germany) is a teacher of “European cultural, intellectual, German, Austrian and Swiss history. Political Psychology, integrating the identities of an historian and political psychologist with the clinical practice of psychoanalysis” at UCLA. Biography
<mask> was born during the time that Hitler acceded to power in Germany. His father's concern for the safety of his family during Hitler's reign led him to research various countries to move to, eventually settling in Shanghai, China. It is there that <mask> spent the first four years of his life. He was later raised in Bakersfield, California. His father was a university psychiatrist and a humanist who wrote on Kant, Lichtenberg, and Nietzsche.His mother, who had been a socialist activist in the Weimar Republic, was a public health nurse. <mask> traced his parents' activism and sacrifice to his pursuance of a diverse and profound education in 20th-century European cultural history, Austro-German history, and political psychology, as he saw it. "My intense conviction of the value of dual training has a personal, subjective source as well as the power of its subsequent value for my own work as a historian." He was educated at the left-wing University of California, Berkeley and the Free University of Berlin. With collaboration between Nancy Chodorow at the University of California at Berkeley and Bob Nemiroff at the University of California at San Diego, <mask> was one of the founders of the University of California Interdisciplinary Psychoanalytic Consortium, and the co-ordinator for their first meeting which consisted of 30 faculty and graduate students from the 10 different campuses of the University of California, in 1993. His view is that psychoanalysis allows the historian "to more effectively move back and forth across the internal boundaries between conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious processes." <mask> is currently an Emeritus Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.He was Dean and Chairman of the Education Committee and Director of the Training School of the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute and the New Center for Psychoanalysis, Los Angeles, 2001–2006. He served as Sir <mask>v Visiting Professor at the University of Vienna in 2006. Also, he is Chair of the International Psychoanalytic Association China Committee and Editor of the IPAC Centenary History (1910–2010).”   He has lectured in America, several countries in Europe, Africa, Israel, Hong Kong, China, and Latin America. He won the 1999 Edith Sabshin award for "excellence in teaching psychoanalytic concepts". <mask> has three children, two sons and one daughter. Awards
 “1999 Edith Sabshin Award”
 “Fulbright”
 “Social Science Research Council”
 “American Council of Learned Societies”
 “National Endowment for the Humanities”
 “Guggenheim Fellowship”
 “Rockefeller”
 “Austrian Ministry of Education”
 “Pro Helvetia”
 “Max Planck Institut fur Geschichte”

Works
Loewenberg books published include,
 "Decoding the Past: The Psychohistorical Approach (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983); (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985); (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1996, paperback edition with a new introduction,)." "Fantasy and Reality in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)"

Publications
 "Austria 1918: Coming to Terms with the National Trauma of Defeat and Fragmentation," Österreich 1918 und die Folgen: Geschichte, Literatur, Theater und Film, Karl Mueller und Hans Wagener, eds., (Wien, Koeln, Weimar: Boehlau Verlag, 2009”
 “Cultural History and Psychoanalysis,” Psychoanalysis and History, Vol.9, No. 1 (2007), pp. 17–37. “
 ”The Bauhaus as a Creative Play Space: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, 1919 -- 1933,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, Vol. XXXIII (2005), pp. 209–226. “
 “A Correspondence on Teaching Emotion and Politics” (with Mark Fisher), Clio's Psyche, 12:3 (December 2005), 113–118.“
 "Lucian and Sigmund Freud,” American Imago, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Spring, 2004), 89–99. "The IPA in China,” International Psychoanalysis: News Magazine of the International Psychoanalytic Association, Vol. 17 (December 2008), 18–19.”
 "Freud as a Cultural Subversive,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, ed. Jerome Winer and James W. Anderson (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2001), 39:117–130. “
 "Violence and Health: Personal, Social, National, Ethnic and Racial Issues,” in Violence and Health (Kobe: World Health Organization, 2000), pp.360–367. “
 "The Construction of National Identity,” in Nancy Ginsburg and Roy Ginsburg, eds., Psychoanalysis and Culture at the Millennium (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 37–63.”
 “In California’s Universities Research Psychoanalysts Prove Their Interdisciplinary Mettle,” The American Psychoanalyst, 30:1 (1996), 19–20. "Freud, Schnitzler, and Eyes Wide Shut," in Geoffrey Cocks, James Diedrick, and Glen Perusek, eds., Depth of Field: Film and the Uses of History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 255–279.”
 "Remembering Fawn McKay Brodie(1915-1981)," Clio's Psyche, Vol. 13, No. 1 (June 2006), pp.1–34.”
 “Freud as a Cultural Historian,” The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2006), pp. 25–35.”
 “Klinische und historische Perspektiven intergenerationaler Vermittlung von Trauma,” Psychosozial, 28 Jahrgang, Nr. 102 (2005), Heft 4, 9–17.”
 “A Correspondence on Teaching Emotion and Politics” (with Mark Fisher), Clio's Psyche, 12:3 (December 2005), 113–118. “Assisted Dying in Contemporary America,” in Andreas Bähr and Hans Medick, eds., Sterben von eigener Hand: Selbsttötung als kulturelle Praxis (Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2005), pp. 219–38.”
 “Wild Analysis: A New Freud Translation,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Vol.53, No. 3 (2005), 973–979.”
 “Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and the Shoah,” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte, XXXII (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 135–147.”
 “Freud, Schnitzler und Eyes Wide Shut,” Psyche, 58:12 (Dezember 2004), 1156–1181.”
 “Die soziale Konstruktion der Sexualmoral und die klinische Situation,” in Die Kindheit überleben, eds. Thomas Kniesche and Laurence Rickels  (Würzburg: Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 2004), 3-12.”
 “Der Sozialpsychologisch-psychoanalytische Beitrag Bruno Bettelheims,” Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie, Jg. 11, Nr. 1-3 (2003), 241–244.”
 "The Psychology of Creating the Other in National Identity, Ethnic Enmity, and Racism," in Nancy M. Wingfield, ed., Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003), pp. 243–256.”
 “Wo sind die Emotionen?Oder: Die Psychoanalyse als Proto-Postmoderne,” in Alf Gerlach, Anne-Marie Schlösser, Anna Springer, Hg, Psychoanalyse mit und ohne Couch: Haltung und Methode (Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2003), pp. 60–72.”
 "Postmodern Psychoanalytic Theory," (in Chinese), Historiography Quarterly, (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing), 4 (2002), 98-104.”
 ”Aggression in World War I: The Deepest Part of Sigmund Freud’s Self-Analysis,” in Conflict and Cooperation: The Individual Between Ideal and Reality, ed. Günther Baechler and Andreas Wenger (Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung Publishing, 2002), pp. 81–92.”
 “Psychoanalitycne Modele Historii: Freud Późneij,” in Psyche I Klio: Historia W. Oczah Psychohistoryków, Tomasz Pawelec, ed. and trans. (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskeij, 2002), pp. 111–139.”
 “Aggression im Ersten Weltkrieg: Der “tiefste Teil” von Sigmund Freuds Selbst-Ananlyse,” SOWI: Sozialwissenschaftliche Informationen (Freiburg), 3/2001, 53-62.”
 “Legalizing and Advancing Psychoanalytic Academic Research Training,” Clio's Psyche, 8: 1 (June 2001), 1-31.”
 “John Muir and the Erotization of Nature,” Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 2: 4 (2000), 365–381.”
 “L’agressivité pendant la Première Guerre mondiale: l’ auto-analyse approfondie de Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud de L’interprétation des rêves de L’Homme  (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2000), pp.55–63.”
 “Psychoanalysis as a Hermeneutic Science,” in <mask> and Alex Woloch, eds., Whose Freud: The Place of Psychoanalysis in Contemporary Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 96–115; 130–137.”
 “A Stoic Death: Sigmund Freud, Max Schur, and Assisted Dying in Contemporary America,” in Mark S. Micale and Robert L. Dietle, eds., Enlightenment, Passion, Modernity: Historical Essays in European Thought and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), pp. 360–486.”
 “Emotion und Subjektivität: Desiderata der gegenwärtigen Geschichtswissenschaft aus psychoanalytischer Perspektive,” in P. Nolte, M. Hertling, F.M. Kuhlemann, and H.W. Schmuhl, eds.,  Perspetiven der Gesellschaftsgeschichte (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2000), pp. 58–78.”
 “The Construction of National Identity,” in Nancy Ginsburg and Roy Ginsburg, eds., Psychoanalysis and Culture at the Millennium (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp.37–63.”
 “Xenophobie als intrapsychisches Phänomen,” in Irene Etzersdorfer and Michel Ley (Hg. ), Menschenangst: Die Angst vor dem Fremden (Berlin: Philo Verlag, 1999), pp. 113–120.”
 “Herzl Between Fantasy and Reality,” in Gideon Shimoni and Robert S. Wistrich, eds., Theodor Herzl (Jerusalem: Magnes Press of the Hebrew University, 1999), pp. 3–14.”
 “The Nation at Arms: Concepts of Nationalism and War in Germany, 1866-1914. Comment,” in Hartmut Lehmann and Hermann Wellenreuther, eds., German and American Nationalism in Comparative Perspective (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1999), pp. 263–269.”
 “The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sandor Ferenczi, vol. 2, 1914-1919, edited by Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant with the collaboration of Patrizia Giampieri-Deutsch under the supervision of André Haynal; transcribed by Ingeborg Meyer-Palmedo; translated by <mask>. Hoffer; introduction by Axel Hoffer (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996), in Psychoanalytic Books, 9:3 (1998), pp.273-280.”
 "Psychoanalytische Ich-Psychologie, Objektbeziehungstheorie und ihre Anwendbarkeit in der Geschichtswissenschaft," in Jörn Rüsen and Jürgen Straub, ed., Die dunkle Spur der Vergangenheit: Psychoanalytische Zugänge zum Geschichtsbewusstsein; Erinnerung, Geschichte, Identität”
 “Forward” to Geoffrey Cocks,

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title: Peter Loewenberg

texts:
 Treating Mind and Body: Essays in the History of Science, Professions, and Society Under Extreme Conditions (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998), pp. vii-xvii.”
 “Professional and Personal Insights,” Clio's Psyche, 4:2 (September 1997), 33–36.”
 “The Pagan Freud,” in Stephen Barker, ed., Excavations and Their Objects: Freud's Collection of Antiquity (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), pp. 13–32, 130–134.”
 “Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology and Object Relations and Their Uses for the Historian,” Psychohistory Review: Studies of Motivation in History and Culture, 25:1 (Fall 1996), 21–46.”
 "Germany, the Home Front: The Physical and Psychological Consequences of Home Front Hardship," in Hugh Cecil, ed., Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced (London: Leo Cooper, 1996), pp. 554–562.”
 “Decoding the Past: The Psychohistorical Approach (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983); (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985); (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1996, paperback edition with a new introduction,).”
 “Fantasy and Reality in History(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).”
 "Spaltungen," in Ludger M. Hermanns, Hrsg., Spaltungen in der Geschichte der Psychoanalyse (Tübingen: Edition Discord, 1995), pp. 138–140.”
 "Psychoanalysis, Sexual Morality, and the Clinical Situation," in Rediscovering History: Culture, Politics, and the Psyche, Michael S. Roth, ed. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 61–82.”
 ”The State, National Hatred, and its Transcendence," Clio's Psyche, Vol.I, No.3  (December, 1994), 4–7.”
 "Sigmund Freud's Psycho-Social Identity," in 100 Years of Psychoanalysis: Contributions to the History of Psychoanalysis, André Haynal and Ernst Falzeder, eds.,  special issue of Cahiers Psychiatriques Genevois (London: Karnac Books, 1994), pp. 135–150.”
 ”The Praxis of <mask>,” Clio's Psyche, 1:2 (September 1994), 5–8.”
 "The Psychological Reality of Nationalism: Between Community and Fantasy," Mind and Human Interaction, Vol. 5, No. 1 (February 1994), 6-18.”
 “Psychoanalytic Research Training: A California Success Story,” The American Psychoanalyst, 27:2 (1993), 11–12.”
 "Die Psychodynamik des Antijudismus in historischer Perspektive," in Psyche: Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen (Stuttgart), Vol. 46, No. 12 (December 1992), pp. 1095–1121.”
 “Translated into Portuguese in IDE: Review of the Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanalise de São Paulo (1994).”
 ”The Psychodynamics of Nationalism" in History of European Ideas, Vol.15, No. 1-3 (August 1992), 93-103.”
 ”The Pagan Freud," in Robert Wistrich, ed., Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1992), pp. 124–141.”
 "Karl Renner and the Politics of Accommodation: Moderation versus Revenge," Austrian History Yearbook, Vol. 22 (1991), 35–56.”
 "The Uses of Anxiety," Partisan Review (1991), No. 3, 514–525.”
 "Anxiety in History," Journal of Preventive Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 4: 2-3 (1990), 143–164.”
 ”The Social Psychoanalytic Contributions of Bruno Bettelheim," Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Bulletin, (Fall, 1990), pp. 30–32.”
 “A Conversation with <mask>,” The American Psychoanalyst, 24:3 (Fall 1990), 8-11.”
 "Psychoanalytic Models of History: Freud and After," in William M. Runyan, ed., Psychology and Historical Interpretation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 126–156.”
 "The End of Analysis," Partisan Review, 55: 1 (1988), 82- 96.”
 "An Historical, Biographical, Literary, and Clinical Consideration of Freud's 'Analysis Terminable and Interminable' on its Fiftieth Birthday," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 69 (1988), 273–281.”
 “Translated and reprinted as: "Eine historische, biographische, literarische und klinische Betrachtung zum 50.Entstehungs jahr von Freuds Abhandlung "Die endliche und die unendliche Analyse," Psyche: Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen (Stuttgart), 44: 9 (September 1990), 773–787.”
 "Psychodynamics of the Holocaust," in Remembering for the Future: The Impact of the Holocaust and Genocide on Jews and Christians. (Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. Supplementary Volume, 1988), pp. 284–297.”
 "The Kristallnacht as a Public Degradation in Ritual," Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 32 (London: Secker & Warburg (1987), pp. 308–323.”
 “Reprinted in Michael R. Marrus, The Nazi Holocaust, Vol. 2, The Origins of the Holocaust (Westport, CT Meckler), 1989, pp. 582-596.Translated into Chinese in History and Theory (Beijing, China), Vol. 2 (1988), pp. 128-136; translated into German as "Die 'Reichskristallnacht' vom 9. zum 10. November 1938 als "öffentliches Erniedrigungstitual," in Psychoanalysis 1986: Essays on a Theory and its Applications, Sigmund Freud House Bulletin (Vienna), Vol. 10 (Winter 1986), 313–324; reprinted in Mitteilungsblatt der Berliner Ärztekammer, Vol. 25, No. 11 (3 November 1988), 575–586.Werner Bohleber and John Kafka, Eds., Antisemitismus (Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag, 1992), 39–64.”
 "Nixon, Hitler, and Power: An Ego Psychological Study," Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 6: 1 (1986), 27–48.”
 "Historical Method, the Subjectivity of the Researcher, and Psychohistory," in Rapports, II, XVIe Congres International des Sciences Historiques (Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 634–640." “Reprinted in Psychohistory Review, 14:1 (1985), pp. 1-2.”
 ”Otto Bauer as an Ambivalent Party Leader," in Anson Rabinbach, ed., The Austrian Experiment: Social Democracy and Austromarxism, 1918-1934 (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1985), pp. 71–79.”
 ”A Creative Epoch in Modern Science: Psychiatry at the Burgholzli, 1902- 1912," American College of Psychoanalysts Newsletter, Vol. XVI, No. 1 (Spring 1985), 1–2.”
 “Subjectivity and Empathy as Guides to Progress in Counselling,” Counsellor: Journal of the Institute of Educational & Vocational Guidance in Pakistan (Peshawar), Issue 2-84(July–December 1984), 31–42."“Walther Rathenau and Henry Kissinger: The Jew as Modern Statesman in Two Political Cultures (New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1980).”
 "Psychohistory," in Michael Kammen, ed., The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States (Cornell University Press and the American Historical Association, 1980), pp. 408–432.”
 "Antisemitismus und jüdischer Selbsthass: Eine sich wechselseitig verstärkende sozialpsychologische Doppelbeziehung," Geschichte und Gesellschaft: Zeitschrift für Historische Sozialwissenschaft, 5: 4 (1979), 455–475.”
 "Walter Rathenau and the Tensions of Wilhelmine Society," in David Bronsen, ed., Jews and Germans from 1860 to 1933: The Problematic Symbiosis (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitaetsverlag, 1979), 100–127.”
 "History and Psychoanalysis," in The International Encyclopedia of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977), Vol. 5, pp. 363–374.”
 “Translated into Spanish as "La Historia y el Psicoanalisis,"in Enciclopedia Internacional de Psiquiatria, Psicologia, Psicoanalisis y Neurologia, Volumen V (Nueva York: Prensa de las Ciencias Humanas, 1977).”
 "Psychohistorical Perspectives on Modern German History," Journal of Modern History Vol. 47, No. 2, June 1975
 "Why Psychoanalysis Needs the Social Scientist and the Historian," International Review of Psycho-Analysis (London), 4: 3 (1977), 305–315.”
 "Racism and Tolerance in Historical Perspective," in Race, Change, and Urban Society, Urban Affairs Annual Review, Vol. 5, P. Orleans and W. R. Ellis, Jr., eds.(Beverly Hills, CA. : SAGE Publications Inc., 1971), pp. 561–576.”
 "Die Psychodynamic des Antijudentums," Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte, Walter Grab, ed., Vol.I (1972), pp. 145–158.”
 "Love and Hate in the Academy," The Center Magazine, V: 5 (September–October 1972), pp. 4–11.”
 ”The Psychodynamics of Campus Confrontations," Bulletin of the Woodview Hospital, VI: 1 (July 1972), pp. 1–12.”
 "Theodor Herzl: A Psychoanalytic Study in Charismatic Political Leadership," in The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History, Benjamin B. Wolman, ed. (Basic Books, 1971, pp.150–191. Paperback edition Harper Torchbooks, 1973).”
 "The Unsuccessful Adolescense of Heinrich Himmler," American Historical Review, 76- 3 (June 1971), pp. 612–641.”
 "Sigmund Freud as a Jew: A Study of Ambivalence and Courage," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, VII: 4 (October 1971), pp. 363–369.”
 ”The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohort," American Historical Review, 76: 5 (December 1971), 1457–1502.”
 “Reprinted in John L. Snell and Allan Mitchell, eds., The Nazi Revolution: Hitler's Dictatorship and the German Nation, second edition (Lexington, Massachusetts: D. V. Heath and Co., 1973), pp. 93–116; in Sosiologi Grunnfag (Bergen, Troms, Oslo: Universitets-forlaget, 1973), pp. 72–117; in Anthony Esler, ed., The Youth Revolution: The Conflict of Generation in Modern History (D.C. Heath, 1947), pp. 82–105; in George Kren and Leon Rappoport, ed., Varieties of Psychohistory (New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1976); in Alfred J. Andrea and Wolfe W. Schmokel, eds., The Living Past: Western Historiographical Traditions (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975), pp.270– 284; Trans. in Chinese in History and Heart: Theories and Practice of Psychohistory in the West (Beijing: CIP, 1998), pp. 129–183; in Polish as “Psychohistoryczne Początki Nazistowskiej Młodej Kohorty,” in Psyche I Klio: Historia W Oczah Psychohistoryków, Tomasz Pawelec, ed. and trans. (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskeij, 2002), pp. 227–270. “
 "The Psychology of Racism," in The Great Fear: Race in the Mind of America, G. B. Nash and R. Weiss, eds., (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), pp.186–201.”
 “Reprinted in Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, G. Colombo, R. Cullen, B. Lisle, eds. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 114-122.”
 "Problems of the Academic Research Candidate," Newsletter of the National Candidates Council, American Psychoanalytic Association, 1: 2 (April 1971), pp. 11–13.”
 "Arno Mayer's "Internal Causes and Purposes of War in Europe, 1870-1956"—an Inadequate Model of Human Behavior, National Conflict, and Historical Change," Journal of Modern History Vol. 42, No. 4, December 1970
 ”A Hidden Zionist Theme in Freud’s ‘My Son, the Myops...’Dream,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 31:1, 129–132.”

masks:
Peter Loewenberg
Peter Loewenberg


title: Peter Loewenberg

texts:
 ”An Interview with Richard Drinnon," Studies On the Left, II: 1 Summer (1961), pp. 76–81.”
 "Oppositionelle Tendenzen in den USA," Blatter fur Deutsche und International Politik, VI: 9 (September 1961), pp.838–846.”
 "Israel 1962 - kritisch gesehen," WIR (November–December 1962), pp. 15–19.”

Book reviews and review essays
 “Sabine Hanrath, Zwischen ‘‘Euthanasie’’ und Psychiatriereform: Anstaltspsychiatrie in Wesfalen und Brandenburg: Ein deutsch-deutscher Vergleich (1945-1964) [Westfälisches Institut für Regionalgeschichte Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Münster. Forschungen zur Regionalgeschichte. Band 41. Herausgegeben von Bernd Walter.] (Paderborn, München, Wien, Zürich: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2002), in American Historical Review, 109:1 (February 2004), 271-272.”
 “Charles B. Strozier, Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001), in The Journal of American History (June 2002), 263-64.”
 “Thomas J. Scheff, Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Nationalism, and War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), in Journal of Social History (December 1995), 213-214.”
 David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin, eds., Before Sexuality: the construction of erotic experience in the ancient Greek world (Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 1990), in Continuity and Change: A Journal of social Structure, Law and Demography in Past Societies, Vol. 7, No.3, (December 1992),  408-411.”
 “YosefHayim Yerushalmi, Freud’s Moses: Judaism Terminable and Interminable (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), in International Review of Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 19 (1992), No. 4, 509-512.”
 “The Private Life of a Nation Builder," review of Ernst Pawel, The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1989), in The New York Times Book Review (December 31, 1989), p. 9.”
 "<mask>, Freud for Historians (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), in Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 36: 3 (1988), 808-810.”
 "Einstein in His Youth," review essay of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. I, The Early Years, 1879–1902, in Science, Vol. 239 (January 29, 1988), pp. 510–512.”
 "Mentor-protecting: The Freud-Fliess Correspondence," Times Literary Supplement (London), (February 7, 1986), pp. 145–146.”
 “Heinz Hohne, The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's S.S., trans., Richard Barry (New York: Coward-McCann, 1970), in The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, II: 4 (Spring 1972), pp.483-488.”
 “Martin Grotjahn, The Voice of the Symbol (Los Angeles: Mara Books, 1971), in Journal of the Otto Rank Association, 7: 2 (December 1972), pp. 84-86. ”The Case of Schreber, The Intrapsychic World and Modern Child Rearing: A Review Essay,' History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory, 1: 1 (Fall 1973), pp. 337-341.”
 ”Hitler's Psychodynamics Examined," Contemporary Psychology, 19: 2 (February 1974), pp. 89–91.”
 “Wolfgang Kreutzberger, Studenten und Politik, 1918-1933: Der Fall Freiburg in Breisgau (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1972), in Journal of Modern History, 46: 1 (March 1974), pp. 155-156.”
 “Robert Payne, The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), in Review d'Histoire de la Deuxiem Guerre Mondiale (Paris, August–September-October 1974), Bulletin No. 212, pp.32-34.”
 “Review essay of Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report (New York: Basic Books, 1972) in Central European History, 7: 3 (September 1974), pp. 262-275.”
 "Une psychanalyse de Hitler," Revue d'Historie de la Deuzieme Guerre Mondiale, 97 (Janvier, 1975), pp. 91–96.”
 “Leland V. Bell, In Hitler's Shadow: The Anatomy of American Nazism (Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1973) in The Historian, 37: 2 (February 1975), pp. 328-329.”
 “Paul Roazen, Freud and His Followers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), for Group for the Use of Psychology in History Newsletter, IV: 1 (June 1975), pp. 27-28.”
 “Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973), in Isis, 66: 232 (June 1975), pp. 291-293.”
 “Jacques Barzun, Clio and the Doctors: Psychohistory, Quanto-History and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) for CLIO: Interdisciplinary Journal of Literature, History, Philosophy of History, 5: 1 (Fall 1975), pp. 123-127.”
 “Jay Y. Gonen, A Psychohistory of Zionism (New York: Mason Charter Publishers, 1975), in History of Childhood Quarterly, 3: 2 (Fall 1975), pp.300-305.”
 “Erik H. Erikson, Life History and the Historical Moment (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1975), in Pacific Historical Review, 44: 4 (November 1975), pp. 555-556.”
 “Alexander and Margaret Mitscherlich, The Inability to Mourn: Principles of Collective Behavior (New York: Grove Press, 1975), in History of Childhood Quarterly (Spring 1976), pp. 617-620.”
 “Comment on Michael Selzer, "Psychohistorical Approaches to the Study of Nazism," in Journal of Psychohistory (Fall 1976), pp. 228–230.”
 “Saul Friedlander, Historie et Psychanalyse: Essai sur les Possibilites et les Limites de la Psychohistoire (Paris: Seuil, 1975), in American Historical Review, 81: 4 (October 1976), pp. 821-822.”
 “<mask>. Stachura, Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic (Santa Barbara and Oxford: Clio Books, 1975), in Journal of Modern History, 49: 4 (December 1977), pp. 712-713, and Canadian Journal of History, 22: 3 (1976), pp. 401- 402.”
 “Sidney M. Bolkosky, The Distorted Image: German Jewish Perceptions of Germans and Germany, 1918-1935 (New York: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1975), for History and Theory, 16: 3 (1977), pp.361-367.”
 "A New Tyranny over Youth," a review essay of John R. Gillis, Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations 1770–Present (New York and London: Academic Press, 1975), in Reviews in European History, 3: 1 (March 1977), pp. 39–43. Bruce Mazlish, "The Revolutionary Ascetic: Revolution of a Political Type" (New York: Books 1976), in American Historical Review, 82: 2 (April 1977), pp. 336–337. "From Bismarck to Hitler," review of Gordon A. Craig, Germany: 1866-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1978), "Book World" Washington Post (January 7, 1979).”
 ”Insiders and Outsiders," Partisan Review, 44: 3 (1979), 461–470. Essay on <mask>, Freud, Jews and Other Germans: Masters and Victims in Modernist Culture, and A Confidential Matter: The Letters of Richard Strauss and Stefan Zweig, 1931–1935.”
 "The Flowering of Vienna," review of Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York: Knopf, 1981), Partisan Review, 48: 3 (1981), pp. 463–469.”
 “Albert H. Schrut, M.D., Are You Listening Doctor?: A Fictional Account of Patients in Therapy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1980, in Bulletin of the So. Cal. Psychoanalytic Institute, 62 (Fall 1981), 36.”
 “Fred Weinstein, The Dynamics of Nazism: Leadership, Ideology, and the Holocaust (New York: Academic Press, 1980), in Psychohistory Review, 11: 1 (Fall 1982), 118-121.”
 “Donald M. Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), in American Historical Review (December 1984), 1301- 1302.”
 "Expanding History." Review of David E. Stannard, Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), in Partisan Review, 51: 1 (1984), 133–137.”
 “<mask>, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, Volume 1, Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), in Journal of Modern History, 57: 2 (June 1985), 338-341.”
 “<mask>, Freud for Historians, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), in Los Angeles Times (November 3, 1985).”
 “Norbert Bromberg and Verna Volz Small, Hitler's Psychopathology (New York: International Universities Press, 1983) in International Review of Psychoanalysis, 12: 4 (1985), 483-485.”
 “Mark E. Blum, The Austro-Marxists, 1890-1918: A Psychobiographical Study (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), in American Historical Review, 91: 1 (February 1986), pp. 146-147.”
 “Yiannis Gabriel, Freud and Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), in Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 34: 3 (1986), 741- 743.”
 “Grete Klingenstein, Heinrich Lutz, and Gerald Stourzh, eds., Biographie und Geschichtswissenschaft: Aufsatze zur Theorie und Praxis biographischer Arbeit (Vienna: Verlag fur Geschichte und Politik, 1979), in Austrian History Yearbook, Vol. XIX-XX (1983-84), Part 1, pp.263-269.”
 "Documents of Psychiatry from Antiquity to Freud: History or Antiquarianism?”, Contemporary Psychology, 15: 2 (February 1970), pp. 90–92.”
 “Kurt H. Wolff and Barrington Moore, Jr., eds., The Critical Spirit: Essay in Honor of Herbert Marcuse (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), in Journal of Modern History, 41: 4 (December 1969), pp. 518-522.”
 “Ernst Nolte, ed., Theorien über den Faschismus ("Neue Wissenschaftlicke Bibliothek," Geschichte: Number 21), (Cologne: Verlag Kiepenbeuer & Witsch, 1967), Journal of Modern History, XLI: 3 (September 1969), pp. 368–370.”

Recent
After many works, awards and publications <mask> was asked for a self-evaluation. His response was, “In associating to what I think is worth mentioning as uniquely meritorious about my interdisciplinary work, I come up with three things:
Created, lobbied, and fought to passage the California Research Psychoanalyst Law of 1977 (California Business & Professions Code, sec. 2529-252.5), which places academic analysts under the California Medical Board to permit university faculty to acquire full psychoanalytic training and legally practice as psychoanalysts. A founder of the University of California Interdisciplinary Psychoanalytic Consortium, which since 1993 has pulled together in annual seminars and workshops all humanists, social scientists, and mental health clinicians dedicated to using psa in their research and teaching.As Dean of the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute (2001–2006) led the successful effort to re-unify the two institutes that split in 1950 to form the New Center for Psychoanalysis in Los Angeles.”

References

External links
 UCLA.edu

1933 births
Living people
American psychoanalysts
Jewish psychoanalysts
American psychologists
Free University of Berlin alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Los

masks:
Peter Gay
Peter D
Peter Gay
Peter Gay
Peter Gay
Peter Loewenberg


title: John Gildroy Grant

texts:
<mask>, VC (26 August 1889 – 25 November 1970) was a soldier in the New Zealand Military Forces during the First World War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that could be awarded at the time to British and Commonwealth forces. Born in Hāwera, <mask> was a builder when he volunteered in June 1915 to serve in the First World War with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF). He was posted to the 1st Battalion of the Wellington Regiment which began its service on the Western Front in 1916. It was on 1 September 1918, during an engagement at Bancourt, France, that he attacked two machine-gun posts, which led to him being awarded with the VC. He ended the war as a second lieutenant. Discharged from the NZEF, he returned to civilian life and then joined the Territorial Force.In his later years, he struggled to hold down regular employment due to the effects of what was most likely post-traumatic stress disorder. He died in 1970 at the age of 81. Early life
<mask> was born on 26 August 1889 in Hāwera, a small town in the Taranaki region of New Zealand. He was one of the nine children of George and <mask>, who were both originally from Scotland. He attended Hāwera Main School and when his education was completed, he took up construction work. A volunteer fireman, he was working as a builder when he enlisted in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) in June 1915. First World War
At the time of <mask>'s enlistment, the main contingent of the NZEF, which had formed the New Zealand and Australian Division, was engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign.After initial training, he embarked for the Middle East in October 1915 with the 7th Reinforcements. He joined the 1st Battalion, Wellington Regiment of the New Zealand Division, then being formed in Egypt in the aftermath of the evacuation from the Gallipoli Peninsula. It embarked for the Western Front in March 1916. <mask> served on active duty throughout 1916 and into 1917, during which time his battalion fought in a number of battles, including the Battle of Flers–Courcelette, where about a quarter of its strength became casualties. It also fought in the Battle of Messines, where it was involved in the encirclement of Messines village and captured 200 German soldiers. During its time in the battle, it suffered over 400 killed and wounded. In June 1917, he was promoted to corporal.A few months later, his battalion was one of the leading units in the Battle of Broodseinde. It missed the First Battle of Passchendaele that followed a few days afterward and avoided the heavy casualties that befell the units involved. In early 1918 he was made a sergeant. From late August to early September 1918, the New Zealand Division was engaged in the Second Battle of Bapaume, which had as its objective the town of Bapaume. On 1 September, near Bancourt, the lead elements of the 1st Battalion came under heavy fire from a series of German machine-gun posts, which threatened their advance. Despite this, <mask>'s platoon pressed on. As they neared one of the posts, <mask>, followed by another soldier, Lance Corporal Cecil Hill, broke ahead and entered the post, "demoralising" the crew, according to the London Gazette, and allowing his platoon to capture the Germans.<mask> attacked another nearby machine-gun post in similar fashion and soon his platoon, and the rest of his company, were able to put the remaining posts out of action. His battalion was relieved that evening. While Hill was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his part in the operation of 1 September, <mask> was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest gallantry award that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation read:

Shortly afterwards, <mask> was promoted to second lieutenant and travelled to Cambridge in England for officer training in October 1918. He was wounded in early November, within days of his return to the front. Together with three other New Zealanders who had been awarded the VC, he received his medal from King George V in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 27 February 1919.His service with the NZEF ended with his repatriation to New Zealand later that year. His home town of Hāwera gave him a formal welcome on his return on 29 October and he was presented with an inscribed gold watch. Later life

In April 1921, <mask> successfully stood for election as a city councillor for Hawera. Later the same year, he was the best man at the wedding of Harry Laurent, another VC recipient who was also from Hawera. <mask> soon married as well, and had two children. <mask> remained involved with military life, serving in the Territorial Force until 1929, by which time he had reached the rank of lieutenant. He was discharged due to his age and also for being unable to attend camp.The same year he went to London to attend a formal dinner for VC recipients. He later worked in Paeroa but found it difficult to gain and maintain employment. By this time, his marriage had broken down and he had been made bankrupt. In 1934, his plight attracted the attention of the authorities. On investigation it was determined it was his own erratic behaviour that was the cause of his difficulties. Undiagnosed at the time, it is thought that <mask> could have suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. In 1937, <mask>, along with several other VC recipients, was awarded the coronation medal to commemorate the ascension of King George VI to the British throne.He attended the VC centenary event held in London in 1956 and also the VC reunion in 1968. Due to his health at the time, the latter event required public donations to pay for his flights and medical care. In his final years, <mask> became a freemason and lived at the Masonic Village in Mount Roskill in Auckland. He died on 25 November 1970 at the age of 81, and is buried in Auckland's Waikumete Cemetery. Streets in Hāwera are named for both <mask> and Laurent, in recognition of their VCs. In September 2018, statues of <mask> and Laurent were unveiled at Hāwera's Victoria Cross garden. Medals
<mask>'s VC, along with his 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal, and coronation medals, is alternately displayed at the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru and the Puke Ariki in New Plymouth.On 2 December 2007, it was one of nine VCs that were among a hundred medals stolen from the QEII Army Memorial Museum. On 16 February 2008, New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ$300,000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom Sturgess. Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links
 (brief biography details)

New Zealand World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
1889 births
1970 deaths
New Zealand Army officers
People from Hāwera
People from Paeroa
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
Burials at Waikumete Cemetery

masks:
John Gildroy Grant
Grant
John Grant
Jane Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant


title: Joseph Mitchell Parsons

texts:
<mask> "Yogi" <mask> (July 22, 1964 – October 15, 1999) was an American who was executed for the August 1987 murder of Richard Lynn Ernest. <mask> hitched a ride with Ernest in California and stabbed him to death at a remote rest area in Utah. After assuming Ernest's identity, <mask> continued to insist that he was Ernest when he was later arrested. <mask>, who called himself the "Rainbow Warrior", pleaded guilty to the murder. During his sentencing hearing, <mask> said that he killed Ernest to fend off a homosexual advance, but was unable to present any evidence to support this claim in his defense. The jury sentenced him to death. In 1999, <mask> stated that "it's time to move on" and dropped his appeals, allowing his execution to proceed.Discussion was later raised whether "Rainbow Warrior" was a reference to homosexuality or <mask>' favorite auto racing team. <mask> chose to die by lethal injection, and he shunned attention, describing himself as "Utah's forgotten inmate". His 1999 execution at Utah State Prison was the first to be carried out in a new chamber designed for both lethal injections and firing squads. Background
<mask> <mask> was born on July 22, 1964 to <mask> and <mask> in New York City. For the first five years of <mask>'s life, his father was incarcerated. His parents worked odd jobs from sewing fuzzy dice to construction. <mask>'s half-sister Dinah said that his father beat him frequently until he wet himself.After <mask> left the family, Marie took <mask> and Dinah to Florida, where Marie met and married Lawrence Gordon. Dinah met a drug dealer nicknamed Yogi, who <mask> admired. <mask> later adopted the nickname and had "Yogi" tattooed onto his right arm. After a year in Florida, <mask> was caught stealing cash from an apartment management office. He ended up with three burglary convictions during his four years in the state as a minor. He graduated from high school with a C average and sold shoes in a shopping mall. When <mask>' stepfather refused to buy him a motorcycle, <mask> took one for a test drive from a dealer in Fort Lauderdale and did not return.He went to New Jersey to see his biological father, but was rebuffed. <mask>' sister-in-law Theresa Gomez said, "He rejected him ... Who knows what went through his mind?" <mask> then rode the motorcycle west to Las Vegas, Nevada. Imprisonment in Nevada

On the night of October 16 to 17, 1982, <mask> met David Wood in Las Vegas and they took a cab to the Strip in search of marijuana. Near the destination, <mask> pointed a .22-caliber revolver at the driver's neck to rob him. After stealing the driver's taxi, the two were caught in an alley and placed under citizen's arrest by Charles Conant and his brother-in-law Ronald Maske, who were both armed with guns. During trial, <mask> characterized himself as an orphan who stayed out of trouble and testified against Wood.The court did not have access to <mask>' juvenile record, and was unaware of his parents on the East Coast. <mask> later stated that he provided false testimony against Wood in a plea bargain for a lighter sentence. Wood was convicted and spent 13 years in prison. No visitors came to see <mask> during his five years at Nevada State Prison. In August 1987, <mask> was paroled to a halfway house in Reno. He walked out of the facility before his release date and fled on a stolen motorcycle. Death of Richard Ernest

On August 30, 1987, <mask> was hitchhiking along Interstate 15 near Barstow, California.He was picked up by 30-year-old Richard Lynn Ernest, a concrete laborer from Loma Linda, California on his way to a construction job in Denver, Colorado. Ernest did not know that <mask> was a fugitive. At about 3 a.m. on August 31, Ernest was too tired to drive and stopped at the Lunt Park rest area near Cedar City, Utah to get some sleep. <mask> stabbed Ernest to death and drove off in his blue Dodge Omni. At about 5 a.m., <mask> stopped at a Texaco service station 23 miles to the north. He was wearing Ernest's clothes and had assumed his identity. <mask> told the station attendant he needed to hose out red construction paint from the car's interior and offered to give him Ernest's construction tools.The attendant said that he observed <mask> throwing away clothing, books, posters and carpentry tools into a dumpster. <mask> asked the attendant about the distance to Denver and spoke of Ernest's 9-year-old son as his own. He purchased cigarettes and food with Ernest's MasterCard credit card before leaving. At 7:23 a.m., <mask> used the credit card to check into a Quality Inn at Richfield, Utah. He used the card again at about 10 a.m. to purchase seat covers and floor mats from Kmart to cover up the blood stains in the car. A clerk called the Richfield Police Department after <mask> attempted to purchase $300 worth of items at 12:34 p.m. and the credit card was found to be over its limit. The attendant back at the Texaco station called the Beaver County Sheriff's Office after discovering bloody items in the dumpster.Deputy Raymond Goodwin found Ernest's bank statement and <mask>' bloody clothes in the dumpster. After calling Ernest's wife Beverley, the officers concluded that the person who visited the service station was not Richard Ernest. At about 4:25 p.m. on August 31, a Utah Highway Patrol officer found <mask> sleeping in Ernest's car at the Red Creek rest area on Interstate 70, west of Salina, Utah. When <mask> was brought into the Richfield police station where the bloody clothes were gathered, he continued to insist that he was Ernest. When officers asked for his street address, <mask> asked for a lawyer. Sheriff Kenneth Yardley recalled that <mask> asked if he could keep his book to read. On September 1, 1987, Ernest's body was discovered underneath a sleeping bag dumped on the east side of Interstate 15, about a mile north of the rest area where he had been killed.He had been stabbed nine times, including in the heart and throat. Trial and sentencing
Iron County prosecutor Scott Burns stated that he had witnesses from three different states and crime scenes in three different counties. While awaiting trial in the county jail, <mask> became afflicted with a severe case of crab lice. Lieutenant Matt Yengich told investigators that <mask> likely contracted the lice from "some type of homosexual interaction". During a court hearing for the murder, <mask> said, "Why are we doing this? I did it and everyone knows I did it." He pleaded guilty to motor vehicle theft, aggravated robbery and first-degree murder on September 18, 1987.<mask>' sentence was decided by a jury. <mask> said that he was defending himself with a four-inch knife when Ernest grabbed his leg and thought that Ernest's multiple wounds were "superficial." <mask> was unable to present evidence to corroborate his claim of a sexual advance by Ernest. Ernest's family and friends stated in court that Ernest was not gay or bisexual. Prosecution witnesses testified of <mask>' homosexual activity in jail. According to forensic psychiatrist David Tomb from the University of Utah, the descriptions of <mask>' sexual history indicated that he "may have been the one initiating the contact and became angry when [Ernest] turned him down." A medical examiner testified that Ernest appeared to have been stabbed while sleeping and was unable to defend himself.On February 18, 1988, a jury of six men and six women sentenced <mask> to death. He was sent to Utah State Prison. Appeals

<mask> filed an appeal disputing the constitutionality of his first-degree murder conviction with the Utah Supreme Court. His attorney argued that <mask> had already been convicted of another charge for the crime, making his murder conviction a violation of double jeopardy. On October 16, 1989, the court unanimously upheld the conviction and rejected his appeal on the grounds that <mask> should have raised that objection before he waived his right to a trial with his guilty plea. On March 5, 1990, District Judge J. Philip Eves rejected <mask>' complaint that he was denied his right to legal counsel while in prison and set his execution date for April 30, 1990. A new team of attorneys, which included Gregory Sanders and Ronald Yengich of the Rocky Mountain Defense Fund, took up <mask>' appeal that he had ineffective counsel during his trial.On January 12, 1994, the Utah Supreme Court rejected <mask>' petition for a writ of habeas corpus. On July 6, 1999, <mask> abandoned a federal appeal of his sentence to the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals, stating that he preferred execution than waiting for years on death row. He complained that he was bored in prison, which he called "torture, plain and simple." The last visit <mask> had received was two hours with his mother in 1996. On August 16, 1999, District Judge Philip Eves signed a death warrant and scheduled <mask>' execution for October 15. Execution

<mask> submitted a last request to walk under the stars, play basketball, and watch science-fiction films to prison warden Hank Galetka. <mask> also asked for his remains to be cremated and turned over to his family.Prison spokesperson Jack Ford said that the requests would be granted, but that <mask> would only be allowed to shoot some hoops in a fenced recreation area instead of a game of basketball in the prison gymnasium. The authorities were concerned that an injury could delay the execution. <mask> was permitted to walk outdoors at night to the place of execution. On the evening before his execution, <mask> watched The Mummy and was visited in his death watch cell by his brother and his cousin. They shared his last meal of Burger King hamburgers, French fries, milkshakes, root beer, and chocolate chip ice cream. <mask>' attorney said he believed his client chose this meal because the Burger King slogan "Have it your way" was a reflection of him taking control of his life. After playing a game of Uno, he asked for the score of the 1999 American League Championship Series game.<mask> was permitted to call his mother Marie Gordon Rivera in Florida and his sister. <mask> would become the first inmate to be executed in a new chamber that was built in 1998 at Utah State Prison for use in either firing squads or lethal injections. Two people, whose identities were withheld, were selected to administer individual injections, of which only one was lethal so that neither would know with certainty who executed the prisoner. The prison selected among paramedics or nurses because the American Medical Association prohibits licensed physicians from participating in executions. A mild sedative was delivered intravenously to calm <mask> before the deadly drugs were administered. At 12:10 a.m. on October 15, 1999, <mask> was executed by lethal injection. Seven minutes later, a physician checked <mask>' stopped heartbeat with a stethoscope and pronounced him dead at 12:18 a.m. <mask>' last words were: "Love to my family and friends.And Woody, the rainbow warrior rules. Thank you." <mask> had mentioned to attorney Greg Sanders a hatred of homosexuals, and after the execution, prison spokesperson Jack Ford said that "rainbow" may have been a homosexual reference to the victim. Fellow inmate Doug "Woody" Lovell stated "Rainbow Warrior" was instead referring to the colorful racing car of NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon. Public reaction
Although <mask> requested that no one protest his death, the American Civil Liberties Union of Utah planned to organize a candlelight vigil in opposition to the execution. A group of around 50 people gathered outside the prison, mostly criminal justice students from Weber State University. Unlike the previous execution of John Albert Taylor in 1996 (or Ronnie Lee Gardner that would follow in 2010), <mask>' execution attracted little media attention, with representatives from only 12 news organizations.Spokesperson Jack Ford called the level of interest virtually "nonexistent". Deputy attorney general Reed Richards presumed that the media apathy was a result of <mask>' choice of lethal injection, which was more broadly adopted in the United States than execution by firing squad, which was unique to Utah. <mask>' court-appointed attorney Greg Sanders said that his client called himself "Utah's forgotten inmate". Ernest's widow Beverley, who attended the execution, said that she was grateful for the lack of media scrutiny. Ernest's brother-in-law Jonathan Woods stated, "The world is less for having lost Richard. I hope, for <mask>' sake, the world will be less for having lost him, but that is not how I feel." See also

Capital punishment in Utah
Capital punishment in the United States
Gay panic defense
List of people executed in Utah

References

External links
Complete text of <mask>' final letter at Deseret News
<mask> <mask> v. M. Eldon Barnes, warden – Utah Supreme Court (April 18, 1994)
<mask> <mask> v. Hank Galetka, warden – Utah Supreme Court (July 15, 1999)
<mask> <mask> v. Hank Galetka, warden – Utah Supreme Court (July 29, 1999)
<mask> at KSL-TV

1964 births
1999 deaths
20th-century executions by Utah
American people convicted of murder
American robbers
People convicted of murder by Utah
American people convicted of theft
Executed people from New York (state)
People executed by Utah by lethal injection
People executed for murder
Criminals from New York City
20th-century executions of American people
1987 murders in the United States
Violence against gay men
Violence against men in North America

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