title: Al Gore

texts:
 that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged. After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run. <mask>'s popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage <mask> to run. <mask>, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency. Interest in having <mask> run for the 2016 presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so. Involvement in presidential campaigns

After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, <mask> endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle. He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (<mask> preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and <mask> did not). Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with <mask>'s early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of <mask> began the decline."The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. <mask>, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it." Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after <mask>'s endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee. Later, in March 2004, <mask> endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid. <mask> also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention. During the 2008 primaries, <mask> remained neutral toward all of the candidates which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one. <mask> responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process. Senator Ted Kennedy had urged <mask> to endorse Senator Barack Obama though <mask> declined.When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that <mask> might be tapped for the vice presidency. On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, <mask> endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan which renewed speculation of an <mask> ticket. <mask> stated, however, that he was not interested in being Vice President again. On the timing and nature of <mask>'s endorsement, some argued that <mask> waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 presidential election. On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, <mask> gave a speech offering his full support. Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected president during the 2008 presidential election that <mask> would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, <mask>, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008.However, Democratic officials and <mask>'s spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and <mask> would not be joining the Obama administration. On December 19, 2008, <mask> described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis". <mask> repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention. <mask> appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016. Environmentalism

<mask> has been involved with environmental issues since 1976 when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming". He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s, and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party".In 1990, Senator <mask> presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment". In the late 1990s, <mask> strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States". In 2004, <mask> co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as Chair. A few years later, <mask> would also found the Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. <mask> would also become a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts. In 2010, he attended WE Day (Vancouver, Canada), a WE Charity event. In 2013, <mask> became a vegan. He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process" and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance. In a 2014 interview, <mask> said "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."<mask>'s An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change. A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January 2017. A few days later, <mask> revived the summit, which was held by the Climate Reality Project without the support of the CDC. In 2020 he helped to launch Climate TRACE to independently monitor global greenhouse gas emissions. In November 2021, <mask> spoke at the early stages of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland. He later criticised the Morrison Government for failing to increase Australia’s 2030 emissions reduction target.Criticism

A conservative Washington, D.C. think tank and a Republican member of Congress, among others, have claimed that <mask> has a conflict-of-interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment. Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes, one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity. <mask>'s spokesperson responded by stating that the <mask>s use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy-efficient. Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. <mask>'s spokesperson responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.In 2009, <mask> described the British court ruling as being "in my favor". In the late 1980s and 1990s, <mask> was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River. <mask> was also criticized when in 2012 he sold his television channel Current TV for around $100 million to Al Jazeera, a media company founded by Qatar, a nation largely dependent on income from the fossil fuel industry. Personal life
<mask> met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965. She was from the nearby St. Agnes School. Tipper followed <mask> to Boston to attend college, and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19, 1970. They have four children; Karenna <mask> (b.1973), Kristin <mask> (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon <mask> (b. 1979) and <mask> <mask> (b. 1982). In June 2010 the <mask>s announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration" they had made a mutual decision to separate. In May 2012, it was reported that <mask> started dating Elizabeth Keadle of Rancho Santa Fe, California. Awards and honors

<mask> is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007, a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005, the Dan David Prize in 2008 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation.He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2008. He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009. Selected publications

Books

 Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from 'Save Planet Earth Series', 2008 (children's books)

 Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. (with William J. Clinton). New York: Times Books, 1992 . Articles
 "Toward Sustainable Capitalism: Long-term incentives are the antidote to the short-term greed that caused our current economic woes. The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2010.(With David Blood)
 "We Can't Wish Away Climate Change." The New York Times, February 27, 2010. "The Climate for Change." The New York Times, November 9, 2008. Vice President <mask>'s introduction to Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace. February 8, 1996. 24 Hours in Cyberspace "Foreword by Vice President <mask>."In The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition)  by Tracy LaQuey, 1994. "Introduction. In Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. 1994. New York : Houghton-Mifflin. The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993 (with William J. Clinton)."Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991. 265(3): 150–153. Notes

References

Bibliography

 Agre, Phil. Who Invented "Invented"? : Tracing the Real Story of the "<mask> Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax. October 17, 2000
 Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William."Chapter 12." Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996. Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity. In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.).Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628–644. Cockburn, <mask>. <mask>: A User's Manual (2000) (with Jeffrey St. Clair)
 Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press, 2007. Rheingold, Howard. "Afterword to the 1994 edition."The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition). Cambridge: MIT, 2000. Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and <mask> embrace an activist technology policy . Scientific American, May 1993. Turque, Bill, Inventing <mask>'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000,

External links

 Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum

  including his Nobel Lecture December 10, 2007

1948 births
1992 United States vice-presidential candidates
1996 United States vice-presidential candidates
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
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Anti-consumerists
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Businesspeople from Washington, D.C. Climate activists
Climate change in the United States
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Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees
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Directors of Apple Inc.
Google people
Al
Grammy Award winners
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International Emmy Founders Award winners
Internet pioneers
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Kleiner Perkins people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Middle Tennessee State University faculty
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Primetime Emmy Award winners
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United States senators from Tennessee
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Vice presidents of the United States
Washington, D.C. Democrats
Writers from Tennessee
Members of the American Philosophical

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title: Manuel Alvar

type: original

texts:
<mask> (July 8, 1923 - August 13, 2001) was a Spanish linguist, historian, and university professor who specialized in the study of dialectology and philology of the Spanish language. Throughout his career, <mask> oversaw and influenced the creation of many Spanish linguistic atlases; maps which recorded speech variations in a given geographical area. He served as Director of the Real Academia Española for four years, and was a member of language academies throughout Europe and Latin America. Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 8, 1923 in Benicarló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain. He began his studies at the Universidad de Zaragoza, where he was a student of <mask>, a renowned Spanish philologist. <mask> transferred to the Universidad de Salamanca and graduated from there in 1945 with the highest honors, with a degree in Philosophy and Spanish Literature. Just three years later, <mask> received his doctorate from the Universidad de Madrid.His primary teaching position was at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. <mask> married historian Elena Ezquerra and together they had seven sons, many of whom are likewise academics and linguistically inclined—one is a lexicographer and university linguistics professor; another teaches Romance language philology; a third teaches Latin philology. <mask> lost his battle to lung cancer in August 2001, at the age of 78. He is buried in Chinchón, a small town southeast of Madrid. Professional contributions and major areas of study

Fieldwork
<mask>'s research provides sociohistorical context of Spanish dialect diversification, outlined in his Manual de dialectología hispánica (1996). His studies cover Spanish dialect variants in his native country (especially in Andalucía, the Canary Islands, Navarra and Aragón regions), as well as Spanish dialects in the United States, South and Central America. <mask>'s study of Spanish in the Aragón region includes an in-depth historical background, development of orthography over time, personal names, and variation in syntax, morphology, and phonology, published in his 1953 work El Dialecto Aragonés.For <mask>'s later publication, "Atlas lingüístico y etnográfico de Aragón" (1979-1983), he and his team transcribed words pronounced in isolation, elicited from residents of the Aragón region. He used a similar method to elicit data from people living in the Canary Islands and published a linguistic atlas of this dialect in 1975. <mask> was a strong proponent of smaller linguistic atlases focusing on regional variation rather than larger national atlases—his Atlas Lingüístico de España y Portugal reflects this preference, though that atlas began more than 30 years ago with the fieldwork still not complete. <mask> has also been criticized for using overly traditional field methods in his dialectology studies, for example focusing on forms in isolation rather than in context, or leaving out morphosyntactic variables. Teaching
<mask> spent much of his professional life teaching. He began his teaching career in 1947 at the University of Salamanca as an adjunct professor. In 1948 he became chair of the department of Spanish languages at the University of Granada.<mask> also taught at the Autonomous University of Madrid and Universidad Complutense, securing chair positions at both universities in 1968 and 1971, respectively. He served as director of a program teaching Spanish language and culture to foreigners in Málaga from 1965-1968, and was known for his passion for teaching Spanish as a foreign language throughout his life. In 1966, <mask> developed an advanced Spanish philology course at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), leading it until 1997. He served as a visiting professor at universities in his native Spain as well as many foreign universities, and was nominated for awards at several universities in North and South America, as well as Europe. Membership in language academies
<mask> served as a member of several prestigious language academies. He served as Director of the Real Academia Española from 1988 until 1991. The Academy, based in Madrid, is the official royal institution responsible for overseeing the Spanish language.<mask> was also a member of the Academia Colombiana de la Lengua (specializing in the use of Spanish in Colombia and counseling the Colombian government in language affairs and regulations), la Academia Argentina de Letras (which is closely affiliated with the Royal Spanish Academy as a member of the Association of Spanish Language Academies), and la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua (likewise dedicated to the conservation and purity of the Spanish language as well as increasing the study of Spanish, according to its stated objectives). <mask> was also a member of several historical and cultural academies, including the Real Academia de la Historia, appointed to serve as director in 1999 (replacing Luis Díez del Corral). The Academia studies history "ancient and modern, political, civil, ecclesiastical, military, scientific, of letters and arts, of civilization, and of the culture of the Spanish people." Beginning in 1963, <mask> also served as director of the CSIC Department of Linguistic Geography and Dialectology, Spain's largest public institution dedicated to Spanish language research. Legacy

Influence
Although his work in dialectology has been the most influential, <mask>'s work broached other topics such as the linguistics of Romance languages in general, historical linguistics, toponymy, medieval literature (serving as principal investigator along with the University of Wisconsin in developing the Spanish Medieval Dictionary in 1978), translation, history of the Americas, among others. In terms of dialectology, <mask> wrote, directed, or coordinated the development of many linguistic atlases and Spanish-language research published in Spain and Latin America during the second half of the 20th century, including the Atlas Lingüístico y Etnográfico de Andalucía (ALEA), the Atlas Lingüístico de España y Portugal (ALEP), the Atlas Lingüístico de Castilla y León (ALCyL), and the Linguistic and Ethnographical Atlas of Argentina (AleCuyo). Alvar served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE) in Holland in 1971, a linguistic atlas supported by UNESCO which includes Altaic languages, Basque, Indo-European languages, Ibero-Caucasian languages, Semitic languages and Uralic languages.Forty-seven national committees and four minority language committees worked on this atlas. Other important atlases <mask> has worked on include an Atlas Lingüístico de Andalucía (1957-1959). In his work on Spanish in the United States, he worked closely with the Comité Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericano to develop an atlas there, and in 1991 produced one of the most comprehensive atlases of the Latin America, Atlas Lingüístico de Hispanoamérica. <mask> continued to publish books and journal articles until late in life. Controversy
<mask> has been criticized by his contemporaries for an overly nationalistic and colonialist viewpoint on the Spanish language. In his final year as director of the Real Academia Española, <mask> responded harshly to the European Commission (an institution of the European Union) after it requested that Spain revoke its law that all typewriters, computers and printers sold domestically include the tilde, a Spanish diacritical mark. <mask> declared that "[T]he tilde is our tradition and our identity."He also received criticism for a statement he made in 1991 about indigenous languages, stating, "Mexico knew better than anybody else the value of having a language that unifies, that liberates the indigenous communities from their backwardness and misery...the path to freedom runs through hispanization." Awards and recognition
<mask> received many prestigious awards during his life, and after his death has been honored with awards given in his name. He lectured throughout the world, and received numerous degrees honoris causa. Beginning in 1991 he was appointed member of the Colegio Libre de Eméritos at the University of Madrid. <mask> won the coveted Premio Nacional de Literatura in 1976 for his work in sociolinguistics and linguistic geography, and presided over the Fifth International Congress of Linguistic Studies in the Mediterranean (Málaga, 1973). <mask> received a Fulbright grant for his work on "Atlas de los marineros peninsulares." He received the coveted Premio Nacional de Investigación (awarded by Spanish National Research Council) for his 1960 publication "Estructura del léxico andaluz" and the Premio Nacional de Literatura por Aragón in 1976.The Institución Fernando el Católico created a position entitled "<mask> Chair of the Linguistics Department" in his honor in 1985, while the National University of San Juan (Argentina) created the "Instituto de Filología Manuel Alvar" in 1992, in recognition of his work . The Fundación José Manuel Lara (in Seville) grants an award for excellence in the humanities each year in <mask>'s name, beginning in 1993. Major publications
<mask> published works in more than 170 books and 600 scientific articles throughout his lifetime, below are listed some of his most-cited works. 1947: "Dialectical Boundaries in the Pyrenees"
 1953: "El dialecto aragonés" (The Aragon dialect)
 1960: Texto hispánicos dialectales (Text of Spanish Dialects)
 1961: Atlas lingüístico y etnográfico de Andalucia (Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Andalusia)
 1969: Variedad y unidad del español (Variety and Uniformity of Spanish)
 1976: "El dialecto riojano" (The Rioja dialect)
 1977: Estudios lingüísticos sobre la Amazona colombiana (Linguistic Studies of the Colombian Amazon)
 1996: Manual de dialectología hispánica: el español de América (Manual of Spanish Dialectology: the Spanish of the Americas)
 1996: Manual de dialectologia hispánica: el español de España (Manual of Spanish Dialectology: the Spanish of Spain)

References

External Links
 <mask> in Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
Giuseppe Di Stefano. "<mask> Alvar López (1923-2001)", in: Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval. Miembros de Honor

1923 births
2001 deaths
Linguists from Spain
University of Salamanca alumni
20th-century linguists

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title: John M. Parker

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<mask>, Sr. (March 16, 1863 – May 20, 1939), was an American Democratic politician from Louisiana, who served as the state's 37th Governor from 1920 to 1924. He was a friend and admirer of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Early years
<mask> was born in Bethel Church, Mississippi to <mask> and Roberta Bunchner, wealthy parents whose families each owned substantial plantation lands in that state. He was educated at the historic prep school Chamberlain-Hunt Academy in Port Gibson, Mississippi, Belle View Academy in Virginia, and Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York. A prominent businessman, he was the president of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange and the Board of Trade. In 1891, <mask> participated in the mob that lynched eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans, avenging the murder of Police Chief David C. Hennessy. He refused to apologize for his role because he believed the mass lynching was justified.<mask> the Progressive
<mask> first ran for governor in 1916 as the nominee of Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party and polled 37.2 percent of the vote against the Democratic choice, Ruffin Golson Pleasant of Shreveport. Later in 1916, the national Progressive Party chose <mask> as its candidate for vice president, but Roosevelt returned to the GOP fold and endorsed Charles Evans Hughes for president. The Democrats Woodrow Wilson and <mask> were nevertheless reelected to the presidency and vice presidency. Four years later, <mask> returned to the Democratic fold, considered an essential move to win a Louisiana election at the time, and was elected governor with former opponent Pleasant's support. Louisiana governors were then term-limited after a single four-year term but could seek second terms after sitting out four years. <mask>'s record as governor

As governor, <mask> was known for his interest in building gravel roads in rural areas. There were few paved highways at the time in Louisiana.<mask> advocated increased oil and gas severance taxes to finance public education. Huey Pierce Long, Jr., criticized <mask>'s tax plan as "too little" for the state's needs. <mask> also opposed the New Orleans political machine. Like Roosevelt, <mask> was a staunch conservationist of natural resources and the environment. He also was skeptical of large business combinations that tended to become monopolies. <mask> led the move to draw up the Louisiana Constitution of 1921. He also pushed for the relocation of Louisiana State University from the downtown to the southern part of Baton Rouge.His old rival Huey Long later tried to mold LSU into the Long mystique. <mask> failed to increase educational funding to the level desired and to expand state civil service protection. He often found that his fiscal conservatism was in conflict with his progressive spirit. In 1922, he sent the Federal Bureau of Investigation a message begging for help in fighting the Ku Klux Klan, which had grown so powerful in Louisiana that it not only controlled the northern half of the state but had kidnapped, tortured, and killed two people who opposed it. <mask> commuted the death sentences of two African Americans, Chester Tyson and <mask>, convicted in a notorious murder case in the community of Grove in Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana. On Christmas Day 1916, the family of <mask> Reeves, including his wife <mask>e and three of their four children, were bludgeoned to death by a group of axe-wielding men. The presumed motive for the killing was money that Reeves, who distrusted banks, had boasted of having stashed away in a mattress in his house.The prosecutor in the case, Harmon Caldwell Drew of Minden, had been on the job for less than a month when the crime occurred. The district judge in the case was <mask>. Sandlin, later a U.S. representative and like Drew a resident of Minden and an occasional intraparty opponent of Huey Long and his family. A petition sent to the Louisiana Board of Pardons claimed that two white men, Henry Waller and <mask> Long, had actually planned and carried out the crime but had each received life sentences, rather than the death penalty. Governor <mask>, on Sandlin's recommendation, commuted the sentences of Tyson and Peters to twenty years, and they were released in 1936. <mask> blamed the confusion over the case on his predecessor, Governor Pleasant, for having hesitated in carrying out the initial sentence of hanging. Post-gubernatorial years
After his gubernatorial term ended, <mask> devoted himself to his experimental farm at Bayou Sara near St. Francisville in West Feliciana Parish. In June 1929, he was named president of the Constitutional League of Louisiana, which was organized at the St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans to "save the state from Huey Long".State Senator Norris C. Williamson of East Carroll Parish became the vice-president of the 300-member group. Two other former governors, Jared Y. Sanders, Sr., and Ruffin Pleasant also spoke out against the Long political organization. <mask> died in 1939 at the age of seventy-six in Pass Christian, Mississippi, east of New Orleans. He is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. The 12,000-seat <mask><mask> Agricultural Coliseum on the LSU campus is named in his honor. World War I
Roosevelt selected <mask> as one of eighteen officers (others included Seth Bullock, Frederick Russell Burnham, and James Rudolph Garfield) to raise a volunteer infantry division, Roosevelt's World War I volunteers, for service in France in 1917. The U.S. Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions similar to the Rough Riders of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and to the British Army 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers; however, as commander-in-chief, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit hence disbanded.References

Notes
 Political Graveyard
 State of Louisiana – Biography

External links
 Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries

 <mask><mask> Papers at  The Historic New Orleans Collection

Governors of Louisiana
1863 births
1939 deaths
Eastman Business College alumni
Farmers from Louisiana
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Politicians from New Orleans
American Presbyterians
People from Washington, Louisiana
People from St. Francisville, Louisiana
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana Progressives (1912)
Huey Long
Burials at Metairie Cemetery
Democratic Party state governors of the United States

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title: Babajide Sanwo-Olu

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<mask> (born June 25, 1965) is a Nigerian politician and the current Governor of Lagos State. He became governor under the platform of the All Progressives Congress after contesting and unexpectedly winning the gubernatorial primaries under the All Progressives Congress against incumbent Governor Akinwunmi Ambode of Lagos State in October 2019. He is a graduate of the University of Lagos, as well as the London Business School, Lagos Business School and the John F. Kennedy School of Government. Before his gubernatorial ambition, he was the managing director and CEO of Lagos State Property Development Corporation (LSPDC). Education
Sanwo-Olu has a BSc in Surveying and an MBA from the University of Lagos. He is an alumnus of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, the London Business School and the Lagos Business School. He is an associate member of the Chartered Institute of Personnel Management (CIPM) and fellow of the Nigeria Institute of Training and Development (NITAD).Career

Banking
<mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu was the treasurer at former Lead Merchant Bank from 1994 to 1997 after which he moved to the United Bank for Africa as the head of foreign money market. He then proceeded to First Inland Bank, Plc (now First City Monument Bank) as a deputy general manager and divisional head. He was the chairman of Baywatch Group Limited and First Class Group Limited. Public service
<mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu began his political career in 2003, when he was appointed a Special Adviser on Corporate Matters to the then deputy governor of Lagos State, Femi Pedro. He was later made the acting Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget until 2007, when he was appointed as the Commissioner for Commerce and Industry by then Governor, Bola Tinubu. After the General Elections of 2007, <mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu was appointed Commissioner for Establishments, Training and Pensions by Governor Babatunde Fashola. <mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu was made Managing Director/CEO of the Lagos State Development and Property Corporation (LSDPC) by Governor Akinwunmi Ambode in 2016.Some of his notable public sector achievements include the supervision of the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) privatization projects. He set up and was the Pioneer Board Chairman of Lagos Security Trust Fund. The LAGBUS System and the Control & Command Centre in Alausa Ikeja were subsequently established under his directives. Politics
On 16 September 2018, <mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu formally declared his intention to run for the office of the governor of Lagos State under the platform of the All Progressives Congress (APC) making him a major contender to the incumbent governor Akinwunmi Ambode. His declaration attracted endorsements from major stakeholders in Lagos State politics; including the Governor’s Advisory Council of the Lagos chapter of the All Progressives Congress and members of the Lagos State House of Assembly, which led to withdrawal of Dr. Femi Hamzat, a governorship aspirant on the platform of the All Progressives Congress APC in Lagos from the gubernatorial race. He won the Lagos gubernatorial primaries of the All Progressives Congress (APC) on 2 October 2018. At the APC flag-off campaign rally held on 8 January 2019, Governor of Lagos, Akinwunmi Ambode, and 63 political parties lent their support for the candidacy of Mr <mask> Sanwo-Olu.In a landslide victory over his opponent, Jimi Agbaje, Sanwo-Olu was elected to the Office of Governor of Lagos State at the 2019 General elections for Lagos State which held on 9 March 2019. He was sworn in as the 15th Governor of Lagos State at the Tafawa Balewa Square (TBS) Lagos Island on Wednesday May 29, 2019. He has been working on different development activities, one of which is road construction across major areas in Lagos state. Recently, Sanwo-olu asked that the statue of Fela Kuti that was erected by Akinwunmi Ambode be removed from Allen Avenue in Ikeja as he to ease the situation of traffic in that area. However, the statue is said to be relocated to a more convenient area in Lagos state. The Governor commissioned the Oshodi - Abule-Egba BRT Lane amongst other projects in 2020. Controversies

Corruption
In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sanwo-Olu was reported to have mismanaged relief funds for the pandemic.The PDP called for an enquiry into the expenditure. In January 2022, the Peoples Gazette reported that the Sanwo-Olu administration had increased the state government’s monthly payment to Alpha Beta LLC from ₦800 million to ₦2.5 billion. The government payments for tax processing had long been controversial as Alpha Beta is extensively controlled by former Lagos State Governor and Sanwo-Olu ally Bola Tinubu; however, the payment rose during the Sanwo-Olu administration prior to Tinubu's 2023 presidential campaign. Speculation arose that the increased government payments were meant to help fund the Tinubu campaign in exchange for Tinubu's support for Sanwo-Olu's re-election campaign. Lekki massacre
On 20 October 2020, during the End SARS protests, the governor imposed a 24-hour curfew starting at 4p.m., which was subsequently extended to begin at 9p.m. Just before 7p.m., soldiers and policemen were deployed to disband the protests. This led to the shooting and killing of an unconfirmed number of protesters, leaving others injured.Amidst the outcry over the shooting, the judicial panel Sanwo-Olu set up earlier that week to look into police brutality started to investigate the incident. Over a year later in November 2021, the panel released its report on the shooting, stating that at least nine people were shot dead and declaring it a "massacre" in direct contradiction to Army statements. However, Sanwo-Olu immediately set up a committee to write a white paper on the panel's report and the white paper committee swiftly denied any deaths occurred leading to criticism from civil society and protesters. Awards

<mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu has obtained a variety of awards in his career, some of which include:

 Platinum award from the Lagos State Public Service Club. 2009 Best in Human Capital Development award from the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). Merit award from the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria. Merit award from the Chartered Institute of Personnel Management in Nigeria (CIPMN).Merit Award from the Association of Professional Women Engineers of Nigeria (APWEN). LSDPC Impactful Leadership and Recognition Award. Media Nite-Out Award for Best Governor of the Year (2020). Personal life
<mask> Olusola Sanwo-Olu is married to Dr. Ibijoke Sanwo-Olu. See also

List of Yoruba people
List of Governors of Lagos State

References

Politicians from Lagos
1965 births
Living people
Yoruba politicians
University of Lagos alumni
Governors of Lagos State
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Alumni of London Business School
All Progressives Congress politicians
People from Lagos State
Nigerian Pentecostals
Lagos Business School alumni

masks:
Babajide Olusola Sanwo Olu
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide
Babajide


title: Phong Bui

texts:
<mask><mask> (born September 17, 1964, in Huế, Vietnam) is an artist, writer, independent curator, and Co-Founder and Artistic Director of The Brooklyn Rail, a free monthly arts, culture, and politics journal. <mask> was named one of the "100 Most Influential People in Brooklyn Culture" by Brooklyn Magazine in 2014. In 2015, The New York Observer called him a "ringmaster" of the "Kings County art world." <mask> was the recipient of the 2021 American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts. He lives in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Publisher, writer, and editor
In addition to fostering the creative energy behind The Brooklyn Rail, Bui publishes Rail Editions, a venture that features experimental poetry, fiction, artist interviews, and art criticism, and has published titles on artist Ron Gorchov, art critic Irving Sandler, poet Luigi Ballerini, and a collection of poems by Florbela Espanca, the first collection of the Portuguese modernist poet to appear in English. Bui contributes essays, reviews, and interviews to the Brooklyn Rail, and creates portraits of each month's featured interviewees.He has written articles for Matador Magazine, Art in America, and Riot of Perfume, among others, as well as essays for exhibition catalogues and books on artists. In addition to his writing, he is the producer and host of the program Off The Rail, hosted by Clocktower Productions's Clocktower Radio, where he interviews artists, art historians, and art writers. In 2018, <mask> launched the River Rail, a biannual publication devoted to the environment, climate change, and the "urgent subject of nature: its beauty, abuse, and changing climate that is gravely affecting every aspect of the planet’s ecosystem, and our lives." Curator
<mask> has curated over 50 monographic and group shows since 2000, including the first anniversary commemoration in 2013 of Hurricane Sandy: Come Together: Surviving Sandy, Year 1, "a sprawling, encompassing, inspiring exhibition of works by some 300 artists," according to Roberta Smith of the New York Times. The show was ranked as New York's #1 exhibition in 2013 by Jerry Saltz of New York Magazine. In 2013 he initiated the Rail Curatorial Projects which aims to curate exhibitions as social experiments. In 2014, <mask> curated Bloodflames Revisited which featured the work of more than two dozen artists at Paul Kasmin Gallery and Spaced Out: Migration to the Interior at Red Bull Studios, featuring nearly 40 artists.In 2015, <mask> organized a two-part exhibition entitled Intimacy in Discourse: Reasonable and Unreasonable Sized Paintings taking place at both Mana Contemporary and the SVA Chelsea Gallery. His most recent curatorial project was a two-part exhibition with Mana Contemporary in 2017, titled Occupy Mana: Artists Need To Create On the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity To Destroy & Friends In Solidarity, Year 1. This exhibit included over 60 artists addressing social and political issues, including human rights and equality, immigration, foreign relations, the environment, and climate change, and continued <mask>'s curatorial activation of Peter Lamborn Wilson's concept of the Temporary Autonomous Zone, "a space wherein the fluctuation of artistic energy establishes the flow of information, and in so doing aligns—however fleetingly—a great collective imagination. Here one finds the potential for awakening one’s perception and agency of self-discovery." The show has since seen new realizations in two different spaces. Firstly in May 2019 as part of the Venice Biennale titled, Social Environment: Artists Need To Create On the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity To Destroy. Secondly the show has had its most revisitation at the Colby College Museum of Art in July 2019 titled, Occupy Colby: Artists Need to Create on the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity to Destroy, Year 2.<mask> served as curatorial advisor at MoMA PS1 from 2007 to 2010 where he organized monographic exhibitions of artists including Robert Bergman, Jonas Mekas, Joanna Pousette-Dart, Tony Fitzpatrick, Harriet Korman, and Jack Whitten, and numerous group exhibitions including Irrational Profusion: Nicole Cherubini, Marc Leuthold, Joyce Robins, Peter Schlesinger and Orpheus Selection: Nicola Lopez & Lisa Sigal. <mask> has curated other exhibitions at various galleries including recent work by Ron Gorchov at Cheim & Read as well as Exquisite Fucking Boredom, a exhibition of Polaroid images by artist and writer Emma Bee Bernstein at Microscope Gallery. Artist

A graduate of the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, PA, <mask> continued his postgraduate studies at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting, and Sculpture and studied independently with Nicolas Carone. <mask> is a multi-disciplinary artist whose work includes painting, sculpture, and site-specific installation. Since 2012 he has been working on his on-going social sculpture/environment, which attempts to realize "art as social activity" and to reinforce the notion that "the process of art making is the art." In 2006, <mask> won the Award in Art from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Eric Isenbeurger Annual Prize for Installation from the National Academy Museum. His work has been included in group exhibitions at Pierogi, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and the North Dakota Museum of Art.<mask> has lectured at Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Bard College, and taught at Yale University, Rhode Island School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, and the School of Visual Arts where he is currently giving graduate seminars in MFA Writing and Criticism and MFA Photography, Video, and Related Media. He has won an Arcadia Traveling Fellowship, a Hohenberg Traveling Fellowship, and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation Fellowship, and in 2014 was the keynote speaker of The Scholastic Art and Writing Awards, and was the Visionary Honoree at Art in General's Annual Benefit. In 2017, <mask> was awarded the Dorothea and Leo Rabkin Foundation Prize in Fine Arts Journalism. In 2019, the Lunder Institute named Bui a 2019 Lunder Institute Fellow. In July 2019, Bui received the Jetté Award for Leadership in the Arts 2019 from Colby College as well as curating Occupy Colby: Artists Need to Create on the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity to Destroy, Year 2  at Colby Museum of Art. References

External links
Phong <mask>'s Official Website
In Conversation: Phong Bui with Constance Lewallen SFAQ
Phong Bui by Will Corwin
<mask> Bui with Maury Colton UMVA
Bui exhibition at Sarah Bowen Gallery
The Brooklyn Rail's Official Website
The Miami Rail
The Third Rail

1964 births
Living people
American publishers (people)
American art curators
People from Huế
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
American artists of Vietnamese descent
American writers of Vietnamese descent
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States

masks:
Phong H
. Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Phong


title: Raufeon Stots

texts:
<mask> (born December 16, 1988) is an American mixed martial artist and graduated collegiate wrestler currently competing in the bantamweight division of Bellator MMA. As a wrestler, he is a two-time NCAA Division II champion. As of February 1, 2022, he is #3 in the Bellator Bantamweight Rankings. Background
<mask> grew up modestly in Houston, Texas with his mother and two brothers. He started wrestling in his junior year at Klein Oak High School after the passing of his mother. He then earned a scholarship at Labette Community College and became an All-American with a fourth place finish in the NJCAA level as a freshman (08'-09'). As a sophomore (09'-10'), he once again qualified for the NJCAA tournament, but did not place.He then transferred to the University of Nebraska-Kearney (NCAA Division II), where he was forced to take a medical redshirt instead of a junior season (10'-11'). When he came back as a junior (11'-12'), he won his first DII title with a record of 30 wins and 6 losses, helping the team reach the team title. As a senior (12'-13'), he compiled his second NCAA title and helped the team win the team championship before graduating. When transferring from collegiate wrestling to mixed martial arts, <mask> found that it wasn't only his work ethic but also the body awareness that helped him move over and adapt to the new sport quickly. During his transition, fellow Nebraska at Kearney wrestler-turned-MMA, Kamaru Usman took <mask> under his wing as a mentor. Usman was pushed to <mask> by his mother due to the Nigerian roots both wrestlers shared. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> got into mixed martial arts after being introduced to the sport by Jens Pulver and Pat Miletich.After turning pro in May of 2015, he compiled 8 wins and no losses before competing at a regional event featured on the Lookin' for a Fight show, in an attempt of getting signed by the UFC. After losing the bout, he compiled 4 more wins before getting signed by Bellator MMA. <mask> chose to sign with Bellator out of LFA due to where he saw the promotion heading. <mask> said the signing of prospects in the sport instead of former UFC fighters was a big reason, giving him the opportunity to fight some of the best in the world. In addition to that, the Grand Prix tournaments put on by the promotion was another deciding factor for <mask>. Bellator MMA
In his promotional debut, <mask> faced Cheyden Leialoha on December 21, 2019 at Bellator 236. He won the bout by unanimous decision.<mask> faced Cass Bell on July 24, 2020 at Bellator 242. He won the match via submission in the third round. <mask> faced Keith Lee at Bellator 253 on November 19, 2020. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Josh Hill at Bellator 258 on May 7, 2021. He won the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Magomed Magomedov on July 31, 2021 at Bellator 263.On July 19, it was announced that the bout was scratched from the event. It was rescheduled for Bellator 264 on August 13, 2021. <mask> won the bout via unanimous decision. Personal life
<mask> has a son, Clarence (born 2018). colspan="8"| NCAA Division II Championships Matches
|-
! Res.
! Record
!Opponent
! Score
! Date
! Event
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2013 NCAA (DII) Championships  at 149 lbs
|-
|Win
|8–0
|align=left|Jacobd Horn
|style="font-size:88%"|4-3
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|March 8-9, 2013
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|2013 NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|-
|Win
|7-0
|align=left|James Martinez
|style="font-size:88%"|MD 12-4
|-
|Win
|6–0
|align=left|Ryan Maus
|style="font-size:88%"|6-1
|-
|Win
|5–0
|align=left|Nate Herda
|style="font-size:88%"|3-2
|-
!

masks:
Raufeon Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots


title: Isaac Schapera

texts:
<mask> FBA FRAI (23 June 1905 Garies, Cape Colony – 26 June 2003 London, England), was a social anthropologist at the London School of Economics specialising in South Africa. He was notable for his contributions of ethnographic and typological studies of the indigenous peoples of Botswana and South Africa. Additionally, he was one of the founders of the group that would develop British social anthropology. Not only did Schapera write numerous publications of his extensive research done in South Africa and Botswana, he published his work throughout his career (1923–1969), and even after he retired. As an anthropologist he focused on the lives and customs of the indigenous peoples of South Africa and was considered to be a specialist in the topic. Early in his career he would focus on studies of the Khoisan of South Africa until the 1930s, when he would begin to focus on Tswana of Botswana. Schapera also received many honours and titles, such as being the president of the Royal Anthropology Institute.Additionally, he was awarded an honorary doctorate when the University of Botswana was founded in 1985, was elected as Chair of the Association of Social Anthropology, and the Journal of African Law was founded in his honour. To compile his work for future generations and note his anthropological contributions a bibliography was published in the Botswana Journal of African African Studies. This academic journal has also dedicated an entire issue to the work he had done throughout his career. In 2003 his obituary was published in the academic journal Anthropology Today, titled "The Legacy of <mask>". In the wake of his death, photographs he had taken of South Africa were published in a book Picturing a Colonial Past; The African Photographs by <mask> and the Recovering the Botswana project would be dedicated to him. Life, education, and career

<mask> was born in Garies, Namaqualand, South Africa where his father owned a general store. In his youth he attended school, and later university, in Cape Town, South Africa.During his early university career he was enrolled in law, but would later switch to anthropology. He was a student of Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, who is considered a founder of structural-functionalism theory in anthropology. After finishing his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in anthropology, <mask> completed his doctorate at the London School of Economics and Politics (LSE) where he would be influenced by Bronislaw Malinowski. His thesis was titled The tribal system in South Africa: a study of the Bushmen and the Hottentots. Thereafter he taught briefly at the University of Witwatersrand before returning to Cape Town. There he worked as a professor of social anthropology before joining the Department of Anthropology at LSE. His continued to work there until he retired in 1969.Schapera's students would include future important figures of anthropology, such as Eileen Krige, Hilda Kuper, Max Gluckman, John Comaroff, Johan Frederik Holleman and Jean Comaroff. After his death, a research program called "Recovering the Schapera Project" was carried out by the University of Botswana to build upon Schapera's research. As a professor he was noted by Kuper as "not being an inspiring lecturer, but [having] wonderful material". <mask>'s life was his work, and he never married. In his later years, Schapera rarely returned to the place of his studies, but did return to Botswana to receive the honorary degree awarded to him by the University of Botswana. Additionally, because of the damages to his vocal cords caused by surgery, he withdrew from socializing, though he maintained contact with students to stay up to date with ongoing anthropological studies. His legacy

"Recovering the Schapera Project" is the continuation of the extensive research made by Schapera of the people of Botswana.His style of recording and studying was applied to all aspects of life and thus resulted in a wealth of unpublished material. This material includes unpublished genealogies, history, and other culturally significant data. The Shapera Project is funded by the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Botswana for the university overtook assessing this data and building upon it after Schapera's death. Published material

He published numerous journal articles, nearly 200, as mentioned in the academic Journal of African Studies, which published a bibliography in 1998. Notable titles include: "The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa" (Schapera; 1930), "A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom" (Schapera; 1938), "Married Life in an African Tribe" (Schapera; 1940), "The Ethnic Composition of Tswana Tribes" (Schapera; 1952); "The Tswana" (Schapera; 1953), "Government and Politics in Tribal Societies", (Schapera; 1956), "Praise Poems of Tswana Chiefs" (Schapera; 1965), "David Livingstone's Journals and Letters" (Schapera; 1841–1856 (6 vols), 1959–1963), "David Livingstone: South African papers" (Schapera; 1849–1853, 1974). Further reading

 Heald Suzette, "The Legacy of <mask>a", Anthropology Today Vol. 19 No. 6, (December 2003) 18–19.Heald Suzette, "<mask>: A Bibliography", Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 & 2 (1998) 100–115. <mask> <mask>, Picturing a Colonial Past; The African Photographs by <mask>, ed. Comaroff et al. (University of Chicago; 2007). References

Archives
Catalogue of the papers of <mask> held at LSE Archives
Catalogue of books from the library of <mask>, mainly on the subject of David Livingstone

1905 births
2003 deaths
South African anthropologists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British anthropologists
British Jews
Fellows of the British Academy
Jewish scientists
South African Jews
University of Cape Town alumni
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Jewish anthropologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Schapera
Schapera
Schapera
Isaac Scper
Isaac Schapera
Schapera
Isaac
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera


title: Anthony Quinn

texts:
<mask>axaca (21 April 1915 – 3 June 2001), known professionally as <mask>, was a Mexican-born American actor, painter, writer, and film director. He was known for his portrayal of earthy, passionate characters "marked by a brutal and elemental virility" in numerous critically acclaimed films both in Hollywood and abroad. His notable films include La Strada, The Guns of Navarone, Guns for San Sebastian, Lawrence of Arabia, The Shoes of the Fisherman, The Message, Lion of the Desert, and A Walk in the Clouds. He also had an Oscar-nominated titular role in Zorba the Greek. <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for Viva Zapata! in 1952 and Lust for Life in 1956. In addition, he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category, along with five Golden Globe nominations and two BAFTA Award nominations.In 1987, he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award. Through both his artistic endeavours and civil rights activism, he remains a seminal figure of Latin-American representation in the media of the United States. Life and career

1915–1936: Childhood, studies and early acting

Manuel Antonio Rodolfo <mask>axaca was born 21 April 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela "Nellie" (née Oaxaca) and Francisco "Frank" <mask>. <mask> was born to an Irish immigrant father from County Cork, and a Mexican mother. Frank reportedly rode with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, then later moved to the East Los Angeles neighborhood of City Terrace and became an assistant cameraman at a movie studio. In <mask>'s autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by <mask>, he denied being the son of an "Irish adventurer" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists. <mask> later said he was not regarded as Mexican because of his surname.When he was 6 years old, <mask> attended a Catholic church and even contemplated becoming a priest. However, at age 11 he joined the Pentecostals at the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, which was founded and led by the evangelical preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. For a time <mask> played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher with the renowned evangelist. "I have known most of the great actresses of my time, and not one of them could touch her", <mask> once said of the spellbinding McPherson, whom he credited with inspiring Zorba's gesture of the dramatically outstretched hand. <mask> grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later in East Los Angeles and in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, California. He attended Hammel Street Elementary School, Belvedere Junior High School, Polytechnic High School and Belmont High School in Los Angeles, with future baseball player and General Hospital star John Beradino, but left before graduating. Tucson High School in Arizona, many years later, awarded him an honorary high school diploma.As a young man, <mask> boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright at the designer's Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. The two men became friends. When <mask> mentioned he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. <mask> said he had been offered $800 per week by a film studio and didn't know what to do. Wright replied, "Take it, you'll never make that much with me." During a 1999 interview on Private Screenings with Robert Osborne, <mask> said the contract was for only $300 per week. 1936–1952: Beginnings on Cinema
After a short time performing on the stage, <mask> launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films The Plainsman (1936) as a Cheyenne Indian after Custer's defeat with Gary Cooper,  Parole (in which he made his debut) and The Milky Way, his first motion picture, although he was not credited.He played "ethnic" villains in Paramount films such as Dangerous to Know (1938) and Road to Morocco, and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in They Died with Their Boots On with Errol Flynn. A breakthrough in his career occurred in 1941 when he received an offer to play a matador in the bullfighting-themed Blood and Sand with Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth. In 1942, he co-starred alongside Power in another critical and financial success, the swashbuckling adventure The Black Swan. In 1943, he had a role in the Oscar-nominated western The Ox-Bow Incident. He co-starred in Sinbad the Sailor (1947) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Maureen O'Hara. By 1947, he had appeared in more than fifty films and had played a variety of characters, including Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks. He returned to the theater, replacing Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire on Broadway.In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and was cast in a series of B-adventures such as Mask of the Avenger (1951). He solidified his position as one of Hollywood's premier actors in Elia Kazan's Viva Zapata! (1952) opposite Marlon Brando. <mask>'s performance as Zapata's brother won <mask> an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in High Noon. He holds the distinction of being the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award. 1953–1959: International films and career success
In the late 1950s, <mask> traveled to Rome where he collaborated with several renowned Italian filmmakers and established himself as a star of world cinema.He worked with Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti in the Kirk Douglas film Ulysses, and starred as Attila the Hun with Sophia Loren in Attila. In 1953, he turned in one of his best performances as a dim-witted, thuggish and volatile strongman in Federico Fellini's Oscar winning La Strada (1954) opposite Giulietta Masina. <mask> won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life (1956), alongside Kirk Douglas, who portrayed Vincent van Gogh. He also starred as Quasimodo in the French language film The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Even after his return to the United States, <mask> would continue to periodically appear in European films. His frequent portrayal of Italian characters and appearance in Italian films led to the popular misconception that he was in fact Italian. 1959–1969: Return to Hollywood and Broadway
The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his part in George Cukor's Wild Is the Wind.He starred in the film The Savage Innocents (1959) as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures. He teamed with Kirk Douglas once again in the western Last Train from Gun Hill (1959). He appeared on Broadway to great acclaim in Becket, as King Henry II to Laurence Olivier's Thomas Becket in 1960. His performance earned him a Tony Award nomination for best leading actor and Becket received the award for best play. An erroneous story arose in later years that during the run <mask> and Olivier switched roles and <mask> played Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, <mask> left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry. Olivier happily agreed and Arthur Kennedy took on the role of Becket for the tour and brief return to Broadway.As the decade ended, <mask> allowed his age to show and began his transformation into a major character actor. His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in The Guns of Navarone (1961), an aging boxer in Requiem for a Heavyweight, and the Bedouin shaikh Auda abu Tayi in Lawrence of Arabia (both 1962). Lawrence of Arabia would go on to win the Oscar and Golden Globe for best picture, and <mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for best actor alongside co-star Peter O'Toole. He also played the title role in the 1961 film Barabbas, based on a novel by Pär Lagerkvist. In 1962, he returned to Broadway, playing the role of Caesario Grimaldi in the Tony Award nominated Tchin-Tchin, and had the lead role in the film Requiem for a Heavyweight. The success of Zorba the Greek in 1964 resulted in another Oscar nomination for Best Actor.Other films included The 25th Hour, The Magus, Guns for San Sebastian and The Shoes of the Fisherman. In 1969, he starred in The Secret of Santa Vittoria with Anna Magnani; each was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. 1970–1979: Television and later films

In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named The City, where <mask> played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, The Man and the City. <mask>'s subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including Jesus of Nazareth. In 1972, he co-starred with Yaphet Kotto in the blaxploitation film Across 110th Street. He played NYPD Captain Frank Martelli, who along with Kotto, was investigating a robbery-homicide of Italian and Black gangsters in Harlem, New York City. He played the old racist violent Captain against Kotto's modern, educated, enlightened Lieutenant.In 1976, he starred in the movie Mohammad, Messenger of God (also known as The Message), about the origin of Islam, as Hamza, a highly respected uncle of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam. In 1981, he starred in Lion of the Desert. <mask> played real-life Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar who fought Benito Mussolini's Italian troops in the deserts of Libya. In 1979, <mask> starred in the film, The Passage, as a Basque shepherd during WWII. He was tasked with leading a scientist and his family across the Pyrenees, while pursued by Nazis. Also starred James Mason and Malcolm McDowell. 1980–1994: Final works
In 1983, he reprised his role as Zorba for 362 performances in a successful musical version, called Zorba, opposite fellow film co-star Lila Kedrova, reprising her role as Madame Hortense.<mask> performed in the musical both on Broadway and at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. In 1990, he starred in The Old Man and the Sea, a television movie based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. <mask>'s film career slowed during the 1990s, but he nonetheless continued to work steadily, appearing in Revenge (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Last Action Hero (1993), A Walk in the Clouds (1995) and Seven Servants (1996). In 1994, <mask> played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules. These were, in order, Hercules and the Amazon Women, Hercules and the Lost Kingdom, Hercules and the Circle of Fire, Hercules in the Underworld, and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur

Personal life

Relationships and children

<mask>'s first wife was the actress Katherine DeMille, the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938–1941), Christina (born 1 December 1941), Catalina (born 21 November 1942), Duncan (born 4 August 1945), and Valentina (born 26 December 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields.In 1965, <mask> and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori (died 2016), whom he married in 1966. They had three children: <mask> (22 March 1963 – 5 August 2011), <mask> (born 16 April 1964), and <mask> (born 7 May 1966). In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, <mask> also had two children with Friedel Dunbar, an event producer in Los Angeles: <mask> (born 7 February 1973) and <mask> <mask> (born 30 December 1976). By the 1990s, <mask> then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose <mask> (born 23 July 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas <mask> (born 5 July 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997 and remained married until his death. Civil rights activism
<mask>, who experienced discrimination growing up in Los Angeles, participated in various civil rights and social causes.He provided funding for the Latino advocacy group, the Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. He assisted in fundraising efforts for the legal defense of Mexican American youth in the racially charged Sleepy Lagoon murder trial in 1942. While in Paris, he and several other prominent Americans, composed a petition endorsing the 1963 March on Washington; the petition, which was reprinted in several high-profile publications, was intended to rally support among Americans living abroad, according to Elliott Miller, writing in CounterPunch. In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance. In 1970, <mask> was a panelist at the Mexican-American Conference. In 1971, he narrated a documentary film by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discussing job discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans. He was a supporter of the United Farm Workers organization led by his friend and labor activist Cesar Chavez.Painting and writing

Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, "Examining <mask>'s many expressions of creativity together—his art, collecting, and acting—we can see that he was a creative genius". Early in life <mask> had an interest in painting and drawing. Throughout his teenage years he won various art competitions in California and focused his studies at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles on drafting. Later, <mask> studied briefly under Frank Lloyd Wright through the Taliesin Fellowship — an opportunity created by winning first prize in an architectural design contest. Through Wright's recommendation, <mask> took acting lessons as a form of post-operative speech therapy, which led to an acting career that spanned over six decades. Apart from art classes taken in Chicago during the 1950s, <mask> never attended art school; nonetheless, taking advantage of books, museums, and amassing a sizable collection, he managed to give himself an effective education in the language of modern art. By the early 1980s, his work had caught the eyes of various gallery owners and was exhibited internationally, in Mexico City, Los Angeles, New York City and Paris.His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world. He wrote two memoirs, The Original Sin (1972) and One Man Tango (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive. Mafia
<mask> made an appearance at the John Gotti trial, according to John H. Davis, author of Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. He told reporters he wanted to play Paul Castellano, the boss of the Gambino family after Carlo Gambino. Gotti had Castellano murdered, becoming the boss of the Gambino family thereafter. Gotti was on trial concerning a variety of felony charges when <mask> visited the courtroom. Although he tried to shake hands with Gotti, federal marshals prevented him from doing so, Davis says.The actor interpreted the testimony of Sammy ("The Bull") Gravano, Gotti's underboss, against Gotti as "a friend who betrays a friend." He had not come to "judge" Gotti, <mask> insisted, but only because he wanted to portray Castellano, who inspired the actor because he had had a "thirty-year-old" mistress, which <mask> believed was "a beautiful thing". He would later portray Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce in the 1996 HBO film Gotti as well as Joe Masseria in the 1991 film Mobsters. <mask> had a personal relationship with New York City Mafia crime boss Frank Costello and other Genovese gangsters. Death
<mask> spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island. He died of respiratory failure (due to complications from radiation treatment for lung cancer) on 3 June 2001, in Boston, at age 86. <mask>'s funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island.His wife asked for the permission of Bristol authorities to bury him in his favorite spot in the backyard of his house, near an old maple tree. They had bought the property in 1995; it had a view of the Narragansett Bay. Permission was granted and he was laid to rest there. Tributes and legacy

On 5 January 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los Angeles was renamed in honor of <mask>. The present library sits on the site of his family's former home. In 1984, artist Eloy Torrez produced a 70-foot high portrait mural of <mask> titled both <mask> and The Pope of Broadway in Los Angeles. It depicts <mask> in his famous Zorba the Greek role, and it remains one of the largest portrait murals in California, United States.Both the portrait mural and <mask> himself are the subject of a 2018 Google Arts & Culture exhibit. In his birthplace of Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of <mask> doing his famous "Zorba the Greek" dance. There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just  south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falirákion). <mask> bought the land during the filming of The Guns of Navarone in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law. Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures as an ALMA Award. His widow, Katherine Benvin <mask>, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 The Estate of <mask> Quinn

1915 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American Pentecostals
American people of Irish descent
Belmont High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Mexican evangelicals
Mexican male film actors
Mexican people of Irish descent
Mexican people of indigenous peoples descent
Paramount Pictures contract players
People from Bristol, Rhode Island
People from Chihuahua City
People from Echo Park, Los Angeles
Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni
Members of the Foursquare Church
Converts to evangelical Christianity from Roman Catholicism
Male Western (genre) film actors

masks:
Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn O
Anthony Quinn
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Frank Quinn
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Anthony Quinn
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Francesco Quinn
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Lorenzo Quinn
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Sean Quinn
Alexander Anthony
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title: Kim Hong-jae

texts:
<mask>ae  (; born October 10, 1954) is a Zainichi Korean conductor. Early life
The first experience of music at his early age was an upright piano at his mother's maiden home. In 1967, he entered Amagasaki Korean Middle School and studied clarinet in school band. He also studied improved Korean folk instruments sent from North Korea. In 1969, School Band of Amagasaki Korean Middle School won a grand prize of 'Competition of Korean Students resident in Japan' under his direction. In 1973, <mask> entered Toho Gakuen School of Music as one of the first Korean nationals. He changed his clarinet major to conducting with Ken Takaseki and Naoto Otomo in 1975.Before his graduation in 1977, he attended the classes of, among others, Seiji Ozawa, Kazuyoshi Akiyama, Tadashi Mori and Shunsaku Tsutsumi. On Tsutsumi's recommendation, he was appointed as resident conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra when he studied in Toho. In 1977, he conducted Toho Orchestra with Seiji Ozawa on podium at Toho Gakuen's graduation concert. Début, competition, and television concerts
After graduation, <mask> was début officially with Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra on March 22, 1978 at Shibuya Public Hall, Tokyo. This concert, titled 'Special Concert of (North) Korean Orchestral Works,' got a sensational response-not only the first conductor of Korean nationality but of any work premièred in Japan. Following this year, he participated in Tokyo International Conductors' Competition and was awarded the second prize with a special prize named after Hideo Saito. In the same year, he was invited by North Korea to conduct the State Symphony Orchestra of DPRK.In 1980, he conducted the concerts of prizewinners from Hokkaidō to Kyūshū. <mask> was appointed as the conductor of television program titled 'Here comes the orchestra' of Tokyo Broadcasting System(TBS) with Kazushi Ono and Deryck Inoue in 1980. Following this year, he conducted other television program titled 'My Concert' of Nippon Television(NTV). During these two years, he conducted numerous works from Bach to Shostakovich and accompanied many well-known soloists including Hiroko Nakamura, Mitsuko Uchida, Toshia Eto, Ko Iwasaki, Jean-Yves Thibaudet and Mikhail Pletnev with two regular orchestras-New Japan Philharmonic and Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra-and other cities' orchestras. In 1981, <mask> became a principal guest conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra. His other important positions were principal guest conductor of Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra since 1985 and principal guest conductor of Kyoto Symphony Orchestra since 1987. He toured with Kyoto Symphony Orchestra in Pyongyang and Wonsan-first appearance of Japan's orchestra in North Korea-in 1987.He also appeared in Beijing with China Broadcasting Symphony Orchestra (now China Philharmonic Orchestra) in 1988. Meetings with Isang <mask> met the composer Isang Yun in 1986 and became an admirer of his music. He conducted Yun's first work Exemplum, in memoriam Kwangju on stage of '1st Hankyore Concert' in April 1989. He resigned three orchestras' positions and went to Germany in September. He studied Yun's works with the composer himself. In 1990, he participated in 'Pan-Nation Unification Concert' held in Pyongyang and conducted Yun's Fanfare und Memorial in presence of the composer. And in 1992, <mask> appeared on '75th Birthday Celebration Festival of Isang Yun' held in Tokyo and conducted Yun's Third Symphony''' premiered in Japan.<mask> conducted more than pieces of Yun's works premiered in Japan, and was highly praised by the composer. Crossover, Hankyoreh Concert, and other appearances
<mask>'s activities were not only formal classical concerts but crossover and concerts of Korean residents in Japan including Hankyoreh Concert (1989–1993). He introduced many North and South Korean songs and orchestral works, including those produced by his maternal uncle Cheol-Woo Lee. The 8th Hankyore Concert held in Carnegie Hall of New York City in September 1992, which was also <mask>'s début concert in the US. He also met Joe Hisaishi, a well-known composer of Hayao Miyazaki and Takeshi Kitano's film music, with whom he appeared in many concerts together since 1991. <mask> also conducted crossover concerts with Jazz musicians including Aiko Takahashi and Terumasa Hino. And he conducted many concert bands in Japan, including Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band, of which he was a principal conductor from 1991 to 1994.In 1998, he conducted opening ceremony of 7th Winter Paralympic Games held in Nagano (produced by Hisaishi.) Following this appearance, he received music prize named after Akeo Watanabe and became the only one that won two grand prizes for Japanese conductor at that time. First appearance in South Korea
<mask> and South Korean violinist Jeong Chan-Woo held a concert named 'Unity Concert' in June 2000. This concert was previously planned in 1985, but South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not approve of Jeong's departure to Japan due to his North Korean nationality. Thus this concert was a famous event not only to Korean residents in Japan but also in South Korea. In October 2000, he visited South Korea for the first time for ASEM Music Festival held in Seoul where he conducted Isang Yun's Muak'' and Asian premiere of Ferruccio Busoni's Piano Concerto played by the well-known pianist Baek Geon-Woo (Kun-Woo Paik) and KBS Symphony Orchestra. At that time <mask> still held North Korean nationality.He switched to South Korean nationality in August 2005. By this time, <mask> conducted nearly all orchestras of Japan except NHK Symphony Orchestra. He conducts not only professional but orchestras of university, citizens and other amateur orchestras and concert bands. And he appeared several concerts of KBS Symphony Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Korea in South Korea. Since November 2007, <mask> was appointed to his very first position in South Korea as a principal conductor of the Ulsan Symphony Orchestra. References

Bibliography
 "Hong-Jae <mask>, I Conducts Fate (김홍재, 나는 운명을 지휘한다)" by Hong-Jae <mask> (dictate) & Seong-Mi Park (editor), Gimm-Young Publishers, Inc. (Korean only)

External links
 Official Homepage

1954 births
Korean conductors (music)
Living people
People from Itami, Hyōgo
Toho Gakuen School of Music alumni
Zainichi Korean people
North Korean expatriates in Germany
North Korean expatriates in Japan
South Korean expatriates in Japan
21st-century conductors (music)

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Kim Hong j
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title: George Read (American politician, born 1733)

texts:
<mask> (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was a politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, president of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. <mask> was a Founding Father of the United States, one of only two statesmen who signed four of the great state papers on which the country's history is based: the original Petition to the King of the Congress of 1774, the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States. Father

<mask> was the son of John and Mary (Howell<mask>. <mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of an Englishman of large fortune belonging to the family of <mask> of Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire.The death of his beloved having left him bereft, <mask> came to the American colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, entered into extensive enterprises in Maryland and Delaware. Soon after his arrival in America, <mask> purchased a large estate in Cecil County, Maryland, and founded with six associates the city of Charlestown on the headwaters of Chesapeake Bay, with the intention of creating a new market for the northern trade. They developed northern Maryland and built up the neighboring iron works of the Principio Company, in which the older generations of the Washington family, and at a later period General <mask>, were also largely interested. As an original proprietor of Charlestown, <mask> was appointed by the colonial legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to lay it out and govern it. He held various military offices during his life, and in his later years resided on his plantation in New Castle County. Early life
<mask> was born in Cecil County, Maryland, on September 18, 1733. When he was an infant, the family moved to New Castle County, Delaware, settling near the village of Christiana.As he grew up, <mask> joined Thomas McKean at the Rev. Francis Allison's Academy at New London, Pennsylvania, and then studied law in Philadelphia with John Moland. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1753, and a year later he returned home to establish a practice at New Castle. In 1763 he married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. <mask>, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of <mask>, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had four children, John, <mask>., William, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, <mask>, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle, and their house was in what is now the garden of the present Read House and Gardens, owned by the Delaware Historical Society.They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church. In 1763 John Penn, the proprietary governor, appointed <mask> crown attorney general for the three Delaware counties, and he served in that position until leaving for the Continental Congress in 1774. He also served in the Colonial Assembly of the lower Delaware counties for twelve sessions, from 1764/65 through 1775/76. American Revolution

Eighteenth-century Delaware was politically divided into loose factions known as the "Court Party" and the "Country Party." The majority Court Party was generally Anglican, strongest in Kent and Sussex Counties, worked well with the colonial proprietary government and was in favor of reconciliation with the British government. The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, and quickly advocated independence from the British. <mask> was often the leader of the Court party faction, and as such he generally worked in opposition to Caesar Rodney and his friend and neighbor Thomas McKean.<mask>, like most other people in Delaware, was in favor of trying to reconcile differences with Great Britain. He opposed the Stamp Act and similar measures of Parliament but supported anti-importation measures and dignified protests. He was quite reluctant to pursue the option of outright independence. Nevertheless, from 1764 he led the Delaware Committee of Correspondence and was elected to serve along with the more radical McKean and Rodney in the First and Second Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He was frequently absent, and when the Congress voted on American Independence on July 2, 1776, <mask> surprised many by voting against it. That meant that Rodney had to ride overnight to Philadelphia to break the deadlock in Delaware's delegation for independence. However, when the Declaration of Independence was finally adopted, <mask> signed it despite his caution.Government of Delaware
Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, the General Assembly of the lower counties declared its separation from the British government on June 15, 1776, in the New Castle Court House. Once the Declaration of Independence was actually adopted, the General Assembly called for elections to a Delaware constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the new state. <mask>ean-drafted document, which became the Delaware Constitution of 1776. <mask> was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Delaware General Assembly and was selected as the speaker in both the 1776/77 and 1777/78 sessions. At the time of the capture of President John McKinly, <mask> was in Philadelphia attending Congress; after narrowly escaping capture himself while he was returning home, he became president on October 20, 1777, serving until March 31, 1778. The British occupied Philadelphia and were in control of the Delaware River. <mask> tried, mostly in vain, to recruit additional soldiers and to protect the state from raiders from Philadelphia and off ships in the Delaware River.The Delaware General Assembly session of 1777/78 had to be moved to Dover, Delaware, for safety, and the Sussex County General Assembly delegation was never seated because disruptions at the polls had negated the election results. After Rodney was elected to replace him as president, <mask> continued to serve in the Legislative Council until the 1778–79 session. After a one-year rest nursing ill health, he was elected to the House of Assembly for the 1780/81 and 1781/82 sessions. He returned to the Legislative Council in the 1782/83 session and served two terms until the 1787/88 session. On December 5, 1782, he was elected judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. Federalist

<mask> was again called to national service in 1786 when he represented Delaware at the Annapolis Convention. Because so few states were represented, this meeting produced only a report calling for a broader convention to be held in Philadelphia the next year.At what became the Constitutional Convention, <mask> again represented Delaware. Quoting from Wright & Morris in their Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution,

<mask> immediately argued for a new national government under a new Constitution, saying 'to amend the Articles was simply putting old cloth on a new garment.' He was a leader in the fight for a strong central government, advocating, at one time, the abolition of the states altogether and the consolidation of the country under one powerful national government. 'Let no one fear the states, the people are with us;' he declared to a Convention shocked by this radical proposal. With no one to support his motion, he settled for protecting the rights of the small states against the infringements of their larger, more populous neighbors who, he feared, would 'probably combine to swallow up the smaller ones by addition, division or impoverishment.' He warned that Delaware 'would become at once a cipher in the union' if the principle of equal representation embodied in the New Jersey (small-state) Plan was not adopted and if the method of amendment in the Articles was not retained. He favored giving Congress the power to veto state laws, making the federal legislature immune to popular whims by having senators hold office for nine years or during good behavior, and granting the U.S. President broad appointive powers.Outspoken, he threatened to lead the Delaware delegation out of the Convention if the rights of the small states were not specifically guaranteed in the new Constitution. Once the rights were assured, he led the ratification movement in Delaware, which, partly as a result of his efforts, became the first state to ratify and did so unanimously. Senator
Following the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the Delaware General Assembly elected <mask> as one of its two U.S. Senators. His term began on March 4, 1789, and he was reelected in 1791 but resigned on September 18, 1793. <mask> served with the Pro-Administration Party majority in the First and Second Congress, under President Washington. He supported the assumption of state debts, establishment of a national bank, and the imposition of excise taxes.He resigned to accept an appointment as chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and served in that capacity until his death. <mask>'s resignation from the Senate was before the first session of the Third Congress assembled, but it was not until February 7, 1795, four weeks before it adjourned, that Henry Latimer was elected to replace him. One of Delaware's Senate seats was, therefore, vacant from September 18, 1793, until February 7, 1795. Death and legacy

<mask> died at New Castle on September 21, 1798, from heart problems and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery. William T<mask> in his Life and Correspondence describes <mask> as "tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with pleasing features and lustrous brown eyes. His manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, but courteous, and at times captivating. He commanded entire confidence, not only from his profound legal knowledge, sound judgment, and impartial decisions but from his severe integrity and the purity of his private character."However, a fellow delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 noted that "his legal abilities are said to be very great, but his powers of oratory are fatiguing and tiresome to the last degree; his voice is feeble and his articulation so bad that few can have patience to attend him." Historians like John Monroe have generally recognized that all in all, <mask> was the dominating figure in Delaware politics during his career, directly or indirectly providing consistent and reliable leadership to the new state. His home, Stonum, is a historic landmark. There is a school in New Castle and a dorm at the University of Delaware named for <mask>. In popular culture
In the Broadway musical 1776, <mask> is portrayed in a minor role as a proper, conservative, somewhat effete, and wealthy planter who has difficulty getting along with the other two members of the Delaware contingent who are for Independence. Duane Bodin played the character in the original Broadway cast and Leo Leyden appeared in the film version. <mask>'s brother Thomas was an officer in the Continental Navy during the war.Another brother, James, was an officer in the Continental Army and was later active in managing the navy under the Articles of Confederation. <mask>'s son <mask> Jr. served as the first U.S. Attorney for Delaware, and his grandson <mask> III served as the second. Another son, John, was a noted lawyer and banker of Philadelphia. <mask>'s great-granddaughter, Louisa, married Major Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, the brother of future President Franklin Pierce. Positions held
Elections for the Delaware General Assembly were held on October 1, and members took office on October 20 or the following weekday. The colonial attorney general was appointed by the Crown. The Legislative Council was created in 1776, and its councilmen had a three-year term.State assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and the state president for a three-year term. <mask> served as interim state president, filling the vacancy created by the resignation of McKean. The chief justice of the state Supreme Court was also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term. However, <mask>'s first term was only two years to establish a rotation.See also
 Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Notes

References

External links
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
 Biography by Russell Pickett
 Delaware's Governors
 The Political Graveyard
 Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Delaware Historical Society; website
 University of Delaware; Library website
 Read House and Gardens
 Immanuel Episcopal Church

1733 births
1798 deaths
People from Cecil County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial Delaware
American people of English descent
American Episcopalians
Continental Congressmen from Delaware
Signers of the Continental Association
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Signers of the United States Constitution
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Delaware
Delaware Federalists
Delaware Independents
Governors of Delaware
Independent state governors of the United States
Members of the Delaware House of Representatives
Delaware state senators
Chief Justices of Delaware
American slave owners
People from New Castle, Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Burials in New Castle County, Delaware

masks:
George Read
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John Read
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George Washington
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