title: Rick Laird

texts:
<mask> (5 February 1941 – 4 July 2021) was an Irish musician, photographer, teacher, and author best known as the bassist and founding member of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, with which he performed from 1971 to 1973. Early life
Laird was born in Dublin, Ireland, on 5 February 1941, to a musical family. His mother played the piano in a variety of styles and his father played the ukulele; Laird started playing both instruments when he was three. At around five years of age, Laird started formal tuition in the guitar and piano, and he had already started to read sheet music. He soon quit the piano as he did not perform well, which led him to take up painting and drawing. At twelve, Laird began lessons in Spanish guitar, but his teacher used books that he felt were too difficult, so he quit. He then discovered jazz from his mother, who bought her son a pair of drum brushes and made him play along to records.Career

Early career
At sixteen, Laird moved to New Zealand with his father and worked on a sheep farm. It was here where he took music seriously, first picking up an Australian Maton guitar, learning chords, and playing along to songs on the radio. After listening to an Oscar Peterson record featuring bassist Ray Brown, Laird noted Brown "doing such incredible things" and started to play bass lines on his guitar. He bought a string bass and played along to Brown's records, and two weeks later he joined a local group in Auckland. It was here, at eighteen, where Laird "quit his day job" and became a professional bassist. Laird's first band soon split, but he joined another which featured pianist Mike Nock and toured New Zealand extensively. When Laird was nineteen, he moved to Sydney, Australia for two years, where there was a more active jazz scene.Here, he played with many top jazz musicians including Don Burrows, and performed in jazz quartets on the radio. Around this time, Laird's goal was to relocate to the US, but he was encouraged to relocate to England in 1962. While in England, Laird toured with the vocal ensemble Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross, which led to a stint with Zoot Sims and saxophonist Al Cohn, followed by session work. From 1963 to 1964, Laird studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and played in The Brian Auger Trinity (July 1963–February 1964) and The Brian Auger Group (February–October 1964), the latter of which featured guitarist John McLaughlin. Laird clashed with Auger when he was asked to switch from upright to electric bass to complement the music they were playing, but Laird refused. Laird then accepted the offer to become house bassist at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, playing with many visiting musicians including Wes Montgomery and Sonny Stitt. It became a valuable learning experience for Laird, as the group were given considerable freedom and Laird received constructive and helpful advice from the other musicians.Laird is featured on the soundtrack of Alfie (1966) with Sonny Rollins. With Buddy Rich, he played a residence at The Talk of the Town in 1969. Move to the United States and Mahavishnu Orchestra
In 1966, Laird won a scholarship to study at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts after sending a tape of himself playing with Stan Getz. Here, Laird studied arranging, composition, and the string bass. In 1968, he took up the bass guitar "so I could be heard." He gained influence to take up the instrument after seeing The Tony Williams Lifetime in concert. Laird was a founding member and electric bassist of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, the original line-up of which were active from June 1971 to December 1973.Guitar Player described Laird's playing: "Laird's solid, economical lines in conjunction with Billy Cobham's meticulous, powerful drumming provided a strong anchor for the odd-tempo and often volatile solos [from the rest of the band]". After the band split, Laird moved to New York City and played with Stan Getz (a tour in 1977) and Chick Corea (a tour the following year). Laird put out one album as a leader, Soft Focus. Later career
Laird retired as a performing musician in 1982. He became a successful photographer and bass teacher. He authored two intermediate- to advanced-level bass books. In 1999, Laird had started to compose on his daughter's iMac computer.He said: "I have no agenda. It's just for my own enjoyment. Besides, I've come to realise our main gig on this planet is not what we do for a living – it's to find out who we are, and to learn how to love ourselves and love others." Laird was one of a handful of musicians to play an S. D. Curlee, which was his principal fretted bass. In March 2009, Laird discovered a collection of photographs that he had taken of musical artists, including Miles Davis, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Elvin Jones, Keith Jarrett and many others. Much of his collection was posted online. Death
In early 2021, Laird's daughter announced that he had entered hospice care.Laird died of lung cancer in New City, Rockland County, New York on 4 July 2021, aged 80. 2 (Harkit, 2005)
Live in London, Vol. 3 (Harkit, 2006)

With Annie Ross
You and Me Baby (Decca, 1971)

With Clive Stevens & Friends
Atmospheres (Capitol, 1974)

'With Stan TraceyLaughin' & Scratchin (Jazz House, 1966)With Treasure'Treasure (Epic, 1977)

Instructional books
 Laird, <mask>. (1978) Jazz Riffs for Bass Laird, <mask>. (1980) Improvising Jazz Bass'' (Music Sales Corp)

References

External links

1941 births
2021 deaths
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Jazz double-bassists
Irish bass guitarists
Jazz bass guitarists
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish expatriates in New Zealand
Irish expatriates in Australia
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish jazz musicians
Mahavishnu Orchestra members
Brian Auger and the Trinity members
21st-century double-bassists
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

masks:
Richard Quentin Laird
Rick
Rick


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 9, 1956 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian automobile designer. He was one of the first designers who recognized the future importance of a consistent brand design in the automotive industry. Background

Born as the second of two sons in 1956, <mask> grew up in Leibnitz, Austria. After finishing high school, he started to study architecture at the Graz University of Technology. In the second year of his studies, he read an article about automobile design, where he recognized the existence of the profession of an automobile designer. While studying further he taught himself to sketch cars by copying drawings he found in magazines. He trained himself for more than one year and became freer and freer in his style.After preparing a portfolio of his own designs, he applied for a job as an automobile designer in Germany. Getting accepted by Audi, Ford, and Volkswagen, <mask> decided to quit his studies and took the job at Audi. The former chief designer of Audi Hartmut Warkuss saw his talent and potential immediately and offered him a scholarship for the Royal College of Art in London, the international elite college in design. <mask> attended the full two-year master program and graduated in 1981 as ‘Master of Design’. These years in London, where he got to know people such as Raymond Loewy, were one of the most influencing times in his life. Automotive design

Audi, 1982–1994

After graduating he came back to the design centre of Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, and started his career. <mask> was responsible for virtually the entire range of models from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, like the Audi 80 Sedan, Avant, Coupe and Cabriolet, Audi 100 Sedan and Avant, and the Audi V8.In this creative environment he enjoyed working together with other designers such as J Mays and Peter Schreyer. In 1990, he became Director of Audi’s Munich-based design studio where he had the idea to develop a new concept. A design icon was born: the Audi Quattro Spyder, the highlight of the “Frankfurt IAA” in 1991 and a milestone in the design history of Audi. Design Centre Europe, 1995–1999

In 1994, <mask> <mask> realizing the establishment of the first external design centre of the whole Volkswagen Group in Europe. After a long process of searching, the strategic choice of location fell on Barcelona, Spain. A suitable piece of land was found in Sitges, a seaside town next to Barcelona. <mask> was responsible for the planning and realization of the newly built 130-people design facility, which was named “DCE – Design Centre Europe”.He worked there for Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda. Such successful designs as the Audi A8, S3 and RS4, and Volkswagen Touareg, Touran and essential parts of Golf IV and Phaeton were created. Fuore Design, 2000–2007

At the end of 1999, <mask> was offered the position of chief designer at Skoda, but he decided instead to start his own business. And so he founded the independent 35-people design studio “Fuore Design” in the heart of Barcelona. Beside the core business of automotive design, he specialized in brand consulting. He consulted Mitsubishi in their process of finding a new design language, and created the two concept cars, the Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution and Pajero Evolution 2+2, which were presented at the 2001 “Frankfurt IAA” and the 2002 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. After the great feedback at the shows, <mask> was also responsible for the design development of the Dakar Rally multiple-champion racing car Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution.Subaru had a strategic relationship with Fuore. <mask> developed a new brand design strategy. His concept car Subaru B11S showed the new philosophy at the 2003 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. The current models Subaru R1, R2 and B9 Tribeca were created by him, too. With the ‘XF 10’ and the ‘BlackJag’, <mask> presented his first self-developed show cars at the 2003 “Barcelona Salón Internacional del Automóvil” and the 2004 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. <mask> worked for almost every leading corporate group in the automotive sector. After a hard year in 2006 and a bad forecast of incoming contracts in 2007, <mask> did not see a good enough economic perspective to continue and decided to sell the company at the middle of 2007.Hispano Suiza Automobilmanufaktur AG, from 2008

After selling Fuore Design in 2007, <mask> <mask> dedicated himself to his dream goal of owning his own car brand in the luxury segment. After years of research and his activities in Barcelona, he noticed the historic automobile brand Hispano Suiza. Since the brand became free after decades of inactivity, Erwin Leo Himmel registered this brand and brought it back to life. In 2019 Erwin Leo Himmel expanded Hispano Suiza with its own division for alternative drive technologies in the hydrogen sector. Since then, this department has been developing a further vehicle model with a hydrogen drive in addition to the conventional model with a combustion engine. Industrial design

In his time at Fuore, Himmel made a lot of industrial design, too. Panasonic signed a strategic relationship with Fuore.Out of it, <mask> created such things as a cell-phone, an mp3-player, a home cinema system, a telephone, an air conditioner and other white goods for Panasonic. He also worked for companies such as LG and Samsung. Another field was transportation design, especially the exterior and interior design of trains. For example, <mask> developed the design of a new high-speed train for Talgo. He also designed interiors of airplanes. His ‘biggest’ project was a cruise liner for an American ocean carrier. Furthermore, he also did a lot of work in the motorcycle industry.He designed nearly every kind of size, from the scooter up to the superbike, including the development of a new design language for the world’s biggest motorcycle producer Honda. A great pleasure for him was the work for the luxury industry, especially for TAG Heuer. Moreover, he designed a bath ceramic series, for example for Roca. All these products gave <mask> the chance to broaden his horizon in design and marketing, concerning new markets, customers and their mentalities. With the new impressions, it was also possible for him to optimize the processes in the design development, including a faster and more efficient way in automobile design. Miscellaneous

 His brother is the Austrian court counsellor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wilhelm A<mask>.<mask>’s motto is: “Design is my passion – Visions are my driving force.”
 During his architecture studies in Graz, <mask> played basketball in the national league of Austria. Until today he is a big basketball fan. <mask> is visiting professor of the Graz University of Applied Sciences. <mask> was the initiator and curator of “Auto Art”, a unique exhibition of show cars in Graz in 2003. “Auto Art” was one of the highlights of the cultural program of “Graz –European Capital of Culture 2003”. <mask> was elected one of the most famous Styrian people. “Auto”-biography

Concept cars

References

 Car Styling (Japan), Summer 1983, no.43, pp. 52–57
 Profile (Netherlands), November 1983, no. 4, pp. 26–31
 Auto Bild (Germany), September 16, 1991, no. 38, pp. 8/9
 Auto Motor und Sport (Germany), September 20, 1991, no. 20, pp.26–28
 Kurier (Austria), July 4, 1997, p. 5
 Car Styling (Japan), July 7, 2001, no. 143, pp. 68–75
 La Vanguardia (Spain), May 28, 2002, no. 43306, p. 83
 Auto Revue (Austria), September 2002, no. 9, pp. 78–80
 Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany), June 7, 2003, no. 130, p. V1
 Automobil Revue (Switzerland), June 26, 2003, no.26, p. 19
 Autotrends (China), December 2003, no. 96, pp. 102–105
 Auto Focus (Germany), May/June 2004, no. 3, pp. 70 – 75

External links
 Member of the jury of the Austrian Design Award
 Design hall of fame
 Auto Art Graz 2003
 Auto Art pictures
 Mitsubishi Pajero Dakar fact sheet
 Article in "Welt"
 Barcelona Motor Show 2003
 Famous Styrian people
Hispano Suiza - Maguari

1956 births
Austrian automobile designers
Living people
Volkswagen Group designers

masks:
Erwin Leo Himmel
Erwin Leo Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
. Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
<mask> (born Alfred Willmore; 25 October 1899 – 6 March 1978) was an actor, designer, dramatist, writer and impresario in 20th-century Ireland. Though born in London to an English family with no Irish connections, he emigrated to Ireland in early adulthood, changed his name, invented an Irish ancestry, and remained based there for the rest of his life, successfully maintaining a fabricated identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. With his partner, Hilton Edwards, and two others, <mask>ir founded the Gate Theatre in Dublin, and became one of the most recognisable figures in the arts in twentieth-century Ireland. As well as acting at the Gate and internationally, he designed numerous productions, wrote eleven plays, and published stories, verse and travel books in Irish and English. He wrote and appeared in three one-man shows, of which The Importance of Being Oscar (1960) was the most celebrated, achieving more than 1,300 performances. Life and career

Early years

<mask>ir was born Alfred Lee Willmore, in Willesden, in north-west London, into a family with no Irish connections. He was the youngest child and only son of Alfred George Willmore (1863–1934), a forage buyer for the firm of Whitney's of Bayswater, and his wife, Mary, née Lee (1867–1918).He attended primary school in Willesden and then attended a children's theatre academy run by Lila Field. He became a professional actor at the age of twelve; his sister Marjorie took charge of his general education and was his chaperone on tours that included visits to venues in Ireland as well as Britain. He made his debut as 1911, as King Goldfish in Field's play The Goldfish, alongside another child actor, Noël Coward. He later said, "I learned from Lila Field the absolute ABC of getting on and off the stage without disgracing oneself; I learned what a cue meant, what a stick of greasepaint was, the elements of timing, and that ghastly thing, the exploitation of childish charm". In September of that year he first worked for Sir Herbert Tree, playing <mask>ff's son in <mask>beth. From Tree he quickly learned "a rude lesson" that charm was not enough: "I think it was Tree who first awoke the actor's imagination in me and made me feel the terror of the Witches' Coven and the horror of the ghost-haunted banquet". In the Christmas season of 1911 he played Michael Darling in Peter Pan, and in June 1912, he played Oliver Twist in Tree's revival of the stage version of the novel.After two further child roles, and appearances in four silent films (now lost) he temporarily abandoned acting. After a summer in Spain, visiting his grandparents and becoming fluent in Spanish,  he studied painting at Willesden Polytechnic and then the Slade School of Art in 1915–16. With a fellow student, Mary O'Keefe, he attended Irish language classes at the Ludgate Circus branch of the Gaelic League; the biographer Christopher Fitz-Simon thinks it probable that they saw plays by W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge during the visits of the Abbey Theatre company in this period. Both students developed a keen interest in the Irish Literary Revival. Move to Ireland
<mask>ir, now calling himself "Michael Willmore", made a brief return to the stage in February 1917, in Felix Gets a Month, a "whimsical comedy" at the Haymarket Theatre. The following month he went with O'Keefe and her mother to Ireland, the former having contracted tuberculosis and been prescribed "fresh air", the latter anxious to escape Zeppelin raids. Fitz-Simon suggests that <mask>ir's motive was to escape conscription into the army in the latter stages of the First World War.In Ireland <mask>ir earned a modest living as a freelance illustrator for newspapers and books, acted from time to time, and designed for the Irish Theatre and Dublin Drama League. He assimilated himself into Irish culture and politics. He campaigned for Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election, published his first book, a collection of stories in Irish, in 1922, and continued to write verse and prose in Irish and English. He experimented with various gaelicised versions of his name, including "<mask>ir" and "<mask>ir". He built up a fictitious identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. During most of the 1920s <mask>ir continued to live with the O'Keefes. In search of a healthy environment for Mary they moved between Switzerland and the French riviera.He exhibited successfully in local galleries and, in 1923, at the Leigh Gallery in London. He later wrote a book of recollections – in Irish – about his travels. In 1925 he starred in a  silent film, Land of Her Fathers with a cast of mainly Abbey Theatre players. Mary O'Keefe died in 1927 and <mask>ir, now known by that name, returned to the theatre. His sister Marjorie had married the actor-manager Anew McMaster whose touring company <mask>óir joined, playing Shakespearean roles including Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice, Laertes in Hamlet and Cassio in Othello. While on tour in the south of Ireland, he met another young English actor, Hilton Edwards, who was to become his lifelong partner, both personal and professional. <mask>ir and Edwards decided to settle in Dublin, with the intention of setting up their own theatre there.Gate Theatre

In 1928 <mask>ir wrote, directed, designed and starred in Diarmuid and Gráinne for the opening of the Irish language theatre, An Taibhdhearc, in Galway. He subsequently produced twenty plays there. Also in 1928, <mask>ir was one of the four founders of the Gate Theatre Studio, later simply the Gate Theatre, alongside Hilton Edwards, Daisy Bannard Cogley, and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn. <mask>ir and Edwards had been considering theatrical plans for Dublin, while Bannard Cogley (a friend of <mask>ir) and Ó Lochlainn had been discussing finding a more permanent theatre space, and they met, along with some mutual friends, in Bannard Cogley's club at 7 Harcourt Street, in spring 1928. After further meetings, the quartet rented the Peacock Theatre and launched the Gate Theatre Studio there on 14 October 1928. The theatre studio spent its early years at the 102-seat Peacock Theatre and opened with a production of Peer Gynt, and <mask>ir subsequently acted in and designed nearly 300 productions at the Peacock and, after the company gained its own home in 1930, on Cavendish Row, at the Gate. He appeared in a wide range of plays, from Shakespeare (Romeo and Othello) to Ibsen (Oswald in Ghosts and the title role in Brand) and Eugene O'Neill (Orin in Mourning Becomes Electra), as well as lighter pieces.Over the next fifty years the Gate Theatre company presented a programme of new or experimental plays by Wilde, Shaw, Coward and many others. <mask>óir and Edwards fostered the careers of new Irish dramatists such as Denis Johnston and rising young actors including Orson Welles. <mask>ir returned to the West End in 1935, with the Gate company. The theatrical paper The Era rated his Hamlet one of the best in recent years: "charged with force, intelligence, humanity and dramatic certainty … a dominating and moving piece of acting", and said that the Gate company "looks like putting the Abbey in the shade". The  cosmopolitan atmosphere of <mask>óir and Edwards' Gate Theatre was contrasted with the earnest Celticism of the Abbey, and the two Dublin theatres were affectionately dubbed "Sodom and Begorrah". Wartime and later years
<mask>ir remained based in Ireland during the Second World War. In the post-war years he returned to the West End in his own play Ill Met by Moonlight.The Stage thought the piece "too obscure and too discursive", but praised the performances of  <mask>ir, Edwards and their supporting cast. The following year the company played a short season on Broadway – <mask>ir's début there – giving his Where Stars Walk, Johnston's The Old Lady Says No!, and Shaw's  John Bull's Other Island. In 1951 he played Iago to Welles's Othello in the latter's film adaptation. In his early fifties he was unusually old for the role, but Welles wanted Iago played as an older, impotent man consumed by envy of the younger Othello. <mask>ir returned to the role onstage at the Dublin Festival in 1962 opposite William Marshall in the title role. In 1954 <mask>ir returned to London, playing Brack in Hedda Gabler with Peggy Ashcroft as Hedda. In the role he was judged to be both sinister and amusing.Most of his work continued to be at the Gate, but in 1959 he returned to New York to play Don Pedro in Much Ado About Nothing, with John Gielgud as Benedick and Margaret Leighton as Beatrice. <mask>ir's biggest theatrical success came in 1960, with his one-man show The Importance of Being Oscar, which won enthusiastic reviews and did well at the box-office. It opened at the Gate, after which he played it on Broadway, in London and on tour around the world. He appeared in the piece more than 1,300 times between 1960 and 1975. He followed this in May 1963 with a new one-man entertainment I Must Be Talking to My Friends, and in 1970 presented a third, Talking About Yeats. In his later years <mask>ir relaxed his insistence on his fictitious origins and admitted the truth to interviewers, but for many years after his death reference books nonetheless continued to record him as a native of Cork. Despite Ireland's anti-gay laws, not repealed in their lifetimes, <mask>ir and Edwards gained wide acceptance.The writer Éibhear Walshe has described them as Ireland's only publicly acknowledged homosexuals. They were jointly created freemen of the city of Dublin in 1973, the first theatre people to be thus honoured. Before that, <mask>óir had received the Lady Gregory Medal for literature in 1960 and an honorary doctorate from Trinity College in 1963. <mask>ir made his final stage performance at the Gate in 1975 in The Importance of Being Oscar. He died at his and Edwards's Dublin home, 4 Harcourt Terrace, on 6 March 1978. Walshe records, "as a measure of the public acceptance of the <mask>óir–Edwards partnership, the president of Ireland attended Micheál's funeral, two days later, at St Fintan's, Howth, Dublin, and paid his respects to Hilton Edwards as chief mourner". Legacy

Plays
In his Who's Who in the Theatre entry, <mask> Liammóir listed ten plays of which he was the author, as well as the three one-man shows, and an unspecified number of adaptations ("Jane Eyre, The Picture of Dorian Grey, A Tale of Two Cities, etc.")Ford of the Hurdles 1928
Diarmuid agus Gráinne 1929
Where Stars Walk 1940
Dancing Shadows 1941
Ill Met by Moonlight 1946

Portrait of Miriam 1947
The Mountains Look Different 1948
Home for Christmas 1950
A Slipper for the Moon 1954
Saint Patrick 1955

One-man shows:
 The Importance of Being Oscar
 I Must Be Talking to my Friends
 Talking About Yeats

Books

 Put Money In Thy Purse
 Each Actor On His Ass
 Ceo Meala Lá Seaca
 Enter a Goldfish
 All For Hecuba

 Oícheanna Sidhe
 Lá agus Oíche
 Aisteoirí Faoi Dhá Sholas
 Theatre in Ireland
 Ireland

 Bláth agus Taibhse
 An Oscar of No Importance
 W.B.Yeats and his world, with Eavan Boland

Films
The British Film Institute lists eleven films in which <mask> Arden  1914
The Little Minister  (Micah Dow) 1915
Comin' Thro' the Rye  1916
Land of Her Fathers  1924
Hamlet at Elsinore 1951Othello  (Iago) 1951Tom Jones  (Narrator) 196330 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia  (Irish storyteller) 1968The Kremlin Letter  (Sweet Alice) 1970What's the Matter with Helen? (Hamilton Starr) 1971

Biographies and commemorations
Books about <mask>óir include Micheál <mask>óir: Designs & Illustrations 1917–1972, by Richard Pine and Orla Murphy (1973); Enter Certain Players: <mask>iammoir and the Gate 1928–1978, edited by Peter Luke (1978); a biography, The Importance of Being Micheál by Micheál Ó hAodha (1990) and The Boys: A Double Biography, by Christopher Fitz-Simon (1996). In 1985, Orson Welles was the narrator for Two People... With One Pulse, a documentary film about <mask>moir and Edwards. To mark <mask>móir's centenary in 1999 the BBC commissioned a documentary, Dear Boy: The Story of Michéal <mask>móir, which included rare archive footage. <mask>móir is the subject of the 1990 play The Importance of Being Micheál'' by John Keyes; Frank McGuinness's play 2008 "Gates of Gold" is inspired by Edwards and Mac Liammóir. The annual Dublin Gay Theatre Festival presents the "Michéal Mac Liammóir Award for Outstanding performance by a male".Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1899 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
20th-century English painters
20th-century English poets
20th-century Irish painters
English male painters
Irish male painters
Burials at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Impresarios
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male film actors
Irish poets
Irish male stage actors
Irish male poets
Jacob's Award winners
Naturalised citizens of Ireland
20th-century English male actors
20th-century Irish male actors
English male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
Male actors from London
Writers from London
English male poets
LGBT writers from Ireland
20th-century Irish male writers
20th-century English male writers
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Micheál Mac Liammóir
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Macdu
Mac
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Uaimmhó
Mac Liaimmhó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
MacLiamm
MacLiammó
MacLiamm
Mac
Mac Liammoch
Mac Liamm
Mac Liamm
Edwards MacL
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam


title: Ba Jin

texts:
<mask> (Chinese: 巴金; pinyin: Bā Jīn; 25 November 190417 October 2005) was a Chinese writer. In addition to his impact on Chinese literature, he also wrote three original works in Esperanto, and as a political activist he wrote The Family. Name
He was born as Li Yaotang, with alternate name Li Feigan. He used the pen name <mask>, for which he is most known. The first character of his pen name may took from <mask>, a classmate of his who committed suicide in Paris, and the last character of which is the Chinese equivalent of the last syllable of Peter Kropotkin (克鲁泡特金, Ke-lu-pao-te-jin). He was also sometimes known as Li Pei Kan. Biography

Early life and anarchism
<mask> was born in Chengdu, Sichuan into a five-generation household.As a child <mask> was taught to read and write first by his mother, and later by privately engaged house tutors. It was not until the death of this grandfather in 1917, causing a power struggle which ended with an elder uncle emerging victorious, that he was released to explore the world. As a youngster, <mask> was deeply influenced by Piotr Kropotkin's pamphlet, An Appeal to the Young, which he read at age fifteen. Impressed by Emma Goldman, whom he later referred to as his "spiritual mother", <mask> started a lifelong correspondence with her. In 1920, <mask> enrolled, with an elder brother, in the Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School to study English. It was there he first engaged in the organization of literary journal Crescent and wrote a number of vers libre. He then joined an anarchist organization, the Equality Society, actively distributing propaganda leaflets.Three years later, <mask> moved to Shanghai and subsequently to Dongnan University, Nanjing on the pretext of study, but mainly, as he put it, to escape the feudalistic (fengjian) influence of his family. There, he learned Esperanto and took part in leftist socialist strikes, while remaining active in the anarchist movement, writing a pamphlet on the Chicago Anarchist Martyrs. France (1927–1928)
On graduation, he left on board a liner on February 15, 1927, with a friend for Paris, France, for further studies, where he lodged at the 5th arrondissement (three months at Rue Banville, then Rue Tournefort, No. 2). He described his life there as boring and monotonous, taking daily afternoon walks at the Jardin du Luxembourg and evening French lessons at Alliance Francaise. He recalled especially Rousseau's statue at the Panthéon ("I almost knelt before it...he whom Tolstoy described as the conscience of the 18th century"), the River Seine and the tolling of the Notre Dame. In Paris, <mask> writes:

"In spring 1927, I was living atop a five-storied apartment at Paris's Quartier Latin, a small lodging full of gas and onion smell.I was lonely, I felt pain, sunlight hardly shone into my room: I missed my homeland and my family." It was partly owing to boredom when <mask> began to write his first novel, Miewang  (“Destruction”). In France, <mask> continued his anarchist activism, translated many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's Ethics, into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai's anarchist magazines for publication. Alexander Berkman was one of many anarchist leaders he met there. The trials of Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti made <mask> angry, and he campaigned for their release. Vanzetti apparently was moved enough to reply to <mask> from his American prison, with a package of anarchist texts for his readings. Their short correspondence ceased when Vanzetti was executed, along with Sacco, on August 23, 1927.<mask> published in late 1932 the short story Dianqi  ("The Electric Chair"), to protest against their execution. Shanghai and later life
On his return to Shanghai in 1928, <mask> continued writing and working on translations. His first novel, Destruction, was released serially by Fiction Monthly in 1929, a literary magazine. During the next 10 years, <mask> acted as editor to several important publishing firms and periodicals, as well as composing the works which he is best known for – The Family (1931), The Love Trilogy Fog (1931), Rain (1933) and Lightning (1935), the novellas Autumn in Spring and A Dream of the Sea, the short story collection Mengya  (“Germination”) and prose writings in Fuchou  ("Vengeance") and Shen, Gui, Ren  ("Gods, Ghosts and Men"). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was actively involved in propaganda work against the Japanese invasion, working on the publication Nahan  (“Outcries”, later renamed Fenghuo , “Beacons”) with Mao Dun. In the later stages of the war, <mask> completed the Torrents Trilogy — of which The Family (1931) was the first written — with Spring (1938) and Autumn (1940). Other works of the post-war period, like the short novels A Garden of Repose (1944), Ward Four (1946) and Cold Nights (1947), contain some of his strongest writing.He ceased fiction writing after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, choosing to concentrate on nonfiction instead. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary. His wife since 1944, Xiao Shan, died of cancer in 1972. <mask> was rehabilitated in 1977, after which he was elected to many important national literary posts, including chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association (since 1983). The most significant work of his later years is the discursive writings in Suixiang Lu (translated as "Random Thoughts", five volumes, composed between 1978 and 1986), in which, among other things, he reflected on the Cultural Revolution in a painfully honest manner and in 1981 asked specifically for a Cultural Revolution Museum to be set up. The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum referenced the influence of <mask> on its establishment through displaying a depiction of his at the entrance as well as a quote of his, "Every town in China should establish a museum about the Cultural Revolution." <mask>'s works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including Émile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexandr Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman, and a substantial amount of his collected works are devoted to translations.His writing style, characterized by simplicity, avoids difficult, abstruse words, making him one of the most popular of all modern Chinese writers. <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease beginning in 1983. The illness confined him to Huadong Hospital in Shanghai from 1998, and left him unable to speak and walk during the last few years of his life. <mask> died of cancer in Shanghai at the age of 100 (101 by Chinese reckoning) in 2005. His death marked the end of an era for Chinese literature, especially since he was the last major writer to live through the May Fourth Movement. He received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1990. Asteroid 8315 Bajin is named in his honor.Family
<mask>'s son Li Xiao is a fiction writer. Bibliography

English translations
(1954) Living Amongst Heroes. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1958) The Family. (trans. Sidney Shapiro) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1959) A battle for life: a full record of how the life of steel worker, Chiu Tsai-kang, was saved in the Shanghai Kwangrze Hospital.Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1978) Cold Nights (trans. Nathan K. Mao and Liu Ts'un-yan) Hong Kong: Chinese University press. (1984) Random Thoughts (trans. Germie <mask>m&ecute). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company. (Partial translation of Suizianglu)
(1988) Selected works of <mask> (trans.Sidney Shapiro and Jock Hoe) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (Includes The Family, Autumn in Spring, Garden of Repose, Bitter Cold Nights)
(1999) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. Haili Kong and Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc.
(2005) "How to Build a Society of Genuine Freedom and Equality"(1921), "Patriotism and the Road to Happiness for the Chinese"(1921) and "Anarchism and the Question of Practice"(1927) in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham. Montreal: Black Rose Books. (2012) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans.Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. .

Ba Jin stories in collections
Arzybasheff, M. (1927). "Morning Shadows?" in Tales of the Revolution. Tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York Huebsch.(1927). "Workingman Shevyrev." in Tales of the Revolution, tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York: Huebsch. "Shanghai Labor and the May Thirtieth Movement," Papers on China, 5:1-38. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center.Bao-Puo. (1925). "The Anarchist Movement in China: From a Letter of a Chinese Comrade." Tr. from the Russian, in Freedom. 39.423:4. (1953)."The Society for Literary Studies, 1921-1930." Papers on China. 7:34-79. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center. Chen Tan-chen. (1963). "Pa Chin the Novelist: An Interview."Chinese Literature. 6:84-92. Ch'en Chia-ai character. "Chung-kuo li-shih shang chih an-na-ch'i-chu -i che character (Anarchists in Chinese history); in K'o-lu-p'ao-t'e-chin hsueh-shuo kai-yao. pp. 379-410. Hsin ch'ing-nien (1908)."Chinese Anarchist in Tokyo," Freedom, 22.23:52. Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Wars (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1967)
 Martin, H. and J. Kinkley, eds. (1992) Modern Chinese writers: self-portrayals. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Pino, Angel, “<mask> and the ‘Arshinov Platform’”.libcom.org
 Pino, Angel, “<mask> as Translator,” tr. Ian MacCabe, in Peng Hsiao-yen & Isabelle Rabut (eds. ), Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation. Leiden-Boston: Brill, “East Asian Comparative Literature and Culture” (2), 2014, 28-105. Razak, Dzulkifli Abdul (Oct. 30, 2005). "Leaving behind their legacies". New Straits Times, p. F9.Renditions Autumn 1992. No. 38. "Special issue on Twentieth Century Memoirs. Reminiscences by well-known literary figures, including Zhu Ziqing, <mask>, Lao She and Wang Xiyan." Films
Return from Silence: Five prominent and controversial Chinese writers speak on their roles in the modernization of China. (1 hour video cassette available) — The life and work of five esteemed Chinese writers whose modern classics shaped China's past: <mask>, Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Cao Yu, and Ai Qing.Produced by Chung-wen Shih, George Washington University, 1982. Notes

Further reading
 Lang, Olga. Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth Between Two Revolutions. Cambdridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1967. Mao, Nathan K. Pa Chin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.External links

 "Literary witness to century of turmoil" China Daily (2003-11-24)
 "Chinese literary icon <mask> Jin dies" (BBC)
 A giant of Chinese literature "A giant of Chinese literature" ~ The Sydney Morning Herald''' (21 October 2005)]
 Ba Jin at Anarchist Archives
 "When the Snow Melted" Translated by Tang Sheng at Words Without Borders''
 Pa Chin: A Literary and Revolutionary Chinese Anarchist ~ YemenTimes Newspaper
 Ba Jin: Life and Works
 Ba Jin. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Hong Kong Baptist University Library

1904 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Chinese novelists
20th-century essayists
Anarchist writers
Chinese anarchists
Chinese anti-capitalists
Chinese atheists
Chinese autobiographers
Chinese centenarians
Chinese children's writers
Chinese Esperantists
Chinese male novelists
Chinese male short story writers
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Neurological disease deaths in the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China essayists
People's Republic of China novelists
People's Republic of China short story writers
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Republic of China essayists
Republic of China novelists
Republic of China short story writers
Short story writers from Sichuan
Sichuan University alumni
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Writers from Chengdu
Writers of Esperanto literature
Men centenarians
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Enbo
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Bar
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba


title: Kireet Khurana

texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1967) is an Indian filmmaker, storyteller, and ad-film director. He graduated from Sheridan College in Canada with high-honors. After graduating, he founded the production house Climb Media, and later its animation wing, 2nz Animation Co., where he serves as creative head. <mask> has won more than 30 awards, including 6 prestigious President's National Awards for his films, the first of which he won in 1995 for the animated film Mahagiri. He has made over 12 short films, and over 500 ad films. He is the director of India's first film combining live-action and 3D animation called Toonpur Ka Superrhero, starring Ajay Devgan and Kajol. His 2018 feature film T for Taj Mahal, produced by Abis Rizvi, was launched at the Festival de Cannes in 2018, and premiered at the London Indian Film Festival.It won the Best Feature Film Audience Award and Best Story Award at the DC South Asian Film Festival. His 2016 documentary on Indian film director Saeed Akhtar Mirza, entitled Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi, released on Netflix in 2017. It was named among the top 10 documentaries of 2017 by Vogue India and The Hindu. He is also the creator of India's largest animation series, Vartmaan, with animation pioneer Bhimsain. Personal
Born in 1967, <mask> grew up in a creative environment. His exposure to animation films started from age six as his father, Bhimsain, an animation pioneer in India, nurtured and encouraged his creative leanings. <mask> attended the Jamnabai Narsee School and later completed a BA with a major in economics from the University of Mumbai.Soon thereafter, he went on to graduate in 1994 from Sheridan College, Canada, with honors, in animation filmmaking. His son, Kabeer <mask>, is also a filmmaker. Filmography
Director:
 Toonpur Ka Superrhero (2010)
The Indian animation scene reached a turning point with the release of India's first 3D animation-live action combination feature film, Toonpur Ka Super Hero ("Toonpur's Super Hero") written by Raagi Bhatnagar and directed by <mask> <mask>. The film features Ajay Devgan, Kajol, Sanjai Mishra, Tanuja and Mukesh Tiwari in lead roles, along with a number of animated characters. The film was remade in English in early 2011; it was a box office hit, making high gross earnings within a two-week period. It was a moderate commercial success and received some positive reviews from critics. T for Taj Mahal (2018)

T for Taj Mahal is an upcoming Bollywood feature film produced by Sony Pictures and Abis Rizvi.The film follows the journey of an illiterate villager who brings literacy to his village through a unique social enterprise. Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi (2015)
This documentary profiles the celebrated Hindi film director, Saeed Akhtar Mirza, known as much for his embrace of leftist politics and social concerns as lyrical cinema. Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series
 Trade (1997)
 Mahagiri (1994)

Producer:

 Karma Cafe (2018) - directed by Kabeer <mask>, starring Amole Gupte and Nakul Sahdev in the lead roles. Religion for Dummies (2017) - directed by Kabeer <mask> (2002) – an animated TV series created by <mask> <mask> and produced by Climb Media, was one of its kind. It won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series, Chhota Birbal being the first Indian Animation character to be licensed.It was India's first television series to be licensed and merchandised. Animation:
 Detective Naani (2009) (animation director)
 Hum Tum (2004) (animation voice director)
 Shaadi Ka Laddoo (2004) (animation director)
 Locked (1997) (animator)
 Lok Gatha (1992) TV series (1992) (animation director)

Writer:
 Toonpur Ka Super Hero (2010) (screenplay)
 Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series (creator)
 Trade (1997) (story)

Production manager:
 Kathni Karni Ek Si (1989) (assistant production manager) – won two national awards
 Chhoti Badi Baatein (1986) (assistant production manager) – a highly successful and popular sitcom based on superstitions

Actor:
 Dooriyaan (1979) – directed by the founder, Bhimsain <mask>. This critically acclaimed successful film starring Sharmila Tagore and Uttam Kumar won seven awards, including a Filmfare Critics Award; showcasing the dilemmas and personal ambitions of a married couple, a paradigm shift in terms of story far ahead of its time. Social causes and activism
<mask>'s acclaimed film T for Taj Mahal on social entrepreneurship has won 7 International awards and been selected in 25 festivals world-over. His latest documentary feature film The Invisible Visible on the estimated 70 million homeless population of India, has been hailed as ‘The Reel Change Agent’ by The New Indian Express. and ‘A documentary with a throbbing heart'  by The Hindu. The film is part of a campaign to provide succour to the millions of homeless in India.<mask> has made several films on various causes like award-winning Trade (on child prostitution) and Locked (on child labour) as part of the Rights from the Heart series funded by UNICEF. He has also worked on award–winning film Sand Castle (on paedophilia), and 5 films for Childline India on various issues like education, child marriage and child abuse. His National award-winning film Komal on child sexual abuse has been shown to millions and been made compulsory viewing in schools in India. <mask> is also a fellow for the prestigious Aspire Circle, a fellowship program for social leaders that promotes enlightened social leadership. Film awards
As a producer, <mask> has worked on many award-winning public service campaigns, including a series of four short films for Childline India Foundation on child labor, child marriage, corporal punishment and child sexual abuse. Komal, a film on child sexual abuse, won the FICCI Best Animated Frames (BAF) Award in 2014. Sisters, a film on child marriage, won the Best Public Service and Social Film awards at the INFOCOM-ASSOCHAM EME Awards in 2013.Education Counts won the "Viewer's Choice" award at ANIFEST 2013. For its close association with NASSCOM, Climb Media was honoured with an award at the NASSCOM 25 years' celebration. Awards

Trade
Trade is a film on child prostitution. It was the first Indo-Canadian animation co-production with the National Film Board of Canada and UNICEF It also won the National Award for Best Animation Film Direction in 1998. Mahagiri
Mahagiri won two President's National Awards for Best Animation Film Direction and Animation in 1995, as well as a Certificate of Merit at the Mumbai International Film Festival in 1996. O
O won two National Awards (Best Animation Film; Direction and Animation) in 1996, as well as a Silver Ebensee Award at the Festival Der Nationen in Austria in 1995. Chotta Birbal
Chotta Birbal won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series.Chhota Birbal is also the first Indian animation character to be licensed. Shaadi Ka Laddoo
The 2004 comedy film made history using an animation-live action technique for a song in a film for the first time in Bollywood. This song won the Seagate Technical Excellence Award for best visual effects in a feature in 2005. Nominated in the prestigious Screen Awards in 2005 in the Best VFX category. Sand Castle
This short film about paedophilia was funded by international bodies like UNIFEM and Save the Children India. It won the Best Public Service Message film award at the Seagate Technical Excellence Awards in 2006. It was also part of the official selection at the Bimini Festival.Other accomplishments
Jury member: National Film Festival (2006)
Chairman Jury: Jaipur International Film Fest (2011)
FICCI- BAF Awards (2010–11), Pune International Film Festival (2011)
CNBC-TV18 Golden Cursor Awards (2008)
Sony-Animax Awards (2007), Mumbai International Film Festival (2006)
IDPA awards (2003)
24FPS (2005 – 2008)
Frameflixx2 (2010)
Founder & ex-Hon. Secretary of India's largest animation body: The Animation Society of India from 2001 – 2005. TASI has conducted 100+ high-profile events like International Animation Day & ANIFEST India. Speaker:
FMX06 (Germany)
NASSCOM
Dartmouth College (New Hampshire, USA)
British Council
Max Mueller
IIFC
CMIA
AniGraph (Indian Chapter of Siggraph) CeC & CaC
CGTExpo
Sheridan College (Canada)
Curator & Presenter of Indian Film Retrospectives at Annecy Festival (France)
Forum L'Image (Reunion Islands)
Animation Editor and Columnist for Studio Systems (Diversified Publishing Group). Written articles for Annecy Festival and Zagreb Film Festival (Croatia) AWN, VFXWorld etc. Curator of Animation packages for Annecy Festival (France), Forum De L’Images (Reunion Island) and International Film Festival of India (IFFI, Goa, 2011 & 2014). References

1967 births
Living people
Indian animators
Indian filmmakers
Indian film producers
Indian animated film directors
Indian animated film producers
Film directors from Mumbai
Sheridan College animation program alumni
University of Mumbai alumni
Indian voice directors

masks:
Kireet Khurana
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet
Khurana
Kireet
Khurana
Khurana
Khuranabal
Kireet
Khurana
Khurana
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. <mask> also served as colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry Regiment during the Creek Wars, and played a key role in Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. <mask> later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with <mask> and Henry Clay. Adams appointed him chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation in 1825. Early life
<mask> was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and <mask>. His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots.Two of <mask>' brothers, <mask> and <mask>, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century. Another brother, Thomas Lanier <mask>, was a prominent Tennessee judge. <mask> was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke <mask> . <mask> studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800. Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803. Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White. In 1807, <mask> was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year.In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge. In a letter published in a local newspaper, <mask> blasted Roane as too selfish and too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge. Military activities (1812–1815)

In late 1812, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, <mask> raised a small company of some 200 to 250 volunteers, primarily from Tennessee and Georgia, with the intention of invading Florida and attacking the Seminole tribe. <mask> and other leaders on the frontier suspected that Spain would eventually join the British side in the war, and would encourage the Seminoles to attack frontier settlements in southern Georgia. <mask> and his volunteers invaded Florida in early February 1813, and destroyed several Seminole villages, burning over 300 houses, and stealing a large number of horses and other livestock. After reporting that the Seminole country was "completely in waste," <mask> returned to East Tennessee, and his volunteers were mustered out shortly afterward. In June 1813, <mask> was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks.Within a few weeks, <mask> had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, <mask> and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the Red Sticks in Alabama. On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, <mask> and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee. In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of <mask> and several other officers of the 39th. Soldiers who fought under <mask> at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston. Following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, <mask> went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons.Throughout 1814, <mask> and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that <mask> give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and <mask> arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned <mask>' loyalty, and <mask> questioned Jackson's authority. United States Senate

In 1815, <mask> was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation of George W. Campbell). In 1817, <mask> was reelected to a full six-year term. <mask> voted in favor of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, opposed the Bonus Bill of 1817, and voted for the Missouri Compromise of 1820. He was also chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and oversaw a reduction of the armed forces. In 1819, following Jackson's invasion of Florida (then part of Spain), another dispute erupted between <mask> and Jackson.Jackson accused <mask> of spreading a rumor that Jackson had launched the invasion to protect personal land investments in the Pensacola area, and argued that <mask> was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington. In 1821, <mask> was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In 1823, <mask> made it clear that he was going to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek <mask>' removal from the Senate. When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat <mask>, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for <mask>' seat. Though <mask> had the support of the influential Knoxville Register and rising politician Davy Crockett, he lost to Jackson by a margin of 35 votes to 25 at a contentious meeting of the state legislature on October 1, 1823. Later life

After losing his U.S. Senate seat, <mask> ran for Knox County's state senate seat in 1825, but lost to James Anderson by a vote of 982 to 931. President <mask> Adams pondered appointing <mask> Secretary of War, but was dissuaded by Henry Clay, who thought the appointment should go to someone from New York.Adams eventually appointed <mask> chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation, and <mask> thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala. In 1827, <mask> again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including <mask>' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to <mask> as a "mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him"), <mask> won the election, 1,585 to 1,216. During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee. He retired from the state senate in 1829. <mask> spent his later years practicing law and advocating railroad construction. He rejected several invitations to run for Congress, stating he had no desire to go to Washington and serve at the "bow of the emperor," in reference to then-President Jackson.<mask> died on August 10, 1837, and was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Knoxville. Family and legacy

In 1816, <mask> made plans to develop a subdivision, "Williamsburg," on what was then the outskirts of Knoxville (now part of the Downtown area). This subdivision was bounded by what is now Henley Street (which at the time was the city's western boundary), Main Street, the riverfront, and Second Creek. The area is now occupied by Maplehurst Park and the Church Street Methodist Church. In 1826, while <mask> was in Guatemala, his wife oversaw the construction of a new family home in East Knoxville, now known as the Colonel <mask> House. The house is still standing, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. <mask>' son, Joseph Lanier <mask>, served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1837 to 1843).Another son, <mask> II, was a prominent pro-Union leader during the Civil War, and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. <mask> was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, <mask>. Fort Williams, a supply depot built prior to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was named for <mask>. References

1778 births
1837 deaths
United States senators from Tennessee
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
People of the Creek War
United States Army officers
Ambassadors of the United States to the Federal Republic of Central America
Tennessee Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
19th-century American diplomats

masks:
John Williams
Williams
Williams
John Quincy Adams
Williams
Reah Lanier Williams
Williams
Lewis Williams
Robert Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
John Quincy
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
John Williams
Williams
Williams
John Williams
John Williams
Tennessee Williams
Williams


title: Mark Barron

texts:
<mask> (born October 27, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is a free agent. He played college football at Alabama, where he was twice recognized as an All-American, and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams. He was drafted as a strong safety by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft, where he played for two and a half seasons before being traded to the St. Louis Rams in 2014, where he moved to the linebacker position. He also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Denver Broncos. Early years
<mask> was born in Mobile, Alabama. He attended St. Paul's Episcopal School in Mobile, where he played for the St. Paul's Saints high school football team, under the coaching of Eddie Guth. He played multiple positions, including running back, wide receiver, and linebacker from 2004 through 2007.<mask> had 785 rushing yards as a junior on 78 carries and added 368 receiving yards on 23 catches, scoring a total of 12 touchdowns. As a senior, <mask> was the MVP of the 2007 Class 5A state championship game after rushing for 1,094 yards on 122 carries with 15 touchdowns in his senior season. He was also named a first-team Alabama Sports Writers Association All-State selection in Class 5A as a senior. In addition to playing football, <mask> also competed in track & field, where he won multiple 5A individual state titles in events ranging from the shot put to the long jump during the 2008 season. He recorded a career-best throw of 17.09 meters in the shot put at the Mobile Challenge of Champions, where he placed first. He captured four state titles at the 2008 AHSAA 4A-6A Championships, winning the triple jump, with a jump of 14.08 meters, long jump, with a leap of 6.74 meters, discus throw, with a throw of 44.03 meters, and in shot put, with a throw of 16.76 meters. He also recorded a personal-best time of 11.39 seconds in the 100 meters.Recruiting
<mask> was ranked as a five-star prospect and the number one weakside linebacker in the Class of 2008 by Scout.com. He was also ranked as the fifth best player in the state of Alabama and the 55th best player in the nation in the Class of 2008 by Rivals.com. <mask> chose to play at Alabama over offers from Auburn, LSU, Florida, Florida State, and Tennessee among others. College career
<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Alabama, where he played for coach Nick Saban's Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 2008 to 2011. As a true freshman for the 2008 Crimson Tide, he made his first appearance on kick-off coverage against Clemson. He had his first career tackle early in the game on a crushing blow of Jacoby Ford on a kickoff return. On September 20, against Arkansas, he recorded his first collegiate sack.<mask> played in all of Alabama's 14 games, recording 18 tackles and a sack. During his sophomore season in 2009, <mask> took over as a starter at safety and was second on Alabama's national championship team with 74 tackles and a Southeastern Conference-leading seven interceptions and a touchdown. He also had a career-high two interceptions against Mississippi State. On October 10, against Ole Miss, he had his first career collegiate reception, which went for seven yards. On October 17, against South Carolina, he had a 77-yard pick six in the 20–6 victory. On November 14, against Mississippi State, he had two interceptions in the 31–3 victory. <mask> finished the regular season tied for third in the nation with 7 interceptions and tied for sixth in the nation with 17 passes defended.In the SEC Championship against Florida, he had seven total tackles in the 32–13 victory. In the BCS National Championship against Texas, he had six total tackles and one pass defended in the 37–21 victory. He was recognized as a first-team All-SEC selection and third-team All-American at safety. <mask> was the Crimson Tide's only returning starter in the defensive secondary for the 2010 season. He finished the season with 77 tackles, three interceptions, nine passes defended, and one forced fumble. He was named an FWAA All-American. In 2011, <mask> was again a first-team All-SEC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American.In the BCS National Championship against LSU, he had two total tackles and a sack in the 21–0 victory. College statistics

Professional career
<mask> attended the NFL Combine in Indianapolis, but did not perform drills as he was still recovering after recently undergoing sports hernia surgery. On March 7, 2012, <mask> attended Alabama's pro day and performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle, three-cone drill, and bench press. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the best strong safety prospect by DraftScout.com and was ranked as the top safety by NFL analysts Mike Mayock, Charley Casserly, and Sporting News. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
<mask> was selected with the seventh overall pick by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2012 NFL Draft. He is the highest selected Alabama defensive back in school history, surpassing Antonio Langham, who was chosen ninth overall in 1994 by the Cleveland Browns.2012
On July 20, 2012, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a four-year, $14.56 million contract with a $9.00 million signing bonus and no offset language. <mask> was expected to be the starting strong safety his rookie season. In Week 3 of the preseason, <mask> intercepted Tom Brady and ran the pick back for his first career NFL touchdown. He made his professional regular season debut in the Buccaneers' season-opening victory over the Carolina Panthers and finished the game with three solo tackles and two pass deflections. The next game, <mask> made a season-high ten combined tackles and two pass deflections in a 41–34 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 4, <mask> made eight combined tackles and forced his first career fumble in a 24–22 loss to the Washington Redskins. On October 14, 2012, he collected eight total tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Brady Quinn for the first of his career, as the Buccaneers routed the Chiefs 38–10.During a Week 14 loss to the New Orleans Saints, <mask> racked up a season-high eight solo tackles and two assisted tackles. <mask> started the regular season strong with 42 tackles, seven passes defended and one interception in his first six NFL games, but trailed off towards the end of the season before finishing with 89 tackles. He started all 16 games and made the Pro Football Writers Association All-Rookie team, even though the team was the NFL's worst pass defense. He finished his first year under new head coach Greg Schiano with 71 solo tackles, 17 assisted tackles, 10 pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. 2013
<mask> returned as the Buccaneers' strong safety to begin his second season under coach Greg Schiano. In the season opener, he made four combined tackles and a pass deflection in an 18–17 loss to the New York Jets. The following week, <mask> collected a career-high 13 combined tackles, of which ten were solo, a pass deflection, and made his first career sack on Drew Brees during a 16–14 loss to the New Orleans Saints.During a Week 3 loss to the New England Patriots, <mask> finished with 11 combined tackles, was credited with half a sack, and intercepted Tom Brady for his first pick of the season. On November 3, 2013, he racked up ten solo tackles, an assisted tackle, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass from Russell Wilson in the Buccaneers' 27–24 overtime loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On December 8, 2013, <mask> made four solo tackles and made his first career solo sack on Buffalo Bills quarterback EJ Manuel. He missed the last two games of the regular season after suffering a hamstring injury. <mask> finished his second season with 88 combined tackles, six pass deflections, two sacks, and two interceptions while starting in 14 games. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers finished their season with a 4–12 record and head coach Greg Schiano was fired after the season. 2014
Under new head coach Lovie Smith, <mask> remained as the Buccaneers' starting strong safety to begin his third season.In their season-opener against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> made seven combined tackles. On October 5, 2014, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles in a 37–34 overtime loss to the New Orleans Saints. On October 26, 2014, <mask> played his last game with the Buccaneers before being unexpectedly traded to the Rams. He finished the 19–13 loss to the Minnesota Vikings with only four combined tackles. In the eight games with the Buccaneers, he made 49 combined tackles and two pass deflections. <mask> finished his career with the Buccaneers with 225 combined tackles, 18 pass deflections, three interceptions, two sacks, and a forced fumble while starting 38 games in three seasons. St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
On October 28, 2014, the Buccaneers traded <mask> to the St. Louis Rams for a fourth and sixth-round draft pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.<mask> has gone on record saying he felt "disrespected" and "blindsided" by the trade and that he had no idea he was even being shopped around to other teams. It is reported that he was traded because of behavior that was deemed unprofessional by the team. On November 2, 2014, <mask> made his debut with the St. Louis Rams and recorded one tackle during the 13–10 victory. The next game, he racked up five solo tackles and sacked Arizona Cardinals backup quarterback Drew Stanton during a 31-14 loss. On November 30, 2014, he made his first career start with the Rams and collected two solo tackles and a pass deflection as the Rams routed the Oakland Raiders 52–0. He finished his nine games with the Rams with 23 combined tackles, three sacks, and a pass deflection. 2015
On May 3, 2015, the St. Louis Rams declined to pick up his fifth-year, $8.26 million option on his rookie contract.<mask> entered his first training camp with the St. Louis Rams competing with veteran T. J. McDonald to be the starting strong safety. He was named the backup to McDonald to begin the regular season. In the season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> made two solo tackles and assisted on three tackles in the 34–31 victory. On October 11, 2015, he received his first start of the season during the Rams' 24–10 loss to the Green Bay Packers and made five combined tackles. The following week, <mask> made his first career start at weakside linebacker after Alec Ogletree suffered a broken fibulia He finished the 24-6 victory over the Cleveland Browns with a career-high 16 combined tackles. The St. Louis Rams coaching staff had him credited with 19 combined tackles, two tackles for a loss, and two forced fumbles during his debut against the Browns. The following game, <mask> made ten combined tackles and deflected a pass against the San Francisco 49ers.On December 13, 2015, he collected 11 combined tackles during a 21–14 defeat of the Detroit Lions. <mask> finished the season with  116 combined tackles, one sack, five pass deflections, and a career-high three forced fumbles. He started 12 games and appeared in all 16 as the Rams finished with a 7–9 record in their last season in St. Louis. 2016
On March 9, 2016, the Los Angeles Rams signed <mask> to a five-year, $45 million contract with $20 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $5 million. After having a career season in 2015, <mask> returned as the Rams' hybrid weakside linebacker. He started the Rams' season-opening game against the San Francisco 49ers, finishing the 28–0 loss with three combined tackles and two deflected passes. The next game, <mask> collected nine solo tackles, an assisted tackle, and a pass deflection during the Rams' 9–3 victory over the Seattle Seahawks.In Week 3 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he racked up nine combined tackles and intercepted quarterback Jameis Winston for his first pick as a Ram. The following week, <mask> made eight solo tackles an intercepted Carson Palmer, helping the Rams defeat the Arizona Cardinals 24–22. On November 6, 2016, he collected nine solo tackles and got his first sack of the season on Panthers quarterback Cam Newton. On November 27, 2016, <mask> made a season-high 14 combined tackles as the Rams lost 49–21 at the New Orleans Saints. <mask> and the Rams finished with a 4–12 record in the team's first season back in Los Angeles. He started in all 16 games in 2016 and recorded a career-high 118 combined tackles (91 solo), eight pass deflections, two interceptions, and a sack. 2017
Head coach Sean McVay named <mask> and Alec Ogletree the starting inside linebackers to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Connor Barwin and Robert Quinn.On October 8, 2017, <mask> collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (12 solo) during a 16–10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in Week 5. In Week 15, <mask> sustained an injury to his Achilles tendon during a 42–7 victory at the Seattle Seahawks. He was inactive for two games (Weeks 16–17) after injuring his heel. He finished the season with 86 combined tackles (73 solo), four pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 14 games and 14 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 61.8, which ranked 48th among qualified linebackers in 2017. The Los Angeles Rams finished first in the NFC West with an 11–5 and qualified for the playoffs. On January 6, 2018, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (eight solo) in a 26–13 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Wildcard Game.2018
<mask> started 12 games for the Rams in the 2018 season. He recorded a safety when he tackled Aaron Jones in the endzone in Week 8 against the Green Bay Packers. He finished with one sack, 60 combined tackles, one quarterback hit, one pass defensed, and one forced fumble. The Rams won the NFC West and earned the #2-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the Divisional Round against the Dallas Cowboys, he had five combined tackles in the victory. In the victory over the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship, he had nine combined tackles. In the 13-3 loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LIII, he had eight combined tackles and one pass defended.On March 5, 2019, <mask> was released by the Rams. Pittsburgh Steelers

On March 17, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> made his debut with the Steelers in week 1 against the New England Patriots. In the game, <mask> made 6 tackles in the 33–3 loss. In week 4 against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> recorded a team high 11 tackles and intercepted Andy Dalton in the 27–3 win. In week 10 against his former team, the Los Angeles Rams, <mask> recorded a team high 10 tackles in the 17–12 win. The Steelers released <mask> on March 16, 2020.Denver Broncos
On August 30, 2020, <mask> signed with the Denver Broncos. He was placed on injured reserve on September 23, 2020 with a hamstring injury. He was activated on November 25, 2020. On December 22, 2020, <mask> was waived by the Broncos. NFL statistics

References

External links

 Los Angeles Rams bio
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
 Alabama Crimson Tide bio

1989 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
All-American college football players
American football safeties
American football linebackers
Players of American football from Alabama
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
St. Louis Rams players
Los Angeles Rams players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Denver Broncos players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

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title: Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse

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<mask> (; October 27, 1156 – August 2, 1222) was Count of Toulouse and Marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222. He was also  Count of Melgueil (as <mask> IV) from 1173 to 1190. Early life
<mask> was born at Saint-Gilles, Gard, the son of <mask> and Constance of France. His maternal grandparents were Louis VI of France and his second wife Adélaide de Maurienne. His maternal uncles included Louis VII of France. In 1194 he succeeded his father as count of Toulouse. He immediately re-established peace with both Alfonso II of Aragon and with the Trencavel family.Marriages
He was married six times:

 On December 11, 1172, to Ermessende of Pelet, Countess of Melgueil. She died in 1176 without issue. In 1178 to Beatrice of Béziers, sister of Roger II Trencavel. She left <mask> and retired to a nunnery. <mask> and Beatrice had one daughter. Constance of Toulouse, who was married first to King Sancho VII of Navarre, and secondly to Pierre-Bermond II of Sauve, lord of Anduze. In 1193 to Bourgogne de Lusignan, daughter of Amaury II, King of Cyprus.She was repudiated in 1196. In October 1196 at Rouen to Joan Plantagenet, daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Their marriage included Richard I's renouncement of his claim to Toulouse, ending the feud with the ducal house of Aquitaine. She died on September 4, 1199, in childbirth as a veiled nun at Fontevraud Abbey. Joan and <mask> VI had two children. <mask>, Count of Toulouse (1198–1249); and
Joan of Toulouse (1198–1255), second wife of Bernard II de la Tour, Lord of la Tour. In 1200 to the daughter of Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus.They divorced in late 1202, as she had remarried to Thierry of Flanders by early 1203. In January 1204 to Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. Problems with the Church
<mask> held vast territories but his control of them was problematic. Aside from theoretically owing allegiance to the King of France, <mask> held Provence as a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor. Henry II of England controlled neighboring Aquitaine through his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had a claim to Toulouse through her grandmother, Philippa of Toulouse, daughter of William IV, Count of Toulouse. Alfonso II of Aragon was involved in the affairs of Languedoc, stimulating emigration from the north to colonize newly reconquered lands in Aragon. In Toulouse, <mask> maintained the communal freedoms, extended exemptions from taxation, and extended his protection to the communal territory.A poet and a man of culture, he hated war but did not lack energy. According to Henri Pirenne, "At the end of the 12th century Languedoc was swarming with those mystics who aspired to lead the Church and the age back to apostolic simplicity, condemning both the religious hierarchy and the social order". At first Innocent III tried to deal with the Cathars by peaceful conversion, sending into the affected regions a number of legates or representatives. Count <mask> declined to assist, although constantly embroiled with his vassals, and given the autonomy of the towns, Kenneth Setton questions whether <mask> "could have coped effectively with the challenge of heresy even if he had wished to do so". The legates sent from Rome and France received little support as they were considered foreign reformers. Papal legate Pierre de Castelnau was sent to address <mask>'s tolerance for the practice of the Cathars, but withdrew for six months in 1206 out of concerns for his safety. Pierre's assassination on January 15, 1208, led to <mask>'s excommunication.After the capture and massacre of Béziers, the siege and capture of Carcassonne, and the death of <mask> Trencavel, all in 1209, he moved his camp, was again excommunicated by the Council of Montpellier in 1211, and tried to organize resistance against the Albigensian Crusade. More of a diplomat than a soldier, he was unable to stop the advance of Simon de Montfort, who conquered Toulouse. Following Battle of Muret, <mask> was exiled to England under his former brother-in-law John, King of England. In November 1215, <mask> and his son (the later <mask>, Count of Toulouse) were in Rome with <mask>, Count of Foix on the occasion of the Fourth Lateran Council to vindicate themselves and dispute the loss of their territories. <mask>'s son-in-law, Pierre-Bermond II of Sauve, was also there to lay claim to the county of Toulouse, but this claim failed. <mask> and his son went from Rome to Genoa and thence to Marseille in February 1216. <mask>'s son set out from Marseille to regain the family territories in Provence; in May 1216 he besieged Beaucaire and captured it on August 24.Meanwhile, <mask> went to Aragon, hoping to rally support. From there he engaged in secret negotiations with leaders in Toulouse during 1216. Simon de Montfort possibly believed that <mask> was on his way to the city in September 1216; at any rate he returned in great haste from Beaucaire and conducted a partial sack of the city, apparently intended as punishment. Finally, on September 12, 1217, <mask> re-entered Toulouse again. Simon de Montfort immediately besieged the city once more. Simon was killed during the siege (25 June 25, 1218); his son Amaury VI of Montfort took his place, and for five years the Crusade faltered. The failure of Louis VIII's campaigns, from 1219 to 1226, finally permitted <mask>, and his son and successor, to recover most of their territories.<mask> is represented as one of four figures on the ceiling of the Minnesota Supreme Court in the United States. His painting is next to Moses, Confucius, and Socrates, each painting representing an aspect of law. <mask>'s painting is entitled "The Adjustment of Conflicting Interests", and the scene is of <mask> of Toulouse standing before the papal legate in 1208. <mask> argued successfully for city freedoms, extended exemptions from taxation, and protection of the communal territory from the church. The paintings were made by John LaFarge in 1903. References

Sources

External links

<mask> entry at the Catholic Encyclopedia

1156 births
1222 deaths
People from Saint-Gilles, Gard
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People of the Albigensian Crusade
Counts of Toulouse
Dukes of Narbonne
Margraves of Provence
Occitan nobility
Catharism
13th-century peers of France

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title: Zhang Jihui

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<mask> (; born January 1927) was the Deputy Commander of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and a highly decorated fighter pilot during the Korean War. <mask> joined the PLAAF in 1945 and was one of the first combat pilots trained for the PLAAF. He was later posted at the Chinese 4th Aviation Division, which was also the first Chinese air unit that entered combat during the Korea War. On February 10, 1952, <mask> became famous in China due to the death American ace Major George Andrew Davis, Jr., and he is credited by the Chinese for shooting down the American ace until Russian sources disputed his claim 40 years later with different theories lie in who and how the Chinese and Russian fighter pilots may have engaged the American fighter pilots. <mask> claimed a total of four victories during his service in Korea, and he was awarded the title Combat Hero, 1st Class during his service. After the Korean War, <mask> had held various commands and became the Deputy Commander of PLAAF in 1973. Outside of his military career, <mask> was also the Deputy Mayor of Yantai.Early life and military career
<mask> was born at Rongcheng, Shandong in January 1927. He was born into a poor peasant family of seven that lived off  of land. His father, <mask>, was a farmer and a member of the Chinese Communist Party. <mask> entered elementary school at the age of 10, and he became a school teacher after finishing elementary school at Ningjin County in 1943. <mask> soon abandoned his job in order to pursue higher education. While studying at university in 1945, he joined the Chinese Communist Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered, his unit was moved into Manchuria, where the Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) had set up its first pilot school.<mask> was sent to study at the school and graduated in 1948. He was among the first group of pilots trained for the fledgling People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). In 1950, <mask> became a group leader at the 4th Aviation Division. Combat in Korea
When the PLAAF officially entered the air war over Korea in September 1951, <mask>'s 4th Aviation Division was the first PLAAF unit sent into combat, and it was under the command of the Soviet 64th Aviation Corps. The 4th Aviation Division was stationed at Langtou Airfield in Liaoning Province, and it was composed of 55 MiG-15s. <mask> first entered two aerial engagements with no victory, but he soon claimed his first victory on October 16, 1951. While intercepting an UN flight on October 16, <mask> claimed to shoot down one aircraft while forcing a F-86 Sabre to crash.For this action he was awarded the Meritorious Service, 1st Class. On February 4, 1952, <mask> claimed his third victory against a F-86 and received the Meritorious Service, 2nd Class. Death of Major Davis
On February 10, 1952, US F-86 Sabre ace Major George Andrew Davis, Jr. was shot down by a MiG-15 during his 16th mission in the MiG Alley near Kunu-ri. Davis was the highest ranking Korean War ace at the time, and he was posthumously celebrated as a hero and received the Medal of Honor. About 36 MiG-15s from the 4th Aviation Division were involved in the engagement in which Davis was killed, and <mask> was among the group. According to <mask>'s own report after the battle, while the MiGs were en route to intercept Davis' group, he and his wingman became separated from the main element. As <mask> was trying to rejoin his formation, he spotted a group of eight F-86s in the area between Taechon and Chongye at 0740.<mask> and his wingman then swung down onto the tails of two Sabres and opened fire. <mask> claimed that he shot down both Sabres, but enemy reinforcements soon destroyed his MiG while killing his wingman. The publicity of Davis' death soon caught the Chinese attention. To determine whether Davis was killed by <mask> in the absence of gun camera footage, the 4th Aviation Division had sent two search teams on February 16 and 18, and they recovered a wreckage of F-86E, along with Davis' body and his belongings. The search team had also discovered that the crash site was within  to where <mask> had bailed out, and that <mask>'s 12th Regiment was the only unit that operated near the area; the nearest Soviet unit was operating dozens of kilometers away. In light of those findings and the testimonies from the ground troops that had witnessed the battle, <mask> was credited by the PVA air force for shooting down Davis' F-86. Davis' dog tag is currently on display at the Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in Dandong.Although <mask> was credited by the PLAAF for shooting down Davis' F-86, doubts about the claim were raised due to US Air Force's recollection of the event was inconsistent with <mask>'s own account of the battle, and that Davis had claimed to have shot down two Chinese MiGs moments before being killed. The lack of gun camera footage from Chinese side meant <mask>'s victory claim also hinged on his own recollection of the event. After declassifying their involvement in the Korean War 40 years later, Russian sources disputed <mask>'s claim by raising the possibility that 1st Lieutenant Mikhail Akimovich Averin was the MiG pilot that had shot down Davis' plane. According to the recollections from the pilots of the Soviet 64th Aviation Corps, both <mask> and his wingman were probably shot down by Davis, who was in turn surprised and shot down by Mikhail A. Averin scrambling to save the Chinese MiGs. Lieutenant General Georgy Lobov, commander of the 64th Aviation Corps, also noted in his memoir that Davis was killed by a Soviet pilot. Currently, both China and Russia have taken credit over Davis' death with no conclusive evidence to confirm either sides of the story. Regardless of the controversy surrounding Davis' death, <mask> became a household name in China.The PLAAF later awarded <mask> with the title Combat Hero, 1st Class for this action. According to official records, <mask> had participated in 10 aerial engagements with a total of four victories during his service in Korea, and for his service <mask> received the Meritorious Service, Special Class. The North Korean government also awarded <mask> with the Freedom and Independence Medal, 2nd Class. Later life
Immediately after the war, <mask> was sent to study at the Red Banner Air Force Academy in the Soviet Union, and returned to China in 1957 after graduation. He steadily climbed the ranks by assuming the command of the 27th Aviation Division in 1964, and later took command of the 1st Aviation Corps in 1970. In 1973, he was named the Deputy Commander of the PLAAF. In July 1978, <mask> was stripped of his ranks and imprisoned, but after his release in 1980, he became the Deputy Mayor of Yantai.In July 1990, the PLA Central Military Commission restored <mask>'s position and allowed him to retire with a state pension. Notes

References

1927 births
Living people
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Chinese Korean War pilots
People from Rongcheng, Shandong

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title: Kelly Price

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<mask> (born April 4, 1973) is an American R&B and gospel singer. She started her singing career in 1992. <mask> originally garnered attention by singing backing vocals for Mariah Carey on multiple songs, including her Billboard Hot 100 number one singles: "Fantasy" and "All I Want for Christmas Is You"; before rising to greater prominence after making uncredited guest appearances on the number one single "Mo Money Mo Problems" by The Notorious B.I.G., as well as "Feel So Good" by Mase, which prompted her to release her own music. Her debut album Soul of a Woman (1998), was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album's lead single "Friend of Mine" reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1998, <mask> was featured on the Whitney Houston single "Heartbreak Hotel" alongside Faith Evans, which peaked at number two and earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Her second album, Mirror Mirror (2000), and her fourth album Priceless (2003), both reached the top ten on the Billboard 200 chart.In 2016, she made an uncredited appearance on Kanye West's song "Ultralight Beam" from his album The Life of Pablo. <mask> has won a Soul Train Music Award, and has received nine Grammy Award nominations. Life and music career
<mask> was born in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City, and began singing in church as a toddler. Her first professional engagement was with George Michael at Madison Square Garden in January 1992. During rehearsals for the 1992 Grammy Awards the next month, <mask> was overheard singing in the rehearsal hall by Mariah Carey while everyone else was on a meal break. <mask> was later introduced to Carey's husband, Sony Columbia's then CEO Tommy Mottola, and was offered a job as a background singer for Carey, which she accepted until 1997. She released her second album, Mirror Mirror, in 2000 on the Def Soul imprint of Def Jam Records; Island and Def Jam had merged in 1999, with <mask> and labelmates Dru Hill being reassigned to Def Soul.Mirror Mirror featured the singles "You Should've Told Me" and the Grammy Award nominated

In October 2005, <mask> recorded her first live gospel album. The This Is Who I Am album has been released on October 24, 2006, on her own label, EcclecticSounds Records. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Gospel Charts and peaked at No. 9 on the R&B album chart. <mask> was inducted as an honorary member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority in July 2006. In early 2007, <mask> kicked off a tour with the 'Sisters in the Spirit 2007'.In 2006, she recorded the song "Why?" for the soundtrack Why Did I Get Married?, the film version of Why Did I Get Married? Priceless Secrets from The Soul of A Woman, in which <mask> created the role of Sheila alongside Tyler Perry who used the song titles and lyrical content of <mask>'s hit recordings to develop the story. In early 2009, she was featured on Coko's gospel album entitled The Winner in Me on the track "Oh Mary". In June 2010, <mask> promoted her single "Tired" on The Jazz Joy and Roy syndicated radio show as "some of the best work of my career to date." The song was also featured in Tyler Perrys 2011 film Madea's Big Happy Family. On February 9, 2012, in a pre-Grammy party to celebrate <mask>'s nominations, the singer sang "Jesus Loves Me" with Whitney Houston in what turned out to be Houston's last public performance two days before her death.In September 2009, it was announced she would be joining Deborah Cox and Tamia to form the super group The Queen Project. The women seek to empower women of all ages, races and backgrounds by doing a number of community service projects. In 2016, <mask> was included in multiple songs on rapper Kanye West's new album, The Life of Pablo. <mask> was a co-writer with American R&B singer K. Michelle, on her single Not a Little Bit which was released on January 22, 2016. It is the lead single from the singer's third studio album, More Issues Than Vogue. In September 2021, <mask> was declared missing as reported by TMZ. Her attorney later confirmed she was privately recuperating from a severe covid infection.Legal issues
On July 16, 2010, a lawsuit was filed in a Texas federal court by <mask> against a nationally known prosperity ministry, New Light Church of Houston, et al. Other defendants in the case include New Light's pastor, I. V. Hilliard, wife, Bridget Hilliard and daughter, Preshea Hilliard. <mask> claims she wrote and copyrighted the tune, "Women Who Win," which New Light Church and three members of the Hilliard family used without permission in a church show, on DVDs, on a website and at a "Women Who Win" conference in Houston. The original court docket indicates that the involved parties continued to use the work in a variety of ways despite being refused license to use. In 2018, a lawsuit was filed against <mask> and her Atlanta-based company, Sang Girl Productions, alleging that <mask> took $25,000 to perform at a fundraiser for a non profit organization and then did not attend. The lawsuit alleges that she did not return the $25,000 advance. Family
<mask> grew up in a second apartment in the Edgemere Projects in Far Rockaway, Queens.Her father died when she was nine years old. She resides in Atlanta, Georgia, and frequently visits Los Angeles. <mask>'s grandfather is Jerome Norman, bishop and pastor of the Full Gospel Mission Church of God in Christ in Queens and Jurisdictional Prelate of the First Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of Barbados since 1985 by the late Presiding Bishop J.O. Patterson. Her mother, Claudia (1951–2020), was the former musical director of the church. <mask> began singing in the church at the age of six; and due to her voice gained the nickname 'Little Mahalia Jackson'. In 2020, <mask> lost her grandfather to COVID-19.Breast cancer activism
In December 2000, <mask> donated $250,000 to fight breast cancer. She presented a check to Tony Martell of the T.J. Martell Foundation and Denise Rich of G&P Foundation For Cancer Research to help with the ongoing fight against breast cancer. <mask> donated the proceeds from her single "Love Sets You Free" which she recorded in January 2000. In April 1999, <mask> volunteered to showcase her fashion designs during a special charity gala and fashion show to help the National Breast Cancer Awareness Initiative raise money for breast cancer education for minority women. The previous year, in 1998, <mask> learned that both her mother and her mother-in-law had been diagnosed with breast cancer, which would later claim her mother-in-law's life. <mask>'s mother was a survivor of inflammatory breast cancer and an activist in educating the public about the disease. She was the chairwoman of the seventh annual Sister to Sister Fitness Festival held in Dallas, Texas which was sponsored by the Celebrating Life Foundation.Claudia experienced pain in her breast in 1997, but said fear and a lack of insurance kept her from seeking immediate medical attention. Instead, she waited two years before seeing a doctor. While at work one day in 1999, her doctor called and said she had inflammatory breast cancer. Doctors gave her two months to live. She underwent chemotherapy, and the disease was in remission as of October 2006. Discography

Studio albums
 Soul of a Woman (1998)
 Mirror Mirror (2000)
 One Family: A Christmas Album (2001)
 Priceless (2003)
 This Is Who I Am (2006)
 <mask> (2011)
 Sing Pray Love, Vol. 1: Sing (2014)
 Grace (2021)

Awards and nominations

AMFT Awards

!Ref.|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| rowspan=2|"Ultralight Beam" (with Kanye West, Chance the Rapper, Kirk Franklin and The-Dream)
| Best Rap Song
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| Best Rap Duo/Group Performance
|

American Music Award

|-
|2001
|<mask>
|Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist
|
|}

Billboard Music Awards

!Ref. |-
| 1998
| <mask>
| Top Hot R&B Singles Artists – Female
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1999
| rowspan=3|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
| Top Hot 100 Song
|
|rowspan=3|
|-
| Top Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Single
|
|-
| Top Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Single Sales
|

Grammy Award

|-
|2000
|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
|
|-
|2001
|"As We Lay"
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|2004
|"He Proposed"
|Best Traditional R&B Performance
|
|-
|2011
|"Tired"
|Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|rowspan="2"|"Not My Daddy" (feat. Stokley Williams)
|Best R&B Performance
|
|-
|Best R&B Song
|
|-
|<mask>
|Best R&B Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|rowspan="2"|"Ultralight Beam" (with Kanye West, Chance the Rapper, Kirk Franklin and The-Dream)
|Best Rap/Sung Performance
|
|-
|Best Rap Song
|
|}

MTV Video Music Award

|-
|1999
|"Heartbreak Hotel" (with Whitney Houston and Faith Evans)
|Best R&B Video
|
|}

Soul Train Music Award

|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
|Kelly Price
|Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist
|
|-
|"Friend of Mine" (feat. R. Kelly and Ronald Isley)
|Best R&B/Soul Single, Female
|
|-
|Soul of a Woman
|Best R&B/Soul Album, Female
|
|-
|2001
|Mirror, Mirror
|Best R&B/Soul Album, Female
|
|}

SoulTracks Readers' Choice Awards

|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|Kelly Price
|Favorite Female Vocalist of The Year
|
|-
|Kelly
|Indie Album of The Year
|
|}

See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links

 Kelly Price Interview with Benji Irby

Living people
African-American women singers
African-American Christians
American dance musicians
American gospel singers
American mezzo-sopranos
American Pentecostals
American soul singers
Def Jam Recordings artists
Members of the Church of God in Christ
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
People from DeKalb County, Georgia
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Ballad musicians
21st-century American singers
20th-century American singers
African-American songwriters
1973 births
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

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