title: Florence Robinson Weber

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<mask> (August 26, 1921 – January 18, 2018) was an American geologist, pilot, and adventurer, whose work contributed greatly to Alaskan geology. <mask> was a co-author on the first geologic map of the Fairbanks Quadrangle, and the engineering geology maps for the trans-Alaska pipeline route. Early life
<mask> was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the only child of a couple who originated from England and Germany. In school <mask> met lifelong friend, <mask> (Rucker) Collins, who accompanied her on every adventure, including getting their pilots' and automobile licenses and heading to Alaska together in 1948. <mask> graduated from high school and attended the University of Chicago (UC) where she graduated with an undergraduate degree in geology in 1943. After graduating <mask> started a temporary job with Shell Oil in Houston. It was during this time that <mask> decided to pursue obtaining a pilot's license after being inspired by an exhibit of US warplanes.After the war, she returned to continue her studies at UC and graduated with a masters' degree in geology in 1948. Shortly after graduating, she secured a position in Alaska with the Naval Oil Unit of the US Geological Survey. <mask> explored Alaska thoroughly, taking part in multiple long river trips in the Arctic, and using her pilot's license to observe Alaska from bird's eye view. Career
<mask> spent much of her early career in Alaska studying the structure and stratigraphy of the test wells in the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 (NPR-4). The NPR-4 consisted of mostly oil and petroleum reserves and was established in 1923 by the United States federal government as a way to secure fuel in the event of war. <mask> then accepted a temporary job for Shell Oil in Houston prior to accepting a job with the US Geological Survey in 1949, which was posted in Alaska.<mask> continued to work in Alaska until 1954 when the Survey moved their office to Washington D.C. <mask> proceeded to work in the office, writing reports for 2 years which resulted in what is known as the 12 chapters of USGS Professional Paper 305, discussing the subsurface and engineering geology aspects of the USGS exploration between 1944 and 1953. In order to return to fieldwork, she made use of her Pilots license and offered the Survey a special service of access to the interior of Alaska via seaplane. Upon <mask>'s return to Alaska in 1956 she proceeded to land her seaplane on many undiscovered lakes subsequently naming many of her discoveries. <mask> was featured in a National Geographic article in 1957, in which she was one of six women and one man who travelled down the Yukon River from Whitehorse to Eagle by Folboat. In August 1959, <mask> married <mask> and together they moved to Fairbanks, Alaska. Their home acted as a communications center during the flood in 1967. <mask>'s main area of expertise was the Yukon–Tanana Terrane, and in the 40 years she worked for USGS, <mask> had the opportunity to partake in various studies.<mask> wrote multiple reports that examined numerous routes for roads proposed across Alaska. Additionally, she co-authored the first geologic map of Fairbanks Quadrangle in 1966, and the engineering geology maps for the proposed trans-Alaska pipeline route through interior Alaska in 1971. <mask> joined the Geological Society of America in 1950 and was elected to Fellowship in the Society in 1967

<mask> was a co-author to preliminary geologic maps of the Livengood quadrangle that was published in 1971. She also published a series of detailed geologic maps of the Fairbanks area together with Troy Pé in 1976. In 1986m, she became a project leader for the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) in the Livengood area. Retirement and death
As long as she and her husband were physically capable, they led an active lifestyle that included, but was not limited to, skiing, canoeing, kayaking, and traveling the world. <mask> spent the last nine years of her life in the Pioneer's home where she died at the age on January 18, 2018 at the age of 96.Awards and honors
 <mask>, joined the Geological Society of America in 1950
 Elected a fellow of the society in 1967
 1987 - Honorary Doctor of Science (University of Alaska Fairbanks)
 Mid- 1990's - U.S. Department of the Interior Meritorious Service Award
 2009 - Alaska Geological Society (AGS) Honorary Membership And Distinguished Service Award

Selected publications
The following are some of <mask>'s most important papers: <mask> also worked on and produced a number of studies examining routes for proposed roads across Alaska. Cady, J., & <mask>, F. (1983). Aeromagnetic map and interpretation of magnetic and gravity data, Circle Quadrangle, Alaska [Abstract]. Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr83170c
 Péwé, T. L., Wahraftig, C., & <mask>, F. R. (1966). Geologic map of the Fairbanks quadrangle, Alaska (No. 455).<mask>, F. R., & Geological Survey (U.S.). (1988). Geology and mineral resources of the White Mountains National Recreation Area, East-central Alaska. Denver, Colo.? : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Geological Survey (U.S.), <mask>, F. R., & Péwé, T. L. (1970).Surficial and engineering geology of the central part of the Yukon-Koyukuk lowland, Alaska. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey. <mask>, F. R., American Association of Petroleum Geologists., Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists., Society of Exploration Geophysicists., & Alaska Geological Society. (1985). Geologic guide to the Fairbanks-Livengood area, East-central Alaska. Anchorage: Alaska Geological Society. Newberry, Rainer & Bundtzen, T.K.& Mortensen, James & <mask>, F.R.. (1998). Petrology, geochemistry, age, and significance of two foliated intrusions in the Fairbanks District, Alaska. US Geological Survey Professional Paper. 117-129. <mask>, F. R., Blodgett, R. B., Harris, A. G., & Dutro Jr, J. T. (1994). "Paleontology of the Livengood quadrangle, Alaska." US Geological Survey Open-File Report, 94, 1-24.Campbell, D. L., Fisher, M., Fuis, G. S., <mask>, F. R., Stone, D. B., & Mull, G. (1989). Alaskan Geological and Geophysical Transect. References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Scientists from Milwaukee
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
20th-century American geologists
American women geologists
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
United States Geological Survey personnel
Aviators from Alaska
University of Chicago alumni
Aviators from Wisconsin
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

masks:
Florence Robinson Weber
Weber
Weber
Florence
Florence
Weber
Weber
Weber
Florence
Weber
Weber
Weber
Florence
Weber
Weber
Weber
Albert Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Florence
Florence
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber


title: Demetris Nichols

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born September 4, 1984) is a retired American professional basketball player. He can play at both the small forward and power forward positions. <mask> played college basketball with the Syracuse Orange men's basketball team, and has been a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers, Chicago Bulls, and New York Knicks of the NBA. High school career
<mask> was coached by Mike Hart at St. Andrew's High School, where he helped his club to a 28-8 record and won the New England Prep School Athletic Conference title, tallying 15 points and 13 rebounds in the championship game against Lawrence Academy. His senior year, he averaged 18.6 points and 8.9 rebounds a game. He was a three-time Street & Smith's Magazine Honorable Mention All-American, a 2003 third-team Parade All-American, the 2003 Rhode Island Gatorade Player of the Year, and the EA Sports Roundball Game All-American. He was rated 50th overall and 14th among small forwards by ESPN.com.He was successfully recruited by Syracuse University. College career
<mask> appeared in 26 games for the Orange during his freshman year, starting 15 of them. His best performance of the season was a seven-rebound and team-leading 17-point performance against Providence. He also scored 10 points against BYU and nine points against Maryland in the NCAA Tournament, in which Syracuse advanced to the Sweet 16. In his sophomore year, <mask> would start the first eight games of the season before he was forced out of the lineup with a back injury. He would play in 27 games that season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. <mask> posted the sixth-best scoring average improvement in Syracuse history, going from 3.9 points per game as a sophomore to 13.3 points per game in 2005–06 in his junior year.He ranked second on the team in scoring and third in rebounding (5.8 rebounds per game). <mask> scored a season-high 28 points against Connecticut and averaged 13.0 points and 4.8 rebounds in the Big East Tournament. <mask>' senior season proved to be his best one at Syracuse, as he was a unanimous selection for the All-Big East First Team. He was also a NABC and USBWA All-District First Team selection after leading the Big East in scoring (18.9 points per game) and finished third in conference play (17.9 points per game). He also set a Syracuse record in Big East games with a career-high 37 points, including seven three-pointers, to go along with 10 rebounds against St. John's. In March 2007, <mask> was elected to participate in the 19th Annual State Farm College Three-Point Championship. He finished second to Aaron Brooks.<mask> finished his Syracuse career tied for 28th in career scoring (1,344), third in three-point goals (205), fourth in three-point field goals attempted (573) and 10th in three-point field goal percentage (.358). Professional career
<mask> was taken in the second round (53rd overall) by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2007 NBA draft, but immediately traded to the New York Knicks in exchange for the Knicks' 2008 second round draft choice. <mask> participated in the July 2007 Las Vegas Summer League with the Knicks and averaged 15.6 points on 53 percent shooting, including 23 points in the final game against the Denver Nuggets. He was second on the team in scoring as the Knicks went a perfect 5-0. Following the summer league, <mask> fired his agent after the Knicks were attempting to work out a deal to send <mask> to Europe for the 2007–08 season. Originally, the Knicks had wanted <mask> to play in Italy because they had 17 contracts and only 15 roster spots. When <mask> heard of the arrangement, he fired then-agent Bill Duffy in favor of Bill Neff and refused the Knicks' request.On October 1, <mask> was signed to the Knicks roster along with four other newcomers. However, he was subsequently released by the Knicks on October 25, as the team needed to cut down its roster to 15 players. Then on October 29, he was signed by the Cleveland Cavaliers to fill the 15th spot on their opening day roster. <mask> sat on the bench for the first month of his time with the Cavaliers, but saw his first action on November 28, scoring 2 points in 8 minutes of playing time. On December 5, 2007, <mask> was waived to clear roster space after the Cavs re-signed Anderson Varejão to end a contract dispute. He was subsequently claimed by the Chicago Bulls and assigned to the Iowa Energy of the D-League. After averaging 19.3 points per game in 14 appearances in the D-League, he was recalled to Chicago.He played his first game with the Bulls on January 23, 2008. He began the 2008–09 season with the Bulls, receiving marginal minutes in two early-season games. However, he was waived November 17. He rejoined the Energy in January 2009, scoring 11 points in his first game back in Des Moines. On March 6, 2009, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the New York Knicks. On December 1, 2009, <mask> signed with the French team BCM Gravelines. In the summer of 2010, <mask> played for the Portland Trail Blazers in the NBA Summer League.In November 2010, he signed a contract with French club JA Vichy, until the end of the season. In August 2012, <mask> played for the Metros de Santiago, of the Dominican Republic. Later that year, <mask> joined the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA D-League. On February 4, 2013, <mask> was named to the Prospects All-Star roster for the 2013 NBA D-League All-Star Game. In September 2013, he signed a contract with the Russian team Krasnye Krylia. On August 18, 2014, <mask> signed a two-week tryout contract with CSKA Moscow. <mask> eventually extended his contract until the end of 2014–15 season.CSKA Moscow finished the season by winning the VTB United League, after eliminating Khimki with a 3–0 series sweep in the league's final playoff series. On July 24, 2015, he re-signed with CSKA for one more season. He parted ways with the team on June 18, 2016. On September 2, 2016, <mask> signed with Greek club Panathinaikos for the 2016–17 season. On July 30, 2017, <mask> signed with Croatian club Cedevita Zagreb for the 2017–18 season. On August 5, 2018, <mask> signed a deal with the Italian club Sidigas Avellino for the 2018–19 LBA season. International career
<mask> was a member of the 2002 USA Development Festival East Team that finished 3-2 and earned the silver medal.He averaged 14.8 points and 5.6 rebounds in five games. <mask> was invited to try out for the 2004 USA Basketball World Championship For Young Men's Qualifying Team. He participated in the first round of July workouts, but did not make the team. The Basketball Tournament
<mask> <mask> played for Boeheim's Army in the 2018 edition of The Basketball Tournament. In 4 games, he averaged 14.3 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 1 assist per game all while shooting 63 percent from 3 point range. Boeheim's Army reached the Northeast Regional Championship before falling to the Golden Eagles. players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
PBC CSKA Moscow players
Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Power forwards (basketball)
Sioux Falls Skyforce players
Small forwards
S.S. Felice Scandone players
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players

masks:
Demetris Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
Nichols
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Nichols
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Demetris
Nichols


title: Jacques Villeneuve

texts:
<mask>  ( born 9 April 1971) is a Canadian professional racing driver and amateur musician who won the 1997 Formula One World Championship with Williams. In addition to Formula One (F1) he has competed in various other forms of motor racing, winning the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1995 PPG Indy Car World Series. He is the son of former Ferrari racing driver <mask>. He competes part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 27 Ford Mustang for Team Hezeberg. <mask> began kart racing at age 14 before progressing to open-wheel car racing in the Italian Formula Three Championship, which he raced in between 1989 and 1991. He moved to the higher-tier Toyota Atlantic Championship, participating in one race during the 1992 season and finishing third overall in the 1993 championship.He began competing in Championship Auto Racing Teams with the Forsythe/Green Racing team in the 1994 season, finishing sixth in the Drivers' Championship with one victory and earning Rookie of the Year and Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year honours. In the following year with the renamed Team Green, <mask> won four races (including the Indianapolis 500) and the Drivers' Championship. <mask> moved to Williams in F1 for the 1996 season, claiming four Grand Prix victories, and becoming the first rookie runner-up in the World Drivers' Championship (WDC) after a season-long duel with teammate Damon Hill. His main title challenge for the following season came from Ferrari's Michael Schumacher, and Villeneuve beat the latter following a controversial collision at the season-ending , becoming the first Canadian World Drivers' Champion, achieving seven Grand Prix victories. He finished fifth in the 1998 season achieving two podiums and helped Williams finish third in the World Constructors' Championship behind Ferrari and McLaren. After an unsuccessful  with British American Racing (BAR), <mask> finished seventh in the WDC in both  and  with BAR, achieving two podiums in 2001, outscoring his teammates Ricardo Zonta and Olivier Panis. Then <mask> raced in F1 from  to , driving for BAR, Renault, Sauber and BMW Sauber, but he did not achieve any further success.<mask> left Formula One mid-way through the 2006 season and began competing in various forms of motor racing such as sports car racing, NASCAR, and touring car racing. Though not as successful in these forms of racing, he won the 2008 1000 km of Spa driving for Peugeot. He is an outspoken figure who often says what is on his mind and has frequently commented on the state of Formula One. <mask> was appointed Officer of the National Order of Quebec in 1998. He was voted the winner of both the Lou Marsh Trophy and the Lionel Conacher Award in each of 1995 and 1997. <mask> is an inductee of the Canadian Motor Sports Hall of Fame, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame and the FIA Hall of Fame. Early life
On 9 April 1971, <mask> was born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, a small town outside of Montreal in the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec.He is the son of snowmobile and future Ferrari racer <mask> and his wife Joann Barthe. Villeneuve has a sister, Melanie, and a half sister Jessica. His uncle, <mask>., whom he was named after also competed in motor racing. Villeneuve spent most of his formative years travelling with the racing fraternity with his parents. Aged seven in 1978, he and his family relocated from Berthierville, Quebec, to the small principality of Monaco on the French Riviera in France's south-east coast close to the border with Italy to be nearer to Ferrari's headquarters. On the advice of driver Patrick Tambay, <mask> was sent to the French-speaking Swiss private boarding Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil by his mother, which he attended from the ages of 12 (1983) to 17 (1988). He excelled in BASE jumping, ice hockey, motocross and water skiing.<mask> left the school by mutual consent between his mother and the school owners. Early racing career
<mask>'s mother was aware from when he was five that he wanted to race, and he went go-karting with his uncle several times in Canada. In May 1982, his father died in an accident with Jochen Mass during qualifying for the  at Circuit Zolder. <mask> became less interested in motor racing after that, fearing the sport's dangers. In 1984, he asked his mother if he could do motor racing like his father. <mask>'s mother agreed to let him race on the condition he improved his academic performance in one of his weakest subjects, mathematics. Though his mother preferred him to do a course in aerodynamic or mechanical engineering, she did not discourage her son from pursuing racing.In early September 1985, <mask> was invited by a SAGIS employee to race in 100 cc go-kart at Italy's Imola Circuit. He impressed the track owners so much that they left him test a 135 cc kart and then a Formula Four car. In July 1986, his uncle enrolled him in the Jim Russell Racing Driver School in Mont Tremblant, where he passed a three-day course driving a Formula Ford 1600 car from Van Diemen. In mid-1987, he left his family to attend the Spenard-David Racing School in Shannonville, Ontario to hone his abilities under Richard Spenard. <mask> did not have the money to pay for the course and his mother would not fund it because she thought <mask> finishing his education was more important. He, therefore, worked in a mechanics' training programme allowing students to learn racing in return for garage painting. Aged 17, <mask> was invited to make his car racing debut in the Italian Touring Car Championship, driving a Salerno Course-entered Group N Alfa Romeo 33 car for three rounds of the 1988 season.The Canadian and Italian authorities would not grant him a licence since he was a year younger than their minimum age requirement, so he obtained an international racing licence in Andorra with Canadian Automobile Sport Clubs aid. <mask> performed poorly in each of the three rounds. He went on to sign a three-year contract to drive a Reynard-Alfa Romeo car for Prema in the Italian Formula Three Championship, a deal that was aided by the squad obtaining sponsorship from the Camel cigarette company. Initially struggling to drive a Formula 3 car, he enrolled at the Magione Driving School. Under Henry Morrogh's direction, he gradually developed his character and driving technique. <mask> did not qualify five times, failed to finish three of the eleven races, and scored no points. In the 1990 season, he qualified for each of the 12 rounds and scored ten points for 14th in the Drivers' Championship.<mask> was considered a title favourite for the 1991 championship. A late-season switch to the Ralt RT35 chassis failed to improve his performance, but he still finished sixth overall with 20 points and 3 podiums. In late 1991, <mask> finished eighth in both the Macau Grand Prix and the Formula 3 Fuji Cup. Dissatisfied with his management in 1991, he asked former Beausoleil sports administrator and motor racing promoter Craig Pollock to take over his management three times. For the 1992 season, he wanted to compete in Formula 3000 in Europe with Prema, but he had not have the funding to do so. <mask> accepted an offer to relocate to Japan and drive a Toyota 032F car for the TOM'S squad in the Japanese Formula 3 Championship in 1992 following advice from Tambay. He felt the Japanese series was almost as good as the Italian one, and he did not want to remain in Europe.<mask> was the only driver to receive works support from TOM'S, and he got driver training. He won three races and finished no lower than sixth nine times, earning second in the Drivers' Championship and 45 points. People in the racing world observed that ten years after his father's death, <mask> was becoming a well-known racer. In August, Pollock negotiated an contract for <mask> to enter the Formula Atlantic street event at Trois-Rivières in the 1992 Atlantic Championship. He finished third in the No. 49 Swift DB-4-Toyota car lent by the ComPred team. In addition, he also tested a Class C Toyota that year and was mentored by driver Roland Ratzenberger.Four months later, <mask> accepted an invite to share a Class C TOM'S-entered Toyota TS010 car with Eddie Irvine and Tom Kristensen at the final round of the 1992 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship at Mine Circuit, finishing fourth. He was fourth at the Macau Grand Prix for TOM'S. In Trois-Rivières, Villeneuve met crew chief Barry Green who wanted a driver for his new Forsythe-Green Racing squad. He accepted a three-year contract from Green with personal sponsorship from sports marketing arm Player's November 1992. He raced the lower-tier 1993 Atlantic Championship to become better acquainted with American open-wheel racing before progressing to Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) in 1994. <mask> built a close working relationship with aerodynamicist Tony Cicale. Driving the No.10 Ralt RT40-Toyota car, <mask> won five races and finished in the top three four times for third overall and 185 points after a season-long duel with David Empringham and teammate Claude Bourbonnais. He was named the series' Rookie of the Year, and ended 1993 retiring from the Macau Grand Prix driving a March Racing Ralt 93C-Fiat car. CART (1994–1995)

<mask> began participating in CART in the 1994 season for Forsythe-Green Racing, driving the No. 12 Reynard 94I-Ford XB vehicle after Green obtained sponsorship. He debuted at the season-opening Australian FAI Indycar Grand Prix at Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, starting eighth and finishing 17th after colliding with Stefan Johansson. In the season's next round, the Valvoline 200 at Phoenix International Raceway, he was involved in a five-car accident which saw him sustain a side collision with Hiro Matsushita before being struck by Dominic Dobson. Qualifying fourth for his first Indianapolis 500, <mask> finished second, earning Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year honors as the highest-finishing rookie.<mask> finished ninth or higher in six of the next nine rounds, before beating Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi in the close finish to the Texaco/Havoline 200 at Road America road course in his first CART victory. He placed seventh and third in the final two rounds ending the year with Rookie of the Year honors and was sixth in the Drivers' Championship with 94 points. Before the 1995 season, he rejected offers from fellow CART teams and some Formula One (F1) squads and remained at the renamed Team Green driving the renumbered No. 27 Reynard 95I-Ford XB. Before the season, <mask> and his team were concerned, as their car had been unreliable and under-performed in pre-season testing. He won the season-opening Grand Prix of Miami after starting eighth, but he only finished two of the next four races. His season highlight was the Indianapolis 500.Though <mask> was penalised two laps for overtaking the pace car, he re-took the lead after fellow Canadian Scott Goodyear failed to serve a ten-second stop-and-go penalty for also passing the pace car. Winning just his second Indianapolis 500 start, <mask> took the Drivers' Championship lead. <mask> went on to win both the Texaco/Havoline 200 at Road America and the Grand Prix of Cleveland, also scoring points in all but one of the remaining rounds to clinch the title at the final race in Laguna Seca. He won the championship with 172 points, four victories and six pole positions. Formula One career

Williams (1996–1998)
In early 1995, the Williams F1 team and engine supplier Renault became interested in <mask> replacing the outgoing David Coulthard. Bernie Ecclestone, F1's commercial rights holder, saw this as an opportunity to lure <mask> from CART although Team Green wanted him to remain in America. Technical director Patrick Head and team principal Frank Williams gave Villeneuve a test in a FW17 car at Britain's Silverstone Circuit in August 1995.He lapped two seconds slower than driver Damon Hill. Negotiations between Villeneuve's representatives in mid-1995 led to <mask> signing a contract for 1996 and 1997 with the option for the 1998 season. He was sent by Frank Williams to cover  in testing during the six-month pre-season period testing on permanent European racing circuits, and he also prepared by learning the circuits on a simulation computer game. 1996

He drove the docile FW18 car equipped with a powerful, reliable Renault engine and a better gearbox. <mask> built up a rapport with his race engineer Jock Clear and learnt from his teammate Hill. Although not considered a title favourite by the media, he contended for the World Drivers' Championship with Hill but never led the standings. <mask>'s debut at the season-opening  saw him become the second driver ever to claim pole position on his first start, and despite an oil leak, he finished second.He beat Ferrari's Michael Schumacher in the  three races later for his maiden F1 victory. <mask> scored points in eight of the next eleven events and won the , the  and the . Entering the season-ending , he had nine fewer points than Hill, requiring him to win the event and for Hill to score no points to claim the title. However, <mask>'s right-rear tyre came off his car, forcing him to retire from the race. He finish runner-up to Hill in the drivers' standings with 78 points in his maiden season. <mask> was the first rookie to achieve four Grand Prix victories in his debut year and the first to finish runner-up overall. 1997

Before the 1997 season, Hill moved to the Arrows team, resulting in Villeneuve's promotion to lead driver.He was paired with Heinz-Harald Frentzen. He and Schumacher vied for that year's World Drivers' Championship and variously shared the title lead. <mask> trained extensively and drove an aerodynamically efficient and powerful FW19 car designed around him. He won seven  and qualified on pole position eight times in the first 14 races. At the season's penultimate race, the , he had a chance to win the championship but was banned for overtaking under yellow flag

masks:
Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve
Gilles Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Gilles Villeneuve
Jacques Sr
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Jacques
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Jacques
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
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Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
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Villeneuve
Villeneuve
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Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve
Villeneuve


title: Jacques Villeneuve

texts:
 conditions twice during practice. He was allowed to race under appeal but was disqualified from fifth when the appeal was rejected. Before the season-ending , <mask> had 77 points, one fewer than Schumacher, requiring him to finish in the top six and ahead of Schumacher to win the championship.During qualifying, <mask>, Schumacher and Frentzen all set the exact same lap time, but <mask> started from pole position per F1 regulations because he was the first driver to set the time. <mask> and Schumacher were involved in a collision that saw Schumacher careen into a gravel trap, giving the title to <mask>. He was the first driver to claim the F1 World Championship, the CART title and the Indianapolis 500. He was also Canada's first F1 World Champion. 1998
<mask> threatened to leave F1 and return to CART if F1 introduced grooved tyres and narrower cars for the 1998 season. Though these changes were adopted, he remained at Williams with Frentzen. <mask>'s FW20 car had one-year old Mecachrome-branded engines after Renault's withdrawal from F1 after the 1997 season, which transported to be noncompetitive.He scored points at nine  with a season-high third at each of the  and at the following . During practice for the , he lost control of his car in Eau Rouge corner and crashed backwards into the barrier at approximately . <mask> was unhurt. With 21 points, he finished fifth in the Drivers' Championship. British American Racing (1999–2003)

He left Williams following the 1998 season. McLaren technical director Adrian Newey, who liked <mask>'s performance and who Villeneuve respected, offered him employment for the 1999 season, but <mask> rejected it. He instead signed a contract to drive with the new British American Racing (BAR) team founded by Pollock and British American Tobacco following their late 1997 purchase of the financially struggling Tyrrell team.<mask> joined the team because he sought to emulate Schumacher's style of basing a team around him and employing highly skilled people to get from the bottom of the running order to the top. 1999–2000

<mask> was joined at BAR by former McLaren test driver Ricardo Zonta for most of the season and then by Mika Salo for three . His BAR 01 car was efficient and fast but chronically unreliable. He failed to finish each of the first eleven races due to either mechanical trouble or crashing. <mask> was only able to finish four Grands Prix with a best finish of eighth at the . <mask> qualified a season-high fifth at the  and was briefly third in the  two events later before retiring. During qualifying for the , he suffered a high-speed crash through Eau Rouge corner, which destroyed his car but left him uninjured.He tallied no points towards the Drivers' Championship. For the 2000 season, his BAR 002 car had a more reliable and powerful works Honda engine, and Zonta was again his teammate. <mask> finished fourth at the season-opening  and scored two more points by placing fifth at the  two races later. He also finished fourth at the , the  and the . <mask> scored points in the final two races by finishing sixth at the  and fifth at the . Overall, his performances had improved from 1999 due to a better built and more reliable car. <mask>  finished the season seventh in the Drivers' Championship with 17 points.2001–2003

There were rumours of <mask> leaving the BAR team after 2000. He talked to Benetton, Ferrari and McLaren about racing with them in the 2001 championship. <mask> later admitted McLaren was not an option since his management team got accused of conducting early season publicity and he disliked McLaren's corporate methodology. <mask> also considered taking a sabbatical, but he ultimately signed a three-year contract extension with BAR in July 2000. He obtained a get-out clause enabling him to leave BAR should they under-perform. He was joined by Olivier Panis, and the 003 car he drove was approximately  lighter than the 002 chassis. <mask> was cordial with his teammate since they could talk to each other in French, and set himself the goal of winning a race and finishing third in the Drivers' Championship.His car was fairly reliable but lacked rear grip and straight-line speed due to an underpowered Honda engine. At the season-opening , <mask> struck the rear of Ralf Schumacher's car, launching him into the air. One of <mask>'s car's wheels struck marshal Graham Beveridge, killing him. <mask> achieved BAR's first two podium results, finishing third at both the  and the . He finished the season seventh in the Drivers' Championship with 12 points. Although he scored five fewer points than the year before, <mask> qualified higher than Panis eleven times in 2001. Before the 2002 season <mask> remained at BAR.He talked to team principal Flavio Briatore, who offered him a seat at Renault in lieu of Jenson Button but <mask> rejected it. <mask> ultimately opted to remain at BAR due to pressure from Honda, and he again partnered with Panis. He became uncomfortable when new BAR team principal David Richards publicly mentioned that many spent on <mask>'s high salary could be better used for research and development. The BAR 004 chassis proved to be more unreliable than the year before and slower due to an under-powered Honda engine. He scored four points for 12th in the Drivers' Championship with a fourth place at the  being his season's best result. <mask> regretted remaining at BAR due to the lack of results, and he was offered a contract to join Team Player's in CART for the 2003 championship before returning to BAR for the 2004 and 2005 F1 seasons. The deal was pushed by Richards but not agreed upon because <mask>'s and Pollock's financial settlements were too great for team owner Gerald Forsythe to be willing to take on.He decided to remain at BAR for the 2003 season, and was partnered with Button. <mask>'s BAR 005 car had a more powerful but bulky Honda engine. He initially had a poor relationship with Button, not speaking to him and saying that Button "should be in a boy band". Their relationship did not improve after the season-opening  when <mask> was due to make a pit stop but drove an additional lap when Button was due to make his, leaving Button stationary behind Villeneuve. Though he blamed it on "radio problems". Button and Richards hinted their disbelief in his execution. <mask> was outperformed by his teammate and retired eight times due to mechanical faults.He finished sixth at both the  and the . Before the season-ending , <mask> was informed by Richards he was no longer needed. He was replaced by test driver Takuma Sato. He was 16th in the Drivers' Championship with 6 points. Renault and Sauber (2004–2006)

<mask> took a sabbatical after BAR released him. He thought of taking up NASCAR as a new challenge, but no teams approached him. After speaking to senior officials from BAR and Williams, <mask> believed that they would want to resign him to their respective teams, but neither move occurred.When he realised no competitive team would employ him, he and Pollock met Sauber team owner Peter Sauber in Hinwil in mid-2004. Impressed with Sauber's professionalism, he signed a two-year contract the next month to drive for Sauber from the 2005 season and help them attract new sponsors and partners. Before his tenure at Sauber began, <mask> was employed by Briatore to help Renault claim second from BAR in the World Constructors' Championship by scoring the maximum number of points in the 2004 season's final three races following the dismissal of Jarno Trulli for performing poorly. Sauber was comfortable in letting <mask> drive for Renault because both teams used Michelin tyres. Driving the R24 car, he finished all three events but under-performed and was lapped each time. <mask> scored no points and was unclassified in the Drivers' Championship. At Sauber, he used a C24 chassis and was teammates with Felipe Massa.A lack of both pre-season testing and money for car development caused <mask> to have a difficult handling car. He did not have a good relationship with the team because he was not allowed to give feedback on car setup due to Willy Rampf's influence. <mask> finished a season-high fourth at the  and scored more points in eighth at the  and sixth at the . He was 14th in the Drivers' Championship with 9 points. For the 2006 championship, he stayed at the renamed BMW Sauber after BMW purchased the team. Nick Heidfeld was his teammate. The atmosphere within the team made <mask> content, and he was happy with BMW's involvement.He found the less electronically dependent and less refined aerodynamically F1.06 car more driveable. Team principal Mario Theissen criticised <mask> for not achieving decent results, thus failing to please BMW's board of directors. Despite retiring three times, he accumulated 7 points from the first 11 races, ranking him 15th in the Drivers' Championship. At the , Villeneuve sustained muscle pains in an accident exiting a corner. Shortly afterward, Theissen terminated his contract and replaced him with Robert Kubica. He did not want to be part of a shootout between himself and Kubica, and saw his release as a precursor to his future, saying "Screw this, It's time to get on with the rest of my life." <mask> twice failed to return to F1, first with Stefan Grand Prix in the 2010 season, then with his team in partnership with Durango for the following year.Post Formula One career

2007–2010

He explored NASCAR after exiting F1, talking to Roush Racing owner Jack Roush who agreed to help Villeneuve obtain Truck Series experience before progressing to the Busch Series in 2007 on the condition of a sponsorship agreement. Before that, he made his 24 Hours of Le Mans debut with Peugeot in the 2007 edition informing team manager Serge Saulnier that he wanted to complete the Triple Crown of Motorsport. Sharing the Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1)-class No. 7 Peugeot 908 HDi FAP car with Marc Gené and Nicolas Minassian, Villeneuve retired after 338 laps with engine injection trouble. He entered into a partnership with Bill Davis Racing (BDR) to enter the 2007 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series' last seven events in its No. 27 Toyota Tundra in anticipation of racing full-time in 2008. Villeneuve finished outside the top ten in all seven events for 42nd overall with 615 points.That same year, he drove two races in the Nextel Cup Series (the UAW-Ford 500 at Talladega Superspeedway and the Checker Auto Parts 500 at Phoenix) in BDR's No. 27 Toyota, finishing 21st and 41st respectively. He and Pollock agreed to end their working relationship in early 2008, and Barry Green began managing him. That February, BDR released <mask>, who failed to qualify for the Daytona 500 of the renamed Sprint Cup Series after causing a multi-car accident in the Gatorade Duels. Two months later, he raced the final two rounds of the inaugural season of the Middle East and Southeast Asian-based stock car Speedcar Series at the Bahrain International Circuit and the Dubai Autodrome. <mask> then won the 2008 1000 km of Spa (part of the Le Mans Series) for Peugeot with Gené and Minassian in his first race victory for 11 years. Although he finished second in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, sharing Peugeot's No.7 LMP1 entry with Gené and Minassian, he was released a month later because Peugeot wanted a French driver. In August, <mask> signed a contract to make his Nationwide Series debut driving Braun Racing's No. 32 Toyota Camry in the NAPA Auto Parts 200 at Montreal's Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, finishing 16th. He also came 16th at the Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez round of Top Race V6 Argentina aboard Oro Racing Team's No. 27 Volkswagen Passat TRV6. <mask> returned to the Speedcar Series in the 2008–09 season driving for Durango. Competing in five races, he finished in the top ten three times, scoring seven points for 11th in the Drivers' Championship.In mid-2009, <mask> partook in the Tide 250 at Autodrome Saint-Eustache and the GP3R 100 at Circuit Trois-Rivières of the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series for the Jacombs Racing Team in its No. 7 Ford Fusion, finishing fourth at Trois-Rivieres. For the first and only time, <mask> entered the Spa 24 Hours in 2009. He shared Gravity Racing International's G2 category No. 118 Mosler MT900R GT3 with Vincent Radermecker, Loris de Sordi and Ho-Pin Tung. The trio failed to finish. He drove the No.27 Mercedes TRV6 at the Interlagos Circuit and Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez rounds of Top Race V6 Argentina, achieving a best finish of 13th in Buenos Aires. He made one appearance in the 2009 Nationwide Series, finishing fourth at the NAPA Auto Parts 200 in Braun Racing's No. 32 car. In 2010, <mask> ran the Nationwide Series road courses at Road America, Watkins Glen and Montreal in Braun Racing's No. 32 vehicle. He finished eighth at Watkins Glen before claiming third at Montreal, where he started second. In mid-season, <mask> entered the Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway finishing 29th in Braun Racing's No.32 car. <mask> joined Rod Nash Racing as Paul Dumbrell's international co-driver in its No. 55 Ford FG Falcon for the Gold Coast 600 double header in October 2010 and sought advice from driver Marcos Ambrose on touring car racing. He finished 22nd in the first race and fifth in the second. Ford motorsport manager Chris Styring considered <mask> for the Bathurst 1000, the L&H 500 and the Gold Coast 600 in the 2011 International V8 Supercars Championship, but <mask>'s financial demands were too great for Ford. 2011–present

He drove the Road America and Montreal road course races of the 2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series for Penske Racing in its No. 22 Dodge Challenger in lieu of Brad Keselowski.<mask> finished the Road America race third and qualified on pole position for the Montreal event but finished 27th despite leading 29 laps. In August 2011, he joined Shell V-Power Racing for the Stock Car Corrida do Milhão for the 2011 championship of Stock Car Brasil despite concerns about adapting to his car. Driving the No.

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title: Jacques Villeneuve

texts:
 27 Peugeot 408, <mask> qualified 27th and finished 18th. He was employed by Penske to drive its No. 22 car at the Road America and Montreal road course races in the 2012 NASCAR Nationwide Series. <mask> finished sixth at Road America and third at Montreal.During the 2012 International V8 Supercars Championship, he filled in for the injured Greg Murphy for three rounds in Kelly Racing's No. 51 Holden Commodore, finishing no higher than 24th. He finished seventh sharing Vita4One's No. 34 BMW Z4 GT3 with Jos Verstappen at the City Challenge Baku GT event in October. When <mask> expressed interest in the International V8 Supercars Championship, he was considered for a full-time seat at Kelly Racing in the 2013, but no agreement was reached. For the first and only time, he partook in the Le Mans double header counting towards the 2013 season of the FFSA GT Championship, sharing the No. 27 Sport Garage-entered Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 with Éric Cayrolle.The duo finished 11th in the first race and retired from the next. Midway through the season, <mask> was hired by car owner James Finch to drive the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma Raceway in the Sprint Cup Series for Phoenix Racing in its No. 51 Chevrolet SS, finishing 41st due to mechanical trouble after 19 laps. Later that year, he finished fifth in the Grand Prix de Trois Rivieres (part of the Canadian Tire Series) in 22 Racing's Dodge Challenger. In 2014, he signed to drive an Albatec Racing-prepared Peugeot 208 Supercar part-time in the FIA World Rallycross Championship's inaugural season. <mask> chose to do rallycross because he felt it was exciting for both drivers and spectators. In seven races, <mask> scored eight points for 37th in the Drivers' Championship.He was released before the season ended due to non-supportive statements he made concerning his team and rallycross. <mask> entered the Indianapolis 500 for the first time in 19 years, driving Schmidt Peterson Hamilton Motorsports' No. 5 Dallara DW12-Honda third car entry. Though he had not planned to return to  American open-wheel racing, he changed his mind after the 2012 introduction of a new car and engine formula. He qualified 27th and finished 14th. In August, <mask> finished 24th in Jacombs' No. 7 Dodge at Canadian Tire Series' Grand Prix de Trois Rivieres.He accepted an invitation to enter 2015 Stock Car Brasil's season-opening Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna round alongside Zonta in Shell Racing's No. 10 Chevrolet Sonic, placing 21st. <mask> signed a contract to replace Heidfeld and partner with Stéphane Sarrazin at Venturi Grand Prix in the 2015–16 season of the all-electric Formula E series. <mask> had observed Formula E intently throughout 2014, admiring its bumpy city tracks. Guido Pastor called him to test a car, after which he got selected to drive. <mask> finished outside the top ten in the first two races and failed to start the Punta del Este ePrix due to an accident during qualifying. His relationship with Venturi cooled thereafter and they agreed to terminate their working relationship early in January 2016.<mask> signed a one-race agreement to return to rallycross in the 2018 season. He drove a Subaru Rally Team USA-entered WRX STi Supercar at the World RX of Canada (part of the Americas Rallycross Championship). He failed to qualify for the final following two accidents sustained during the second semi-final. For the 2019 season, <mask> shared Scuderia Baldini 27's GT3 Pro-class No. 27 Ferrari 488 GT3 Evo with Giancarlo Fisichella and Stefano Gai in the Italian GT Championship, finishing fourth at the 3 Hours of Misano and second at the 3 Hours of Vallelunga. He raced as a guest driver at the Ring Knutstorp and Karlskoga Motorstadion rounds of the Porsche Carrera Cup Scandinavia in a MTech Competition-entered Porsche 911 GT3 Cup car, placing in the top ten in the second race of both rounds. That year, he made his debut in NASCAR Whelen Euro Series in the Elite 1 Division.<mask> drove the No. 32 Go Fas Racing Chevrolet, finishing the season eighth in points with 431 scored, two pole positions and seven top-tens. For the 2020 season, he entered that year's Whelen Euro Series with FEED Vict Racing, a team owned by him and Patrick Lemarié. Driving four rounds in the No. 5 car, he achieved two top fives for 104 points (21st overall) in the Elite 1 Division. He drove Academy Motorsport's No. 5 car in the 2021 Whelen Euro Series, achieving his first two series victories in both races of the season's final round at Vallelunga, and scoring 331 points for ninth in the points standings with two wins and four top-ten finishes.For 2022, <mask> is due to return to the NASCAR Cup Series as a part-time driver of the non-chartered No. 27 Team Hezeberg Ford. He aimed to assist Team Hezeberg in the launch of its Cup Series programme and he consented to assist with their effort in the Daytona 500. <mask> qualified for the race as of the fastest of the open non-charter teams; starting from 40th, he finished the race in 22nd after an early-race half-spin and a subsequent collision with Tyler Reddick. Non-racing ventures and personal life

<mask> began writing music after purchasing a guitar in 1996. When he became uncertain whether he would remain at Sauber for the 2006 F1 season in November 2005, he elected to rent a professional recording studio in Paris in order to better hear his music. Travelling to England to record with the Tenebrae Choir, Villeneuve recorded nearly every day for a month before stopping to prioritise motor racing.That same year, he released his debut French single, Accepterais-tu, and an acoustic rock album Private Paradise with 13 songs (nine in French and four in English) in 2007. Six songs each were written by <mask> and his friends; he also performed a cover of Women Come, Women Go by Gazebo. <mask> collaborated with vocalists Steve Smith and Amélie Veille. The album debuted at No. 49 on the Quebec pop charts and received negative media reviews. It sold 233 copies in Quebec and 836 in North America. He was a guest on the 6 June 1995 and 2 June 1998 episodes of the Late Show with David Letterman.<mask> made a cameo appearance as a racing driver in the 2001 film Driven. He carried the Olympic torch in Old Montreal during the 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay in December 2009. <mask> also carried the Olympic flag at the opening ceremony. <mask> was employed by Disney France in late 2010, spending two days recording the French-language voice of a racing announcer for the 2011 Pixar animated film Cars 2. He analysed the  for the British television channel Sky Sports F1. Since 2013, <mask> has commentated for the pay-TV services Sky Sport in Italy and Canal+ in France. He co-designed the Area 27 racing track in Okanagan, British Columbia.He was engaged firstly to the Montreal college student Sandrine Gros D'Aillon, then to Australian pop singer Dannii Minogue and later American ballerina Ellen Green. However, <mask>'s first marriage was to Parisian Johanna Martinez in May 2006. They had two children before divorcing in June 2009. In June 2012, he married Brazilian model Camila Andrea López Lillo, with whom he has two children. <mask> has a son with his current wife Marra Giulia. Since January 2017, Revenu Québec has pursued <mask> for $1.7 million in unpaid taxes after doing an audit of his business activities from 2010 to 2012. The October 2021 release of the Pandora Papers revealed that he had set up offshore companies in the tax-free jurisdictions of The Bahamas and the British Virgin Islands in the 1990s and early 2000s to receive endorsement and income and to avoid paying Canadian income tax.Public image and personality
Journalist Gerald Donaldson describes <mask> as "engagingly eccentric, opinionated and outspoken" and one who "defied convention and challenged authority, saying exactly what he thought in an era when drivers were expected to express only sweet-talking platitudes." He was popular with the European press for his reliance to speak his mind in a time of political correctness. He publicly bemoaned F1's commercialised and commodified image, the sport's structure, focus on cheaper, younger, corporate groomed drivers, and the manufacturing of driver personalities by corporations so as not to impugn their reputation by drivers saying what they felt. <mask> frequently dyed his hair in various colours and sported grunge street wear. His behaviour earned him multiple cautions from F1's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, for bringing the series into disrepute. However, Max Mosley, the association's president, commented that <mask>'s controversies would benefit him when he was no longer successful. <mask>'s decision to be independent as much as possible from media relations to avoid over promotion was endorsed by Pollock.He refused to conduct substantial public relations duties for teams even after BAT attempted to purchase more public relations appearances for him, and he limited his commitments communicating to the press. Journalist Matt Bishop observed that <mask> was frequently criticised for refusing to do sponsorship functions and for his self-imposed limiting interactions with the press at , but Bishop noted others appreciated Villeneuve's focus on racing and instead of "extraneous commitments". Villeneuve resisted to join the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA), which he believed would serve only the interests of drivers and not F1's. However, he finally joined in late 2000, feeling his views were being ignored. <mask> decided to resign from the GPDA in mid-2006 because he was unhappy that its president, Schumacher, had been deemed to have purposely stopped during qualifying for the . He was voted the winner of the Lorenzo Bandini Trophy in 1996, and both the Lou Marsh Trophy and the Lionel Conacher Award in 1995 and 1997. <mask> received the Hawthorn Memorial Trophy for 1997 as the most successful British or Commonwealth driver over the course of a season.In April 1998, he was appointed Officer of the National Order of Quebec but collected the honour at the following year's ceremony due to his racing commitments. He was added to Canada's Walk of Fame two months later. In December 2010, <mask> was inducted into the athlete category of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. He was added to both the FIA Hall of Fame and the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame seven and eight years later respectively. Driving ability and racing helmet

Journalist Mark Hughes describes <mask>'s driving as "spectacular" and "hard-charging". <mask> frequently went past the edge of the available track to increase his momentum as much as possible. He provided his engineers with suggestions that Maurice Hamilton wrote were "so far from the norm to the point of diametrically opposed to standard practice, sometimes giving the impression of being pursued just for the hell of it."<mask> prefers driving on slick tyres and with no electronic driver aids. He found driver aids difficult and thus ran with less traction control than his teammates since he could not deal with either the anti-lock system on the rear brakes or heavy traction control. This required <mask> to modify his driving style and take fewer risks until his exit from F1 in 2006. He switched from wearing spectacles in his helmet to contact lenses in 1994 after his spectacles vibrated slightly on minor bumps in Indianapolis. <mask> based the design of his racing helmet on his father's, reportedly drawing it on a doodling pad. He looked at a photograph of his mother wearing a pink, yellow, green and blue V-shaped striped polo shirt at a motor race her husband was competing at, and he used her pencils to produce the design. Villeneuve incorporated an inverted V-style swoosh with varying thickness of colours around the shape on the helmet's two sides.He retained a single black line from his first design in the centre to divide the colours without difficulty. Racing results

Career summary

American open-wheel racing results

Toyota Atlantic Championship

CART

IndyCar Series

Indianapolis 500

Formula One

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. Sports car career

24 Hours of Le Mans

Le Mans Series

Complete 24 Hours of Spa results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Cup Series

Daytona 500

Nationwide Series

Craftsman Truck Series

Canadian Tire Series

Whelen Euro Series – EuroNASCAR PRO
(key) (Bold – Pole position. Italics – Fastest lap.* – Most laps led. ^ – Most positions gained)

Other stock cars

Speedcar Series
(key)

Stock Car Brasil

† Ineligible for championship points. Touring cars

V8 Supercars

† Not Eligible for points

Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results

Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

  (Archived)

 <mask> at F1DB

1971 births
Living people
People from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Racing drivers from Quebec
Canadian Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
Formula One World Drivers' Champions
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 winners
Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year
Champ Car champions
Champ Car drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
Japanese Formula 3 Championship drivers
NASCAR drivers
Speedcar Series drivers
Stock Car Brasil drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
Supercars Championship drivers
Top Race V6 drivers
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Lou Marsh Trophy winners
French Quebecers
Canadian people of French descent
Williams Formula One drivers
BAR Formula One drivers
Renault Formula One drivers
Sauber Formula One drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
World Rallycross Championship drivers
Formula E drivers
People named in the Pandora Papers
People from

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title: James W. Kynes

texts:
<mask>. (August 31, 1928 – October 14, 1988) was an American college and professional football player, lawyer, political appointee, and corporate executive. <mask> served as Florida Attorney General. Early life

<mask> was born in the small town of Marianna, Florida, located in the Florida Panhandle, in 1928. He attended Marianna High School, where he was received all-state recognition playing for the Marianna Bulldogs high school football team. <mask> graduated from Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia, where he received Virginia all-state football honors playing for the Fork Union Blue Devils. College career

<mask> attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach <mask>'s "Golden Era" Florida Gators football team from 1946 to 1949. Kynes played both offense and defense, and was a third-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) lineman and the Gators' team captain in 1949.Memorably, in 1949, he played a key defensive role in the Gators' 28–7 upset of the Georgia Bulldogs and was the last Gator football player to play every minute of an entire sixty-minute game. He also played for coach Sam J. McAllister's Florida Gators men's basketball team from 1946 to 1950. <mask> was an outstanding student and was honored as a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Florida College of Business Administration in 1950, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1976. All three of <mask>' sons also played football for the Gators in the 1970s. In a series of articles written for The Gainesville Sun in 2006, <mask> was ranked as No. 91 of the 100 greatest players in the first 100 years of Florida Gators football.Personal life
After graduating from the University of Florida, he married Marjorie Hiatt, a graduate of Florida State University and a former Seminoles cheerleader. Professional football

The National Football League's Pittsburgh Steelers selected <mask> in the fourteenth round (178th pick overall) of the 1950 NFL Draft. <mask> chose to play center for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) for a single season in . Law, politics and business

<mask> returned to the University of Florida in 1952, where he attended the College of Law and was elected president of Florida Blue Key leadership honorary. He graduated with his bachelor of laws degree in 1955. He subsequently served as an officer in the U.S. Air Force for two years, before entering private practice in Ocala, Florida. Kynes served as Florida governor Farris Bryant's executive assistant after Bryant was elected in 1960.In January 1964, Bryant appointed <mask> as the Florida Attorney General to succeed Richard Ervin, after Ervin resigned as attorney general to accept an appointment to the Florida Supreme Court. <mask> stood for a full four-year term in the 1964 Democratic Party primary election in May 1964, but was defeated by 599 votes out of 938,677 cast. and served the remainder of Ervin's term of office through January 1965. After his term as Florida Attorney General expired in January 1965, <mask> moved to Tampa, Florida to become vice president of the Jim Walter Corporation. He was executive vice president, secretary, and general counsel of its successor companies Hillsborough Holding Corporation and Walter Industries, Inc.

Death and legacy

<mask> died of stomach cancer at his home in Tampa in 1988; he was 60 years old. He was survived his wife of thirty-eight years, Marjorie Hiatt <mask>, and their three sons. Several friends and classmates initiated the <mask>. Kynes Award in 1986, which is presented annually to the Florida Gators offensive lineman "who best exemplified the mental and physical toughness and 'iron-man' determination Kynes exhibited as a Gator player."<mask> previously served as the president of the University of Florida National Alumni Association, and he was recognized as a Distinguished Alumnus. After his death, friends and former teammates endowed a University of Florida scholarship in his name. The university awards the annual $10,000 scholarship to a former Gator student-athlete, who has demonstrated exceptional character and high academic achievement, in order to pursue a graduate or professional degree. See also

 Florida Gators
 Florida Gators football, 1940–49
 List of Levin College of Law graduates
 List of Phi Beta Kappa members
 List of University of Florida alumni
 List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

References

Bibliography

 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  .
 Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).  .
 Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).  .
 McCarthy, Kevin M.,  Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000).  .
 McEwen, Tom, The Gators: A Story of Florida Football, The Strode Publishers, Huntsville, Alabama (1974).  .
 Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998).  . External links
 Kynes Scholarship at UF
 James W. Kynes Papers at the University of South Florida

1928 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Florida Attorneys General
Florida Democrats
Florida Gators football players
Florida Gators men's basketball players
Florida lawyers
People from Marianna, Florida
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Players of American football from Tampa, Florida
Players of Canadian football from Tampa, Florida
Basketball players from Tampa, Florida
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
American men's basketball players
Warrington College of Business alumni

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title: Méric Casaubon

texts:
<mask> (14 August 1599 in Geneva – 14 July 1671 in Canterbury), son of <mask>, was a French-English classical scholar. He was the first to translate the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius into English. Although biographical dictionaries (including the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) commonly accentuate his name to <mask>, he himself did not do so. Life
He was born in Geneva to a French father, scholar <mask>; he was named for his godfather Meric de Vic. After education in Sedan, at an early age he joined his father in England, and completed his education at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1618; M.A. 1621; D.D.1636). His defence of his father against the attacks of certain Catholics (Pietas contra maledicos patrii Nominis et Religionis Hostes, 1621), secured him the notice and favour of James I, who conferred upon him a prebendal stall in Canterbury Cathedral (stall IX) which he held from 1628 to his death. He also vindicated his father's literary reputation against certain impostors who had published, under his name, a work on The Origin of Idolatry (Vindicatio Patris adversus Impostores, 1624). During the English Civil War he was deprived of his benefices and his prebendal stall at Canterbury Cathedral and retired to Oxford refusing to acknowledge the authority of Oliver Cromwell, who, notwithstanding, requested him to write an "impartial" history of the events of the period. In spite of the tempting inducements held out, he declined, and also refused the post of inspector of the Swedish universities offered him by Queen Christina. After the Restoration, he was reinstated in his benefice and his stall in Canterbury and devoted the rest of his life to literary work. He died at Canterbury and is buried in the Cathedral.His coin collection was incorporated into that of Canon John Bargrave. Meric Casaubon's reputation was overshadowed by that of his father; but his editions of numerous classical authors, especially of the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, were especially valued, and reprinted several times (but by modern standards, his translation is difficult reading). He had an interest in the study of Anglo-Saxon, which he shared with his lifelong "trustie frend" William Somner. Edward Stillingfleet, whom Casaubon admired, bought many of his books, which are now in Archbishop Marsh's Library, Dublin. Some other volumes from his library came into Canterbury Cathedral Library through William Somner. Controversy

In A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme (1655), Casaubon wrote against enthusiasm, and circumscribed the domain of the supernatural. The next year he produced an edition of John Dee, portraying him as having dealings with the Devil.The background is of orthodox Anglicans wishing to discredit the sectarian Protestants of the period; but also to validate the existence of spirits to atheists. Casaubon was in touch with Nicholas Bernard about the Dee manuscript. Following the Restoration, Casaubon wrote supporting the traditional theories of witchcraft. He was in fact operating on several fronts: as well as attacking those who would deny the supernatural entirely, and limiting the role of reason in faith, he defended humanist learning against the claims for the new natural philosophy, emanating from figures in the Royal Society who saw it as completely replacing the old learning. Benefices
1626–1630 : rector of Bleadon, Somerset
1628–1671 : prebendal stall IX at Canterbury Cathedral
1630–1634 : rector of St Mary in the Marsh, Kent
1634–1634 : rector of Old Romney, Kent
1634–1662 : vicar of Minster, Kent
1634–1662 : vicar of Monkton with Birchington, Kent
1643/1644 : ejected from his benefices by Parliament
1660 : reinstated to the living at Minster
1662–1671 : rector of Ickham, Kent

Family
Meric Casaubon married Frances Harrison of Hampshire in about 1628. His wife's grandfather was William Barlow, who had been a canon of Winchester Cathedral since 1581. The couple had seven children, most of whom were born in Canterbury, but only two lived to maturity:
 <mask> (1636-1692) was a country 'surgeon' who practised in and around the Canterbury area.He kept a diary of some of his cases and family matters. It ends with the self-diagnosis of the oesophageal cancer which finally caused his death. The diary is kept at Southampton Archives. <mask> (c. 1649-1686) was the last child to be born. She married a country parson named John Dauling, who was also the executor of Meric <mask>'s will. <mask> died on 24 February 1652 in London. Her poor health and death was one of the reasons Meric gave for not complying with Oliver Cromwell's request.Works
 Pietas contra maledicos patrii Nominis et Religionis Hostes (1621)
 Vindicatio Patris adversus Impostores (1624)
 As translator: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus the Roman Emperor, his Meditations Concerning Himself (1634, 1673)
 A treatise of use and custome (1638)
 De quatuor linguis commentationis, pars prior: quae, de lingua Hebraica: et, de lingua Saxonica (1650)
 A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme (London: Thomas Johnson, 1655). A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme, facsimile ed., introd. Paul J. Korshin, 1970, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . A true and faithful relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee and Some Spirits (1659)
 Of the Necessity of Reformation (1664)
 On Credulity and Incredulity in Things natural, civil and divine (1668)
 A Letter of Meric Casaubon to Peter du Moulin Concerning Natural Experimental Philosophie (1669). Facsimile ed., introd. David J. Lougee, 1977, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . A Treatise Proving Spirits, Witches, and Supernatural Operations, by Pregnant Instances and Evidences: Together with other Things worthy of Note (London: Brabazon Aylmer, 1672)
 Generall Learning: A Seventeenth-Century Treatise on the Formation of the General Scholar (ed.Richard Serjeantson, 1999)

Notes

References

R. W. Serjeantson, 'Casaubon, (Florence Estienne) Meric (1599–1671)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 Feb 2009
Ryan Stark, Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 146–73. External links

1599 births
1671 deaths
Canons of Canterbury
British classical scholars
English people of French descent
French classical scholars
People educated at Eton College
People from Geneva
Supporters of witch hunting

masks:
Meric Casaubon
Isaac Casaubon
Méric
Isaac Casaubon
John Casaubon
Anne Casaubon
Casaubon
Frances Casaubon


title: Uncle Jimmy Thompson

texts:
Jesse Donald "<mask>" <mask> (1848 – February 17, 1931) was an American old-time fiddle player and singer-songwriter. He is best remembered as the first performer to play on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (then called the WSM-AM Barn Dance), appearing with founder and host George D. Hay on the evening of November 28, 1925. The positive response generated by <mask>'s performance would be an important influence on the show's creative direction in its formative years. While <mask> made only a handful of recordings late in his life, his cantankerous and eccentric personality and his fiddle skills have made him one of the best-known icons of early country music. Early life

<mask> was born in Smith County, Tennessee (near the town of Baxter) in 1848. Around 1860, his family moved to Texas, and <mask> began playing fiddle shortly thereafter. He likely learned a number of tunes (including "Flying Clouds", which he recorded in 1930) from veterans returning from the American Civil War (1861–1865), and his fiddle style always showed a strong Texas influence.In the 1880s, <mask> moved back to Smith County, where he married his first wife. They stayed in Tennessee for about 20 years before they moved again to Texas. In 1907, <mask> gained regional fame as a fiddler when he won an eight-day fiddle contest in Dallas. <mask> returned to Tennessee a few years after the Dallas contest, this time settling near Hendersonville, a town located a few miles northeast of Nashville. His first wife died shortly afterward, however, and around 1912 he married his second wife, Ella Manners. In 1916, <mask> and Ella moved to Laguardo, in Wilson County, Tennessee. Being too old to farm, <mask> purchased a Ford truck which he outfitted with a makeshift camper, and he and Ella spent the next several years travelling around the state, performing at various fairs and other gatherings.<mask> played fiddle while "Aunt Ella" buck-danced on a red rug. In 1923, <mask> drove all the way to Dallas, where he again captured first prize in the city's eight-day fiddle contest. The WSM Barn Dance years, 1925-1928

In 1925, the National Life and Accident Insurance Company established WSM, the first radio station in Nashville that could reach a regional audience. In September of that year, WSM began airing rural musicians from the Nashville area, namely Humphrey Bate, Sid Harkreader, and Uncle Dave Macon. Realizing the popularity of old-time music, WSM hired George D. Hay, a Chicago radio announcer and host of the National Barn Dance on Chicago's WLS. Hay adapted his show's format to WSM, where it was to be called the WSM Barn Dance. For the show's initial airing on November 28, <mask>'s niece, <mask> Jones, who worked as piano accompanist for WSM at the time, suggested her uncle to Hay as his first guest.<mask>'s performance began at 8 P.M. that night, with Hay introducing <mask> and stating that <mask> would take requests from listeners. Phone calls and telegrams immediately began pouring into the station. At the end of the hour, Hay asked <mask> if he had done enough fiddling, to which <mask> replied, "a man don't get warmed up in an hour," and showed Hay the blue ribbon he had recently won at the eight-day fiddle contest in Dallas. <mask>'s performance on November 28 and his follow-up performances on WSM in subsequent weeks made him an instant celebrity. During this period, Hay issued a challenge to Maine fiddler Mellie Dunham, who had recently captured first prize in a nationwide fiddle contest held by automobile magnate Henry Ford. Dunham declined, prompting <mask> to say "he's affeared of me." Nevertheless, Ford held a second national contest in 1926, which <mask> entered.<mask> easily advanced through the early rounds to the contest's Tennessee state finals, which were held at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville on the evening of January 19. <mask> outplayed five other finalists, including Lynchburg fiddler <mask> Stephens and a one-armed fiddler from Hartsville named Marshall Claiborne, to capture the state championship. In the contest's regional finals in Louisville, Kentucky the following day, however, <mask> failed to place in the top three, being ousted by both Stephens and Claiborne and a South Indiana fiddler named W.H. Elmore (Stephens went on to win the national contest). Later career

<mask> continued making appearances on Barn Dance (renamed the Grand Ole Opry in 1927) throughout 1926 and 1927, but as the show became more structured, <mask>'s role was minimized. Hay grew impatient with <mask>'s general unreliability, and the two bickered over such things as <mask>'s penchant for drinking a jug of whiskey before each program to "lubricate" his playing arm, and <mask>'s tendency to play well over his allotted time. In 1928, <mask> made only two appearances on the program.In 1926, <mask> went to Atlanta, where he recorded two traditional tunes, "Billy Wilson" and "Karo" for Columbia Records. The latter, "Karo," is probably derived from the folk song "Flop-Eared Mule." <mask>'s only other recording session occurred on April 5, 1930 in Knoxville, Tennessee, for Brunswick/Vocalion. This session produced the recording known as "Uncle <mask>'s Favorite Fiddlin' Pieces," a mini-interview conducted by producer Bill Brown in which <mask> plays "Flying Clouds" and "Leather Britches", and discusses whiskey and the violin's superiority over the guitar (the brief guitar solo was probably played by Willie Sievers of the Tennessee Ramblers). <mask> died of pneumonia at his Laguardo home on February 17, 1931. Music historian Charles Wolfe notes that while <mask>'s active career (1925–1931) was relatively short, it was "one of the most potent" in the history and development of country music, and that the photographs of <mask> seated with his fiddle before a WSM microphone are among the Grand Ole Opry's most enduring images. <mask> claimed to have known over a thousand fiddle tunes, and once boasted he could "fiddle the bugs off a tater vine."According to Wolfe, an analysis of <mask>'s last recordings show a fiddle player of "great ability." Discography

References

External links
Juneberry78s.com Sampler — mp3s of <mask>'s recordings of "Karo" and "Billy Wilson"

American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Southern old-time fiddlers
People from Smith County, Tennessee
Grand Ole Opry members
1848 births
1931 deaths
Country musicians from Tennessee

masks:
Uncle Jimmy
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Eva Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Uncle Bunt
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Jimmy
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

texts:
<mask> (June 1, 1933 – February 10, 2010) was a United States naval officer and former 12-term Democratic United States Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district. <mask> is best known for leading Congress into supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covert operation, which during the Carter and Reagan administrations supplied military equipment to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. His behind-the-scenes campaign was the subject of the non-fiction book <mask>'s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History by George Crile III and the subsequent film <mask>'s War, where he was portrayed by Tom Hanks. Early life and naval career
<mask> was born in the small town of Trinity, Texas, to <mask>, an accountant for a local timber company, and Wilmuth (née Nesbitt), a local florist, on June 1, 1933. <mask> had one younger sister, <mask>, former chair of Planned Parenthood and president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, who currently resides in Waco, Texas. Growing up, <mask> attended Trinity public schools and, upon graduation from Trinity High School in 1951, he attended one semester at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, before being appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. While at Annapolis, <mask> earned the second most demerits in the history of the academy (his roommate, Robert Mullen, earned the most demerits).<mask> graduated eighth from the bottom of his class in 1956 with a B.S. degree in Engineering, specializing in electronics. Between 1956 and 1960, <mask> served in the United States Navy, attaining the rank of lieutenant and serving as the Gunnery Officer on the USS John W. Weeks (DD-701). He was assigned to the Pentagon as part of an intelligence unit that evaluated the Soviet Union's nuclear forces. Early political career highlights
From a young age, <mask> took an interest in national security and foreign matters. Growing up during World War II encouraged <mask> to avidly read military history, including numerous articles and other literature on the war. This led <mask> to have a lifelong admiration for Winston Churchill.<mask> even took the opportunity as a child to "keep watch" over Trinity for Japanese aerial attacks from his post in the back yard. <mask>'s early sense of patriotism and his strong interest in international affairs encouraged him to become politically active later in life. According to <mask> himself, he first entered politics as a teenager by running a campaign against his next-door neighbor, city council incumbent Charles Hazard. When <mask> was thirteen years old, his fourteen-year-old dog entered Hazard's yard. Hazard retaliated by mixing crushed glass into the dog's food, causing fatal internal bleeding. Following this incident, <mask> obtained a driver's permit and drove ninety-six voters to the polls in his family's two-door Chevrolet. As patrons left the car, <mask> told each of them that he didn't want to influence their vote, but that the incumbent Hazard had purposely killed his dog.After Hazard was defeated by a margin of 16 votes, <mask> went to his house to tell him that his black constituents voted to defeat him, and he "shouldn't poison any more dogs." <mask> cited this as "the day [he] fell in love with America." While <mask> worked at the Pentagon, he volunteered to help in John F. Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign. While volunteering in Kennedy's campaign, <mask> took a 30-day leave from the U.S. Navy and entered his name into the race for Texas state representative of his home district on the Democratic ticket. This action violated Navy regulations, as active-duty service members are prohibited from holding public office. When <mask> returned to duty, his family and friends went door to door campaigning. In 1961, at age 27, he was sworn into office in Austin, Texas.Temple-Inland, Inc., an East Texas forest products producer owned by Arthur Temple, Jr., and Temple's son, Buddy Temple, employed <mask> during his incumbency in the Texas legislature, but business interests were nevertheless suspicious of <mask>'s policies. While serving as a Texas state legislator for twelve years (six in the Texas House of Representatives and six in the Texas Senate), <mask> battled for the regulation of utilities, fought for Medicaid, tax exemptions for the elderly, the Equal Rights Amendment, and attempted to raise the state's minimum wage. He was also one of the few prominent Texas politicians to be pro-choice. All of these policies earned <mask> the reputation of being the "liberal from Lufkin." Congressional politics
In 1972, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 2nd congressional district, taking office the following January. Re-elected eleven times, <mask> thoroughly enjoyed his job and always sought to "take care of the home folks" until his resignation on October 8, 1996. Although hawkish on foreign issues, he was liberal on other issues such as women's rights, social security and abortion.As a freshman representative, <mask> achieved the designation of the Big Thicket in Southeast Texas as a National Preserve in 1974. This early achievement made his colleagues respect his political power and <mask> quickly earned an appointment on the United States House Committee on Appropriations. During his incumbency, <mask>'s colleagues regarded him as the "best horse trader in Washington" because of his ability to negotiate and trade votes with other congressmen to ensure passage of his favored bills. Despite not having many Jewish constituents, <mask> developed a strong relationship with Israel during his entire congressional career. This bond began during <mask>'s first year in Washington when the Yom Kippur War occurred. From a young age, <mask> had always supported the "underdog", and <mask> quickly went to Israel's defense as a self-proclaimed "Israeli commando." While on the Appropriations committee, <mask> increased U.S. aid to Israel to $3 billion annually.Later, <mask>'s close ties with Israel enabled him to collaborate with Israeli defense engineers to create and transport man-portable anti-aircraft guns into Pakistan to be used in the Soviet–Afghan War. As for domestic policy, <mask> ceaselessly championed for the individual's rights, especially women's and minorities' rights. He continuously voted pro-choice and fought voting discrimination against African Americans. Women and African Americans were two of his largest constituent bases. <mask> respected his district's female vote so much that in 1974 he used the League of Women Voters to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act. In addition to supporting women's rights legislation, <mask> broke Washington tradition and hired female staffers. Although <mask> never had a female chief of staff, his office was filled with women who tirelessly helped the congressman."Charlie's Angels", as they were commonly called, handled constituent problems for <mask> to ensure none of his constituents lacked in aid and support. <mask>'s staff quickly drew the attention of his colleagues and media. Although rumors of scandals surrounded <mask>'s office, <mask> emphatically insisted that his staff should be respected and their diligent work for the representative enabled them to have freedom to work independently of <mask>. <mask> worked on improving Americans' lives, especially those of the underprivileged. <mask> lobbied against business interests to maintain a $3.35 per hour minimum wage. <mask> also sought to increase Medicare and Medicaid funding for the elderly,  underprivileged and veterans, and gained funding to open the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Lufkin, Texas. <mask> avidly supported the individual rights to own firearms.This support created tension between <mask> and his sister Sharon Allison, but they reached an agreement that Allison would leave <mask> alone about his views on firearms, and <mask> would support Allison's pro-choice agenda. <mask> achieved a measure of success through his horse trading capabilities. Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill appointed <mask> to the United States House Committee on Ethics in 1980 to help protect Representative John Murtha, Jr. from investigations during the Abscam scandal. In return for <mask>'s appointment to this committee, O'Neill also gave him a coveted spot on the Kennedy Center Board of Trustees. <mask> also gained a position on the House Defense Appropriations subcommittee. This appointment enabled <mask> to funnel support money for Somoza in Nicaragua and support Mujahideen efforts to oust the Soviets from Afghanistan. Soviet-Afghan war

In 1980, <mask> read an Associated Press dispatch on the congressional wires describing the refugees fleeing Soviet-occupied Afghanistan.The communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan had taken over power during the Saur Revolution and asked the Soviet Union to help suppress resistance from the Mujahideen. According to biographer George Crile III, <mask> called the staff of the United States House Committee on Appropriations dealing with "black appropriations" and requested a two-fold appropriation increase for Afghanistan. Because <mask> had just been named to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense (which is responsible for funding CIA operations), his request went through. That was not the last time he increased the CIA budget for its Afghan operation. In 1983, he secured an additional $40 million, $17 million of which was allocated for anti-aircraft weapons to shoot down Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopters. The next year, CIA officer Gust Avrakotos directly approached <mask>—breaking the CIA's policy against lobbying Congress for money—asking <mask> for $50 million more. <mask> agreed and convinced Congress, saying, "The U.S. had nothing whatsoever to do with these people's decision to fight ... but we'll be damned by history if we let them fight with stones."Later, <mask> succeeded in giving the Afghans $300 million of unused Pentagon money before the end of the fiscal year. Thus, <mask> directly influenced the level of United States government support for the Afghan Mujahideen. <mask> has said that the covert operation succeeded because "there was no partisanship or damaging leaks." Michael Pillsbury, a senior Pentagon official, used <mask>'s funding to provide Stinger missiles to the Afghan resistance in a controversial decision. Joanne Herring, along with others, played a role in helping the Afghan resistance

masks:
Charles Nesbitt Wilson
Wilson
Charlie Wilson
Charlie Wilson
Wilson
Charles Edwin Wilson
Wilson
Sharon Wilson Allison
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
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Wilson
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Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson