title: Rosie Napravnik

texts:
 title. She then became only the sixth woman to ride in the Kentucky Derby. riding Pants on Fire to a 9th place finish, the best placing for a woman rider in the history of the Derby to that date. She also was second in the 2011 Kentucky Oaks, riding a longshot filly named St. John's River. In July of that year, Napravnik fractured her arm again when the horse she was riding broke down on the track and fell. This time the fracture was just above the plate in her wrist that had repaired her first break, an injury that required a three-hour surgery and replacement of the wrist plate with a larger one. In 2012 Napravnik became the first woman jockey to win the Kentucky Oaks, riding Believe You Can.The race was also her first Grade I win. She then rode in the Belmont Stakes for the first time, finishing fifth aboard Five Sixteen. Later that year, she won the Breeders' Cup Juvenile aboard Shanghai Bobby, becoming only the second woman jockey to win a Breeder's Cup race. She received one minor injury in 2012: a non-displaced fracture of her toe, obtained when her horse hit the side of the starting gate at Saratoga. She finished the race and returned to ride the next day. She ended the year ranked 8th in national earnings, winning $12,451,713, which surpassed the earnings and national placing record for a female jockey previously held by Julie Krone. As a result, sports analysts viewed her as the most successful woman jockey since Krone.Early in 2013, <mask> once again won the leading rider title at the Fair Grounds, making it three years in a row that she had won the award. She had hopes of riding Shanghai Bobby, who was undefeated in five races, in the 2013 Kentucky Derby, but he suffered a pelvic fracture at the Florida Derby and missed the Triple Crown races. She was able to pick up another horse for the Derby, Mylute, with whom she broke her previous Kentucky Derby finish record, taking fifth. Napravnik rode in the Preakness Stakes for the first time in 2013, finishing third, again on Mylute. In doing so, she was only the third woman to ever ride in the Preakness, the first since 1994, and had the highest-placed finish for any woman jockey in that race. Adding the Preakness to her 2011 Kentucky Derby and 2012 Belmont races, she also became the first woman ever to have ridden in all three Triple Crown races. She then rode the filly Unlimited Budget to a 6th place finish in the 2013 Belmont, becoming the first woman to ride all three Triple Crown races in the same year.Napravnik also broke a record previously held by Donna Barton Brothers when she rode 45 winners at Churchill Downs' spring meet. That summer, Napravnik also was named captain of the three member "Girls' Team" for the Shergar Cup jockey competition at Ascot Racecourse in the United Kingdom where she was the leading female rider of the team. In October, she became the first woman to win the leading rider title at Keeneland Race Course. She rode the two-year-old filly Untapable to a win in the Pocahontas Stakes, and then competed in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies, but finished eighth, having to check the filly to avoid another horse that fell during the race. She finished the year eighth in earnings at $13,242,202, breaking her own record from 2012, and was fifth in total wins. She began 2014 being named the leading rider at the Fair Grounds Race Course for the fourth consecutive year. She won the 2014 Lecomte Stakes and the Louisiana Derby on the three-year-old colt Vicar's In Trouble, trained by Sharp while he was an assistant to Maker, and owned by Ken and Sarah Ramsey.Of Napravnik's ride in the Louisiana Derby, veteran hall of fame jockey Mike Smith, who rode the favorite but finished second, said, "She rode a great race. A brilliant race actually." Napravnik also teamed up again with Untapable, now a three-year-old, first winning the Rachel Alexandra Stakes and the Fair Grounds Oaks, and then to the jockey's second victory in the Kentucky Oaks, winning the 2014 race by 4-1/2 lengths. Prior to the Oaks, Napravnik told reporters, "I own this race." Napravnik's win on Untapable and a victory in the Humana Distaff Handicap, on the undercard on Derby day, brought her ranking up to second in the nation for jockey earnings and wins during the early weeks of May 2014. With mounts on  Vicar's In Trouble in the Derby, Bayern in the 2014 Preakness Stakes, and General a Rod in the Belmont, for the second year in a row, she rode horses in all three Triple Crown races. She was in contention for leading jockey at Churchill Downs' spring meet, in second place with 31 winners, including a single day where she won five races, setting yet another record for a woman rider.But on June 15, the day after she had a major win on Tapiture, she had another significant injury: a separation of her clavicle and left shoulder joint that occurred when a horse she was working in the morning broke its leg and fell. While Napravnik did not require surgery, she was sidelined for a few weeks. Even though she missed the end of the Churchill meet, she still tied for second place in leading rider standings at that track. By July 5 she was working horses. She returned to racing on July 18 for the opening day of the Saratoga meet. In October, she repeated as leading rider at Keenland's fall meet. After her win in the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff aboard Untapable, Napravnik announced that she was seven weeks pregnant and announced a "retirement" from race riding.When asked if her retirement was "permanent", she replied, "It's indefinite—I mean, I'm not thinking about a comeback in 10 months, but I can't promise to stay off a horse forever." She further explained that she intended to assist Sharp with his training business and intended to remain "very much involved with racing." At the time of her announcement, she ranked sixth in the nation for 2014 in earnings and fifth by number of wins. In spite of losing time due to injury and retiring with two months left in the year, Napravnik closed out 2014 seventh in the nation for earnings, bringing her lifetime total to $71,396,717. Following her retirement announcement, Napravnik became Sharp's assistant trainer, continuing to ride regularly. After initially exercising the stable's race horses in the early months of her pregnancy, she moved over to ponying and other activities. , she and Sharp hoped to have two children fairly close together, and after that, Napravnik has not ruled out a return to race riding but has not made any firm decisions.As she explained in February 2015, "I'm satisfied with the accomplishments that I've made. If I feel like I really want to come back in a few years then I can do it. The greatest thing is I don't have to." On being a woman jockey

Napravnik's success has come in a sport where only 10% of all jockeys are women, even though they have been licensed as jockeys in pari-mutuel races since 1969. She initially was uncomfortable finding herself viewed as a role model for girls, preferring to simply be noticed as a top jockey. She became aware that she could have a positive impact on others and that helped her be more comfortable with her prominence. She still prefers to emphasize her riding prowess, she broke the total wins and earnings record for a woman jockey previously held by Julie Krone,  and stated in 2014, "If you show your work ethic and professionalism and obvious skill and ability, that is what is going to win somebody over."Like many other women jockeys, she views the primary challenge to be the difficulty of horse racing itself. She describes races as "every man for himself (sic)." She does not ask for any breaks from male jockeys, and has explained that horse racing is a sport where women simply have to be just as good as men. She speaks well of other successful women jockeys, and expresses a lot of respect in particular for Julie Krone, to whom she is often compared. But she also said in a 2011 interview, "a lot of young female riders are just girls who love horses, but they just don't have the strength and toughness, and they're not cut out to be jockeys. You've got to deliver the goods to get over that hump." She acknowledges the struggles for equality that women riders in earlier generations had to face were greater than her own, but notes that women jockeys still "fight a battle."In her early career, she simply tried to "blend in" with the male riders, but nonetheless encountered some owners and trainers who refused to hire a female jockey. She later said, "I was very conscious when I raced against their horses—and when I beat them." Napravnik has encountered harassment from male jockeys on the track when other riders would deliberately bump her or pen in her horse from all sides. In a 2013 interview with 60 Minutes, Napravnik said that she has heard hecklers at the track yell at her to "go home and have a baby," or "go home and stay in the kitchen." She repeatedly has chosen to make her mark on the track instead of getting into post-race fights. Trainer Larry Jones, having witnessed other jockeys deliberately bumping into her on the track, commented,  "Don't do <mask> that way, because she will run over you. The girl has no fear."She summed up her views in a 2014 interview for Elle, stating, "We are beyond the days of being boycotted. We are beyond the days before Civil Rights. So it has to do with the woman. It has to do with the individual and being able to compete as smart, as sharp as any man." Year-end charts

Notes

References

1988 births
Living people
American female jockeys
People from Mendham Borough, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Morris County, New Jersey
21st-century American

masks: Napravnik Rosie


title: Dara Shikoh

type: original

texts:
<mask> (), also known as <mask>, (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. <mask> was designated with the title Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba ("Prince of High Rank") and was favoured as a successor by his father and his older sister, Princess Jahanara Begum. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, <mask> was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (later, the Emperor Aurangzeb). He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne. <mask> was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim as opposed to the orthodox Aurangzeb; he authored the work The Confluence of the Two Seas, which argues for the harmony of Sufi philosophy in Islam and Vedanta philosophy in Hinduism. A great patron of the arts, he was also more inclined towards philosophy and mysticism rather than military pursuits. The course of the history of the Indian subcontinent, had <mask>h prevailed over Aurangzeb, has been a matter of some conjecture among historians.Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 11 March 1615 in Ajmer, Rajasthan. He was the first son and third child of Prince Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram and his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The prince was named by his father. 'Dara' means owner of wealth or star in Persian while the second part of the prince's name is commonly spelled in two ways: Shikoh (terror) or Shukoh (majesty or grandeur). Thus, Dara's full name can be translated as "Of the Terror of Darius" or "Of the Grandeur of Darius", respectively. Historian Ebba Koch favours 'Shukoh'. <mask> <mask> had thirteen siblings of whom six survived to adulthood: Jahanara Begum, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Bakhsh, and Gauhara Begum.He shared a close relationship with his older sister, Jahanara. As part of his formal education, <mask> studied the Quran, history, Persian poetry and calligraphy. He was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim unlike his father and his younger brother Aurangzeb. Persian was <mask>'s native language, but he also learned Hindi, Arabic and later Sanskrit. In October 1627, <mask>'s grandfather Emperor Jahangir died, and his father ascended the throne in January 1628 taking the regnal name 'Shah Jahan'. In 1633, <mask> was appointed as the Vali-ahad (heir-apparent) to his father. He, along with his older sister Jahanara, were Shah Jahan's favourite children.Marriage

During the life time of his mother Mumtaz Mahal, <mask> Shikoh was betrothed to his half-cousin, Princess Nadira Banu Begum, the daughter of his paternal uncle Sultan Parvez Mirza. He married her on 1 February 1633 at Agra amidst great celebrations, pomp and grandeur. By all accounts, <mask> and Nadira were devoted to each other and <mask>'s love for Nadira was so profound that unlike the usual practice of polygyny prevalent at the time, he never contracted any other marriage. The imperial couple had seven children together; two sons, Sulaiman <mask> and Sipihr <mask>, and a daughter, Jahanzeb Banu Begum, survived to play important roles in future events. A great patron of the arts, Dara ordered for the compilation of some refined artwork into an album which is now famous by the name of 'Dara Shikhoh Album.' This album was presented by Dara to his "dearest intimate friend" Nadira in 1641. Dara had at least two concubines, Gul Safeh (also known as Rana Dil) and Udaipuri Mahal (a Georgian or Armenian slave girl).Udaipuri later became a part of Aurangzeb's harem after her master's defeat. Military service
As was common for all Mughal sons, <mask> <mask> was appointed as a military commander at an early age, receiving an appointment as commander of 12,000-foot and 6,000 horse in October 1633. He received successive promotions, being promoted to commander of 12,000-foot and 7,000 horse on 20 March 1636, to 15,000-foot and 9,000 horse on 24 August 1637, to 10,000 horse on 19 March 1638, to 20,000-foot and 10,000 horse on 24 January 1639, and to 15,000 horse on 21 January 1642. On 10 September 1642, Shah Jahan formally confirmed <mask> <mask> as his heir, granting him the title of Shahzada-e-Buland Iqbal ("Prince of High Fortune") and promoting him to command of 20,000-foot and 20,000 horse. In 1645, he was appointed as subahdar (governor) of Allahabad. He was promoted to a command of 30,000-foot and 20,000 horse on 18 April 1648, and was appointed Governor of the province of Gujarat on 3 July. As his father's health began to decline, <mask> <mask> received a series of increasingly prominent commands.He was appointed Governor of Multan and Kabul on 16 August 1652, and was raised to the title of Shah-e-Buland Iqbal ("King of High Fortune") on 15 February 1655. He was promoted to command of 40,000-foot and 20,000 horse on 21 January 1656, and to command of 50,000-foot and 40,000 horse on 16 September 1657. The struggle for succession

On 6 September 1657, the illness of emperor Shah Jahan triggered a desperate struggle for power among the four Mughal princes, though realistically only <mask> <mask> and Aurangzeb had a chance of emerging victorious. Shah Shuja was the first to make his move, declaring himself Mughal Emperor in Bengal and marched towards Agra from the east. Murad Baksh allied himself with Aurangzeb. At the end of 1657, <mask> <mask> was appointed Governor of the province of Bihar and promoted to command of 60,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry. (roughly equivalent to general)

Despite strong support from Shah Jahan, who had recovered enough from his illness to remain a strong factor in the struggle for supremacy, and the victory of his army led by his eldest son Sulaiman <mask> over Shah Shuja in the battle of Bahadurpur on 14 February 1658, <mask> <mask> was defeated by Aurangzeb and Murad during the Battle of Samugarh, 13 km from Agra on 30 May 1658.Subsequently, Aurangzeb took over Agra fort and deposed emperor Shah Jahan on 8 June 1658. Death and aftermath

After the defeat, <mask> <mask> retreated from Agra to Delhi and thence to Lahore. His next destination was Multan and then to Thatta (Sindh). From Sindh, he crossed the Rann of Kachchh and reached Kathiawar, where he met Shah Nawaz Khan, the governor of the province of Gujarat who opened the treasury to <mask> <mask> and helped him to recruit a new army. He occupied Surat and advanced towards Ajmer. Foiled in his hopes of persuading the fickle but powerful Rajput feudatory, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar, to support his cause, <mask> Shikoh decided to make a stand and fight Aurangzeb's relentless pursuers but was once again comprehensively routed in the battle of Deorai (near Ajmer) on 11 March 1659. After this defeat he fled to Sindh and sought refuge under Malik Jiwan (Junaid Khan Barozai), an Afghan chieftain, whose life had on more than one occasion been saved by the Mughal prince from the wrath of Shah Jahan.However, Junaid betrayed <mask> <mask> and turned him (and his second son Sipihr Shikoh) over to Aurangzeb's army on 10 June 1659. <mask> <mask> was brought to Delhi, placed on a filthy elephant and paraded through the streets of the capital in chains. <mask> <mask>'s fate was decided by the political threat he posed as a prince popular with the common people – a convocation of nobles and clergy, called by Aurangzeb in response to the perceived danger of insurrection in Delhi, declared him a threat to the public peace and an apostate from Islam. He was assassinated by four of Aurangzeb's henchmen in front of his terrified son on the night of 30 August 1659 (9 September Gregorian). After death the remains of <mask> Shikoh were buried in an unidentified grave in Humayan's tomb in Delhi. On 26 February 2020 the government of India through Archaeological Survey of India decided to find the burial spot of Dara Shikoh from the 140 graves in 120 chambers inside Humayun's Tomb. It is considered a difficult task as none of the graves are identified or have inscriptions.Niccolao Manucci, the Venetian traveler who worked in the Mughal court, has written down the details of <mask> <mask>'s death. According to him, upon <mask>'s capture, Aurangzeb ordered his men to have his head brought up to him and he inspected it thoroughly to ensure that it was Dara indeed. He then further mutilated the head with his sword three times. After which, he ordered the head to be put in a box and presented to his ailing father, Shah Jahan, with clear instructions to be delivered only when the old King sat for his dinner in his prison. The

masks:
Dara Shikoh
Dara Shukoh
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara Shiko
Muhammad Dara
Shikoh
Dara
Shikoh
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara
Shikoh
Shikoh
Dara
Shikoh
Dara
Shikoh
Dara
Shikoh
Dara
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Dara
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Dara
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title: Dara Shikoh

texts:
 guards were also instructed to inform Shah Jahan that, "King Aurangzeb, your son, sends this plate to let him (Shah Jahan) see that he does not forget him". Shah Jahan instantly became happy (not knowing what was in store in the box) and uttered, “ Blessed be God that my son still remembers me". Upon opening the box, Shah Jahan became horrified and fell unconscious.Intellectual pursuits

<mask> <mask> is widely renowned as an enlightened paragon of the harmonious coexistence of heterodox traditions on the Indian subcontinent. He was an erudite champion of mystical religious speculation and a poetic diviner of syncretic cultural interaction among people of all faiths. This made him a heretic in the eyes of his orthodox younger brother and a suspect eccentric in the view of many of the worldly power brokers swarming around the Mughal throne. <mask> <mask> was a follower of the Armenian Sufi-perennialist mystic Sarmad Kashani, as well as Lahore's famous Qadiri Sufi saint Mian Mir, whom he was introduced to by Mullah Shah Badakhshi (Mian Mir's spiritual disciple and successor). Mian Mir was so widely respected among all communities that he was invited to lay the foundation stone of the Golden Temple in Amritsar by the Sikhs. <mask> Shikoh subsequently developed a friendship with the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai. <mask> Shikoh devoted much effort towards finding a common mystical language between Islam and Hinduism.Towards this goal he completed the translation of fifty Upanishads from their original Sanskrit into Persian in 1657 so that they could be studied by Muslim scholars. His translation is often called Sirr-i-Akbar ("The Greatest Mystery"), where he states boldly, in the introduction, his speculative hypothesis that the work referred to in the Qur'an as the "Kitab al-maknun" or the hidden book, is none other than the Upanishads. His most famous work, Majma-ul-Bahrain ("The Confluence of the Two Seas"), was also devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between Sufic and Vedantic speculation. The book was authored as a short treatise in Persian in 1654–55. In 1006 A.H,the prince had commissioned a translation of Yoga Vasistha,after both Vasistha and Rama appeared before Dara Shikoh and embraced him in his dream. Translation was undertaken by Nizam al-Din Panipati this translation came to be known as the Jug-Basisht, which has since become popular in Persia among intellectuals interested in Indo-Persian culture. The Safavid-era mystic Mir Findiriski (d. 1641) commented on selected passages of Jug-Basisht.The library established by Dara Shikoh still exists on the grounds of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmiri Gate, Delhi, and is now run as a museum by Archaeological Survey of India after being renovated. Patron of arts

He was also a patron of fine arts, music and dancing, a trait frowned upon by his younger sibling Muhiuddin, later the Emperor Aurangzeb. The 'Dara Shikoh' is a collection of paintings and calligraphy assembled from the 1630s until his death. It was presented to his wife Nadira Banu in 1641–42 and remained with her until her death after which the album was taken into the royal library and the inscriptions connecting it with Dara Shikoh were deliberately erased; however not everything was vandalised and many calligraphy scripts and paintings still bear his mark. Among the existing paintings from the Dara Shikoh Album, are two facing pages, compiled in the early 1630s just before his marriage, showing two ascetics in yogic postures, probably meant to be a pair of yogis, Vaishnava and Shaiva. These paintings are attributed to the artist Govardhan. The album also contains numerous pictures of Muslim ascetics and divines and the pictures obviously reflect Dara Shikoh's interest in religion and philosophy.<mask> <mask> is also credited with the commissioning of several exquisite, still extant, examples of Mughal architecture – among them the tomb of his wife Nadira Begum in Lahore, the Shrine of Mian Mir also in Lahore, the Dara Shikoh Library in Delhi, the Akhun Mullah Shah Mosque in Srinagar in Kashmir and the Pari Mahal garden palace (also in Srinagar in Kashmir). In popular culture

 The issues surrounding <mask> <mask>'s impeachment and execution are used to explore contradictory interpretations of Islam in a 2008 play, The Trial of Dara Shikoh, written by Akbar S. Ahmed. He is also the subject of a 2010 play called Dara Shikoh, written and directed by Shahid Nadeem of the Ajoka Theatre Group in Pakistan. <mask> Shikoh is the subject of the 2007 play Dara Shikoh, written by Danish Iqbal and staged by, among others, the director M S Sathyu in 2008. He is also a character played by Vaquar Sheikh in the 2005 Bollywood film Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story, directed by Akbar Khan. <mask> Shikoh is the name of the protagonist of Mohsin Hamid's 2000 novel Moth Smoke, which reimagines the story of his trial unfolding in contemporary Pakistan. The television series Upanishad Ganga had two episodes titled "Veda – The Source of Dharma 1" and "Veda – The Source of Dharma 2", featuring <mask> <mask> played by actor Zakir Hussain.Gopalkrishna Gandhi wrote a play in verse titled Dara Shukoh on his life. Bengali Writer Shyamal Gangapadhyay wrote a novel on his life Shahjada Dara Shikoh which received Sahitya Academy Award in 1993. Assamese writer and politician, Omeo Kumar Das wrote a book called Dara Shikoh: Jeevan O Sadhana. Uzbek writer Hamid Ismailov wrote a novel called A Poet and Bin-Laden the second part of which devoted to the life of <mask> <mask> and Aurangzeb. An Assamese novel, Kalantarat Shahzada Dara Shikoh, was written by author Nagen Goswami. "Dara Shikoh" – a poem by poet Abhay K published in 2014 lamented the fact that there were no streets named after Dara. New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) changed Dalhousie Road's name to Dara Shikoh Road on 6 February 2017.In 2016 Bharatvarsh TV series, Rohit Purohit played the role of <mask> <mask>. In The 2017 novel 1636: Mission to the Mughals he is one of the central characters. Ranveer Singh has been cast as <mask> <mask> in the upcoming Karan Johar directorial Takht, slated for a 2021 Christmas release. Dara Shikoh award awarded by Indo-Iranian society. The award includes a sum of Rs. 1 lakh, a shawl and citation. Sheila Dixit former Delhi CM (1998–2013) was a recipient in 2010.Full title
Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Sultan Muhammad <mask> <mask>, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal

Governorship

Lahore 1635–1636
Allahabad 1645–1647
Malwa 1642–1658
Gujrat 1648
Multan Kabul 1652–1656
Bihar 1657–1659

Ancestry

Works

Writings on Sufism and the lives of awliya (Muslim saints):
Safinat ul- Awliya
Sakinat ul-Awliya
Risaala-i Haq Numa
Tariqat ul-Haqiqat
Hasanaat ul-'Aarifin
Iksir-i 'Azam (Diwan-e-Dara Shikoh)
Writings of a philosophical and metaphysical nature:
Majma-ul-Bahrain (The Mingling of Two Oceans)
So’aal o Jawaab bain-e-Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh (also called Mukaalama-i Baba Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh)
Sirr-e-Akbar (The Great Secret, his translation of the Upanishads in Persian)
Persian translations of the Yoga Vasishta and Bhagavad Gita. See also
Majma-ul-Bahrain
Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)
Akbar
Nur Jahan

References

Bibliography

Eraly, Abraham (2004). The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors. Phoenix, London. .
Hansen, Waldemar [1986]. The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Orient Book Distributors, New Delhi. Mahajan, V.D.(1978). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur. Orient Longman, New Delhi. Sarkar, Jadunath (1962).A Short History of Aurangzib, 1618–1707. M. C. Sarkar and Sons, Calcutta. External links

 Bernier, Francois Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668
 Gyani Brahma Singh, <mask> <mask> – The Prince who turned Sufi in The Sikh Review
 Manucci, Niccolo Storia de Mogor or Mogul Stories''
 Sleeman, William (1844), E-text of Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official
 Srikand, Yoginder <mask> <mask>'s Quest for Spiritual Unity
 Dara Shikoh Library
 The Dara Shikoh Album British Museum Online Gallery
  Majmaul Bahrain by <mask> Shikoh English translation with original Persian text

Assassinated Indian people
Mughal princes
1615 births
1659 deaths
People from Delhi
Indian Sufis
17th-century Indian writers
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Murdered Indian royalty
People from Ajmer
Subahdars of Gujarat
Indian people of Iranian descent
Fratricides
People executed by the Mughal

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Dara Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Dara Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara


title: B. W. Huebsch

texts:
<mask><mask> (March 21, 1876 – August 7, 1964), often known as <mask>, was an American publisher in New York City in the early 20th century. <mask>

<mask> was the son of Rabbi <mask>, who had immigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1866 and died in New York, 1884. He played violin and studied under composer and pianist Sam Franko. Career

Beginning work in his older brother's small print shop, which he gradually transformed into a publishing house. B. W<mask> (1900–1924)

In 1900, <mask> established the publishing house B. W. Huebsch. He was the first publisher in the United States of: D. H. Lawrence's book Sons and Lovers (1913), James Joyce's Dubliners (1916) and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), and Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio (1919). He also published Georges Sorel's Réflexions sur la violence (1908) as Reflections on Violence, translated by T. E. Hulme and published by Huebsch in 1914.Circa January 1918, B. W. Huebsch published the book The Poets of Modern France by Ludwig Lewisohn, A.M., Litt.D., Professor at the Ohio State University. This is a translation of major French poets into English. Quoting from the Preface: "In every age the critical conservatives have protested in the name of eternal principles which, alas, are not eternal at all." The Freeman magazine (1920–1924)

Huebsch published The Freeman magazine from 1920 to 1924. The magazine's co-editors were Francis Neilson (a former British MP) and Albert Jay Nock (a Libertarian whose autobiography Memoirs of a Superfluous Man influenced <mask><mask> Sr. and <mask><mask> Jr. among others). Neilson's wealthy wife, Helen Swift Neilson, financed the magazine. Contributors included: Charles A.<mask>, <mask> Chamberlin, Thomas Mann, Lewis Mumford, <mask>, Lincoln Steffens, Louis Untermeyer, Thorstein Veblen and Suzanne La Follette (the more Libertarian cousin of Senator Robert M. La Follette). Viking Press (1925–1964)
In 1925 he merged his publishing house with the Viking Press, where he worked as an editor and vice president. At Viking, he published numerous German-speaking authors, including: Lion Feuchtwanger, <mask> (though not <mask>el's later controversial Class Reunion, published by Simon & Schuster in 1929 and translated by <mask> Chambers), Arnold Zweig, and Stefan Zweig. Further authors he published included: Irwin Edman, Rumer Godden, <mask>, <mask>. Associations

<mask> was a member of the Henry Ford Peace Plan Commission (1915–1916). He was a signatory member of the Committee of Forty-Eight in 1919. (This was an American liberal political association to create a new political party for social reform in opposition to the increasingly conservatism in both the Republican and Democratic parties.The name reflect the 48 states of the time, as well as the desire for a broad, national movement of moderate progressives. The committee failed to form a third party, despite sympathetic activists from the labor movement in 1920. The "Forty-Eighters") then became constituents in the Conference for Progressive Political Action in 1922, a movement culminating in the independent candidacy of Robert LaFollete for President of the United States in 1924. He may have been a communist, as some have stated. Diana Trilling wrote in her memoir The Beginning of the Journey (1993) that <mask> refused to ever republish her husband Lionel Trilling's only novel, The Middle of the Journey (1947) because he was a communist. <mask> Chambers:  A Biography (1997) claims "Unbeknownst to Trilling, Viking's publisher [sic] <mask> was a Communist and had quietly offered his services to the Hiss defense", based on an unsigned memo dated January 27, 1949, from Meyer Zeligs, further cited by Twilight of the Intellectuals(1999)  In 1934, <mask> did help celebrate the tenth anniversary of Alexander Trachtenberg's International Publishers, the (un)official publisher for the CPUSA—along with other publishers, including <mask> Cerf of Random House, Alfred Knopf of Knopf Publishing, W. W. Norton of W. W. Norton & Company, John Chamberlain of The New York Times, and Lewis Gannett of the Herald Tribune. <mask> joined the League of American Writers, a Popular Front group organized by the Communist Party in 1935 and disbanded in 1943.(His relative <mask> was also a member.) He was a long-time member of P.E.N. and served on numerous boards there. He began serving as a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) upon its founding by Roger Nash <mask> and served as its treasurer from 1926 until his death in 1964. (The ACLU supported Free Speech in the U.S., and so would have supported <mask>'s earlier publications of books by Lawrence, Joyce, and Anderson amidst controversial Free Speech issues of the time.) He represented the book industry on a U.S. National Committee for Unesco in 1949. He helped establish the National Association of Book Publishers.Personal and death

In 1920, <mask> married Alfhild Lamm. <mask> had a close relationship with James Joyce, documented in correspondence. He died in London on August 7, 1964. Awards

 1964 - Irita Van Doren Award (first ever)

Legacy

<mask>'s papers are archived at the Library of Congress, with documentation completed in 2013. It contains correspondence with an extraordinary range of writers and intellectuals. Marshall A<mask> started as apprentice to <mask> at B.W.<mask> in 1923, right after graduating from Harvard University, continued with <mask> at Viking Press in 1925, became one of Viking's chief editors and eventually chairman of its executive committee. <mask> worked with numerous American authors, including: Erskine Caldwell (a client of Maxim Lieber), Sheldon Cheney, Malcolm Cowley, Howard Mumford Jones, Rex Stout, Theodore Morrison, Dorothy Parker, <mask>, <mask>, Lionel Trilling. He also worked with many British authors, including: Graham Greene, <mask>, Sylvia Townsend <mask>, Rumer Godden, and Iris Murdoch. Other authors include R.K. Narayan of India and <mask> of Australia. With Pascal Covici in 1943, he developed the "Viking Portable Library" and served as its general editor (75 titles of comprehensive anthologies of works by an established author, period, or subject). He also served as treasurer of the American P.E.N. Center.During WWII, he served on the Council on Books in Wartime and the Armed Services Editions. References

Further reading

External links

 Finding aid to B. W. Huebsch papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Roger Nash <mask> Papers 1885-1996:  correspondence dated 1964

American book publishers (people)
1876 births
1964 deaths

masks:
Benjamin W
. Huebsch
Ben Huebsch
Background
Huebsch
Adolphus Huebsch
. Huebsch
Huebsch
William F
. Buckley
William F
. Buckley
Beard
William Henry
Bertrand Russell
Franz Werfel
Werf
Whittaker
William White
Patrick White
Huebsch
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Whittaker
Ben Huebsch
Huebsch
Bennet
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Edward Huebsch
Baldwin
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Alexander Woollcott
Wallace Stegner
Rebecca West
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title: Jeffrey R. Holland

texts:
<mask> (born December 3, 1940) is an American educator and religious leader. He served as the ninth President of Brigham Young University and is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, <mask> is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Currently, he is the fourth most senior apostle in the church. <mask> was born and raised in St. George, Utah. After graduating from high school, his college education began at Dixie College and he also served a mission for the LDS Church in Great Britain. After returning from his mission, he transferred to Brigham Young University (BYU) and graduated with a bachelor's degree in English.He later earned a master's degree in Religious Education at BYU. <mask> received a second master's degree and later a Ph.D in American Studies at Yale University. In 1974, <mask> was appointed the Dean of Religious Education at BYU and was appointed as the eleventh commissioner of the Church Educational System (CES) two years later, replacing Neal A. Maxwell. In 1980, <mask> became the ninth president of BYU, replacing Dallin H. Oaks. Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. George, Utah. His father, Frank D<mask>, was a convert to the LDS Church while his mother, Alice, came from a long line of Latter-day Saints. As a youth, he worked as a newspaper carrier, a grocery bagger, and a service station attendant.As a young man, <mask> served in what was then known as the British Mission. His mission president was Marion D. Hanks, a general authority of the church. He and Quentin L. Cook were missionary companions. <mask> graduated from Dixie High School. He helped the Flyers capture state high school championships in football and basketball. He began his college education at Dixie College before his mission. After returning from his mission, he served as co-captain of the Dixie basketball team.In 2011, the school broke ground for the <mask>. <mask> Centennial Commons Building, a building to honor both <mask> and the school's 2011 centennial. The completed building was dedicated in September 2012. <mask> transferred to BYU, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in English. He wrote a thesis on selected changes to the text of the Book of Mormon to complete his master's degree in religious education from BYU, while also teaching religion classes part-time. After earning his master's degree, <mask> became an Institute of Religion teacher in Hayward, California. He worked as an institute director in Seattle, Washington. <mask> attended Yale University and earned a second master's degree in American studies, and later a PhD in the same subject.At Yale, <mask> studied with American literary scholar and critic R. W. B. Lewis and authored a dissertation on the religious sense of Mark Twain. He was an instructor at the LDS Church's institute in Hartford while he was a student at Yale. While studying at Yale, <mask> served as a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Hartford Connecticut Stake. Leadership at BYU and CES
<mask> served as an institute director in Salt Lake City after earning his Ph.D. He also served as director of the Melchizedek Priesthood MIA and as chair of the Young Adult Committee for the LDS Church. In 1974, at the age of thirty-three, <mask> was appointed Dean of Religious Education at BYU. From 1976 to 1980, he served as the eleventh commissioner of CES, replacing Neal A. Maxwell, who was called to the First Council of the Seventy.During this time, <mask> also served on the board of directors of LDS Hospital and of the Polynesian Cultural Center. In 1980, <mask> was appointed to succeed Dallin H. Oaks as president of BYU. After a search committee was formed, as a favorite candidate of the First Counselor in the LDS Church's First Presidency, N. Eldon Tanner, and the protege of the chair of the executive committee of the BYU Board of Trustees, Gordon B. Hinckley, <mask> was appointed less than two days later. As the church's Commissioner of Education at the time Oaks was released, <mask> was supposed to compile a list of candidates to be the next BYU president. Instead, he was unexpectedly notified of the First Presidency's intention to make him president. After his appointment, rumors on campus cited the decision as "politically motivated". Before he arrived in Provo, <mask> reduced the number of vice-presidents to four and increased the number of assistant and associate vice-presidents over academics.Holland easily transitioned into the role of president. He was familiar with the president's duties, since he had worked closely with Oaks as the Commissioner of Education. He placed emphasis on upgrading programs and improving relationships with faculty rather than focusing on physical expansion of the campus. In order to supplement the school's funds, Holland launched a fundraiser called "Excellence in the Eighties" which sought to raise $100 million from 1982 to 1987. Specific funds were raised for student scholarships, academic programs, faculty salaries, and extension programs. He emphasized hiring more qualified faculty and purchasing more library and research materials. He supervised the building of the Crabtree Technology Building, but didn't promise more than ten new buildings during his presidency.A significant achievement during <mask>'s presidency was the founding of the BYU Jerusalem Center. Also during his presidency, the BYU Center for International Studies was renamed the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and had its role at BYU re-emphasized. There had been a large amount of debate about BYU's dress code throughout the previous administration. <mask> clarified his support for dress code rules. Regarding violations of the Honor Code, if a student requested their names be removed from the church records, <mask> instituted a policy in which they would have to receive special permission from the Board of Trustees in order to remain enrolled in school. During <mask>'s presidency, the weekly independent student newspaper, The 7th East Press was shut down due to writing about controversial topics. However, student editor Dean Huffaker believed that <mask> had tried to prevent them from being banned because <mask> was conscious of public relations and didn't want to cause controversy.The students stated that they believed the ban came from one of the LDS Church's general authorities. <mask> had the re-establishment of religious instruction as the "hub" of BYU's academics as one of his significant administrative goals. While he did not initiate any significant changes along these lines he did in his public communications regularly emphasize the importance of religious education. As president of BYU, <mask> encouraged academic excellence in an atmosphere of faith. <mask> emphasized that BYU could not do everything, but would seek excellence in what it did choose to do. <mask> served as the president of the American Association of Presidents of Independent Colleges and Universities (AAPICU) and as a member of the NCAA's presidents' committee. He also received the "Torch of Liberty" award from the Anti-Defamation League.Service in the LDS Church
<mask> was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy on April 1, 1989, bringing an end to his term as president of BYU. As a member of the Seventy, <mask> was a counselor in the general presidency of the church's Young Men organization from 1989 to 1990. Prior to his call as a general authority, <mask> served as bishop of a single adult ward in Seattle, as a counselor in the presidency of the Hartford Connecticut Stake, and as a regional representative. He also served in the presidency of two other stakes and as a stake high councilor. From 1990 to 1993, <mask> and his wife lived in Solihull, England where he served as president of the church's Europe North Area. <mask> was ordained an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on June 23, 1994, by Howard W. Hunter. He was selected as an apostle following the death of church president Ezra Taft Benson and was sustained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 1, 1994.In 2000, <mask> became the chair of the Missionary Curriculum Task Force which worked to develop Preach My Gospel. <mask> lived in Santiago and served as president of the church's Chile Area from 2002 to 2004. In church general conferences in the fall of 2007 and spring of 2008, <mask> gave sermons that directly answered accusations that Latter-day Saints are not Christians. At the April 2009 general conference, <mask> gave a sermon about the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the importance of Christ's statement, "my God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me". This talk was later reformatted with music and put on a website for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where by August 2009 it had been viewed over 500,000 times. In 2012, <mask> was the member of the Quorum of the Twelve with responsibility for the affairs of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Africa. In early 2012, he went to Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana to meet with members and missionaries.He also met with the Vice President of Sierra Leone, Samuel Sam-Sumana. In December 2012, <mask> organized the 3000th stake for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Freetown, Sierra Leone. On March 12, 2012, the Harvard Law School hosted <mask> for a Mormonism 101 series. On June 10, 2015, he addressed the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Foreign Affairs in the House of Lords at the UK Parliament. In 2016, <mask> was keynote speaker at the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) Duty to God breakfast, as part of his assignment as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' chief representative to the BSA. As of January 2018, among his other assignments, <mask> continues his service on the Church Board of Education and Boards of Trustees, where he also serves as chairman of the Executive Committee. In November 2018, <mask> spoke at a major inter-religious conference at Oxford University.During the same trip, <mask> met with Theresa May, Prime Minister of Great Britain. This may have been the first official meeting of an apostle for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with a British Prime Minister. In January 2019, <mask> presided at the groundbreaking for the church's Urdaneta Philippines Temple. He also spoke at a multi-stake conference in the Philippines that week. In 2020, while still serving as the chairman of the executive committee of the BYU-Hawaii board of trustees, he announced the appointment of John S. K. Kauwe III as the institution's new president. In August 2021, <mask> spoke at BYU's annual conference for faculty and staff and the speech sparked controversy within the LQBTQ+ community. <mask> and his wife, Patricia Terry, were married on June 7, 1963, in the St. George Temple.They are the parents of three children. Their oldest son, Matthew S<mask>, served as president of Utah Valley University from 2009 to 2018 and has been a general authority since April 2020. Their youngest son, David F<mask>, is a professor at Harvard Divinity School. Works
Books

Speeches

  — unofficial transcript

Awards
 Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America (1955)
 Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the National Eagle Scout Association
 Torch of Liberty Award by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith
 Washington County Exemplary Manhood Award (July 2013)

See also
 Council on the Disposition of the Tithes

References

Further reading

External links

 General Authorities and General Officers: Elder <mask><mask>
 <mask> on Special Witnesses of Christ

1940 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in England
Apostles (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University alumni
Church Educational System instructors
Commissioners of Church Education (LDS Church)
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization)
Dixie State University alumni
Living people
Mormon apologists
People from St. George, Utah
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Regional representatives of the Twelve
Yale University alumni
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Connecticut
American expatriates in Chile
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles

masks:
Jeffrey Roy Holland
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title: Edward Lovett Pearce

texts:
Sir <mask> (1699 – 7 December 1733) was an Irish architect, and the chief exponent of Palladianism in Ireland. He is thought to have initially studied as an architect under his father's first cousin, Sir John Vanbrugh. He is best known for the Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin, and his work on Castletown House. The architectural concepts he employed on both civic and private buildings were to change the face of architecture in Ireland. He could be described as the father of Irish Palladian architecture and Georgian Dublin. Early life
<mask> was born about 1699 in County Meath and was the only child of General <mask>, a first cousin of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh, and Frances, daughter of <mask>, Lord Mayor of Dublin 1676–77 and previously a merchant in Turkey. In that same year Vanbrugh was beginning work on his first great architectural commission of Castle Howard which was the first truly baroque house in England, ironically Vanbrugh's new cousin was to be one of the leading architects whose designs were to overthrow the baroque fashion less than 28 years later.In 1715 following the death of his father, <mask> became a pupil of his eminent architect cousin, it is therefore likely that <mask> would have had the opportunity to see first hand and study the plans and building of Blenheim Palace, where work, following the death of Queen Anne, had just restarted, and was midway through its fraught and frequently interrupted construction. It seems though, that at this age <mask> was still uncertain if he wanted an architectural career, as aged 17 he joined the army serving as a cornet in the dragoons under the command of a Colonel Morris. Following his time in the army, he decided circa 1722, to return to his first career and again began to study architecture, he did this by studying the architectural masterpieces of France and Italy. However it was in the Veneto that he found the style of architecture which was to influence him most. He made detailed drawings of many of the great villas designed by Palladio which were to serve as the inspiration for his later work. He met in Italy the Florentine architect Alessandro Galilei, who was working from afar on a vast grandiose mansion near Dublin – Castletown. About 1725 <mask> married Ann, his own first-cousin, daughter of General <mask> and Mary Hewes.They were to have four daughters who inherited great-grandfather <mask>'s manor of Whitlingham by Norwich, Norfolk. They were: Mary, Mrs Lewis Thomas then Mrs James Slator but mother of Major-General Lewis Thomas; Anne, Mrs Chambre Hallowes; Frances, Mrs Benjamin Lake; and Henrietta, Mrs Charles Willington. He remained a Captain in Colonel Clement Neville's Dragoons. Architectural career
By 1724, <mask> had returned to Ireland to become a practising architect in Dublin, It would appear that as the only Irish architect, at the time, to have studied in Italy, his classical concepts were to win him instant recognition, his architectural success seems to have been almost instantaneous; no doubt helped by his contacts and position in Irish society and even more undoubtedly by his association with William Conolly and Castletown. Castletown

Castletown House is the largest and one of the most important country houses in Ireland, it also claims to be the house which introduced Palladianism to Ireland. The mansion was commissioned by William Conolly (1662–1729), a self-made man who had risen from humble origins through astute property dealings to become one of the wealthiest and influential men in Ireland. The original plans were drawn by Alessandro Galilei circa 1718, the new mansion was intended to reflect Conolly's political power as Lord Justice of Ireland.Galilei though returned to Italy in 1719, having drawn the plans, but not waiting to see building on the Castletown site commence. In fact work was not to start until 1722. For two years, the project seems to have continued unsupervised, until in 1724, it was taken over by the twenty-five-year-old <mask> <mask>. Just returned to Ireland from Italy, it is likely that <mask> had been working on the plans with Galilei there. Hence Pierce's connection with Castletown probably predates his return to Ireland. It is possible that it was to oversee the building of Castletown that provided <mask> with the impetus to return home to Ireland. Building at Castletown was to continue for the rest of <mask>'s life.It is not known precisely how much of Castletown is Galilei's work and how much <mask>'s. If in Italy <mask> had been employed by Galilei and worked on the plans, then, as was the custom of the time, <mask>'s work as an employee would have been credited to his master. Galilei was certainly responsible for devising the overall scheme of a principal centre mansion, flanked by colonnades leading to two service wings, in the true Palladian manner. Castletown was the first house in Ireland designed with this layout. The rigid symmetry of Castletown's classical façades, designed by Galilei was to be typical too of <mask>'s later work. The interiors and final room plans are believed to be the work of <mask>, however the long suite of reception rooms along the ground-floor garden front, are not in the strict Palladian tradition. Such a mansion as Castletown, in Italy, would have been a town Palazzo rather than a country villa.The long suite of room with a central salon, terminating with smaller rooms at the end of the enfilade is more typical of the suites of state rooms in English country houses at the time. The central saloon at Castletown opens into the two-storey entrance hall, which is traversed by a corridor running the length of the mansion; the principal staircase is situated in an adjoining hall to the side of the great hall. In this layout of state rooms, hall and staircase Castletown is similar to Blenheim Palace, which <mask> had studied while a student of Vanbrugh. (While <mask> designed the staircase it was not actually constructed until 1760, some 28 years after his death.) Bellamont House

Another of <mask>'s earliest commissions occurred when he was commissioned by his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Coote to build Bellamont House, also known as Bellamont Forest, on the outskirts of Cootehill in the north-east of County Cavan. This family connection was not unusual, as several of <mask>'s clients were related to him. Like Castletown, Bellamont claims to be Ireland's first Palladian house.Dates attributed to the design range from 1725–1730, whatever the date (1725 is probable) it is almost certain that this was the first of Ireland's many Palladian houses to be completed. The four bays square modestly sized mansion is clearly inspired by Palladio's Villa Capra. The principal façade has as its ground floor a rusticated semi-basement, above which is the piano nobile at the centre is a four columned portico with a pediment, the portico is flanked by a single high sash window on each side. The main entrance beneath the one-storey portico is reached by a single flight of broad steps. Above the piano nobile is a secondary floor with windows exactly half the size of those below. The entire façade is just four windows wide. The composition is a hybrid between the grandest of the Veneto's villas and a slightly exalted farmhouse, which ironically was the very intention of Palladio's original designs 200 years previously.While Castletown is a symbol or wealth and power, the far smaller Bellamont is the greater symbol of Palladianism and architectural perfection. Also during this period of his work <mask> redesigned the south elevation of Drumcondra House (now All Hallows Campus, Dublin). Stillorgan Obelisk

Following a famine in 1727, an Obelisk at Stillorgan, attributed to <mask>, was erected as a memorial to those who had perished. This granite monument, over 100 feet high, contains in its base a large vaulted hall from which rises a staircase leading to a viewing platform. The attribution to <mask> is probable, although the monument is in an almost avant-garde neoclassical style, with Egyptian influences; however <mask> was living in the parish at this time in a house known as The Grove. This large house (subsequently known as Tigh Lorcain Hall) was replaced by the Stillorgan Bowling Alley in 1963. Irish Parliament House
In 1727, <mask> was elected Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for the Ratoath in County Meath, assisted by his patron Speaker Conolly, for whom he was continuously working at Castletown.The Irish Government had decided in that same year to replace their existing meeting place at Chichester House, College Green, Dublin with a new purpose-built parliament building. It was Speaker Conolly who first suggested building the new Parliament House on College Green, therefore it is unsurprising, perhaps, that it was <mask> the Member of Parliament (MP) and employee of Conolly who was eventually chosen to design the project. The foundation stone of the new Parliament building was laid in 1729, the Palladian design was, as intended, awe inspiring with a huge colonnade facing onto College Green. The two legislator Houses of Parliament contained an octagonal classical temple, complete with Pantheon-style dome, as its House of Commons, (destroyed by fire in 1792). The public gallery here could hold up to 700 spectators, symbolising true open government; the smaller but still exquisite House of Lords survives, along with its central arcade and pediment. The building at the beginning of the 19th century was taken over by the Bank of Ireland, substantial alterations have been made since, including a large extension by Gandon and Johnson. A condition of the sale to the bank was that all signs of Parliament were to be removed.However, the concepts of <mask> are still very evident in the surviving House of Lords. Cashel Palace
As architect of the Parliament building, in 1730 <mask> was appointed Surveyor General of Ireland, he succeeded Thomas Burgh. This important position, a mere four years after his return from Italy was the seal on his success. While work was continuing on the parliament building in 1730 Pierce, now Ireland's most famed and sought after architect, was commissioned by Archbishop Theophilus Bolton to build the new bishop's palace, at Cashel, in County Tipperary. The result was a large unostentatious red brick Palladian mansion, on two principal floors, the hipped roof hidden by a brick pediment, the main façade seven bays long had at its centre a three bayed projection, the only ornament was dressed stone double strapping indicating the ground and first floor division. On the ground floor the terminating two bays were replaced by venetian windows. The result was a house of restrained refinement.<mask> also designed the landscaping of the grounds of the palace complete with their private path to Rock of Cashel. The Cashel Palace Hotel now operates from the property. Desart Court
Desart Court was constructed in 1733 for the first Lord Desart, John Cuffe. It was a five-bay 2 storey house with a basement. It was ultimately destroyed in a fire by the IRA in 1923. Other buildings

Among other buildings that <mask> <mask> supposedly designed are the stables at Dartrey Estate, the Deanery House on Fishamble Street, Gloster House, County Offaly, Woodlands house in Clonshaugh and 9 and 10 Henrietta Street and possibly other houses on the Street. Legacy

Following the acclaim given to the new Parliament building, the structure was near enough completed in 1731 for Parliament to be held there, in 1732 <mask> was knighted, this honour was followed by the freedom of the city of Dublin in 1733.Sir <mask> <mask> was then at the height of his success and popularity. In addition to the better known works described above <mask> worked on numerous other commissions, a vast mansion known at Summerhill House in County Meath (demolished in the 1950s) was attributed to him, although his contemporary, the architect Richard Cassels is thought to have overseen this work. <mask> also designed smaller and more modest town houses for the wealthy and aristocratic of Dublin; two examples of his work survive in Henrietta Street (illustrated above right). His design at No.9 was for his first cousin Mrs Thomas Carter. Tragically it was to be a short period, within weeks of receiving the freedom of Dublin, he was struck down with an abscess and died of septicaemia 16 November 1733 at his home, The Grove, Stillorgan, aged just 34. His remains were buried on 10 December 1733 in St Mary's Graveyard, Donnybrook. His widow and four children survived him.Ann died at her house in St Stephen's Green Dublin on 15 July 1749 and was buried at Donnybrook on 17 July 1749. <mask> <mask>'s rise had been meteoric; in just six years of architectural practice he had scaled the greatest heights of both private and civic architectural practice. He had introduced Palladianism to a country which was to adopt it with a gusto unlike any other European country. At the time of his death he presided over an entire community of Palladian architects perpetuating his interpretations of Palladio's work throughout Ireland. See also

Georgian Dublin
Architecture of Ireland

References

External links

 Cashel Palace
 Castletown
 Bellamont House
 Stillorgan Obelisk
 Henrietta Street, Dublin

1699 births
1733 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Ireland
Irish architects
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Meath constituencies
People from County Meath
Surveyors General of Ireland
<mask>, <mask>
Burials at Donnybrook Cemetery
Georgian architecture in Ireland
18th-century Irish architects

masks:
Edward Lovett Pearce
Edward Lovett Pearce
Edward Pearce
Christopher Lovett
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Thomas Pearce
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Edward Lovett
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Lovett
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Edward Lovett
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Edward Lovett
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title: Neil Astley

texts:
<mask>, Hon. FRSL (born 12 May 1953) is an English publisher, editor and writer. He is best known as the founder of the poetry publishing house Bloodaxe Books. Life and work
<mask> was born in Portchester, Hampshire, and grew up in nearby Fareham. He was educated at Price's School, Fareham (1964–71), the Alliance Française, Paris (1972), and Newcastle University (1975–78 and 1979–81). From 1972 to 1975 he worked in Leicester, Colchester, London, Paris and Australia, as a journalist, in publishing (Yale University Press), and as a press officer for Warner Brothers’ magazine division and for Lyons Maid ice cream. In his essay "The Story of Bloodaxe", he recounts two early life-changing experiences, the first in France in 1972 when he "spent six months in post-'68 Paris... and was radicalised".The second was in Darwin, Australia, where he was working as a sub-editor on the Northern Territory News: "On Christmas Day, 1974, Darwin was destroyed by Cyclone Tracy. I was trapped under a collapsed house. This brush with death was enough to send me post haste to Newcastle, where I was soon working as a bus conductor while waiting to start my course." In Newcastle upon Tyne, while studying for his degree at the university, he worked as production editor on Jon Silkin's Stand magazine for three years, helped organise poetry readings at Morden Tower, and became involved with small press editing and publishing. <mask> is a patron of the Ledbury Poetry Festival, having previously served on its board as a trustee. He has also been a development committee member of Cúirt International Literature Festival in Galway, Ireland, an organiser of Newcastle Literary Festival, and a director for three years of the Poetry Book Society, responsible for adding poetry in translation to the society's remit. He guest-edited the Spring 2015 issue of the US literary journal Ploughshares, the first all-poetry issue in its 44-year history.He has been a contributor to numerous radio and television programmes in Britain and Ireland, including the Today Programme, Front Row, Midweek and Start the Week on BBC Radio 4, The Verb on BBC Radio 3, University Challenge on BBC Two, GMTV's The Sunday Programme, and The Arts Show and Poetry Now on RTÉ. In 2018 he was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Bloodaxe
After graduating in 1978 with a first in English, <mask> founded his poetry publishing house Bloodaxe Books in Newcastle upon Tyne. He ran it alone from home while doing postgraduate research and other jobs, until it could pay him a wage seven years later. In 1982, he secured Bloodaxe's first annual funding from Northern Arts, later superseded by more substantial annual grant support from Arts Council England. In 1984 he moved the press into its first office, in the Exchange Buildings on Newcastle's Quayside. Bloodaxe is currently based in Hexham, Northumberland.As Bloodaxe's sole editor and managing director, <mask> has published over a thousand books by over 400 writers, and edits, produces and typesets all the press's annual output of around 30 new titles a year. Bloodaxe won the Northern Electric Arts Award in 1989 and the Sunday Times Small Publisher of the Year Award in 1990. In 1995 <mask> was given an honorary DLitt by Newcastle University, where he has been a Visiting Fellow at its School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics since 2000. This has involved publishing the series of annual Newcastle/Bloodaxe Poetry Lectures given at the university. <mask>'s stated aim has been to achieve editorial breadth and balance by publishing what he believes to be the best of many different kinds of poetry: "The only positive discrimination I have exercised has been in favour of literary quality", which has involved commissioning several anthologies designed to redress imbalances in the availability of writing by women or minorities, including Jeni Couzyn's Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Women Poets (1985), E. A. Markham's Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies and Britain (1989), Deryn Rees-Jones's Modern Women Poets (2005), published as the companion anthology to a critical study, Consorting with Angels (2005), Jeet Thayil's Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets (2008), Out of Bounds: British Black & Asian Poets (ed. Jackie Kay, James Procter and Gemma Robinson, 2012), and three anthologies of emerging black and minority ethnic poets mentored through the Complete Works project established by Spread the Word, Ten: new poets (ed. Bernardine Evaristo and Daljit Nagra, 2010), Ten: the new wave (ed.Karen McCarthy Woolf, 2014) and 'Ten: poets of the new generation (ed. Karen McCarthy Woolf, 2017). <mask> discovered many of the notable poets to emerge in British poetry over the past three decades: "<mask> was the first to publish some of the major players", Daisy Goodwin reported in a 1993 Guardian profile. These included Simon Armitage, David Constantine, Maura Dooley, Ian Duhig, Helen Dunmore, Jen Hadfield, Jackie Kay, Gwyneth Lewis, Glyn Maxwell, Sean O'Brien, Jo Shapcott and Pauline Stainer, many of whom are still published by his firm. Bloodaxe has attracted poets from other commercial poetry lists, including Philip Gross and Susan Wicks from Faber, Selima Hill and Peter Reading from Chatto, R. S. Thomas from Macmillan, Ken Smith from Cape, Adrian Mitchell from Allison & Busby, Brendan Kennelly from a variety of Irish presses, and eight poets from the distinguished poetry list discontinued by Oxford University Press in 1999: Fleur Adcock, Moniza Alvi, Basil Bunting, Roy Fisher, Carole Satyamurti, Penelope Shuttle, Anne Stevenson and George Szirtes. Philip Gross and George Szirtes went on to win the T. S. Eliot Prize with Bloodaxe collections, as did Jen Hadfield from Shetland, with her second collection. He has also sought to redress the neglect of marginalised poets, publishing important collected editions of writers such as Martin Bell (1988), James Wright (1992), Basil Bunting (2000), Barry MacSweeney (2003), Martin Carter (2006), Arun Kolatkar (2010), A. S. J. Tessimond (2010), Bernard Spencer (2011) and Richard Murphy (2013), as well as a seminal readers' edition of Edward Thomas: The Annotated Collected Poems (2008) edited by Edna Longley.In 2014, his ten-year search to find and republish the poet Rosemary Tonks, who famously "disappeared" in 1979 after severing all contact with the literary world, bore fruit with her posthumously published Bedouin of the London Evening: Collected Poems & Selected Prose. In 1985 <mask> encountered translations in an American magazine of poems by Irina Ratushinskaya, a young Russian poet then imprisoned in a Soviet prison camp for the "crime" of writing and distributing poems a judge had called "a danger to the state". At the age of 28, she had been sentenced to seven years' hard labour. He commissioned a translator, David McDuff, to produce a book of her poetry in English, which he combined with documentary material on the poet's imprisonment obtained from Amnesty International. It included extracts from a camp diary charting life in the "Small Zone", a special unit for women prisoners of conscience in Mordovia, where the poet was held. The resulting book, No, I'm Not Afraid, was published in May 1986. An international campaign was mounted on her behalf, spearheaded by her own poetry, which led to her release in October 1986 on the eve of the Reykjavík Summit, after Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan had been given copies of her book by David Owen.<mask> also published Tony Harrison's v. (1985), a book-length poem set in a vandalised cemetery in Leeds during the Miners’ Strike. Two years after its publication, Richard Eyre’s film of the work on Channel 4 sparked a national furore, not over Harrison's left-wing politics, but over his skinhead protagonist's use of "bad language". <mask>'s response was to assemble a new edition of v. (1989) including the poem with documentation of the newspaper and other media coverage which became a set text on cultural studies courses. <mask> has commissioned books representing or addressing the poetry of particular generations or periods in British and Irish poetry, including the anthologies A Rumoured City (introduced by Philip Larkin, edited by Douglas Dunn, 1982),  The New Poetry (edited by Michael Hulse, David Kennedy and David Morley, 1993), The Bloodaxe Book of 20th Century Poetry from Britain and Ireland (edited by Edna Longley, 2000), The New Irish Poets (edited by Selina Guinness, 2004), Voice Recognition (edited by James Byrne and Clare Pollard, 2009), Identity Parade: New Poets from Britain and Ireland (edited by Roddy Lumsden, 2010) and Dear World & Everyone In It: new poetry in the UK (edited by Nathan Hamilton, 2013). In addition there have been books of essays, such as Sean O'Brien's The Deregulated Muse (1998), Strong Words (edited by W.N. Herbert and Matthew Hollis, 2000) and Deryn Rees-Jones's Modern Women Poets (2005). Reception
As editor at Bloodaxe for over 30 years <mask> has been credited with "revolutionising" and democratising poetry publishing in Britain.Praised for his "omnivorous inclusiveness", he has given readers "as wide a range as possible of contemporary poetry by all kinds of writers", in so doing bringing more readers to contemporary poetry. This involved overturning an earlier bias favouring Oxbridge-educated male writers from south-east England, and publishing leading poets from America, the Caribbean and Europe (including many collections and anthologies of translated poetry from France, Russia, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia in particular), alongside books by new and established poets from all parts of Britain and Ireland, the latter ranging from modernists Basil Bunting and J.H. Prynne to performance poets John Agard and Benjamin Zephaniah. He has sought to open up publishing opportunities for women poets, "not because they are women poets but because they are outstanding writers by any standard. For many years Bloodaxe has been unusual in having a poetry list which is 50:50 male: female", and being "responsive to the changing literatures of Britain and of other countries", so that in 2010 it was possible for a leading Black British writer, Bernardine Evaristo, to observe that "a single imprint, Bloodaxe Books, publishes nearly all the poets not with specialist black and Asian imprints, while several other prominent UK poetry publishers do not publish any black or Asian poets from Britain". <mask> has been called "the UK's leading anthologist", best known for Staying Alive: real poems for unreal times (2002), Britain's biggest selling anthology of contemporary poetry since publication, one of several books he has published aimed at broadening the readership of contemporary poetry and re-igniting the interest of readers who haven't read much poetry since school. A US edition was published in 2003 by Miramax, launched by Astley in New York as a book "for people who know they love poetry and for people who think they don't" at a reading shared with Meryl Streep, Liev Schrieber, Maria Tucci, Nina Cassian, Philip Levine, Glyn Maxwell, Paul Muldoon, Sharon Olds, Alice Quinn and Charles Simic.Staying Alive was a controversial book, popular with readers and booksellers.He has since published the second and third anthologies in his Staying Alive trilogy, Being Alive (2004) and Being Human (2011), which were followed by Essential Poems from the Staying Alive Trilogy (2012). In 2008 he published In Person: 30 Poets, filmed by Pamela Robertson-Pearce, claimed to be "the world's first DVD-anthology", consisting of films on two DVDs of six hours of readings by 30 poets with all the texts included in the accompanying anthology. This was followed in 2017 by In Person: World Poets, a larger compilation featuring 14 hours of readings and features on DVD covering 59 poets from around the world, again with all the texts included in the book. Writing
In 1982 <mask> received an Eric Gregory Award from the Society of Authors for a short collection of his own poems, The Speechless Act, later published by the Mandeville Press in 1984. His first book-length collection, Darwin Survivor (Peterloo Poets, 1988), was given a Poetry Book Society Recommendation. A second book of poems, Biting My Tongue, followed in 1995. He has also published two novels, The End of My Tether (2002/2003), which was shortlisted for the Whitbread First Novel Award, and The Sheep Who Changed the World (2005).41 no.1 (Spring 2015)
 Funny Ha-Ha, Funny Peculiar: a book of strange & comic poems (Bloodaxe Books, 2015)
 In Person: World Poets, with DVDs of films by Pamela Robertson-Pearce (Bloodaxe Books, 2017)
 Land of Three Rivers: the poetry of North-East England (Bloodaxe Books, 2017)
 Staying Human: new poems for Staying Alive (Bloodaxe Books, 2020)

Novels
 The End of My Tether (Flambard Press, 2002; Scribner, 2003)
 The Sheep Who Changed the World (Flambard Press, 2005)

Poetry collections
 The Speechless Act (The Mandeville Press, 1984), Eric Gregory Award
 Darwin Survivor (Peterloo Poets, 1988), Poetry Book Society Recommendation
 Biting My Tongue (Bloodaxe Books, 1995)

References

External links
 Book Trade Lives: British Library oral history interview
 Interview with <mask>. The Wolf, number 5, December 2003
 <mask>'s 2005 StAnza lecture: "Bile, Guile and Dangerous to Poetry"
 Discussion for Spread the Word between <mask> and Bernardine Evaristo (2006)
 Article by <mask> in the New Statesman "Give poetry back to people"  23 October 2006
 Article by <mask> on his Being Human anthology Poetry Book Society online blog, March 2011
 Christina Patterson: About <mask> Ploughshares, 126 (Spring 2015)
 Extended introduction by <mask> to Ploughshares transatlantic poetry issue Ploughshares'' blog (22 April 2015)

Living people
1953 births
British book publishers (people)
English emigrants to Australia
Alumni of Newcastle University
Academics of Newcastle University
People from Portchester
People from Darwin, Northern Territory
Poetry publishers
English poetry
Poetry anthologies

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title: David Hall (sound archivist)

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<mask> (b. December 16, 1916 New Rochelle, New York — d. April 10, 2012 Castine, Maine) was a sound archivist and writer. Early life and education
<mask>'s parents were Fairfax and Eleanor Raeburn (Remy) <mask>. He married Bernice Dobkin on June 8, 1940. Their children are <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. After graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy, <mask> received a B.A. from Yale University in 1939. He was a postgraduate student at Columbia University from 1940-41.Career

At the urging of family friend, Saturday Review of Literature Editor Norman Cousins, <mask> abandoned his graduate studies to write an annotated discography of recorded sound. The book instructed record collectors on "how to lay a solid foundation for a record library, what pitfalls to avoid in the buying of records, whether or not it is advisable to specialize, and how to distinguish between fair and excellent recordings of the same composition" (<mask> 1940). The book also provided tips on playback equipment and offered detailed commentary on the whole range of recorded music, from classical through experimental music, jazz, folk, and spoken word. The Record Book appeared in 1940 and was followed by a series of supplements, and international edition (1948). The last supplement appeared in 1950. The series was an immediate hit, selling more than 100,000 copies. In 1940, <mask> began a lifelong involvement with the record business, taking a job as an advertising copywriter with Columbia Records, then located in Bridgeport, Connecticut.In 1942, he became music program annotator for the NBC Symphony Orchestra -- the all-star orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1948, <mask> joined forces with fellow Yale graduate John Hammond on a quest to post-war Europe on behalf of Mercury Records, then a Chicago-based produced of "pop" material. Wishing to enter the growing classical music market, Mercury executives realized that radio stations and governments in formerly Nazi-occupied countries held a gold mine in superb performances by Europe's top musicians. Hammond's and <mask>'s objective was to acquire these assets for Mercury. Hammond had hired <mask>, "a well-known authority on classical recording, to handle the considerable job of cataloging Czech and German material. He was known and respected by the Czechs, who were interested in establishing an international records archive. <mask> would be an asset in delicate negotiations" (Hammond 1977, 282).<mask> and Hammond left Prague one step ahead of Soviet forces as they crushed Czechoslovakia's democratic government. <mask> remained at Mercury Records until 1956 as classic music director. Under his leadership, Mercury began releasing its notable "Living Presence" series of classical recordings. <mask> worked closely with sound engineering pioneer, C. Robert Fine. Fine's mobile sound studio toured the midwest, recording performances by the Detroit, Louisville, and Minneapolis symphonies and musical groups at the Eastman School at the University of Rochester. A 1955 recording of the Minneapolis Symphony performing Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture under the baton of Antal Doráti became the best selling classical record of the decade. In 1956, <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Teaching Fellowship, which enabled him to spend a year at the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) teaching advanced recording techniques to Danish engineers and musicians.<mask> had long been interested in Scandinavian music, having directed the music center at New York's American Scandinavian Foundation from 1950 to 1957. On returning to the United States in the fall of 1957, <mask> became music editor of Hi-Fi/Stereo Review (later Stereo Review). <mask> contributed reviews of classic music and articles to the magazine until it folded in 1998. In his writings, <mask> championed contemporary music. His 1964 article on Charles Ives included the first full discography of Ives's recordings. In 1963, <mask> became president of Composers' Recordings, Inc., a nonprofit record label devoted to recording and distributing the work of contemporary composers. Among the notable recordings produced under his leadership were a series of performances by avant garde composer Harry Partch.In 1967, <mask> was appointed curator of the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound, one of the units of the New York Public Library's performing arts collections at Lincoln Center. There he pioneered new techniques of cataloging recorded material as one of the initiatives of the Research Libraries Group, a consortium of the nation's leading research libraries. <mask> and his associates also released an important collection of historic sound recordings, The Mapleson Cylinders, which captured the singing of Metropolitan Opera stars of the early twentieth century. This recording was given a Grammy Award by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in 1986. During this period, <mask> helped to found the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (ARSC) in 1966. He served as the group's president, 1980-1982. In 2002, he received the ARSC Award for Distinguished Service to Historical Recordings.In 1986, <mask> retired to the seaside village of Castine, Maine, where he continued to write record reviews and consult on recording projects. Through the 1990s, he chaired the classical records awards committee for the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. Late in life, <mask> was at work on a biography of the twentieth century American composer, Roy Harris. In addition to introducing American audiences to the remarkable riches of recorded music in the years following the second World War, <mask> played an especially important role as a champion of contemporary music. At least half the composers listed in the 1940 Record Book were still living. They included such notables as Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Charles Ives, Harry Partch, William Schuman,  and others. His writings also helped garner attention for jazz and folk musicians.References
<mask>, <mask>. 1940. The Record Book. New York: Smith & Durrell. <mask>, <mask>. 1948. The Record Book, International Edition.New York: Oliver Durrell, Inc.
<mask>, David, 1950. Records. New York: Alfred A Knopf. <mask>, <mask>. 1964. Charles Ives: A Discography. In three parts.HiFi/Stereo Review 13, no. 4 (October): 142-45; 13, no. 5 (November): 102-06; and 13, no. 6 (December): 92-96. <mask>, <mask>. 1982. The Mapleson Cylinder Project.Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 82. <mask>, <mask>. 1983. The Mapleson Cylinder Project: Repertoire, Performers, and Recording Dates. Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 83. <mask>, <mask>. 1986.The Mapleson Cylinder Project: A Mapleson Notebook. Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 86. <mask>, <mask>, and Abner Levin. 1955. The Disc Book. New York: Long Player Publications. Hammond, John.1977. On Record. New York: Penguin. <mask>, 95, sound archivist, writer, WiltonBulletin.com, April 16, 2012. 1916 births
2012 deaths
American information and reference writers
American writers about music
American archivists
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
People from Castine, Maine
Columbia University alumni

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title: Wilfred Watson

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<mask> (May 1, 1911 – March 25, 1998) was professor emeritus of English at Canada's University of Alberta for many years. He was also an experimental Canadian poet and dramatist, whose innovative plays had a considerable influence in the 1960s. The Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB) says that "<mask> ushered in an avant-garde in Canadian theater years before the rear guard had fully emerged." Life and work

<mask> was born in Rochester, England in 1911, the oldest child of Louisa Claydon and <mask>. When he was 15 his family immigrated to Canada and settled in Duncan, British Columbia. He attended the University of British Columbia from 1940 to 1943 and received a B.A. in English literature.In 1941 he married Sheila Martin Doherty, who as <mask> would write the novel The Double Hook. On graduating, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Canadian Navy for the balance of World War II. After the war he attended the University of Toronto, receiving his M.A. in 1946 and Ph.D. in 1951. <mask> <mask> began his academic career in 1949 as a lecturer in English at the University of British Columbia. He taught at the University of Alberta in Calgary from 1951 to 1953. In 1954 he transferred to the Edmonton campus, where he remained as professor of English until retiring in 1977.<mask> lived in Paris in 1955 and 1956, as the recipient of a Canadian Government Overseas Fellowship. There he was introduced to the theatre of the absurd. In 1961, <mask> was also hired as a professor of English by the University of Alberta. "In Edmonton the <mask>s became part of an active circle of writers and established the literary magazine,The White Pelican in 1970 along with Douglas Barbour, Stephen Scobie, John Orrell, Dorothy Livesay, and artist Norman Yates." Other members of the <mask>s' intellectual circle were actor-directors Gordon Peacock and Thomas Peacocke, both associated with the University of Alberta's Studio Theatre. The Studio Theatre became an important venue for the production of <mask> <mask>'s plays, beginning with Cockcrow and the Gulls (which he'd written in the mid-1950s) in March 1962. In the early 1960s <mask> co-founded a jazz club, "Yardbird Suite" in Edmonton.During the same period he became acquainted with Marshall McLuhan and increasingly interested in McLuhan's theories, which resulted in the two men authoring a study, From Cliche to Archetype. The 1960s were <mask>'s most prolific period for playwriting. Trial of Corporal Adam was produced in 1963; Wail for Two Pedestals in 1964; a centennial play, O Holy Ghost, Dip Your Finger in the Blood of Canada, and Write, I LOVE YOU  in 1967; and the satire Let's Murder Clytemnestra According to the Principles of Marshall Mcluhan in 1969. During the 1970s <mask> returned to poetry, publishing The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems in 1972, I Begin with Counting in 1978, and Mass on Cowback in 1982. In 1983 he wrote a major dramatic work, the trilogy Gramsci x 3, which was produced by Studio Theatre in 1986. He also had a short play, The Woman Taken in Adultery, performed at the Edmonton Fringe Festival in 1987. <mask> <mask> retired in 1977 and moved in 1980 to Nanaimo, British Columbia with his wife Sheila.He died there in 1998 at the age of 87. Writing
<mask>'s first book of poetry, Friday's Child, was accepted by T.S. Eliot and published in 1955 by Faber and Faber. On its appearance, Canadian critic Northrop Frye called it "typically formal poetry, mythical, metaphorical and apocalyptic." Frye was admiring: "We feel that even a line as breath-taking as 'When in her side my eyes were but blind seeds,' or a phrase like 'the tomb egg broken,' is merely what fits the poem at that point: brilliant as the imagery is, there is no costume jewellery." In his second book, The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems, published in 1972, <mask> experimented with using repetitions and different typefaces. <mask> introduced a unique form he called Number-grid Verse in his third book, 1978's I Begin With Counting.The form combines numerals and letters, using "a vertical grid of 9 numbers with 17 slots for words, syllables or phrases. By stacking the grids, <mask> writes a "score" for the performance of multivoice poems which exist not on the page but in transformations from visual to auditory forms.". <mask> used Number-grid Verse in his next book of poetry, Mass on Cowback (1982). The form also allowed him to score poetry for oral performance by several voices, which he used in his later plays. His trilogy Gramsci x 3 is part docudrama, part theatre of the absurd, "continual experimentation with verse forms, satire alternating with lyricism, and an energy and exaltation that transcends the horrors it depicts." Recognition
<mask>'s first book of poetry, Friday's Child, won both the British Council and Governor General's Awards for poetry in 1955. Publications

Plays
 Cockrow and the Gulls,  1962.The Trial of Corporal Adam, 1963. Wail for Two Pedestals, 1964. O Holy Ghost DIP YOUR FINGER IN THE BLOOD OF CANADA and write, I LOVE YOU, 1967. Let's murder Clytemnestra, according to the principles of Marshall McLuhan, 1969. Gramsci x 3. Edmonton, Longspoon, 1983. The Woman Taken in Adultery, 1987.Plays at the Iron Bridge, or, The autobiography of Tom Horror. Shirley Neuman ed., Gordon Peacock intr. Edmonto: Longspoon/NeWest, 1989. Poetry
 Friday's Child. London: Faber & Faber, 1955. New York: Farrar Straus & Cudahy, 1955. The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems.Edmonton: White Pelican, 1972. I Begin with Counting. Edmonton: NeWest, 1978. Mass on Cowback 1982. Poems: Collected, Unpublished, New. Thomas Peacocke intr. Edmonton: NeWEst, 1986.Fiction
 The Baie Comeau Angel and Other Stories. Edmonton: NeWest, 1993. Non-fiction
 Marshall McLuhan & Wilfred Watson. From Cliché to Archetype'', 1970. Fonds
Wilfred <mask>'s papers are located in the University of Alberta archives. Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy The Canadian Encyclopedia. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia
 <mask> <mask> fonds at the University of Alberta

1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian modernist poets
British emigrants to Canada
Governor General's Award-winning poets
University of Alberta faculty
University of British Columbia alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II

masks:
Wilfred Watson
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Wilfred Watson
Frederick Walter Watson
Sheila Watson
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Sheila Watson
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title: Witold Urbanowicz

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<mask> (30 March 1908 – 17 August 1996) was a Polish fighter ace of the Second World War. According to the official record, <mask> was the second highest-scoring Polish fighter ace, with 17 confirmed wartime kills and 1 probable, not counting his pre-war victory. He was awarded with several decorations, among others the Virtuti Militari and British Distinguished Flying Cross. He also published several books of memoirs. Biography
<mask> was born in Olszanka, Augustów County. In 1930 he entered the Szkoła Podchorążych Lotnictwa cadet flying school in Dęblin, graduating in 1932 as a 2/Lt. Observer.He was then posted to the night bomber squadron of the 1st Air Regiment in Warsaw. Later he completed an advanced pilotage course to become a fighter pilot. In the 1930s he flew with the 113th and the No. 111th "Kościuszko" Squadron. In August 1936, flying a PZL P.11a, he shot down a Soviet reconnaissance plane which had crossed into Polish airspace. He was officially reprimanded and unofficially congratulated by his superior officer and as "punishment" in October 1936 he was transferred to an air force training school in Dęblin where he was nicknamed "Cobra". Second World War
During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, Urbanowicz was in an improvised Ułęż Group, composed of flying instructors, flying obsolete PZL P.7a fighters and covering the Dęblin and Ułęż airfields.Despite a few encounters with enemy airplanes the Polish fighters (which could barely match the speed of German bombers) were not able to shoot down any enemy planes. On 8 September the school was evacuated from Ułęż and Dęblin. He was ordered with the cadets to Romania, where they were told to await re-equipment: British and French aircraft were rumoured to have been sent, but no aircraft arrived. <mask> returned to Poland to continue to fight, but after the Soviet invasion of Poland, he was captured by a Soviet irregular unit. The same day he managed to escape with two cadets and crossed the Romanian border and eventually found his way to France where, after the fall of Poland, a new Polish army was being formed. While in France he and a group of other Polish pilots were invited to join the Royal Air Force in Great Britain. After initial training with 1 School of Army Co-operation at Old Sarum, he was sent to 6 OTU for re-training on fighters in July 1940.In August he was assigned to No. 145 Squadron RAF, and became operational on 4 August 1940. On 8 August he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 flown by Major Joachim Schlichting of V./LG 1 while flying with No. 601 Squadron (although he was never officially attached to the unit) and on 12 August a Junkers Ju 88 of KG 51. On 21 August he was transferred to the Polish-manned No. 303 Squadron, flying a Hawker Hurricane as "A" Flight commander. On 6 September he shot down a Bf 109 of JG 52.On 7 September he became Squadron Leader, after Zdzisław Krasnodębski was badly burned. On 15 September <mask> claimed two Dornier Do. 17's of KG 2. On 18 September 1940 <mask> was awarded the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari by the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Forces, General Sikorski. On 24 October, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. On 27 September he was officially credited with shooting down four aircraft: two Ju 88s of KG 77, a Bf 109 and a Bf 110 of 15.LG 1. On 30 September he claimed three Bf 109s (one from stab.JG 26, one of II./JG 53 and one of 4.JG 54) and one Dornier Do 17 of KG 3. Despite his success <mask> was never popular at the Polish headquarters and on 21 October he was forced to hand over command of the Squadron to Zdzisław Henneberg. During the Battle of Britain, he claimed 15 confirmed kills and 1 probable, which made him one of the top Polish aces (second only to Stanisław Skalski) and among the top ten Allied aces of the battle. Between 15 April 1941 and 1 June 1941 he commanded the 1st Polish Fighter Wing based at RAF Northolt, before being posted to staff work at No. 11 Group RAF HQ. In June 1941 he was assigned as the 2nd Air Attaché in the Polish Embassy in the United States. In September 1943 <mask> joined the USAAF 14th Air Force on attachment in China.On 23 October he joined the 75th Fighter Squadron of the 23rd Fighter Group ("Flying Tigers"). Flying a P-40 Warhawk he took part in several combat missions. On 11 December he fought against six Japanese Mitsubishi Zeros and claimed two shot down (these were actually Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" fighters of the 85th Sentai). According to his reports he also shot other airplanes over China, and destroyed some on the ground, but those victories were not officially confirmed. According to Kenneth K. Koskodian, he downed 11 Japanese aircraft while being Claire Lee Chennault's guest. He was later awarded the US Air Medal and a Chinese Flying Cross. In December 1943 he returned to the United Kingdom and later became an Air Attaché in the USA again.After the war

In 1946, he returned to Poland, but was arrested four times by the communist Służba Bezpieczeństwa secret police as a suspected spy. After his release, he fled to the USA. He lived in New York City working for American Airlines, Eastern Airlines and Republic Aviation, retiring in 1973. In 1991 he visited Poland after the fall of communism and again in 1995 when he was promoted to the rank of General. He died in New York on 17 August 1996. A fibreglass Hawker Hurricane gate guardian was unveiled at RAF Uxbridge in September 2010 in the colours of <mask>'s aircraft from the Battle of Britain. Awards
 Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross (18 September 1940)
 Cross of Valour, four times
 Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
 Air Medal (United States)
Star Medal with Two Stars (Republic of China)

In popular culture

<mask> <mask> was portrayed by Marcin Dorociński in the 2018 film Hurricane: 303 Squadron.References
Citations

Bibliography
 Fiedler, Arkady. Translation by Jarek Garlinski. (2010) 303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron. Los Angeles: Aquila Polonica Publishing
 King, Richard. (2010) 303 (Polish) Squadron Battle of Britain Diary. Surrey: Red Kite
 Koskodian, Kenneth. K. (2009) No Greater Ally.New York City: Osprey Publishing
 Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF). Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, p. 589. Jerzy Pawlak: Absolwenci Szkoły Orląt: 1925-1939. Warszawa: Retro-Art, 2009, p. 117. Piotr Sikora: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, p. 158-166.Józef Zieliński: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, p. 10-11. ISBN 83862172. Józef Zieliński: Lotnicy polscy w Bitwie o Wielką Brytanię. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza MH, 2005, p. 207-209. External links

 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/nov/30/how-polish-airmen-succeeded/

1908 births
1996 deaths
People from Augustów County
Polish diplomats
Polish generals
Polish World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
The Few
Polish emigrants to the United States
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Polish Royal Air Force pilots of World War II

masks:
Witold Urbanowicz
Witold Urbanowicz
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