title: Calvert Watkins

texts:
<mask> (/ˈwɒtkɪnz/; March 13, 1933 – March 20, 2013) was an American linguist and philologist, known for his book How to Kill a Dragon. He was a professor of linguistics and the classics at Harvard University and after retirement went to serve as professor-in-residence at UCLA. Early life

Family
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 13, 1933 to <mask>, an economist and government advisor, and Willye Ward, a Spanish teacher who translated the personal memoirs of former Mexican president Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Much of <mask>'s childhood was spent in New York City, and he graduated from Friends Seminary in Manhattan before beginning his career at Harvard University. <mask>'s early exposure to Latin and Greek inspired him at the age of fifteen to decide to become an Indo-Europeanist. Education
<mask> received his initial undergraduate degree from Harvard University in 1954, graduating summa cum laude, and his Ph.D in Linguistics in 1959. During his time at Harvard, <mask> also studied abroad at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris, France, from 1954 to 1955 as well as the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Celtic Studies from 1957 to 1958.Career

Harvard
In 1959, <mask> was initially appointed the position of instructor at Harvard University. He later became assistant professor in 1960, associate professor with tenure in 1962, and full professor in 1966. In 1989 <mask> was appointed to the position of Victor. S Thomas Professor of Linguistics and Classics. Linguists influenced by <mask> during his tenure at Harvard include Goddard, Jasanoff, D. Gary Miller, Michael Silverstein, Alice Harris, H. Craig Melchert, Alan Nussbaum, Brent Vine, Mark Hale, Andrew Garrett, Joshua Katz and Benjamin Fortson. <mask> remained dedicated to the research and development of historical linguistics throughout his entire academic and professional career. In 1982 he was a founding member of the "East Coast Indo-European Conference" in which he participated in a large majority of its annual meetings.University of California, Los Angeles
Upon his retirement from Harvard in 2003, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, California and began teaching at the University of California, Los Angeles alongside his wife, Stephanie Jamison. <mask> continued to promote the importance of historical linguistics at UCLA by remaining active in the annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. In 2013, the 25th annual conference was dedicated to the memory of <mask>. Early published works
His doctoral dissertation at Harvard University, Indo-European Origins of the Celtic Verb I. The Sigmatic Aorist (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1962), which deeply reflected the structuralist approach of Jerzy Kuryłowicz, opened a fresh era of creative work in Celtic comparative linguistics and the study of the verbal system of Indo-European languages. <mask>, in a sense, completed his contribution to this area with his Indogermanische Grammatik, vol. 3, part 1: Geschichte der indogermanischen Verbalflexion (1969).Meanwhile, his work on Indo-European vocabulary and poetics yielded a large number of articles on (among others) Celtic, Anatolian, Greek, Italic and Indo-Iranian material, presented directly in his Selected Writings and indirectly in his book, How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics (Oxford University Press, 1995). He contributed his expertise on Indo-European languages to the first edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language and edited The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots (). He also pointed out that of all the Celtic languages, Old Irish is the closest match to the theorized Proto-Indo European mother tongue and that Old Irish represents an extraordinary ancient language whose structure can only be compared with that of Vedic Sanskrit. How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics
How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics was published on November 16, 1995 through Oxford University Press and attempted to establish a formulaic method of comparative linguistics which exemplified the importance of the poetic formula in order to better trace the development of Indo-European languages by working backwards and identifying patterns from their mother language, Proto-Indo-European. The book is divided into two main halves, the first of which acts as a definition and introduction the study of Indo-European poetics which is expanded upon by implementing <mask>' idea of the "dragon-slaying myth" and defending this concept through a number of case studies involving languages connected by a common theme. <mask> expands upon the "dragon-slaying myth" in part two of the text by offering new research into his proposed formula of "HERO SLAY SERPENT", he also attempts to reconstruct an example of Proto-Indo-European through the comparative method of historical linguistics. Lingua Franca reviewer Marc L'Heureux commented that <mask> also implements historical evidence to favor the development of language such as the relationship between the patron and the poet.He further opined that through the ceremonious delivery from the poet, the word choices became preserved as historical evidence of the language in question. Thus the poet was not only a wielder of great power, according to <mask> as the patron's prestige was inherently tied to the poet's prowess, but a recorder of language that has allowed for research to be conducted in order to better understand the development of ancient languages. How to Kill a Dragon received favorable acclaim and is now considered to be a definitive text which transformed the study of Indo-European poetics. How to Kill a Dragon earned <mask> the 1998 Goodwin Award for Classical Studies. Legacy and awards
 Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy (1968)
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1973)
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1975)
 Senior Fellowship for Independent Study and Research from the National Endowment for the Humanities (1984–85)
 Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (1987)
 Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Correspondant Etranger (1990)
 Guggenheim Fellowships for demonstration of exceptional capacity for productive scholarship and exceptional creative ability in the arts in the field of linguistics (1991)
 Goodwin Award for Classical Studies for How to Kill a Dragon (1998)
 President of the Linguistic Society of America in 1988
 Associé Etranger, Membre de l'Institut (1999)

Death
<mask> died in his sleep at the age of 80 in Los Angeles, California on March 20, 2013. He was the Distinguished Professor in Residence of the Department of Classics and the Program in Indo-European Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he had moved in 2003 after retiring from Harvard University as Victor S. Thomas Professor of Linguistics and the Classics. Published works
 "Review of Kenneth Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Britannic Languages, First to Twelfth Century A.D.," Language 30 (1954) 513–18;  P. Guiraud, Bibliographie critique de la statistique linguistique rev.& completed by D. Houchin, J. Puhvel & Watkins under the direction of J. Whatmough (Utrecht, 1954). REVS: BSL L 1954,2 44–46 Cohen; Emerita XXIV 1956 187 Tovar
 "The Phonemics of Gaulish: The Dialect of Narbonensis," Language 31 (1955) 9–19
 "Preliminaries to a Historical and Comparative Analysis of the Syntax of the Old Irish Verb," Celtica 6 (1963) 1–49
 "Indo-European Metrics and Archaic Irish Verse," Celtica 6 (1963) 194–249; "Lat. nox, by night. A Problem in Syntactic Reconstruction," Symbolae linguisticae in honorem J. Kuryłowicz, ed. A. Heinz (Wrocław, 1965) 351–358
 "An Indo-European Construction in Greek and Latin," HSCP 71 (1966) 115–119; J. Kuryłowicz, Indogermanische Grammatik, III, 1. Teil : Formenlehre : Geschichte der indogermanischen Verbalflexion by <mask> (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1969) REV. Paideia XXX 1975 382–386 Pisani; WZHalle XXI 1972, 1 99–102 Barschel | DLZ XCII 1971 849–851 Sternemann | Language XLVIII 1972 687–695 Wyatt
 "The Indo-European Origin of English," The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language New York: American Heritage and Houghton Mifflin, 1969) xix-xx
 "Indo-European and the Indo Europeans," ibid., 1496–502; "Indo-European Roots," ibid., 1505–50
 "A Latin-Hittite Etymology," Language 45 (1969) 235–242
 "A Further Remark of Lachmann's Law," HSCP 74 (1970) 55–65
 "On the Family of arceō, ἀρκέω, and Hittite h⌣ark-," HSCP 74 (1970) 67–74
 "An Indo-European Agricultural Term, Latin ador, Hittite h⌣at-," HSCP 77 (1973) 187–194
 "Etyma Enniana," HSCP 77 (1973) 195–206
 "Latin suppus," JIES 1 (1973) 394–399
 "I.-E. Star," Sprache 20 (1974) 10–14
 "God," Antiquitates Indogermanicae.Studien zur indogermanischen Altertumskunde und zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der indogermanischen Völker. Gedenkschrift für Hermann Guentert zur 25. Wiederkehr seines Todestages am 23. April 1973, ed. M. Mayrhofer, W. Meid, B. Schlerath & R. Schmitt (Innsbruck, 1974) 101–110
 "La famille indo-européenne de grec ὄρχις. Linguistique, poétique et mythologie," BSL 70 (1975) 11–26
 "Latin ador, Hittite hat- Again. Addenda to HSCP LXXVII 187–193," HSCP 79 (1975) 181–187; "Latin iouiste et le vocabulaire religieux indo-européen," Mélanges offerts à E. Benveniste (Paris, 1975) 527–534; "La désignation indo-européenne du tabou," Langue, discours, société.Pour Émile Benveniste ed. J. Kristeva, J.C. Milner, & N. Ruwet (Paris, 1975) 208–214
 "Towards Proto-Indo-European Syntax: Problems and Pseudo-Problems," Chicago Linguistic Society (Parasession on diachronic syntax) 12.2 (1976) 305–26
 "Observations on the Nestor's Cup Inscription," HSCP 80 (1976) 25–40
 "Syntax and Metrics in the Dipylon Vase Inscription," Studies in Greek, Italic, and Indo-European Linguistics Offered to Leonard R. Palmer on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday June 5, 1976, ed. Davies A. Morpurgo & W. Meid (Innsbruck, 1976) 431–441
 "À propos de μῆνις," BSL 72, 1 (1977) 187–209; "ἀνόστεος ὁν πόδα τένδει," Étrennes de septantaine. Travaux de linguistique et de grammaire comparée offerts à Michel Lejeune (Paris, 1978) 231–235
 "La désignation indo-européenne du tabou," Langue, discours, société. Pour Émile Benveniste ed. J. Kristeva, J.C. Milner, & N. Ruwet (Paris, 1975) 208–214
 "Let Us Now Praise Famous Grains," PAPS 122 (1978) 9–17; "A Greco-Hittite Etymology," Serta Indogermanica. Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 60.Geburtstag, ed. J. Tischler (Innsbruck, 1982) 455–457
 "The Language of the Trojans," Troy and the Trojan War. A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College, October, 1984, ed. M.T. Mellink (Bryn Mawr, PA, 1986) 45–62
 "The Name of Meleager," O-o-pe-ro-si. Festschrift für Ernst Risch zum 75. Geburtstag, ed.A. Etter (Berlin, 1986) 320–328
 "Questions linguistiques de poétique, de mythologie et de pré-droit en indo-européen," LALIES 5 (1987) 3–29
 "'In the Interstices of Procedure.' Indo-European Legal Language and Comparative Law," Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, ed. Wolfgang Meid (Innsbruck, 1987) 305–314; Studies in Memory of Warren Cowgill (1929–1985). Papers from the Fourth East Coast Indo-European Conference, Cornell University, June 6–9, 1986 (ed.) (Berlin & New York, 1987) REVS. Peter E. Knox and Clive Foss (Stuttgart, 1998) 201–211
 The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots (revised and ed. ), 2nd ed.(Boston, 2000)
 "A Distant Anatolian Echo in Pindar: the Origin of the Aegis Again," HSCP 100 (2000) 1–14; "L'Anatolie et la Grèce : résonances culturelles, linguistiques et poétiques," CRAI (2000) 1143–1158
 "À la suite des perspectives tracées par Michel Lejeune: aspects du grec et du celtique," CRAI (2001) 213–223
 "An Indo-European Linguistic Area and Its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method? in Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics ed. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 44–63
 "The Golden Bowl: Thoughts on the New Sappho and its Asianic Background," ClAnt 26,2 (2007) 305–325
 "The Erbessos Blues and Other Tales of the Semantics of Case and the Semantics of Love among the Western Greeks," La langue poétique indo-européenne : actes du colloque de travail de la Société des études indo-européennes (Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Society for Indo-European studies), Paris, 22–24 octobre 2003, ed. Georges-Jean Pinault and Daniel Petit (Leuven, 2006) 517–521
 "Hipponactea quaedam," Hesperos: Studies in Ancient Greek Poetry Presented to M. L. West on His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Patrick J. Finglass, Christopher Collard, and Nicholas J. Richardson (Oxford, 2007) 118–125.References

External links

 Essay by <mask> on Indo-European, from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
 How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics, limited preview

1933 births
2013 deaths
Linguists from the United States
Celtic studies scholars
Historical linguists
Harvard University faculty
Indo-Europeanists
Linguists of Indo-European languages
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Fellows of the British Academy
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Friends Seminary alumni

masks:
Calvert Watkins
Calvert Watkins
Ralph James Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
Watkins
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Watkins
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Calvert Watkins
Watkins
Calvert Watkins


title: David de Aaron de Sola

type: original

texts:
<mask> or  <mask> (1796–1860) () was a rabbi and author, born in Amsterdam, the son of <mask>. Family history and education
<mask> was descended from a distinguished family of Sephardim, who emigrated from Spain in 1492 on the expulsion of the Jews from that country by Ferdinand and Isabella. The family seems to have settled mainly in Holland and includes, among  others, the preacher <mask> (1675-1735) and Dr. <mask> (1735-1816), who served as court physician to William, Prince of Orange. At just eleven years of age, <mask> entered as a student to the bet ha-midrash in Amsterdam, studying diligently, and after a course of nine years received his rabbinical diploma from Haham d'Azevdo of Amsterdam who stated that <mask> was "to the fullest extent competent to discharge rabbinical functions...and assume the ministerial office in every city." He also engaged in secular studies. In addition to the Spanish and Portuguese languages, which were spoken at home, he read both German and French literature. Moreover, he studied mathematics and astronomy, and his great-uncle, Dr. <mask>, introduced him to medicine.He became proficient in drawing, sketching, and music as well. Rabbinic career
In 1818, D.A<mask> <mask> was called to London to become one of the ministers of the Bevis Marks Congregation under Haham Raphael Meldola (who would also later become his father-in-law). <mask>'s addresses before the Society for the Cultivation of Hebrew Literature led the mahamad (board of directors of the congregation) to appoint him to deliver discourses in the vernacular, and on March 26, 1831, he preached the first sermon in English ever heard within the walls of Bevis Marks Synagogue (all previous ones being spoken in Spanish or Portuguese). His discourses were subsequently published by the mahamad. Of his style, one observer wrote: "Though a scholar and a thinker, yet he...used the most unpedantic terms and assumed a quiet, colloquial manner." Publications
D.A.<mask>'s most significant work was the publication in 1836 and again in 1852 of the prayer book, Translation of the Forms of Prayer According to the Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews. This undertaking, which received the encouragement and financial support of Sir Moses Montefiore, "was a remarkable feat of scholarship" and formed the basis for several subsequent editions. Other writings by D.A<mask> <mask> include:

In 1829, he issued his first work, The Blessings, with an introductory essay on the nature and duty of thanksgiving. In 1837, <mask> published The Proper Names in Scripture; about the same time he wrote Moses the Prophet, <mask>, and <mask>, and in 1838 Notes on Basnage and Milman's History of the Jews. In 1839, collaborating with M. J. Raphall, he translated eighteen treatises of the Mishnah. The work had a strange fate, for, the manuscript having reached the hands of a member of the Burton Street Synagogue, it was published in 1842, without the permission of the authors, before it had been revised or corrected for the press, and with an anonymous preface expressing views entirely opposed to those of <mask> and Raphall.In 1840 <mask>, conjointly with Raphall, began the publication of an English translation of the Scriptures, together with a commentary. Only the first volume, Genesis, was published, in 1844. In 1860, he translated into English, in four volumes, the festival prayers according to the custom of the German and Polish Jews. Besides his works in English, <mask> wrote in Hebrew, German, and Dutch. He contributed frequently between 1836 and 1845 to the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums and to Der Orient, and published in German A Biography of Ephraim Luzzato and a Biography of Distinguished Israelites in England. His chief work in Dutch was his Biography of Isaac Samuel Reggio, published in 1855 and afterward translated into English. Organizational activities
<mask> was instrumental in organizing the Association for the Promotion of Jewish Literature and other societies of a similar character.Musical contributions
D.A<mask> <mask> had a lifelong passion for music. As his son Abraham relates, "nature had gifted him with a fine ear and a most melodious voice." In 1857, he published The Ancient Melodies of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, including a historical account of the poets, poetry, and melodies of the Sephardic liturgy. In the notation of the melodies he was assisted by Emanuel Aguilar, the composer. Additionally, <mask> composed a melody for Adon Olam that is still used in both Sephardi and Ashkenazi synagogues in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Family life
<mask> was married in 1819 to Rica/Rebecca <mask> Meldola (born Amsterdam 1796 died London 1866, eldest daughter of Haham Raphael Meldola, who was born in Florence and was also accomplished in her study of religion and languages.They had a fruitful marriage, producing six sons and nine daughters. Among the sons was Rabbi Abraham <mask>, who served as minister at the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal and <mask> <mask>, who in 1863 was elected to succeed his father as minister of the Bevis Marks. One daughter, Jael, married Solomon Belais, son of Rabbi Abraham Belais, at one time treasurer to the Bey of Tunis. Another daughter, Eliza, married Rev. Abraham Pereira <mask> and was the mother of Rabbi Dr. <mask> <mask> <mask> and Rabbi Dr. Henry Pereira <mask>. Of the other daughters, five married in London, one being Annette Hannah <mask> born 1827, London and who married in London in 1863 Maurice Moses Cohen Rogers born 1831 in Leewarden. Their grandson Dr Keith Bernard <mask> Rogers, born London 1910, died London 2005.Dr Rogers "Until 1941 he was a research assistant under Sir Almoth Wright and Sir <mask>, part of the illustrious team in the inoculation department at St Mary’s, concerned with immunology, early blood transfusions, and the development of sulphonamides, and, above all, penicillin. Indeed, Keith Rogers was probably the first patient to be treated clinically with penicillin ointment. He was to captain the London University rifle team in an important match when he developed severe conjunctivitis. The penicillin worked and the match was won." <mask> <mask> died at Shadwell, near London, in 1860. References

External links

1796 births
1860 deaths
Rabbis from Amsterdam
Dutch Orthodox rabbis
Dutch people of Spanish-Jewish descent
Dutch Sephardi Jews
Sephardi rabbis
19th-century rabbis

masks:
David de Aaron de Sola
David Aaron de Sola
Aaron de Sola
David Aaron De Sola
Isaac de Sola
Benjamin de Sola
David Aaron de Sola
de Sola
Benjamin de Sola
. de
Sola
De Sola
de Sola
. de
Sola
de Sola
Moses Maimonides
Moses Mendelssohn
de Sola
de Sola
de Sola
De Sola
. de
Sola
de Sola
De Sola
de Hezekiah
de Sola
Samuel de
Sola
Mendes
Frederick de
Sola
Mendes
Mendes
de Sola
de Sola
Alexander Fleming
David de
Sola


title: Tanner Boser

texts:
<mask> (born August 2, 1991) is a Canadian mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter who is currently signed to the UFC Ultimate Fighting Championship Heavyweight division. He had previously won the Unified MMA Heavyweight Championship twice. He has previously competed in M-1 Global and King of the Cage. Background
<mask> was born and raised in Bonnyville, Alberta, Canada, by a gym owner mother and oil field worker father. <mask> was homeschooled until high school. He has a brother, Landon, who is also a professional mixed martial artist. He trained karate for almost a decade while growing up, reaching a black belt in the discipline.After graduating from the high school, Boser drove trucks to local oil fields. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Without any real training besides his karate background, Boser made his professional mixed martial arts debut in 2012. After the victory in his debut, Boser started training Brazilian jiu-jitsu for his sophomore bout which he won via recently learned submission skills. In 2013 he moved to Edmonton, Alberta to pursue his mixed martial arts career while working as a bouncer for six years. After scraping by financially for a while in 2016, Boser decided to focus on other options and took an Emergency Medical Technician course with hopes of becoming a paramedic. However the hunger to compete would bring him back to training MMA full time, leading to Boser traveling around the world competing in 9 different countries. Over the next seven years, he earned a respectable record of 16–5–1.During this time he became a two-time Unified MMA Heavyweight Champion and defending the belt three times. and has also fought around the world. Promotions such as fighting for Absolute Championship Akhmat and M-1 Global has taken him to Kazakhstan, Russia, United Arab Emirates, England and Australia. Having previously defended his Heavyweight Championship for the third time, when Boser was offered to sign with the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 2019. Ultimate Fighting Championship
In his debut, <mask> was set to face Brazilian competitor Giacomo Lemos on July 27, 2019 at UFC 240 in Edmonton, Alberta. However his debut would be delayed as his opponent tested positive for a banned substance and the fight was called off due to a ruling from the United States Anti-Doping Agency. Boser's debut eventually took place on October 18, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 6 against Daniel Spitz.He won the bout via unanimous decision earning him his first victory in the promotion. <mask> next faced Ciryl Gane on December 21, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 165. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Jeff Hughes on March 28, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik. However, the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Returning to action amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> faced Philipe Lins at UFC on ESPN: Poirier vs. Hooker on June 27, 2020. He won the fight via knockout in the first round.This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. As the first fight of his new four-fight contract, <mask> next faced Raphael Pessoa at UFC on ESPN: Whittaker vs. Till on July 26, 2020. Boser won the fight via technical knockout in round two. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> was expected to face Andrei Arlovski on October 4, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Holm vs. Aldana. However a sickness with Arlovski pushed the bout to UFC on ESPN: Santos vs. Teixeira. Boser lost the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> faced Ilir Latifi on June 5, 2021 at UFC Fight Night: Rozenstruik vs. Sakai. He lost the fight via split decision. As the first fight of his new, four-fight contract <mask> faced Ovince Saint Preux on June 26, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 190. He won the fight via knockout in the second round. <mask> was scheduled to face Sergei Pavlovich on December 4, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 31. However due to travel issues, the bout was scrapped. <mask> is scheduled to face  Rodrigo Nascimento on April 23, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 207.87
Sportspeople from Alberta
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters

masks:
Tanner Vilbon Nicholas Boser
Boser
Tanner
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser
Boser


title: Paul K. Charlton

texts:
<mask><mask> is a former United States Attorney and current partner at the law firm of Dentons US LLP in the firm's Phoenix, Arizona office. <mask> concentrates his practice on high-profile and complex litigation, internal investigations and white-collar criminal defense. <mask> also represents a number of Arizona Native American governments, including Ak-Chin, Salt River Pima-Maricopa, Haulapai, the Navajo Nation, and Tohono O'odham. Prior to joining Dentons, he served as managing partner at law firm Steptoe & Johnson LLP. <mask> served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona from 2001–2007. He was nominated in November 2001 by President George W. Bush. He oversaw a staff of more than 220 employees, four offices throughout the state, and an approximately $20 million budget.During his tenure, <mask> led enforcement initiatives against terrorism, public corruption, illegal immigration and crime in Indian Country. <mask> began his legal career in 1989 as an Assistant Attorney General with the Arizona Attorney General's Office. In March 1991, <mask> joined the U.S. Attorney's Office in Arizona as an Assistant U.S. Attorney where he prosecuted a wide variety of matters from homicides to complex fraud cases. <mask> was one of seven U.S. attorneys dismissed on December 7, 2006 by the Bush administration in 2006 for "performance-related issues" (see Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy). Subsequent disclosures revealed that three or more additional attorneys were dismissed under similar circumstances between 2005-2006. <mask> was confirmed as the United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona on November 6, 2001. <mask> was informed of his dismissal by Justice Department official Michael A.Battle on December 7, 2006, and announced his resignation on December 19, 2006, effective January 31, 2007. <mask>'s office had been honored with the Federal Service Award and hailed by the Justice Department as a "model program" for its protection of crime victims. <mask> ranked in the top third among the nation's 93 US attorneys in contributing to an overall 106,188 federal prosecutions filed in 2006; scored in the top third in number of convictions; oversaw a district in the top five highest in number of immigration-related prosecutions; ranked among the top 20 offices for drug prosecutions; and, unlike in the other seven cases, ranked high in weapons cases, prosecuting 199 of the United States' 9,313 such cases in 2006, the tenth-highest in the country and up fourfold from 2002. Overall, <mask> ranked number one in the nation for convictions in 2006. United States attorney

In September 2006, it became clear that <mask> had launched an investigation of Rep. Rick Renzi, R-Ariz, over a land-swap deal. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales's chief of staff, <mask>, subsequently included <mask> on a list of U.S. attorneys "we now should consider pushing out." Sampson made the comment in a Sept. 13, 2006, letter to then-White House Counsel Harriet Miers.As recently as February 2005, <mask> had been on the so-called "retain" list. On March 19, 2007, the White House released 3,000 pages of records connected to the controversy, including emails sent by <mask> to the Justice Department about his dismissal. On Dec. 21, 2006, <mask> sent a message to William W. Mercer, the third-ranking official in the department, writing, "Media now asking if I was asked to resign over leak in Congressman Renzi investigation." <mask> never received a response. The Wall Street Journal explained further allegations: that the Department of Justice intentionally delayed part of the investigation of Renzi until after the November 2006 election. They wrote:

Further, the Journal noted that investigators had lobbied Washington for clearance to tap Renzi's phone for months. That clearance was only given in October 2006, but unfortunately for the investigators, word broke of the investigation soon after, disrupting their wiretap.On April 24, 2007, <mask> revealed to House investigators that Brian Murray, Renzi's top aide, called Charlton spokesman Wyn Hornbuckle shortly after news of Renzi's investigation became public, asking for information on the case. <mask>, in turn, notified the Department of Justice about the call. Justice, however, had not previously notified Congress of the contact. A second motivation for removing <mask> may have been the suggestions of Justice official Brent Ward, who said in a September 20, 2006 e-mail that <mask> was "unwilling to take good cases." Ward's reason for discounting <mask> appeared to be the US attorney's reluctance to pursue obscenity charges against adult video manufacturers in connection to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales's Obscenity Prosecution Task Force. After a disagreement over initiating the tape-recording of interviews and confessions by the FBI on American Indian reservations, which <mask> supported and the Justice Department opposed, <mask> offered to resign. In his congressional testimony on March 6, 2007, <mask> said he found "no small amount of irony" in the fact that he was eventually fired.The Justice Department reversed its longstanding no-recording policy in May 2014, now requiring federal law enforcement agencies to tape-record interviews with suspects in most instances. <mask> was quoted,

The most difficult part of proving a crime is the state of mind, and that is almost always obtained through a statement of the suspect. It was an unjustifiable policy. I think this one of the most significant improvements in the criminal justice system in a long time. <mask> had clashed with the Bush Administration over the death penalty; in at least two cases he did not seek capital punishment but was overruled from Washington. In its  formal investigation regarding the firing of the US Attorneys, the Department of Justice's Office of Inspector General found as follows:

We concluded that the most significant factor in <mask>'s removal was his actions in a death penalty case. <mask> persistently opposed the Department's decision to seek the death penalty in a homicide case, and he irritated Department leaders by seeking a meeting with the Attorney General to urge him to reconsider his decision.We are troubled that Department officials considered <mask>'s actions in the death penalty case, including requesting a meeting with the Attorney General, to be inappropriate. We do not believe his actions were insubordinate or that they justified his removal. Since leaving the U.S. Attorney's Office, <mask> was awarded Arizona's State Bar Criminal Justice Award, the University of Arizona Alumni Association Public Service Award and the Phoenix Business Journal's Most Admired Leaders Award. See also
 Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
 Alberto Gonzales
 <mask>
 Rick Renzi

References

External links
Steptoe & Johnson LLP: <mask> - Partner
<mask> Profile on LawTally

Living people
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
United States Attorneys for the District of Arizona
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Paul K
. Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Charlton
Kyle Sampson
Charlton
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title: Philip Melanchthon

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<mask> (born <mask>; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and moulder of Protestantism. Melanchthon along with Luther denounced what they believed was the exaggerated cult of the saints, asserted justification by faith, and denounced what they considered to be the coercion of the conscience in the sacrament of penance (confession and absolution), which they believed could not offer certainty of salvation. Both rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, i.e. that the bread and wine of the eucharist are converted by the Holy Spirit into the flesh and blood of Christ; however, they affirmed that Christ's body and blood are present with the elements of bread and wine in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. This Lutheran view of sacramental union contrasts with the understanding of the Roman Catholic Church that the bread and wine cease to be bread and wine at their consecration (while retaining the appearances of both). Melanchthon made his distinction between law and gospel the central formula for Lutheran evangelical insight.By the "law", he meant God's requirements both in Old and New Testament; the "gospel" meant the free gift of grace through faith in Jesus Christ. Early life and education

He was born <mask> on 16 February 1497, at Bretten where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459-1508) was armorer to <mask>, Count Palatine of the Rhine. The mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77–1529). His birthplace, along with almost the whole city of Bretten, was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on its site in 1897. In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was influenced by his great-uncle Johann Reuchlin, a Renaissance humanist; it was Reuchlin who suggested <mask> follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from "Schwartzerdt" (literally 'black earth'), into the Greek equivalent "Melanchthon" (Μελάγχθων).<mask> was only eleven when in 1508 both his grandfather (17 October) and father (27 October) died within eleven days. He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin. The next year he entered the University of Heidelberg, where he studied philosophy, rhetoric, and astronomy/astrology, and became known as a scholar of Greek. Denied the master's degree in 1512 on the grounds of his youth, he went to Tübingen, where he continued humanistic studies but also worked on jurisprudence, mathematics, and medicine. While there he was also taught the technical aspects of astrology by Johannes Stöffler. After gaining a master's degree in 1516 he began to study theology. Under the influence of Reuchlin, Erasmus, and others, he became convinced that true Christianity was something different from the scholastic theology as taught at the university.He became a conventor (repentant) in the contubernium and instructed younger scholars. He also lectured on oratory, on Virgil and on Livy. His first publications were a number of poems in a collection edited by Jakob Wimpfeling (), the preface to Reuchlin's Epistolae clarorum virorum (1514), an edition of Terence (1516), and a Greek grammar (1518). Professor at Wittenberg

Opposed as a reformer at Tübingen, he accepted a call to the University of Wittenberg from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there at the age of 21. He studied the Scriptures, especially of Paul, and Evangelical doctrine. Attending the disputation of Leipzig (1519) as a spectator, he nonetheless participated with his comments. After his views were attacked by Johann Eck, Melanchthon replied based on the authority of Scripture in his Defensio contra Johannem Eckium (Wittenberg, 1519).Following lectures on the Gospel of Matthew and the Epistle to the Romans, together with his investigations into Pauline doctrine, he was granted the degree of bachelor of theology, and transferred to the theological faculty. He married Katharina Krapp (Katharina article from the German Wikipedia), (1497–1557) daughter of Wittenberg's mayor, on 25 November 1520. They had four children: Anna (Anna article from the German Wikipedia), <mask>, Georg, and Magdalen. Theological disputes

In the beginning of 1521 in his Didymi Faventini versus Thomam Placentinum pro M. Luthero oratio (Wittenberg, n.d.), he defended Luther. He argued that Luther rejected only papal and ecclesiastical practises which were at variance with Scripture. But while Luther was absent at Wartburg Castle, during the disturbances caused by the Zwickau prophets, Melanchthon wavered. The appearance of Melanchthon's Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Wittenberg and Basel, 1521) was of subsequent importance for Reformation.Melanchthon presented the new doctrine of Christianity under the form of a discussion of the "leading thoughts" of the Epistle to the Romans. Loci communes began the gradual rise of the Lutheran scholastic tradition, and the later theologians Martin Chemnitz, Mathias Haffenreffer, and Leonhard Hutter expanded upon it. Melanchthon continued to lecture on the classics. On a journey in 1524 to his native town, he encountered the papal legate, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who tried to draw him from Luther's cause. In his Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pfarherrn im Kurfürstentum zu Sachssen (1528) Melanchthon presented the evangelical doctrine of salvation as well as regulations for churches and schools. In 1529 he accompanied the elector to the Diet of Speyer. His hopes of inducing the Holy Roman Empire party to a recognition of the Reformation were not fulfilled.A friendly attitude towards the Swiss at the Diet was something he later changed, calling Huldrych Zwingli's doctrine of the Lord's Supper "an impious dogma". Augsburg Confession

The composition now known as the Augsburg Confession was laid before the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation. While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature. Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that "to be justified" means "to be accounted just", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of "to be made just" and "to be accounted just".Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for prestigious invitations to Tübingen (September 1534), France, and England but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them. Discussions on Lord's Supper and justification
Melanchthon played an important role in discussions concerning the Lord's Supper which began in 1531. He approved fully of the Wittenberg Concord sent by Bucer to Wittenberg, and at the instigation of the Landgrave of Hesse discussed the question with Bucer in Kassel, at the end of 1534. He eagerly laboured for an agreement on this question, for his patristic studies and the Dialogue (1530) of Johannes Oecolampadius had made him doubt the correctness of Luther's doctrine. Moreover, after the death of Zwingli and the change of the political situation his earlier scruples in regard to a union lost their weight. Bucer did not go so far as to believe with Luther that the true body of Christ in the Lord's Supper is bitten by the teeth, but admitted the offering of the body and blood in the symbols of bread and wine. Melanchthon discussed Bucer's views with the most prominent adherents of Luther; but Luther himself would not agree to a mere veiling of the dispute.Melanchthon's relation to Luther was not disturbed by his work as a mediator, although Luther for a time suspected that Melanchthon was "almost of the opinion of Zwingli" nevertheless he desired to "share his heart with him". During his sojourn in Tübingen in 1536 <mask> was heavily criticised by Cordatus, preacher in Niemeck, because he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his Loci (1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism which went even beyond that of Augustine of Hippo and in its place taught more clearly his so-called Synergism. He repudiated the criticism of Cordatus in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject and in the Antinomian Controversy of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther. Controversies with Flacius

The final period of Melanchthon's life began with controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). He rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor sought to force upon the defeated Protestants. During negotiations concerning the Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions.In agreeing to various Roman Catholic usages, Melanchthon held the opinion that they are adiaphora, if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted. However he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions. Melanchthon himself regretted his actions. After Luther's death he became seen by many as the "theological leader of the German Reformation" although the Gnesio-Lutherans with Matthias Flacius at their head accused him and his followers of heresy and apostasy. Melanchthon bore all accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control. Disputes with Osiander and Stancaro

In his controversy on justification with Andreas Osiander Melanchthon satisfied all parties. Melanchthon took part also in a controversy with Stancaro, who held that Christ was our justification only according to his human nature.He was also still a strong opponent of the Roman Catholics, for it was by his advice that the Elector of Saxony declared himself ready to send deputies to a council to be convened at Trent, but only under the condition that the Protestants should have a share in the discussions, and that the Pope should not be considered as the presiding officer and judge. As it was agreed upon to send a confession to Trent, Melanchthon drew up the Confessio Saxonica which is a repetition of the Augsburg Confession, discussing, however, in greater detail, but with moderation, the points of controversy with Rome. Melanchthon on his way to Trent at Dresden saw the military preparations of Maurice of Saxony, and after proceeding as far as Nuremberg, returned to Wittenberg in March 1552, for Maurice had turned against the emperor. Owing to his act, the condition of the Protestants became more favourable and were still more so at the Peace of Augsburg (1555), but Melanchthon's labours and sufferings increased from that time. The last years of his life were embittered by the disputes over the Interim and the freshly started controversy on the Lord's Supper. As the statement "good works are necessary for salvation" appeared in the Leipzig Interim, its Lutheran opponents attacked in 1551 Georg Major, the friend and disciple of Melanchthon, so Melanchthon dropped the formula altogether, seeing how easily it could be misunderstood. But all his caution and reservation did not hinder his opponents from continually working against him, accusing him of synergism and Zwinglianism.At the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 which he attended only reluctantly, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to avenge themselves by thoroughly humiliating Melanchthon, in agreement with the malicious desire of the Roman Catholics to condemn all heretics, especially those who had departed from the Augsburg Confession, before the beginning of the conference. As this was directed against Melanchthon himself, he protested, so that his opponents left, greatly to the satisfaction of the Roman Catholics who now broke off the colloquy, throwing all blame upon the Protestants. The Reformation in the sixteenth century did not experience a greater insult, as Friedrich Nietzsche says. Nevertheless, Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a synod of the Evangelical party and drawing up for the same purpose the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against the attacks of his enemies. More than anything else the controversies on the Lord's Supper embittered the last years of his life. The renewal of this dispute was due to the victory in the Reformed Church of the

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title: Philip Melanchthon

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 Calvinistic doctrine and its influence upon Germany. To its tenets Melanchthon never gave his assent, nor did he use its characteristic formulas.The personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for Melanchthon; but he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of mastication, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. Melanchthon differed from John Calvin also in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification. Marian views

Melanchthon viewed any veneration of saints rather critically but developed positive commentaries about Mary. In his Annotations in Evangelia commenting on Lk 2,52, he discusses the faith of Mary, "she kept all things in her heart" which to Melanchthon is a call to the church to follow her example. During the marriage at Cana, Melanchthon points out that Mary went too far, asking for more wine, misusing her position. But she was not upset, when Jesus gently scolded her.Mary was negligent, when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin. Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. Consequently, Melanchthon opposed the feast of the Immaculate Conception, which in his days, although not dogma, was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the Council of Basel in 1439. He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks. Mary is a representation (Typus) of the church and in the Magnificat, Mary spoke for the whole church. Standing under the cross, Mary suffered like no other human being. Consequently, Christians have to unite with her under the cross, in order to become Christ-like.Views on natural philosophy
In lecturing on the Librorum de judiciis astrologicis of Ptolemy in 1535–1536, Melanchthon expressed to students his interest in Greek mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He considered that a purposeful God had reasons to exhibit comets and eclipses. He was the first to print a paraphrased edition of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in Basel, 1554. Natural philosophy, in his view, was directly linked to Providence, a point of view that was influential in curriculum change after the Protestant Reformation in Germany. In the period 1536–1539 he was involved in three academic innovations: the refoundation of Wittenberg along Protestant lines, the reorganization at Tübingen, and the foundation of the University of Leipzig. Death

Before these theological dissensions were settled, Melanchthon died. Only a few days before his death, he had written a note which gave his reasons for not fearing death.On the left of the note were the words, "You will be delivered from sins, and be freed from the acrimony and fury of theologians"; on the right, "You will go to the light, see God, look upon his Son, learn those wonderful mysteries which you have not been able to understand in this life." The immediate cause of death was a severe cold which he had contracted on a journey to Leipzig in March 1560, followed by a fever that consumed his strength. His body had already been weakened by many sufferings. He was pronounced dead on 19 April 1560. In Melanchthon's last moments, he continued to worry over the desolate condition of the church. He strengthened himself in almost uninterrupted praying and in listening to passages of Scripture. The words of John 1:11-12 were especially significant to him."His own received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God." When Caspar Peucer, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, "Nothing but heaven." His body was buried beside Luther's in the Schloßkirche in Wittenberg. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod on 16 February, his birthday, and in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 25 June, the date of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession. Estimation of his works and character
Melanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him a student.Without Luther's influence <mask> would have been "a second Erasmus", although his heart was filled with a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon by his humanistic studies won the sympathy of educated people and scholars for the Reformation. Besides Luther's strength of faith, <mask>'s many-sidedness and calmness, as well as his temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement. Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a divine necessity of their common calling. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, "I would rather die than be separated from Luther", whom he afterward compared to Elijah, and called "the man full of the Holy Ghost". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon exclaimed at Luther's death, "Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!" On the other hand, Luther wrote of Melanchthon, in the preface to Melanchthon's Kolosserkommentar (1529), "I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike.I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master <mask> comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts." Luther also did justice to Melanchthon's teachings, praising one year before his death in the preface to his own writings Melanchthon's revised Loci above them and calling Melanchthon "a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe." It is remarkable that Luther, who vehemently attacked men like Erasmus and Bucer, when he thought that truth was at stake, never spoke directly against Melanchthon, and even during his melancholy last years conquered his temper. The strained relation between these two men never came from external things, such as human rank and fame, much less from other advantages, but always from matters of church and doctrine, and chiefly from the fundamental difference of their individualities; they repelled and attracted each other "because nature had not formed out of them one man." It cannot be denied, however, that Luther was the more magnanimous, for however much he was at times dissatisfied with Melanchthon's actions, he never uttered a word against his private character; however Melanchthon sometimes evinced a lack of confidence in Luther. In a letter to Carlowitz, before the Diet of Augsburg, he protested that Luther on account of his hot-headed nature exercised a personally humiliating pressure upon him. His work as reformer
As a reformer, Melanchthon was characterized by moderation, conscientiousness, caution, and love of peace; but these qualities were sometimes said to only be lack of decision, consistence, and courage.Often, however, his actions are shown stemming not from anxiety for his own safety, but from regard for the welfare of the community and for the quiet development of the church. Melanchthon was not said to lack personal courage, but rather he was said to be less of an aggressive than of a passive nature. When he was reminded how much power and strength Luther drew from his trust in God, he answered, "If I myself do not do my part, I can not expect anything from God in prayer." His nature was seen to be inclined to suffer with faith in God that he would be released from every evil rather than to act valiantly with his aid. The distinction between Luther and Melanchthon is well brought out in Luther's letters to the latter (June 1530):

Another trait of his character was his love of peace. He had an innate aversion to quarrels and discord; yet, often he was very irritable. His irenical character often led him to adapt himself to the views of others, as may be seen from his correspondence with Erasmus and from his public attitude from the Diet of Augsburg to the Interim.It was said not to be merely a personal desire for peace, but his conservative religious nature that guided him in his acts of conciliation. He never could forget that his father on his death-bed had besought his family "never to leave the church." He stood toward the history of the church in an attitude of piety and reverence that made it much more difficult for him than for Luther to be content with the thought of the impossibility of a reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church. He laid stress upon the authority of the Fathers, not only of Augustine, but also of the Greek Fathers. His attitude in matters of worship was conservative, and in the Leipsic Interim he was said by Cordatus and Schenk even to be Crypto-Catholic. He never strove for a reconciliation with Roman Catholicism at the price of pure doctrine. He attributed more value to the external appearance and organization of the Church than Luther did, as can be seen from his whole treatment of the "doctrine of the church".The ideal conception of the church, which the reformers opposed to the organization of the Roman Church, which was expressed in his Loci of 1535, lost for him after 1537 its former prominence, when he began to emphasize the conception of the true visible church as it may be found among the Protestants. He believed that the relation of the church to God was that the church held the divine office of the ministry of the Gospel. The universal priesthood was for Melanchthon as for Luther no principle of an ecclesiastical constitution, but a purely religious principle. In accordance with this idea Melanchthon tried to keep the traditional church constitution and government, including the bishops. He did not want, however, a church altogether independent of the state, but rather, in agreement with Luther, he believed it the duty of the secular authorities to protect religion and the church. He looked upon the consistories as ecclesiastical courts which therefore should be composed of spiritual and secular judges, for to him the official authority of the church did not lie in a special class of priests, but rather in the whole congregation, to be represented therefore not only by ecclesiastics, but also by laymen. Melanchthon in advocating church union did not overlook differences in doctrine for the sake of common practical tasks.The older he grew, the less he distinguished between the Gospel as the announcement of the will of God, and right doctrine as the human knowledge of it. Therefore, he took pains to safeguard unity in doctrine by theological formulas of union, but these were made as broad as possible and were restricted to the needs of practical religion. As scholar

As a scholar Melanchthon embodied the entire spiritual culture of his age. At the same time he found the simplest, clearest, and most suitable form for his knowledge; therefore his manuals, even if they were not always original, were quickly introduced into schools and kept their place for more than a century. Knowledge had for him no purpose of its own; it existed only for the service of moral and religious education, and so the teacher of Germany prepared the way for the religious thoughts of the Reformation. He is the father of Christian humanism, which has exerted a lasting influence upon scientific life in Germany. (But it is Erasmus who is called, "The Prince of the Humanists".)His works were not always new and original, but they were clear, intelligible, and answered their purpose. His style is natural and plain, better, however, in Latin and Greek than in German. He was not without natural eloquence, although his voice was weak. Melanchthon wrote numerous treatises dealing with education and learning that present some of his key thoughts on learning, including his views on the basis, method, and goal of reformed education. In his "Book of Visitation", Melanchthon outlines a school plan that recommends schools to teach Latin only. Here he suggests children should be broken up into three distinct groups: children who are learning to read, children who know how to read and are ready to learn grammar, and children who are well-trained in grammar and syntax. Melanchthon also believed that the disciplinary system of the classical "seven liberal arts", and the sciences studied in the higher faculties could not encompass the new revolutionary discoveries of the age in terms of either content or method.He expanded the traditional categorization of science in several directions, incorporating not only history, geography and poetry but also the new natural sciences in his system of scholarly disciplines. As theologian
As a theologian, Melanchthon did not show so much creative ability, but rather a genius for collecting and systematizing the ideas of others, especially of Luther, for the purpose of instruction. He kept to the practical, and cared little for connection of the parts, so his Loci were in the form of isolated paragraphs. The fundamental difference between Luther and Melanchthon lies not so much in the latter's ethical conception, as in his humanistic

masks: Melanchthon Melanchthon Philip


title: Philip Melanchthon

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 mode of thought which formed the basis of his theology and made him ready not only to acknowledge moral and religious truths outside of Christianity, but also to bring Christian truth into closer contact with them, and thus to mediate between Christian revelation and ancient philosophy. Melanchthon's views differed from Luther's only in some modifications of ideas. Melanchthon looked upon the law as not only the correlate of the Gospel, by which its effect of salvation is prepared, but as the unchangeable order of the spiritual world which has its basis in God himself. He furthermore reduced Luther's much richer view of redemption to that of legal satisfaction.He did not draw from the vein of mysticism running through Luther's theology, but emphasized the ethical and intellectual elements. After giving up determinism and absolute predestination and ascribing to man a certain moral freedom, he tried to ascertain the share of free will in conversion, naming three causes as concurring in the work of conversion, the Word, the Spirit, and the human will, not passive, but resisting its own weakness. Since 1548 he used the definition of freedom formulated by Erasmus, "the capability of applying oneself to grace." His definition of faith lacks the mystical depth of Luther. In dividing faith into knowledge, assent, and trust, he made the participation of the heart subsequent to that of the intellect, and so gave rise to the view of the later orthodoxy that the establishment and acceptation of pure doctrine should precede the personal attitude of faith. To his intellectual conception of faith corresponded also his view that the Church also is only the communion of those who adhere to the true belief and that her visible existence depends upon the consent of her unregenerated members to her teachings. Finally, Melanchthon's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, lacking the profound mysticism of faith by which Luther united the sensual elements and supersensual realities, demanded at least their formal distinction.The development of Melanchthon's beliefs may be seen from the history of the Loci. In the beginning Melanchthon intended only a development of the leading ideas representing the Evangelical conception of salvation, while the later editions approach more and more the plan of a text-book of dogma. At first he uncompromisingly insisted on the necessity of every event, energetically rejected the philosophy of Aristotle, and had not fully developed his doctrine of the sacraments. In 1535 he treated for the first time the doctrine of God and that of the Trinity; rejected the doctrine of the necessity of every event and named free will as a concurring cause in conversion. The doctrine of justification received its forensic form and the necessity of good works was emphasized in the interest of moral discipline. The last editions are distinguished from the earlier ones by the prominence given to the theoretical and rational element. As moralist
In ethics Melanchthon preserved and renewed the tradition of ancient morality and represented the Protestant conception of life.His books bearing directly on morals were chiefly drawn from the classics, and were influenced not so much by Aristotle as by Cicero. His principal works in this line were Prolegomena to Cicero's De officiis (1525); Enarrationes librorum Ethicorum Aristotelis (1529); Epitome philosophiae moralis (1538); and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550). In his Epitome philosophiae moralis Melanchthon treats first the relation of philosophy to the law of God and the Gospel. Moral philosophy, it is true, does not know anything of the promise of grace as revealed in the Gospel, but it is the development of the natural law implanted by God in the heart of man, and therefore representing a part of the divine law. The revealed law, necessitated because of sin, is distinguished from natural law only by its greater completeness and clearness. The fundamental order of moral life can be grasped also by reason; therefore the development of moral philosophy from natural principles must not be neglected. Melanchthon therefore made no sharp distinction between natural and revealed morals.His contribution to Christian ethics in the proper sense must be sought in the Augsburg Confession and its Apology as well as in his Loci, where he followed Luther in depicting the Protestant ideal of life, the free realization of the divine law by a personality blessed in faith and filled with the spirit of God. As exegete
Melanchthon's formulation of the authority of Scripture became the norm for the following time. The principle of his hermeneutics is expressed in his words: "Every theologian and faithful interpreter of the heavenly doctrine must necessarily be first a grammarian, then a dialectician, and finally a witness." By "grammarian" he meant the philologist in the modern sense who is master of history, archaeology, and ancient geography. As to the method of interpretation, he insisted with great emphasis upon the unity of the sense, upon the literal sense in contrast to the four senses of the scholastics. He further stated that whatever is looked for in the words of Scripture, outside of the literal sense, is only dogmatic or practical application. His commentaries, however, are not grammatical, but are full of theological and practical matter, confirming the doctrines of the Reformation, and edifying believers.The most important of them are those on Genesis, Proverbs, Daniel, the Psalms, and especially those on the New Testament, on Romans (edited in 1522 against his will by Luther), Colossians (1527), and John (1523). Melanchthon was the constant assistant of Luther in his translation of the Bible, and both the books of the Maccabees in Luther's Bible are ascribed to him. A Latin Bible published in 1529 at Wittenberg is designated as a common work of Melanchthon and Luther. As historian and preacher

In the sphere of historical theology the influence of Melanchthon may be traced until the seventeenth century, especially in the method of treating church history in connection with political history. His was the first Protestant attempt at a history of dogma, Sententiae veterum aliquot patrum de caena domini (1530) and especially De ecclesia et auctoritate verbi Dei (1539). Melanchthon exerted a wide influence in the department of homiletics, and has been regarded as the author, in the Protestant church, of the methodical style of preaching. He himself keeps entirely aloof from all mere dogmatizing or rhetoric in the Annotationes in Evangelia (1544), the Conciones in Evangelium Matthaei (1558), and in his German sermons prepared for George of Anhalt.He never preached from the pulpit; and his Latin sermons (Postilla) were prepared for the Hungarian students at Wittenberg who did not understand German. In this connection may be mentioned also his Catechesis puerilis (1532), a religious manual for younger students, and a German catechism (1549), following closely Luther's arrangement. From Melanchthon came also the first Protestant work on the method of theological study, so that it may safely be said that by his influence every department of theology was advanced even if he was not always a pioneer. As professor and philosopher

As a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, of men like Reuchlin, Jakob Wimpfeling, and Rodolphus Agricola, who represented an ethical conception of the humanities. The liberal arts and a classical education were for him paths, not only towards natural and ethical philosophy, but also towards divine philosophy. The ancient classics were for him in the first place the sources of a purer knowledge, but they were also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his organizing activity in the sphere of educational institutions and by his compilations of Latin and Greek grammars and commentaries, Melanchthon became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals.In philosophy also <mask> was the teacher of the whole German Protestant world. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the Leibniz-Wolff school. He started from scholasticism; but with the contempt of an enthusiastic Humanist he turned away from it and came to Wittenberg with the plan of editing the complete works of Aristotle. Under the dominating religious influence of Luther his interest abated for a time, but in 1519 he edited the Rhetoric and in 1520 the Dialectic. The relation of philosophy to theology is characterized, according to him, by the distinction between Law and Gospel. The former, as a light of nature, is innate; it also contains the elements of the natural knowledge of God which, however, have been obscured and weakened by sin. Therefore, renewed promulgation of the Law by revelation became necessary and was furnished in the Decalogue; and all law, including that in the form of natural philosophy, contains only demands, shadowings; its fulfillment is given only in the Gospel, the object of certainty in theology, by which also the philosophical elements of knowledge – experience, principles of reason, and syllogism – receive only their final confirmation.As the law is a divinely ordered pedagogue that leads to Christ, philosophy, its interpreter, is subject to revealed truth as the principal standard of opinions and life. Besides Aristotle's Rhetoric and Dialectic he published De dialecta libri iv (1528), Erotemata dialectices (1547), Liber de anima (1540), Initia doctrinae physicae (1549), and Ethicae doctrinae elementa (1550). Personal appearance and character

There have been preserved original portraits of Melanchthon by three famous painters of his time – by Hans Holbein the Younger  one of them in the Royal Gallery of Hanover, by Albrecht Dürer (made in 1526,  and by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Melanchthon was dwarfish, misshapen, and physically weak, although he is said to have had a bright and sparkling eye, which kept its colour till the day of his death. He was never in perfectly sound health, and managed to perform as much work as he did only by reason of the extraordinary regularity of his habits and his great temperance. He set no great value on money and possessions; his liberality and hospitality were often misused in such a way that his old faithful Swabian servant had sometimes difficulty in managing the household. His domestic life was happy.He called his home "a little church of God", always found peace there, and showed a tender solicitude for his wife and children. To his great astonishment a French scholar found him rocking the cradle with one hand, and holding a book in the other. His noble soul showed itself also in his friendship for many of his contemporaries; "there is nothing sweeter nor lovelier than mutual intercourse with friends", he used to say. His most intimate friend was Joachim Camerarius, whom he called the half of his soul. His extensive correspondence was for him not only a duty, but a need and an enjoyment. His letters form a valuable commentary on his whole life, as he spoke out his mind in them more unreservedly than he was wont to do in public life. A peculiar example of his sacrificing friendship is furnished by the fact that he wrote speeches and scientific treatises for others, permitting them to use their own signature.But in the kindness of his heart he was said to be ready to serve and assist not only his friends, but everybody. His whole nature adapted him especially to the intercourse with scholars and men of higher rank, while it was more difficult for him to deal with the people of lower station. He never allowed himself or others to exceed the bounds of nobility, honesty, and decency. He was very sincere in the judgment of his own person, acknowledging his faults even to opponents like Flacius, and was open to the criticism even of such as stood far below him. In his public career he sought not honour or fame, but earnestly endeavoured to serve the church and the cause of truth. His humility and modesty had their root in his personal piety. He laid great stress upon prayer, daily meditation on the Bible, and attendance of public service.See also
 Gottlob Frege, notable descendant of <mask>
 List of Erasmus's correspondents
 Dimitrije Ljubavić
 Philippists
 Ubiquitarians

Notes

References

Works cited

 This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication. Further reading

External links

Works at Open Library

 Examen eorum, qui oudiuntur ante ritum publicae ordinotionis, qua commendatur eis ministerium EVANGELLI: Traditum Vuitebergae, Anno 1554, at Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa

1497 births
1560 deaths
16th-century German Protestant theologians
16th-century male writers
16th-century Latin-language writers
Burials at All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
Critics of the Catholic Church
German astrologers
16th-century astrologers
16th-century German astronomers
German Lutheran clergy
German Lutheran theologians
German male non-fiction writers
German Protestant Reformers
German Renaissance humanists
German evangelicals
Heidelberg University alumni
Lay theologians
Lutheran biblical scholars
Lutheran sermon writers
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
People from Bretten
People from the Margraviate of Baden

Translators of the Bible into German
University of

masks: Melanchthon Melanchthon


title: Jerry Bowyer

texts:
Gerald "<mask><mask> (born 1962) is an American investment manager, author, and columnist. He is a former radio and broadcasting host who has also been extensively involved in public affairs, political writing, and investment activities. Early career
<mask>, an accountant at the time, began what his biography calls his "first professional position" in 1990 at Arthur Andersen, then one of the six largest accounting firms in the United States. He left the firm in 1993 to work briefly as the vice president of the Beechwood Company, the holding company for Federated Investors, a mutual fund business. Media

<mask> started in broadcast media in 1993 as the host of WPIT-FM’s Cross-Town Perspectives program. Beginning in October 1999, he hosted The Jerry Bowyer Program on WPTT radio in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a live 3-hour program focusing on business, politics and current events. He left WPTT in July 2005.Beginning in September 2005, <mask> was the host on an afternoon show on Christian talk radio station WORD-FM in Pittsburgh. He left in February 2006 after suffering chest pains after cross-country skiing. <mask> posted a message to listeners citing an ongoing stress-related illness and the need to scale back. <mask> has also been on many television programs. He is the former host of religious broadcaster Cornerstone TeleVision’s syndicated program Focus on the Issues. He also previously hosted Pennsylvania Newsmakers, a public affairs television program that airs through much of Pennsylvania. <mask> is also the former host of WorldView, a Sunday-morning political talk show that is syndicated on approximately 2 dozen TV stations.In his bio, <mask> mentions interviews done for the show that include those of Vice President Dick Cheney; Lynne Cheney, the Vice President’s wife; Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice; Presidential advisor Karl Rove; former Attorney General Edwin Meese; and publisher and former Republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes. <mask> has also been a guest on television programs, and has received criticism for statements surrounding universal healthcare aiding in terrorism. Public affairs and political writing

In 1993, <mask> was the founding president of the Allegheny Institute for Public Policy. The institute's "political arm" was the Allegheny Institute Taxpayer Coalition. In January 1997, the Pittsburgh Business Times reported that the "views of [<mask>'s] conservative think tank, the Allegheny Institute for Public Policy, were informally adopted last year by the newly elected Republican county commission majority." The institute was launched by Richard Mellon Scaife and has been funded in large part by the various Scaife Foundations; of the $3.8 million in grants to the Institute between 1995 and 2005, more than $3.5 million came from four of those foundations. <mask> resigned as head of the institute in early 2001 to spend more time with his radio and television activities.He was succeeded by Jake Haulk, PhD, a long-time employee of the institute. <mask> is the author of The Bush Boom: How a Misunderestimated President Fixed a Broken Economy, published by Allegiance Press in October 2003, and The Free Market Capitalist's Survival Guide: How to Invest and Thrive in an Era of Rampant Socialism, published by HarperCollins in February 2011. He is a weekly contributor to Forbes.com, and an occasional contributor to Forbes magazine. He also occasionally contributes to The Wall Street Journal. Business interests
<mask> was chairman of the board of Impact Total Return Portfolio, a mutual fund. (also known as "IMPACT Management Investment Trust"). He was an economic advisor to Independence Portfolio Partners  and a member of the investment committee of Blue Vase Capital Management.He was also a director of Gundaker/Jordan American Holdings, a financial services company, from May 2001 until late 2002. <mask> is the founder of Newsmakers Leadership Group, "a research and media company targeted at leaders", and its research and consulting arm, Verity Research & Media. Verity produces the Pennsylvania Newsmakers show, and does other research and media work. He is also the chairman of Bowyer Media, a company specializing in radio and television production, print and internet publishing, and economic analysis. <mask> is an economist for the Ronald Blue & Co. Investment Policy Committee, where he has helped to develop an approach to economics and investment known as Principled Reasoning. Principled Reasoning seeks to replace predominant academic models for portfolio risk assessment which are based on variability or volatility with models based on adherence with certain fundamental principles of human flourishing. According to a Principled Reasoning approach to risk, when nations violate fundamental principles they add inherent risk to their investment climate requiring higher risk premiums in valuations in order to compensate for the higher risk level.Personal
<mask> graduated from Robert Morris University. He lives in Boston, Pennsylvania, with his wife, Susan. The two have home-schooled their seven children. In the early 1990s, <mask> was the executive director of the National Reform Association, an organization with close ties to the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America,. He called for creation of a "theocracy" in America: "Christocracy, the rule of Christ over the nation," he called it once, according to a 1999 Washington Post article. <mask> changed his position on religion and state in the mid 90s and frequently asserted his disagreements with the religious right and agreements with the position of the founding fathers on his radio program. <mask> has previously blogged on crosswalk.com, a "Christ-centered, for-profit corporation", and is an Anglican Vestryman.References

External links
<mask>'s personal website

1962 births
Living people
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Robert Morris University alumni
Human Events people

masks:
Jerry
" Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Jerry Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer
Bowyer


title: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

texts:
<mask>, 1er <mask> () (15–16 September 1811, Switzerland10 March 1865, Paris) was a French statesman. Biography
Morny was born in Switzerland, and was the extra-marital son of <mask>s (the wife of Louis Bonaparte and queen of Holland) and <mask>, Comte <mask>lahaut, making him half-brother of Emperor Napoleon III and grandson of Talleyrand. His birth was duly registered in a misleading certificate, which made him the legitimate son of Auguste Jean Hyacinthe Demorny, and born in Paris on 23 October 1811, and described as a landowner of St. Domingo. M. Demorny was in fact an officer in the Prussian army and a native of St. Domingo, though he owned no land there or elsewhere. Morny was educated by his grandmother, <mask>ïde Filleul. After a brilliant school and college career the future duc <mask> received a commission in the army, and the next year he entered the staff college. The comte <mask>y, as he was called by a polite fiction, served in Algeria in 1834–1835 (during the French conquest of Algeria) as aide-de-camp to General Camille Alphonse Trezel, whose life he saved under the walls of Constantine.When Morny returned to Paris in 1838, he secured a solid position in the business world by establishing a major beet-sugar industry at Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne and by writing a pamphlet Sur la question des sucres in 1838. In these and other lucrative speculations he was helped by his mistress Françoise Mosselman, the beautiful and wealthy wife of the Belgian ambassador, <mask> Joseph Le Hon, Comte Le Hon. Eventually there were few great commercial enterprises in Paris in which he did not have an interest. Although Morny sat as deputy for Clermont-Ferrand from 1842 onwards, he took at first no important part in party politics, but he was heard with respect on industrial and financial questions. He supported the government of Louis Philippe, because revolution threatened his commercial interests, but before the Revolutions of 1848, by which he was temporarily ruined, he considered converting to the Bourbon legitimist cause represented by the Comte <mask>. His attitude was expressed by the witticism with which he is said to have replied to a lady who asked what he would do if the Chamber were "swept out." "Range myself on the side of the broom handle," was his answer.Presently he was admitted to the intimate circle of his half-brother Louis Napoleon, and he helped to engineer the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 on the morrow of which he was appointed to head the ministry of the interior. After six months in office, during which Morny showed his political opponents moderation and tact, he resigned his portfolio, ostensibly because he disapproved of the confiscation of the Bourbon-Orléans property but really because Napoleon, influenced by Morny's rivals, resented his claim to a foremost place in the government as a member of the Bonaparte family. He then resumed his financial speculations. When in 1854 the Emperor appointed him president of the Corps Législatif, a position which he filled for the rest of his life, he used his official rank to assist his schemes. In 1856, Morny was sent as special envoy to the coronation of <mask> of Russia and brought home a wife, Princess Sophie Troubetzkoi, who through her connections greatly strengthened his social position. Sophie was legally daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy, but may have been the illegitimate daughter of Nicholas I of Russia. In 1862, Morny was created a Duke.It is said that he aspired to the throne of Mexico, and that the French expedition sent to place Archduke Maximilian on the throne was prompted by Napoleon III's desire to thwart this ambition. In spite of occasional disagreements, <mask>'s influence with the emperor remained great, and the liberal policies which he advocated enabled him to serve the imperial cause through his influence with the leaders of the opposition, the most conspicuous of whom, Émile Ollivier, was detached from his colleagues by Morny's efforts. But while he was laying the foundations of the "Liberal Empire" his health deteriorated and was further injured by quack medicines. The emperor and the empress visited him just before his death in Paris on 10 March 1865. Morny's valuable collection of pictures, including Jean-Honoré Fragonard's The Swing, was sold after his death. In spite of his undoubted wit and social gifts, Morny failed to secure the distinction he desired as a dramatist, and none of his pieces, which appeared under the pseudonym of M. <mask> Rémy, including Sur la grande route, M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . ., and the Les finesses du mari, among others, met with success on the stage.M<mask> Chenneviėres, the director of the Beaux-Arts, admired Morny's taste in pictures as well as the man himself. <mask> <mask> was, he opined,"the most perfectly polite, the most elegant, the best bred man of his time". Thoroughbred horse racing
Morny played an important role in the development of the thoroughbred horse racing and breeding industry in France. In 1860, he purchased the English Triple Crown champion West Australian and brought him to France for breeding purposes. In 1862 Morny built the Deauville-La Touques Race Course near Deauville. The Prix Morny is named in his honour. Family

He had married at Saint Petersburg on 7 January 1857, Princess <mask>na Trubetskaya (Moscow, 25 March 18368 August 1898), the only daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy (181412 May (30 April Old Style), 1859) and his wife Ekaterina Petrovna Mussina-Pushkina (1 February 1816c.1897). Their children included:
 Marie Eugenie <mask> (1857–1883), who married a Spanish noble, José Ramón Gil Francisco <mask>ja Nicolás Osório <mask> Heredia, 9th Conde de La Corzana (1854–1919), in 1877 in Madrid, and had a son:
 José Osorio <mask> <mask> (Madrid, 1878Madrid, 1905). He married María de la Purificación Dorticos-Marín y León, Marquesa de Marín (1878–1928), in 1902 in Madrid. He had no children. <mask> Louis Valentin <mask> (1859–1920), who succeeded his father as the 2nd Duc <mask>y. He married Carlota <mask>-Blanco y <mask>ra (Caracas, 1869Courbevoie, 1939) in 1886 in Paris and had three children:
 <mask> <mask>, 3rd Duc <mask>y (1889–1935), unmarried and without issue. <mask> <mask>, 4th Duc <mask>y (1896–1943), unmarried and without issue.Anna Teresa <mask> (1890–1924), unmarried and without issue. <mask> <mask> (1861–1922), who died unmarried and without issue. <mask> (Missy) <mask> (1863–1944), who married Jacques Godart, 6th <mask> Belbeuf (1850–1906) in 1881 in Madrid and divorced him in 1903; without issue. Theatrical interests
<mask> was influential in the early career of Sarah Bernhardt. In her autobiography, My Double Life, Bernhardt recounts that at a family conference which <mask>y attended as a family friend, the purpose of which was to determine what Bernhardt was to do with her future life, <mask> suggested that she be sent to the Conservatoire. The family took him up on the suggestion and her life turned to the theatre. Notes

References

Attribution:
.Endnotes:
 H. Castille, M<mask> <mask> (1859), an <mask> la Guéronniére, Etudes et portraits politique. ;  (1856). See the literature dealing with Napoleon III., and the article on Flahaut <mask> Billarderie;
 F. Loliée, Le Duc de Momy, adapted by B. O'Donnell. A volume, Extraits des mémoires de Alamy: Une Ambassade eh Russie 1856, was published in 1892. The figure of the duc <mask>y appears in the novel Duc de Mora of Le Nabab by Alphonse <mask> (1877, English: The Nabob, 1878) — <mask>t had been one of Morny's secretaries. Further reading

, pp. 40–64

External links

 Coat of arms  (in French)

1811 births
1865 deaths
Sportspeople from Paris
Dukes of Morny
French racehorse owners and breeders
French art collectors
French interior ministers
19th-century French politicians
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

masks:
Charles Auguste Louis Joseph de Morny
Duc de Morny
Hortense de Beauharnai
Charles Joseph
de F
Adela
de Morny
de Morn
Charles Aimé
de Chard
Alexander II
Morny
de St
. de
Charles de
Morny
Sofia Sergeyev
de Morny
de Bor
y de
y de
Morny
Auguste Charles
de Morny
de Morn
de Guzmán
de Ybar
Auguste de
Morny
de Morn
Antoine de
Morny
de Morn
de Morny
Serge de
Morny
Sophie Mathilde
de Morny
Marquis de
De Morny
de Morn
de Morny
. de
Morny
Arthur de
de la
de Morn
Daudet
Daude


title: Madison Brengle

texts:
<mask> (born April 3, 1990) is an American professional tennis player. Her biggest success occurred in early 2015, reaching her first WTA Tour final in January, followed by a fourth round Grand Slam appearance at the Australian Open. In May, she reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 35. Her greatest victory came in 2017 over world No. 2, Serena Williams. She has won two WTA Challenger singles titles, 15 ITF singles titles, and seven ITF doubles titles.In August 2007, she was ranked fourth in the world in juniors. <mask> then toiled for years in the ITF Circuit. Over the course of 24 consecutive majors between 2008 and 2014, she failed to make it out of the pre-tournament qualifier. The streak ended when she earned a wildcard for the 2014 US Open main draw, which she capitalized on for her first major match-win. Her ranking soon rose into the top 100 for the first time in September 2014. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Dover, Delaware, and is Jewish. Her mother (Gaby née Gamberg) coaches her, her father is <mask>, and she has a brother named David.Playing style
<mask> is what some coaches call a scrappy player, and her game is built around counter-punching and outlasting her opponents in long rallies while waiting for her opponent's error. When serving she uses an abbreviated service motion. Her forehand has a low follow-through. Sometimes on her backhand she will drive the ball flat, using a half-swing. Brengle moves quickly around the court, and is willing to battle to win her matches. Junior career
As a teenager, <mask> participated in an experimental USTA training regimen. In 2006, she won the Easter Bowl doubles championships with Kristy Frilling, defeating Sanaz Marand and Ashley Weinhold in the final.In 2007, <mask> reached the Australian Open girls' singles final, before going down to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. <mask> and Julia Cohen were the top seeds at the 2007 French Open girls' doubles competition, but the team lost in the first round. Seeded seventh, <mask> lost in the final of the Wimbledon girls' singles competition to Urszula Radwańska, in three sets. <mask> and Chelsey Gullickson reached the girls' doubles semifinals there before losing to top seeds and eventual champions, Pavlyuchenkova and Radwańska. In August 2007, she was ranked fourth in the world in juniors. Professional career

2005-2006: Early years, first ITF title

2005 saw <mask> win her first ITF title, when, as a 15-year-old, she won a tournament in Baltimore. In the final, she defeated Beau Jones.2007-2008: Grand Slam debut
In 2007, <mask> received wildcard entries into two Grand Slam tournaments, losing in the first round both times. Accepted into the Australian Open main draw, <mask> lost to ninth-seeded Patty Schnyder. She was allowed another wildcard into the US Open, where she lost to Bethanie Mattek-Sands. <mask> and Ashley Weinhold were doubles wildcards, but lost in the first round of the doubles competition to eventual quarterfinalists, Stéphanie Foretz and Yaroslava Shvedova. <mask> won her first WTA match of the season in August by defeating former top-20 player Flavia Pennetta, before losing to Elena Dementieva in the following round at the 2007 East West Bank Classic WTA tournament in Los Angeles. In addition, earlier in the year, the American reached the second round of the 2007 French Open qualifying draw. On the ITF Circuit, Brengle reached three out of four singles finals in the first four months of the year.<mask> and Kristy Frilling won an ITF doubles title in Augusta, Georgia. In the final, the team defeated Angelina Gabueva and Alisa Kleybanova. In 2008, <mask> received a wildcard into the French Open (after winning a wildcard tournament), defeating Ahsha Rolle in the finals. The US Open and the French Open agreed to exchange wildcards in their respective tournaments. 2011-2013
In 2011, <mask> finally won her second ITF title at Hammond, LA. She also reached the final at another ITF event at Rancho Santa Fe, California. At College Park, she defeated recent Wimbledon third rounder Melinda Czink to win her first WTA Tour match since Quebec City in 2009.In 2012, <mask> won her third ITF title at Fort Walton Beach, Florida. She also won the doubles title with Paula Kania of Poland. And in 2013, she won her fourth ITF title at Rancho Santa Fe. 2014: First Grand Slam match-win, top 100 debut
<mask> had a strong start to her 2014 season, qualifying through to the main draw at the Hobart International, but was narrowly defeated in the first round by top seed Samantha Stosur in a final-set tiebreak. The next week, she was in touching distance of a main-draw berth at the Australian Open, but lost to Irina-Camelia Begu in the final qualifying round. In July, she won the $50k Kentucky Bank Championships, beating Nicole Gibbs in the final. Later in the year, she was awarded a wildcard into the main draw of the US Open, where she recorded her first ever Grand Slam win over Julia Glushko of Israel.She moved into the top 100 for first time on September 29, 2014, after winning the $50k event Redrock Open in Las Vegas defeating Nicole Vaidišová, Kateryna Bondarenko and Michelle Larcher de Brito, all in straight sets. 2015-16: Australian Open fourth round, top 50 debut, career-high ranking

At the 2015 Australian Open <mask> defeated the 13th-ranked Andrea Petkovic in the first round. Then, she won in straight sets against both Irina Falconi and CoCo Vandeweghe, eventually losing in the fourth round to <mask>, 2–6, 4–6. This was her best performance in a Grand Slam tournament so far. In Stuttgart, she defeated No. 4 ranked Petra Kvitová, in straight sets. In May 2015, her singles ranking reached a career-best of No.35 in the world. She finished the 2015 season ranked No. 40. In 2016 in Dubai, she defeated No. 8 ranked Kvitová in three sets. 2017: First Wimbledon third round
<mask> began the season with an upset win over compatriot and world No. 2, Serena Williams, at the Auckland Open.Then, she won the $60k tournaments of Charlottesville and Charleston. At Wimbledon, she beat No. 12 ranked Petra Kvitová in the second round. 2020-2021: Second US Open and second Wimbledon third rounds
At the US Open, <mask> reached the third round for a second time since 2015 where she was defeated by eventual quarterfinalist Shelby Rogers. She also reached the third round at Wimbledon for the second time in her career, and sixth at a major overall, defeating two fellow Americans en route Christina McHale and fourth seed, world No. 6 and former Grand Slam champion, Sofia Kenin. Honors
In 2016, <mask> was named to the Delaware Tennis Hall of Fame.She was the youngest person ever to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. That year, she was also the first tennis player granted the Delaware Sportswriters & Broadcasters Association's John J. Brady Delaware Athlete of the Year Award. Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records. Singles
Current through the 2022 Qatar Open. Doubles

WTA career finals

Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)

WTA 125 tournament finals

Singles: 2 (2 titles)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 27 (16 titles, 11 runner–ups)

Doubles: 12 (7 titles, 5 runner–ups)

Head-to-head record

Record against top 10 players
Active players are in boldface. Wins over top 10 players

See also
 List of select Jewish tennis players

Notes

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
People from Dover, Delaware
Tennis people from Delaware
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

masks:
Madison Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Dan Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle
Madison Keys
Brengle
Brengle
Brengle