title: Luis Fernando López

texts:
<mask> (born 15 October 1964) is a Bolivian businessman, retired military officer, and politician who served as minister of defense from 2019 to 2020. Appointed in the tail end of the 2019 political crisis, <mask>, along with Minister of Government Arturo Murillo, quickly became characterized as the "strong men" of the Jeanine Áñez administration and were implicated in the deadly events at Senkata and Sacaba. <mask> was called to hearings by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly but failed to present himself three consecutive times, ultimately resulting in his censure by the legislature. As per the terms of the Constitution, he was dismissed as minister but, exploiting a loophole in the document's text, he was reappointed just a day later. Soon after, reports revealed his participation in the tear gas case, which accused the ministries of government and defense of irregularly purchasing non-lethal weapons at inflated prices. After the 2020 general election, <mask> got into contact with American ex-army soldiers, seeking to facilitate the transport of mercenaries and paramilitaries to Bolivia in order to launch a preemptive coup d'état which would prevent president-elect <mask> from coming to office. After that endeavor proved unfruitful, he, along with Murillo, fled the country just three days prior to Arce's inauguration.He remains in hiding in Brazil as the Bolivian government seeks his extradition for crimes of breach of duties, among others. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 October 1964 in La Paz to <mask> Bacigalupo, a division general. On his mother's side, his grandfather was Rubén Julio Castro, who served as senator for Pando in the 1950s. Following his father's example, he underwent military training abroad, graduating from the National Military College of Argentina in 1985 as a second lieutenant of arms and cavalry and a military paratrooper. The following year, he joined the Special Troops Instruction Center in Cochabamba where he taught a parachuting course as a sub-instructor. Also in 1986, he served as an officer and instructor at the School of Bolivian Condors in Sanandita, doing so until 1989. Shortly thereafter, in 1990, he was assigned to the "Calama" Regiment in Patacamaya, after which he retired from the Armed Forces.In addition to his military service, he has a degree in social communication from the San Pablo Catholic University. He worked as the manager for Bolivia of Lowe's and McCann-Erickson and was consultant for the Coca-Cola Company, BMW, Huawei, Cinemark Theatres, and Copa Airlines. Until 2019, he was the executive president of Lola Group SRL, a marketing agency. During this time, he became closely acquainted with the Santa Cruz lawyer and activist <mask> Camacho, for whom he eventually came to handle civic communication. In the midst of the protests and demonstrations which followed the disputed 2019 general elections, <mask> revealed that Camacho had commissioned him, as a former army officer, to "converse" with the armed forces in order to avoid the repression of demonstrators. The culmination of this social unrest was the resignation of President Evo Morales along with his entire government. During the ensuing political crisis, <mask> noted that Camacho, in discussions with Morales' likely successor Jeanine Áñez, had proposed him as a candidate to assume the defense portfolio.Minister of Defense
After legitimizing her succession to the presidency on 12 November, Áñez set about forming a transitional administration. On 13 November, she appointed her ministerial cabinet, designating <mask> as minister of defense. Legislative investigation
Following the events of Senkata and Sacaba, several legislators from the Movement for Socialism announced their intent to file a request for interpellation in the Legislative Assembly for <mask> and Minister of Government Arturo Murillo, in order to receive an oral report on the incidents which led to several deaths. In late December, President of the Senate Eva Copa announced that the interpellation would be held after the recess of the assembly with President of the Chamber of Deputies Sergio Choque announcing on 3 January 2020 that the meetings had been scheduled for the 11th and 12th of that month. In response, on 10 January, both <mask> and Murillo presented justifications for why they could not attend the session, which were accepted by the legislature who rescheduled it for the 17th. However, neither of the two presented themselves on that date, issuing further justifications for their absence. In view of this, the Chamber of Deputies approved on 19 February a formal request demanding that President Áñez "instruct the Ministers of State to comply with their constitutional duties".Censure, dismissal, and reinstatement
In the session scheduled for 6 March, <mask> was absent for the third consecutive time, alleging work reasons. This time, the Plurinational Assembly refused to accept his presented excuse and, with a two-thirds vote, moved to censure him, the first time any government minister had been censured since the passage of the 2009 Constitution. As per Copa, according to Article 158 of the Constitution, such a vote entailed the removal of the targeted official. In response, Áñez defended <mask>, stating that he "has done a great job in the face of natural disasters and for the pacification of the homeland". Nonetheless, on 9 March, Áñez issued Presidential Decree N° 4175 which annulled <mask>'s appointment and designated Vice Minister Gastón Ramiro Peñaloza as the acting minister of defense. The next day, however, she reversed her decision and reappointed <mask> to his position. According to Senator Óscar Ortiz Antelo, "the Constitution does not prohibit the [censured] minister from returning".In this context, the move to oust <mask> only to immediately reappoint him was a way of respecting the Constitution while at the same time circumventing its provisions. In August, the assembly passed a law that closed this loophole by requiring the dismissal of censured ministers within 24 hours and barred them from serving in government positions for 3 years. Tear gas case
<mask> was implicated in another scandal when on 31 May 2020, the journalist Junior Arias brought to light accusations of irregular purchases of tear gas at highly inflated prices during the social conflicts of late 2019. According to the documents he presented, the Ministry of Government had requested the purchase of chemical agents from the Brazilian company Condor Tecnologias Não-Letais with the Miami-based company Bravo Tactical Solutions LLC as an intermediary. Though the case mostly shone the spotlight on Murillo, a complaint was also lodged against <mask> who had signed the contract on 19 December, for an amount of $5.6 million. At that price, each tear gas cartridge would've cost between Bs250 and Bs270 ($36.25 to $39.15), more than double what other countries such as Venezuela had previously paid. <mask> denied the allegations, claiming that the reason for the price difference was that the government had bought cartridges with 430gm of gunpowder, whereas the government in Caracas had purchased 225gm cartridges.However, no mention of weight ever appeared in the signed agreement. Flight from the country
Nearing the end of Áñez's transitional government, the Prosecutor's Office accused Murillo and <mask> of crimes of improper use of influence, negotiations incompatible with the exercise of public functions by individuals, contracts harmful to the State, and breach of duties. On 5 November 2020, three days before the end of Áñez's mandate and the inauguration of president-elect <mask>, the anti-corruption prosecutor <mask> Atanacio Fuentes issued a formal request for an immigration alert against the pair in order to avoid their preemptive departure from the country. That day, neither Murillo nor <mask> were present for Áñez's final presidential address, which was attended by the rest of her ministers. While the entirety of the cabinet presented its resignation on 6 November, outgoing Minister of Economy Branko Marinković later revealed that the two had presented their resignations "days before". The whereabouts of Murillo and <mask> remained unclear for some days leading the Prosecutor's Office to request a report from the General Directorate of Migration on whether either of the former ministers had fled the country. On 16 November, it issued an arrest warrant against both of them on the grounds that "there are indications that the accused may hide, flee, or leave the country".The following day, Police Commander Colonel Johnny Aguilera reported that Murillo and <mask> departed on a FAB-046 from El Trompillo Airport on 5 November, arriving in Santa Cruz, from where they crossed the border through Puerto Suárez and into Brazil. After that, they would've travelled on foot, through areas without immigration control, until they arrived at Corumbá. According to Colonel Pablo García, director of Interpol-Bolivia, <mask> "used his last two days as an authority [to gain a] last favor" from members of the military, who secured the plane for his escape. While Murillo left for Panama on 9 November, <mask> remained in Brazil. As a result of these events, the former head of the General Directorate of Migration, Marcel Rivas, was apprehended on 19 November, with the Prosecutor's Office accusing him of having helped facilitate the flight of the ex-ministers. Three more officials, subordinates of the general directorate in offices in Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Suárez, were subsequently arrested on 21 November. On 6 January 2021, the Prosecutor's Office announced its intent to indict Murillo and <mask> on charges of breach of duties, improper use of influence, among other crimes relating to the tear gas case, in order to facilitate the activation of a Red Notice from Interpol The indictment was formalized two days later.Despite initial reports that both Murillo and <mask> were in the United States, Minister of Government Eduardo del Castillo indicated on 27 May that <mask> was still in Brazil and announced that the government would request his extradition from the country. On 14 July, Interpol-Brazil confirmed that <mask> remains in the country. Coup d'état plot
On 17 June 2021, journalists from The Intercept broke the story that in the few weeks after <mask>'s victory in the 2020 general election <mask> had attempted to facilitate a coup d'état to prevent his assumption to office. Leaked phone recordings and emails revealed that <mask> had been in contact with Joe Pereira, a former civilian administrator with the U.S. Army. In the audio logs, <mask> indicated that "military high command is already in preliminary talks" and promised that "the commander of the armed forces [Sergio Orellana] is working on all of this" and that "we have a united armed forces". <mask> continued by stating that he was "focused on avoiding the annihilation of my country". Among the concerns within the armed forces were fears that the Movement for Socialism intended to replace them with civilian militias along Venezuelan lines.During his ministerial administration, <mask> had echoed such concerns, stating in January 2020 that "[Evo Morales] indicates that there is a serious intention to eliminate the Armed Forces and the Police so that there is a foreign militia in our country". Bolivian political scientist Eduardo Gamarra also suggested that the armed forces "were rightly concerned there was going to be a major purge. The MAS was going to be furious". In different call logs, Pereira assured that he could "get up to 10,000 men with no problem", outlining a plan to pick up personnel in Homestead Air Reserve Base in Miami using Bolivian-owned C-130s, of which the Ministry of Defense had one. The mercenaries would be placed under shell contracts to disguise the purpose of their presence. Pereira's claims were later characterized as exaggerated with his assurance of 10,000 men being called "absurd". The coup plot ultimately never came to fruition, largely due to disagreements between <mask> and Murillo, whose capacity as minister of government gave him singular control of police.References

Notes

Footnotes

External links

1964 births
Living people
21st-century Bolivian businesspeople
21st-century Bolivian politicians
Áñez administration cabinet members
Bolivian expatriates in Brazil
Bolivian military personnel
Bolivian money launderers
Defense ministers of Bolivia
Fugitives wanted on fraud charges
Government ministers of Bolivia
People from La Paz

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Luis Fernando López Julio
López
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Luis Arce
Luis Fernando
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Luis López
Luis Fernando
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Luis Fernando
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title: Paul Shuey

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born September 16, 1970) is an American former professional baseball player. Primarily a relief pitcher, <mask> pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians (1994–2002), Los Angeles Dodgers (2002–2003) and Baltimore Orioles (2007). <mask> was honored as an All-American as a college baseball pitcher for the North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team. The Indians selected <mask> with the second overall selection of the 1992 MLB draft. Envisioned as a comparable pitcher to Cincinnati Reds closer Rob Dibble, Shuey had more success as a setup reliever than closer. Injuries sidelined <mask> throughout his career, preventing him from becoming a closer. When healthy, he enjoyed success with the Indians as a setup pitcher.He was traded to the Dodgers in 2002 to be their set up man while contending for a playoff spot. He pitched well until a hip injury initially suffered in 1999 forced <mask> to retire in 2004. After an experimental medical procedure, <mask> returned to baseball briefly in 2007 with the Orioles. He retired after that season, and took up a professional career in bass fishing, competing in what he considers "Double-A"-level tournaments. Early life
A native of Lima, Ohio, <mask>'s family moved to North Carolina when he was ten years old. <mask>'s father taught him how to pitch. He played American Legion and Babe Ruth League baseball with Everett Lindsay.<mask> attended Millbrook High School in Raleigh, North Carolina. With Millbrook, <mask> was a starting pitcher and right fielder. While pitching for the baseball team at Millbrook, <mask> threw a no-hitter against Garner High School. He was named to North Carolina's All-Triangle and All-State teams. College career
<mask> enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), where he played college baseball for the North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) of NCAA Division I. He served as the team's closer. At UNC, <mask> was named a freshman All-American and All-ACC pitcher for the Tar Heels in 1990, as he had an 8-1 win–loss record and eight saves.He led the team with 31 appearances, and the Tar Heels were the ACC regular season and tournament championships. Though he suffered a patellar tendon rupture in 1991, <mask> led the Tar Heels with a 1.70 earned run average (ERA) that season. That summer, <mask> pitched for the United States national baseball team in the Pan American Games. He led the team with a 3.13 ERA and 87 strikeouts in the 1992 season, in 69 innings pitched. <mask> and Chad Holbrook won the team's S.H. Basnight Award as the team's most valuable players. Through 2001, <mask>'s career winning percentage (.818) ranked fourth all time in UNC history.He was a letterman in all three seasons at UNC. Professional career

Cleveland Indians
The Indians selected <mask> with their first round draft pick, the second overall selection, in the 1992 Major League Baseball draft. The Indians envisioned that <mask> could develop into a closer similar to Rob Dibble of the Cincinnati Reds. <mask> made his professional debut with the Columbus Red Stixx of the Class-A South Atlantic League in 1992. Heading into the 1993 season, Baseball America ranked <mask> as the 81st best prospect in baseball. He pitched for the Kinston Indians of the Class-A Carolina League in 1993, going 1–0 with a 4.84 ERA in 15 appearances, and was promoted to the Canton–Akron Indians of the Class-AA Eastern League that season. He opened the 1994 season with Kinston, where he went 1–0 with a 3.75 ERA and eight saves in 13 appearances.The deaths of Indians' relief pitchers Steve Olin and Tim Crews in a boating accident heightened the Indians' need to develop <mask>. <mask> was promoted from Kinston to the major leagues during the 1994 season, becoming the first player promoted from Class-A to the majors since Greg Swindell during the 1986 season. He made his MLB debut on May 8, 1994. On May 14, <mask> became the tenth American League pitcher to strike out four batters in an inning. He also pitched for the Charlotte Knights of the Class-AAA International League that season. Baseball America ranked <mask> as the 67th best prospect in baseball heading into the 1995 season. <mask> struggled with the Indians, with an 0–3 win–loss record, five saves, and 7.00 ERA in 21 appearances in 1994 and 1995.He also pitched for the Buffalo Bisons of the International League in 1995, and spent time on the disabled list with an injured hamstring. He also pitched for the Senadores de San Juan of the Puerto Rico Baseball League that winter to gain more experience. After starting the 1996 season with Buffalo, <mask> was promoted to the Indians, where he pitched to a 5–2 record with a 2.85 ERA. He pitched in the postseason for the Indians, appearing in three games in the 1996 American League Division Series, which the Indians lost to the Baltimore Orioles. <mask> received a three-year contract from the Indians at the start of the 1997 season, worth $3.203 million guaranteed. An option year and performance bonuses made the maximum value of the contract $11.603 million over four seasons. With José Mesa and Mike Jackson serving as closers for the Indians, <mask> pitched in middle relief.He spent time on the disabled list in the 1997 season on three separate occasions. In 1998, he led all American League relief pitchers with a .132 (7–for–53) batting average against when the opposition had baserunners in scoring position. His strong performances while healthy gave the Indians hope that <mask> could become their closer in due time. <mask> appeared in four postseasons for the Indians, including in 1998, when he pitched  scoreless innings for the Indians in the 1998 American League Championship Series. In 1999, while pitching on a wet mound in Cleveland, <mask> injured his right hip. Over the next several seasons, he had multiple surgeries on his hip, including repairing a torn labrum and removing bone spurs. He finished the 1999 season with an 8–5 record, a 3.53 ERA, and six saves.His eight wins tied for the most among Cleveland's relief pitchers. In 2000, new Indians' manager Charlie Manuel indicated the Indians would attempt to shift <mask> into the closer role. When <mask> spent time on the disabled list, Steve Karsay served as the Indians' closer. He again spent time on the disabled list in 2001 with a strained elbow ligament. Los Angeles Dodgers
As the 2002 trade deadline approached, teams interested in acquiring <mask> began to inquire on his availability. On July 28, 2002, before the trade deadline, <mask> was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Terry Mulholland and minor leaguers Ricardo Rodríguez and Francisco Cruceta. With the Dodgers in the playoff chase that season, they hoped to pair him with closer Éric Gagné to form a strong bullpen for the later portions of games.Though <mask> struggled upon joining the Dodgers, recording a 9.35 ERA in his first eleven appearances after the trade, he altered his approach and began to obtain better results, allowing no runs in his next five appearances. <mask> played for the Dodgers through the end of the 2003 season. During spring training prior to the 2004 season, he tore a ligament in his thumb and reinjured his hip while fielding a bunt during his rehabilitation. <mask> spent the entire season on the disabled list. The Dodgers sued the Hartford Life Insurance Company, who insured <mask>'s contract, over <mask>'s $3.25 million salary for the 2004 season, saying the insurance company did not honor their claim. Later career
A free agent after the 2004 season, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Indians to attempt a comeback in the 2005 season. After pitching two innings for the Class-AA Akron Aeros, he retired due to pain in his right hip.<mask> sat out the whole 2006 season, as he received a hip replacement. The procedure, which involved installing a metal hip, was performed in Montreal, as it was not approved in the United States. On February 2, 2007, he signed a minor league contract with the Orioles that included an invitation to spring training. He suffered an injury and did not make the cut, and was sent to the minor leagues. He made one appearance for the Class-AA Bowie Baysox, and then joined the Norfolk Tides, the Orioles' Class-AAA affiliate. His contract was then purchased on June 19, 2007, and he appeared in that night's game against the San Diego Padres. Though his fastball was able to reach  earlier in his career, <mask>'s fastball had difficulty reaching  due to his metal hip.On July 1, 2007, he recorded his first save since 2002, in a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He finished the 2007 season with a 9.82 ERA in 22 games. In his penultimate appearance, in the first game of an August 22 doubleheader, he surrendered the last nine runs in a 30–3 defeat to the Texas Rangers, an American League record for most runs scored by a single team. As his fastball increased in velocity, <mask> injured his back. The Orioles gave <mask> his outright release on September 5. Personal
<mask> was inducted into the Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011 and the Millbrook High School Hall of Fame in 2012. <mask> lives with his family, including his wife Julie and three daughters; Morgan (born 1997), Casey (born 1998), and Kate (born 2006).in Wake Forest, North Carolina. He spends his time as a father, pitching coach, and bass fishing. He overcame posttraumatic stress disorder, which resulted from a car accident in 1996. <mask> competes in local bass fishing tournaments. He is hoping to compete in the Bassmaster Elite Series of the Bass Anglers Sportsman Society. See also

 List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

References

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Cleveland Indians players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Ohio
Sportspeople from Lima, Ohio
1970 births
Living people
People from Wake County, North Carolina
Millbrook High School (NC) alumni
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Columbus RedStixx players
Kinston Indians players
Charlotte Knights players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Akron Aeros players
Ogden Raptors players
Las Vegas 51s players
Bowie Baysox players
Norfolk Tides players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Baseball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games

masks:
Paul Kenneth Shuey
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title: Jacob Bernoulli

texts:
<mask> (also known as James or Jacques;  – 16 August 1705) was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the <mask> family. He was an early proponent of Leibnizian calculus and sided with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. He is known for his numerous contributions to calculus, and along with his brother Johann, was one of the founders of the calculus of variations. He also discovered the fundamental mathematical constant . However, his most important contribution was in the field of probability, where he derived the first version of the law of large numbers in his work Ars Conjectandi. Biography
<mask> was born in Basel, Switzerland. Following his father's wish, he studied theology and entered the ministry.But contrary to the desires of his parents, he also studied mathematics and astronomy. He traveled throughout Europe from 1676 to 1682, learning about the latest discoveries in mathematics and the sciences under leading figures of the time. This included the work of Johannes Hudde, Robert Boyle, and Robert Hooke. During this time he also produced an incorrect theory of comets. <mask> returned to Switzerland, and began teaching mechanics at the University of Basel from 1683. His doctoral dissertation Solutionem tergemini problematis was submitted in 1684. It appeared in print in 1687.In 1684 <mask> married Judith Stupanus; they had two children. During this decade, he also began a fertile research career. His travels allowed him to establish correspondence with many leading mathematicians and scientists of his era, which he maintained throughout his life. During this time, he studied the new discoveries in mathematics, including Christiaan Huygens's De ratiociniis in aleae ludo, Descartes' La Géométrie and Frans van Schooten's supplements of it. He also studied Isaac Barrow and John Wallis, leading to his interest in infinitesimal geometry. Apart from these, it was between 1684 and 1689 that many of the results that were to make up Ars Conjectandi were discovered. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life.By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother <mask> on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in "Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis" published in Acta Eruditorum. They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians of that time and the Bernoullis were among the first to try to understand and apply Leibniz's theories. <mask> collaborated with his brother on various applications of calculus. However the atmosphere of collaboration between the two brothers turned into rivalry as Johann's own mathematical genius began to mature, with both of them attacking each other in print, and posing difficult mathematical challenges to test each other's skills. By 1697, the relationship had completely broken down.The lunar crater <mask> is also named after him jointly with his brother Johann. Important works
<mask>'s first important contributions were a pamphlet on the parallels of logic and algebra published in 1685, work on probability in 1685 and geometry in 1687. His geometry result gave a construction to divide any triangle into four equal parts with two perpendicular lines. By 1689 he had published important work on infinite series and published his law of large numbers in probability theory. <mask> published five treatises on infinite series between 1682 and 1704. The first two of these contained many results, such as the fundamental result that  diverges, which <mask> believed were new but they had actually been proved by Pietro Mengoli 40 years earlier. Bernoulli could not find a closed form for , but he did show that it converged to a finite limit less than 2.Euler was the first to find the limit of this series in 1737. <mask> also studied the exponential series which came out of examining compound interest. In May 1690 in a paper published in Acta Eruditorum, <mask> showed that the problem of determining the isochrone is equivalent to solving a first-order nonlinear differential equation. The isochrone, or curve of constant descent, is the curve along which a particle will descend under gravity from any point to the bottom in exactly the same time, no matter what the starting point. It had been studied by Huygens in 1687 and Leibniz in 1689. After finding the differential equation, <mask> then solved it by what we now call separation of variables. <mask>'s paper of 1690 is important for the history of calculus, since the term integral appears for the first time with its integration meaning.In 1696 <mask> solved the equation, now called the Bernoulli differential equation,

<mask> also discovered a general method to determine evolutes of a curve as the envelope of its circles of curvature. He also investigated caustic curves and in particular he studied these associated curves of the parabola, the logarithmic spiral and epicycloids around 1692. The lemniscate of Bernoulli was first conceived by <mask> in 1694. In 1695 he investigated the drawbridge problem which seeks the curve required so that a weight sliding along the cable always keeps the drawbridge balanced. <mask>'s most original work was Ars Conjectandi published in Basel in 1713, eight years after his death. The work was incomplete at the time of his death but it is still a work of the greatest significance in the theory of probability. In the book Bernoulli reviewed work of others on probability, in particular work by van Schooten, Leibniz, and Prestet.The Bernoulli numbers appear in the book in a discussion of the exponential series. Many examples are given on how much one would expect to win playing various games of chance. The term Bernoulli trial resulted from this work. There are interesting thoughts on what probability really is:
... probability as a measurable degree of certainty; necessity and chance; moral versus mathematical expectation; a priori an a posteriori probability; expectation of winning when players are divided according to dexterity; regard of all available arguments, their valuation, and their calculable evaluation; law of large numbers ...
<mask> was one of the most significant promoters of the formal methods of higher analysis. Astuteness and elegance are seldom found in his method of presentation and expression, but there is a maximum of integrity. Discovery of the mathematical constant e
In 1683 Bernoulli discovered the constant e by studying a question about compound interest which required him to find the value of the following expression (which is in fact ):

One example is an account that starts with $1.00 and pays 100 percent interest per year. If the interest is credited once, at the end of the year, the value is $2.00; but if the interest is computed and added twice in the year, the $1 is multiplied by 1.5 twice, yielding $1.00×1.5² = $2.25.Compounding quarterly yields $1.00×1.254 = $2.4414..., and compounding monthly yields $1.00×(1.0833...)12 = $2.613035....

Bernoulli noticed that this sequence approaches a limit (the force of interest) for more and smaller compounding intervals. Compounding weekly yields $2.692597..., while compounding daily yields $2.714567..., just two cents more. Using  as the number of compounding intervals, with interest of 100% /  in each interval, the limit for large  is the number that Euler later named ; with continuous compounding, the account value will reach $2.7182818.... More generally, an account that starts at $1, and yields (1+) dollars at Compound interest, will yield  dollars with continuous compounding. Tombstone

Bernoulli wanted a logarithmic spiral and the motto Eadem mutata resurgo ('Although changed, I rise again the same') engraved on his tombstone. He wrote that the self-similar spiral "may be used as a symbol, either of fortitude and constancy in adversity, or of the human body, which after all its changes, even after death, will be restored to its exact and perfect self." <mask> died in 1705, but an Archimedean spiral was engraved rather than a logarithmic one. Translation of Latin inscription:
<mask>, the incomparable mathematician.Professor at the University of Basel For more than 18 years;
member of the Royal Academies of Paris and Berlin; famous for his writings. Of a chronic illness, of sound mind to the end;
succumbed in the year of grace 1705, the 16th of August, at the age of 50 years and 7 months, awaiting the resurrection. Judith Stupanus,
his wife for 20 years,
and his two children have erected a monument to the husband and father they miss so much. Works
  (title roughly translates as "A new hypothesis for the system of comets".) Ars conjectandi, opus posthumum, Basileae, impensis Thurnisiorum Fratrum, 1713. Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Gottfried Leibniz and Jakob Bernoulli Correspondence Regarding the Art of Conjecturing"

1655 births
1705 deaths
17th-century apocalypticists
17th-century Swiss mathematicians
17th-century Swiss people
18th-century apocalypticists
18th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century male writers
18th-century Swiss mathematicians
<mask>urials at Basel Münster
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Number theorists
People from Basel-Stadt
Probability theorists
Swiss mathematicians
Swiss scientists

masks:
Jacob Bernoulli
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Jacob Bernoulli
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Johann Bernoulli
Jacob
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Jacob Bernoulli
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Jacob Bernoulli
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title: Andrée Watters

texts:
<mask> (born January 25, 1983) is a musician and a two-time Félix Award winner from Quebec

Biography

Watters was born in Charlesbourg, Quebec, grew up in the Quebec City region and first showed her talent in a Christmas-related musical comedy when she was 15 years old. She later participated in a youth singing contest in which she finished first provincially and third across Canada. After moving to Montreal two years later, she made her first live public appearance in the Radio-Canada game show La Fureur. <mask>' brother Patrick, who worked as a firefighter in Alberta, Canada, was killed in July 2007 in a helicopter crash while he and several hundred other firefighters combated a major forest fire near Fort McMurray in northern Alberta. Four others were injured in the incident. In 2003, after signing with Sony BMG, Watters released her first album AW, co-written and produced by Fred St-Gelais, which sold 75,000 copies in Quebec alone.The hits "Si exceptionnel" and "Ne reste pas" were the two songs that charted the highest in the Quebec Francophone charts including the Radio Énergie Countdown across the province. There were attempts by the label company to release a European version of the disc in France, but the project was cancelled.After the success of the album AW, she was awarded a Félix Award as "Best Rock Album of the Year" and was nominated to four other Félix awards. Her second album À travers was released in 2005 with "Laisse la pluie" being the most notable hit across the charts in Quebec. In 2006, along with Bruno Pelletier, Sylvain Cossette, Daniel Boucher and Gabrielle Destroismaisons, Watters participated in the musical show, Dracula - Entre l'amour et la mort as the female lead, Mina. In 2007, she participated as herself in the movie Taking the Plunge (À vos marques... party!) and released a song for the movie's soundtrack. In 2008, Watters was one of the headliners of the 2008 CFL Grey Cup Diet Pepsi Halftime Show.Along with fellow Canadian natives, Theory of a Deadman. Her third album titled Minuit was released on April 29, 2008. The title song MINUIT was a #1 hit on the Francophone Chart in Quebec. She herself co-wrote the ten tracks and the album was produced along with singer-songwriter Sylvain Cossette who guided her as producer/co-songwriter of the album. The album consisted of a mix of rock songs and ballads in which Cossette had many top-charted singles during his career. At the same time, she signed with Universal Music and Mark Vinet Management. During the summer of 2008, she toured along with Dan Bigras and his show titled "Dan et ses blondes", and opened for Cossette's "70s Tour" and a tour of her own in 2010.In 2009, she translated Justin Bieber's hit song, One Less Lonely Girl, and coached him when he recorded the French version. In 2011, Andrée released a new album Country Rock, which has since peaked at #29 on the Canadian Albums Chart. In 2012, Watters' released a second country album titled "Country Rock COVER" and toured French Canada. She was also nominated for 2 Felix awards, including Best Country Album. Starting in 2011, her production company has been involved with many music projects including: Girls Wanna Have Fun!, 70s, All Star, 5x5, Glam Rock, as well as children projects: Ari Cui Cui, Lily et le Lutin, and Pyjama Party. In 2017, Andrée Watters Productions launched ReCover Band, SuperNOVA, Funk & Soul and a reboot of the hit show Girls Wanna Have Fun! <mask> <mask> is managed by Mark Vinet, a Montreal-based entertainment lawyer and businessman.Awards and nominations
In 2004, the success of the album resulted in a Félix Award for "Best Rock Album of the Year" at the annual ADISQ awards, the Quebec provincial version of the Canadian Juno Awards. She was also nominated for four other Felix awards including "Best Female Singer of the Year  and "Breakthrough Artist of the Year". In 2006, she again won a Félix Award for "Best Rock Album of the Year" for her sophomore effort titled "À Travers". In 2009, she received a SOCAN award for the song Tout de moi. She was nominated for 2 Adisq Felix awards, including Best Country Album in 2012. She also received multiple ADISQ nominations for her company's work on various music albums between 2014-17. "Qui je suis" (soundtrack)
From Minuit"Minuit"
"Tout de moi"
"À distance"
"Le tour du monde"
From Country Rock"Émerveille-moi"
"Ma liberté"
"One Day"
"Une photo de toi"
"Tu peux m'oublier"

Filmography

 Taking the Plunge (À vos marques...party!)'' - 2007

References

External links
 Mark Vinet Management website
 Andree <mask> website
 Andree <mask> biography courtesy of Quebec Info Musique

1983 births
Living people
Canadian women rock singers
Musicians from Quebec City
French-language singers of Canada
21st-century Canadian women singers

masks:
Andrée Watters Michaud
Watters
Andrée
Watters
Watters
Watters


title: Jay Garner

texts:
<mask> (born April 15, 1938) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who in 2003 was appointed as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq but was soon replaced by Ambassador Paul Bremer and the ambassador's successor organization to ORHA, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). Early life and education

Born in Arcadia, Florida, <mask> served an enlistment in the United States Marine Corps before attending the Florida State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History in 1962. He also holds a master's in public administration from Shippensburg State University. Military career
Commissioned as an army second lieutenant in 1962, <mask> served two tours in Vietnam, and later led two air defense units in Germany. He also served as deputy commanding general at Fort Bliss, Texas. <mask> helped to develop the Patriot missile system and commanded missile batteries during the Gulf War. After the war he was put in charge of securing Kurdish areas in Iraq.He was later named commander of the United States Army Space and Strategic Defense Command (working primarily on President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative missile shield program), and concluded his army career as Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, retiring in 1997 at the rank of lieutenant general. After leaving the army, <mask> became president of SYColeman, a defense contractor which designs missile communications and targeting systems used in the Patriot and Arrow missile systems. (He has been on unpaid leave from the company since January 2003). <mask> served on a presidential panel, chaired by Donald Rumsfeld, which specializes in space and missile threats. He has also worked closely with the Israel Defense Forces. Involvement in the Iraq War
In 2003 <mask> was selected to lead the post-war reconstruction efforts in Iraq, along with three deputies, including British Major-General Tim Cross. <mask> was regarded as a natural choice by the Bush administration given his earlier similar role in the north.General <mask> was to develop and implement plans to assist the Iraqis in developing governance and reconstructing the country once Saddam Hussein was deposed. Following the defeat of the Saddam Hussein regime in Baghdad, there was widespread looting, rampaging, and general chaos throughout Iraq. Some of the most important monuments, such as the national museum, were under attack. Furthermore, the infrastructure of the country was in ruins, ministries were broken into, and government records were destroyed. The situation in Iraq became chaotic and anarchic. The only ministry which was protected by the occupying forces was the oil ministry. In addition, many exiled leaders from Iran and some from the West returned to Iraq.The Bush Administration selected Lieutenant General <mask> to lead the Coalition Provisional Authority (an intermediary government) in an attempt to rid Iraq of the chaos and anarchy that consumed the area. <mask>'s plan was to choose government officials from the former Iraqi regime to help lead the country. <mask> began reconstruction efforts in March 2003 with plans aiming for Iraqis to hold elections within 90 days and for the U.S. to quickly pull troops out of the cities to a desert base. Talabani, a member of <mask>'s staff in Kuwait before the war, was consulted on several occasions to help the U.S. select a liberal Iraqi government; this would be the first liberal government to exist in Iraq. In an interview with Time magazine, <mask> stated that "as in any totalitarian regime, there were many people who needed to join the Baath Party in order to get ahead in their careers. We don't have a problem with most of them. But we do have a problem with those who were part of the thug mechanism under Saddam.Once the U.S. identifies those in the second group, we will get rid of them." On April 15, 2003, General <mask> called a conference in the city of Nasiriyah, where <mask>, along with 100 Iraqis, discussed the future of Iraq. <mask> called a follow-up meeting on April 28, 2003. 250 Iraqis attended this meeting, and five of these Iraqis were selected by <mask>'s administration as the core leaders of the new Iraqi government: Masood Barzani was appointed as head of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, Jalal Talbani as head of the rival Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Abdul Aziz Al Hakim was appointed as the leader of the Supreme Assembly for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Ahmad Chalabi was chosen to represent the Iraqi National Congress and Iyad Allawi was appointed as the leader of the Iraqi National Accord. <mask>'s selection caused quite a stir amongst many Iraqis. Although many Iraqis were open to the change that <mask> and the U.S. were bringing to Iraq, others were resentful. Iraqis with a Shi'a background felt underrepresented in <mask>'s selection for government.Three of the five officials appointed as key members in Iraq's new government were of Sunni background, one official was from a mixed Sunni–Shi'a background, and only one of the officials was of pure Shi'a background. The Shi'a felt left out and underrepresented, considering they comprise over 60% of the Iraqi population. Therefore, this caused a great deal of controversy. Furthermore, many Iraqis felt this new government was not selected in a democratic manner as the U.S. had promised. Once the leaders were selected, a plan to hold elections in Iraq, where members would be selected, began on May 6, 2003 and ended on November 14, 2003, when the plan was abandoned. General <mask> would be replaced by a new American Ambassador to Iraq, Paul Bremer, who took his role as head of the Coalition Provisional Authority. Following <mask>'s dismissal, it was planned that an Iraq government would take power in June 2004.Iyad Allawi was designated to lead the Iraqi interim authority. Allawi was a former Baathist of Shi'a origin. Allawi had many credentials, including previous work experience with the CIA. When <mask> was replaced in his role by Paul Bremer on May 11, 2003, there was quite a bit of speculation as to why he was replaced so abruptly. It has been suggested that <mask> was moved aside because he did not agree with the White House about who should decide how to reconstruct Iraq. He wanted early elections—90 days after the fall of Baghdad—and the new government to decide how to run the country and what to do with its assets. <mask> said "I don't think [Iraqis] need to go by the U.S. plan, I think that what we need to do is set an Iraqi government that represents the freely elected will of the people.It's their country ... their oil." Some experts faulted <mask> for prioritizing elections over improving and privatizing the Iraqi economy. <mask> was interviewed in No End in Sight, a 2007 documentary movie very critical of the handling of the Iraq occupation. References

External links

General reverses his role San Francisco Chronicle, February 26, 2003. SYColeman company page
PBS Frontline

C-SPAN Q&A interview with <mask>, December 10, 2006

1938 births
Living people
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Coalition Provisional Authority
Florida Republicans
People from Arcadia, Florida
People from Windermere, Florida
United States Army generals
United States Marines
Florida State University alumni
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania alumni

masks:
Jay Montgomery Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Jay Garner
Garner
Garner
Jay Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner
Garner


title: Rogério Lobo (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (January 26, 1971 – July 28, 2006) was a professional boxer. Boxing career
Born in São Paulo, Brazil, <mask> turned professional in 1995 and was known as a journeyman fighter in Brazil before getting a couple of main event fights in the United States and even Italy and Fiji. Although he never defeated a notable foe, he suffered losses to contenders Vincenzo Cantatore, Owen Beck, Jean François Bergeron, Timor Ibragimov, Mike Mollo and Kali Meehan. His final fight was a KO win via a right hook in late 2006. <mask> was killed just two days after his last fight, during an armed robbery in a restaurant he owned in Sao Paulo. <mask> bought the establishment with the money he received after his two fights in Las Vegas in 2003. <mask> was shot multiple times in the chest and arms by assailants.He died hours later after going into cardiac arrest at a local hospital in Sao Paulo. He left behind his wife <mask> and an 18-month-old son. After his death, the promotion he last fought for in his native Brazil held a memorial event in his memory and to raise money for his wife and son.

masks:
Rogério Lobo
Lobo
Death Lobo
Lobo
Rogério
Ana Lobo


title: Hellmuth Walter

texts:
<mask> (26 August 1900 – 16 December 1980) was a German engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines. His most noteworthy contributions were rocket motors for the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Bachem Ba 349 interceptor aircraft, so-called Starthilfe jettisonable rocket propulsion units used for a variety of Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II, and a revolutionary new propulsion system for submarines known as air-independent propulsion (AIP). Early life

<mask> began training as a machinist in 1917 in Hamburg and in 1921 commenced studies in mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Berlin. He left before completing these studies, however, in order to take up a position at the Stettiner Maschinenbau AG Vulcan, a major shipyard. <mask>'s experience with marine engines here led him to become interested in overcoming some of the limitations of the internal combustion engine. He reasoned that an engine powered by a fuel source already rich with oxygen would not require an external supply of oxygen (from the atmosphere or from tanks). This would have obvious advantages for powering submarines and torpedoes.Research suggested that hydrogen peroxide was a suitable monopropellant fuel—in the presence of a suitable catalyst it would break down into oxygen and steam at high temperature. The heat of the reaction would cause the oxygen and steam to expand, and this could be used as a source of pressure. <mask> also realised that another fuel could be injected into this hot mixture of gases to provide combustion and therefore more power. He patented this idea in 1925. Entrepreneur
After working for some time at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, <mask> branched out on his own in 1934 to form his own company, Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft (HWK, or Walter-Werke), to further research and development of his ideas. That same year, he made a proposal to the Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine (OKM – Naval High Command) suggesting that a submarine powered by one of these engines would have considerable speed advantages over the conventional combination of diesel engine(s) for surface running and electric motor(s) while submerged. The proposal was met with much scepticism, but <mask> persisted, and in 1937 showed his plans to Karl Dönitz, who was able to assist in obtaining a contract to produce a prototype.Construction started in 1939 on a small research submarine designated the V-80. When it was launched in 1940, the submarine demonstrated a top speed of 23 knots submerged, twice that of any submarine in the world at the time. Despite these spectacular results, problems with the production, supply, and safe handling of hydrogen peroxide prevented wide-scale implementation of <mask>'s revolutionary engine. In the end, only a handful of German Type XVII submarines were built using this engine, and none saw combat. Rocket engines

At the same time that <mask> was developing submarine engines, he was also applying his ideas to rocketry. The high-pressure gas mixture created by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide could not only be used in a turbine, but if simply directed out of a nozzle, created considerable thrust. Wernher von Braun's rocketry team working at Peenemünde expressed interest in <mask>'s ideas, and in 1936 began a programme of installing <mask> rockets into aircraft.The experimental results obtained by von Braun created interest among Germany's aircraft manufacturers, including Heinkel and Messerschmitt, and in 1939, the Heinkel He 176 became the first aircraft to fly on liquid-fuelled rocket power alone. This type of engine went on to become the cornerstone of the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket-powered fighter, when married to Alexander Lippisch's revolutionary airframe design. Throughout the course of World War II, Walter's aircraft engines became increasingly powerful and refined. The original design of simply decomposing hydrogen peroxide was soon changed to its use as an oxidizer (much like dinitrogen tetroxide would be used later) when combined with a hydrazine/methanol true rocket fuel designated C-Stoff, into the hot, high-pressure gases, and in later, never-deployed developments, a second, 400 kg (880 lb) thrust "cruising" combustion chamber, nicknamed a Marschofen, was added below the main chamber to allow for more precise control of the engine. Versions of this engine were intended to power a variety of aircraft design proposals and missile projects and was also licence-built in Japan (see HWK 109-509). Another Walter engine was used to assist heavily laden aircraft to take off (JATO or RATO). When the rockets' fuel had run out, they would separate from the aircraft and return to the ground by parachute for refurbishment and re-use (see Walther HWK 109-500).In 1945, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross for his wartime service. <mask> was captured by a British Army unit named T-Force following a 60-mile advance behind German lines to prevent his research falling into the hands of the advancing Russians. His factory was then investigated by 30 Assault Unit, a unit of Royal Marines which had been established by James Bond author Ian Fleming. Post-war career

The end of the war saw all of his research materials confiscated by the British military and <mask> and his colleagues taken to the UK to work for the Royal Navy. With <mask>'s co-operation, one of the German submarines using his drive, the U-1407 was raised from where it had been scuttled and re-commissioned as HMS Meteorite. The Royal Navy constructed two more submarines using AIP engines before abandoning research in this direction in favour of nuclear power. Allowed to return to Germany in 1948, <mask> worked for the Paul Seifert Engine Works.In 1950 he emigrated to the United States and joined the Worthington Pump Corporation of Harrison, New Jersey, eventually becoming vice president of research and development. In 1956 he founded the company Hellmuth Walter GmbH in Kiel, and in 1967 constructed a civilian submarine, STINT, with <mask> propulsion. See also

List of German inventors and discoverers

Notes

References

External links

 "The Hellmuth Walter Website"

1900 births
1980 deaths
Engineers from Schleswig-Holstein
German rocket scientists
German emigrants to the United States
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
People from Wedel

masks:
Hellmuth Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter


title: Olive Willis

texts:
<mask> (26 October 1877 – 11 March 1964) was an English educationist and headmistress. She founded Downe House School and was its head for nearly forty years, from 1907 to 1946. Early life
<mask> was born in 1877 at 65 Thistle Grove, Kensington, London, a daughter of <mask> (1839–1916), a school inspector who later became Chief Inspector of Schools for the west of England, and of <mask>, who was a daughter of James Coutts Crawford. There were five children in the family, four daughters and a son, and <mask> was the second girl. <mask> had been educated at Cambridge, where he was an officer of the Cambridge University Rifle Volunteers, and he liked to take his children on climbing holidays in Switzerland. <mask> later remembered that they had "suffered from a surfeit of beautiful things on an empty stomach". <mask> was a rebellious child.In 1891, she was sent as a boarder to the new Wimbledon House in Brighton, which while she was there became Roedean School, and was there for four years. From 1898 to 1901, she was at Somerville College, Oxford, where she read History, gaining a third class in her Finals. Religion
Although baptized in the Church of England, the <mask>es attended a Theistic church founded by the Rev. Charles Voysey in Swallow Street, near Piccadilly. At Roedean, <mask> objected to the lack of religious teaching, was attracted to Anglo-Catholicism, and at the age of seventeen was confirmed at the High Anglican St Cuthbert's, Earls Court, remaining a lifelong Anglican. Career
After Oxford, <mask> taught history for one year at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, then in 1902 returned to her own old school, Roedean, where she remained for two years. After that, she became a supply teacher, teaching in a wide range of schools, including the Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls, which was then in Acton, and a school in Chesterfield.In 1907, with her friend Alice Carver as a non-teaching partner, <mask> founded a new girls' boarding school called Downe House. They raised £1,500 to rent and equip Down House in the village of Downe, near Orpington, Kent, a house which had previously been the home of Charles Darwin. The school began with one girl and five mistresses. Its aim was to achieve educational excellence in a framework which was relaxed but structured. Three more girls were added to the school by the Spring of 1908, and by 1910 there were thirty-six girls, of whom all but four were boarders. <mask> herself taught English, Latin, Scripture, and history, while Carver was matron and kept house. Carver withdrew from their partnership in 1912, and <mask> ran the school alone until 1919, when she took on a new partner called Lilian Heather, who had been at the school since 1907 as a part-time teacher of Science and Mathematics.The school became popular with literary and academic parents. In 1913, Punch magazine's annual cricket match was played at Downe, with E. V. Lucas, a school parent, captaining one team and J. M. Barrie the other, his team including A. A. Milne. The school produced authors of its own. One of <mask>'s early pupils was the Anglo-Irish girl Elizabeth Bowen (1899–1973), who became a significant novelist, and Audrey Richards (1899–1984), later a social anthropologist, was her exact contemporary. Other pupils included the sculptress Betty Rea (1904–1965), writers Aletha Hayter (1911–2006) and Priscilla Napier (1908–1998), the poet Anne Ridler (1912–2001), the philosopher Mary Scrutton, the archaeologist Aileen Fox (1907–2005), and the musician Evelyn Rothwell (1911–2008). The composer Robin Milford taught at the school, while Myra Hess gave piano recitals and played with the school orchestra.In December 1921, with the help of an uncle and with a loan from two parents of girls at the school, <mask> bought The Cloisters, Cold Ash, Berkshire, with sixty acres, for £11,976. The Cloisters had been designed by the architect James MacLaren Ross and was built during the First World War for a religious order called 'The School of Silence', but the order had been unable to keep up the payments on its mortgage. <mask> was able to move her school there just four months after the purchase, in April 1922. For the Summer term of 1922, the school had eighty-three girls, and by 1925 there were 118. Downe House had arrived as a leading girls' school. As a headmistress, <mask> had an imposing presence, but a balanced personality, and she inspired respect in her girls. She wanted her school to be a place where "life should be normal", with some freedom and a natural pace.In education, <mask> believed that girls should not try to be like boys, and she aimed at a serious attitude towards education, preparing some of her pupils for university life. She could be difficult to work with and knew little of housekeeping, but many of her staff, like her business partner Lilian Heather, were devoted to her. One employee, the eccentric Maria Nickel, was her chauffeur, handyman, architect and engineer, and slept in her bathroom. Retirement
Heather died in 1943, and in 1944 <mask> gave up the ownership of the school, which was transferred to a public body. She retired as headmistress in 1946, but intended to go on living at Hill House, which had been built for her in the school's grounds. This led to her chosen successor moving to another school, and <mask> decided to divide her time between Hill House and a second home at 38, Tedworth Square, Chelsea, London SW3. She kept up with old pupils and continued her interests in the Bermondsey Time and Talents Settlement and in the Girl Guides movement.After living nearly twenty years in retirement, <mask> died at her London home on 11 March 1964, in her 87th year, of a perforated duodenal ulcer. She was cremated, and her ashes were buried in a memorial garden at Downe House. Her estate at death amounted to £16,510. Bibliography
Ridler, Anne, <mask> and Downe House: an adventure in education (London: Murray, 1967, Dewey ref. 376'.9422'3)
Avery, Gillian, "<mask>, <mask> (1877–1964), headmistress", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
Horsler, Val, & Jenny Kingsland, Downe House: a Mystery and a Miracle (London: Third Millennium Publishing, 2006,  & )

References

1877 births
1964 deaths
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
English educational theorists
Founders of English schools and colleges
People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex
Women school principals and headteachers
Women heads of schools in the United Kingdom

masks:
Olive Margaret Willis
Willis
John Armine Willis
Janet Willis
Willis
John Armine Willis
Willis
Olive Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Olive Willis
Willis
Olive Margaret


title: Rufus Wainwright

texts:
<mask> (born July 22, 1973) is an American-Canadian singer, songwriter, and composer. He has recorded nine albums of original music and numerous tracks on compilations and film soundtracks. He has also written two classical operas and set Shakespeare's sonnets to music for a theater piece by Robert Wilson. <mask>'s self-titled debut album was released through DreamWorks Records in May 1998. His second album, Poses, was released in June 2001. <mask>'s third and fourth studio albums, Want One (2003) and Want Two (2004), were repackaged as the double album Want in 2005. In 2007, <mask> released his fifth studio album Release the Stars and his first live album Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall.His second live album Milwaukee at Last!!! was released in 2009, followed by the studio albums All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu (2010) and Out of the Game (2012). The double album Prima Donna (2015), was a recording of his opera of the same name. His ninth studio album Take All My Loves: 9 Shakespeare Sonnets (2016), featured nine adaptions of Shakespeare's sonnets. <mask>' 10th studio album, Unfollow the Rules, was released on July 20, 2020. <mask> is the son of musicians Loudon <mask> III and Kate McGarrigle, and the older brother of singer <mask>. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Rhinebeck, New York, to folk singers Kate McGarrigle and Loudon <mask> III.His parents divorced when he was three, and he lived with his mother in Montreal for most of his youth. His father is a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the 17th century Dutch governor of New Amsterdam, later New York. <mask> has dual US and Canadian citizenship. He attended high school at the Millbrook School in New York (which would later inspire his song "Millbrook"), and later briefly studied piano at McGill in Montreal. He began playing the piano at age six, and started touring at age 13 with "The McGarrigle Sisters and Family", a folk group featuring <mask>, his sister Martha, his mother Kate, and aunt Anna. His song "I'm a-Runnin'", which he performed in the film Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller at the age of 14, earned him a nomination for a 1989 Genie Award for Best Original Song. He was nominated for a 1990 Juno Award for Most Promising Male Vocalist of the Year.<mask> identified as gay while a teenager. In 1999, he told Rolling Stone that his father recognized his homosexuality early on. "We'd drive around in the car, he'd play 'Heart of Glass' and I'd sort of mouth the words, pretend to be Blondie. Just a sign of many other things to come as well." <mask> later said in another interview that his "mother and father could not even handle me being gay. We never talked about it really." <mask> became interested in opera during his adolescent years, and the genre strongly influences his music.(For instance, the song "Barcelona" features lyrics from the libretto of Giuseppe Verdi's opera, Macbeth.) During this time, he became interested in Édith Piaf, Al Jolson, and Judy Garland. As a youth he trained at Interlochen Arts Camp, studying classical music. At age 14, <mask> was sexually assaulted in London's Hyde Park after picking up a man at a bar. In an interview years later, he described the event: "I said I wanted to go to the park and see where this big concert was going on. I thought it was going to be a romantic walk in the park, but he raped me and robbed me afterwards and tried to strangle me". <mask> states that he survived only by pretending to be an epileptic and faking a seizure.He has been reported to have stated that he remained celibate for five or seven years after the incident, and eventually became promiscuous. Rise to fame, debut album
Through weekly shows at Cafe Sarajevo, <mask> was on the Montreal club circuit and eventually cut a series of demo tapes produced by Pierre Marchand, who later produced <mask>'s album Poses. The resulting tapes impressed his father Loudon, who passed them on to his friend Van Dyke Parks. Parks sent the recordings to Lenny Waronker, the DreamWorks executive who eventually signed <mask> to his label. Waronker stated the following of <mask>: "When I was about to listen to his tape, I remember clearly I was thinking, 'Gee, if he has the mom's musicality and smarts, and the dad's smarts and voice, that'd be nice.' Then I put it on and I said, 'Oh, my God, this is stunning.'" The singer moved to New York City in 1996, performing regularly at Club Fez.He relocated to Los Angeles that year and began his first studio album, 1998's <mask>. Waronker paired <mask> with producer Jon Brion, and the two spent most of 1996 and 1997 making the record. <mask> recorded 56 songs in total, on 62 rolls of tape. The sessions cost $700,000. <mask>'s self-titled debut received critical acclaim; Rolling Stone recognized it as one of the best albums of the year, and named the singer "Best New Artist" of the year. <mask> was nominated for four awards by the Gay & Lesbian American Music Awards, including Album of the Year, Pop Recording of the Year and Video of the Year, and won for Best New Artist. <mask> won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Music Album and a Juno Award for Best Alternative Album.However, commercial success of the album was limited; the debut failed to chart in any country, though he ranked No.24 on Billboard'''s Top Heatseekers chart. In 1996 <mask> toured the UK as "Special Guest" of Kate & Anna McGarrigle. He toured with Sean Lennon in 1998 and began his first headline tour later that year. In December 1998, he appeared in a Gap commercial directed by Phil Harder, performing Frank Loesser's "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?". In March 1999, <mask> began a headlining tour in Hoboken, New Jersey. Poses and struggle with addiction
<mask> lived in the Chelsea Hotel in New York City for six months, during which he wrote most of his second album. On June 5, 2001, <mask>'s second album, Poses, was released to critical acclaim but limited sales.The album ranked No.117 on the Billboard 200 and No.1 on the Top Heatseekers chart. Poses won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Music Album and a Juno Award for Best Alternative Album, and was nominated by the Juno Awards for Best Songwriter ("Poses" / "Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk" / "Grey Gardens"). From 2001 to 2004, he toured with Tori Amos, Sting, Ben Folds, and Guster, as well as headlining the 2001 and 2002 tour in support of the album. <mask> became addicted to crystal meth in the early 2000s and temporarily lost his vision. His addiction reached its peak in 2002, during what he described as "the most surreal week of my life". During that week, he played a cameo role in the UK comedy television program Absolutely Fabulous, spent several nights partying with George W. Bush's daughter Barbara, enjoyed a "debauched evening" with his mother and Marianne Faithfull, sang with Anohni of Antony and the Johnsons for Zaldy's spring 2003 collection, and experienced recurring hallucinations of his father throughout. He decided after that he "was either going to rehab or I was going to live with my father.I knew I needed an asshole to yell at me, and I felt he fit the bill." Want albums

In 2003, <mask> released the full-length album Want One. Then <mask>'s album Want Two, from which four songs were released as the EP Waiting for a Want, was released by DreamWorks/Geffen on November 16, 2004. The live iTunes Sessions EP entitled Alright, Already: Live in Montréal was released on March 15, 2005. A DVD entitled All I Want, featuring a biographical documentary, music videos, and live performances, was released internationally in 2005. That same year, <mask> made two major contributions as a solo vocalist to a pair of records: the Mercury Prize-winning Antony and the Johnsons' I am a Bird Now and Burt Bacharach's At This Time.Want One and Want Two were repackaged as Want for a November 2005 release to coincide with the beginning of a British tour. This version of Want One contains two extra songs: "Es Muß Sein" and "Velvet Curtain Rag".The Want package in the UK has two bonus tracks: "Chelsea Hotel No. 2" (a Leonard Cohen cover) and "In With the Ladies", which replace "Coeur de parisienne – Reprise d'Arletty" and "Quand vous mourez de nos amours" from 2004's augmented edition. Release the Stars and <mask> Does Judy at Carnegie Hall
<mask>'s fifth studio album, Release the Stars, was released by Geffen on May 15, 2007. The album was produced by <mask> and featured Richard Thompson, friend Teddy Thompson, sister <mask>, mother Kate McGarrigle, Neil Tennant, Joan Wasser, Julianna Raye, Larry Mullins  (professionally known as Toby Dammit), and actress Siân Phillips. It reached No.2 on the UK Albums Chart, and debuted at No.23 on the Billboard 200. The first single, "Going to a Town", was released on April 3, 2007 in the iTunes Music Store. The second single released was "Rules and Regulations", and the third single was a 500-copy (12" vinyl) release of "Tiergarten", a one-track EP with the Supermayer remix of Tiergarten, which was released exclusively through iTunes and 7digital on October 29.Two video clips were released for the album: "Going to a Town", directed by Sophie Muller, and "Rules and Regulations", directed by Petro Papahadjopoulos and styled by J.W. Anderson. Release the Stars was certified gold in the UK. The accompanying world tour saw <mask> visit North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, ending on February 14, 2008 with a concert at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City. On June 10, 2006, NPR's Weekend Edition Saturday broadcast an interview of <mask> by Scott Simon. The segment concerned <mask>'s sold-out pair of Carnegie Hall shows on June 14 and 15, 2006 in which he performed the entire Judy Garland concert album that was recorded there in 1961. He later repeated his performance at the London Palladium, the Paris Olympia, and the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.Live CD and DVD recordings of the concerts were released on December 4, 2007. The DVD is entitled <mask>! <mask>! <mask>! Does Judy! Judy! Judy!: Live from the London Palladium. The CD album, Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall, is a recording of his show at the New York venue. In 2008, Garland's daughter Lorna Luft expressed strong approval of <mask>'s recordings of her mother's songs. The album was nominated for a 2009 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. Blackoutsabbath and Prima Donna

<mask> created the concept of Blackoutsabbath in early 2008. In an attempt to become more environmentally conscious, participants are asked to live "off the grid" as much as possible on a designated date by unplugging appliances, walking or cycling for transportation, turning out lights and decreasing energy usage in any other ways possible. As the sun sets on the evening of Blackoutsabbath, participants write ways they can contribute to the Earth's well-being throughout the rest of the year.Annual benefit concerts take place to raise awareness of the cause. Special guests performing at the concert included Joan Wasser, Jenni Muldaur, and friend and fellow singer-songwriter Teddy Thompson. The organization's official site contains updates about the program and contains links to various tools, green products and services, studies, and groups that promote energy conservation and environmental protection. In December 2008 <mask> performed alongside his sister, <mask>, and mother, Kate McGarrigle, as well as many more of his family at the Knitting Factory in downtown Manhattan. Joined by other artists such as Emmylou Harris, Lou Reed and Laurie Anderson, the cast performed original and traditional Christmas-themed songs. In November 2009 Revelation Films released the concert on DVD. Following his 2007–2008 tour, <mask> began writing his first opera, Prima Donna, about "a day in the life of an opera singer", anxiously preparing for her comeback, who falls in love with a journalist.There are four characters, and the libretto is in French. The opera was originally commissioned by Metropolitan Opera general manager Peter Gelb. However, because of a dispute over <mask>'s decision to write the libretto in French and the Met's inability to schedule an opening in the 2009 season, <mask> and the Met ended their relationship. Instead of a New York opening, Prima Donna was staged during the Manchester International Festival, where the first performance took place at the Palace Theatre on July 10, 2009. Reviews for the performance were mixed, with one publication suggesting <mask> "may struggle to convince critics he is worthy of a place among the greats". Prima Donna won a Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding New Musical/Opera in June 2011. All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu and birth of daughter

In November 2009, <mask> announced that he had finished recording his sixth studio album, and was calling it All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu.The album was released on March 23 in Canada, April 5 in the UK and April 20 in the US, with the first single "Who Are You New York?". In December 2009, <mask> appeared with sister <mask> and mother Kate McGarrigle at the Royal Albert Hall in London, raising $55,000 for the Kate McGarrigle Fund, which was established in 2008 to raise awareness of sarcoma, a rare cancer that affects connective tissue such as bone, muscle, nerves, and cartilage. It was the last performance made by his mother before her death in January 2010. In

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title: Rufus Wainwright

texts:
 late 2010 <mask> became engaged to his partner Jörn Weisbrodt. The couple moved to Toronto, Ontario in early 2012 after Weisbrodt was named artistic director of Toronto's annual Luminato festival. In 2011, <mask> announced the birth of his first child, with childhood friend Lorca Cohen, daughter of Leonard Cohen. He announced on his website: "Darling daughter Viva Katherine <mask> Cohen was born on February 2, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to proud parents Lorca Cohen, <mask>, and Deputy Dad Jorn Weisbrodt.The little angel is evidently healthy, presumably happy, and certainly very very beautiful." In July 2011 a 19-disc box set called House of Rufus containing all his studio and live recordings as well as previously unreleased material was released. Out of the Game and marriage
<mask> recorded his seventh studio album with producer Mark Ronson. He described the new songs as more "danceable" than his previous material. The album, titled Out of the Game, was released in late April 2012 in the UK and Canada and in early May in the US. On August 23, 2012 <mask> and Jörn Weisbrodt married in Montauk, New York. Artist Justin Vivian Bond officiated.Second opera
His second opera, called Hadrian, premiered at the Canadian Opera Company as their opening production of the 2018 mainstage season at the Four Seasons Centre, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada directed by Canadian Director Peter Hinton, with libretto written by Canadian playwright Daniel MacIvor. Hadrian attended the workshop Opera Fusion: New Works, a collaboration of Cincinnati Opera and University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music, before its premiere. Prima Donna's revival

In 2015, <mask> launched a new version of his first opera, accompanied by a film directed by Francesco Vezzoli, featuring Cindy Sherman as the Prima Donna. The finale was shot in Paris during spring 2015 and produced by Petite Maison Production, before it premiered in Athens in September. Unfollow the Rules
Almost a year after releasing stand-alone single "Sword of Damocles" in October 2018, <mask> signed a record deal with music publisher and record label BMG Rights Management for a new album. Soon after, new song "Trouble in Paradise" was released as the first single from the album. In February 2020, the album, Unfollow the Rules, was announced alongside the release of Joni Mitchell inspired single "Damsel in Distress" and was slated for an April release.A third single, "Peaceful Afternoon", was released on digital platforms in March, with a French version, Pièce à vivre, as a B-side. In early April, the album release was delayed until July after escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> stating that "The CD's and vinyl LP's of my new album Unfollow The Rules are stuck in the warehouses they had to shut down to make way for all essential businesses being able to operate at full speed", adding "You know that I am an old school guy and for me the physical product is extremely important. I am incredibly proud of this album and the way I want you to experience it ideally is listening to it from front to back in the comfort of your living room, reading the lyrics, and looking at the booklet that I carefully designed." This announcement was accompanied by the announcement of a fourth single, "Alone Time", which was released on the April 24, 2020, the date the LP was originally due to be released. One more single, a tongue-in-cheek commentary on fame and status relative to geographic location entitled "You Ain't Big", was released in early June. On July 10, <mask>'s 10th studio album, Unfollow the Rules, was released. The album was met with a warm reception upon release and has amassed mostly positive critic reviews, with an aggregate score of 82 on Metacritic, which is his highest score on the site equal only to his 2001 LP Poses.Artistry
In addition to his tenor singing voice, <mask> plays piano and guitar, often switching between the two instruments when performing live. While some songs feature just <mask> and his piano, his later work is often accompanied by rock instrumentation or a symphony orchestra, displaying complex layering and harmonies with an operatic feel. <mask> is an opera enthusiast and likes Franz Schubert's lieder. <mask>'s music has been described as "popera" (pop opera) or "baroque pop". Many of his compositions are densely packed amalgams of strings, horns, operatic choruses, and ragtime rhythms, with a warm vocal timbre. He often performs with his sister, <mask>, on backup vocals. Despite critical acclaim, <mask> has experienced limited commercial success in the United States, although the release of Release the Stars saw increased media attention there, as did the associated 2007 U.S. tour.Themes
<mask>'s work contains several recurring themes: opera, literature, pop culture, politics, and love (often unrequited love). "Foolish Love" and "Danny Boy" are about a crush he once had on a straight man. Other songs address full-blown love and the consequences of falling out of love ("This Love Affair", "Leaving for Paris", and "Peach Trees"). <mask> also sings about his family relationships. "Beauty Mark", "Little Sister" and "Martha", and "Dinner at Eight" address, respectively, his experiences with his mother, sisters, and father. Several songs deal with his experiences with addiction ("Go Or Go Ahead" and "I Don't Know What It Is"). The song "Matinee Idol" was written about River Phoenix."Memphis Skyline" is a tribute to the late singer Jeff Buckley, whom he met briefly in the 1990s when <mask> was an up-and-coming act. By this time, Buckley had already released his first album Grace, and was well on his way to stardom. The two met several months prior to Buckley's drowning, during a gig by <mask>. The song references "Hallelujah", a Leonard Cohen song covered by Buckley (and later by <mask>). "Nobody's Off the Hook" is written to close friend and fellow musician Teddy Thompson. <mask> and his music have influenced several artists in the music industry. They include Katy Perry, Olly Alexander of Years & Years, Liv Bruce of Pwr Bttm, and Kimbra.In Nick Hornby's book Slam, the child born to the young protagonists gets called "<mask>" because his mother listened to <mask> while recovering from the ordeal of giving birth. Personal life
<mask> married German art administrator Jörn Weisbrodt on August 23, 2012. <mask> has a daughter, Viva Katherine <mask> Cohen, born February 2, 2011, conceived via sperm donation by <mask> and Lorca Cohen, daughter of Leonard Cohen. She lives with her mother. Political views
<mask> identifies as "a complete libertarian" and stated in 2008, "I don't think any government should encroach on what goes on in the bedroom at all." In April 2010, <mask> came out publicly in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage in the United States because he wanted to marry Weisbrodt. <mask> stated, "I wasn't a huge gay marriage supporter before I met Jörn because I love the whole old-school promiscuous Oscar Wilde freak show of what 'being gay' once was.But since meeting Jörn that all changed." <mask> has publicly opposed 45th US President Donald Trump, addressing him in the music video for his song "Sword of Damocles" in 2018 and stating "It's impossible to minimise the ineptitude and pure evil of the Trump administration" in a 2020 interview with NME. Work in film, television, and theatre

<mask> has appeared in the films The Aviator and Heights in addition to his role in Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller but said in a 2010 interview "I definitely enjoy seeing myself thirty feet high, but it's not something that I'm running toward passionately". He has also recorded tracks specially for films, including Brokeback Mountain, I am Sam, Moulin Rouge!, Shrek, Meet the Robinsons, Big Daddy, Zoolander, and Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man. His recording of "Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered" plays during the closing credits of the film The History Boys. He is seen in the Denys Arcand film Days of Darkness (L'Âge des ténèbres), performing two arias. The All I Want DVD, released in 2005, features a full-length documentary (A Portrait of <mask>), performances at Central Park SummerStage and Cambridge Corn Exchange, studio sessions, music videos, and two bonus Easter eggs: a 12-minute documentary from 1998, featuring <mask> and his family, and a short tribute to the McGarrigle sisters featuring <mask> and Martha.In February 2005, the Pennsylvania Ballet premiered a ballet by Matthew Neenan that was set to <mask>'s music. The Pennsylvania Ballet has performed the work (titled 11:11) several times, including during an eponymous program in June 2006. It has been an audience favorite, although critical reviews have been mixed. Stephen Petronio commissioned <mask> to write a score for his dance production BLOOM, which was performed at Joyce Theater in New York in April 2006. For the lyrics, the two selected poems by Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, and Petronio arranged for the Young People's Choir of New York to sing them. In May 2006, <mask> was one of three guests (along with Robbie Williams and Frances Barber) to star with the Pet Shop Boys in a concert at London's Mermaid Theatre. He covered the Pet Shop Boys' "Casanova in Hell" (from Fundamental).The critically acclaimed show was broadcast on the UK's BBC Radio 2 and repeated on BBC 6 Music, and released as a CD (Concrete) in October 2006. In June 2007, <mask> was a part of the multi-artist True Colors Tour, which traveled through 15 cities in the United States and Canada. The tour, sponsored by the Logo channel, began on June 8, 2007. Hosted by comedian Margaret Cho and headlined by Cyndi Lauper, the tour included Debbie Harry, The Gossip, the Indigo Girls, The Dresden Dolls, The MisShapes, and Erasure. Profits went to the Human Rights Campaign. In August 2007, <mask> said that he considered it a "great honor" to perform on the gay rights tour. <mask> continued to tour during 2007 and embraced forms of expression not usually part of mainstream American music concerts.These included dressing in red lipstick and stiletto heeled shoes to perform Judy Garland songs, and expressing his concerns against the current U.S. political situation. His performances were critically acclaimed. In April 2009, <mask> worked with the Berliner Ensemble and the avant-garde director Robert Wilson, who hired <mask> to supply the music for a joint staging of Shakespeares Sonette based on Shakespeare's sonnets. In June 2012, <mask> released a comedy video on the Funny or Die website, giving his interpretation of a number of jingles from chewing gum commercials. Also in 2012, <mask> wrote and sang "Metaphorical Blanket" in the film Any Day Now. Discography

 <mask> (1998)
 Poses (2001)
 Want One (2003)
 Want Two (2004)
 Release the Stars (2007)
 All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu (2010)
 Out of the Game (2012)
 Prima Donna (2015)
 Take All My Loves: 9 Shakespeare Sonnets (2016)
 Unfollow the Rules (2020)

Tours

Headlining
1999: 1999 Tour
2001: Poses Tour
2003–04: <mask>: Live in Concert
2007–08: Release the Stars Tour
2011: An Evening with <mask>
2012–13: Out of the Game Tour
2014–15: The Best of <mask>
2016–17: <mask> in Concert
2018–19: All These Poses: Anniversary Tour
2019: Oh Solo Wainwright Tour

Co-headlining
2004: Triple-Headliner Tour
2005: Odd Man Out Tour

Opening act
1998: Navy Blues Tour
2001: Roxy Music World Tour
2001: Strange Little Tour
2004: Sacred Love Tour
2005: Hopes and Fears Tour
2007: True Colors

Awards and nominations

<mask> won two Juno Awards for Best Alternative Album, one in 1999 for <mask> and one in 2002 for Poses. At the age of 15, in 1989, he was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Original Song.A year later he received a nomination for a Juno Award for Most Promising Male Vocalist. He was also nominated for a BRIT Award for Best International Male Artist in 2008 and a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album in 2009. Further reading
 Kirk Lake: There Will Be Rainbows. A Biography of <mask>.'' Orion Publishing Group, London 2009, . References

External links

<mask> at Geffen Records

[ Biography, Discography, music clips] at Allmusic

1973 births
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century Canadian male singers
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century LGBT people
American emigrants to Canada
American libertarians
American male pianists
American male singer-songwriters
American opera composers
American people of Dutch descent
American pop pianists
American male pop singers
American tenors
Anglophone Quebec people
<mask>wright
Canadian libertarians
Canadian opera composers
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Canadian pop pianists
Canadian pop singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian tenors
Decca Records artists
DreamWorks Records artists
French-language singers of Canada
French-language singers of the United States
Canadian gay musicians
Geffen Records artists
Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year winners
LGBT composers
LGBT singers from Canada
LGBT singers from the United States
Living people
Male opera composers
McGill University School of Music alumni
People from Rhinebeck, New York
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from Montreal
<mask>wright
<mask>rigle-<mask>-Roche

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