title: Allen J. Greer

texts:
<mask> was an officer in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for actions near Majada, Laguna Province, Philippines, July 2, 1901. He was chief of staff of the 92nd Division during World War 1. Military career

Medal of Honor
He was awarded the Medal of Honor on March 10, 1902, for his action on July 2, 1901, during the Philippine Insurrection, when he charged alone against an insurgent outpost with his pistol, killing one, wounding two, and capturing three, with their rifles and equipment. The action took place near Majada, Laguna Province. Infantry
After his graduation from college, <mask>, with J. Walter Canada, raised sixty volunteers for duty in the Spanish–American War (Company L), and he was made their lieutenant. The company, also known as the 4th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, did duty in Cuba under Captain Cordell Hull. It was composed of the members of <mask>'s college graduating class.<mask> was commissioned in July 1898 as a second lieutenant in the Army. During the Philippine Insurrection he commanded a company of Philippine Scouts in Cavite Province. In 1904, as a lieutenant, <mask> moved from the 4th Infantry to the 28th Infantry, and in 1908, he was a recruiting officer with the 12th Cavalry Regiment, stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. <mask> was an honorary graduate of the Army School of the Line in 1912. In 1913, he was a captain with the 16th Infantry Regiment, and in August 1914, he was stationed in or near El Paso, Texas, with that regiment. <mask> was a graduate of the Army Staff College in 1915, and in August of that year he was the adjutant at a new Army training camp at the Presidio. He served with <mask>. Pershing in the Punitive Expedition in Mexico in 1916.At the beginning of United States involvement in World War One, Captain <mask> was in Tennessee, where he and Lieutenant-Colonel Luke Lea began a volunteer light-artillery unit, which later became the 114th Field Artillery. In the American Expeditionary Force in Europe, Colonel <mask> was chief of staff of the 92nd Infantry Division, composed of black troops, except for higher officers. Military historian Robert H. Ferrell wrote that <mask> "took assignments because of the opportunity for promotion and perhaps opportunity to move out of the division to more attractive" positions. He was a graduate of the Field Artillery School Advanced Course in 1923, and he graduated from the Army War College in 1925. In 1927 he transferred from the infantry to the artillery. In postwar service, <mask> was an instructor with the organized army reserves in Buffalo, New York. Legal duties
In 1908 <mask> was named an Army judge advocate.He was sent to Mindanao, Philippines, as part of the 28th Infantry. He was later transferred to the 7th Infantry. In 1910, he was ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, where he was to be acting judge advocate in the Department of the Missouri. Around 1913 <mask> was detailed to attend a military law school at Fort Leavenworth, after which he was selected to defend Colonel Lewis E. Goudier, who was accused of interfering with the administration of the Army's aviation school in San Diego, California. Civilian Conservation Corps
In May 1933, <mask> was appointed commandant of Group or District 4 of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Tompkins County, New York. He was one of the officers who "helped restore order following a mutiny of Negro recruits" in the CCC camp at Preston, New York. He was at the camp for reveille on July 8, 1933, but "satisfied that the trouble was over, [he] left the camp early."The black corpsmen had protested when two Negro clerks were replaced by whites. Six were arrested and 34 others were "sent back to Harlem." Retirement
In April 1940, the "Army Orders" stated that "Col. <mask><mask>, Field Artillery, [is] relieved from Fort Hayes, O., and, for the convenience of the government[,] will proceed to his home and await retirement." "Army Orders" stated in September 1940: "By direction of the President, Col. <mask><mask>, Field Artillery, upon his own application[,] is retired from active service effective Sept. 30, 1940." Opinions and persuasion

Cavalry
In 1915, Captain <mask>, as an instructor at the Presidio training camp, paid tribute to the horse as a still-valid tool in twentieth-century warfare. In a class lecture, he said that despite the advent of the airplane, the cavalry was still best for gathering information, patrolling, reconnoitering, and harassing the enemy. The leader any given horse-mounted scouting unit had to be equipped with a compass, a map, field glasses, pencil and notebook, message blanks, and a watch.He noted the importance of the "getaway man" on the battlefield, a rider who would be detached from the scouting party but still be in touch with it. African-American soldiers

Letter to senator
In 1919, Colonel <mask> was stationed in Washington, D.C., between assignments in Europe. Self-identified as "General Staff, U.S.A," he wrote a letter to U.S. Senator Kenneth D. McKellar of Tennessee which contained, according to a newspaper account, "startling revelations as to negro troops failing to measure up to the required standard of efficiency and valor while in active service." According to historian Robert H. Ferrell, <mask> also sent letters to "officers he thought might enlighten the department on the use of African-American troops" in the Army. He gave out copies of his letter to reporters in Washington with the aim of getting publicity for his views, not only "from a military point of view but from that which all southerners have. I refer to the question of negro officers and negro troops."He noted that he had been chief of staff of the mostly black 92nd Division since it was organized in October 1917,

The letter stated:
To start with, all company officers of infantry, machine guns and engineers were negroes, as were most of the artillery lieutenants and many of the doctors. Gradually as their incompetence became perfectly evident to all, the engineers and artillerymen were replaced by white officers. ... The letter said that the black soldiers of an American regiment attached to a French corps failed "in all their missions, laid down and sneaked to the rear, until they were withdrawn. Thirty officers of this regiment alone were reported for cowardice or failure to prevent their men from retreating." <mask> claimed that the 92nd Division had "had about thirty cases of rape, among which was one where twenty-two men at Camp Grant (Illinois) raped one womam, and we have had eight (I believe) reported in France with about fifteen attempts besides." There have been numerous accidental shootings, several murders, and also several cases of patrols or sentinels shooting at each other. . . . at the same time, so strict has been the supervision and training that many officers passing through our areas would remark that our men actually had the outer marks of better discipline than the other divisions. . . . Gen. Bullard asked me my estimate[,] and I said they could do anything but fight.Of the black troops, <mask> said, "Accuracy and the ability to describe facts is lacking in all[,] and most of them are just plain liars in addition." He stated: "They have, in fact, been dangerous to no one but themselves and women." Historian Ferrell wrote:

But what was surprising was his [<mask>'s] animus against African-Americans on the rape question. One might well ask how he could have said such things. On this point, he provided no answers, only statements. . . . The colonel blamed black misconduct of this sort entirely on black officers. In regiments of engineers and artillery where supervised by white officers there had been only a single case of rape.He quoted <mask> as writing: "The undoubted truth is that the colored officers neither control nor care to control the men. They themselves have been engaged largely in the pursuit of French women, it being their first opportunity to meet white women who did not treat them as servants." Response
Editors of black publications The Crisis of New York and The Eagle of Washington, D.C., began a movement to have <mask> fired from the Army. According to W.E.B. Dubois, the publisher of The Crisis, the Post Office Department held up the magazine's distribution of its May 1919 issue because of "articles in the magazine related to prejudice alleged to have been shown toward American negro officers in France by white officers." That issue contained the full text of <mask>'s letter. The League for Democracy, an organization of Negro officers, wrote an objection to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, stating: "We cannot permit our descendants to read this letter [<mask>'s] in future histories and look upon our graves with scorn and contempt. . . .In this matter our slogan is '<mask> must be tried and the race vindicated.'" Oath of allegiance
Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> was a prosecutor in the noted June 1922 court-martial of Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, who was convicted of violating the 96th Article of War in publishing an open letter to President Warren G. Harding critical of the Army's high command. Wheeler-Nicholson based his defense on freedom of speech, but, as The New York Times put it, <mask> argued "that when an officer or soldier took the oath of allegiance [,] he waived these rights. He said he would sum up the whole history of the case in the words of a song, 'Everybody's Out of Step but Jim,' referring to Major Nicholson." <mask> said that the Army way of doing things might not be perfect but constructive criticism was always welcome. He said of Nicholson's stance: "[A]ny attempt to restrain him has been tyranny. Any orders applying to him which he does not like are styled Prussianism.The service at large apparently meant nothing to him." Type of cannon
According to <mask>, while serving under Gen. Douglas MacArthur after 1927, <mask> promoted the use of the 105 mm cannons over the 75 mms by writing an article which drew the support of his commander-in-chief." "I knew I was right or I would not have written the article," he told MacArthur. Personal life

Birth and education
<mask> was born August 11, 1878, in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Judge <mask><mask> of Mississippi and Betty Buckner <mask> of Lexington, Kentucky. He had two brothers, Autrey and Rowan Adams. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Tennessee in 1898, a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Minnesota in 1907, and a Master of Arts from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1938. Marriages and children

First marriage

<mask>, who in 1903 was described as one of the "social lions" of San Antonio, Texas, was married on June 1 of that year to Augusta Goodhue of Beaumont, Texas, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. <mask>. Goodhue, in Trinity Episcopal Church, San Francisco, California.It was "one of the events of the season in Army society." The next day they sailed for the Philippines, where Lieutenant <mask> was to be stationed with the 4th Infantry Regiment. The two returned to the United States the next year aboard the USAT Thomas. It was reported they had "quarreled and separated." A newspaper said that "At every meal they sat at the same table without speaking to each other." Upon landing, <mask> went to the Palace Hotel and his wife to the California Hotel. It was noted that Mrs. <mask> had been the object of "considerable attention" aboard the ship by a fellow passenger, Ulysses S. Grant III, who "last night spent the evening with her at her apartments, which she shares with Mrs. Lake, the wife of a Honolulu hotel man."Mrs. <mask> told a reporter that she and her husband had "agreed that I shall, if I can, get a divorce on the grounds of incompatibility. If not, we will live apart. . . . It is outrageous for anybody to intimate that Lieutenant Grant came between my husband and myself. . . . We cannot live together and have agreed to disagree." Grant said: "I never met Lieutenant <mask> and his wife until the Thomas was ten days out from Manila. . . . What little attention I have shown the lady is what any gentleman surely could and can show without being criticized. Grant and Mrs. <mask> went to the theater together in San Francisco but each denied that their relationship was the cause of any rupture in the <mask> marriage. An uncontested divorce was granted to <mask> in December 1904 on the ground of desertion. He alleged that his wife refused to live with him in Fort Snelling, Minnesota.She resumed her birth name. Second marriage

In 1913, Captain <mask> was again a husband. His wife was costumed as a "colonial girl" at a dress ball presented by the Presidio Officers' Club. By 1914, they had a son, <mask>, and a daughter. They were divorced in San Francisco in 1919. In 1919, <mask> lived at 2701 Green Street, near the San Francisco Presidio. At the time of the 1920 census <mask> was single and living on a military base in Germany.In 1933, <mask> broke his collarbone when he and his daughter were in an automobile accident in Valparaiso, Indiana, as he drove her back to the University of Wisconsin. Third marriage

In 1927, <mask> met Mary Owings Smith of Olympia, Washington, when he was stationed at Fort Lewis in that state. Later that year, he was living in San Francisco, at 2640 Van Ness Avenue. Colonel <mask>, 51, and Smith, 25, were married November 30, 1929, in San Francisco. They sailed the succeeding week for the Philippines, where <mask> was to be stationed. At the time of the 1940 census, <mask> was single and living in  Buffalo, New York. Civilian life

After leaving the Army, <mask> wrote for the North American Newspaper Alliance.He said he was a military analyst for the Buffalo Evening News in Europe and Japan during World War II and that he wrote about the Bikini atomic-bomb tests in 1946. Retirement and death

In 1961, <mask> was living in San Clemente, California, with his son, <mask>., and daughter-in-law. A reporter described him as "mellow," "scholarly" and "almost a disinterested spectator" of the modern world who "walks around his neighborhood and occasionally has a beer." <mask> died on March 16, 1964, in Orange, California, at the age of 85. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 1, Lot 701-B. See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

Further reading
  "Charges That Dr. Dubois Published Belated Letters," The Richmond Planet, July 19, 1919, page 1 (letter by black journalist Ralph Waldo Tyler to W.E.B.DuBois that Tyler had reported the news about <mask>'s letter to Senator McKellar before The Crisis had the story)

References

United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army colonels
1878 births
1964 deaths
People from Memphis, Tennessee
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor

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Allen James Greer
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title: Cosimo de' Medici

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was an Italian banker and politician who established the Medici family as effective rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. His power derived from his wealth as a banker, and he was a patron of arts, learning and architecture. He spent over 600,000 gold florins (approx. $500 million inflation adjusted) on art and culture, including Donatello's David, the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. Despite his influence, his power was not absolute; Florence's legislative councils at times resisted his proposals throughout his life, and he was viewed as first among equals, rather than an autocrat. Biography

Early life and family business
<mask><mask> was born in Florence to Giovanni di Bicci de<mask> and his wife Piccarda Bueri on 27 September 1389. At the time, it was customary to indicate the name of one's father in one's name for the purpose of distinguishing the identities of two like-named individuals; thus, Giovanni was the son of Bicci, and <mask>'s name was properly rendered <mask><mask>.He was born along with a twin brother Damiano, who survived only a short time. The twins were named after Saints Cosmas and Damian, whose feast day was then celebrated on 27 September; <mask> would later celebrate his own birthday on that day, his "name day", rather than on the actual date of his birth. <mask> also had a brother Lorenzo, known as "Lorenzo the Elder", who was some six years his junior and participated in the family's banking enterprise. <mask> inherited both his wealth and his expertise in banking from his father Giovanni, who had gone from being a moneylender to join the bank of his relative Vieri di Cambio de' Medici. Giovanni had been running Vieri's branch in Rome independently since the dissolution of the latter's bank into three separate and independent entities until 1397, when he left Rome to return to Florence to found his own bank, the Medici Bank. Over the next two decades, the Medici Bank opened branches in Rome, Geneva, Venice, and temporarily in Naples; the majority of profits was derived from Rome. The branch manager in Rome was a papal depositario generale who managed Church finances in return for a commission.Cosimo would later expand the bank throughout western Europe and opened offices in London, Pisa, Avignon, Bruges, Milan, and Lübeck. The far-flung branches of the Medici rendered it the best bank for the business of the papacy, since it enabled  bishoprics in many parts of Europe to pay their fees into the nearest branch, whose manager would then issue a papal license, and the popes could more easily order a variety of wares – such as spices, textiles, and relics – through the bankers' wholesale trade. In fifteen years, Giovanni would make a profit of 290,791 florins. In 1415, Cosimo allegedly accompanied the Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance. In 1410, Giovanni lent John XXIII, then simply known as Baldassare Cossa, the money to buy himself the office of cardinal, which he repaid by making the Medici Bank head of all papal finances once he claimed the papacy. This gave the Medici family tremendous power, allowing them, for instance, to threaten defaulting debtors with excommunication. But misfortune hit the Medici Bank in 1415, when the Council of Constance unseated John XXIII, thus taking away the near monopoly they had held on the finances of the Roman Curia; thereafter, the Medici Bank had to compete with other banks.However, after the Spini Bank of Florence went insolvent in 1420, they again secured priority. John XXIII, facing the enmity of a church council at which he was accused of a large variety of offenses against the Church, was confined by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor to Heidelberg Castle until the Medici paid his ransom and granted him asylum. In the same year as John's dethronement (1415), <mask> was named "Priore of the Republic [of Florence]". Later he acted frequently as an ambassador for Florence and demonstrated a prudence for which he became renowned. About 1415, <mask> married Contessina de' Bardi (the daughter of Alessandro di Sozzo Bardi, count of Vernio, and Camilla Pannocchieschi). The wedding was arranged by his father as an effort to reaffirm relations with the long-standing noble Bardi family, who had operated one of the richest banks in Europe until its spectacular collapse in 1345; they nevertheless remained highly influential in the financial sphere. Only part of the Bardi family were involved in this marriage alliance, for some of the branches considered themselves the opponents of the Medici clan.The couple had two sons: Piero the Gouty (b. 1416) and Giovanni de<mask> (b. 1421). <mask> also had an illegitimate son, Carlo, by a Circassian slave, who would go on to become a prelate. Giovanni withdrew from the Medici Bank in 1420, leaving its leadership to both of his surviving sons. He left them 179,221 florins upon his death in 1429. Two-thirds of this came from the business in Rome, while only a tenth came from Florence; even Venice offered better returns than Florence.The brothers would earn two-thirds of the profits from the bank, with the other third going to a partner. Besides the bank, the family owned much land in the area surrounding Florence, including Mugello, the place from which the family originally came. Florentine politics

<mask>'s power over Florence stemmed from his wealth, which he used to control the votes of office holders in the municipal councils, most importantly the Signoria of Florence. As Florence was proud of its "democracy", he pretended to have little political ambition and did not often hold public office. Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Bishop of Siena and later Pope Pius II, said of him:

In 1433, <mask>'s power over Florence began to look like a menace to the anti-Medici party led by figures such as Palla Strozzi and the Albizzi family, headed by Rinaldo degli Albizzi. In September of that year, <mask> was imprisoned in the Palazzo Vecchio for his part in a failure to conquer the Republic of Lucca, but he managed to turn the jail term into one of exile. Some prominent Florentines, such as Francesco Filelfo, demanded his execution, a fate that may have been almost certain without the intervention of the monk Ambrogio Traversari on his behalf.<mask> traveled to Padua and then to Venice, taking his bank along with him and finding friends and sympathizers wherever he went for his willingness to accept exile rather than resume the bloody conflicts that had chronically afflicted the streets of Florence. Venice sent an envoy to Florence on his behalf and requested that they rescind the order of banishment. When they refused, <mask> settled down in Venice, his brother Lorenzo accompanying him. However, prompted by his influence and his money, others followed him, such as the architect Michelozzo, whom Cosimo commissioned to design a library as a gift to the Venetian people. Within a year, the flight of capital from Florence was so great that the decree of exile had to be lifted. Cosimo returned a year later, in 1434, to influence the government of Florence (especially through the Pitti and Soderini families) for the last 30 years of his life of 75 years. <mask>'s time in exile instilled in him the need to quash the factionalism that resulted in his exile in the first place.In order to do this, he instigated a series of constitutional changes with the help of favorable priors in the Signoria to secure his power through influence. Following the death of Filippo Maria Visconti, who had ruled the Duchy of Milan from 1412 until his death in 1447, <mask> sent Francesco I Sforza to establish himself in Milan to prevent an impending military advance from the Republic of Venice. Francesco Sforza was a condottiere, a mercenary soldier who had stolen land from the papacy and proclaimed himself its lord. He had yearned to establish himself at Milan as well, an ambition that was aided by the fact that the current Visconti head lacked legitimate children save for a daughter, Bianca, whom Sforza ultimately married in November 1441 after a failed attempt at winning her hand from her father. The resultant balance of power with Milan and Florence on the one side and Venice and the Kingdom of Naples on the other created nearly half a century of peace that enabled the development of the Renaissance in Italy. However, despite the benefits to Florence from keeping Venice at bay, the intervention in Milan was unpopular among <mask>'s fellow citizens, primarily because they were called upon to finance the Sforza succession. The Milanese made a brief attempt at democracy before Sforza was finally acclaimed duke by the city in February 1450.In terms of foreign policy, <mask> worked to create peace in northern Italy through the creation of a balance of power between Florence, Naples, Venice and Milan during the wars in Lombardy between 1423 and 1454 and the discouragement of outside powers (notably the French and the Holy Roman Empire) from interfering in Italian affairs. In 1439, he was instrumental in convincing Pope Eugene IV to move the Ecumenical Council of Ferrara to Florence. The arrival of many notable Byzantine figures from the Eastern Roman Empire, including Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, for this event further inspired the growing interest in ancient Greek arts and literature. Death

On his death in 1464 at Careggi, <mask> was succeeded by his son Piero, father of Lorenzo the Magnificent. After <mask>'s death, the Signoria awarded him the title Pater Patriae, "Father of the Fatherland", an honour once awarded to Cicero, and had it carved upon his tomb in the Church of San Lorenzo. Patronage

<mask> de<mask> used his vast fortune to control the Florentine political system and to sponsor orators, poets and philosophers, as well as a series of artistic accomplishments. Arts

<mask> was also noted for his patronage of culture and the arts during the Renaissance and spent the family fortune liberally to enrich the civic life of Florence.According to Salviati's Zibaldone, <mask> stated: "All those things have given me the greatest satisfaction and contentment  because they are not only for the honor of God but are likewise for my own remembrance. For fifty years, I have done nothing else but earn money and spend money; and it became clear that spending money gives me greater pleasure than earning it." Additionally, his patronage of the arts both recognized and proclaimed the humanistic responsibility of the civic duty that came with wealth. <mask> hired the young Michelozzo Michelozzi to create what is today perhaps the prototypical Florentine palazzo, the austere and magnificent Palazzo Medici. The building still includes, as its only 15th-century interior that is largely intact, the Magi Chapel frescoed by Benozzo Gozzoli, completed in 1461 with portraits of members of the Medici family parading through Tuscany in the guise of the Three Wise Men. He was a patron and confidante of Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, and Donatello, whose famed David and Judith Slaying Holofernes were Medici commissions. His patronage enabled the eccentric and bankrupt architect Brunelleschi to complete the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore (the "Duomo") in 1436.Libraries

In 1444, <mask> de<mask> founded the first public library in Florence, at San Marco, which was of central importance to the humanist movement in Florence during the Renaissance. It was designed by Michelozzo, a student of Lorenzo Ghiberti who later collaborated with Donatello and was also a good friend and patron to <mask>. <mask> contributed the funds necessary to repair the library and provide it with a book collection, which people were allowed to use at no charge. "That <mask> de'<mask> was able to finance the construction of such a site placed him in a privileged position of leadership in the city. He hand-selected those individuals who were given access to this laboratory of learning, and, through this social dynamic, he actively shaped the politics of the Republic." He also commissioned Michelozzo to design a library for his grandson, Lorenzo de<mask>. His first library, however, was designed by Michelozzo while the two were in Venice, where <mask> had been temporarily exiled.In 1433, in gratitude for the hospitality of that city, he left it as a gift, his only such work outside Florence. His libraries were noted for their Renaissance style of architecture and distinguished artwork. <mask> had grown up with only three books, but by the time he was thirty, his collection had grown to 70 volumes. After being introduced to humanism by a group of literati who had asked for his help in preserving books, he grew to love the movement and gladly sponsored the effort to renew Greek and Roman civilization through literature, for which book collecting was a central activity. "Heartened by the romantic wanderlust of a true bibliophile, the austere banker even embarked on several journeys in the hunt for books, while guaranteeing just about any undertaking that involved books. He financed trips to nearly every European town as well as to Syria, Egypt, and Greece organized by Poggio Bracciolini, his chief book scout." He engaged 45 copyists under the bookseller Vespasiano da Bisticci to transcribe manuscripts and paid off the debts of Niccolò de' Niccoli after his death in exchange for control over his collection of some 800 manuscripts valued at around 6,000 florins.These manuscripts that <mask> acquired from Niccoli would later be the cornerstone of the Laurentian Library, a library in Florence founded by <mask>'s grandson, Lorenzo de<mask>. Philosophy

In the realm of philosophy, <mask>, influenced by the lectures of Gemistus Plethon, supported Marsilio Ficino and his attempts at reviving Neo-Platonism. <mask> commissioned Ficino's Latin translation of the complete works of Plato (the first ever complete translation) and collected a vast library that he shared with intellectuals such as Niccolò de' Niccoli and Leonardo Bruni. He also established a Platonic Academy in Florence in 1445. He provided his grandson Lorenzo de<mask> with an education in the studia humanitatis. Cosimo certainly had an influence on Renaissance intellectual life, but it was Lorenzo who would later be deemed to have been the greatest patron. Fictional depictions

Roberto Rossellini's three-part television miniseries The Age of the Medici (1973) has <mask> as its central character (the original Italian title is L'età di Cosimo de' Medici, meaning "The Age of Cosimo de' Medici").The first part, The Exile of Cosimo, and the second part, The Power of Cosimo, focus on <mask>'s political struggles and on his patronage of the arts and sciences in Florence. <mask> is portrayed by Italian actor Marcello Di Falco. Frank Spotnitz's eight-part television series Medici: Masters of Florence (2016) depicts the rise of the powerful banking family after the death of Giovanni (played by Dustin Hoffman), as his son <mask> (Richard Madden) takes over as head of the family. The sixteen-part sequel, Medici (2019–2020), follows the career of <mask>'s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent (Daniel Sharman). See also
 History of Florence
 Villa Medici at Cafaggiolo

References

Further reading

 Burckhardt, Jacob, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) 1878. Connell, William. Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, 2002.Cook, Jon (2003). "Why Renaissance? Why Florence?" History Review, 47, 44–46. De Roover, R. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. Durant, Will (1953).The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1953.
  for the Palazzo Medici. Kent, Dale. <mask> De<mask> and the Florentine Renaissance: The patron's oeuvre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.Martin Roberts, Italian Renaissance. Longman, 1992. Meehan, William F. III (2007). "The Importance of <mask> <mask> in Library History." Indiana libraries, 26(3), 15–17. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1579
 Parks, Tim. Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence.New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. External links

 The Medici Family.com: Cosimo I
 PBS.org: Medici – Godfathers of the Renaissance
 Internet Archive.org: <mask> de<mask> (1899) – biography by K. Dorothea Ewart Vernon. – BIVIO: Biblioteca Virtuale On-Line: Biography in "Le vite" from Vespasiano da Bisticci

Rulers of Florence
Italian bankers
Medieval bankers
1389 births
1464 deaths
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Cosimo 01
Italian nobility
Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
15th-century rulers in Europe
Book and manuscript collectors
Italian art patrons
15th-century Italian businesspeople

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title: Iain Douglas-Hamilton

texts:
<mask>-Hamilton  (born 16 August 1942) is a zoologist known for his study of elephants. He earned both a BSc in biology and a D.Phil. in zoology from Oriel College, Oxford, and he is the recipient of the 2010 Indianapolis Prize for his work on elephant conservation. His chief research interest is to understand elephant choices by studying their movements. In 1993, he founded the organisation Save the Elephants. He is a frequent keynote speaker at the annual Wildlife Conservation Network expo. Family

Douglas-Hamilton is the son of Lord David Douglas-Hamilton, a World War II Royal Air Force officer and Spitfire pilot, and Ann Prunella Stack, a women's fitness pioneer, and he has an elder brother, Diarmaid.He was born in Dorset, UK, attended Gordonstoun School in Scotland between 1955 and 1960, and went on to study Zoology at Oxford University, earning first a bachelor's degree, in 1965, and then a D.Phil., in 1972. He is married to Oria Douglas-Hamilton, Founder of Elephant Watch Camp (a luxury tented camp with the highest eco-credentials, located in Samburu National Reserve), with whom he has two daughters, Saba, a documentary film-maker and television presenter, and Dudu, a documentary producer. He and his family live in Kenya. Early life and work

Manyara

At the age of 23, Douglas-Hamilton moved to Tanzania to live in the wild in Lake Manyara National Park, where he carried out the first scientific study of the social interactions of the African elephant. From that study came his hypothesis, rooted in behavioural ecology, that elephant movements could hold the key to understanding their reactions to their changing environments. Douglas-Hamilton argues that collecting and analysing large amounts of data on elephant locations and migrations can lead to insights into their choices, and therefore assist in their protection against rising threats, including poaching and human-wildlife conflict. Douglas-Hamilton's work is described by Peter Matthiessen in his book The Tree Where Man Was Born.Counting elephants

Douglas-Hamilton initially developed techniques to monitor widespread elephant movements from the air. In the early 1970s, he designed study methods that would allow for comprehensive and replicable surveys of elephant families from low-flying aircraft, which would at the same time allow large population counts to be undertaken for the first time. Between 1976 and 1979, Douglas-Hamilton worked on a joint IUCN /WWF Elephant Survey and Conservation Programme, which surveyed African elephant populations in 34 countries to produce scientific data to help shape policy recommendations for the species' protection. Around the same time, working for IUCN, Douglas-Hamilton undertook research to map out the scale of the world ivory trade, its value, and its regulations. Meanwhile, he continued to direct aerial surveys of elephant populations into the 1980s, including in Uganda, Tanzania and the Central African Republic. The 'elephant holocaust' and the international ivory trade ban

Douglas-Hamilton's aerial surveys, coupled with research coming from other studies, began to show for the first time the scale of the poaching crisis that was sweeping Africa during the 1970s and 1980s, as demand for ivory from Asia, in particular from Japan, grew. From 1980 to 1982, Douglas-Hamilton was made Honorary Chief Park Warden and anti-poaching advisor to Uganda's national parks authority.There, he designed air and ground patrols against poachers, many from Sudan, where civil war was raging and poached elephant ivory could be sold to raise money to buy weapons. On occasion, Douglas-Hamilton was shot at as he carried out his work. His work in Uganda helped to stem the loss of elephants to poachers, and allowed him to highlight the potential ways that poachers could be stopped in other parts of Africa, using the methods he developed in Uganda. Douglas-Hamilton's estimates, drawn from his research and that of others, suggested that the minimum population of African elephants across the continent of 1.3 million individuals in 1979 had been reduced to less than half, or around 600,000 elephants, by 1989. These statistics illustrated to the world the scale of what became known as the elephant holocaust. Regulation of the trade was attempted, via the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, but eventually it was globally accepted that a ban should be enforced to stem the loss of illegally killed elephants. Douglas-Hamilton was among Africa's leading conservationists who argued for this position.It is widely accepted that the ban worked, and elephant populations, especially savannah populations, began to recover. Save The Elephants

The first 20 years of Douglas-Hamilton's work had illustrated that close scientific study of elephant populations, coupled with surveys of their ranges and movements, could help to mould policies that could protect them from external changes. To build on this work, in 1993 Douglas-Hamilton founded Save The Elephants, a charity registered in the UK and headquartered in Nairobi with its main research station in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya. Its mission is "to secure a future for elephants" by preserving the environments in which the animals live and encouraging a tolerant relationship between elephant and human populations (http://savetheelephants.org/about/). Collection of scientific data continues to drive Douglas-Hamilton's work with Save The Elephants, both with the aerial surveys that he pioneered early in his career, and increasingly with modern technology including tracking collared elephants by GPS and satellites. Save The Elephants has since its formation been studying herds resident or migratory to Samburu National Reserve – a cohort of roughly 500 individuals. Hundreds of elephants have been darted and fitted with collars carrying computer chips that communicate via satellites or mobile telephone networks with the charity's computer databases.From the initial collaring and monitoring of herds in Samburu, Douglas-Hamilton and Save The Elephants has gone on to use the same methods to study elephant populations in Mali, the Central African Republic and South Africa. Alongside its focus on data collection, Douglas-Hamilton has directed Save The Elephants to increase its work on reducing the conflict between growing human populations and elephant herds. The Elephants and Bees Project is part of Save the Elephants' Human-Elephant Coexistence program. The project is run by Dr. Lucy King, who did completed her doctorate demonstrating elephants' instinctive fear of honey bees under the guidance and mentorship of Douglas-Hamilton. The Elephants and Bees Project utilizes Beehive Fences, with beehives occupied by African bees, to reduce the problem of elephants destroying crops on small farms in Africa and Asia. The poaching crisis

Douglas-Hamilton, and others, argue that 'one-off' sales of seized ivory stockpiled by the governments of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana to China and Japan in 2002 and 2008 kick-started a return of uncontrolled illegal poaching of Africa's elephants that is "far graver" even than during the 1970s and 1980s. Douglas-Hamilton and others estimate that between 2010 and 2012, more than 100,000 African elephants were illegally killed, and there is little sign since that the rate has reduced.The increased price of ivory is to blame. Since 2007, the price paid for elephant tusks has doubled in the area around Samburu National Reserve, Douglas-Hamilton testified in 2012 to the Committee on Foreign Relations at the US Senate as part of high-level investigations into the links between resurgent ivory poaching in Africa and insecurity. The price of ivory in markets in China, especially, and Asia generally, has also increased, driven by demand from growing middle classes keen to display their wealth, and speculators hoarding ivory against expected price rises following a new trade ban, or the extinction of the African elephant. Douglas-Hamilton, echoing colleagues in the field, highlighted to the US Senate committee that current poaching trends could only be stemmed with increased anti-poaching efforts in African range states, better enforcement of laws against poaching, smuggling and money-laundering, and campaigns to reduce the demand for ivory products in Asia. Douglas-Hamilton and Save The Elephants worked with WildAid, an American charity dedicated to reducing the demand for products from endangered animals, to host Yao Ming, one of China's best-known sports personalities, during a fact-finding tour of Kenya in 2012. His campaign and others in China have helped to reduce the demand for ivory products, surveys showed. Douglas-Hamilton says he remains "an optimist" that this second spike in poaching can be contained: "I've been through all of this before in the 70s and 80s.As a collective group we stopped that killing, and in the savannahs there was a reprieve of 20 years. I believe we can do it again,” he has said. Awards, works and publications

Douglas-Hamilton is the recipient of many awards for his research and his work to protect Africa's elephants, including the 2010 Indianapolis Lilly Award, a major global award for animal conservation, for which he had previously been a finalist in 2006 and 2008. He also received the George B Rabb Conservation Medal of the Chicago Zoological Society in 2014, the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund Award in 2006, the Dawkins Prize for Conservation and Animal Welfare in 2001, and others for his writing work prior to that. Douglas-Hamilton is a member of the Technical Advisory Group to CITES for monitoring the illegal killing of elephants (MIKE) in Africa, a trustee of the Kenya Elephant Research Fund, a member since 1982 of the IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group, and currently a member of its African Elephant Data Review Working Group, and from 1993 to 2004 he was a wildlife and environmental consultant to the European Union and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Douglas-Hamilton has published a long list of academic research papers throughout his career. He is the author, with his wife Oria, of Battle for the Elephants (Viking, 1992) and Among The Elephants (Doubleday, 1975), and has worked with documentary filmmakers as a technical advisor and expert.Among the Elephants, with Oria Douglas-Hamilton. Doubleday, 1975. Battle for the Elephants, with Oria Douglas-Hamilton. Viking, 1992. References

External links
 "<mask>-Hamilton", Elephant facts and information database
 "Dr. <mask> Hamilton Biography", Walt Disney World Public Affairs
 Save the Elephants

English zoologists
1942 births
Living people
<mask>-Hamilton
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
People educated at Gordonstoun
British people of Irish descent
British people of Scottish descent
Writers about Africa
20th-century British writers
20th-century British zoologists
Elephant conservation

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Iain Douglas
Iain Douglas
Iain Douglas
Iain Douglas


title: Alex Tanguay

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<mask> (born November 21, 1979) is currently an assistant coach for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League and is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played for the Colorado Avalanche, Calgary Flames, Montreal Canadiens, Tampa Bay Lightning and Arizona Coyotes in the National Hockey League (NHL) and briefly for HC Lugano in the Swiss National League A in 2004. An offensive player, he is best known for his passing and playmaking ability. An alumnus of the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), <mask> has his jersey retired. During his junior career, he was also a member of Canada's under-20 team at the 1998 World Junior Championships. Selected in the first round, 12th overall, by the Colorado Avalanche at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, he began his NHL career with Colorado in 1999. <mask> won the Stanley Cup with Colorado in 2001, scoring two goals in Game 7 against the New Jersey Devils. Individually, he was nominated for the Calder Memorial Trophy following his rookie season and was chosen to the 2004 All-Star Game during his six-year tenure with Colorado.In July 2006, he was traded to the Flames and spent two years with the club before single-season stints with the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning. In July 2010, he returned to Calgary, signing as an unrestricted free agent. After three seasons with Calgary, he returned to Colorado for the 2013–14 season. In February 2016, <mask> was traded from the Avalanche to the Arizona Coyotes, retiring at the season's conclusion. Playing career

Junior
As a youth, <mask> played in the 1992 and 1993 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Beauce, Quebec. Following a season of midget AAA hockey with the Cap-de-Madeleine Estacades, <mask> joined the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) for the 1996–97 season. He played 70 games, scored 27 goals and 68 points and was named to the QMJHL All-Rookie Team.The following season, he improved to 47 goals and 85 points in 51 league games. He was a member of the eighth place Canadian junior team at the 1998 World Junior Hockey Championship, finishing second in team-scoring with three points in seven games. In a draft in which they had four first-round selections, the Colorado Avalanche made Tanguay their first pick, 12th overall, at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. He was invited to Colorado's training camp that fall, and impressed the team such that he made the team as an 18-year-old. <mask> and the Avalanche, however, were unable to come to terms on a contract and he was instead returned to Halifax for the 1998–99 season. A few games into his third season with the Mooseheads, he tied a franchise record with five points in one game, an 11–3 victory over the Baie-Comeau Drakkar on October 9, 1998, then tied another record with four goals in a 6–1 defeat of the Drummondville Voltigeurs six nights later. However, he suffered a concussion early in the season which forced him out of the line-up for 28 games.Though he was limited to 31 contests in 1998–99, he scored 27 goals and 61 points. <mask> finished his junior career as the Mooseheads' all-time leader in goals (101), assists (113) and points (214). In honour of his accomplishments, the team retired his #18 jersey in 2005. Having replaced his agent following his earlier inability to sign with Colorado, <mask> agreed to a contract with the Avalanche during the season and was assigned to Colorado's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate after his junior season ended. He scored one goal and two assists in five regular season games and added two assists in five playoff games. Colorado Avalanche
<mask> made his NHL debut on October 5, 1999, against the Nashville Predators and scored his first point that night, recording an assist on a Claude Lemieux goal as part of a 3–2 Colorado win. He scored at least one point in his first five NHL games, including his first NHL goal on October 8 against Peter Skudra of the Pittsburgh Penguins.He was named to play in the YoungStars Game as part of 2002 NHL All-Star weekend, but did not play due to injury. Though he struggled at times adjusting to play in the NHL, he finished the season second in the league amongst rookies with 51 points, 19 behind rookie-leader Scott Gomez. In his sophomore season of 2000–01, <mask> improved to 77 points and finished sixth in the NHL in plus/minus at +35. He enjoyed an 11-game point streak in November 2000, scoring six goals and 13 assists in that span. He was a key contributor for the Avalanche in the post-season, recording 21 points. In game seven of the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals, <mask> scored two goals, including the game-winner, and added an assist in a 3–1 victory against the New Jersey Devils. His efforts led Colorado to its second Stanley Cup championship in franchise history.After falling to 48 points over 70 games in , <mask> rebounded in  to score 67 points. During the season, he had a career best 16-game point streak which set a Colorado team record. He also scored his first career NHL hat trick on March 22, 2003, against the Chicago Blackhawks. He was nearly traded to the Boston Bruins early in the season when both he and the team were struggling. Colorado had offered <mask> and Martin Škoula to Boston in exchange for Martin Lapointe and Kyle McLaren, though the deal failed to materialize. He improved to a new personal best of 79 points in , good enough for ninth place in league scoring, while his 54 assists tied him for fourth in the NHL. The league named him to the Western Conference team at the 2004 All-Star Game.While the  season was cancelled by a labour dispute, <mask> signed to play for HC Lugano of the Swiss National League A. He appeared in six games with Lugano, scoring six points. He returned to the Avalanche in , and despite missing ten games late in the year with a knee injury, set a personal best with 29 goals, while his 78 points was one short of his career high. <mask> scored two goals in an April 15, 2006, game against the Vancouver Canucks to reach 400 points for his career. Though he was the team's second leading scorer, <mask> continued to be the subject of trade talks throughout the season. Set to become a restricted free agent in July 2006, the Avalanche chose to trade his negotiating rights to the Calgary Flames at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for defenceman Jordan Leopold and two second round draft picks. <mask> felt that the team chose to trade him after he failed to live up to the team's expectations in the playoffs even though he continued to struggle with his knee injury.The Flames quickly signed <mask> to a three-year contract worth US$15.75 million. Calgary Flames

<mask> enjoyed a career season in , his first in Calgary, scoring a career-high 81 points in 81 games. He was second on the team in scoring, and led the Flames with 57 assists. Additionally, he played in his 500th career game on February 2, 2007, against the Columbus Blue Jackets. The  season was a difficult one for <mask>, as speculation that he would not mesh well with new coach Mike Keenan's style resulted in his being the subject of trade rumours throughout the year. Pre-season fears of a conflict with Keenan were realized, as the coach reduced his time on the power play and forced him into a defensive role he was not comfortable with. Unhappy with being pushed into a checking role, and believing that the way Keenan was using him was not allowing him to give the Flames fair value on his contract, <mask> requested a trade at the Christmas break.He and general manager Darryl Sutter agreed to keep it quiet so as not to become a distraction to the team, although <mask>'s request was revealed in the off-season. He suffered offensively, falling to 58 points. Montreal and Tampa Bay
Two years after being acquired by Calgary in a draft-day trade, he left the Flames in another such deal. At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft on June 20, 2008, the Flames granted his request and sent <mask> to the Montreal Canadiens, along with a fifth round draft pick, in exchange for a first round pick in 2008 and a second rounder in 2009. <mask> accepted the trade to Montreal despite previously saying he would never want to play for the Canadiens and expressing worries about being a French-Canadian player in the Montreal spotlight. <mask> recovered offensively to begin the  season. He was named Montreal's player of the month in October after scoring a team-high six goals and 11 assists.He registered his 500th career point with a goal in a November 20 game against the Edmonton Oilers, and entered December as one of the leading vote getters for the 2009 All-Star Game. He ranked third in team-scoring at the end of the month when he suffered a separated left shoulder as a result of a hit by Evgeny Artyukhin of the Tampa Bay Lightning. He missed two months as a result and appeared in a career-low 50 games. The Canadiens chose not to re-sign <mask> following the season. He instead agreed to a one-year, $2.5 million contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning for the  season after passing a physical exam on his shoulder. He struggled for most of the season with the Lightning, at one point lamenting that he had "forgotten how to play." It ended as the worst season of his career, as <mask> finished with 10 goals, 37 points and had a negative plus-minus (−2) for the first time in his career.Return to Calgary
<mask> opted to return to Calgary, signing a one-year, $1.7 million contract for the  season. He said that the Flames, who were now coached by Brent Sutter, were one of his top choices and that he felt he had unfinished business with the team. <mask> added that the team expressed confidence in his abilities even as others doubted him following his injuries. The decision proved successful, as <mask> re-established himself as one of his team's top offensive players. He finished second to Jarome Iginla in team scoring with 69 points, and led the Flames with 47 assists. Following the season, the Flames signed him to a five-year contract extension worth $17.5 million. An upper body injury forced <mask> out of the Flames' line-up for 15 games in 2011–12.The team never identified the injury, which was speculated to be a concussion. He still finished third in team scoring, with 49 points in 64 games. <mask> again finished third in team scoring in the lock-out-shortened 2012–13 NHL season, scoring 27 points in 40 games. On February 2, 2013, in a 3–2 shoot-out defeat to the Chicago Blackhawks, <mask> registered his 500th career assist on a Dennis Wideman goal. His season was again impacted by injury, as he missed the Flames' final games of the campaign after suffering a sprained medial collateral ligament in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes. Return to Colorado
With the Flames embracing a rebuild of the team, on June 27, 2013, <mask> was traded back to his original club, the Colorado Avalanche, along with Cory Sarich in exchange for Shane O'Brien and David Jones. In his homecoming game with the Avalanche in their season opener for the 2013–14 season, <mask> posted 3 assists in a 6–1 victory over the Anaheim Ducks.He was instrumental in Colorado's league best start to the season until he suffered a knee injury after 13 games in a contest against the Montreal Canadiens on November 2, 2013. <mask> missed the next 36 games before returned to play on January 24, 2014, against the Florida Panthers. <mask> was limited to just 3 further appearances with the club before he was ruled out for the remainder of the season to undergo hip surgery on February 21, 2014. In his 16 games, <mask> totalled 11 points and helped the Avalanche to a 15–1 record when in the line-up. In the final season of his contract with the Avalanche in 2015–16, <mask> struggled to retain his offensive role in the top six, registering just 4 goals in 52 games. On February 29, 2016 <mask> was traded to the Arizona Coyotes along with Conner Bleackley and Kyle Wood in exchange for Mikkel Bødker. He made a successful transition and played out the season in contributing with 13 points in 18 games.As an unrestricted free agent over the following summer, <mask> proceeded to go un-signed into the 2016–17 season. On February 16, 2017, he officially noted his retirement from professional hockey in accepting a Studio analyst role for the NHL Network. Post-playing career
On July 23, 2019, <mask> was named assistant coach for the Iowa Wild of the AHL. On June 30, 2021, <mask> was named assistant coach for the Detroit Red Wings, after two seasons with the Wild. Playing style
<mask> is best known for his playmaking skills and ability to set his teammates up for scoring opportunities. His speed and passing skills are considered his strongest attributes. Calgary teammates Olli Jokinen and Jarome Iginla both praised his ability to find a way to pass the puck to them in difficult plays.<mask> has been criticized for not shooting the puck enough, resulting in the view that his goal totals could be higher. <mask> has good shooting ability; he led the league in shooting percentage in 2005–06 and finished third in 2006–07 with an average of 23.2% both seasons. He is also a top player in the shootout, and led the league with 10 shootout goals in 2010–11. Personal life
<mask> was born on November 21, 1979, in the town of Sainte-Justine, Quebec. His father worked with the family-owned transportation company, while his mother worked at a nearby school division. His younger brother, Maxime, is also a professional hockey player. <mask> is distantly related to French-Canadian author, and fellow Sainte-Justine native, Roch Carrier.<mask> grew up a fan of the Quebec Nordiques and frequently accompanied his grandfather to their games. Owing to the nature of the Battle of Quebec rivalry with the Canadiens that existed when he was growing up, <mask> admitted unease at joining the Canadiens in 2008. <mask> and his wife Helene have three children. The two volunteer with the Canadian Cancer Society; in the 2010–11 season, he donated $200 for every assist he recorded. With 47 assists, the total reached $9,400; Tanguay established at the beginning of the season, however, that he would donate a minimum of $10,000. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1979 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Colorado Avalanche draft picks
Colorado Avalanche players
Halifax Mooseheads players
HC Lugano players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first round draft picks
People from Chaudière-Appalaches
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players

masks:
Alex Joseph Jean Tanguay
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title: Eleanor Raskin

texts:
<mask><mask> (née Stein; born March 16, 1946) was a member of the Weathermen. She is currently an adjunct instructor at Albany Law School. She was an administrative law judge at the New York State Public Service Commission. Background

<mask>. Stein was born on March 16, 1946. Her parents, Annie Stein and Arthur Stein (activist), were Jewish and belonged to the Communist Party. Her father was an economist in the New Deal and her mother was active in promoting social causes such as civil rights. Before Stein was five years old, her mother, who was the secretary of the Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the D.C.Anti-Discrimination Laws, allowed her to arrange pastries on a large platter before every meeting. Stein looked forward to the arrival of Mary Church Terrell at these meetings, because Terrell would usually bring a small present for her. On Saturdays, Annie Stein would dress up the children and stand on street corners, passing out literature to passersby. During the month of January or June, Stein would accompany her grandfather on picket lines or hand out leaflets. A family friend, Chavy Wiener  introduced her to communism by reading to her a Soviet children's book, The Story of Zoya and Shura. When Stein was a student at Erasmus Hall High School, she was a member of the honor roll, the editor-in-chief of the school's student newspaper: Dutchman, captain of the debating team and secretary for the math team. As a junior high student, she wrote a poem with political inflections called "The North Star."The opening lines are as follows:

Career

College life and first marriage

In 1963, Stein attended Barnard College; where she met <mask>, a graduate student in the English Department. On August 28, 1964, they were married at the Foley Square Courthouse, and hours after the wedding, the couple boarded a plane to Manchester, England. She enrolled in undergraduate courses at the University of Manchester. During their time abroad, they traveled to London School of Economics to attend Malcolm X's discussion on imperialism in February 1965. Anxious to return home after three years in England, Stein finished her thesis which earned her the distinction of being the first American Studies graduate from Manchester to earn first-class honors. In the summer of 1967, they returned to New York where she applied for law school at Columbia University. Her marriage to <mask> ended in November 1969.SDS and Weatherman

A year before joining Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), <mask> and Annie Stein participated in the protest at the Pentagon in 1967. In April, she and her mother were involved in the Columbia University protests of 1968. More than 700 students, including <mask>, were arrested. She was charged with criminal trespass, fined $25 and released without bail. Stein joined SDS in fall 1968. By March 1969, she led more than two hundred students in pickets of Columbia buildings. The New York Times quoted her: "We've effectively shut down the college and cut down attendance at the university by half," said Mrs. <mask>, an SDS spokesman who is a second-year law student at Columbia."This strike is the opening gun. This strike is our first blow." At a news conference, Mrs. <mask> "...warned that if Columbia failed to act on the demands before the end of the spring vacation, which begins Friday and ends April 6, the SDS chapter would "take further action."" During the summer of 1969, Stein became a member of  Weatherman organization and co-authored The Bust Book: What to Do Until the Lawyer Comes, with Kathy Boudin, Gus Reichbach and Brian Glick. The Bust Book is a handbook for political activists and legal defendants. In August 1969, Stein and fellow Weatherman members: Bernardine Dohrn, Ted Gold, Dianne Donghi and Diana Oughton traveled as SDS delegates to Cuba to meet with representatives of the Cuban and North Vietnamese governments. On September 3, 1969, Stein and about 75 women stormed a Pittsburgh high school called South Hills and participated in a "jailbreak" to advertise for the Days of Rage.Weather women spray painted "Ho Lives" (in reference to spiritual and political North Vietnam leader, Ho Chi Minh who had recently died) and "Free Huey" (Huey P. Newton was a member of the Black Panther Party who was incarcerated for a gunfight which left a police officer dead) on the school's main entrance doors. Stein was arrested and charged with rioting, inciting a riot and disorderly conduct. She was told to pay a $25 fine and $11 in court costs; she was held on $1,500 bail. Stein and twenty-five others were taken to the Allegheny County Jail. She had wanted to experience a life without comforts, and during her three weeks in jail, her wish was realized. In early November, shortly before leaving <mask>, she wrote a letter to the Dean of Columbia University:      As <mask> had written, she "packed a suitcase, threw away her jewelry, miniskirts, long evening gowns, her shoes, sold her books, and moved to a Weatherman Collective. ",  Stein was ending her old life to begin a revolution.Underground

After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion on March 6, 1970 which claimed the lives of Weatherman members Ted Gold, Diana Oughton, and Terry Robbins, she helped disguise Cathy Wilkerson, one of the two survivors of the explosion, by dyeing her hair to transform her appearance from hippie to secretary. The FBI launched an extensive manhunt to capture affiliates of the organization, and Stein sought safety by relocating with Weather comrade Jeff Jones to the Catskills Mountains to establish a new network. It was there that they fell in love. The next trace of Jones and Stein was in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1979, when police raided an apartment where materials for making bombs were found. The apartment was traced to the couple, who were indicted in absentia. On October 23, 1981, they were arrested by a dozen-member SWAT team while watching the World Series in their Bronx apartment. They were charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution in New Jersey on charges of unlawful possession of explosives.On December 11, 1981, a week before Jones was sentenced, the couple were married in the Municipal Building in Lower Manhattan. All charges against Stein were dismissed.,

Life after Weatherman

After having placed her education on hold for thirteen years, Stein attempted to finish her law degree at Columbia Law School. In 1982, her request to be reinstated was denied. Having been spurned by Columbia, she applied at City University of New York Law School at Queens College and graduated in 1986. She is currently an administrative law judge with the NYS Public Service Commission. Stein was previously a visiting associate professor at Albany Law School and taught transnational  environmental law. For ten years she served as an Administrative Law Judge at the New York State Public Service Commission in Albany, New York, where she presided over and mediated New York's Renewable Portfolio Standard proceeding, authoring in June 2004 a comprehensive decision recommending a landmark state environmental initiative to combat global warming with incentives for renewable resource-fueled power generation.In addition to Transnational Environmental Law, she has taught Alternative Dispute Resolution, Telecommunications Law for the Twentieth Century, Civil Procedure, and Applied Legal Reasoning (academic support) at Albany Law School and Women's Rights as International Human Rights at the State University of New York at Albany. She is the author of Book Review:  The Philosophical Foundations of Environmental Law: Property, Rights and Nature, and Ecological Sensitivity and Global Legal Pluralism, forthcoming in SOCIAL AND LEGAL STUDIES, London;  Global Warming: An International Human Rights Violation? Inuit Communities Petition at the Inter-American Commission On Human Rights, forthcoming in GOVERNMENT, LAW AND POLICY JOURNAL; The New York Renewable Portfolio Standard: Case Study in Process and Substance, 16 ENV. L. IN NEW YORK 3 (February 2005); and To Be of Use: W. Haywood Burns, 106 YALE LAW JOURNAL 753 (with Michael Ratner). Personal life

On August 28, 1964, <mask> married <mask> at the Foley Square Courthouse and hours later boarded a plane to Manchester, England. She left him by the end of 1968. After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, Stein disappeared with Jeff Jones in the Catskills Mountains, where they fell in love.Their son, Thai Jones, was born on April 30, 1977, named after Nguyen Thai, a Vietcong fighter who had campaigned against the French and American armies and whom  Stein had met when traveling to Havana in 1969. On January 1, 1981, daughter Coco Jones was stillborn. Arthur Jones, named after Stein's father, was born on September 22, 1982. On December 11, 1981, a week before Jones was sentenced, the couple were married in the Municipal Building in Lower Manhattan. After the two-minute ceremony, their son, Thai Jones showered them with brown organic rice. Currently, <mask> lives with husband Jeff Jones in Albany, New York. Legacy

Thai Jones wrote a book released in 2004 called A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience which chronicled his parents' experiences with Weatherman.See also

 Annie Stein
 Arthur Stein (activist)
 Weatherman (organization)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Berger, Dan. Outlaws of America. (AK Press, 2006). Bonapace, Ruth. "Jones Pleads Guilty to Bomb Charge, Faces Chicago Charge," The Associated Press, November 5, 1981, retrieved on Nov. 10, 2008. Hollander, Paul. Anti-Americanism.(Transaction Publishers: Edison, New Jersey, 1995). Jacobs, Ron. The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground. (Verso: New York, 1997). Jones, Thai. A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience. (Free Press: New York, New York, 2004).Kraft, Scott. "The Brink's Job: Blowing The "Lid Off The Weather Underground," The Associated Press, October 24, 1981, retrieved on November 17, 2008. "Long Live Ho Chi Minh." Guardian Independent Radical Newsweekly, Section 2; Part 1; Page 1, September 13, 1969, retrieved on November 22, 2008. Montgomery, Paul L. "Last of Radical Leaders Eluded Police 11 Years," The New York Times, Section 1; Part 1; Page 38, Column 1, October 25, 1981, retrieved on November 10, 2008. <mask>, Jonah. Out of the Whale: Growing Up in the American Left: an Autobiography.(Fox Publishing: New York, 1974). Environmental Law Virtual Guest Speaker Biography: Public Nuisance or Political Question? A Case Study of Connecticut v. American Electric Power, Virtual Guest Speaker Program, March 27, 2006. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20080906233814/http://www.law.mercer.edu/elaw/stein.html November 8, 2008. FBI Files: Weather Underground Organization (Weathermen) Retrieved from http://foia.fbi.gov November 9, 2008. Free Huey! :<blockquote>You Can Jail a Revolutionary, But You Can't Jail the Revolution" Retrieved from http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG01/barillari/pantherchap2.html November 17, 2008

External links
 FBI files: Weather Underground Organization (Weatherman).Full text of the book The Way The Wind Blew, by Ron Jacobs (1997) about the Weather Underground Organization. Read the article: No War for Oil, No Oil for War by Jeff Jones and <mask>, July 3, 2007. Listen to <mask>'s lecture on Global Warming Public Nuisance or Political Question? A Case Study of Connecticut v. American Electric Power, Virtual Guest Speaker Program, March 27, 2006. "Remembering Evelyn Wiener," by <mask>, October 21, 2005. Stein's book review of Digital Crossroads: American Telecommunications Policy in the Internet Age by Jonathan E. Nuechterlein on Amazon.com, May 23, 2005
 An article Stein wrote entitled: "Construction of an Enemy," Monthly Review, July–August 2003
 Thai Jones official website

1946 births
Living people
Members of Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)
American feminists
Jewish feminists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Members of the Weather Underground
Barnard College alumni
CUNY School of Law alumni
20th-century American Jews
Lawyers from Albany, New York
Activists from New York (state)
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Eleanor E
. Raskin
Eleanor E
Jonah Raskin
Jonah Raskin
Eleanor Stein
Eleanor Stein
Eleanor Raskin
Raskin
Jonah Raskin
Jonah Raskin
Eleanor Stein
Jonah Raskin
Eleanor Raskin
Raskin
Eleanor Stein
Eleanor Stein
Eleanor Stein


title: James Alexander (lawyer)

texts:
<mask> (May 27, 1691 – April 2, 1756) was a lawyer and statesman in colonial New York. He served in the Colonial Assembly and as attorney general of the colony in 1721–23. His son William was later a major general in the Continental Army during the American revolution. Alexandria Township, New Jersey was named after <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in Muthill in Perthshire, Scotland on May 27, 1691, to <mask> ("of Muthil"). He was a distant relation of the Earl of Stirling and may have received his formal education at the High School of Stirling. He joined the navy, serving on HMS Arundell in 1712–13, where he learned navigation, mathematics, and astronomy.But in 1714–15, he joined the uprising in support of <mask> Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, and fled to America in 1715 when it failed. Life in America
In November 1715, he was appointed surveyor general of New Jersey. He personally made surveys, using instruments he had brought from Scotland and resolved disputed titles. <mask> settled in New York, married, and in January 1721 was appointed deputy-secretary of New York. Legal career
<mask> read law in New York and was admitted to the provincial bar of New Jersey in 1720. He served as attorney general for the colony of New York from 1721 to 1723. <mask> sought membership of Gray's Inn on February 1, 1725, and returned from London with a large legal library that enabled him to cite legal precedent in court.This was a distinct advantage for a colonial lawyer. <mask>, ward and later son-in-law of Robert Livingston, third Lord of Livingston Manor, read law as a clerk in <mask>'s office and became proficient in the area of rights and jurisdiction in land disputes. <mask> practiced law, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and built a considerable fortune. He built a large brick mansion at Broad and Beaver Streets. Family Land Holdings
<mask>, 1st Earl of Stirling also known as Sir <mask> was <mask>'s ancestor. In 1621 King <mask> granted Stirling a royal charter appointing him mayor of a vast territory which was enlarged into a lordship and barony of Nova Scotia (meaning New Scotland); the area is now known as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of the northern United States. On 22 April 1636, King Charles told the Plymouth Colony, which had laid claim to Long Island but had not settled it, to give the island to <mask>.In October 1641 the first Earl of Stirling deeded the island of Nantucket to Thomas Mayhew of Watertown, Massachusetts. <mask> never laid claim to the title Earl of Stirling. He fled Britain as a young man, after his role in a failed Jacobite plot to put <mask> “the Old Pretender” on the British throne. Through his own industry he acquired what became Island Beach State Park in New Jersey and later lost it. His son <mask>, Lord Stirling, unofficially known as Lord Stirling during his life and a Patriot general during the Revolutionary War, legally sought ownership of the property in 1761 and won the rights to what became Stirling Island. <mask> also owned large tracts of land in today’s Basking Ridge area of New Jersey, which he later willed to his son. Politics
In 1721, <mask> was appointed to the Governor's Council in New York.In 1723, he was added to the Council in New Jersey and that same year made Attorney General of New Jersey. He frequently opposed the policies of New York Governor William Cosby and in 1732, Cosby succeeded in having <mask> removed from the council. In 1733, <mask> started an anti-Cosby newspaper, the New York Weekly Journal, with Peter Zenger as publisher. <mask> was the principal author of pieces critical of Governor Cosby. The following year, Zenger was arrested on sedition charges, but eventually a jury acquitted Zenger of libel in one of the first instances of jury nullification. <mask> and William Smith served as Zenger's attorneys until both were disbarred after they challenged the commissions of the judges hearing the case. In 1730, <mask> was chairman of the committee to revise the New York City charter; he was given the freedom of the city the following year.When Lord De La Warr was appointed governor in 1737, <mask> was reinstated to the bar and reappointed to the governor's Council of New York. His removal from the  Council of New Jersey was disregarded. <mask> became a vocal proponent of the emerging Whig political views, and engaged in various civic efforts as well. In 1751, he raised funds to establish King's College. Later life
Although he remained active in politics, his legal practice, acquired holdings, and other interests eventually absorbed most of his time and energy, and his political involvement waned. He was an founding member of the American Philosophical Society, established in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin and others, including Francis Hopkinson, John Bartram, Philip Syng, Jr. Personal life
On June 5, 1721, <mask> married the wealthy widow Mary Spratt Provoost (1693–1760).She was the daughter of John Spratt (c. 1650–1697) and Maria de Peyster (1659–1700). Her DePuyster uncles drafted the prenuptial agreements. Mary was the widow of Samuel Provoost (d. 1719), the younger brother of David Proovost, the 24th mayor of New York City, with whom she had three children. Together, <mask> and Mary had seven children:

 <mask> II (1721–1767), who married Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), the son of Philip Livingston and brother of Governor William Livingston, in 1739. <mask> (1723–1731), who died young. <mask> (1725–1783), who married Sarah Livingston (1725–1805), a daughter of Philip Livingston, in 1748. <mask> (1726–1800), who married John Stevens (1715–1792), the Vice President of the New Jersey Legislative Council.<mask> (1727–1801), who married Walter Rutherfurd (1723–1804), who was born in Edgerston, Scotland, in 1758. <mask> (1731–1736), who died young. <mask> (1737–1777), who married John Reid (1721–1807), a British army General and founder of the chair of music at the University of Edinburgh. In 1756, while on a trip to Albany to confer with other Whig leaders, he suffered a flare up of his gout which led to a deterioration of his health. He returned home ill as a result and died in Albany or New York City on April 2, 1756. Descendants
Through his daughter Mary, he was the grandmother of 12 grandchildren, including Philip Peter Livingston (1740–1810). Through his son William, he was the grandfather of three, <mask>, <mask>, who married a wealthy merchant named Robert Watts of New York, and <mask>, who married Congressman William Duer (1747–1799).Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the grandfather of John Stevens III (1749–1838), a lawyer, engineer, and inventor who constructed the first U.S. steam locomotive and first steam-powered ferry, and Mary Stevens (d. 1814), who married Chancellor Robert Livingston, negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase. Through his daughter Catherine, he was the grandfather of John Rutherfurd (1760–1840), a Federalist member of the United States Senate from New Jersey who served from 1791 to 1798, who married Helena Magdalena Morris (1762–1840), daughter of Congressman Lewis Morris of Morrisania. See also
 John Peter Zenger
 Jury nullification in the United States

Notes

Sources
 <mask>, <mask> and William Papers, 1711–1909. The New Jersey Historical Society. "<mask>." in American Eras, Volume 2: The Colonial Era, 1600–1754. Gale Research, 1998.Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. Document Number: K2438000001. Online. March 25, 2008. Rose, George. "<mask>."Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. The Trial of John Peter Zenger

External links
 The Alexander Papers at the New York Historical Society

1691 births
1756 deaths
Members of the New Jersey Provincial Council
Disbarred lawyers
Members of the New York General Assembly
New Jersey Attorneys General
Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People from Perthshire
People of colonial New York
Members of the American Philosophical Society
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
James

masks:
James Alexander
James Alexander
Alexander
David Alexander
James Francis
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
James Duane
Alexander
Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander
James Alexander
James I
Alexander
James Alexander
James
William Alexander
James Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
James
Mary Alexander
James Alexander
William Alexander
Elizabeth Alexander
Catherine Alexander
Anna Alexander
Susannah Alexander
William Alexander
Mary Alexander
Catherine Alexander
Alexander
James
James Alexander
James Alexander


title: Antonio Guzmán Capel

texts:
<mask> (born January 19, 1960) is a Spanish painter. Since 1961 he has resided in the city of Palencia, Spain. He had been considered a child prodigy. Biography
<mask> is a self-taught artist. From childhood he showed an innate qualities for drawing and painting. He made his first exhibition when he was only eleven years old. Thereafter, each year he held another exhibition.At fourteen years of age, he exhibited his work in Switzerland, where he was regarded by local critics as a genius of painting, because as stated, there was no known artist at that time with the ability to perform works such as that, at such an early age. Exhibitions
 1971 His first exhibition in the Palencia's Tourism Office, Palencia
 1974 Moves Gallery, Fribourg, Switzerland
 1979 Tingad Gallery, Salamanca
 1980 Ajuria Gallery, Palencia
 1982 Rua 2 Gallery, Burgos ----- Doctor's Association Gallery, Cáceres
 1984 Fine Arts Gallery, Gijón ----- Guest in “Salon de les Nations”, Paris
 1985 Duran Gallery, Madrid ----- Toscana Gallery, Valencia. 1986 Caja Postal, Cuenca, Toledo, San Lorenzo Del Escorial
 1988 Group Exhibition in Towers Gallery, Bilbao
 1989 Group Exhibition in Renoir Room, Zaragoza ----- Centro-Arte Gallery, León
 1990 Art International Gallery, Bilbao
 1992 Caja España, Palencia
 1995 Group Exhibition in Towers Gallery, Bilbao
 1996 Arte Sur, International Fair of the Contemporary Art, Granada ----- Martín Brezmes Gallery, Zamora ----- Juan Larrea Gallery, Bilbao
 1997 First International Fair of the Contemporary Art of C. y L., Salamanca ----- Mar Gallery, Barcelona ----- C. J. Toledo ----- 2nd Prize in Rota, Cadiz
 1982 1st Prize in Martos, Jaen  ----- Silver award in Córdoba
 1983 Special Mention of Painting in the “Salon d´hiver” Avignon, France ----- Painting grant given by the Provincial Delegation of Palencia  ----- 2nd Prize National Painting Competition in Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real ----- 1st Prize in Yecla, Murcia
 1985 1st Prize in the IV Painting Competition in Melilla ----- 3rd Prize in IV Jaén Painting Competition (Club "63"), JAÉN ----- 1st Prize "Ciudad de Murcia" in Cartagena. 1987 Honorary accésit IV Painting Competition "Ciudad de Miranda de Ebro", Burgos
 1988 1st Accésit in the XV National Painting Competition of Teruel
 1989 Popular Prize in the 1st fast Painting Competition in "El Retiro", Madrid
 1996 LVII National Exhibition of Plastic Arts in Valdepeñas, Ciudad Real
 1997 1st Prize in Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca
 1998 Silver medal Townhall of San Juan, Alicante
 2001 Finalist "Señorío de Berrtiz", Pamplona
 2002 Finalist Toresma 2, Madrid ----- 1st Mention of Honor “Premio Ejército del Aire”, Madrid
 2003 1st Prize of Painting Toresma, Madrid ----- Mention of Honor “Premio Ejército del Aire”, Madrid
 2004 1st Prize “Cartel taurino de San Antolín”, Palencia
 2005 1st Prize “Cartel taurino feria de León” ----- 2nd Prize “Premio Ejército del Aire”, Madrid
 2006 Mention of Honor “Premio Ejército del Aire”, Madrid ----- Work entitled "Gitanillos" for the movie Guillermo Fesser, "Candida". 2009 Portrait of Brother Rafael (Rafael Arnáiz Barón), for his canonization in Vatican City on 11/10/09 ----- Poster announcing Davis Cup, Murcia
 2010 Cry bullfighting posters for parties of Ciudad Real 2010
 2011 Portrait of Catherine Lacoste and Angel Piñero
 2012 Portrait of Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, Duchess of Alba ----- Course and Conference on Psychology University Model   of Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

Pictures in museums
 Contemporary Art Museum Madrid. Contemporary Art Museum Leon.Contemporary Art Museum. Ayllón, Segovia. Provincial museum of Ceuta. Museo de los tiros, Granada. Museo de Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real

Particular art galleries
 Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Valladolid
 Caja España, Palencia
 Ecuador
 San Diego (USA)
 Las Vegas (USA)
 Washington (USA)
 Puerto La Cruz and Caracas, Venezuela
 Fribourg, Switzerland
 Guatemala, Paris, Ireland, Hong Kong..., others in Spain

Bibliography
 Spanish art, 1979–93
 Diart 1981
 Peliart 1977, 1981
 Provincial savings bank of Valladolid Memory 1978
 Batik 1981
 National aids of Painting and Sculpture. Mª Teresa Cocaine Valladolid 1981
 Arteder 82 It shows the Graphical Work International Bilbao 1982
 Arteguuia Special monographic dedicated to Palencia 1989
 CAPEL, by Jose Maria Esparta 1990
 Arteguia 1992-93
 Anuari D'Art Grup Escolà 1996-97
 I Fair the International of Contemporary Art of Castile and León Arcale 1997
 Tribute 16 artists surroundings to Santiago Amon. Prov Delegation Palencia
 Tourist Palencia 1997
 Art 21 Fertile valleys 2000
 25 Years of Contemporary Art Palencia, 1975–2000
 Toresma-2 April 2002
 4th History of the THAT (Publishing ECIR)
 Cossio 2006

References

External links

 Capel's Cat Paintings

1960 births
Living people
People from Tétouan
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century male artists
Spanish male painters
21st-century Spanish painters
Realist painters

masks:
Antonio Guzmán Capel
Capel


title: Tony Plana

texts:
<mask> (born April 19, 1952) is a Cuban American actor and director. He is known for playing Betty Suarez's father, Ignacio Suarez, on the ABC television show Ugly Betty and also for voicing Manuel "Manny" Calavera in the video game Grim Fandango. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Havana, Cuba. His family moved to Miami in 1960. He is a graduate of Loyola Marymount University and was trained in acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, UK. Career
While he is known to a broad audience for his roles in feature films and television, <mask> is also known for his skills in acting and directing for the stage. He has created and directed a number of productions of the works of Shakespeare for minority audiences and he has been active in the Los Angeles, Washington, D.C. and New York City theater communities, including leading appearances on Broadway and at New York City's Public Theater.He originated the role of Rudy in the L.A. production of the Luis Valdez play Zoot Suit, going on to play Rudy in the film version as well. <mask> has acted, directed and written for television in series, mini-series, and specials such as Hill Street Blues, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Resurrection Boulevard, Commander in Chief, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The West Wing, 24, Cagney & Lacey and many others. <mask> has acted in films such as An Officer and a Gentleman, Three Amigos, Goal!, Lone Star, and others. He is known to PC gamers as the voice of Manny Calavera in the LucasArts 1998 adventure game Grim Fandango. In 2011, <mask> guest starred in Desperate Housewives as Gabrielle Solis's abusive stepfather, Alejandro Perez. He also directed Witch's Lament, a Desperate Housewives episode in the show's eighth season. In 2011, he appeared in Body of Proof, in the episode "Helping Hand".<mask>, during his acting career participated in the web series Los Americans (2011), which is characterized by having a multigenerational focus, a middle-class family living in Los Angeles. During the series, he participated with Esai Morales, Lupe Ontiveros, JC Gonzalez, Raymond Cruz, Yvonne DeLaRosa, and Ana Villafañe. <mask> teaches acting at California State University, Dominguez Hills and Rio Hondo College. In 2012, he served as an official judge for the Noor Iranian Film Festival. <mask> is currently volunteering as a spokesperson for comprehensive immigration reform. He was the keynote speaker for the 2012 LULAC conference in Coronado Springs Convention Center in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Awards
Won
 Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television for his role as "Ignacio Suarez," Ugly Betty, on December 17, 2006.Nominations
 Screen Actors Guild Awards: Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble - Comedy Series for: Ugly Betty (2006). ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Television Series for: Resurrection Blvd. (2002)
 ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a New Television Series for: Resurrection Blvd. (2001)
 Bravo Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film for: Lone Star (1996). Selected filmography

 1978 What's Happening!! (TV Series) as Amid
 1978 The Boss' Son as Juan
 1978 The Paper Chase (TV Series) as Marcos
 1980 Seed of Innocence (uncredited)
 1980 First Family as White House Gardener
 1981 Madame X (TV Movie) as Senor Rueda
 1981 Love & Money as National Guard General
 1981 Zoot Suit as Rudy
 1981 Circle of Power as Reza Haddad
 1982 An Officer and a Gentleman as Emiliano De la Serra
 1983 Valley Girl as Low Rider
 1983 Nightmares as Father Luis Del Amo (segment "The Benediction")
 1983 El Norte as Carlos, The Bus Boy
 1983 Deal of the Century as Chicano Man
 1983 What's Up, Hideous Sun Demon as Officer Ignatz
 1985 City Limits as Ramos
 1985 Latino as Ruben
 1986 The Best of Times as Chico
 1986 Salvador as Major Max
 1986 Three Amigos as 'Jefe'
 1987 Disorderlies as Miguel
 1987 Born in East L.A. as Feo
 1984-1988 Miami Vice (TV Series) as Ernesto Guerrero / Cinco
 1988 Buy & Cell as Raoul
 1988 Break of Dawn (TV Movie) as Rodriguez
 1989 The Case of the Hillside Stranglers (TV Movie) as Mike Hernandez
 1989 Romero as Father Manuel Morantes
 1990 Why Me? as Jessie Salinas
 2017 Butterfly Caught as Michael Channis
 2017-2019 One Day at a Time (TV Series) as Berto
 2017-2018 Colony as Proxy Alcala
 2017-2019 The Punisher (TV Series) as Rafael Hernandez
 2018 Mayans M.C.(7 episodes) as Devante Cano
 2018 Shooter (1 episode) as Guitierez
 2019 Dynasty as  Cristal Jennings’ father, Silvio Flores. 2019 Elena of Avalor (1 episode) as Qapa
 2019 Wasp Network as Luis Posada Carriles
 2020 Connecting... (TV series) as Ramon

Voice acting
 Godzilla 1985 (1985) as Goro Maki (voice, uncredited)
 Santo Bugito (1995, TV Series) as Paco
 Extreme Ghostbusters (1997, TV Series) (voice)
 Grim Fandango (1998, Video Game) as Manuel "Manny" Calavera
 Cuba Libre (2003) as Narrator (voice)
 Hiroshima - Radio play based on the book by John Hersey, adapted by John Valentine (2003)
 Elena of Avalor (2018, TV Series) as Oapa (voice)

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American people of Cuban descent
Loyola Marymount University alumni
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

masks:
José Antonio Plana
Plana
Plana
Plana
Plana
Plana
Plana
Plana
Politics Plana


title: Nessa Feddis

texts:
<mask> is an American attorney and banking industry spokesperson. As senior vice president and deputy chief counsel for consumer protection and payments at the American Bankers Association's (ABA) Center for Regulatory Compliance, she focuses on consumer protection laws and payment system issues. She analyzes and instructs on various regulatory and legislative proposals and final laws related to consumer financial services including  credit and debit cards, privacy, deposit accounts, payments systems, and payment system fraud prevention. She informs Congress and government agencies on these subjects. She has testified before Congress. She is a former president of the American College of Consumer Financial Services Lawyers and former Chair of the Subcommittee on Electronic Fund Transfers of the American Bar Association's Consumer Financial Services Committee. She is also on the faculty at Practising Law Institute.Feddis' has contributed articles discussing regulatory and legislative developments in consumer banking matters to ABA Banking Journal and ABA Bank Compliance. She received her law degree from Catholic University. Media Interviews

<mask> appeared on PBS' NewsHour with Jim Lehrer in March 2011 to discuss the Fed's proposed rule regarding interchange. She said, "Interchange is basically the merchants' contribution to creating this very valuable, available-24/7, reliable system. And that's how it started. It really was a merchant phenomenon. The merchants, or the businesses, were getting tired of the losses from when their checks were returned.So they basically agreed to pay the fee and shift those losses and the risk of those losses back to the bank. And that's what it amounts to. So, the fee covers the cost of providing this 24/7-available system. And it's reliable. It's quick. It's secure. It not only helps maintain it, but it helps improve it.That means innovation. And one of the great concerns here is that, if they don't have the money, you won't see any more innovation." See: PBS' NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, "Banks, Retailers Clash Over Move to Cap Debit Card 'Swipe Fees'," March 8, 2011

Feddis predicted on various national news stations, including PBS' NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, and on ABC News that the Credit CARD Act would mean that credit card rates would increase generally, small businesses and consumers would find it harder to obtain credit, and limits would be lower. Recent data show that since the credit card restrictions ultimately adopted in the CARD Act were proposed in 2008, credit card interest rates have increased and credit card credit availability has declined. In contrast, during the same period, interest rates on other types of consumer credit declined, and non-revolving, non-mortgage debt as a percent of disposable income increased, suggesting that the economy alone cannot explained the increased credit cards interest rates and reduced availability. In an interview on PBS' News Hour with Jim Lehrer she said, “The bills and the rules restrict the ability of card companies to adjust to changing environments, changing risks. Over time, the market changes.Over time, people change. And if [the credit card companies] can't adjust to that risk -- and  risk equals cost -- other people have to absorb it. In other words, people who manage their credit well end up having to pay for people who don't repay their loans.”

See: PBS' NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, "Senate Looks at Restraining Credit Card Companies," May 14, 2009

On ABC News she said, “Riskier borrowers pay more for loans just like riskier drivers pay more for car insurance. And the inability to price for risk means that the cost is spread out over everybody.”

See: ABC News, “Credit Card Fee Limits,” May 20, 2010

Subsequently, in another interview on PBS' News Hour with Jim Lehrer when asked whether the Credit CARD Act could mean credit cards would be more difficult for some to obtain, Ms. Feddis responded, “Congress understood when they passed this law that one of the effects would be that many people, many small businesses wouldn't be able to get credit cards as easily, accounts would be closed, limits would be lowered. They also understood that, across-the-board, interest rates would go up a bit for everybody.”

In response to the observation that this was already happening, she said, “We're seeing that in the advertised rates, the new accounts, but [Congress] also understood that people who manage their credit well will to some degree be subsidizing or paying for those who don't. But they made the decision that this was an acceptable compromise -- a tradeoff, if you will -- for the consumer protections. A 2011 study by Argus Information & Advisory Services found that, based on cardholder data of the 9 largest credit card issuers, credit card interest rates increased and credit availability decreased since credit card restrictions ultimately adopted in the CARD Act were proposed in 2008.She also noted the positive aspects of the CARD Act, “The predominant effect of this new law is that consumers will no longer be surprised by an interest rate increase. For the most part, they will receive a 45-day advanced notice and, more importantly, the option to pay off the existing balance over time at the original rate." See: The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, "Tougher Credit Card Rules Offer New Consumer Guards," Aug. 20, 2009

As a banking industry representative, <mask> suggested in an interview with USA Today that the credit industry's treatment of students gives students a beneficial crash course in financial management, noting that unexpected fees may present “an opportunity to learn to manage a bank account.”

See: <mask> <mask> appears on AARP's Inside E Street

A 2007 Washington Post article — on banks' debit card overdraft fees — quoted her testimony before a subcommittee of the House Financial Services Committee stating that paying overdrafts “helps to avoid embarrassment, inconvenience, merchant fees and other adverse consequences of having a check bounce or a transaction denied.” The article notes that she added: "Careful tracking by the customer of transactions is an important responsibility. It is even more critical today than ever before, as there are many new and convenient ways to pay for the goods and services we buy." The article also pointed out that she  testified  that customers should keep track of their money, “because they are in a better position to know their actual balance. Only they know about the most recent automatic payments they have authorized and debit card transactions they have approved.”

The Washington Post columnist pointed out that debit card issuers could notify customers electronically, allowing them to avoid the overdraft fees. The article contended that "financial institutions don't want to change the status quo because they make good and easy money off their own customers' mistakes and irresponsibility."Feddis responded that "current technology [2007] makes real-time notification [at the point of sale] of overdrafts cost-prohibitive." Feddis has also pointed out that the majority of bank customers don't pay any banking fees—including overdrafts—in a 2009 MarketWatch article. She says, “Anyone's bank account can fall short from time to time but overdraft fees are 100% avoidable. Just like a parking ticket, they're meant to be a deterrent.”

In Frontline's September 2009 documentary titled The Card Game, which investigated questionable practices of the American credit card industry and the relationship of credit card abuse to the financial crisis of 2001-2010, when asked about the arrogance of the banking industry, <mask> replied: "Well, once Congress and the regulators identified the problems, they addressed it, and the industry is moving on. See: Excerpt, The Card Game, with <mask> <mask>

Personal

Born <mask> <mask> in November 1958, <mask> is one of six daughters of Eileen and <mask>, both natives of Dublin, Ireland, who met while serving in the armed forces. <mask> retired in 2007 as Cumberland, Maryland's first orthopedic surgeon. <mask> <mask> was born in Maryland and eventually moved to Washington, D.C. where she has lived ever since.<mask> has competed in rowing on the Potomac Boat Club team in D.C. In 1997, she won a gold in the Head of the Charles Regatta Master 8s and a silver in 1998. See also
See: <mask> <mask>, photos

References

1958 births
American Bankers Association
American lobbyists
American people of Irish descent
Catholic University of America alumni
Living people
Lawyers from Cumberland, Maryland

masks:
Nessa Feddis
Feddis
Feddis
Nessa
Feddis
Feddis
Nessa
Feddis
Nessa
Eileen Feddis
Feddis
Robert Feddis
Robert Feddis
Nessa
Feddis
Feddis
Nessa
Feddis