title: Henry Chichele

texts:
<mask> ( , also Checheley;  – 12 April 1443) was Archbishop of Canterbury (1414–1443) and founded All Souls College, Oxford. Early life
Chichele was born at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, in 1363 or 1364; Chicheley told Pope Eugene IV, in 1443, in asking leave to retire from the archbishopric, that he was in his eightieth year. He was the third and youngest son of <mask>, who appears in 1368 in still extant town records of Higham Ferrers, as a suitor in the mayor's court, and in 1381–1382, and again in 1384–1385, was mayor: in fact, for a dozen years he and <mask>, schoolmaster of Higham Ferrers grammar school, and one Richard Brabazon, filled the mayoralty in turns. <mask>'s occupation does not appear but his eldest son, William, is on the earliest extant list (1383) of the Grocers' Company, London. On 9 June 1405 <mask> was admitted, in succession to his father, to a burgage in Higham Ferrers. His mother, Agnes Pincheon, is said to have been of gentle birth. There is therefore no foundation in fact for the account (copied into the Dictionary of National Biography from a local historian, John Cole, Wellingborough, 1838) that he was picked up, as a poor ploughboy "eating his scanty meal off his mother's lap", by William of Wykeham.This story was unknown to Arthur Duck, Fellow of All Souls, who wrote Chichele's life in 1617. Education
The first recorded appearance of Chichele himself is at New College, Oxford, as Checheley, eighth among the undergraduate fellows, in July 1387, in the earliest extant hall-book, which contains weekly lists of those dining in Hall. He had come from Winchester College in one of the earliest batches of scholars from that college, the sole feeder of New College, not from St John Baptist College, Winchester, as guessed by  to cover the mistaken supposition that St Mary's College, Winchester was not founded till 1393. St Mary's College was formally established in 1382, and the school had been founded in 1373. Chichele appears in the Hall-books of New College up to the year 1392/93, when he was a B.A. and was absent for ten weeks from about 6 December to 6 March, presumably for the purpose of his ordination as a sub-deacon, which was performed by the bishop of Derry, acting as suffragan to the bishop of London. He was then already beneficed, receiving a royal ratification of his estate as parson of Llanvarchell in the diocese of St Asaph on 20 March 1391/92 (Cat.Pat. Rolls). Career

Legal career
In the Hall-book, marked 1393/94, but really for 1394/95, <mask>'s name does not appear. He had then left Oxford and gone up to London to practise as an advocate in the principal ecclesiastical court, the Court of Arches. His rise was rapid. Already on 8 February 1395/96 he was, on a commission with several knights and clerks to hear an appeal in a case of John Molton, Esquire v. John Shawe, citizen of London, from Sir John Cheyne kt., sitting for the constable of England in a court of chivalry. Like other ecclesiastical lawyers and civil servants of the day Chichele was paid with ecclesiastical preferments.On 13 April 1396, he obtained ratification of the parsonage of St Stephen's, Walbrook, presented on 30 March by the abbot of Colchester, no doubt through his brother Robert, who restored the church and increased its endowment. In 1397 he was made archdeacon of Dorset by Richard Mitford, bishop of Salisbury, but litigation was still going on about it in the papal court until 27 June 1399, when the pope extinguished the suit, imposing perpetual silence on Nicholas Bubwith, master of the rolls, his opponent. In the first year of <mask> IV Chicheley was parson of Sherston, Wiltshire, and prebendary of Nantgwyly in the college of Abergwilly, Wales; on 23 February 1401/2, now called doctor of laws, he was pardoned for bringing in, and allowed to use, a bull of the pope providing to him the chancellorship of Salisbury Cathedral, and canonries in the nuns' churches of Shaftesbury and Wilton in that diocese; and on 9 January 1402/3 he was archdeacon of Salisbury. Royal service
This year Chichele's brother Robert was senior sheriff of London. On 7 May 1404, Pope Boniface IX provided him to a prebend at Lincoln, notwithstanding he already held prebends at Salisbury, Lichfield, St Martins-le-Grand and Abergwyly, and the living of Brington. On 9 January 1405 he found time to attend a court at Higham Ferrers and be admitted to a burgage there. In July 1405 <mask> began a diplomatic career by a mission to the new Roman Pope Innocent VII, who was professing his desire to end the schism in the papacy by resignation, if his French rival at Avignon would do likewise.Next year, on 5 October 1406, he was sent with Sir John Cheyne to Paris to arrange a lasting peace and the marriage of Prince <mask> with the French princess Marie, which was frustrated by her becoming a nun at Poissy next year. In 1406 renewed efforts were made to stop the schism, and Chichele was one of the envoys sent to the new Pope Gregory XII. Here he utilised his opportunities. On 31 August 1407 Guy Mone (he is always so spelt and not Mohun, and was probably from one of the Hampshire Meons; there was a John Mone of Havant admitted a Winchester scholar in 1397), Bishop of St David's, died, and on 12 October 1407 Chichele was by the pope provided to the bishopric of St David's. Another bull the same day gave him the right to hold all his benefices with the bishopric. He was consecrated on 17 June 1408. At Siena in July 1408 he and Sir John Cheyne, as English envoys, were received by Gregory XII with special honour, and Bishop Repingdon of Lincoln, ex-Wycliffite, was one of the new batch of cardinals created on 18 September 1408, most of Gregory's cardinals having deserted him.These, together with Benedict's revolting cardinals, summoned a general council at Pisa. In November 1408 Chichele was back at Westminster, when <mask> received the cardinal archbishop of Bordeaux and determined to support the cardinals at Pisa against both popes. In January 1409 Chichele was named with Bishop Hallam of Salisbury and the prior of Canterbury to represent the Southern Convocation at the council, which opened on 25 March 1409, arriving on 24 April. Obedience was withdrawn from both the existing popes, and on 26 June a new pope elected instead of them. Chichele and the other envoys were received on their return as saviours of the world; though the result was summed up by a contemporary as trischism instead of schism, and the Church as giving three husbands instead of two. Chichele now became the subject of a leading case, the court of kings bench deciding, after arguments reheard in three successive terms, that he could not hold his previous benefices with the bishopric, and that, spite of the maxim Papa potest omnia, a papal bull could not supersede the law of the land (Year-book ii. H. iv.37, 59, 79). Accordingly, he had to resign livings and canonries wholesale (28 April 1410). As, however, he had obtained a bull (20 August 1409) enabling him to appoint his successors to the vacated preferments, including his nephew William, though still an undergraduate and not in orders, to the chancellorship of Salisbury, and a prebend at Lichfield, he did not go empty away. In May 1410 he went again on an embassy to France; on 11 September 1411 he headed a mission to discuss <mask>'s marriage with a daughter of the duke of Burgundy; and he was again there in November. In the interval Chichele found time to visit his diocese for the first time and be enthroned at St Davids on 11 May 1411. He was with the English force under the earl of Arundel which accompanied the duke of Burgundy to Paris in October 1411 and there defeated the Armagnacs, an exploit which revealed to England the weakness of the French. On 30 November 1411 Chichele, with two other bishops and three earls and the prince of Wales, knelt to the king to receive public thanks for their administration.That he was in high favour with <mask> is shown by his being sent with Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382–1439) to France in July 1413 to conclude peace. Immediately after the death of Thomas Arundel Archbishop  of Canterbury the king recommended him to the pope for promotion to the archbishopric on 13 March 1414, signified his royal assent of Chichele's postulation on 23 March 1414, translated by papal bull on 28 April 1414, and received the pall without going to Rome for it on 24 July. These dates are important as they help to save Chichele from the charge, versified by Shakespeare (Henry V. act 1. sc. 2) from Hall's Chronicle, of having tempted <mask> into the conquest of France for the sake of diverting parliament from the disendowment of the Church. There is no contemporary authority for the charge, which seems to appear first in Redman's rhetorical history of <mask>, written in 1540 with an eye to the political situation at that time, As a matter of fact, the parliament at Leicester, in which the speeches were supposed to have been made, began on 30 April 1414 before Chichele was archbishop. The rolls of parliament show that he was not present in the parliament at all. Moreover, parliament was so far from pressing disendowment that on the petition of the House of Commons it passed a savage act against the heresies commonly called Lollardry which aimed at the destruction of the king and all temporal estates, making Lollards felons and ordering every justice of the peace to hunt down their schools, conventicles, congregations and confederacies.Later career
In his capacity of archbishop, Chichele remained what he had always been chiefly, the lawyer and diplomatist. He was present at the siege of Rouen, and the king committed to him personally the negotiations for the surrender of the city in January 1419 and for the marriage of Katherine. He crowned Katherine at Westminster (20 February 1421), and on 6 December baptised her child <mask> VI. He was of course a persecutor of heretics. No one could have attained or kept the position of archbishop at the time without being so. So he presided at the trial of John Claydon, Skinner and citizen of London, who after five years imprisonment at various times had made public abjuration before the late archbishop, Arundel, but now was found in possession of a book in English called The Lanterne of Light, which contained the heinous heresy that the principal cause of the persecution of Christians was the illegal retention by priests of the goods of this world, and that archbishops and bishops were the special seats of Antichrist. As a relapsed heretic, he was left to the secular arm by Chichele.On 1 July 1416 Chichele directed a half-yearly inquisition by archdeacons to hunt out heretics. On 12 February 1420 proceedings were begun before him against William Taylor, priest, who had been for fourteen years excommunicated for heresy, and was now degraded and burnt for saying that prayers ought not to be addressed to saints, but only to God. A striking contrast was exhibited in October 1424, when a Stamford friar, John Russell, who had preached that any religious potest concumbere cum muliere and not mortally sin, was sentenced only to retract his doctrine. In 1422, in Higham Ferrers, he established a college called Chichele College for secular canons. The College had provision for 8 priests, 4 clerks, 6 choristers and a song and grammar master. Further persecutions of a whole batch of Lollards took place in 1428. The records of convocation in Chichele's time are a curious mixture of persecutions for heresy, which largely consisted in attacks on clerical endowments, with negotiations with the ministers of the crown for the object of cutting down to the lowest level the clerical contributions to the public revenues in respect of their endowments.Chichele was tenacious of the privileges of his see, and this involved him in a constant struggle with <mask>, bishop of Winchester. In 1418, while <mask> was alive, he successfully protested against Beaufort's being made a cardinal and legate a latere to supersede the legatine jurisdiction of Canterbury. But during the regency, after <mask>'s accession, Beaufort was successful, and in 1426 became cardinal and legate. Relations with the papacy
This brought Chichele into collision with Martin V. The struggle between them has been represented as one of a patriotic archbishop resisting the encroachments of the papacy on the Church of England. In point of fact it was almost wholly personal, and was rather an incident in the rivalry between the duke of Gloucester and his half-uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, than one involving any principle. Chichele, by appointing a jubilee to be held at Canterbury in 1420, after the manner of the Jubilee ordained by the Popes, threatened to divert the profits from pilgrims from Rome to Canterbury. A ferocious letter from the pope to the papal nuncios, on 19 March 1423, denounced the proceeding as calculated to ensnare simple souls and extort from them a profane reward, thereby setting up themselves against the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff, to whom alone so great a faculty has been granted by God (Cat.Pap. Reg. vii. 12). Chichele also incurred the papal wrath by opposing the system of papal provision which diverted patronage from English to Italian hands, but the immediate occasion was to prevent the introduction of the bulls making Beaufort a cardinal. Chichele had been careful enough to obtain Papal provisions for himself, his pluralities, his bishopric and archbishopric. Death
Chichele died on 12 April 1443.He is buried in Canterbury Cathedral, in a "cadaver tomb" between the upper choir and the choir ambulatory, adjacent to the north-east transept. The neighbouring gateway, from the transept into the choir, is known as the 'Chichele Gate'. His elaborate and colourful tomb, built many years before his death, depicts his naked corpse on the lower level, whilst on the upper level he is depicted resplendent in archiepiscopal vesture, his palms together in prayer. "I was pauper-born," reads the inscription on his tomb, "then to primate raised. Now I am cut down and served up for worms. Behold my grave." Citations

References

1364 births
1443 deaths
15th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Archbishops of Canterbury
Archdeacons of Dorset
Bishops of St Davids
Burials at Canterbury Cathedral
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Founders of English schools and colleges
People from Higham Ferrers

masks:
Henry Chichele
Thomas Chicheley
Henry Barton
Thomas Chichele
Henry Chichele
Chicheley
Henry
Chicheley
Henry
Henry IV
Henry V
Henry V
Henry V
Henry V
Henry
Henry Beaufort
Henry V
Henry VI


title: Ishmeet Singh

type: original

texts:
<mask> (2 September 1988 – 29 July 2008) was a winning singer on the STAR Plus show Amul STAR Voice of India. Hailing from Model town, Ludhiana of Punjab, Ishmeet won the Star Plus show in 2007 and also participated in another reality show called Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar. His first album was a religious Gurbani album called Satgur Tumre Kaaj Savaare. He died by suspected drowning in Malé, Maldives on 29 July 2008. He was a second year student of MNC College, Mumbai. Early life

<mask> was born on 2 September 1988 in Ludhiana, Indian Punjab to a Punjabi Sikh family: his father being named <mask> and his mother Amritpal Kaur. He attended Guru Nanak Public School, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana and was a second year student at MNC College, Mumbai, pursuing a bachelor's degree in commerce.During his second reality show competition attempt he had promised his mother to study up to C.A. level. Ishmeet received training in kirtan singing from Principal Sukhwant <mask>, of Gur Shabad Sangeet Academy, Jawaddi Taksaal, Ludhiana and from his uncle Dr. Charan <mask>, a professor at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana who supported him during the Amul Star Voice of India competition. He had learned how to sing, but was not trained to sing classical Indian music. This was evident and criticised during the Star Voice of India contest. Star Voice of India
<mask> <mask> entered the Star Voice of India contest at the age of 17, making him one of the youngest competitors. He was one of top two finalists and won the title on 24 November 2007.He was given the winner's trophy by singer Lata Mangeshkar. He was also one of the contestants of Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar, a singing reality show on Star Plus, and represented the Champions' team. He was eliminated on 20 June 2008. His style of singing was very similar to Bollywood singer Shaan. Shaan even said that when they were singing together he could not tell which lines he was singing himself. Although Ishmeet was from Punjab he made a conscious effort to sing more Hindi songs. Post – Star Voice of India
Ishmeet promised his community that he would release a Sikh religious album as his first, regardless of the result the Voice of India contest.Titled Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare it was released by BIG Music and contains six tracks;

Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare
Mera Maat Pita
Mitar Pyare Nu
Ram Japo
Naam Japat Dukh Jaae
Ek Noor

After releasing his initial religious album, Ishmeet joined a show titled Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar, which would pit champions of Indian musical reality shows against each other. He sang a Sikh hymn, Dithe Sabhe Thanv, for a Punjabi film, Sat Sri Akal. His voice was described as sounding very similar to Sonu Nigam's. When the film was released, Jagjit <mask> spoke of Ishmeet as "an excellent singer. He had everything at an early age. In Sat Sri Akal he sang the shabad beautifully." Ishmeet worked with Salim-Suleiman to produce a song called "Shukriya" and promoted this single with live performances.He toured Hong Kong, Bangkok and Malaysia and sang in concerts with members of the Voice of India competition, also singing kirtan in gurdwaras – his last performance in a gurdwara was with Veer Manpreet <mask>. Ishmeet was set to release a new album at the time of his death, having Lalit Pandit of the Jatin-Lalit duo as composer. Jatin Pandit announced he would try to get this album released. Death
In July 2008 Ishmeet visited to the Maldives with fellow Star Voice of India contestants Sumitra and Vyom for a concert that was to be held on 1 August 2008. He was found drowned on 29 July 2008 in the hotel's swimming pool. <mask> <mask> was staying at the Chaaya Island Dhonveli resort in Male. His family demanded an enquiry due to possible manslaughter as his accomplices watched him drown and the event management company may have failed to "manage" the event properly.Webnewswire conducted an in-depth investigation on his death and suggested that there was foul play. The Punjab government ordered a police probe. The final post-mortem report will not be released before the viscera results are received. Ishmeet's family have listed their concerns on the Ishmeet Singh Foundation website. His father, Gurpinder <mask>, and uncle, Charan <mask>, recently paid a three-day visit to the Maldives to investigate "unexplained" head injuries. His family members had earlier said that the post-mortem and forensic laboratory reports stated death was by drowning but later stressed "under noticed" injury marks on Ishmeet's forehead and temple. According to a report by ADK Hospital, Maldives, where Ishmeet was taken after his death, a linear cut on the forehead was recorded.The post-mortem report in India also mentions a blood clot, "hematoma", under the skin behind the right eye and bloody froth in the nostrils and the mouth. "We have inspected every nook and corner of the resort and the pool from every possible angle," said Charan <mask>, a pathologist in Ludhiana. "The pool has no pointed surface that could lead to such an external injury," Ismeet's uncle stressed, "his injuries show inflammatory change. Inflammatory alterations cannot take place after a person's death and nor in a swimming pool. These injuries could have taken place only when he was outside the pool. Ishmeet was living but unconscious when he was slipped into the pool," he claimed. According to The Indian High Commission, Maldives...
Narayan Swami, first secretary, Indian high commission in Maldives, was not in the country while Ishmeet's family visited the Indian high commission there.However, Mr Thomas, the official spokesperson of the high commission told us, "Ishmeet's father and two uncles had visited Maldives. They met the police authorities and have requested for further enquires about the incident. So, the Indian high commission in Maldives has forwarded the family's request for further enquiries into the matter to the government of Maldives. The letter has already been forwarded. We are taking appropriate steps now, following Ishmeet's family's request." The case was investigated by CBI, who approached Professor T D Dogra of AIIMS for opinion. Funeral
Thousands of people, including commoners and celebrities, attended <mask>'s journey from his home to the cremation ground on 31 July 2008.Shops in the area closed out of respect for their star. Posthumous events

BIG Music released two albums in tribute to <mask> <mask>, both of which contain songs that were recorded prior to his death. The first album is entitled Mool Mantar, and contains the first hymn of the Sikh holy scripture, Guru Granth Sahib. The second album, titled We'll Miss You, contains around six tracks, including the popular song Shukriya:

We'll Miss You has been released on both CD and DVD, and is distributed worldwide. Under the ISF banner, Principal Sukhwant <mask> and Gurpinder <mask>, father of Ishmeet, travelled to Malaysia to spread the message of the foundation. They stayed in the same room at the same hotel (Citrus Hotel) where Ishmeet stayed during his visit to Malaysia. They sang kirtan in Titiwangsa and Petaling Jaya Gurdwara where Ishmeet did the previous year, on the very same stage.References

External links
 Ishmeet Singh Foundation
 http://ishmeetinstitute.com/

Punjabi-language singers
Musicians from Ludhiana
Performers of Sikh music
Punjabi people
Indian Sikhs
Singing talent show winners
Deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in the Maldives
1989 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Indian singers
Singers from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian male singers

masks:
Ishmeet Singh
Singh
Gurpinder Singh
Singh
Kamal Singh
Ishmeet
Singh
Singh
Singh
Ishmeet
Singh
Singh
Kamal Singh
Kamal Singh
Singh
Ishmeet
Singh
Singh
Singh


title: Tupeni Baba

texts:
<mask> is a Fijian academic and politician, who founded the now-defunct New Labour Unity Party. Most members of this party later merged with several other centrist parties to form the Fiji Democratic Party (now part of the National Alliance Party). A former Professor of Education at the University of the South Pacific (USP), he later served as a senior research fellow at the Centre for Pacific Studies at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, from 2001 to the end of 2005. In the general election scheduled for 6–13 May 2006, <mask> attempted a political comeback, this time on the ticket of the ruling Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL), a political switch that generated a considerable degree of public discussion. Although his bid was unsuccessful, he was subsequently appointed to the Senate as one of nine nominees of the Fijian government. Political career

<mask> was a founding member of the Fiji Labour Party in the mid-1980s and was elected in 1987 to the House of Representatives as a candidate of the Labour-National Federation Party Coalition, which brought Timoci Bavadra to power. A month later, the new government was deposed in a coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka.<mask> returned to his academic career, taking a post as a lecturer at the University of Suva, where he remained until 1999, when he was again elected to Parliament and became Foreign Minister and one of two Deputy Prime Ministers in the government of Mahendra Chaudhry. During the coup of 2000 in which most members of the government were kidnapped by George Speight, <mask>'s courage as one of the hostages earned him considerable public respect. <mask> launched the NLUP in June 2001 after resigning from the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) of former Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, who had been deposed in the Fiji coup of 2000. The breach followed months of intra-party infighting, much of which preceded the coup. Large numbers of anti-Chaudhry dissidents followed him out of the party into the New Labour Unity Party. <mask>'s departure was thought to be one of the reasons why the Labour Party lost the elections held to restore democracy in September 2001; its share of the vote among ethnic Fijians dropped to around two percent. <mask>'s NLUP captured two seats, although <mask> himself was not elected.During the campaign, he called on the electorate not to support his former party, warning that a return to a government led by Chaudhry could result in another coup. For this, he was accused of fear-mongering. Life outside politics
<mask> waited until 2005 to reiterate and clarify his reasons for leaving the Labour Party. It was no longer the party he had joined under the leadership of Timoci Bavadra in the 1980s, he said on 18 September 2005. Bavadra's vision had been of a multiracial Fiji, but the present leadership of the party could not see past ethnic boundaries. All that was left of Bavadra's party was the name, he said. He expressed disappointment at Chaudhry's failure as Leader of the Opposition to work with Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase on matters of national importance, saying that when the party negotiated with the government at all, it appeared more like a trade union than a political party.In a multiethnic country like Fiji, <mask> said, it was imperative that leaders look beyond ethnic boundaries. On 22 December 2005, <mask> said that he would pursue academic and consultancy work after completing his four-year contract at the University of Auckland, which expired at the end of 2005. He was happy to be away from politics, he said, and was not inclined to return to it. He found recent political trends in Fiji depressing, especially the polarization of political parties on ethnic lines. Questioned again by the Fiji Village news service on 16 February, after his return to Fiji, he refused to be drawn on whether he would contest the 2006 election or not, but made it clear that he was no longer affiliated with the FLP. Speight of Violence
On 15 May 2005, the publication of "Speight of Violence," coauthored by <mask>, his wife Unaisi Nabobo-<mask> (a fellow USP academic (at the time) now (2011) of the University of Guam) and journalist Michael Field, generated controversy with the claim that Mahendra Chaudhry had promised him the Prime Ministership before and during the 1999 election campaign, and that Chaudhry had reneged on that promise. Chaudhry reacted strongly to the allegation, saying that no such promise was or would have been made.An FLP press release called <mask> was "a frustrated and embitterered" person who had left the Labour Party after a failed bid for the leadership. "Speight of Violence" is based largely on a diary that <mask> claims to have compiled secretly while held hostage by Speight's loyalists, but also gives background information, from <mask>'s perspective, on political events up to and following the coup. SDL convert, 2006
The Fiji Times reported on 11 March 2006 that the ruling SDL had approached <mask> with an invitation to contest the parliamentary election scheduled for 6–13 May under the SDL banner. On 18 March, the SDL announced that <mask> had been approved as its candidate for the Tamavua Samabula Open Constituency. Fiji Village quoted <mask> as saying that his decision to join the SDL was motivated by what he called the lack of leadership in the FLP. FLP politicians, however, poured derision on the move. Leader Mahendra Chaudhry said that <mask> was a deserter, and that the SDL must be "hard up for candidates" to have selected a man like him, while Deputy Leader Poseci Bune told the Fiji Sun that he was baffled by the turn of events."He used to be a liberal left winger but now he is back to nationalist. SDL must be desperate for candidates," he surmised. Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) General Secretary Ema Druavesi also expressed disappointment with <mask>'s decision, saying he had joined a party lacking "the character of a good leadership." The Fiji Times quoted <mask> on 20 March as saying that the SDL was "the only alternative for Fiji moving forward." He praised its success in reviving the economy; he conceded that some of its legislation was controversial, but saw it as an attempt to move the country forward. He still considered himself a liberal and a socialist, he said, but insisted that had to be seen in the multiracial context of Fiji. His former party, the FLP, gave mere lip service to multiracialism, he charged."I have responded to the request of the SDL party according to the mood of politics because I am fed up of confrontational and negative politics," he said. The 2006 coup d'état

Towards the end of 2006, the Fijian government announced that <mask> would be its next Ambassador to the United Nations. This plan was aborted, however, by a military coup on 5 December. The Military later announced that <mask> might face investigation for his alleged links to international fraudster Peter Foster. Return to politics

<mask> helped to found the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SDLP) as the successor party to the SDL, which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved. He briefly led the party in 2014, but made way for Ro Teimumu Kepa, a high chief and former Cabinet Minister. He was not a candidate in the general elections held in 2014.Personal life

Dr <mask> <mask> is married to Associate Professor of Education Dr Unaisi Nabobo-<mask> of the University of Guam. Together they have one son only. Previously, <mask> had a son, Viliame, and a daughter, Raijeli, with his first wife, Miriama Raitasia Cagilaba, a native of Natewa in Cakaudrove Province. Miriama is the younger sister of Lady Bale Ganilau, the wife of former Governor-General and first President, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau. In 2002, Raijeli married the then-Chief Justice, Sir Timoci Tuivaga. A lawyer, Raijeli  continues to work in the law and runs her own practice in Suva. <mask> is related to Sitiveni Rabuka, who deposed the 1987 government in which he served.Fiji Labour Party politicians
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Senate (Fiji)
I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
Fijian Methodists
Living people
Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua politicians
People educated at Lelean Memorial School
University of Auckland faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Social Democratic Liberal Party politicians
Foreign Ministers of Fiji
New Labour Unity Party politicians
Politicians from Cakaudrove Province

masks:
Tupeni Lebaivalu Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba
Tupeni
Baba
Baba
Baba
Baba


title: James Wallwork

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1930) is an American Republican Party politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature and twice sought the Republican nomination for Governor. Early life and military career
<mask> was born September 17, 1930 in East Orange, New Jersey, the son of J<mask> (1904-1985) and <mask> (1905-1993). He grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and was a 1952 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was 13th in his class of 525. He attended the General Staff War College, where he finished first in his class of 400, and the Army Engineering School. He was the Company Commander of a Combat Engineer Company with the Army of Occupation in Germany. After he left active duty, he served as a Major in the Army National Guard.He was an owner of Wallwork Bros., a plumbing, heating and refrigeration supply company, a family business started by his grandfather. Political career
<mask> was elected to the Republican County Committee in Montclair in 1957, and served as an aide to Assemblyman C. Robert Sarcone, the Assembly Minority Leader, in 1963. He was later a resident of the Short Hills section of Millburn, New Jersey. General Assembly
He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1963, winning one of nine at-large seats. In 1965, he lost his bid for re-election to a second term, the casualty of Democratic Governor Richard J. Hughes's landslide re-election. State Senate
<mask> ran for the New Jersey Senate in 1967. He won a hotly contested primary on a Reform Republican slate, finishing first in a field of thirteen candidates for six Senate seats elected at-Large in Essex County.The General Election turned out to be a strong environment for Republicans; it was the mid-term election of Governor Richard J. Hughes's second term. Republicans won all six Senate seats, with <mask> running fourth. The four Democratic Senators elected in 1965 -- Nicholas Fernicola, John J. Giblin, Maclyn Goldman and Hutchins Inge—were all defeated. With Republicans taking control of the Legislature in 1967, <mask> was initially slated to serve as the new Majority Leader. But the Essex County Republican Chairman, William Yeomans, refused to support him, a move that essentially blackballed <mask> from the leadership post. Instead, Frank X. McDermott. a freshman Senator from Union County, became Majority Leader.1967 Republican State Senate primary results

1967 Essex County state senate general election results

In 1971, redistricting reduced the number of Essex County Senate seats from six to five, all elected At-Large countywide. <mask> finished third in the General Election, a race where Democrats won three of the five Senate seats. He finished more than 6,000 votes ahead of Democrat Martin Greenberg. 1971 Essex County state senate general election results

Another round of redistricting came in 1973 when the 25th legislative district was created. For the first time, the state was divided into 40 legislative districts, each with one Senator and two Assemblymen. His running mate was Assemblyman, later Governor, Thomas Kean. In a Democratic landslide year, <mask> defeated Roseland Councilman Joel Wasserman by 4,774 votes, 30,552 (54.24%) to 25,778 (45.76%).He was re-elected in 1977 against Democrat Lewis J. Paper, a former U.S. Senate aide and White House intern. <mask> won by 12,421 votes, 35,517 (60.60%)	23,096 (39.40%). <mask> served as the Senate Minority Whip in 1978 and 1979, and as the Assistant Minority Leader in 1980 and 1981. Candidate for Governor of New Jersey
<mask> sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981, but finished fourth in the Republican primary with 16% of the vote. He lost to Kean, who won the general election. During the campaign, <mask> was reported to be the subject of an attempted assassination at a Veterans Administration hospital by a gunman disguised as a surgeon.The incident was determined by the FBI to be a hoax. In an unrelated indictment, federal prosecutors stated that the hospital chief of security had staged the attempt. Results of the 1981 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey

Source:

On March 2, 1993, <mask> made a late and surprising entrance into the 1993 Republican gubernatorial primary. The two leading candidates, both moderates, former New Jersey Board of Public Utilities President Christine Todd Whitman and former New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards, were being hammered after admitting that they had hired undocumented aliens as domestic servants in their homes. This was an issue in early 1993, after President Clinton's first two nominees for U.S. Attorney General, Zoe Baird and Kimba Wood, were forced to withdraw their nominations after admitting that they hired undocumented aliens as nannies. <mask> billed himself as a conservative businessman, and pledged to "repeal every dime" of Governor Jim Florio's $2.8 billion tax increase. <mask> was hampered by his late start.He admitted at his announcement that his campaign had just two staffers and that he had not yet raised enough to air his first television commercial. "He's just not that well known. He's deficient in name recognition, political base, support among county leadership, and I honestly don't know whether he can become a major candidate," Cliff Zukin, a professor of political science at the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University told the New York Times. He finished third, with 24% of the vote, and carried only Atlantic County. Results of the 1993 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey

Source:

Waterfront Commissioner
Governor Christine Todd Whitman appointed <mask> to serve as the Commissioner for New Jersey on the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor. Family and retirement
He married the former Lark Lataner of Orange, New Jersey in 1965. They have one daughter, Lyric <mask> Winik, a book and magazine writer.His son-in-law is historian Jay Winik, the author of the New York Times #1 bestseller April 1865 (2001). Following his retirement from his business, he lived in Far Hills, New Jersey before relocating to Bethesda, Maryland. Electoral history

References

1930 births
Living people
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey state senators
People from East Orange, New Jersey
People from Far Hills, New Jersey
People from Millburn, New Jersey
People from Montclair, New Jersey
United States Military Academy alumni
New Jersey Republicans
Military personnel from New Jersey

masks:
James Harold Wallwork
Wallwork
. Harold Wallwork
Lorraine Cameron Klick Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork
Wallwork


title: Leroy Vinnegar

texts:
<mask> (July 13, 1928 – August 3, 1999) was an American jazz bassist. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, the self-taught <mask> established his reputation in Los Angeles, California, during the 1950s and 1960s. His trademark was the rhythmic "walking" bass line, a steady series of ascending or descending notes, and it brought him the nickname "The Walker". Besides his jazz work, he also appeared on a number of soundtracks and pop albums, notably Van Morrison's 1972 album, Saint Dominic's Preview. Music career
He recorded extensively as both a leader and sideman. He came to public attention in the 1950s as a result of recording with Lee Konitz, André Previn, Stan Getz, Shorty Rogers, Chet Baker, Shelly Manne, Joe Castro and Serge Chaloff. He played bass on Previn and Manne's My Fair Lady album, one of the most successful jazz records ever produced.He also performed on another of jazz's biggest hit albums, Eddie Harris and Les McCann's Swiss Movement, released in 1969. <mask> also performed at the Lighthouse in Hermosa Beach, California, and Diggers in East Los Angeles in the late 1950s, with drummer and pianist Don Joham along with other musicians. He moved to Portland, Oregon in 1986. In 1995, the Oregon State Legislature honored him by proclaiming May 1 Leroy Vinnegar Day. <mask> died of a heart attack, at the age of 71, on August 3, 1999, in a hospital in Portland. Discography

As leader
 <mask> Walks! (Contemporary, 1958)
 <mask> Walks Again!!(Contemporary, 1963)
 Jazz's Great "Walker"  (Vee Jay, 1964)
 Glass of Water (Legend, 1973)
 The Kid (PBR, 1974; Q-Tape, 2005)
 Walkin' the Basses (Contemporary, 1992)

As sideman
With Pepper Adams
Pepper Adams Quintet (Mode, 1956)
With Stan Getz and Lionel Hampton
 Hamp and Getz (Norgran, 1955)
With Chet Baker
 Quartet: Russ Freeman/Chet Baker (Pacific Jazz, 1956)
With Tom Ball and Kenny Sultan
 Who Drank My Beer? (Kicking Mule, 1983)
 Bloodshot Eyes (Flying Fish, 1986)
With Conte Candoli
 West Coast Wailers (Atlantic, 1955) with Lou Levy
 Little Band Big Jazz (Crown, 1960)
With Benny Carter
 Jazz Giant (Contemporary, 1958)
 Swingin' the '20s (Contemporary, 1958)
Sax ala Carter! (United Artists, 1960)
BBB & Co. (Swingville, 1962) with Ben Webster and Barney Bigard
With Joe Castro
 Live at Falcon's Lair! (Pablo, 1956)
 Groove Funk Soul (Atlantic, 1959)
 At Falcon's Lair with Joe Castro (1959)
With Serge Chaloff
 Blue Serge (Capitol, 1956)
With Dolo Coker
 Dolo! (Xanadu, 1976)
 California Hard (Xanadu, 1977)
 Third Down (Xanadu, 1977)
Xanadu in Africa (Xanadu, 1980) with Al Cohn, Billy Mitchell and Frank Butler
Night Flight to Dakar (Xanadu, 1980) with Al Cohn, Billy Mitchell and Frank Butler
With Buddy Collette
 Nice Day with Buddy Collette (Contemporary, 1957)
With Sonny Criss
 Saturday Morning (Xanadu, 1975)
With The Doors
 Waiting for the Sun (Elektra, 1968)
With Barbara Dane & Earl Hines
 Livin' with the Blues (Dot, 1959)
With Kenny Dorham
 Inta Somethin' (Pacific Jazz, 1961)
With Kenny Drew
 Talkin' & Walkin' (Jazz: West, 1955)
 Home Is Where the Soul Is (Xanadu, 1978)
 For Sure! (Xanadu, 1978)
With Harry Edison
"Sweets" for the Sweet (Sue, 1964)
With Teddy Edwards
Teddy Edwards at Falcon's Lair (MetroJazz, 1958)
 It's About Time (Pacific Jazz, 1959)
 Sunset Eyes (Pacific Jazz, 1960)
 Teddy's Ready! (Contemporary, 1960)
 Good Gravy!(Contemporary, 1961)
 Heart & Soul (Contemporary, 1962)
Young at Heart (Storyville, 1979) with Howard McGhee
Wise in Time (Storyville, 1979) with Howard McGhee
Mississippi Lad (Verve/Gitanes, 1991)
With Victor Feldman
Vic Feldman on Vibes (Mode, 1957)
With Red Garland
 Keystones! (Xanadu, 1977)
With Stan Getz
 West Coast Jazz (Norgran, 1955)
 Hamp and Getz (Verve, 1955)
 Stan Getz and the Cool Sounds (Verve, 1953–55, [1957])
 The Steamer (Verve, 1956)
With Dexter GordonDaddy Plays the Horn (Bethlehem, 1955)Dexter Blows Hot and Cool (Dooto, 1955)
With Eddie Harris and Les McCann
 Swiss Movement (Atlantic, 1969)
With Hampton Hawes
 The Sermon (Contemporary, 1958 [1987])
 Something Special (Contemporary, 1976 [1994])
With Elmo Hope
 The Elmo Hope Quintet featuring Harold Land (Pacific Jazz, 1957)
With The Jazz Crusaders
 Live at the Lighthouse '66 (Pacific Jazz, 1966)
 Talk That Talk (Pacific Jazz, 1966)
With Fred Katz
 Fred Katz and his Jammers (Decca, 1959)
With Barney Kessel
 Let's Cook! (Contemporary, 1957 [1962])
With Eric Kloss
 First Class Kloss! (Prestige, 1967)
With Harold Land
 Harold in the Land of Jazz (Contemporary, 1958)
With Gordon Lee
 On the Shoulders of Giants (Unity Label Group, 1994)
With Shelly Manne
 Concerto for Clarinet & Combo (Contemporary, 1955 [1957])
 Swinging Sounds (Contemporary, 1956)
 More Swinging Sounds (Contemporary, 1956)
 Shelly Manne & His Friends (Contemporary, 1956)
 My Fair Lady (Contemporary, 1956)
With Les McCann
 Les McCann Ltd. Plays the Truth (Pacific Jazz, 1960)
 Les McCann Ltd. Plays the Shout (Pacific Jazz, 1960)
 From the Top of the Barrel (Pacific Jazz, 1960 [1967])
 On Time (Pacific Jazz, 1962)
 Les McCann Plays the Hits (Limelight, 1966)
 Bucket O' Grease (Limelight, 1967)
 Much Les (Atlantic, 1968)
 Fish This Week (United Artists, 1973)
With Howard McGhee
 Maggie's Back in Town!! (Contemporary, 1961)Young at Heart (Storyville, 1979) with Teddy EdwardsWise in Time (Storyville, 1979) with Teddy Edwards
With Frank MorganFrank Morgan (Gene Norman Presents, 1955)
With Van Morrison
 Saint Dominic's Preview (Warner Bros., 1972)
With Gerry Mulligan and Ben Webster
 Gerry Mulligan Meets Ben Webster (Verve, 1959)
With Phineas Newborn, Jr.The Great Jazz Piano of Phineas Newborn Jr. (Contemporary, 1963)
 The Newborn Touch (Contemporary, 1964)
With Art Pepper
 The Return of Art Pepper (Jazz: West, 1956)
With Carl PerkinsIntroducing Carl Perkins (Dootone, 1956)
With Randy Porter
 Modern ReflectionsWith Sonny Rollins
 Sonny Rollins and the Contemporary Leaders (Contemporary, 1958)
With Shorty Rogers
 Martians Come Back! (Atlantic, 1955)
 Way Up There (Atlantic, 1955 [1957])
With Jimmy Smith
 Bluesmith (Verve, 1972)
With Sonny Stitt
 Sonny Stitt Blows the Blues (Verve, 1959)
 Saxophone Supremacy (Verve, 1959)
 Sonny Stitt Swings the Most (Verve, 1959)
With Cedar Walton
 Cedar! (Prestige, 1967)
With Tut Taylor
 12 String Dobro (World Pacific Records, 1964)
With Jessica Williams
 Encounters (Jazz Focus, 1994)
 Encounters II (Jazz Focus, 1997)
With Don Wilkerson
 The Texas Twister (Riverside, 1960)
With Gerald Wilson
 Portraits (Pacific Jazz, 1964)
With Jack Wilson
 The Two Sides of Jack Wilson'' (Atlantic, 1964)

References

1928 births
1999 deaths
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
African-American jazz musicians
West Coast jazz double-bassists
Jazz musicians from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Indianapolis
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Contemporary Records artists
Fantasy Records artists
Vee-Jay Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

masks:
Leroy Vinnegar
Vinnegar
Vinnegar
Vinnegar
Leroy
Leroy


title: Jonah Bokaer

texts:
<mask> (born October 1, 1981) is an American choreographer and media artist. He works on live performances in the United States and elsewhere, including choreography, digital media, cross-disciplinary collaborations, and social enterprise. Education
Originally from Ithaca, New York, Bokaer trained in dance at Cornell University, and subsequently graduated from University of North Carolina School of the Arts as a North Carolina Academic Scholar (Contemporary Dance/Performance, 2000). Recruited for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company at the unprecedented age of 18, Bokaer pursued a parallel degree in Visual & Media Studies at The New School (2003–2007), where he received the Joan Kirnsner Memorial Award. Additional studies in media and performance occurred at Parsons The New School for Design, NYU Performance Studies, and through self-taught explorations into digital media and 3D animation: such studies led to the development of a rare, multi-disciplinary approach to choreography, addressing the human body in relation to contemporary technologies. Dance and choreography
As a dancer, Bokaer has worked with Merce Cunningham (2000–2007), John Jasperse (2004–2005), David Gordon (2005–2006), Deborah Hay (2005), Tino Sehgal (2008), and many others. He has also interpreted the choreography of George Balanchine as restaged by Melissa Hayden.Bokaer is also a frequent choreographer for Robert Wilson (2007–Present). Bokaer is the author of 30 original choreographies, produced in Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, India, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Recent engagements include the Attakalari Performance Biennale (Bangalore 2009), the Rotterdamse Schouwburg (Holland 2010), Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival (Becket, MA 2011), Festival d'Avignon (Avignon, 2012), BAM Next Wave Festival, and a commission from the National Academy of Sciences (Washington, D.C.). Activism and social enterprise
Under the leadership Bokaer in 2002, a group of artists and choreographers formed Chez Bushwick, an adventurous arts organization that has significantly impacted a new generation of dance artists, choreographers, and performers in the United States, and beyond. Founding artists developed a series of public programs that have become emblematic of a new way of working in New York City: across borders, across disciplines, employing variable aesthetic signatures, and overturning divisions between choreographer, curator, producer, and audience member. Through strategies of collaboration, activism, and public dialogue, these cultural strategies have achieved economic justice during a challenging real estate and funding climate in NYC. Chez Bushwick was recently awarded by the Rockefeller Foundation NYC Cultural Innovation Fund.Bokaer is a co-founder of the Center for Performance Research (CPR), a nonprofit organization in collaboration with John Jasperse/Thin Man Dance. CPR's L.E.E.D.-certified green building, the first in Brooklyn, provides affordable space for rehearsal and performance, arts programming, education and engagement with the community. Writing
Bokaer's writings have been published in Artwurl, The American Society for Alexander Teachers, Critical Correspondence, AADIAL Magazine, Goldrush Dance Magazine, ITCH, Movement Research Performance Journal, and NYFA Current. Additionally, Bokaer recently accepted the Special Citation at the New York Dance & Performance / Bessie Awards, for the arts organization Chez Bushwick (2007); his choreography "The Invention Of Minus One" was also awarded a Bessie Award for original lighting design by Aaron Copp (2008). He is also a 2008–2009 Young Leader of the French American Foundation, and is the first dance artist to have been awarded. New York: Editions 2wice, 2005. 2wice Arts Foundation, False Start: <mask>er.New York: Editions 2wice, 2008. 2wice Arts Foundation, Fifth Wall: <mask>er. New York: Editions 2wice, 2012. 2wice Arts Foundation, Green World: Merce Cunningham. New York: Editions 2wice, 2007. BAM: The Brooklyn Academy of Music, BAM: The Complete Works. New York: The Quantuck Lane Press, 2011.Baryshnikov, Mikhail, Merce My Way. New York: The Baryshnikov Foundation, 2008. Boisseau, Rosita and Philippe, Laurent, Photographier La Danse. Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Scala, 2013. Copeland, Roger, Merce Cunningham: The Modernizing of Modern Dance. New York: Routledge, 2004. DeMers, Anna Sycamore, "On the Beach by <mask>er and Davide Balliano".The Johns Hopkins University Press: Theatre Journal, Vol. 65, No. 1., pp. 101–102 (March 2013). DOI: 10.1353/tj.2013.0017
 England, Betsy, Gray Matter: Daniel Arsham, <mask>, and Judith Sánchez Ruíz's REPLICA. The Drama Review: Vol. 55, No.1. (Spring, 2011). Foundation for Contemporary Arts, Artists for Artists: Fifty Years of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts. New York: Foundation for Contemporary Arts, 2013. Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Daniel Arsham. Paris, Miami: Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, 2008. Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, Daniel Arsham.New York, Paris, Hong-Kong: Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin, 2012. Gober, Robert, A Robert Gober Lexicon, Essay By Brenda Richardson. New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 2005. Jacobson, Bill, Photographs. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2005. Lithgow, John, Drama: An Actor's Education. New York: Harper Collins: 2011.Milder, Patricia, Performing Arts Journal #100: Performance New York. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Journals, 2012. Reynolds, Dee, Rhythmic Subjects: Uses of Energy in the Dances of Mary Wigman, Martha Graham and Merce Cunningham. Alton, England: Dance Books, 2007. Turk, Edward Baron, "Avignon 2012: Celebrating the Jean Vilar Centennial". The French Review, Vol. 87, No.1. (October 2013)
 Wozny, Nancy, <mask>er: Moving Toward An Embodied Technology. Contact Quarterly: CQ Chapbook 1, newDANCEmedia. Vol. 35, No. 2. (Summer, 2010).On Vanishing: "New Mythologies for Choreography in the Museum, <mask>er". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art (May 2014), Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 10–13 (doi: 10.1162/PAJJ_a_00190)

External links

 Archival footage of <mask>er performing in Why Patterns in 2011 at Jacob's Pillow. Archival footage of <mask>er performing in Curtain in 2012 at Jacob's Pillow. Archival footage of <mask>'s work Rules of The Game in 2017 at Jacob's Pillow.Chez Bushwick
 Center for Performance Research
 Daniel Arsham
 Robert Wilson
 Snarkitecture

1981 births
Living people
Artists from Ithaca, New York
Cornell University alumni
University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni
American choreographers
The New School alumni

masks:
Jonah Bokaer
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Bokaer
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Boka
Jonah Bokaer


title: George Nelson (designer)

texts:
<mask> (1908–1986) was an American industrial designer. While lead designer for the Herman Miller furniture company, <mask> and his design studio, George Nelson Associates, designed 20th-century modernist furniture. He is considered a founder of American modernist design. 1908–1934: Early life
<mask> was born on May 29, 1908 in Hartford, Connecticut to <mask> and Lillian Canterow <mask>. His parents owned a drugstore. He graduated from Hartford Public High School in 1924, and thereafter attended Yale University. He did not originally set out to become an architect; he happened upon the architecture school at Yale, when he ducked into a building during a rainstorm, in order to get out of the rain.Walking through the building, he came upon an exhibit of students' works entitled "A Cemetery Gateway". <mask> met with some early recognition while still an undergraduate, when he was published in Pencil Points and Architecture magazines. During his final year at Yale, he was hired by the architecture firm Adams and Prentice as a drafter. In 1928, he graduated with a degree in architecture. In 1929, <mask> was hired as a Teacher's Assistant while pursuing his second bachelor's degree at Yale. He received a degree in Fine Arts in 1931. The next year, while preparing for the Paris Prize competition, he won the Rome Prize, a fellowship that allowed him to study architecture in Rome for two years with a healthy stipend and accommodations in a palace.While based in Rome, <mask> traveled through Europe where he met a number of the modernist pioneers, whom he interviewed for articles for Pencil Points magazine. While being interviewed by <mask>, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe asked about Frank Lloyd Wright, whom <mask> was embarrassed to say he did not know much about. Years later, however, <mask> would work with Wright on a special issue of Architectural Forum which catalyzed Wright's comeback from relative obscurity. While in Rome <mask> married Frances Hollister. A few years later, he returned to the United States to devote himself to writing. Through his articles in Pencil Points he introduced the work of Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Gio Ponti to North America. 1935–1944: Design writing
In 1935, <mask> joined Architectural Forum, where he was first associate editor (1935–1943), and later consulting editor (1944–1949).There, he defended the modernist principles, arguing against colleagues who, as "industrial designers", made too many concessions to the commercial forces of the industry. <mask> believed the work of a designer should be to better the world. In his view, nature was already perfect, but man ruined it by making things that didn't follow the rules of nature. "The contemporary architect, cut off from symbols, ornament and meaningful elaborations of structural form, all of which earlier periods processed in abundance, has desperately chased every functional requirement, every change in sight or ornamentation, every technical improvement, to provide some basis for starting his work. Where the limitations were most rigorous, as for example in a factory, or in a skyscraper where every inch had to yield its profit, there the designers were happiest and the results most satisfying but; let a religious belief or a social ideal replace the cubic foot costs or radiation losses, and nothing happened. There is not a single modern church in the entire country that is comparable to a first-rate cafeteria, as far as solving the problem is concerned." At this point, <mask>’s career still mainly involved writing for architecture magazines and not actually designing the solutions to modern living that he would later become famous for.During this period <mask> spent a great deal of time interviewing and exchanging ideas with the other founders of the modernist architecture movement of the 1940s, including Eliot Noyes, Charles Eames, and Walter B. Ford, all of whom he would later collaborate with. By 1940, <mask> had become known for several innovative concepts. In his post-war book Tomorrow's House, co-authored with Henry Wright, he introduced the concept of the "family room", and the "storage wall". The storage wall was essentially the idea of recessed, built-in bookcases or shelving occupying space previously lost between walls. It was an idea developed while writing the book, when <mask>'s publisher was pressuring him to finish the section on storage. Neither Wright nor <mask> could find any additional innovations when <mask> posed the question, "What's inside the wall? ", It was then that the idea of utilizing the space between walls for storage was born.Tomorrow's House was innovative because it didn't look at modern design as a case of styles, but instead looked at the way problems needed to be solved. The book was a commercial success and made it onto the New York Times bestseller list. 1945–1954: Herman Miller

In 1945, the Herman Miller furniture company was producing mostly conventional, wood-based designs. After reading  Tomorrow's House D.J. Depree, the Chairman of Herman Miller, selected <mask> to be the company's next Director of Design, despite <mask> having no experience designing furniture. Depree was more interested in <mask>'s insight into the best way to make furniture innovative and useful. <mask> was offered a contract that allowed him the freedom to work outside of Herman Miller, and to use designs from other architects that <mask> had worked with.He became the Director of Design for Herman Miller in 1947, and held the position until 1972. The first Herman Miller catalog produced by <mask> was released in 1945. Over the following years it would include some of the most iconic home furnishings of the 20th century. Ray and Charles Eames, Harry Bertoia, Richard Schultz, Donald Knorr, and Isamu Noguchi all worked for Herman Miller, under <mask>'s supervision. Although both Bertoia and Noguchi later expressed regrets about their involvement, it became a successful period for the company, and for <mask>. 1955–1980s: George Nelson Associates, Inc. Using the money he earned as Director of Design for Herman Miller, in 1947 <mask> opened a design studio in New York City.On October 26, 1955 he incorporated it into George Nelson Associates, Inc., and moved to 251 Park Avenue South. The studio was successful in bringing together many of the top designers of the era, who were soon designing for Herman Miller under the George Nelson label. Among the noted designers who worked for George Nelson Associates, Inc. were Irving Harper, <mask> (designer of the Coconut Chair), Robert Brownjohn (designer of the sets for the James Bond film Goldfinger), Don Chadwick, Bill Renwick, Suzanne Sekey, John Svezia, Ernest Farmer, Tobias O'Mara, Ronald Beckman (designer of the Sling Sofa), <mask>, (who designed the Herman Miller advertisements), Lance Wyman, and John Pile. With his studio, <mask> enacted new practices for the involvement of design in all aspects of the company, pioneering the practice of corporate image management, graphic programs, and signage. By the time the company closed in the mid-1980s George Nelson Associates, Inc. had worked with most of the Fortune 500 companies. <mask>'s architectural projects included what he dubbed "The Colombian Garden of Health", a 200-bed tertiary care hospital in Bogota, Colombia, commisoned by the Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota. In 1959, he remarried to Jacqueline Griffiths.That same year, he served as the lead designer for the American National Exhibition in Moscow. The office cubicle

In 1960 Herman Miller created the Herman Miller Research Corporation under the direction of Robert Propst, and the supervision of <mask>. Although <mask> remained at Herman Miller's main campus in Zeeland, Michigan, Robert Propst and the Herman Miller Research Corporation was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan to place it in close proximity to the University of Michigan campus. The company's purpose was to examine changes in the use of office furniture that had taken place during the 20th century, but not the furniture itself. After consulting with experts in psychology, anthropology, and various other fields, Propst created the Action Office I line, which was executed by <mask>'s studio, and first appeared in Herman Miller's 1964 catalog. For designing the Action Office I <mask> was awarded the prestigious Alcoa award. The Action Office I line was not a success, and <mask> was removed from the project.Propst then created the Action Office II, which is better known today as the office cubicle. Despite the "Action Office II" line becoming Herman Miller's most successful project, <mask> disowned himself from any connection with the project. In 1970 he sent a letter to Robert Blaich, who had become Herman Miller's Vice-President for Corporate Design and Communication, in which he described the system's "dehumanizing effect as a working environment." He summed up his feeling by saying:

"One does not have to be an especially perceptive critic to realize that AO II is definitely not a system which produces an environment gratifying for people in general. But it is admirable for planners looking for ways of cramming in a maximum number of bodies, for "employees" (as against individuals), for "personnel," corporate zombies, the walking dead, the silent majority. A large market." Scornful as he may have been, <mask> was right that there turned out to be a "larger market" for AO II.By 2005 total sales had reached $5 billion. 1980s: Retirement and death
<mask> retired with the closing of his studio in the mid-1980s. In 1984, he became a scholar in residence at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. He died in New York City in 1986. Influence and legacy
The George Nelson Associates, Inc. catalog, and exhibition designs for Herman Miller, made modernism the most important driving force in the company. From his start in the mid-forties until the mid-eighties George Nelson Associates, Inc. partnered with most of the modernist designers of the time. This was both the result of <mask>'s time as a magazine editor, and because of <mask>'s writing.His skill as a writer helped legitimize and stimulate the field of industrial design by contributing to the creation of Industrial Design magazine in 1953. <mask> wrote extensively, published several books, and organized conferences like the Aspen design gatherings, where for more than 30 years he was the guiding force. In 1971, he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for his project "Hidden Cities". One of <mask>'s areas of interest was the reduction of pollution. Through his attempts to reduce all forms of pollution, including visual, audio, and chemical, <mask> pioneered the idea of the outdoor shopping mall, first using the idea in a proposal for the city plan of Austin, Texas, which was not used. In 2008, the Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, Germany, held a retrospective of <mask>'s work to celebrate his 100th birthday. Design critic Alice Rawsthorn, covering the retrospective for The New York Times, argued that <mask>'s contributions have been unfairly overlooked due to his association with the cubicle and jokey 1950s objects."Blaming <mask> for the soullessness of today's open-plan offices seems as unfair as slating Le Corbusier for other architects' sloppily designed skyscrapers, or Marcel Duchamp for every lazy piece of conceptual art," she wrote. "[<mask>] championed the importance of values in design, which he saw as a catalyst for social change." Attribution
In recent years it has become known that many of the designs <mask> accepted credit for were actually the work of other designers employed at his studios. Examples of this include the Marshmallow sofa, which was actually designed by Irving Harper, and the Action Office, for which <mask> won the prestigious Alcoa Award, neglecting to mention that it was largely designed by Robert Propst. John Pile, a designer who worked for <mask> in the 1950s, commented about this practice; "<mask>'s attitude was that it was okay for individual designers to be given credit in trade publications, but for the consumer world, the credit should always be to the firm, not the individual. He didn't always follow through on that policy though." In an interview in Metropolis in 2001, Irving Harper also commented on this practice: "...there always had to be one name associated with the work.We couldn't just spread it around… that's fine. I'm grateful to <mask> for what he did for me. While he was alive, I made no demands whatsoever, but now that he's gone, whenever the Marshmallow Sofa is referred to as a '<mask> design', it sort of gets to me. I don't go out of my way to set things right, but if anybody asks me who designed it, I'm perfectly happy to tell them." A number of the nearly 300 classic wall and table clocks for Howard Miller Clock Company (including the Ball, Kite, Eye, Turbine, Spindle, Petal and Spike clocks, as well as a handful of desk clocks) are currently available from Vitra. Many were designed by Irving Harper (as well as Lucia Derespinis, Charles Pollock, and others). Subsequently, Vitra has discontinued some of their reproduction clocks based on sales.All the original clock designs were simply assigned numbers by Howard Miller. Probably the most recognisable of the series, the Ball Clock, was advertised and sold as ‘Clock 4755’; the Sunflower Clock as ‘Clock 2261’. Several colour variations were available for many of the clocks. The Ball Clock was available in six colour variations, the Sunflower Clock in three. One of the more unusual designs, the Eye Clock (‘Clock 2238’) was pictured in the original Howard Miller Clock Company brochures in a diagonal position, not horizontal, as would be expected. Analysis of work

Metadesign
It has been argued that <mask> might be called a metadesigner - that his intent of study and practice was neither the building nor the product but rather the process of design itself. <mask>'s manner of interdisciplinary design, and therefore progressive thinking, reoriented the entire concern with capitalist destruction around the dynamic of producer and product.However, when comparing the careers of other designers, he seemed not only unconventional and tastefully noncommercial, but at times negative. "...it is the career of an architect who advocated the end of architecture, a furniture designer who imagined rooms without furniture, an urban designer who contemplated the hidden city, an industrial designer who questioned the future of the object and hated the obsession with products." Fairchild House
New York, New York. US 1941-The Fairchild House was built for the Airplane manufacturer Sherman Fairchild and was meant to be a "machine for living". What made the Fairchild House different from every other Brown Stone in New York was its views. There was a courtyard in the middle of the building and all the windows faced in toward it. This made the home feel more tranquil and the view provided use for <mask>'s signature floor to ceiling windows.Much of the house is designed in style not necessarily common in early modern design. This is evidence of <mask>'s philosophy that "good design is timeless." Sling Sofa
Herman Miller 1963- This sofa is made of leather and filled with solid foam cushions. The joints are all held with epoxy so that it can be more easily mass-produced and sold for a cheaper price. There is no need for hand crafting with this sofa. Because of its perfect proportions and light appearance it doesn't look like it's just an elongated chair. <mask>'s use of a single welt along the perimeter of the padding gives the seating an approachable softness and yet, there is more going on that cannot be seen.The padding is held up by rubber bands that allow for more comfort and the use of epoxy for the joints gives the shape a much smoother feel. It is a modern design only because it was made recently. Like most of <mask>'s work it was only designed to be as useful and comfortable as possible. A rare coffee table was also designed. References

Borgerson, Janet and Jonathan Schroeder (2017). Designed for Hi-Fi Living: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America. MIT Press, 2017.<mask>. "How to See: Visual Adventures in a World God Never Made." Phaidon Press, 2017. External links
George Nelson Foundation
GeorgeNelson.org (unofficial fan site)

Modernist designers
American furniture designers
1908 births
1986 deaths
AIGA medalists
Yale School of Architecture alumni

masks:
George Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Simeon Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
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George Nelson
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George Nelson
Nelson
George Mulhauser
George Tscherny
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George Nelson
George Nelson
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George Nelson
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George Nelson
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George Nelson
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Nelson George


title: Delimir Bajić

texts:
<mask> (; born 28 March 1983) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer who plays for FK Borac Banja Luka in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Club career

Youth career
Born and raised in Bijeljina, SFR Yugoslavia, Delimir began his career as a football player when he was just 11 years old with Velika Obarska-based FK Mladost Velika Obarska. Mladost Velika Obarska
Delimir continued playing with his parent team as he became a permanent member of the first team squad of the Velika Obarska-based club in 1999. Radnik Bijeljina
After a long 8-year spell with the Bosnian club, in 2002 he moved back to his hometown Bijeljina where he signed a contract with FK Radnik Bijeljina. In his 5-year spell at the Bijeljina-based club, he also helped his team achieve the runners-up position in the 2006-07 Republika Srpska Cup. Velež Mostar
In 2007, he signed a one-year contract with one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's top most club, Mostar-based FK Velež Mostar. Željezničar Sarajevo
In 2008, he moved to the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo where he signed a two-year contract with FK Željezničar Sarajevo.In his first season with the Sarajevo-based club, he made 12 appearances in the 2008–09 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his first appearance in the 2009–10 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 September 2009 in a 0-0 draw against NK Travnik and scored his first goal on 21 March 2010 in a 1-1 draw against HŠK Zrinjski Mostar. He scored 2 goals in 15 appearances in the 2009-10 season helping his club to win the 2009–10 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the 2009–10 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup. Nassaji Mazandaran
He first moved out of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2010 to Iran where he signed a one-year contract with Azadegan League club, Nassaji Mazandaran F.C. He scored his first goal for the club on 19 November 2010 in a 2-0 win over Shirin Faraz F.C. and scored another on 25 February 2011 in a 3-0 win over Iranjavan F.C. Olympiakos Nicosia
In 2011, he moved back to Europe and more accurately to Cyprus where he signed a one-year contract with Cypriot First Division club, Olympiakos Nicosia.He made his Cypriot First Division debut on 10 September 2011 in a 1-1 draw against AEK Larnaca F.C. and scored his first goal on 11 December 2011 in a 3-1 win over Ermis Aradippou He scored 4 goals in 28 appearances for the Nicosia-based club in the 2011–12 Cypriot First Division and also made 3 appearances in the 2011–12 Cypriot Cup which included a 2-0 win over Omonia Aradippou in the second leg of the quarter-finals, a 0-1 loss against Ethnikos Achna FC in the first leg of the semi-finals and a 0-0 draw in the return leg of the semi-finals. Sloboda Užice
In 2012, he moved to Serbia where he signed a one-year contract with Serbian SuperLiga club, FK Sloboda Užice. He made his Serbian SuperLiga debut on 27 February 2013 in a 2-2 draw against ŽFK Spartak Subotica. He made 15 appearances in the 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga. He made his first appearance in the 2013–14 Serbian SuperLiga on 10 August 2013 in a 1-1 draw against the same club ŽFK Spartak Subotica. He made 5 appearances in the 2013-14 season.Back to Mladost Velika Obarska
In 2014, he returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina and on 11 February 2014 he signed a six-month contract with his parent club, Mladost Velika Obarska. He made his first appearance of the 2013–14 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 March 2014 in a 1-0 win over FK Borac Banja Luka and scored his first goal on 30 March 2014 in a 2-0 win over NK Zvijezda Gradačac. He scored 1 goal in 9 appearances in the 2013–14 season of Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He also made 2 appearances in the 2013–14 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup which included a 0-1 loss against HŠK Zrinjski Mostar in the first leg of the quarter-finals and a 5-1 loss in the return leg of the quarter-finals. Rad
In July 2014, he returned to Serbia and on 1 July 2014, he signed a six-month contract with another Serbian SuperLiga club, FK Rad. He made his debut for the club on 23 August 2014 in a 6-1 win over FK Voždovac. He made 9 appearances for the Belgrade-based club in the 2014–15 Serbian SuperLiga.He also made 2 appearances in the 2014–15 Serbian Cup, one in a 1-0 win over Red Star Belgrade in the Second Round and another in a 1-0 loss against FK Partizan in the quarter-finals. Saham
On 16 January 2015, he signed a six-month contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham SC. He made 5 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League. Later career
After Saham, he again played for Mladost Velika Obarska, again Radnik Bijeljina and FK Zvijezda 09. Since July 2018, <mask> has been playing for FK Borac Banja Luka in the First League of the Republika Srpska. With Borac, he won the 2018–19 First League of RS title and got promoted back to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Personal life
His older brother, Branimir <mask> is a retired footballer who most of his career spent playing in Serbia and Germany.

masks:
Delimir Bajić
Bajić
Bajić


title: Dirk Kuyt

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<mask> (anglicised to <mask>, ; born 22 July 1980) is a Dutch former professional footballer. Originally starting out as a striker, he played much of his career as a winger. <mask> began his professional career with Utrecht in 1998 and quickly became part of its first team. He spent five years at the club, and in his final season he won his first senior honour, the KNVB Cup, and was chosen as the season's Dutch Golden Shoe Winner. Following this, he left Utrecht in a €1 million transfer to Feyenoord. He became the club captain in 2005 and was a prolific goalscorer at the Rotterdam club; he was the club's top scorer for three consecutive seasons, the top goalscorer in the 2004–05 Eredivisie season, and the 2005–06 Dutch Footballer of the Year. <mask> missed only five games over seven seasons from 1999 until 2006 and appeared in 179 consecutive matches between 2001 and 2006, striking up a fruitful partnership with fellow Feyenoord teammate Salomon Kalou.He left Feyenoord after three years, having scored 71 league goals in 101 appearances, and joined Premier League side Liverpool for £10 million. He made his Premier League debut late in 2006 and became part of the first team squad. He scored in his first ever UEFA Champions League final with Liverpool against Milan. <mask> scored several important goals for Liverpool elsewhere, including seven goals in the 2007–08 Champions League, including a goal in the quarter-final against Arsenal at Emirates Stadium and in the semi-final against Chelsea, and two penalty kicks against Everton in the derby the same season. He scored his first hat-trick for Liverpool against Manchester United in March 2011. After coming on as a substitute, his extra time goal at Wembley for Liverpool against Cardiff City in the 2012 League Cup Final helped win the trophy for Liverpool, and was also his only trophy as a Liverpool player. <mask> made his international debut in 2004 and has represented the Netherlands at five major international tournaments, the 2006, 2010, and 2014 FIFA World Cups and the 2008 and 2012 UEFA European Championships.On 3 October 2014, he announced his retirement from international football. <mask> announced his retirement from football on 17 May 2017, having scored a hat-trick in the last game of the season to secure Feyenoord their first title since 1999 three days earlier. <mask> came out of retirement on 6 April 2018, to help out Quick Boys, where he already was the assistant-manager, to fix their shortage on strikers for the remainder of the season. Early life
<mask> is the third of four children. His father was a fisherman and he has stated that if he would not have found a career in football he probably would have followed his father into the family business. He grew up in the fishing town of Katwijk aan Zee. <mask>'s football career began when he joined the local amateur team Quick Boys at age five.He broke into the first team in March 1998, playing the last six games of the season in the Hoofdklasse, and catching the eye of Eredivisie club Utrecht. <mask> still regularly visits Katwijk and his old club Quick Boys, which benefited from a £300,000 windfall as a result of the player's move to Liverpool. Club career

Utrecht

Kuyt signed professionally for Utrecht that summer, aged 18, and immediately established himself in the first team. Sometimes, he played as striker, however he was more often than not playing as a winger, as the side preferred to play Serbian Igor Gluščević up front. This continued until the 2002–03 season when Foeke Booy was installed as the club's new manager. Booy played <mask> as a striker / attacking midfielder (behind the striker) for the entire season, and <mask> repaid him with 20 league goals. Utrecht also reached the KNVB Cup final, where it met Feyenoord.Although the club was an underdog, Utrecht comfortably won the cup 4–1, with <mask> scoring one and being given the man of the match award. At the end of the season, <mask> completed a €1 million move to Feyenoord, where he replaced the out-going Pierre van Hooijdonk. Feyenoord

At Feyenoord, <mask> immediately became a fans' favourite with his continued goal scoring success. His first season saw him net another 20 league goals. The opening game of the 2004–05 season marked <mask>'s first ever hat-trick against De Graafschap. He later went on to score three in the 6–3 victory against ADO Den Haag and ended the season as the Eredivisie's top scorer with 29 goals, a career high. In 2005, <mask> was handed the Feyenoord club captaincy and went on to have a third successful season with the club, scoring 25 goals in all competitions.He formed a strong partnership with Salomon Kalou, with the duo nicknamed "K2". Over the summer of 2006, <mask> was again linked with moves to many top English clubs, most notably Liverpool and Newcastle United. Rumours began in May, with <mask> stating, "I am happy at Feyenoord but I would like to play in the Premier League." <mask> completed a move to Liverpool on 18 August for an undisclosed fee. <mask> missed only five games over seven seasons from 1999 until 2006, making 233 appearances. Between March 2001 and April 2006, he played 179 consecutive matches. Liverpool

2006–07 season

Upon joining Liverpool, <mask> stated, "I only wanted to leave Feyenoord for a really big club, and that is what Liverpool are.They are a fantastic big club and it will be a real pleasure to play here." <mask> made his Liverpool debut as a substitute against West Ham United on 26 August 2006. His first start came against PSV in the UEFA Champions League, immediately receiving praise for the new defensive approach by a striker. In his third start for the club, <mask> scored his first Liverpool goal in a Premier League fixture against Newcastle United at Anfield, and followed up with another against Tottenham Hotspur in the next game. He scored his third goal for Liverpool – with his father watching the game at Anfield – contributing to Liverpool's 3–1 win over Aston Villa. Two weeks later, he bagged a brace as the only scorer in the Reds' 2–0 victory against Reading. <mask> won much praise for his early performances, with the Daily Mirror writing, "The Dutch striker has the look of a cult hero in the making," and The People reporting that he is "propelling himself towards iconic status".One of the reasons for his early popularity was his post-match courtesy to the fans; after each match, he would walk to every corner of the ground and applaud the Liverpool supporters. On 20 January 2007, <mask> opened the scoring against Chelsea after only 4 minutes as Liverpool went on to defeat the champions 2–0, marking the first time Rafael Benítez had defeated José Mourinho in the Premier League. It was also the first goal scored by Liverpool against a top four club in the league in the 2006–07 season. <mask> moved his league-goal tally into double figures by scoring the first goal in the game against West Ham on 30 January 2007, opening the scoring in a 2–1 away win at Upton Park. <mask> played a key part in Liverpool's penalty shoot-out win over Chelsea in the semi-finals of the 2006–07 Champions League. In extra-time, he had a goal disallowed for offside from Xabi Alonso's strike. <mask> also scored the winning kick in the shoot-out, and scored a consolation goal in the club's 2–1 defeat to Milan in the final.2007–08 season

<mask> scored his first goals of the 2007–08 season in Liverpool's 4–0 Champions League qualifying victory over Toulouse on 28 August 2007. He scored two penalties against Everton in the Merseyside derby to give Liverpool a 2–1 win. His third and final league goal of the season came in a 3–0 away win over Newcastle in November 2007; <mask> would not score another league goal until October 2008. In all competitions, he failed to score in 13 matches for Liverpool before netting against Barnsley in the fifth round of the FA Cup. On 19 February 2008, <mask> scored the first goal in the first leg of the round of 16 of the Champions League against favourites Internazionale in a 2–0 win. Starting in early 2008, <mask> began to be employed as a right winger and set up two of Fernando Torres' goals against West Ham in March. He adapted to this new role and soon regained his overall form, playing himself into the starting XI again after putting on various vital team performances.On 2 April 2008, <mask> scored an equalising goal against Arsenal at Emirates Stadium. On 22 April 2008, in the first leg of the Champions League all-English semi-final against Chelsea at Anfield, <mask> scored the opening goal just before half time. 2008–09 season
<mask> scored a late extra time goal against Standard Liège in the 2008–09 Champions League qualifying match to put Liverpool through to the group stages of the competition. In his next game, a 2–1 win in the Premier League against Manchester United, he assisted fellow countryman Ryan Babel's winning goal. <mask>'s goals at vital moments in important games, such as the last minute strike against Standard Liège, an injury time winner against Manchester City on 5 October 2008 and twice in Liverpool's 3–2 comeback win over Wigan Athletic on 18 October 2008, led to his reputation as a "Big Game Player". The 2008–09 season saw <mask> score 15 goals, his best return for the club, as they finished runner-up in the Premier League

2009–10 season

As a result of heavy injuries sustained by the Liverpool squad, <mask> often found himself playing a central striker role. He scored against Stoke City and Burnley in two home 4–0 triumphs.He also scored the winning goal in Liverpool's opening Champions League group game against Hungarian team Debrecen in a 1–0 win. <mask>'s goal against Debrecen means only Ian Rush and Steven Gerrard have scored more goals for the club in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League. It was his 12th goal in Europe's premier club competition. <mask> scored his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 win against Everton at Goodison Park, in the Merseyside derby. He took his season's goal tally to six, his fifth in the league, by scoring in a 2–1 Premier League loss to Arsenal at Anfield. On 20 January, <mask> scored both goals at Anfield against Spurs in a 2–0 victory and a week later, scored the opener against Bolton Wanderers. On 6 February, <mask> scored his fourth Merseyside derby goal with a header from a corner against Everton in the 55th minute, bringing his tally of goals for Liverpool to 50 in all competitions.He was also awarded man of the match for this game, which Liverpool won 1–0. On 8 April, he scored his 51st goal for Liverpool with a header in the UEFA Europa League against Benfica. The goal, a header direct from a corner, was originally disallowed by the linesmen for offside, but after some heavy protests by the Liverpool players and manager Rafael Benítez that a player cannot be offside directly from a corner, the referee changed his mind and allowed the goal. <mask> played in his 200th competitive game for Liverpool, against Hull City on the final day of Liverpool's season. 2010–11 season

<mask> featured in Liverpool's opening game of the season against Arsenal at Anfield, the game finishing 1–1 and both teams finishing with ten men. On 23 August, he played in the team's heavy defeat to Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium and featured in Liverpool's Europa League qualifier against Trabzonspor, netting the winning goal in a 2–1 win three days later. On 29 August, he played in Liverpool's 1–0 win against West Bromwich Albion at Anfield.An injury to his shoulder during a Netherlands training session forced <mask> out for a month, but returned a week earlier than expected, celebrating by scoring his second goal of the season against Sunderland at Anfield on 25 September in a 2–2 draw. <mask> scored a penalty in Liverpool's 3–0 win against West Ham. On 16 January 2011, he scored another penalty to draw Liverpool level 2–2 against Everton, after

masks:
Dirk Kuijt
Kuyt
Kuyt
Kuyt
Kuyt
Kuyt
Kuyt
Kuyt
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title: Dirk Kuyt

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 Tim Howard had fouled Maxi Rodríguez. On 24 February, he headed in from a corner against Sparta Prague to put Liverpool through to the last 16 of the Europa League, winning 1–0 on the night at Anfield and 1–0 on aggregate. On 6 March, <mask> scored his first Premier League hat-trick for Liverpool in a 3–1 win at Anfield against the club's biggest rival, Manchester United. <mask> added another goal to his Liverpool tally on 20 March 2011 with a well placed penalty kick against Sunderland, and scored his 11th goal of the season against Manchester City in a 3–0 win. On 15 April, <mask> signed a contract extension to keep him at the club until the summer of 2013.On 17 April, <mask> scored a 102nd-minute penalty kick to seal a late draw against Arsenal after Robin van Persie had scored a penalty in the 98th minute. The match finished 1–1. On 23 April, <mask> scored a 23-minute goal against Birmingham City after a tussle inside the box, the match ended 5–0 to Liverpool. On 1 May, <mask> scored a 59-minute penalty kick against Newcastle United for the second goal in a 3–0 win. On 9 May 2011, he became the first Liverpool player since John Aldridge, in over two decades to score in five consecutive games, after his 16th-minute goal against Fulham that led to a 5–2 victory. <mask> finished the season as Liverpool's top goal scorer scoring 13 league goals, finishing with a total of 15, equalling his best return for the club in a season. 2011–12 season

On 21 September 2011, <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win against Brighton & Hove Albion in the 83rd minute in the third round of the League Cup.He did not score for the rest of 2011, missing a chance to get his 50th league goal for the club on 1 October 2011 with a saved penalty against Everton, a game Liverpool went on to win 2–0. On 8 October, <mask> was announced as having taken up an advisory role with his first club in football, Quick Boys. <mask>'s next goal was a crucial 88th-minute winner in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 28 January 2012. He went on to score his 50th league goal for Liverpool the following week in a 3–0 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers, becoming only the fifth player to score 50 or more goals for Liverpool in the Premier League. After coming on as a substitute, <mask> scored Liverpool's second goal in the 2012 League Cup final against Cardiff City on 26 February; the game finished 2–2 after extra-time, with Liverpool winning after a penalty shoot-out, <mask> converting his kick. Fenerbahçe

On 3 June 2012, Fenerbahçe declared on its official website that <mask> had signed with the club on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €1 million, the release clause in his contract.<mask> initially earned €2.85 million per season in addition to a match bonus of €17,500. He scored his first Fenerbahçe goal in a Champions League qualifier against Romanian side Vaslui in a 4–1 win, netting the second and third goals. <mask> also scored on his league debut at league newcomers Elazigspor on 18 August 2012, as the game ended in a 1–1 draw. In the match against Gaziantepspor, <mask> scored his 250th goal in his career, including international goals. Return to Feyenoord
In April 2015, <mask> signed a one-year contract to rejoin his former club Feyenoord for the 2015–16 season. In the 2016–17 season <mask> led his team to first Eredivisie title since 1999. On the final day of the season he scored a hat-trick to clinch the title.Three days later, on 17 May, <mask> announced his retirement from football. International career

When Marco van Basten took over as coach of the Dutch national team he dropped many established players, including strikers Roy Makaay and Patrick Kluivert. <mask> benefitted as in September 2004 he made his international debut in Van Basten's first game against Liechtenstein. He became a permanent fixture in the Dutch squad, making the starting line-up for 11 of the Netherlands' 12 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. <mask> usually wore the number 7 jersey when representing his country, with exception of UEFA Euro 2008, where he wore number 18, the same number he then wore at his club Liverpool. 2006 World Cup
At the 2006 World Cup, <mask> found himself dropped to the substitutes' bench. Although he made an appearance as a 69th-minute replacement in the first match against Serbia and Montenegro, he sat out the entire second game.With the team having already qualified for the next round, Van Basten decided to rest many of his first-choice players for the final group stage match against Argentina, and <mask> was handed a start in the right wing position. For the Netherlands' round of 16 tie against Portugal, <mask> was selected to start ahead of regular first-choice striker Ruud van Nistelrooy. However, <mask> did not have a good game and the Netherlands eventually lost 1–0 in a game that was more notable for its record breaking disciplinary record (4 red cards and 16 yellow cards). Euro 2008
<mask> was selected for the Dutch squad for Euro 2008. On 9 June, he played in their opening Group C match, a 3–0 victory over world champions Italy, assisting two goals, his most notable contribution being the header that provided the link between Giovanni van Bronckhorst's crossfield pass and Wesley Sneijder's goal to make the score 2–0 on 31 minutes. On 13 June, <mask> scored his team's second goal in the next game of Group C, a 4–1 victory over 2006 World Cup finalists France, opening the scoring with a ninth-minute header from a corner, taking his tally of international goals to eight. During Euro 2008, <mask> was utilised as a winger, partnering Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart in the midfield due to the team's change of formation from 4–3–3/4–4–2 to 4–2–3–1.2010 World Cup

<mask> scored three goals in the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. During a friendly against England, he opened the scoring less than ten minutes after kick-off, pouncing on Rio Ferdinand's poor back pass. <mask> was included in the Netherlands' preliminary squad for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. On 27 May 2010, the Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk announced that the player would be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the competition. At the finals, <mask> scored the Netherlands' second goal in the 85th minute of their 2–0 win over Denmark in its opening group match, slotting in the rebound after Eljero Elia's shot hit the post. In the quarter-final match on 2 July against Brazil, <mask> flicked a corner on to Wesley Sneijder, who headed the ball into the net to give the Dutch a 2–1 win. <mask> also assisted the goal scored by Arjen Robben against Uruguay in the semi-finals.<mask> started all seven matches for the national team, which finished as runners-up to Spain, and finished the tournament with one goal and three assists. Euro 2012

On 2 September 2010, <mask> scored a penalty as the Netherlands began its Euro 2012 qualifying campaign with a 5–0 away win against San Marino. On 12 October 2010, <mask> injured his ankle in the Netherlands' fourth qualifier against Sweden and was out of action for four weeks with the injury. On 25 March 2011, <mask> scored the Netherlands' third goal in a 4–0 win against Hungary and, four days later, he scored twice in a 5–3 win against the same opponents. <mask> scored the fourth goal in the Netherlands' record 11–0 win over San Marino. <mask> headed in his seventh international goal of 2011 in a 3–2 loss against Sweden. Despite being an undisputed starter in the qualifying campaign, <mask> lost his spot during Euro 2012, with Arjen Robben preferred on the right wing and Ibrahim Affelay on the left.He made two brief appearances as a substitute for Gregory van der Wiel against Denmark in the 85th minute and for Robben against Germany in the 83rd minute. 2014 World Cup
After Bert van Marwijk resigned as manager of the Netherlands in June 2012, <mask> was made vice-captain behind Wesley Sneijder by new coach Louis van Gaal. Despite being vice-captain, he did not feature in any games until the match against Andorra on 12 October replacing Jermain Lens as a substitute in the 71st minute. After Kevin Strootman was substituted off four minutes later, <mask> took the captain's armband. On 14 November, he played the full 90 minutes in a friendly against Germany as a striker, wearing the captain's armband. <mask> won his 100th cap in the Netherlands' round of 16 victory over Mexico on 29 June 2014, making him only the seventh Dutch player to play 100 matches. He was selected to start the match in an unfamiliar left wing-back role by Van Gaal, who also positioned the 33-year-old at wingback and centre forward during the course of the match.In the quarter-final, <mask> scored the Netherlands' final kick in a 4–3 penalty shootout win over Costa Rica. In the semi-final, <mask> scored the Netherlands' fourth kick in a penalty shootout against Argentina, but the Oranje went on to lose the shootout 4–2. In the third place play-off, <mask> made his last international appearance in a 3–0 victory over Brazil, playing the full 90 minutes in the right wing-back position. <mask> retired from international football on 3 October 2014. "I want to be important to the Netherlands team, but the coach explained to me that he no longer has the role for me that I would prefer," <mask> said on the Dutch FA website, knvb.de. "I'm 34 years old, then you should be honest to yourself. I didn't quite fancy investing a lot of energy in the Oranje for another two years without getting to play much.I look back with great pride on 10 wonderful years with the Dutch national team." Testimonial Match

On 27 May 2018 <mask> officially retired as a professional football player in the specially organised <mask>yt Testimonial, of which the proceeds would be donated to three charities: the Dirk Kuyt Foundation, the Feyenoord Foundation, and Support Casper. During this testimonial three teams were playing:

Personal life
<mask>'s wife Gertrude has found favour in the Dutch media for her down-to-earth attitude. She continued to work as a nurse in an old people's home after marrying <mask> until their daughter, Noelle, was born. <mask> and his wife now carry out extensive charity work off the pitch. Most notably, he and his wife set up the Dirk Kuyt Foundation to help disadvantaged children in his homeland and the developing world. One of the ways the foundation raises money is by selling DK-branded clothes.<mask>'s father, also named <mask>, died of cancer on 29 June 2007. Career statistics

Club

''* Other – Play-off games

International
Source:

International goals

Honours

Utrecht
KNVB Cup: 2002–03

Liverpool
League Cup: 2011–12
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006–07

Fenerbahçe
Süper Lig: 2013–14
Turkish Cup: 2012–13
Turkish Super Cup: 2014

Feyenoord
Eredivisie: 2016–17
KNVB Cup: 2015–16

Netherlands
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2010; third place: 2014

Individual
Dutch Golden Shoe: 2003, 2006
Eredivisie Top Scorer: 2005
Dutch Footballer of the Year: 2006
FIFA World Cup top assist provider: 2010

See also
 List of footballers with 100 or more caps

References

External links

 The Dirk Kuyt Foundation

 <mask> at LFChistory.net
 <mask> at This is Anfield

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Katwijk
Dutch footballers
Association football forwards
Quick Boys players
FC Utrecht players
Feyenoord players
Liverpool F.C. players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Eredivisie players
Premier League players
Süper Lig players
Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Netherlands international footballers
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Century Club
Dutch expatriate footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
FA Cup Final

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