title: Wayne Thiebaud

texts:
<mask> ( ; November 15, 1920 – December 25, 2021) was an American painter known for his colorful works depicting commonplace objects—pies, lipsticks, paint cans, ice cream cones, pastries, and hot dogs—as well as for his landscapes and figure paintings. <mask> is associated with the pop art movement because of his interest in objects of mass culture, although his early works, executed during the fifties and sixties, slightly predate the works of the classic pop artists. <mask> used heavy pigment and exaggerated colors to depict his subjects, and the well-defined shadows characteristic of advertisements are almost always included in his work. Early life and education
<mask> was born to Alice Eugenia (Le Baron) and <mask> in Mesa, Arizona. They moved a year later to Southern California where the family lived for most of <mask>’s childhood until he graduated from secondary school in Long Beach, California. <mask> and his family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and his father was a bishop in the church when Thiebaud was a teenager. Morton was also a Ford mechanic, foreman at Gold Medal Creamery, traffic safety supervisor, and real estate agent.One summer during his high school years, he apprenticed at Walt Disney Studios  The next summer, he studied at the Frank Wiggins Trade School in Los Angeles. From 1938 to 1949, he worked as a cartoonist and designer in California and New York City. He served as an artist in the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945. In 1949, he enrolled at San Jose State College (now San Jose State University) before transferring to Sacramento State College (now California State University, Sacramento), where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1951 and a master's degree in 1952. Career
<mask> subsequently began teaching at Sacramento City College. In 1960, he became assistant professor at the University of California, Davis, where he remained through 1991 and influenced numerous art students. He held a Professor Emeritus title there up until his death in late 2021.<mask> did not have much of a following among Conceptual artists because of his adherence to basically traditional disciplines, emphasis on hard work as a supplement to creativity, and love of realism. Occasionally, he gave pro bono lectures at U.C. Davis. On a leave of absence during 1956–57,  he spent time in New York City, where he became friends with Elaine and Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, and was much influenced by these abstractionists as well as by proto-pop artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. During this time, he began a series of very small paintings based on images of food displayed in windows, and he focused on their basic shapes. Returning to California, he pursued this subject matter and style, isolating triangles, circles, squares, etc. He also co-founded the Artists Cooperative Gallery, now Artists Contemporary Gallery, and other cooperatives including Pond Farm, having been exposed to the concept of cooperatives in New York.In 1960, he had his first solo show in San Francisco at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and shows in New York City at the Staempfli and Tanager galleries. These shows received little notice, but two years later, a 1962 Sidney Janis Gallery exhibition in New York officially launched Pop Art, bringing <mask> national recognition, although he disclaimed being anything other than a painter of illusionistic form. In 1961, Thiebaud met and became friends with art dealer Allan Stone (1932–2006), the man who gave him his first "break." Stone was <mask>'s dealer until Stone's death in 2006. Stone said of Thiebaud "I have had the pleasure of friendship with a complex and talented man, a terrific teacher and cook, the best raconteur in the west with a spin serve, and a great painter whose magical touch is exceeded only by his genuine modesty and humility. <mask>'s dedication to painting and his pursuit of excellence inspire all who are lucky enough to come in contact with him. He is a very special man."After Stone's death, <mask>'s son <mask> (1960–2010) took over as his dealer. <mask> was a successful art dealer in his own right and had eponymous galleries in Manhattan and San Francisco; he died June 19, 2010. In 1962, <mask>'s work was included, along with Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Jim Dine, Phillip Hefferton, Joe Goode, Edward Ruscha, and Robert Dowd, in the historically important and ground-breaking "New Painting of Common Objects," curated by Walter Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum (now the Norton Simon Museum at Pasadena). This exhibition is considered to have been one of the first Pop Art exhibitions in the United States. These painters were part of a new movement, in a time of social unrest, which shocked the U.S. and the art world. In 1963, he turned increasingly to figure painting: wooden and rigid, with each detail sharply emphasized. In 1964, he made his first prints at Crown Point Press, and continued to make prints throughout his career.In 1967, his work was shown at the Biennale Internationale. Personal life and death
<mask> was married twice. With his first wife, Patricia Patterson, he had two children, one of whom is the model and writer Twinka <mask>. With his second wife, Betty Jean Carr, he had a son, Paul LeBaron <mask>, who became an art dealer. He also adopted Betty's son, Matthew. He died at his residence in Sacramento on December 25, 2021, at the age of 101. Work

<mask> is well known for his paintings of production line objects found in diners and cafeterias, such as pies and pastries.As a young man in Long Beach, he worked at a cafe named Mile High and Red Hot, where "Mile High" was ice cream and "Red Hot" was a hot dog. He was associated with the Pop art painters because of his interest in objects of mass culture; however, his works, executed during the 1950s and 1960s, slightly predate the works of the classic pop artists, suggesting that <mask> may have had an influence on the movement. <mask> employed heavy pigment and exaggerated colors to depict his subjects, and the well-defined shadows characteristic of advertisements are almost always included in his work. <mask> was averse to labels such as "fine art" versus "commercial art" and described himself as "just an old-fashioned painter". He disliked Andy Warhol's "flat" and "mechanical" paintings and did not consider himself a pop artist. In addition to pastries, <mask>  painted characters such as Mickey Mouse as well as landscapes, streetscapes, and cityscapes, which were influenced by the work of Richard Diebenkorn. His paintings such as Sunset Streets (1985) and Flatland River (1997) are noted for their hyper realism, and have been compared to Edward Hopper's work, another artist who was fascinated with mundane scenes from everyday American life.Notable works

1961    Drink Syrups
1961    Pies, Pies, Pies
1962    Around the Cake
1962    Bakery Counter
1962    Confections
1962    Candy Machine
1963    Display Cakes
1963    Cakes
1963    Girl with Ice Cream Cone
1964    Three Strawberry Shakes
1964    Eight Lipsticks
1964    Man Sitting - Back View
1964    Lemon Cake
1966    Powder With Puff
1968    Coloma Ridge
1970    Seven Suckers
1971    Four Cupcakes
1975    Shoe Rows
1976    Potrero Hill
1977    24th Street Intersection
1981    Hill Street (Day City)
1987    Two Paint Cans
1991    The Three Cows
1992    Thirteen Books
1993    Apartment View
1993    Coastline (California Arts Council specialty license plate)
1996    Farm Channel
1999    Reservoir
2000    Clown Cones
2002    Jolly Cones (Ice Cream Cones)
2008    Three Ice cream Cones
2010    The Google 12th Birthday Cake
2010    Tulip Sundae

Collections and exhibitions
Thiebaud's works are in permanent collections at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Crocker Art Museum, and the Whitney Museum of American Art. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Phoenix Art Museum have also held works by the artist. Exhibitions featuring Thiebaud include a 2001 retrospective at the Whitney Museum, a 2012 retrospective at Acquavella Galleries, and a 2021 retrospective at the Toledo Museum of Art. The Crocker has hosted a Thiebaud exhibition every decade since 1951, including "Wayne Thiebaud 100" to honor the artist's 100th birthday in 2020. Recognition
In 1987, <mask> was awarded the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. On October 14, 1994, <mask> was presented with the National Medal of Arts by President Clinton. In 2009, he was honored by California Lawyers for the Arts with its Artistic License Award at its annual gala celebration.He also received the Lifetime Achievement Award for Art from the American Academy of Design in 2001. <mask> was inducted into the California Hall of Fame in 2010 at the California Museum, Sacramento, and in 2013, he was honored with the California Art Award in recognition of his part in raising the prominence of California art around the world. Auction records
In November 2019, Sotheby's $8.46 million sale of <mask>'s 2011 painting Encased Cakes set an auction record for the artist. This record was broken in July 2020, when his 1962 painting Four Pinball Machines sold for $19,135,000 in New York City at a Christie's global live auction event. Influences
One of <mask>'s students from Sacramento City College was the artist Fritz Scholder (1937–2005), who went on to become a major influence in the direction of American Indian art through his instruction at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico (1964–1969). The painter Mel Ramos (1935-2018), considered <mask> his mentor. Among his pupils were the painters Faith Bromberg, Vonn Cummings Sumner, and Christopher Brown.Sharon Core is a photographer known for her photographic interpretations of <mask>'s works. References

Books
 Nash, Steven A.; <mask> Paintings: A Retrospective (Thames Hudson, 2000)
 Baker, Kenneth; Fox Weber, Nicholas; <mask> (Rizzoli, 2022)
 Rubin, Susan; Life and Art of <mask> (Chronicle Press, 2008)
 Shields, Scott; <mask>hiebaud 100: Paintings, Prints, and Drawings (Pomegranate, 2020)
 <mask>, <mask>; Williams, LG; Cooper, Gene; <mask> Lectures on Art and Drawing (PCP Press, 2018)

Further reading
 John Coplans, "New Paintings of Common Objects", Artforum, November, 1962. (Illustrations)

External links

<mask>hiebaud at the National Gallery of Art
<mask>aud papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
 Interview with <mask>, May 17-18, 2001, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
<mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
 Seeing America video discussion of <mask>'s Ponds and Streams (2001) featuring Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco curator Dr. Lauren Palmor and Dr. Stephen Zucker of Smarthistory YouTube channel
 <mask> Biography and Interview with American Academy of Achievement

1920 births
2021 deaths
Painters from Arizona
Painters from California
San Jose State University alumni
California State University, Sacramento alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People from Long Beach, California
People from Mesa, Arizona
American pop artists
American still life painters
University of California, Davis faculty
American Latter Day Saints
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American centenarians
21st-century American painters
21st-century male artists
20th-century American printmakers
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Men centenarians

masks:
Morton Wayne Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Morton Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Paul Thiebaud
Paul Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne T
Thiebaud
Wayne
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne T
Waynehieb
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiaud
Wayne Thiebaud


title: Rousimar Palhares

type: original

texts:
<mask> (;, born February 20, 1980) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist. A professional competitor since 2006, he has competed for the UFC, World Series of Fighting, and KSW. His nickname Toquinho (), Portuguese for "little tree stump", comes from his short, stocky, heavily muscled build and the low success rate his opponents have had in grappling him down to the canvas. Palhares is primarily known for his powerful ground game. Of his 15 submission victories 11 have come from leg locks. He is also known for his refusal to release submission holds when either the opposing fighter has signaled submission or the referee has called a stop to the bout, causing him to be fired by the UFC, and WSOF. Early life and education
Palhares grew up in abject poverty in the Brazilian countryside.He recalls working in the fields to help support his family as young as age seven and said that there were times where there was not enough food for everyone. He eventually had to leave his shanty and move underneath a local bridge in a tent city slum. Palhares began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of 15, before moving to Rio de Janeiro to compete professionally. He claimed the Fury Fighting Championship Middleweight Championship in December 2007 after defeating Flavio Mura, Pan-Am Jiu-Jitsu champion Fabio Negao, and Chute Boxe's Daniel Acacio in a tournament. Palhares earned his Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt under former UFC Middleweight Champion Murilo Bustamante and Bebeo Duarte. Experts in martial arts touted Palhares as one of the most naturally gifted grapplers today. Having spent his entire early career competing in Brazil, <mask>' first bout outside his home country was in the United States at UFC 84.He is considered to be one of the best in the world at leg locks, such as the heel hook and kneebar. Palhares took 2nd place in the under 88 kg 2011 ADCC, finishing his first three opponents quickly with leg locks, before losing to established World Champion Andre Galvao in the final, by points. Career

Ultimate Fighting Championship

Middleweight

Palhares fought against former PRIDE Middleweight & Welterweight Champion Dan Henderson at UFC 88. Henderson defeated Palhares by unanimous decision handing Palhares his first loss in the UFC. Palhares quickly rebounded from the loss to defeat veteran Jeremy Horn at UFC 93 by unanimous decision. Palhares was expected to face Italian Alessio Sakara on December 5, 2009 at The Ultimate Fighter 10 Finale, but due to an injury while training, Sakara had to withdraw. On December 12, 2009 at UFC 107 Palhares fought against Lucio Linhares and defeated Linhares by heel hook.At UFC 111, <mask> defeated Tomasz Drwal by heel hook 45 seconds into the first round. He was, however, subsequently suspended for 90 days for continuing to crank the submission even after Drwal had tapped and referee Kevin Mulhall stepped in to stop the fight. <mask> was expected to face Nate Marquardt on August 28, 2010 at UFC 118, however the bout was moved to September 15, 2010 to headline UFC Fight Night 22 after Alan Belcher was forced to pull out of his bout with Demian Maia with an eye injury. Marquardt defeated <mask> via first round TKO. During the fight, <mask> claimed that Marquardt had greased his leg after failing to secure a leg lock on the ground. Marquardt attacked, catching <mask> off guard as he was complaining to the referee and won the fight through a ground-and-pound stoppage. <mask> would later apologize for his actions during the fight after it was determined by officials that Marquardt's leg was not greased.<mask> was expected to face Alexandre Ferreira on March 3, 2011 at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann. However, on January 18, Ferreira was dismissed from Chute Boxe Academy, his home training camp, for a "lack of commitment." Less than an hour later, it was reported that the fight had been cancelled due to Ferreira losing family and friends in the Brazilian floods, resulting in him being in "no condition to train or fight." David Branch replaced Ferriera. <mask> defeated Branch via second round submission (kneebar). <mask>/Ferreira was expected to take place on August 27, 2011 at UFC 134. However, Ferreira was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Dan Miller.Palhares would defeat Miller by unanimous decision, although there was some controversy when Palhares dropped Miller in the first round and after a few follow up punches, incorrectly thought the fight was over. <mask> next faced Mike Massenzio on January 14, 2012 at UFC 142  He defeated Massenzio by heel hook in the first round, earning him his second Submission of the Night bonus. Palhares then faced Alan Belcher on May 5, 2012 at UFC on Fox 3. After getting the fight to the ground, Palhares was almost caught on a twister attempt by Belcher. Palhares was able to escape and proceeded to attempt various types of leglocks, which were all defended by Belcher. After some action, Palhares ended on his back, eventually succumbing to Belcher's ground and pound at 4:18 of the first round. <mask> was expected to replace an injured Luiz Cane against Yushin Okami on August 11, 2012 at UFC 150.However <mask> himself was injured and forced out of the bout. Palhares faced Héctor Lombard on December 15, 2012 at UFC on FX 6 where he lost via KO at 3:38 of Round 1. Following his loss to Lombard, the UFC announced that Palhares tested positive for elevated testosterone levels in his post-fight drug test and, subsequently, has been suspended for nine-months retroactive to December 14. Drop to Welterweight and release from the UFC
Following his loss to Lombard, <mask> stated that he would be moving down one weight class to the welterweight division. He made his debut in the new division against Mike Pierce on October 9, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 29. He won the fight via heel hook submission just 31 seconds into the first round. This was the only successful submission throughout the event.However, Palhares was denied a Submission of the Night bonus because he continued cranking the heel hook after the referee stepped in, an act UFC deemed "unsportsmanlike conduct." It was also noted that Pierce tapped a total of eight times to no response from Palhares. The next day, while conducting an interview with ESPN's Jeremy Schaap, UFC president Dana White announced that the UFC was releasing Palhares effective immediately due to not letting go of the submission. Hours later, UFC and Zuffa released a statement saying that Palhares was already in trouble for his failure to release his heel hook on Drwal in 2010 and his drug suspension in 2012, and his actions the night before were the last straw. World Series of Fighting
In November 2013, Palhares signed a contract with World Series of Fighting, but was already on thin ice as WSOF president Ray Sefo had given Palhares a very stern warning about in-cage conduct. <mask> made his WSOF debut at WSOF 9 against the reigning Welterweight Champion Steve Carl. He won via inverted heel hook submission in the first round to win the WSOF Welterweight Championship.In July, he was scheduled to fight Jon Fitch at WSOF 11. However, on April 30, 2014, the match was canceled. The fight with Jon Fitch was rescheduled for WSOF 16 on December 13, 2014. <mask> successfully defended his title, winning by kneebar only 90 seconds into first round. Again the length of the submission hold came into question. <mask> faced Jake Shields on August 1, 2015 at WSOF 22. Shields did well against Palhares for the majority of the fight, but the tables began to turn in the 2nd round with a takedown by Palhares and the subsequent damage Palhares did on the ground.In the 3rd round, Palhares submitted Shields, but faced penalty from the NSAC soon after for once again holding on to a submission after being prompted to let it go by the referee, and for repeatedly eye-gouging Shields. Palhares came to the press one day after the incident and claimed innocence. Following the incident, Palhares was stripped of his welterweight title and suspended indefinitely, with WSOF vice-president Ali Abdel-Aziz saying that Palhares "has mental problems and shouldn’t be allowed to fight until he fixes them." Independent promotions
After the release from the WSOF, Palhares compiled a record of 1–4–1 in Italian, Polish and Russian promotions, losing two championship fights in the process. Taura MMA
On July 28, 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed a contract with Taura MMA. Initially, he was expected to make his promotional debut against Sean Loeffler at Taura MMA 11 on October 30, 2020. However, on September 8, 2020, news surfaced that the bout was rescheduled to take place at Taura MMA 10 on October 23, 2020.Reports surfaced in the week leading up to this fight that Loeffler was forced to withdraw and was quickly replaced with Anthony Gordillo instead. In turn, Gordillo was not able to leave his hometown due to COVID-19 restrictions and the bout was cancelled. Result
! Rec.
! Opponent
! Method
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!Division
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masks:
Rousimar Christian Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares


title: Robert Kronfeld

texts:
Squadron Leader <mask>, AFC (5 May 1905 – 12 February 1948) was an Austrian-born gliding champion and sailplane designer of the 1920s and 30s. He became a British subject and an RAF test pilot. He was killed testing a glider in 1948. Early life

<mask> was born in Vienna, the son of dentist also called <mask> (1874–1946), who was nephew of <mask> (de) (doctor, writer), <mask> (de) (botanist), both Galician Jews. In his youth his favourite sport was boating. Gliding
As a young man, he visited the Wasserkuppe in Germany and became passionate about the sport of gliding that was developing there. So Kronfeld became a member of the first Austrian gliding school.He befriended Walter Georgii, who was a meteorologist working at the nearby Darmstadt University of Technology and who had recently discovered thermals. Kronfeld became something of a test-pilot for Georgii, investigating this still-new phenomenon with the assistance of a variometer disguised as a vacuum flask. In 1926, the German newspaper Grüne Post offered a RM 5,000 prize for the first glider pilot to fly . <mask> took up the challenge in 1929 and selected a long chain of hills, the Teutoburger Wald, as a promising site for the record attempt. He took off in a glider of his own design, named Wien ("Vienna"), launched by bungee, near Ibbenbüren. After a flight lasting over five hours, he landed near Detmold, 102.5 km away. Kronfeld used the prize money to build a gigantic sailplane, named Austria, which had a wingspan of 30 metres - a record not to be matched until the end of the twentieth century.<mask> was awarded the Hindenburg Cup in 1930. In the same year he undertook the first flight from a mountain in Lower Austria. He also staged large air shows. By 1930 he held the world records for distance (164 km) and height (2,589 m). In 1930 he also had success gliding in England. On 15 February 1931 <mask> and Wolf Hirth were the first men awarded the "Silver C". On 20 June 1931 <mask> was the first pilot to fly a glider across the English Channel, making a return flight the same day.For this he won £1000 from the Daily Mail

<mask> was an Air Scout within the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund and took part in the 4th World Scout Jamboree (1933) in Hungary as a member of the Austrian contingent. He participated in the Air Scout camp and contributed to the Airshow. He served as Commissioner for Air Scouts of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund. <mask> also was an honorary member of this Scout association. In addition to being the first person to pilot a glider across the English Channel, on Saturday 4 June 1938, Kronfeld became the first pilot to fly a towed glider across the Irish Sea. Under tow from an Avro Cadet piloted by Mark Lacayo, they departed Kirby Moorside, Yorkshire, proceeding westwards via Blackpool the original planned point in order to make the crossing to Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man. However, with an airspeed of 65 knots flying into a 50 knot head wind resulting in a groundspeed of 15 knots, it was difficult to make concerted progress and at one point Lacayo suggested abandoning the attempt.The wind was causing significant problems in addition to lowering cloud and had blown the aircraft and glider 30 nautical miles off course. Nevertheless, Kronfeld was determined to make the attempt and they managed to fix their position at 2,000 feet above St Bees Head and re-planned a crossing to Maughold Head. The weather resulted in the aircraft and glider descending to only 50 feet above the sea and a further problem was being caused by reducing visibility and the approaching darkness. The sea crossing took 1 hour 50 minutes. Due to the weather conditions a landing at Ronaldsway Airport could not be made and this resulted in them diverting to Hall Caine Airport, touching down at 20:00hrs. On Tuesday 7 June, Kronfeld gave an exhibition of aerobatics over Ronaldsway as a feature of the 1938 Manx Air Derby. Exile
In 1933, the new Nazi government prohibited Jews from flying, and as a Jew, Kronfeld fled Germany first for Austria, later for the United Kingdom.In 1934 he was awarded the Silver medal of the Lilienthal Society. There, he continued flying, taking over the British Aircraft Company, and in 1938 became chief instructor for the newly founded Oxford University and City Gliding Club (now split up in the Oxford University Gliding Club and the separate Oxford Gliding Club). He settled in England in January 1938 and his father followed him to England in 1939. Kronfeld was a member of the Österreichischer Aero Club and brought the records of this association to the United Kingdom. In 1939 he became a British citizen and during World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. He held the rank of Squadron Leader. He was posted to the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment on military glider development.For that work he was awarded the Air Force Cross. Post war, as Chief Test Pilot for General Aircraft, he was killed in the crash of an experimental flying wing glider - the General Aircraft GAL 56 (TS507) - during stalling trials, at Lower Froyle after taking-off from Lasham Airfield. After successfully recovering from a stall, the aircraft entered an inverted dive. His observer was able to leave the aircraft and survived despite a low level parachute opening. Aircraft tested
British Aircraft Company Drone
Baynes Bat - tailess military glider

Memory and legacy
There are streets named after <mask> in Detmold (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Fulda (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Oerlinghausen (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Gerasdorf (Kronfeldgasse), Graz (Kronfeldgasse) and Vienna (Kronfeldgasse). In 1990 a memorial stone, commemorating the first 100 km flight by Kronfeld in 1929, was erected by the Heimatverein am Hermannshöhenweg near Riesenbeck. The Robert-Kronfeld-Memorial Prize (Robert-Kronfeld-Gedächtnispreis) is awarded by the Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen, since 1979."The-Robert-Kronfeld-Cup was awarded by the State Government of Austria on the occasion of the 21st World Gliding Championships 1989 in Wiener Neustadt." It is also named The Robert Kronfeld Challenge Cup. There is also a Robert Kronfeld-contest (Robert-Kronfeld-Wettbewerb) organized by the Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen. In 1961 the <mask>feld Memorial flight from Innsbruck to Kufstein (Kronfeld-Gedächnissegelflug) took place and a special cachet was issued commemorating this flight. In 1994 a special cachet was issued commemorating <mask>'s 90th Birthday. <mask> was commemorated in an exhibition in the National Scout Center of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in Vienna in September 2010 and stamp and special cachet were issued. An Air Scout group of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in the 1960s was named after <mask>feld.The sole surviving Kronfeld Drone de Luxe, G-AEKV, built in 1936, is preserved at Brooklands Museum, Surrey, UK. Acquired by Mike Beach in the early 1980s and restored to flying condition at Brooklands around 1984, 'KV was later purchased by Brooklands Museum with the support of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant and is kept in ground running condition. An orchard in memory of <mask> and his son was created at Lasham Airfield in 2014. In the years following <mask>'s death his widow, Margaret, approached L Wingfield MC DFC, to create a lasting memorial, to which the Oxford Gliding Club, was reformed, flying at Kidlington Airport in 1951. Kronfeld been the first permanent Chief Flying Instructor in 1938. The club is still operating, based at RAF Weston-on-the-Green to the north of Oxford City. Notes

References

Austrian aerospace engineers
Austrian aviators
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People associated with Scouting
Sportspeople from Vienna
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Royal Air Force officers
Scouting and Guiding in Austria
1904 births
1948 deaths
British test pilots
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss
British aviators
Glider flight record holders
British aviation record holders

masks:
Robert Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Robert Kronfeld
Adolf Kronfeld
Ernst Moriz Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Robert Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Kronfeld
Robert Kronfeld
Robert Kron
Robert Kronfeld
Robert Kronfeld
Robert Kron
Robert
Kronfeld


title: Samuel F. Angus

texts:
<mask> (April 1855 – February 6, 1908) was an American business owner and professional sports team owner. He was the principal owner of the Detroit Tigers of the American League from November 1901 through October 1903. <mask> began his career as a book agent in Ohio. He subsequently entered the life insurance business, first as an agent and later as a regional manager for large life insurance interests. In the late 1890s, he became a promoter and builder of interurban electric railways, including the 61-mile Toledo, Fremont & Norwalk Railway (later part of the Lake Shore Electric Railway) and the 79-mile Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor & Jackson Railway (sometimes known as the "Ypsi-Ann"). In November 1901, he led a syndicate that acquired the Detroit Tigers from James D. Burns and George Stallings. He purchased majority interest in 1902 and owned the team until late 1903.During <mask>'s ownership, the team began the tradition of training in the south and acquired stars "Wild Bill" Donovan and "Wahoo Sam" Crawford, whose services would be key to the 1907 American League championship team. Early years
<mask> was born in 1855 at Prairie Depot (now known as Wayne) in Wood County, Ohio, near Toledo. He was the son of Richard and Lillie (Atkinson) <mask>. He began his career as a book agent, traveling through Ohio. <mask> later credited his work as a book agent with his development as a businessman:"I think that this experience developed all the business tact I have. It was a hard road to travel and necessitated close study of human nature. I learned to read men's faces, to know their moods, and to judge their character.It necessitated a great deal of reading as well, for I found the great way to draw men out and get them interested was to catch them by sounding their favorite style of books. I had to be generally well informed to talk intelligently, and I think the experience had much to do toward broadening my views of life generally." In his work as a book agent, he was located variously in Toledo, Wheeling and Cleveland. Business career
While living in Cleveland, <mask> became involved in the life insurance business. He moved to Detroit in 1892 or 1893 where he continued to work as a life insurance agent. He ultimately became regional manager for National Life Insurance Co. and then Home Life Insurance Co.

<mask> also became involved in promoting and building electric railways in Ohio and Michigan. In 1899, <mask>, along with partner Henry A. Haigh, built the Toledo, Fremont & Norwalk Railway with financial backing from the Comstock lumber family.The Toledo line was an interurban railway running 61 miles from Toledo to Fremont, Ohio, with <mask> serving as the railway's first president. It later became part of the Lake Shore Electric Railway. In approximately 1898, <mask> also promoted and built the Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor & Jackson Railway (sometimes known as the "Ypsi-Ann"). The Ypsi-Ann allowed passengers to take interurban cars from Detroit to stops 79 miles west of the city, including Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, Chelsea and Jackson. <mask> and partner James D. Hawks also owned the Lansing City Electric Railway until August 1903. Detroit Tigers
On November 2, 1901, and with the support of American League president Ban Johnson, <mask> took control of the finances of the Detroit Baseball Club by paying up a note given by owners James D. Burns and George Stallings for $13,600 secured by stock. This led later to a reorganization of the club, the retirement of both Burns and Stallings, and the control of the enterprise by a syndicate in which <mask>, James McNamara, <mask>. Cook, E.H. Doyle and J. H<mask> were prominent members.Toward the end of the 1902 season, on August 6, <mask> purchased the holdings of his colleagues in the ownership syndicate and gained control of the club. The Sporting News noted that "<mask> wants a winning club and will have no other." In 1902, the Reach Official American League Guide described Detroit's new owner:"He is a portly and prosperous gentleman, a successful business man in many directions, but best known as president of the Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor and Jackson Railway, a trolley line 76 miles in length, that is destined to reach Chicago." As owner and president of the Tigers, <mask> sought to acquire a number of stars to play for the team. He sought to negotiate a deal to bring Honus Wagner to Detroit, but the deal was "blocked within his own league." He was successful in acquiring "Wild Bill" Donovan and "Wahoo Sam" Crawford, whose work later helped the club win the American League pennant in 1907. During the 1903 season, <mask> began the team's custom of training in the south.The club trained that year at Shreveport, Louisiana, with Ed Barrow as manager. <mask> was a clerk who kept the books for <mask>. Navin knew that <mask> was "woefully under-financed from the outset" and "nearly out of money." Navin also knew Bill Yawkey, a wealthy 28-year-old lumber heir. At Navin's urging, Yawkey purchased the Tigers from <mask> in October 1903 for $50,000 with Navin receiving a ten percent share of the club. Family and later years
<mask> was married to Dorothy Hood of Milan, Ohio. They twin sons, both of whom died in infancy.Politically, he was a Republican. He was a 32nd degree Mason and a member of the Turtle Lake club, the New York Athletic Club, the Detroit Boat Club, the Lake St. Clair Shooting and Fishing Club, and the Ohio Society of New York. He enjoyed horses and driving as recreation and lived at 59 East Ferry Avenue in Detroit. In January 1907, <mask> sold his railway interests and retired. His wife died in California in early 1907, while she was "trying to regain her health." <mask> also became seriously ill while in California. One newspaper described his condition as a "physical trouble that developed into paresis," a mental condition.Another newspaper account stated that he became "broken down physically and mentally." After an illness reportedly lasting three years, <mask> died in Detroit in February 1908 at age 52. He was buried at Woodmere Cemetery in Detroit. References

Major League Baseball owners
Detroit Tigers owners
1855 births
1908 deaths
People from Wayne, Ohio
People from Monroe County, Ohio
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Samuel Floyd Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Frank C
. Fitzpatrick
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Frank Navin
Angus
Angus
Angus
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title: Judas Maccabeus

texts:
Judah Maccabee (or <mask>, also spelled Machabeus, or Maccabæus, Hebrew: יהודה המכבי,  Yehudah HaMakabi) was a Jewish priest (kohen) and a son of the priest Mattathias. He led the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE). The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BCE, after Judah Maccabee removed all of the statues depicting Greek gods and goddesses and purified it. Life

Early life
Judah was the third son of Mattathias the Hasmonean, a Jewish priest from the village of Modi'in. In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, John, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices. After Mattathias's death in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The First Book of Maccabees praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.Origin of the name "The Hammer"
In the early days of the rebellion, Judah received a surname Maccabee. It is not known whether this surname should be understood in Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic. Several explanations have been put forward for this surname. One suggestion is that the name derives from the Aramaic maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer" (cf. the cognomen of Charles Martel, the 8th century Frankish leader), in recognition of his ferocity in battle. Others believe it is in reference to his weapon of choice. According to Jewish folklore the name Maccabee is an acronym of the verse Mi kamokha ba'elim Adonai, "Who among the gods is like you, O Adonai?", the Maccabean battle-cry to motivate troops. (Exodus 15:11). Some scholars maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew maqqab-Yahu (from naqab, "to mark, to designate"), meaning "the one designated by Yahweh." Although originally the surname Maccabee was exclusive to Judah (his brothers had different surnames), at a later date it came to signify all the Hasmoneans who fought during the Maccabean revolt. Early victories

Mindful of the superiority of Seleucid forces during the first two years of the revolt, Judah's strategy was to avoid any engagement with their regular army, and to resort to guerrilla warfare, in order to give them a feeling of insecurity. The strategy enabled Judah to win a string of victories. At the battle of Nahal el-Haramiah (wadi haramia), he defeated a small Seleucid force under the command of Apollonius, governor of Samaria, who was killed.Judah took possession of Apollonius's sword and used it until his death as a symbol of vengeance. After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish cause. Shortly thereafter, Judah routed a larger Seleucid army under the command of Seron near Beth-Horon, largely thanks to a good choice of battlefield. Then in the Battle of Emmaus, Judah proceeded to defeat the Seleucid forces led by generals Nicanor and Gorgias. This force was dispatched by Lysias, whom Antiochus left as viceroy after departing on a campaign against the Parthians. By a forced night march, Judah succeeded in eluding Gorgias, who had intended to attack and destroy the Jewish forces in their camp with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him in the mountains, Judah made a surprise attack upon the Seleucid camp and defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Emmaus.The Seleucid commander had no alternative but to withdraw to the coast. The defeat at Emmaus convinced Lysias that he must prepare for a serious and prolonged war. He accordingly assembled a new and larger army and marched with it on Judea from the south via Idumea. After several years of conflict Judah drove out his foes from Jerusalem, except for the garrison in the citadel of Acra. He purified the defiled Temple of Jerusalem and on the 25th of Kislev (December 14, 164 BCE) restored the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became a permanent Jewish holiday, Hanukkah, which continued even after the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE. Hanukkah is still celebrated annually.The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on the road to ultimate independence. After Jerusalem

Upon hearing the news that the Jewish communities in Gilead, Transjordan, and Galilee were under attack by neighboring Greek cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his brother, Simeon, to Galilee at the head of 3,000 men; Simeon proceeded to successfully fulfill his task, achieving numerous victories and transplanted a substantial portion of the Jewish settlements, including women and children, to Judea. Judah personally led the campaign in Transjordan, taking with him his brother Jonathan. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews concentrated in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of the areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea. At the conclusion of the fighting in Transjordan, Judah turned against the Edomites in the south, captured and destroyed Hebron and Maresha.He then marched on the coast of the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the pagan gods in Ashdod, and returned to Judea with much spoils. Judah then laid siege to the Seleucid garrison at the Acra, the Seleucid citadel of Jerusalem. The besieged, who included not only Syrian-Greek troops but also Hellenistic Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the Parthian campaign. Lysias together with Eupator set out for a new campaign in Judea. Lysias skirted Judea as he had done in his first campaign, entering it from the south, and besieged Beth-Zur. Judah raised the siege of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In the Battle of Beth-zechariah, south of Bethlehem, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judah was forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender and Lysias reached Jerusalem, laying siege to the city. The defenders found themselves in a precarious situation because their provisions were exhausted, it being a sabbatical year during which the fields were left uncultivated. However, just as capitulation seemed imminent, Lysias and Eupator had to withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commander-in-chief Philip, whom the late ruler appointed regent before his death, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter Antioch and seize power. Lysias decided to propose a peaceful settlement, which was concluded at the end of 163 BCE. The terms of peace were based on the restoration of religious freedom, the permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple to the Jews. Lysias defeated Philip, only to be overthrown by Demetrius, son of the late Seleucus IV Philopator; returned from years as a hostage in Rome. Demetrius appointed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenist Jew, as high priest, a choice the Hasidim (Pietists) might have accepted since he was of priestly descent.Internal conflict

When war against the external enemy came to an end, an internal struggle broke out between the party led by Judah and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in the wake of the Seleucid defeat. The Hellenizing High Priest Menelaus was removed from office and executed. His successor was another Hellenizer Alcimus. When Alcimus executed sixty priests who were opposed to him, he found himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus fled from Jerusalem and went to the Seleucid king, asking for help. Meanwhile, Demetrius I Soter, son of Seleucus IV Philopator and nephew of the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in defiance of the Roman Senate, arrived in Syria.Declaring himself the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne. It was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution of the Hellenist party in Judea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request to be appointed High Priest under the protection of the king's army and sent to Judea an army led by Bacchides. The weaker Jewish army couldn't oppose the enemy and withdrew from Jerusalem, so Judah returned to wage guerrilla warfare. Soon after, it was necessary for the Seleucid Army to return to Antioch because of the turbulent political situation. Judah's forces returned to Jerusalem and the Seleucids dispatched another army, again led by Nicanor. In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed.The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate this victory. Agreement with Rome and death

The Roman–Jewish Treaty was an agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the Roman Republic in 161 BCE according to  and Josephus. It was the first recorded contract between the Jewish people and the Romans. The agreement with Rome failed to have any effect on Demetrius' policy. On receipt of the news of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again commanded by Bacchides. This time the Seleucid forces of 20,000 men were numerically so superior that most of Judah's men left the field of battle and advised their leader to do likewise and to await a more favorable opportunity. However, Judah decided to stand his ground.In the Battle of Elasa, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers from the battlefield and buried in the family sepulchre at Modiin. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred the Jews to renewed resistance. After several additional years of war under the leadership of two of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews finally achieved independence and the liberty to worship freely. In the arts

Pre-19th century
As warrior hero and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, and several artists and composers. In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees his spirit in the Heaven of Mars with the other "heroes of the true faith". In Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, he is enacted along with the other Nine Worthies, but heckled for sharing a name with <mask> Iscariot.Most significant works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th century onwards. William Houghton's Judas Maccabaeus, performed in about 1601 but now lost, is thought to have been the first drama on the theme; however, Judas Macabeo, an early comedia by crucial Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca is extant. Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego details its history in his critical edition: the play was performed in the 1620s in different versions and finally published as part of an anthology by Vera Tassis in 1637. Following on its heels is El Macabeo (Naples, 1638), a Castilian epic by the Portuguese Marrano Miguel de Silveyra. Two other 17th century works are La chevalerie de Judas Macabé by French poet Pierre Du Ries, and the anonymous neo-Latin work Judas Machabaeus (Rome, 1695). Handel wrote his Judas Maccabaeus oratorio (1746) on the subject. 19th century

There has been interest in Judah in every century.Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore... (1839), is an Italian "azione sacra" based on which Vallicella composed an oratorio. One of the best-known literary works on the theme is Judas Maccabaeus (1872), a five-act verse tragedy by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations of the story are Judas Makkabaeus, a novella by the German writer Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff, which appeared in Der Gefangene von Kuestrin (1885), and The Hammer (1890), a book by Alfred J. Church and Richmond Seeley. 20th century
Several 20th-century Jewish authors have also written works devoted to Judah Maccabee and the Maccabean Revolt. Jacob Benjamin Katznelson (1855–1930) wrote the poem, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the Yiddish writer Moses Schulstein wrote the dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in A Layter tsu der Zun, 1954); Jacob Fichman's "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the heroic tales included in Sippurim le-Mofet (1954).Amit Arad's historical novel "Lions of Judea – The miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays have also been written on the theme by various Jewish authors. In addition, the American writer Howard Fast penned the historical novel, My Glorious Brothers, which was published in 1948, during the 1947–1949 Palestine war. During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published his novel Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat (1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats then drew a parallel between their own national hero, William Tell, and the leader of the Maccabean revolt against foreign tyranny. The modern play Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee by Edward Einhorn is about a contemporary boy who meets the historical figure. Visual arts

In the medieval Christian art, Judah Maccabee was regarded as one of the heroes of the Old Testament. He figures in a tenth-century illustrated manuscript Libri Maccabaeorum.The late medieval French artist Jean Fouquet painted an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for his famous manuscript of Josephus. Rubens painted Judah Maccabee praying for the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's troops find stolen idolatrous charms on the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield. He therefore offers prayers and an expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who have died in a state of sin. During the Counter-Reformation the passage was used by Catholics against Protestants in order to justify the doctrine of purgatory. Accordingly, Rubens painted the scene for the Chapel of the Dead in Tournai cathedral. In the 19th century, Paul Gustave Doré executed an engraving of Judah Maccabee victoriously pursuing the shattered troops of the Syrian enemy. Music
In music, almost all the compositions inspired by the Hasmonean rebellion revolve around Judah.In 1746, the composer George Frideric Handel composed his oratorio Judas Maccabeus, putting the biblical story in the context of the Jacobite rising of 1745. This work, with libretto by Thomas Morell, had been written for the celebrations following the Duke of Cumberland's victory over the Scottish Jacobite rebels at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The oratorio's most famous chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune of this chorus was later adopted as a Christian Easter hymn tune Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son. A Hebrew translation of Handel's Judas Maccabee’' was prepared for the 1932 Maccabiah Games and is now popular in Israel with the motif of "conqu'ring hero" becoming a Hanukkah song. Beethoven composed a set of theme and variations 12 Variations on 'See the conqu'ring hero comes' for Cello and Piano, WoO 45. Tom Lehrer refers to <mask> <mask> in his song "Hanukkah in Santa Monica".Mirah refers to Judah Maccabee in her song "Jerusalem". In "The Goldbergs Mixtape", a parody song is named "Judah Macabee". See also
Jewish leadership
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
Nine Worthies

 References

 Further reading
 Schalit, Abraham (1997). "Judah Maccabee". Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth.Keter Publishing House. Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Routledge. External links

 The Hasmoneans on the Web (Resource Index)
Judas Maccabeus on the Web (pictures and directory)
Jewish Encyclopedia
Catholic Encyclopedia
Judah Maccabee
"Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life" Biblical Archaeology Society
Who Was Judah Maccabee? by Dr. Henry Abramson
 Lions of Judea'', novel series by Amit Arad

160 BC deaths
2nd-century BCE High Priests of Israel
2nd-century BC Hasmonean rulers
Hasmonean dynasty
Military personnel killed in action
People in the deuterocanonical books
Year of birth unknown
Maccabees
2nd-century BCE Jews
Jewish priests
Gilead

masks:
Judas Maccabeus
Judas
Judas
Maccabeus


title: Ronnie Gaylord

texts:
<mask> (born Ronald Fredianelli; June 12, 1930, Detroit—January 25, 2004, Las Vegas) was an Italian-American musician, songwriter, pantomimer, and comedian best known as a member of the band The Gaylords and the music/comedy duo Gaylord and Holiday. Among their many hits are "Tell Me You're Mine", "From the Vine Came the Grape", and "The Little Shoemaker". He adopted the stage name <mask> in the 1950s after going by <mask> for a brief period. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born Ronald L. "<mask>" Fredianelli on June 12, 1930 in Detroit to Joseph and Florence (née Antico) Fredianelli. His mother died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1932; his father remarried Frances (née Graziana) in 1937. Gaylord is Italian on both sides: his father was born in Boveglio and his mother's parents were from Naples. Gaylord grew up in the same east side Detroit neighborhood as Bonaldo Bonaldi (later known as Burt Holiday), purportedly his cousin, and they both attended the University of Detroit Mercy to study pre-law.In 1947, while still students, Bonaldi and <mask> (then still known as Fredanelli) formed a musical group called the Gay Lords with classmate Don Rae. They performed on campus and in clubs around Detroit; a newspaper misprinted their name from the Gay Lords to the Gaylords, which they took on. Gaylord finished two years of law school before quitting to tour with the band. Career
The first hit by the Gaylords was "Tell Me You're Mine" which hit #2 on the music charts upon its release in 1952. The record sold more than 1.2 million copies and was a gold record. This was an Italian love song, "Per un Bacio d'Amore", with English lyrics written by the band and "an upbeat chorus". Singing popular Italian songs in English, and popular English songs in Italian, continued to be a part of the Gaylords' style throughout their career.Not long after, <mask> was drafted into the Korean War; he finished basic at Camp Atterbury and was subsequently assigned to the Special Services. He sang with the military band, did a number of singing commercials, and continued to produce music as a solo artist for Mercury Records. His hit song "Cuddle Me" was in the Billboard Top 20 Singles between March and May 1954. He guest starred on the Army-sponsored radio show Club 31 and, in addition to "Cuddle Me", recorded "Coquette" and "Tell Me You Love Me Tonight". He was discharged from the military in 1958 and returned to the Gaylords, where he had been temporarily replaced by Billy Christ. After a brief split between <mask> and Holiday, they reunited and began rebuilding the band to its success before the war. The following year, Bonaldi and <mask> moved to Nevada together to work on the lounge circuit, a gig that was quite popular at the time.In the 1960s, they began billing as both a music and comedy duo. Their sets variously included poking fun at the city (when they were traveling); taking up stereotypical Italian personas and putting them in improbable situations; and impressions of other musicians, including The Mills Brothers, Elvis Presley, and Sonny and Cher. Gaylord wrote "I'll Trade You Laughter For Love" for fellow lounge circuit performer Don Rickles, who eventually used the song as his "theme song". In 1966, they  performed at Frank Sinatra's wedding to Mia Farrow. Rae, who had been an accompanying part of the Gaylords for several years, officially left the band in 1975. In the 1960s and 1970s, Gaylord appeared on a number of variety shows while the genre was at its peak, most of the time with Holiday but at times on his own. These appearances include The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, The Hollywood Palace, Moving Wheels, The Johnny Carson Show, Headline Hunters,  Melodies and Money, The Flip Wilson Show, Jukebox Jury, and The Ford Show.In 1965, the two were working on a pilot for their own TV show, but it never came to fruition. In 1985, they created Famiglia, described by Holiday as "an Italian Fiddler on the Roof", written by Gaylord. The film was eventually converted into a musical for stage. It follows the lives of a three-generation Italian family, starring <mask> as the middle generation; Holiday as his father; and Gaylord's son Tony as his son. His wife Terry and son Ron Jr. also appear. In addition to playing guitar, violin, bass, banjo, and mandolin, Gaylord was a talented songwriter who wrote a number of hits, including "Cuddle Me" (performed by Gaylord); "Oh, Am I Lonely?" (performed by Gaylord); "I'll Trade You Laughter For Love" (performed by Don Rickles); "I Will Never Pass This Way Again" (performed by Glen Campbell), and "Wondering!"(performed by The Gaylords). <mask> continued performing until the end; his last gig was in Michigan just four months before his death in January 2004. Personal life
<mask> stayed in the Las Vegas/Reno area from the time he and Holiday moved there in 1959 until his death. He had two children, Ronald Jr. and Melissa, with his first wife, Teena, and three, Chris, Tony, and Tiffany, with his second wife, Terry, who he was with for 35 years. Four of five children are or were involved in show business. Tony was the guitarist for Third Eye Blind until 2010 and previously played with heavy metal band Apocrypha and cover band Loveshack; Tiffany sang at Texas Station with Loveshack and at MGM Grand Las Vegas with Venus; Ron Jr. filled his father's role in Gaylord and Holiday; and Chris is a musician. Melissa, his eldest daughter, is a teacher.He was also survived by his grandchildren Jaime Fredianelli-Lessig and Joseph Fredianelli, and great-grandchildren Jared Phillips and Kaylee Lessig. When not performing, <mask> enjoyed painting, sketching, sculpting, and collecting cars. <mask> died on January 25, 2004 in his Las Vegas home following an eight-year battle with cancer. He hid his diagnosis from everyone, including his wife Terry and partner Burt, for as long as he could so he could continue performing. References

1930 births
2004 deaths
American male pop singers
20th-century American singers
Singers from Detroit
20th-century American male singers
Comedians from Michigan
People from Detroit
Musicians from Detroit
Guitarists from Detroit
American people of Italian descent
People from Las Vegas
Musicians from Las Vegas
People from Reno, Nevada
Musicians from Reno, Nevada
American comedians
Comedians from Nevada
20th-century American comedians
American comedy musicians
American sketch comedians
Military personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel of the Korean War

masks:
Ronnie Gaylord
Ronnie Gaylord
Ronnie Vincent
Gaylord
Ronnie
Gaylord
Gaylord
Gaylord
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Gaylord
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Gaylord
Gaylord


title: Marie-Aude Murail

texts:
<mask> (born May 6, 1954) is a French writer. She is best known for her numerous children and teen novels that go over a wide range of subjects including homosexuality and serious illnesses. Her father, <mask>, is a poet and her mother, Marie-Thérèse Barrois, a journalist. One of her brothers and her younger sister also write : <mask> and <mask>, aka Moka. Her other older brother, <mask> is a music composer. In 1973, she married Pierre Robert, an INSEE bureaucrat, with whom she had three children, Benjamin (1977), Charles (1987) and Constance (1994). Biography
<mask> was born in Le Havre in 1954 and has been writing since she was twelve years old.She studied modern literature at the Sorbonne University in Paris and concluded it by working on a thesis dealing with how to adapt classical novels to make them readable for young kids. She earned her "stripes" at the Editions mondiales, where she published a hundred short stories in women's magazines (Intimité, Nous Deux) between 1980 and 1987. In the mid 1980s, her first two novels (for adults) were published by Swiss publisher Pierre-Marcel Favre:

 Passage (1985)
 Voici Lou (1986)

Since her first story, "C'est mieux d'être bleu", published in 1985 in the Astrapi magazine, she has written over 80 books for children, most notably three series, "Emilien", "Nils Hazard" and "L'Espionne". Most of her books were published by L'Ecole des Loisirs, Bayard and lately by Pocket. The "Emilien" series
Murail writes about the adventures of Emilien Pardini, a boy aged fourteen at the beginning of the series, who lives alone with his mother Sylvie. The various books follow him throughout his teen years. Murail exploits all the dramatic and comical resources of a contemporary single-parent family and well as those of a teen's puberty and daily life.Baby-sitter blues (1989)
 Le Trésor de mon père (1989)
 Le Clocher d'Abgall (1989)
 Au bonheur des larmes (1990)
 Un séducteur né (1991)
 Sans sucre, merci (1992)
 Nos amours ne vont pas si mal (1993)

The series was republished in the Neuf collection (2006). The Nils Hazard series
Alongside the "Emiliens", Murail initiates an adventure series in which Nils Hazard, an eccentric etruscologist and teacher at the Sorbonne University, has to solve murders and strange investigations cases. He is assisted by an ex-student of his, Catherine Roque who becomes his secretary and girlfriend during the series of books. Dinky Rouge Sang (1991)
 L'assassin est au collège (1992)
 La dame qui tue (1993)
 Tête à rap (1994)
 Scénario catastrophe (1995)
 Qui veut la peau de Maori Cannell? (1997)
 Rendez-vous avec M. X (1998)

Fantasy
Murail widens the range of her production, exploring a slightly fantastic daily life first in "Ma vie a changé" (1997), where a librarian comes to struggling with a domestic elf. Her style evolves towards definitely delirious when this daily life mixes with vampires ("Amour, vampire et loup-garou", 1998) or aliens ("Tom Lorient", 1998). In 2002, teenagers craving for video games inspired "Golem", where virtual reality bursts into the real world.Golem was also a three-person writing experience which she intended with her siblings. Brother and sisters expressed, each in their own way, how they felt about it and describe it on Marie-Aude <mask>'s website. Marie-Aude led another writing project with her brother Lorris during the following year ("L'expérienceur", 2003). Ma vie a changé (1997)
 Amour, vampire et loup-garou (1998)
 Tom Lorient (1999)
 L'expérienceur (written with Lorris <mask>) (2003)
 Golem (written with Elvire and Lorris <mask>) (2002)

"Golem" begins when Majid Badach, a young boy who lives in Hummingbird Tower on the Moreland estate, wins a computer from Priceshrinkers, apparently a trustworthy company. One of his teachers, Hugh Mullins, helps him set it up. Only one day, while they are chatting on the Internet, a video game sets in and runs on its own: Golem. Majid's life, along with his teacher's, turn on a dime ...

History as a source of stories
After "Jésus, comme un roman ..." (1997), <mask> wrote a six-episode series published by Je Bouquine during the two last months of the second millennium.Murail plunges her readers into six different periods of history ("D'amour et de sang", 1999). She then pays tribute to her favorite novelist and « heavenly father » ("Charles Dickens", 2005), and takes her readers back to 19th-century England with the autobiography of a Victorian illustrator, inspired by the life of Beatrix Potter ("Miss Charity", 2008). Jésus, comme un roman ...(1997)
 D'amour et de sang (1999)
 Charles Dickens (2006)
 Miss Charity (2008)

 A work that keeps diversifying
Even though her readers, who have quite grown up in twenty years, often ask her about Emilien, Martine-Marie or Nils, Murail now changes time and space with each novel. Although the teen age and its tricks are still at the very heart of her books, family, social and political considerations now find their way into her work. She now uses the strength of experience and current events, whether the topic is undocumented children and the necessarily enshrined school system ("Vive la République! ", 2005), or a company and a kindergarten being submitted to the same imperatives of « globalisation » and « working more » ("Papa et maman sont dans un bateau", spring 2009), yet never being short of humor. Despite the seriousness of the issues in question, her « dramatic pedagogy of life » is neither bleak nor heavy : Murail thinks a fictional work intended for children has no need of sad endings.She sincerely thinks that it would be malpractice. This might be the writer's only ethical principle, driven by her characters' lives and the dynamics they imprint on her writing. Thus « life, Life » are Miss Charity's very last words. Oh Boy! (2000)
 Simple (2004)
 Maïté Coiffure (2004)
 La fille du docteur Baudoin (2006)
 Vive la République ! (2006)
 Papa et maman sont dans un bateau (spring 2009)

 For her first readers
Her first novel for young readers is a tale parody, published by Gallimard :

 Mystère (1987)

Afterwards, she wrote eleven « Mouche » and two « Neuf », published by L'Ecole des Loisirs :

 Le Chien des Mers (1988)
 Le hollandais sans peine (1989)
 Les secrets véritables (1990)
 Mon bébé à 210 francs (1990)
 Un dimanche chez les dinosaures (1991)
 Le changelin (1994)
 Qui a peur de madame Lacriz ? (1996)
 Souï Manga (written with Elvire <mask>) (1999)
 Peau-de-rousse (1999)
 Patte-blanche (2005)
 22 !(2008)
 MythO (2001)
 Nonpareil (2007)

In addition to five short stories published by Astrapi, <mask> wrote over twenty illustrated stories in monthly magazine J'aime Lire (“from 7 years-old on”), most of which were republished as books by Bayard. Graine de monstre (1991)
 L'oncle Giorgio (1990)
 Le visiteur de minuit (1993)
 Les secrets du docteur Magicus (1993)
 L'or des mages (1996)
 Noël à tous les étages (2001)
 Il était trois fois (written with Elvire <mask>) (2008)

The L'espionne series, illustrated by Frédéric Joos, published by Bayard. L'espionne fonde son club (2001)
 L'espionne (2001)
 L'espionne joue à l'espion (2001)
 L'espionne sauve la planète (2003)
 L'espionne arrête d'espionner (2003)
 L'espionne allume son robot (2003
 L'espionne s'énerve (2003)
 L'espionne se méfie (2004)
 L'espionne veut la vérité (2004)
 L'espionne cartonne (2005)
 L'espionne déclone (2006)
 L'espionne est occupée (2007)

Je Bouquine, a magazine edited by the same publisher, often publishes her stories, longer and intended for older readers (10–15 years old). Le défi de Serge T. (1993)
 Moi, le zoulou (1994)
 Devenez populaire en cinq leçons (1995)
 La peur de ma vie (2000)
 Le gène zinzin (2002)
 Jeu dangereux (2003)
 Maïté Coiffure (2004) (also published as a book by L'école des loisirs)
 Le baron de Nonpareil (2006)

 For those learning to read
Murail also takes an interest in teaching how to read. Teamed up during five years with primary teacher Christine Thiéblemont from Orléans, then joined by educational counselor Patricia Bucheton, she wrote a reading course book for first graders, the "Bulle" textbook, published by Bordas. Murail revealed her motives and her contribution to this common experience as a children's writer in an interview that can be found on the website of  La Charte des auteurs et illustrateurs jeunesse, an association she is involved in. The Bulle course book is characterized by the role given to children's literature and reading aloud in the development of infantile imagination.<mask> discusses this in a video. Bulle  méthode de lecture pour le CP - cycle 2 (2008). Being a children's writer
<mask> has not stopped thinking, since she wrote her literature thesis, about the purpose of her work. Thereupon she wrote articles, conferences and even books. She wrote a first one in 1993, in which she drew the results of her encounters with her readership, and another one ten years later, rather dedicated to the convictions that made her, as she had already written in the conclusion of her thesis, “remain in childhood”. From the viewpoint that has been hers since she was 25, she has nonetheless kept her readership growing, her readers staying faithful as they grow up. Continue la lecture, on n'aime pas la récré.. (1993)
 Auteur jeunesse - Comment le suis-je devenue, pourquoi le suis-je restée (2003)

A recognized workOh, Boy!is her most sold and translated book. It was adapted for television by director Thierry Binisti, produced by K'ien Productions. Most of her books received various prizes, in France and abroad, since they were exported, in Europe and beyond, and translated to about fifteen languages. Simple, Tobias Scheffel's German translation of Simple, received the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, bestowed by a jury of German teenagers during the Frankfurt Book Fair. The French version had already received the Prix des lycéens allemands during the Leipzig book fair in 2006. Nowadays, Murail sells about 200,000 books each year in France. In 2004, <mask> was granted the distinction of Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, in recognition of her whole career.Scenarios
 Screen writer for Baby-sitter Blues, a television film directed by par Williams Crépin and broadcast on 27 December 1997 on France 3. Co-screen writer for Malabar Princess'', directed by Gilles Legrand (2004). References

External links
 , her official website

1954 births
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French women writers
21st-century French novelists
21st-century French women writers
French children's writers
French television writers
French women novelists
French women screenwriters
French women short story writers
University of Paris alumni
Living people
People from Le Havre
Women television writers
French women children's writers
Writers from Normandy
20th-century French short story writers
21st-century French short story writers

masks:
Marie Aude Murail
Gerard Murail
Lorris Murail
Elvire Murail
Tristan Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail
Murail


title: Johannes Tinctoris

texts:
Jehan le Taintenier or Jean Teinturier (Latinised as <mask>; also Jean de Vaerwere;  – 1511) was a Renaissance music theorist and composer from the Low Countries. Up to his time, he is perhaps the most significant European writer on music since Guido of Arezzo. Life and career
He is known to have studied in Orléans, and to have been master of the choir there; he also may have been director of choirboys at Chartres. Because he was paid through the office of petites vicars at Cambrai Cathedral for four months in 1460, it has been speculated that he studied with Du Fay, who spent the last part of his life there; certainly Tinctoris must at least have known the elder Burgundian there. Tinctoris went to Naples about 1472 and spent most of the rest of his life in Italy. Tinctoris was also known as a cleric, a poet, a mathematician, and a lawyer; there is even one reference to him as an accomplished painter. Works
Tinctoris published many volumes of writings on music.While they are not particularly original, borrowing heavily from ancient writers (including Boethius, Isidore of Seville, and others) they give an impressively detailed record of the technical practices and procedures used by composers of the day. He wrote the first dictionary of musical terms (the Diffinitorium musices); a book on the characteristics of the musical modes; a treatise on proportions; and three books on counterpoint, which is particularly useful in charting the development of voice-leading and harmony in the transitional period between Du Fay and Josquin. The writings by Tinctoris were influential on composers and other music theorists for the remainder of the Renaissance. While not much of the music of Tinctoris has survived, that which has survived shows a love for complex, smoothly flowing polyphony, as well as a liking for unusually low tessituras, occasionally descending in the bass voice to the C two octaves below middle C (showing an interesting similarity to Ockeghem in this regard). Tinctoris wrote masses, motets and a few chansons. Tinctoris' eight rules of composition
From his third book on counterpoint. Rule #1 Begin and finish with perfect consonance.It is, however, not wrong if the singer is improvising a counterpoint and ends with imperfect consonance, but in that case, the movement should be many-voiced. Sixth or octave doubling of the bass is not allowed. Rule #2 Follow together with ténor up and down in imperfect and perfect consonances of the same kind. (Parallels at the third and sixth are recommended, fifth and octave parallels are forbidden.) Rule #3 If ténor remains on the same note, you can add both perfect and imperfect consonances. Rule #4 The counterpointed part should have a melodic closed form even if ténor makes big leaps. Rule #5 Do not put cadence on a note if it ruins the development of the melody.Rule #6 It is forbidden to repeat the same melodic turn above a cantus firmus, especially if the cantus firmus contains that same repetition. Rule #7 Avoid two or more consecutive cadences of the same pitch even if cantus firmus allows it. Rule #8 In all counterpoint, try to achieve manifoldness and variety by altering measure, tempo, and cadences. Use syncopes, imitations, canons, and pauses. But remember that an ordinary chanson uses fewer different styles than a motet and a motet uses fewer different styles than a mass. Musical Compositions

Sacred music

Masses:
 Missa sine nomine #1 (3 v)
 Missa sine nomine #2
 Missa sine nomine #3 (missing Kyrie and Agnus Dei)
 Missa L'homme armé

Motets:
 O Virgo miserere mei
 Virgo Dei throno digna
 Alleluya
 Fecit potentiam
 Lamentatio Jeremiae

Secular music
 Helas
 Vostre regart
 O invida fortuna
 Le souvenir (4v)
 Le souvenir (2v)
 Tout a par moy
 De tous biens playne
 D'ung aultre amer
 Comme femme

Notable writings
the first dictionary of musical terms (Diffinitorum musices, c. 1475)
an introduction to the elements of musical pitch and rhythmic notation (Expositio manus and Proportionale musices); examples show how rhythmically elaborate extemporization may have been practiced
a thorough exposition of the modal system (Liber de natura et proprietate tonorum)
Liber de arte contrapuncti – his main exposition of intervals, consonance and dissonance, and their usage. He devised strict rules for introducing dissonances, limiting them to unstressed beats and syncopations (suspensions) and at cadences.a broad survey of the origins and evolution of music, its theological and metaphysical roots and ramifications, and vocal and instrumentation practice (De inventione et usu musice). Writings
 <mask>, <mask>, Liber de arte contrapuncti, tr. Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950. <mask>, <mask>,  Opus musices. Naples,  c. 1483. Digitized codex at Somni
 Tinctoris, Johanni, Opera Omnia, Corpus Mensurabilis Musicae 18, ed.William Melan, American Institute of Musicology, 1976

References

Sources and further reading

 Hüschen, Heinrich, "<mask>ctoris", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. Palenik, Jeffrey, "The early career of <mask>is: An examination of the music theorists Northern education and development". PhD Diss., Duke University: 2008. External links
 Latin text of his work Diffinitorium musicae
 Latin text of his work Liber de arte contrapuncti, Liber primus
 Latin text of his work Liber de arte contrapuncti, Liber secundus
 Latin text of his work Liber de arte contrapuncti, Liber tertius
 Latin text of his work De inventione et usu musicae
 Latin text of his work Complexus effectuum musices
 Latin text of his work Proportionale musices
 Latin text of his work Expositio manus
 Latin text of his work Liber de natura et proprietate tonorum
 Latin text of his work Liber imperfectionum notarum musicalium
 Latin text of his work Tractatus de notis et pausis
 Latin text of his work Tractatus de punctis
 Latin text of his work Tractatus alterationum
 Latin text of his work Complexus viginti effectuum nobilis artis musices
 Latin text of his work Tractatus super punctis musicalibus
 Latin text of his work Tractatus de regulari valore notarum

1435 births
1511 deaths
Renaissance composers
Belgian music theorists
French classical composers
French male classical composers
15th-century Franco-Flemish composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers

masks:
Johannes Tinctoris
Tinctoris
Johannes
Tinctoris
Johannes
Johannes Tin
Johannes Tinctor


title: Kawaji Toshiyoshi

texts:
, also known as <mask>e, was a Japanese statesman and chief of police during the Meiji period. A Satsuma Domain samurai initially tasked to study foreign systems for application in the Japanese military, Kawaji fought against forces loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War. Later, his work on setting up the Japanese police at the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration, first as rasotsu, and then as keisatsu, earned him the recognition as the founder of Japan's modern police system (日本警察の父, lit. Father of Japanese Police). Besides his police and military work, he was also noted for his contributions to the development of Kendo, a Japanese martial art. Early life and career
Born on 17 June 1834 (OS: 11 May 1834) in Kagoshima, <mask> was the eldest son of <mask> (also known as Kawaji Toshiakira, 1801–1868) with his wife Etsuko. While his generally accepted birth year is 1834, other sources mention it as either 1829 or 1836.His father was a progressive Kanjō-bugyō who negotiated the Treaty of Shimoda, and campaigned for opening Japan with Tsutsui Masanori (1778–1859), a Gaikoku bugyō. <mask> himself, while serving under Shimazu Hisamitsu, the last Satsuma Domain daimyō, was tasked to study foreign techniques to apply on the Japanese military. On 20 August 1864, he was involved in the Kinmon incident (Forbidden Gate Incident), wherein he fought against rōnin from the Chōshū Domain. Both being samurai of the Satsuma Domain, <mask> and Toshiaki played significant roles in the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. <mask> participated in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi (27–31 January 1868), and the Battle of Aizu (6 October – 6 November 1868). Even though wounded at the Battle of Nihonmatsu (29 July 1868), he recovered so that he could participate in the Aizu campaign. After the war he was promoted to Bugyō (奉行, lit.governor or commissioner). Police reform
Before the 1871 abolition of the han system, which effectively removed the daimyōs and bugyōs from their official positions, the new Japanese capital of Tokyo was patrolled by mixed troops of samurai. On 29 August 1871, a special force, modeled after Western-style National Gendarmerie, was organized. The influence of the French system was highlighted by Fukuzawa Yukichi, who visited France in 1869. Known as rasotsu, Kawaji and Saigō Takamori (a senior samurai also hailing from the Satsuma Domain) were tasked with the recruitment of patrolmen. A total of 2,000 patrolmen initially formed the rasotsu due to Kawaji and Saigo's efforts, and an additional patrolman was recruited for every 3,000 city inhabitants in every prefecture outside Tokyo. As of 1872, the estimated total Japanese population was 34.8 million, around 900,000 of which were in Tokyo.This was followed by the voluntary surrendering of traditional samurai wear and weaponry. To further study foreign police systems, Kawaji joined the Iwakura Mission, a formal diplomatic trip to the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Bavaria, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland. While the primary objective of the mission to renegotiate the unequal treaties was not achieved, Kawaji gathered enough information for him to formulate proposals in reforming the Japanese police, primarily focusing on financing and control structure. He particularly benefited from the professional services of the French lawyer Prosper Gambet-Gross (1801–1868). In 1873, Kawaji's recommendations, which were influenced by the centralized French system, combined with the Confucian model of hierarchy, were approved. In the same year, a police bureau (警保局, Keiho-kyoku) was organized, with Kawaji as its head, and working under the jurisdiction of the Home Ministry, headed by Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi. Chief of police

On 9 January 1874, the Keishichō (警視庁, present Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department) was formed, with Kawaji as Daikeishi (Chief of Police, Superintendent-General), having an equivalent rank of major general.Meanwhile, the policemen were re-branded as keisatsu (けいさつ), a name which has been retained to this day. By 1876, the total number of Tokyo policemen increased to 6,000. Kawaji was also careful in recruiting former enemies during the Boshin War, including elements of the Shinsengumi (新選組, lit. New Selected Group), the special police force organized by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1863. One of the better known former Shinsengumi members in the police force was Third Unit Captain Saitō Hajime, who became a police inspector under the name of Fujita Gorō. He is believed to have been recruited by Kawaji himself. Kawaji also recruited Gambet-Gross as his formal adviser, who would later assist in numerous court cases, especially those involving foreigners and extraterritoriality.While Kawaji himself did not possess any mastery of the French language, he acquired the services of the interpreter Numa Morikazu, who accompanied him during the Iwakura Mission. Philosophy
While Kawaji was not known as an administrator, despite having a reputation comparable with the Three Great Nobles of the Restoration (維新の三傑, Ishin no Sanketsu), some regard him as the one who "established the Meiji political system" and "the great benefactor of the imperial police." In his work entitled Keisatsu Shugan (警察手眼, Hands and Eyes of the Police), he emphasized that the police exists as a preventive force tasked to complement the military. He treated the societal structure as similar to a family, wherein the government serves as a parent, and the people as its children. According to Kawaji the role of the police is that of a nanny or nursemaid, who understands the proper use of their vested powers. Further using the analogy of family, Kawaji posits that the people ought to become independent and self-reliant, and that their rights must not be violated. He also believed in a police bound by duty, yet affectionate with the public, and a chief of police in command, rather than directly involved.He aimed to instill strict discipline among policemen. He himself slept only around four hours a day when on duty. One motto of his for police officers was this: "no sleep, no rest." While the Japanese police was later incorporated with German influences, his ideals emphasizing their role in promoting national peace was carried over, and to an extent, contributed to the development of thought control as a state policy in the years leading to the Second World War. Contribution to kendo

In 1876, five years after a voluntary surrender of swords, the government banned the use of swords by the surviving samurai and initiated sword hunts. Meanwhile, in an attempt to standardize the sword styles (kenjutsu) used by policemen, Kawaji recruited swordsmen from various schools to come up with a unified swordsmanship style. This led to the rise of the Battotai (抜刀隊, lit.Drawn Sword Corps), which mainly featured sword-bearing policemen. However, it proved difficult to integrate all sword arts, which led to a compromise of ten practice moves (kata) for police training. Difficulties of integration notwithstanding, this integration effort led to the development of kendo, which remains in use to date. In 1878, <mask> wrote a book on swordsmanship, entitled Gekiken Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Swordsmanship), wherein he stressed that sword styles should not disappear with modernization, considering that other countries have been fascinated with them, but should be integrated as necessary skills for the police. He draws a particular example from his experience with the Satsuma Rebellion. The Junsa Kyōshūjo (Patrolman's Training Institute), founded in 1879, provided a curriculum which allowed policemen to study the sword arts during their off-hours (gekiken). In the same year, Kawaji wrote another book on swordsmanship, entitled Kendo Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Kendo), wherein he defended the significance of such sword art training for the police.While the institute remained active only until 1881, the police continued to support such practice. Satsuma Rebellion

In February 1877, British diplomat Ernest Mason Satow noted allegations, which linked Kawaji and other high-ranking government officials, including Minister Ōkubo, with a planned assassination of Saigō Takamori, who, by this time, had already resigned from the government. What bolstered the credibility of this allegation was the leave of absence Kawaji had granted to a number of policemen, who proceeded to Kagoshima. Satow later spoke with Navy Minister Katsu Kaishū, who cleared Ōkubo of connection to the assassination attempt, which was never carried out, but affirmed Kawaji's intention to assassinate Saigō to prevent a civil war. A further confirmation of this intention was the confession of Nakahara Hisao, a sho-keibu (corporal), who was supposedly the assassin assigned to eliminate Saigō. However, the Satsuma Rebellion had already begun in response to the rumored assassination, much to Saigō's dismay, especially since he and <mask> had been friends. On 19 February 1877, the Kumamoto Castle was attacked by around 20,000 samurai from the Satsuma Domain.True to his principles of the police working together with the military, <mask> in his capacity as a major general led the Third Brigade, accompanying Major General Ōyama Iwao of the Imperial Japanese Army, who led the Fifth Brigade. Similar to Kawaji, Ōyama had also visited France to study. By 23 June, <mask>, this time promoted as lieutenant general, and his division, had already entered Kagoshima, Saigō's headquarters (around 170 kilometers south of Kumamoto), reinforcing the beleaguered Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi and breaking the rebel strength. Saigō and his remaining forces, numbering around 500, were ultimately vanquished at the Battle of Shiroyama on 24 September 1877. Security issues
On 14 May 1878, less than a year after the death of Kido Takayoshi (who was also part of the Iwakura Mission) and the Satsuma Rebellion, Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi was assassinated by Shimada Ichirō and six other samurai from the Kaga Domain (or Kanazawa Domain). The assassination of a high-level government official such as Ōkubo, the last of the Three Great Nobles of the Restoration (the other two being Saigō and Kido), raised concerns with the internal security being provided both by the police and the military. Nine days after the assassination, Emperor Meiji announced his intentions to tour the country, particularly the Hokurikudō and the Tōkaidō regions.The Hokurikudō tour would also mean visiting Kanazawa. As a precautionary measure, Kawaji detained 18 Kanazawa samurai who were suspected of holding extremist views, and replaced some of the soldiers stationed in Kanazawa. Considering that Kawaji was also included on the alleged hit list of Ōkubo's assassins, measures were also required to ensure his own safety as the head of Emperor Meiji's security detail. The emperor safely arrived in Kanazawa on 2 October, and departed on 5 October. Death
In 1879, Kawaji travelled to France once more for a study mission, which was supposed to last until 1880. However, his mission was cut short, and he died upon his return to Japan, in Tokyo, on 13 October 1879. His death was publicly announced five days later, and he was buried in Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.References

Further reading

Japanese generals
People from Kagoshima
People of Meiji-period Japan
People from Satsuma Domain
Samurai
1879 deaths
1834 births

masks:
Kawaji Toshikan
Kawaji Toshiyoshi
Kawaji Toshiaki
Toshiyoshi
Toshiyoshi
Toshiyoshi
Kawaji
Kawaji
Kawaji
Kawaji


title: James Howard Kunstler

texts:
<mask> (born October 19, 1948) is an American author, social critic, public speaker, and blogger. He is best known for his books The Geography of Nowhere (1994), a history of American suburbia and urban development, The Long Emergency (2005), and Too Much Magic (2012). In The Long Emergency he imagines peak oil and oil depletion resulting in the end of industrialized society, forcing Americans to live in smaller-scale, localized, agrarian (or semi-agrarian) communities. In World Made by Hand he branches into a speculative fiction depiction of this future world. <mask> was born in New York City to Jewish parents, who divorced when he was eight. His family then moved to the suburbs on Long Island. His biological father was a middleman in the diamond trade.<mask> spent most of his childhood with his mother and stepfather, a publicist for Broadway shows. While spending summers at a boys' camp in New Hampshire, he became acquainted with a small town ethos that would later permeate many of his works. He lives in Greenwich, a town in Washington County, New York. Education
In 1966, <mask> graduated from New York City's High School of Music & Art, and attended the State University of New York at Brockport, where he majored in theater. Career
After college, <mask> worked as a reporter and feature writer for a number of newspapers, and finally as a staff writer for Rolling Stone. During the 1970s and 1980s, Kunstler worked "a lot of odd jobs, from orderly in the psychiatric wing of the hospital, to digging holes for percolation tests in housing subdivisions". In 1975, he began writing books and lecturing full-time.Kunstler's blog states that he has lectured at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Cornell, MIT, RPI, and the University of Virginia,  has appeared before professional organizations such as the AIA, the APA, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Kunstler lectured on topics related to suburbia, urban development, and the challenges of what he calls "the global oil predicament", and a resultant change in the "American Way of Life." He lectured at the TED Conference, the American Institute of Architects, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the International Council of Shopping Centers, the National Association of Science and Technology, as well as at numerous colleges and universities, including Yale, MIT, Harvard, Cornell, University of Illinois, DePaul, Texas A & M, the USMA, and Rutgers University. As a journalist, Kunstler wrote articles for The Atlantic Monthly, Slate.com, Rolling Stone, The New York Times Sunday Magazine, and its op-ed page where he covered environmental and economic issues. <mask> is also a supporter of the movement known as "New Urbanism." His career peaked with the popularising of the concept of peak oil, for which he was a prominent spokesman, such as in the 2004 documentary The End of Suburbia. His 2005 book The Long Emergency became an oft-cited reference for the predicted imminent collapse of human civilisation.However, oil supplies increased due to fracking, and the collapse did not eventuate. Political views
Kunstler is a harsh critic of both the Republican Party, describing them as "a gang of hypocritical, pietistic sadists, seeking pleasure in the suffering of others while pretending to be Christians, devoid of sympathy, empathy, or any inclination to simple human kindness, constant breakers of the Golden Rule, enemies of the common good." and also the Democratic Party and their "underhanded attempts" to get rid of Donald Trump, a man whom Kunstler sees as showing "strength". He was also a promoter of the concept of a so-called "deep state" working to overthrow and thwart Trump. He endorsed Trump for re-election and declared that he intended to do "everything he can to prevent the Democrats from winning the election." In an interview with American Conservative, Kunstler attacked gay marriage, describing it as "cultural mischief" that would further damage "a struggling institution". He is a subscriber to the conspiracy theory that the 2020 United States presidential election was fraudulent, describing it as a "fraud-inflected election" on his website, and he suggests that the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol was the work of left-wing groups.In recent times, Kunstler has had financial problems, and was described as "seethingly angry" about his writing income falling to only a few thousand dollars annually because of "the tidal wave of free content on the web". In addition, his "lucrative college speaking fees" have disappeared, which he blames on "the rising hysteria on campus against threatening ideas". Kunstler now uses Patreon to crowdfund his writing. In an interview with Doug Casey published on October 13, 2021, Kunstler called the COVID-19 pandemic a "scam", and on October 11 he published the debunked vaccine conspiracy theory that the vaccine would kill people "steadily over the weeks and months" and went on to name hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin as "effective" treatments. Writing
Over the course of the first 14 years of his writing career (1979–1993), Kunstler wrote seven novels. Since the mid-1990s, he has written four non-fiction books about suburban development and diminishing global oil supplies. According to the Columbia Journalism Review, his first work on the subject, The Geography of Nowhere, discussed the effects of "cartoon architecture, junked cities, and a ravaged countryside".The book was described as a jeremiad by The Washington Post. Kunstler is critical of suburbia and urban development trends throughout the United States, and is a proponent of the New Urbanism movement. According to Scott Carlson, reporter for The Chronicle of Higher Education, <mask>'s books on the subject have become "standard reading in architecture and urban planning courses". He describes America as a poorly planned and "tragic landscape of highway strips, parking lots, housing tracts, mega-malls, junked cities, and ravaged countryside that makes up the everyday environment where most Americans live and work." In a 2001 op-ed for Planetizen, he wrote that in the wake of 9/11 the "age of skyscrapers is at an end", that no new megatowers would be built, and that existing tall buildings are destined to be dismantled. In his books that followed, such as Home From Nowhere, The City in Mind, and The Long Emergency (2005), he discussed topics in the context of a coming post-oil America. <mask> says he wrote The Geography of Nowhere, "Because I believe a lot of people share my feelings about the tragic landscape of highway strips, parking lots, housing tracts, mega-malls, junked cities, and ravaged countryside that makes up the everyday environment where most Americans live and work".In his science fiction novel World Made by Hand (2008), he describes a future dependent on localized production and agriculture, with little reliance on imports. Three "World Made by Hand" sequels have followed: The Witch of Hebron (2010), A History of the Future (2015), and The Harrows of Spring (2016). <mask> has written articles for the American Conservative magazine and syndicated weekly articles to the conservative Zero Hedge blog. In his writings and lectures, he contends that there is no other alternative energy source on the horizon that can replace relatively cheap oil. He therefore envisions a "low energy" world that will be radically different from today's. This has contributed to his becoming an outspoken advocate for one of his solutions, a more energy-efficient rail system, and writes "we have to get cracking on the revival of the railroad system if we expect to remain a united country." Reception
A 2020 article at NewGeography.com described one of <mask>'s essays in American Conservative as a "misanthropic, pessimistically aggressive Malthusian screed", and comments that Kunstler's "over the top act" shows him to be "survivalist masquerading as an urban geographer".The article points to Kunstler's growing appeal to conservatives due to the "overlap between libertarian conservatives and environmentalist zealots". In 2005, conservative writer Bill Kauffman called Kunstler the "scourge of suburbia," and a "slashingly witty Jeremiah." In a 2008 review of Kunstler's weekly audio podcast, the Columbia Journalism Review described the KunstlerCast as offering "some of the smartest, most honest urban commentary around—online or off." The Albany, New York, Times Union reviewed Kunstler's book World Made by Hand, writing that, "<mask> Kunstler is fiddling his way to the apocalypse, one jig at a time." The paper described the book's scenario as "grim", with "an upside or two." Critiquing The Long Emergency, journalist Chris Hayes claimed in 2010 that while Kunstler makes valid points about the consequences of peak oil, he undermines his credibility with rhetoric and perceived misanthropy. Joseph Romm, a climate change expert and Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, stated that accelerating shifts toward renewable energy will maintain suburban lifestyles and that, contrary to Kunstler's arguments, "suburbia won’t be destroyed by peak oil."Charles Bensinger, co-founder of Renewable Energy Partners of New Mexico, describes Kunstler's views as "fashionably fear-mongering" and uninformed regarding the potential of renewable energy resources to eliminate the need for fossil fuels. In 2005 David Ehrenfeld, writing for American Scientist, saw Kunstler delivering a "powerful integration of science, technology, economics, finance, international politics and social change" with a "lengthy discussion of the alternatives to cheap oil." Bibliography

See also
 Georgism
 Psychology of previous investment
 John Michael Greer

References

External links

 Interviews with the author
 Chaos in the City. Architecture, Modernism and Peak Oil Production—<mask> <mask> in Interview
 <mask> Kunstler Interview in MungBeing Magazine
 The American Conservative interview
 Resilience interview
 Terrain.org "Entropy Made Visible" interview
 TED Talks: <mask> Kunstler dissects suburbia at TED in 2004

1948 births
Living people
American bloggers
American non-fiction environmental writers
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
People from Saratoga Springs, New York
Social critics
State University of New York at Brockport alumni
Urban theorists
Activists from New York City
21st-century American non-fiction writers
New Classical architecture
New Urbanism
21st-century American Jews

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