title: Theodore I Laskaris

texts:
<mask> or Lascaris (;  1175November 1221) was the first emperor of Nicaea—a successor state of the Byzantine Empire—from 1205 to his death. Although he was born to an obscure aristocratic family, his mother was related to the imperial Komnenos clan. He married Anna, a younger daughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos in 1200. He received the title of despot before 1203, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne. The Fourth Crusade forced AlexiosIII to flee from Constantinople in 1203. <mask> was imprisoned by the crusaders (commonly referred to as "Latins" by the Byzantines), but he escaped. After crossing the Bosporus into Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), he started to organise the local Greeks' resistance against the Latins in Bithynia in his father-in-law's name.He concluded an alliance with the Seljuq sultan of Rum, but he could not stop the Latins' expansion. Neither could he prevent a claimant to the imperial throne, Alexios Komnenos, from establishing a Byzantine successor state, the Empire of Trebizond, in northern Asia Minor. <mask>'s position consolidated only after Tzar Kaloyan of Bulgaria inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latins in the Battle of Adrianople (in Thrace) in 1205. Greeks fleeing from the Latin Empire—the crusader state that emerged in the Byzantine core territories—swarmed to Asia Minor to live under <mask>'s rule. The Latins captured <mask>'s father-in-law and made an alliance with <mask> of Trebizond, but <mask> routed their united troops. He secured the support of most Bithynian aristocrats and seized the domains of those who resisted him. In 1205, he assumed the traditional titles of the Byzantine emperors.Three years later, he convoked a Church council to elect a new Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople. The new patriarch crowned <mask> emperor and established his seat at <mask>'s capital, Nicaea. The Orthodox population of the Latin Empire regarded <mask> as the main defender of their Church, but the rulers of Epirus—a realm that developed in the western regions of the Byzantine Empire—debated the legality of his coronation. <mask>'s father-in-law did not abandon his claim to the throne. After being released from prison, AlexiosIII persuaded the Seljuqs to invade Nicaea, but <mask> defeated them in 1211. The Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders captured important fortresses in western Asia Minor in 1212, but he ran out of soldiers and could not place garrisons in them. Henry implicitly acknowledged the existence of the Empire of Nicaea in his peace treaty with <mask>.<mask> conquered western Paphlagonia on the Black Sea coast from AlexiosI of Trebizond. Around 1220, <mask> tried to persuade the Latins of Constantinople to acknowledge his rule, but they refused. <mask> established a powerful state, located in the vicinity of Constantinople, which enabled his successors to expel the Latins from the city and revive the Byzantine Empire in 1261. Early life

Parentage
<mask> <mask> was born to a noble, but not particularly renowned, Byzantine family around 1175. His parents' names are unknown. If <mask> followed the Byzantine custom of giving his father's name to his firstborn son, his father was called Nicholas. <mask>'s mother belonged to an unidentified branch of the imperial Komnenos family and he proudly adopted her surname.<mask> had no less than six brothers—Constantine, George, Alexios, <mask>, Manuel and Michael. Manuel and Michael must have been born to a different mother, as they bore the surname Tzamantouros instead of Komnenos. <mask> was also related to the aristocratic Phokas family, most likely through the marriage of one of his aunts. The Laskaris held estates in western Asia Minor. Both <mask> and his brother, Constantine, had a seal representing Saint George and bearing the inscription Diasorites. The seal expressed their connection to the monastery of Saint George Diasorites, located in Pyrgion in the valley of the river Kaistros. Early career
The contemporaneous historian Niketas Choniates introduced <mask> as a "daring youth and fierce warrior" in his chronicle.The slightly later historian George Akropolites recorded that <mask> was "small in body but not excessively so, quite dark, and had a flowing beard forked at the end". <mask> rose to prominence through his family ties with the Komnenoi. His first extant seal mentions his titles of sebastos and protovestiarites. The first one was a court title, originally reserved for the Byzantine emperors' relatives, but Emperor Alexios III Angelos () started to sell it to wealthy merchants. As protovestiarites, <mask> was the commander of a cadet unit of the guards of the imperial palace. Emperor <mask>I, who had no sons, wanted to solve the problem of succession by marrying off his two eldest daughters. Late in 1200, he gave his firstborn daughter, <mask>, in marriage to Alexios Palaiologos, and her younger sister, Anna, to <mask>.Palaiologos was elevated to the rank of despot, demonstrating his right to succeed his father-in-law on the throne. When Palaiologos died before 1203, <mask> received the title of despot. Fall of Constantinople

To seize the Byzantine throne, Emperor <mask>I had blinded and imprisoned his elder brother, <mask> II Angelos (). <mask>'s son, Alexios, fled from Constantinople to Germany to seek his Catholic relatives' assistance. He concluded an agreement with the leaders of the Fourth Crusade, promising a large sum, 800,000 hyperpyra, for their support. The crusaders reached Constantinople and captured Pera on the opposite coast of the Golden Horn on 6July 1203. <mask> conducted raids against the invaders, but they laid siege to the Byzantine capital.The walls of Constantinople were vulnerable, and <mask>I fled in panic to Thrace during the night of 17–18 July. He drained the treasury and took the imperial insignia with him. <mask>II was released and his son was crowned his co-emperor as AlexiosIV. <mask> was imprisoned after his father-in-law's flight, but he escaped in September 1203. The details of his escape are unknown, but Choniates stated that <mask> left Constantinople "armed only with practical wisdom and a brave spirit". For a while, <mask> was hiding in a church dedicated to Saint Michael. <mask> himself claimed that God "miraculously removed" him from the prison and guided him across the Bosporus to Asia Minor.His wife and daughters accompanied him. They reached Nicaea, but the burghers of the town only admitted his family, because they feared AlexiosIV's revenge. <mask>, as he later remembered, moved "from one region to another", avoiding the traps that his (unidentified) enemies laid for him. AlexiosIV could not pay off the crusaders. They refused to leave Constantinople and raided and plundered the nearby Thracian villages. The Byzantines blamed AlexiosIV for the crusaders' acts. The army rebelled and proclaimed the general Alexios Mourtzouphlos Doukas emperor on 28January 1204.<mask>II had already died, and the new emperor had AlexiosIV murdered, providing the crusaders with an excuse to lay siege to Constantinople again. When they breached the walls on 12April, AlexiosV fled. A group of burghers offered the imperial crown to <mask>'s brother, Constantine, but he rejected it. The crusaders captured Constantinople and plundered it completely. Although the Byzantine capital fell to the crusaders, neither <mask>I Angelos nor AlexiosV Doukas abandoned their claim to the throne. A third claimant soon appeared on the scene: a grandson of Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (), Alexios, seized Trebizond on the Black Sea coast in Asia Minor and assumed the title of emperor. The crusaders elected one of their leader, Baldwin of Flanders, emperor in May 1204.Resistance

By the time of <mask>'s arrival, Asia Minor had been a centre of uprisings against the imperial government for decades. A rebellious magnate, <mask>s, held Philadelphia; another aristocrat, Sabas Asidenos, ruled Sampson; and Nikephoros Kontostephanos controlled the lands on the upper course of the Maeander River. <mask> appeared as his father-in-law's representative and secured the Bithynian towns' loyalty in <mask>I's name until the end of 1204. The local Greeks acknowledged him as the strategos (or military leader) of Bithynia. He established his seat in Prussa, but he made frequent journeys to attend assemblies and dinners, encouraging the local Greeks' resistance against the "Latins", as the crusaders were universally called. He also took control of state revenues, and he could offer money to the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Rukn al-Din Suleiman <mask>, in return for his assistance against the Latins. <mask> died and his underage son, <mask> al-Din Kilij Arslan <mask>, succeeded him in June 1204.The crusaders set up a commission to distribute the Byzantine territories among them in September. In Asia Minor, the "duchy of Nicaea" was granted to <mask>, Count of Blois, and the "duchy of Philadelphia" to Stephen of Perche, although the Latins had not conquered these lands. The Venetians seized the port of Lampsacus on the Asian side of the Hellespont and a French knight, Peter of Bracieux, captured the nearby Pegai. Emperor <mask> of Trebizond's brother and co-emperor, David Komnenos, launched a military campaign into Paphlagonia and occupied the towns along the Black Sea coast. His conquest facilitated Bracieux's invasion of Bithynia. He routed <mask> at Poemanenum on 6December. After his victory, Bracieux seized Bithynian forts.The Latins captured and publicly executed AlexiosV in Constantinople. They also arrested <mask>I in Thessaly, forcing him to cede the imperial insignia to them early in 1205. A grandson of Emperor <mask> Komnenos (), Manuel Maurozomes, and Maurozomes's son-in-law, the deposed Sultan of Rum, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw I, came to Nicaea. <mask> detained them, but he soon concluded an agreement with them. He lent money to Kaykhusraw to regain his throne in return for his promise of military support. Kaykhusraw and Maurozomes hurried to Konya, the capital of Rum. They dethroned the underage Kilij Arslan in Kaykhusraw's favor in March 1205.By the end of 1204, the Latins had captured Thrace, Thessaly and northern Greece. Emperor <mask>'s cousin, Michael Doukas, who organised the Greeks' resistance in Epirus, was forced to swear fealty to <mask> <mask> to secure his protection. Emperor Baldwin dispatched his brother, Henry, to conquer Asia Minor early in 1205. Henry defeated <mask>s and <mask>' brother, Constantine, in the Battle of Adramyttion on 19March 1205. The Latins could not follow up their victory, because Tzar Kaloyan of Bulgaria stirred up a rebellion in Thrace and invaded the province. Kaloyan's invasion forced Emperor Baldwin to withdraw his knights from Anatolia. Kaloyan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Latin army in the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205.Louis of Blois and Stephen of Perche perished in the battlefield. Baldwin was captured and died in captivity in Bulgaria. <mask> emerged as the main beneficiary of Kaloyan's victory. The Latins' defeat revealed the fragility of their rule, and secured <mask>'s position. Taking advantage of the moment, he expelled the Latin garrisons from most Anatolian fortresses, and transferred his capital from Prussa to Nicaea. Greeks were swarming to his realm from the European territories under Latin rule. Mangaphas ceded Philadelphia to <mask>, and Asidenos's lands were also absorbed into <mask>'s realm.The local aristocrats supported <mask> against the rebellious magnates, and he awarded them with court titles. <mask> extracted an oath of fealty from <mask> of Epirus's brother, <mask> Doukas, who had settled in Asia Minor, before allowing him to leave for Epirus. Reign

Coronation

David Komnenos dispatched an army to Bithynia, but <mask> defeated the invaders and their Latin allies at Nicomedia. Sultan KaykhusrawI sent Seljuq troops to his father-in-law, Maurozomes, to invade the valley of the Maeander River in the spring of 1205, but they were soon defeated. <mask> made a peace with Maurozomes, allowing him to rule two fortresses, Chonae and Laodicea on the Lycus, as the Sultan's lieutenant. <mask> assumed the title of emperor early in 1205—either after his victory at Nicomedia or after his peace treaty with Maurozomes. His new title was an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor in Constantinople; therefore, the Latins regarded him as an usurper, unlawfully ruling territories of their empire.Many Greeks also refused to recognize <mask>'s claim to the emperorship because only coronation by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople could legalize an emperor. <mask> approached Patriarch John Kamateros, who lived in exile in Thrace, offering to move him to Nicaea, but the elderly prelate refused. Byzantine aristocrats, who had lost their Thracian, Thessalian or Peloponnesian estates, came to Nicaea and <mask> gave asylum to them. He could only finance a simplified state administration, but he invited former high-ranking Byzantine officials to Nicaea. His wife's uncle, the blind Basil Doukas Kamaterosa former logothetes tou dromou (minister of foreign affairs)assisted him in setting up the new administrative system. He hired

masks:
Theodore I Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
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AlexiosI
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
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Theodore
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Theodore
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Theodore
Theodore Koos
Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Isaac
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosII
Irene
Theodore
Theodore
AlexiosII
Isaac
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Theodore
AlexiosII
Isaac
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Isaac
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AlexiosII
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Theodore Mangapha
Theodore
AlexiosII
II
SuleimII
Izz
III
Louis I
AlexiosI
Theodore
AlexiosII
Manuel I
Theodore
AlexiosIII
Pope Innocent
III
Theodore Mangapha
Theodore Laskaris
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Theodore
Michael I
Theodore Komos
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Theodore


title: Theodore I Laskaris

type: original

texts:
 a Calabrian pirate, John Steiriones, to command his fleet in the Sea of Marmara. <mask> had great confidence in his brothers.He made them military commanders and rewarded them with court titles. Patriarch John Kamateros died in June 1206. The Orthodox clergy of Constantinople asked Pope <mask>I to authorize them to elect a new patriarch, but the Latin authorities opposed their plan. The new Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Henry of Flanders, made an alliance with David Komnenos against <mask>. <mask> decided to capture Heraclea Pontica from David, but the Latins attacked his army from the rear when he was marching towards the town, and he had to abandon the campaign to chase the Latin troops off. The Latins invaded Asia Minor and captured Nicomedia and Cyzicus during the winter of 1206–1207. <mask> in turn allied himself with Kaloyan, who launched an incursion into Thrace, forcing Emperor Henry to recall his troops from Asia Minor.After <mask> and his brothers had laid siege to Nicomedia, Henry agreed to sign a two-year truce, authorizing <mask> to destroy two fortifications at Nicomedia and Cyzicus. The Orthodox clerics' negotiations with the Holy See about the appointment of an Orthodox patriarch proved unsuccessful. <mask> addressed a letter to Pope <mask>I, requesting that he authorize the Orthodox clerics to elect the new patriarch. He also tried to persuade the Pope to acknowledge him as the supreme head of the Orthodox community, but the Pope ignored both requests. When the Latins broke the truce early in 1208, <mask> again approached the Pope and asked him to mediate a peace, proposing the Sea of Marmara as the permanent frontier between the Latin Empire and his realm. Orthodox clerics urged <mask> to hold an election to decide a new Ecumenical Patriarch. <mask> convoked a Church council in Nicaea in Holy Week 1208.The assembled prelates elected a high-ranking cleric, Michael Autoreianos, patriarch on 20 March 1208. Autoreianos was related to <mask>'s chief advisor, Kamateros. As his first act, the new patriarch crowned and anointed <mask> "emperor and autocrat of the Romans". The ceremony took place on Easter Sunday (6 April). <mask>'s coronation by the new Ecumenical Patriarch sanctioned his claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine monarchs. His legitimacy, however, could be challenged, because only a lawful emperor could appoint a legitimate patriarch and only a legitimate patriarch could crown a lawful emperor. <mask>'s opponents argued that the council electing Michael Autoreianos was just an assembly of randomly chosen bishops, not a properly convoked synod.In response, his supporters emphasized that the exceptional situation after the fall of Constantinople required a flexible interpretation of laws. Wars

Four realms developed from the ruins of the Byzantine Empire by 1209. <mask> and David Komnenos consolidated their Empire of Trebizond in northern Asia Minor; Henry of Flanders integrated Thrace and almost all of Greece into the Latin Empire; <mask> Doukas secured his rule in Epirus; and <mask> Laskaris emerged as the unrivaled ruler of western Asia Minor. The balance of power, however, remained unstable, because the four monarchs were rivals, always ready to form alliances against their neighbors. Emperor Henry concluded an alliance with Sultan KaykhusrawI against <mask>, while <mask> allied himself with Kaloyan of Bulgaria's successor, Boril. Henry's vassal, <mask> Doukas, paid off the ransom of <mask>'s father-in-law, <mask>I in 1209 or 1210. <mask>I avoided Nicaea and went to Konya, seeking asylum at the court of KaykhusrawI, his adopted son.Both Boril of Bulgaria and <mask> Doukas wanted to expel the Latins from Thessalonica, prompting Emperor Henry to visit the town regularly. Taking advantage of Henry's absence, <mask> sent his fleet to attack Constantinople in the spring of 1211. Boril invaded Thrace, but he could not prevent Henry from returning to his capital. KaykhusrawI and AlexiosIII invaded Nicaea, forcing <mask>'s troops to abandon the siege and hurry back to Asia Minor. The two armies met at Antioch on the Maeander in late spring or around 17 June. The Seljuq troops were close to winning the battle, but <mask> sought out Kaykhusraw and killed him in single combat. <mask>I was captured during the battle, and <mask> had his father-in-law imprisoned.He concluded a peace treaty with Kaykhushraw's son and successor, Kaykaus I.

<mask> sent letters to the Greeks under the Latins' rule to inform them of his triumph and to urge them to rise up against the "Latin dogs". However, he had only won a Pyrrhic victory, because his best troopshis Latin mercenariesperished in the battlefield. Emperor Henry led his army across the Bosporus and routed <mask>'s troops on the Rhyndakos River on 15October 1211. Henry captured Nymphaion and Pergamon. In a circular letter sent to the European monarchs early in 1212, he boasted of having subjugated the Greeks as far as the Seljuq frontier, save the garrisons of some fortresses. Henry had to end his military campaign because he did not have enough troops to garrison the captured fortresses. The two emperors made peace between 1212 and 1214 The peace confirmed the Latins' possession of the Troad region.The Latins also seized some strategically important Bithynian fortresses, taking control of the roads between the northern and southern territories of <mask>'s realm. <mask> adopted an intensive fortification program. New fortresses were built, and the old fortresses' walls were restored. He also urged local officials to settle colonists around the new forts, granting arable lands to them. <mask> quickly recovered from his defeat. Taking advantage of a conflict between the Latin Empire and Serbia, <mask> and Sultan KaykausI invaded the Empire of Trebizond simultaneously in 1214. <mask> forced David Komnenos to abandon Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea.Whether he conquered eastern Paphlagonia during this campaign, or only years later, is unclear. His conquest of the region put a narrow strip of land along the Black Sea coast under Nicaean control, and thus removed the emperors of Trebizond from the competition for Constantinople. Consolidation

The Latin clerics wanted to compel the Orthodox population of Constantinople to adopt the Catholic liturgy and to pay the tithe, but they resisted. Pope <mask>I sent Cardinal Pelagius as his legate to Constantinople in 1213 to discipline the Orthodox population for their resistance. Pelagius closed Orthodox churches and ordered the imprisonment of the resistant monks, but the Greeks did not give in and many of them fled to Nicaea. The Greek aristocrats approached Emperor Henry, asking him either to stop the persecution of Orthodoxy or to allow them to move to Nicaea. Henry capitulated and ordered the re-opening of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.Pelagius entered into negotiations with <mask> about a possible Church union at Heraclea Pontica, but their discussions proved inconclusive. <mask> Komnenos Doukas was assassinated in late 1214 or in 1215. <mask> Doukas, who succeeded him, questioned <mask>'s claim to supremacy, ignoring his previous oath of fealty. In concert with Demetrios Chomatenos, the ambitious Archbishop of Ochrid, Doukas denied the right of the patriarch residing in Nicaea to appoint bishops to the Balkan episcopal sees under Epirote control. Doukas's expansionist policy forced Emperor Henry to launch a military campaign against him, but Henry died unexpectedly before reaching Epirus. The Latin barons elected his brother-in-law, Peter of Courtenay, as his successor, but he was captured and killed in Epirus during his journey towards Constantinople in 1217. A lasting vacancy followed his death, with his widow, Yolanda of Flanders, ruling the Latin Empire as regent.She gave her daughter, Maria of Courtenay, in marriage to <mask> who agreed to prolong his peace treaty with the Latin Empire. Yolande of Flanders died before October 1219. <mask> sent envoys to Constantinople to announce his claim to succeed her, but the Latin barons ignored it. <mask> proposed new negotiations about the Church union in 1219, taking advantage of the vacancy of the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople. He planned to convoke the Orthodox patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria to a synod in Nicaea, but the Orthodox clergy thwarted the idea. Jacopo Tiepolo, the Podestà (or head) of the Venetian community in Constantinople, convinced <mask> to spell out the Venetian merchants' privileges in a chrysobull in August 1219. The decree granted the Venetians the right to trade freely in the Empire of Nicaea and exempted them from taxation.The diploma also prohibited each party from copying or counterfeiting coins issued by the other. <mask> attempted to enforce his claim to Constantinople by force in 1220, but the Latins repelled his attack. The new Latin Emperor, Robert of Courtenay, came to Constantinople in March 1221. Peace between the two empires was soon restored. <mask> died in November 1221. A dynastic conflict followed because his two brothers, Alexios and <mask>, and his son-in-law, John Doukas Vatatzes, claimed the throne. The conflict ended with Vatatzes's victory; <mask>'s brothers were forced into exile.<mask> was buried next to his father-in-law and his first wife in the monastery of Saint Hyakinthos in Nicaea. Legacy

Western Asia Minor developed into an "empire in exile" during <mask>'s reign. As the Byzantinist Warren Treadgold concludes, "<mask> had built up a functioning [Byzantine] successor state ... from next to nothing". He revived the Ecumenical Patriarchate and other fundamental Byzantine institutions. He also borrowed from the Latins and the Seljuqsthe military offices of konostaulos (a hellenization of "constable") and tzaousios (from Turkish çavuş), are first documented during his reign. He introduced his own currency, issuing electrum and billon coins, but he did not restore the Byzantine system of gold and copper coins. He levied regular taxes from 1216 at the latest.Following Byzantine patterns, he rewarded the aristocrats with tax-collecting rights. The Latins and the Venetians made treaties with him, thus acknowledging that his realm was destined to lasting existence. The defence of the Orthodox faith was the central ideology of <mask>'s realm. Niketas Choniates compiled his Treasury of Orthodoxya treatise against heresyin the Nicaean court. He described the fall of Constantinople as a punishment for the Byzantines' sins and compared their exile into Asia Minor to the Israelites' Babylonian captivity. <mask> realized that he was unable to recapture Constantinople from the Latins, but located near the old Byzantine capital, Nicaea was ideally placed for its future reconquest. Historian Dimiter Angelov emphasizes that <mask>'s political success was "due, in no small part, to his sanguine and pragmatic approach".He had an itinerant court, travelling from place to place and discussing political issues with the local noblemen. He was not afraid of commanding his armies in person. He hired Latin mercenaries, offering them salaries higher than the rulers of the Latin Empire. Family

<mask>'s first wife, Anna Komnene Angelina, was the second daughter of Emperor AlexiosIII. Her first husband, sebastokrator <mask> Vatatzes, was a great-grandson of Emperor <mask> Komnenos. He died childless in 1196. <mask> and Anna had three daughters and two sons.<mask>na was first given in marriage to the general Andronikos Palaiologos, who died without fathering children in 1212. <mask> was married off to Constantine Doukas Palaiologos in 1216, but he also died childless. <mask>'s third husband, <mask> Doukas Vatatzes, succeeded <mask> on the throne. Maria Laskarina became the wife of King Béla IV of Hungary. Eudokia Laskarina's hand was offered to the Latin Emperor <mask> early in 1221, but the Orthodox patriarch's opposition prevented the marriage. Nicholas was declared his father's co-emperor in 1208, but he was not mentioned after 1210. John also died in childhood before 1213.Empress Anna died before 1213 and <mask> entered into negotiations about a new marriage with a daughter of <mask>, King of Armenia. LeoI sent his niece, Philippa, to Nicaea, and <mask> married her at Christmas 1214. Historian Michael Angold proposes that <mask>I promoted a marriage alliance between <mask> and Leo to secure <mask>'s support in his conflict with Emperor Henry during the War of the Antiochene Succession. <mask> repudiated Philippa for an unknown reason and disinherited her son. According to Angold, <mask> was informed only after the marriage that his wife was not Leo's daughter. Her son must have been born in 1214, because he was not yet eight years old when <mask> died. <mask>'s third wife, Maria of Courtenay, was the daughter of Yolanda of Flanders and Peter II of Courtenay.<mask> married Maria in the hope of intervening in the administration of the Latin Empire late in 1218 or early in 1219. See also

List of Byzantine emperors

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

1170s births
1221 deaths
<mask> 01
<mask> 01
<mask> 01
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars
Despots (court

masks:
Theodore
InnocentII
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John II
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Irene Laskari
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Irene
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Robert I
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Leo I
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Pope InnocentII
Theodore
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Theodore
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Theodore


title: Axel Witsel

texts:
<mask> (born 12 January 1989) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and the Belgian national team. <mask> broke into Belgium's first team as a right-winger, and can also play attacking midfielder, though his natural position is as a central midfielder. He began his career at hometown club Standard Liège, making 183 appearances and scoring 42 goals while winning five domestic trophies. He was awarded the Belgian Golden Shoe in 2008. After a season in Portugal with Benfica, he signed for Zenit Saint Petersburg for a €40 million fee in 2012. <mask> won four honours during his time in Russia, before leaving for Tianjin Quanjian in January 2017. He returned to Europe with Borussia Dortmund in August 2018.<mask> made his senior international debut in 2008 and  earned his 100th cap for Belgium on 15 November 2018. He represented the country at the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and 2018, and the UEFA European Championship in 2016 and 2020, helping them to third place in the 2018 tournament. Club career

Standard Liège
On 17 September 2006, a 17-year-old <mask> made his debut with Standard Liège during a competitive game against FC Brussels when he replaced Steven Defour in the 89th minute. Eleven days later, he made his European debut as a substitute. During the 2007–08 season, at 18 years of age, he was a key member in the squad of Standard Liège, winners of the Belgian League title that year. During this year, he formed a very young midfield together with other Belgian talents Defour and Marouane Fellaini. In the following season, he scored the winning goal from the penalty spot in a two-legged playoff to decide the championship.On 30 August 2009, <mask> sparked controversy when he broke Marcin Wasilewski's leg by stamping on his ankle during the match between Anderlecht and Standard. Following the tackle, <mask> protested the red card, claiming that it was an accident without intent, before being sent off the pitch. He soon apologised, but was the subject of criticism from several media outlets and numerous death threats from angry Anderlecht and Poland fans. The initial ban until 23 November by the Belgian Football Association, was later reduced on appeal to eight matches. Benfica
<mask> signed for Portuguese club Benfica on a five-year deal on 13 July 2011, including a €40 million buyout clause. <mask> scored twice in the 3–1 win against FC Twente, in the Champions League play-off second leg, on 24 August 2011, sending Benfica to the group stages with a 5–3 aggregate victory. He scored the opening goal in a 4–1 thrashing of Vitória de Guimarães in the Taça da Liga on 9 January 2012.He then assisted Nolito in a 4–1 league defeat of Vitória de Setúbal. <mask> scored his fourth goal against Santa Clara on 18 January in a Taça da Liga match. Benfica reached the final on 14 April against Gil Vicente and <mask> was awarded the Man of the Match award as Benfica claimed their fourth Taça da Liga title with a 2–1 victory. Zenit Saint Petersburg
On 3 September 2012, <mask> signed for Zenit Saint Petersburg for €40 million, after signing a five-year contract. <mask> made his debut in the Russian Premier League on 14 September, replacing Konstantin Zyryanov in the 70th minute as Zenit fell 2–0 to Terek Grozny. He scored his first two goals for the club on 30 November when Zenit brushed aside Spartak Moscow 4–2 at the Luzhniki Stadium. <mask> scored Zenit's winner against Terek Grozny on 30 March 2013, an eighth-minute strike, as his side cruised to a 3–0 league victory.In Zenit's first match of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage on 16 September 2014, <mask> scored Zenit's second goal in a 2–0 away victory over former club Benfica. After finishing third in their Champions League group, Zenit were parachuted into the Europa League knockout phase; in the first leg of their Round of 16 clash against Torino on 12 March 2015, <mask> scored on a rebound as Zenit defeated the Italian club 2–0. On 26 April, <mask> scored the game's only goal in the seventeenth minute as Zenit defeated Arsenal Tula in a league match at the Petrovsky Stadium. On Sunday 17 May, <mask> played the full 90 minutes as Zenit drew 1–1 with FC Ufa, earning the point they needed to secure the Premier League crown, the club's fourth overall and <mask>'s first with Zenit. In the 2015 Russian Super Cup on 12 July 2015, <mask> converted his penalty shot in a 4–2 penalty shoot-out victory over FC Lokomotiv Moscow after the match had finished 1–1. Tianjin Quanjian
On 3 January 2017, Zenit officially announced that <mask> has moved to Chinese club Tianjin Quanjian. On 4 March 2017, <mask> made his debut for Quanjian in a 2–0 loss to Guangzhou R&F.A week later he scored the club's first ever goal in the Chinese Super League during a 1–1 draw with Shanghai Greenland Shenhua. Borussia Dortmund
On 6 August 2018, <mask> signed for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and agreed a four-year contract which lasts until 30 June 2022. On 21 August, he scored an equalizing goal in the stoppage time to make it 1–1 after coming on as a substitute on his debut for the club against SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the DFB-Pokal first round match and later his side went on to win the match in the extra time with a 2-1 victory. <mask> scored his first Bundesliga goal on his league debut for the club with an overhead kick in a 4–1 victory over RB Leipzig on 26 August. International career
Prior to making his international debut for the senior side, he played for the under-21 side in 2007 earning nine caps as well as helping his side reach the semi-finals of the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. On 26 March 2008, <mask> made his international debut during a friendly game against Morocco. The match resulted in a 1–4 loss, but <mask> scored his first goal for Belgium.<mask>'s first goal in an competitive international match came a day short of three years after the Morocco goal, in the sixth minute against Austria in Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying process, and his second would come in the second half. However, Belgian hopes of qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 were dashed on 11 October 2011, by defeat to Germany coupled with Turkey's victory over Azerbaijan. On 13 May 2014, <mask> was named in Belgium's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He started in midfield in the team's first game of the tournament, a 2–1 win against Algeria in Belo Horizonte. <mask> also featured in the Belgian squad at UEFA Euro 2016, announced on 31 May 2016. He scored his first tournament goal during the Championships, in a Group E match against the Republic of Ireland. He scored twice in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, both in wide victories over Gibraltar.Manager Roberto Martínez named him in the squad for the final tournament in Russia. Personal life
<mask> has three children. He is of Martiniquais descent through his father. He was a boyhood Arsenal fan. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 16 November 2021. Belgium score listed first, score column indicates score after each Witsel goal. Honours
Standard Liège
 Belgian Pro League: 2007–08, 2008–09
 Belgian Cup: 2010–11
 Belgian Supercup: 2008, 2009

Benfica
 Taça da Liga: 2011–12

Zenit
 Russian Football Premier League: 2014–15
 Russian Cup: 2015–16
 Russian Super Cup: 2015

Borussia Dortmund
 DFB-Pokal: 2020–21
 DFL-Supercup: 2019
Belgium
FIFA World Cup third place: 2018
Individual
 Belgian Young Footballer of the Year: 2007–08
 Belgian Golden Shoe: 2008
 O Jogo Team of the Year: 2012

See also

List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

Zenit profile
<mask> profile at Belgian FA
<mask> goals highlights

1989 births
Living people
Belgian people of French descent
Belgian people of Martiniquais descent
Sportspeople from Liège
Black Belgian sportspeople
Belgian footballers
Association football midfielders
Standard Liège players
S.L.Benfica footballers
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
Tianjin Tianhai F.C. players
Borussia Dortmund players
Belgian First Division A players
Primeira Liga players
Russian Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
Bundesliga players
Belgium youth international footballers
Belgium under-21 international footballers
Belgium international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
FIFA Century Club
Belgian expatriate footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in China
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in China
Expatriate footballers in Germany

masks:
Axel Laurent Angel Lambert Witsel
Witsel
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Axel Witsel
Axel Witsel


title: Zhao Gao

texts:
<mask> (died 207 BC) was a Chinese politician and calligrapher. He was an official of the Qin dynasty of China. Allegedly a eunuch, he served as a close aide to all three rulers of the Qin dynasty – Qin Shi Huang, Qin Er Shi and Ziying – and was regarded as having played an instrumental role in the downfall of the dynasty. <mask> started his career under Qin Shi Huang as Prefect of the Office for Imperial Carriages (中車府令), an official in charge of managing the palace horse-drawn carriages. During this period of time, he also served as an attendant to Huhai, Qin Shi Huang's youngest son, and tutored him in the laws of the Qin Empire. In 210 BC, after Qin Shi Huang died in Shaqiu (沙丘; south of present-day Dapingtai Village, Guangzong County, Hebei), <mask> and Li Si, the Chancellor, secretly changed the emperor's final edict, which named Fusu, the crown prince, the heir to the throne. In the falsified edict, Fusu was ordered to commit suicide while Huhai was named the new emperor.After Huhai was enthroned as Qin Er Shi, he promoted <mask> to Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace (郎中令), an official post whose duties included managing the daily activities in the imperial palace. <mask>, who was highly trusted by Qin Er Shi, instigated the emperor to exterminate his own siblings to consolidate power, and used the opportunity to eliminate his political opponents such as Meng Tian and Meng Yi. He also framed Li Si for treason and had Li Si and his entire family executed, after which he replaced Li Si as Chancellor and monopolised state power. In 207 BC, when rebellions broke out in the lands east of Hangu Pass, <mask> became worried that Qin Er Shi would blame him, so he launched a coup in Wangyi Palace (望夷宮; in Xianyang, near present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) and assassinated the emperor. Following Qin Er Shi's death, <mask> installed Ziying, Fusu's son (allegedly; there is no firm consensus on what Ziying's relationship to the Qin royal family really is), on the throne. Ziying sent Han Tan (韓談), a eunuch, to assassinate <mask>. Early life

<mask> was distantly related to the royal family of the Zhao state of the Warring States period.According to the Records of the Grand Historian, <mask>'s parents committed crimes and were punished. His brothers were castrated; it is unclear whether <mask> himself was a eunuch or not. However, Qin Shi Huang valued <mask> since he was learned in criminal law. This was very useful to Qin Shi Huang since he himself was always looking for ways to control the people by laws and punishments. <mask> enjoyed a steady rise in position. When <mask> was a minor official, he committed a crime punishable by death. Meng Yi was the official in charge of sentencing and he sentenced <mask> to death and removed him from the officials list as instructed by Qin Shi Huang.<mask> was later pardoned by Qin Shi Huang and returned to his official status. Coup following Qin Shi Huang's death
At the end of the reign of Qin Shi Huang, <mask> was involved in the death of Meng Tian and his younger brother, Meng Yi. Meng Tian, a reputable general and a supporter of Qin Shi Huang's eldest son, Fusu, was stationed at the northern border, commanding more than 200,000 troops for the inconclusive campaign against the Xiongnu. Following the sudden death of Qin Shi Huang at Shaqiu, <mask> and Li Si, the Chancellor, persuaded the emperor's youngest son, Huhai, to falsify the emperor's will. The fake decree forced Fusu to commit suicide and stripped Meng Tian of his command. Harbouring hatred for the entire Meng family due to his prior sentencing by Meng Yi, <mask> destroyed the Meng brothers by convincing Huhai to issue a decree that forced Meng Tian to commit suicide and execute Meng Yi. Qin Er Shi, who viewed <mask> as his tutor, became the next Qin emperor.Two years later, <mask> also killed Li Si, executing him via the "Five Pains" method, Li's own invention. The method consisted of having the victim's nose cut off, cutting off a hand and a foot, then the victim was castrated and finally cut in half in line with the waist. He also had Li Si's entire family exterminated. In 207 BC, rebellions broke out in the lands east of Hangu Pass. <mask> was afraid that Qin Er Shi might make him responsible for the uprisings. To preempt this, he launched a coup and assassinated Qin Er Shi, and then installed Ziying, Fusu's son, as the new emperor. Ziying, however, knew that <mask> intended to kill him afterwards to appease the rebels, so he feigned illness on the day of the coronation, which forced <mask> to arrive at his residence to persuade him to attend.The moment <mask> arrived, Ziying ordered a eunuch, Han Tan, to kill <mask>. <mask>'s entire clan was exterminated on Ziying's order. Calling a deer a horse
One chengyu (Chinese idiomatic expression) that is derived from an incident involving <mask> is "point to a deer and call it a horse" () or "calling a deer a horse", meaning "deliberate peddling of a falsehood". The Records of the Grand Historian records that <mask>, in an attempt to control the Qin government, devised a loyalty test for court officials using a deer and horse:

<mask> was contemplating treason but was afraid the other officials would not heed his commands, so he decided to test them first. He brought a deer and presented it to the Second Emperor but called it a horse. The Second Emperor laughed and said, "Is the chancellor perhaps mistaken, calling a deer a horse?" Then the emperor questioned those around him.Some remained silent, while some, hoping to ingratiate themselves with <mask>, said it was a horse, and others said it was a deer. <mask> secretly arranged for all those who said it was a deer to be brought before the law and had them executed instantly. Thereafter the officials were all terrified of <mask>. <mask> gained military power as a result of that. (tr. Watson 1993:70)

Alternative viewpoints
There is a theory that <mask> was a descendant of the royal family of the Zhao state, which was destroyed by the Qin state, and <mask> was seeking revenge on Qin. With <mask> in charge of the Qin government, it was natural that the Qin Empire collapsed in such a short time.In fact, <mask> killed all the sons and daughters of Qin Shi Huang, including the Second Emperor, Huhai. In revenge, Ziying killed <mask> and all of his family members. Thus, <mask> or his brothers have no known descendants. Commentators who hold this view praise him for his part in the destruction of the Qin empire. The historian Li Kaiyuan (李開元) believes <mask> was not a eunuch at all. He bases this in part on the fact that eunuchs were not allowed to serve as chancellors, which <mask> did. References

Records of the Grand Historian, vols.87 and 88

207 BC deaths
3rd-century BC births
Chinese chancellors
Chinese eunuchs
Chinese folklore
Chinese regicides
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
People executed by the Qin dynasty
Qin dynasty politicians
Qin Shi Huang
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Victims of familial execution
Qin dynasty calligraphers

masks:
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao
Zhao Gao
Zhao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao
Zhao


title: Costas Montis

texts:
<mask> (Greek: Κώστας Μόντης; 18 February 1914 – 1 March 2004) was an influential and prolific Cypriot poet, novelist, and playwright. Biography

<mask> was born on 18 February 1914 in Famagusta, the sixth and last child of <mask> from Lapithos, and Kalomoira Batista, who was descended from an old Venetian family of Famagusta. His youth was scarred by a series of family tragedies. In 1922 his 21-year-old brother George died of tuberculosis, and his brother Nikos died even younger, at the age of 16, of leukaemia. His mother also died of tuberculosis in 1926, and she was followed four years later by her husband, who died of cancer. After graduating from the Pancyprian Gymnasium, <mask> studied law at the University of Athens, but in 1937 on his return to Cyprus (then under British rule) he could not work as a lawyer because his degree was Greek. Instead he got a job in 1938 in the Accounting Office of the Greek Mining Company in Nicosia.Within a month he was transferred to the mines of Mitsero as supervisor of the company offices there, and the following month to the mines of Kalavasos again as supervisor. A year later he was promoted to assistant manager at the company offices in Nicosia. At the same time he worked as a correspondent for the newspaper Eleftheria. In 1940 the mines were closed because of the Second World War, and <mask> <mask> worked as a teacher at a school of accounting in Morphou. In 1942 <mask> <mask> got engaged to his sweetheart, 19-year-old Ersi, daughter of Pantelis Constantinou and Maria Gabrielidou from Morphou. In the same year he moved to Nicosia and founded, with Achilleas Lymbourides and Phivos Moussoulides, Cyprus's first professional theatre, the Lyriko. The theatre closed down in 1944, and <mask> returned to the school of accounting in Morphou, until in 1946 he was appointed senior editor of The Cyprus Chamber of Commerce Journal.At the same time he published, until 1947, the independent newspaper Free Voice (Ελεύθερη Φωνή). He married Ersi in 1946, and they had four children: Theodoulos, Marios, Lellos, and Stalo. In 1948 he was appointed editor at the newspaper Ethnos. Then in 1950 he became Secretary General of the Chamber of Commerce of Cyprus. From 1953 he published the Cyprus Trade Journal, in both Greek and English, and from 1956 until 1969, he was in charge of the literary section of the magazine Times of Cyprus. After Cyprus became independent he was appointed Head of Tourism (1961). He remained in this position until his retirement in 1976.He died on 1 March  2004 in his home in Nicosia. During the campaign for independence in the 50s, <mask> <mask> participated in the struggle "as political guide of the members of EOKA in Nicosia". Honours and awards

He received numerous honours and awards including honorary doctorates from the University of Cyprus and the University of Athens. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1984, and was appointed a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Athens, the highest honour the Academy can confer on non-citizen Greeks. In support of his nomination to the Academy of Athens, Professor Nicholas Konomis stated that:

With his uninterrupted literary creation of 70 years, he has been able to depict artistically the authentic rhythms, the temperature, and the action of the deepest historical and emotional fluctuations of the soul and breath of Cyprus and her people. In his extremely powerful work he has recorded every vibration of the island (erotic, social, political), and all the thoughts of the people of Cyprus have been set down... He has made use of the whole wealth of the linguistic, historical, and cultural tradition of greater Hellenism, and entrenched in his work, with unprecedented poetic force, the indelible character of the deep-rooted values of the Greek nation.In 1980 he was awarded the title of Poet Laureate by the World Academy of Arts and Culture. On 5 January 1995 he was given the Government of Cyprus’ Award for Excellence in Letters and the Arts. In her speech the Minister of Education and Culture, Claire Angelidou, said of him:  "<mask> <mask> is not simply a great Cypriot poet. He is the leading, living Greek poet." In 2004 the President of Cyprus Tassos Papadopoulos unveiled a bust of <mask> <mask> in Nicosia close to Eleftheria Square. His books have been translated into English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, and Russian. Books

Prose
Camels And Other Short Stories (Γκαμήλες και άλλα διηγήματα), 1939.Humble Life (Ταπεινή ζωή), short stories, 1944. Short Stories (Διηγήματα), 1970. Closed Doors (Κλειστές πόρτες), novella; 1st ed. 1964; 2nd ed. 2008; . Afentis Batistas and The Other Things (Ο αφέντης Μπατίστας και τ' άλλα), novel; 1st ed. 1980; 2nd ed.2008; . Poetry
With Metre and Without Metre (Με μέτρο και χωρίς μέτρο), 1934. Minima, 1946. The Songs of Humble Life (Τα τραγούδια της ταπεινής ζωής), 1954. Moments (Στιγμές), 1958. Addendum to Moments (Συμπλήρωμα των Στιγμών), 1960. Poetry of <mask> <mask> (Ποίηση του Κώστα Μόντη), 1962.Letter To Mother and Other Verses (Γράμμα στη μητέρα και άλλοι στίχοι), 1965. To the Unknown Man (Αγνώστω ανθρώπω), 1968. From the Beloved Cyprus (Εξ ιμερτής Κύπρου), 1969. In Nicosia, On... (Εν Λευκωσία τη…), 1970. Second Letter To Mother (Δεύτερο γράμμα στη μητέρα), 1972. And Then In Sea-Washed Cyprus... (Και τότ' εν ειναλίη Κύπρω…), 1974. Grieving Inside Myself (Πικραινόμενος εν εαυτώ), 1975.Cyprus In Aulis (Κύπρος εν Αυλίδι), 1976. Poems For Young and Older Children (Ποιήματα για μικρά και μεγάλα παιδιά), 1976. Selection from Moments (Επιλογή από τις Στιγμές), 1978. In The Language I First Spoke (Στη γλώσσα που πρωτομίλησα), 1980. Cyprus Figurines (Κύπρια ειδώλια), 1980. With the Fear of Man (Μετά φόβου ανθρώπου…), 1982. Fighting Against (Αντίμαχα), 1983.In Conclusion (Ως εν κατακλείδι), 1984. To Slaughter (Επὶ σφαγήν), 1985. In The Shade (Υπό σκιάν), 1987. Now That I Can Read Better (Τώρα που διαβάζω καλύτερα), 1988. The Messages of the Verse (Του στίχου τα μηνύματα), 1991. Let the verse take you by the hand (Αφήστε τον στίχο να σας πάρη απ' το χέρι), 1993. Costas Montis: A Small Selection From His Poetry (Κώστας Μόντης: Μικρή ανθολόγηση από την ποίησή του), 2003.Plays
Entry To Stress Prohibited (Απαγορεύεται η είσοδος στο άγχος), 1973. Translations by <mask> <mask>
Aristophanes' Lysistrata (Trans. into the Cypriot dialect, 1972)
Aristophanes' Ecclesiazouses (Trans. into the Cypriot dialect, 1988)

Anthologies
Anthology of Cypriot Poetry (From Ancient Times Until Today) [Ανθολογία Κυπριακής Ποιήσεως (Απ' τ' αρχαία χρόνια ως σήμερα)], in collaboration with Andreas Christofides, 1965; 2nd ed. 1973
Anthology of Young Cypriot Poets (Ανθολογία νέων Κυπρίων ποιητών), 1969. Cypriot Folk Songs (Κυπριακά Δημοτικά Τραγούδια), 1971. Complete Works
Complete Works (Άπαντα), 1987.Complete Works: Addendum (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα), 1988. Complete Works: Addendum 2 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Β), 1991. Complete Works: Addendum 3 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Γ), 1993. Complete Works: Addendum 4 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Δ), 1997. Complete Works: Addendum 5 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Ε), 1999. Complete Works: Addendum 6 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Ζ), 2001. Complete Works: Addendum 7 (Άπαντα: Συμπλήρωμα Στ), 2002.English translations
Moments, trans. by Amaranth Sitas and Charles Dodd, 1965.
Letters To Mother and Other Verses, trans. by Amaranth Sitas and Charles Dodd, 1984. Anthology of Cypriot Poetry, trans. in collaboration with Andreas Christofides and Amy Mims, 1974. Closed Doors: An Answer to Bitter Lemons by Lawrence Durrell, trans. by David Roessel & Soterios Stavrou, 2004 ().Afentis Batistas, trans. by Stalo Monti-Pouagare, 2006 (). Other translations
Heer Batistas en de andere dingen (Dutch ed., trans. by Hero Hokwerda; 2008; )
Afendi Batistas (German ed., trans. by Konstanze Jablonowski; 1988; )
Porte chiuse (Italian ed., trans. by Daniele Macris; 2001; )
Anthologie de la Poesie Chypriote (French ed. ; trans.in collaboration with Henry Aufrere and Andreas Christofides, 1972)

References

External links
 http://www.costasmontis.com – His official website contains not only information about his life and work, but also video clips of him reciting his poems, and audio clips of songs for which he wrote the lyrics. Modern Greek poets
Cypriot novelists
1914 births
2004 deaths
20th-century poets
People educated at Pancyprian Gymnasium
People from Famagusta

masks:
Costas Montis
Costas Montis
Theodoulos Montis
Costas Montis
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Montis
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Montis


title: Irmgard Keun

texts:
<mask> (; 6 February 1905 – 5 May 1982) was a German novelist. Noted for her portrayals of the life of women, she is described as "often reduced to the bold sexuality of her writing, [yet] a significant author of the late Weimar period and die Neue Sachlichkeit." She was born into an affluent family and was given the autonomy to explore her passions. After her attempts at acting ended at the age of 16, Keun began working as a writer after years of working in Hamburg and Greifswald. Her books were banned by Nazi authorities but gained recognition during the final years of her life. Biography
<mask> was born on 6 February 1905 in Charlottenburg (at the time an independent town, now part of Berlin) to Eduard and <mask>. Her father was an agent for a company that imported petrol, her mother a housewife.Keun later recalled her mother as "stark hausfraulich eingestellt, auf eine sehr schauerliche Weise" (quite domestically inclined, in a very horrible way). She and her family, including her brother Gerd, born in 1910, lived in the city until 1913, when they moved to Cologne. There Keun attended a Lutheran girls' school, from which she graduated in 1921. She worked as a stenotypist, but also attended acting school in Cologne from 1925-1927. Although she had stage roles in Greifswald and Hamburg, these were only somewhat successful, and she decided to abandon her acting career in 1929. Encouraged by Alfred Döblin, she turned to writing. In 1931 Keun's first novel Gilgi, eine von uns was published and became a success.In 1932 a second novel Das kunstseidene Mädchen (The Artificial Silk Girl) came out. Although there were allegations that she had plagiarised a novel by Robert Neumann (a claim endorsed by her erstwhile promoter Kurt Tucholsky - and disproven only much later), this novel also became a success. In 1932, <mask> married the writer and director . They divorced in 1937, as she claimed after 1945, because he was a Nazi sympathizer. However, there is evidence that she stayed in close touch with him well after 1933, and that the reasons may have been much more personal in nature. In 1933/34, her books were confiscated and banned by the Nazis. In the spring of 1933 she met and fell in love with the Arnold Strauss, a Jewish doctor who wanted to treat her for her alcoholism.Strauss, as a Jew, lost his position at the Berlin hospital that employed him and went to the USA in 1935; however they stayed in touch (and many of their letters survive). Keun continued to publish in Germany after 1935, occasionally using pseudonyms, but after she was finally banned from publishing by the authorities - and after she had tried to sue the government for loss of income, and her final appeal to be admitted to the  (the official author's association of Nazi Germany, a subdivision of the Reich Chamber of Culture) was refused - she went into exile to Belgium and later the Netherlands in 1936. Between sometime in 1936 and 1938 she lived with writer Joseph Roth, while, at the same time pursuing her relationship with Strauss in the US. Invited by Strauss, she even visited him in Norfolk, Virginia in 1938, yet returned to Europe that same year. In 1940 she returned to Cologne from the Netherlands, where she lived through the war years using an alias. How she managed to do this remains unclear. Keun claimed she seduced a Nazi official in the Netherlands and, however that may be, her cover back in Germany may have been helped by the fact that the British Daily Telegraph (among others) reported her suicide in Amsterdam on 16 August 1940.There is not a lot known of the late Weimar author <mask> Keun but what we do know is from bits and pieces of history scattered about. In an interview, Keun's daughter, <mask>-Geburtig, answers the question if her mother was a happy woman, "Well, she always said that the Nazis took her best years. Starting in 1933 her success was abruptly ended through the book-burning up until '45, '46. It's a pretty long time…". Keun received great acclaim for her sharp-witted books, most notably from such well-known authors as Alfred Döblin and Kurt Tucholsky, who said about her, "A woman writer with humor, check this out!". Keun utilizes her characters from her novels to highlight and critique the social problems of the early 1930s. Keun's biggest criticisms of consumerism and the complexity of a feminine identity are displayed through the female protagonists' relationships with men.Breaking the archetypal mold, Keun's characters offer depth to the feminine identity and challenge the idea that a woman must be placed into a category. For example, "Keun's representative novels of the New Woman's experience during the Weimar Republic, Gilgi—eine von uns (1931) and Das kunstseidene Mädchen (1932), feature two such young stylized New Women, Gilgi and Doris, who try to shape their lives in the aforementioned image by taking their cues from the popular media". In the case of Das kunstseidene Mädchen (The Artificial Silk Girl), Keun tells the story from Doris' perspective, which she does to give the reader "insights into the social injustice of Weimar Berlin's class and gender hierarchy". Keun's novel reflects critically on these discourses by casting its heroine's sentimental journey in terms of an education in vision. She counted among her friends such literary notables as Egon Erwin Kisch, Hermann Kesten, Stefan Zweig, Ernst Toller, Ernst Weiss, and Heinrich Mann. From 1936 to 1938, she had a romantic relationship with Joseph Roth, a relationship that at first had a positive effect on her literary output. She worked together with Roth, traveling with him to various cities such as Paris, Wilna, Lemberg, Warsaw, Vienna, Salzburg, Brussels and Amsterdam.After the German invasion of the Netherlands, she returned in 1940 to Nazi Germany. Protected by false reports of her own suicide, she lived there undercover until 1945. In the 1960s, her life was overshadowed by alcoholism and homelessness in spite of help from the literary community. In 1966, she was put under tutelage and committed to the psychiatric ward at the Bonn State Hospital, where she remained until 1972. In 1977, she was re-discovered after an article in Stern magazine. From 1979 onwards, her financial situation recovered thanks to new editions of her work. She died in Cologne in 1982 of lung cancer.Bibliography

 Gilgi, eine von uns (1931), novel, translated into English as Gilgi, One of Us
 Das kunstseidene Mädchen (1932), novel, translated into English as The Artificial Silk Girl
 Das Mädchen, mit dem die Kinder nicht verkehren durften (1936), teenage novel, translated into English as Grown-ups Don't Understand (UK) and The Bad Example (US)
 Nach Mitternacht (1937), novel, translated into English as After Midnight
 D-Zug dritter Klasse (1938), novel  (Third Class Express)
 Kind aller Länder (1938), novel, translated into English as Child of All Nations
 Bilder und Gedichte aus der Emigration (1947)  (Pictures and poems of emigration)
 Nur noch Frauen... (1949)  (Only women left)
 Ich lebe in einem wilden Wirbel. Letters to Arnold Strauss, 1933-1947 (1988)
 Ferdinand, der Mann mit dem freundlichen Herzen (1950), Novel  (Ferdinand the kind-hearted man)
 Scherzartikel (1951) (Joke object)
 Wenn wir alle gut wären (1954), Short stories, translated into English as If we were all good
 Blühende Neurosen (1962) (Neuroses in full flower)

Filmography
, directed by Johannes Meyer (1932, based on the novel Gilgi, eine von uns)
The High Life, directed by Julien Duvivier (1960, based on the novel Das kunstseidene Mädchen)
, directed by Wolf Gremm (1981, based on the novel Nach Mitternacht)

Notes

References

Sources
 Stefanie Arend, Ariane Martin (Ed. ): Irmgard Keun 1905/2005. Deutungen und Dokumente. Aisthesis Verlag, Bielefeld  2005, . Carmen Bescansa: Gender- und Machttransgression im Romanwerk Irmgard Keuns. (Mannheimer Studien zur Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft; vol.42). Röhrig Verlag, St. Ingbert 2007, . Heike Beutel, Anna Barbara Hagin (Ed. ): <mask> Keun. Zeitzeugen, Bilder und Dokumente erzählen. Emons, Köln 1995, . Hiltrud Häntzschel: <mask> Keun.Rowohlt, Reinbek 2001, . Ingrid Marchlewitz: <mask> Keun. Leben und Werk. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1999, . Liane Schüller: Vom Ernst der Zerstreuung. Schreibende Frauen am Ende der Weimarer Republik: Marieluise Fleißer, <mask> <mask> und Gabriele Tergit. Aisthesis Verlag, Bielefeld 2005, .Volker Weidermann: Das Buch der verbrannten Bücher. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2008; . (For Keun see pages 188-191)

External links

Article from the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger by Petra Pluwatsch, 08.11.03 Part 1
Article from the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger by Petra Pluwatsch, 08.11.03 Part 2

1905 births
1982 deaths
Writers from Berlin
20th-century German women writers

masks:
Irmgard Keun
Irmgard Keun
Elsa Keun
Keun
Irmgard
Martina Keun
Irmgard
Irmgard
Irmgard
Irmgard
Keun


title: Vasilios Koutsianikoulis

texts:
<mask> (; born 9 August 1988) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a left winger or an attacking midfielder for Super League 2 club Anagennisi Karditsa. Club career

Early years
Koutsianikoulis began his football career at his local amateur club Iraklis Chalkis, at the time playing in the Delta Ethniki, the fourth tier of the Greek football league system. His performances drew the attention of Greece U-19 coach Nikos Nioplias, who arranged for his first international call-up as well as sending him on a trial period at his former club OFI in April 2007. Koutsianikoulis played a single pre-season friendly game with OFI against local rival Ergotelis. As OFI coach at the time Reiner Maurer had second thoughts on signing Koutsianikoulis on his outfit, Ergotelis, who were impressed with his performance during that friendly approached the player and signed him instead. <mask> debuted for Ergotelis during the 2007–08 Superleague season, where he played in a total of 12 matches, 10 of which he came in as a substitute. In total, Koutsianikoulis played 126 minutes, and did not score any goals.His breakout season came the next year, when he became a regular starter. Due to his short stature and agility, Koutsianikoulis demonstrated an impressive ability to evade opposing tackles and beat the defensive line on attacking runs, while his finishing and precise passing to create scoring opportunities for his teammates led the Greek media to dub him "the Greek Messi" or "Messi for the poor", often drawing comparisons between his and the Argentinian super-star's playing style, though Koutsianikoulis himself requested these nicknames and comparisons to be dropped. He impressed with his performance in an uncommon 3−0 club home win against Aris in September 2008, where he assisted his club's second goal and posed a continuous threat to the opposing defense. He followed up this performance with 2 goals and one assist in his club's 2−3 away win vs. Panathinaikos, considered at the time one of the biggest upsets in the "Greens"' history. After scoring one more goal, and consistently performing well vs. reigning champions Olympiacos, Koutsianikoulis was called-up for the Greek National Team by coach Otto Rehhagel, an uncommon call-up for a player not playing in one of the traditional giants of Greek football, and a first for an Ergotelis player. Despite eventually not making any international caps, Koutsianikoulis' league performances with Ergotelis (he finished the season with 4 goals and 6 assists in 27 games) and rising popularity among Greek fans and press made him a target for all major clubs in Greece. PAOK
During the summer transfer window of 2009, Ergotelis reportedly received, and declined transfer offers from Olympiacos and Panathinaikos, eventually reaching an agreement with PAOK on May 22, 2009.Koutsianikoulis became the most expensive transfer in Ergotelis history, earning his club a transfer fee of a reported €1,2M, as well as a friendly match between the two teams of which all ticket sales' income would be paid to Ergotelis. He signed a 4-year contract with PAOK on May 25, 2009. Despite high hopes placed on Koutsianikoulis' development, and a dream debut in the 2009–10 Superleague opening match vs. Levadiakos, where he scored one goal and delivered two assists in an easy 3−0 home win for his club, his eventual performances did not manage to impress PAOK coach Fernando Santos, who benched him for the majority of games in the 2009–10 season, while fans were frustrated and left to expect more from the "Greek Messi". His second year with the club was even more unremarkable, as he played in only 11 matches across all competitions. As PAOK sought to rid themselves of Koutsianikoulis' contract, Ergotelis' officials, who were still owed money from Koutsianikoulis' transfer fee and believed in his talent, reached out to PAOK and arranged for his return to Crete. Return to Ergotelis
In July 2007, Ergotelis announced the return of Koutsianikoulis in a transfer deal involving a 50% co-ownership of the player's rights with PAOK for an undisclosed fee clearing PAOK's debts to Ergotelis, while the player's annual contract was estimated at €400K. Koutsianikoulis signed a 4-year contract with his former club and managed to re-establish himself while in Crete, playing in 27 matches and scoring one goal.Ergotelis failed to avoid relegation At the end of the 2011−12 season however, and as the board of directors decided to release many of the club's players with wealthy contracts, the club pre-maturely terminated Koutsianikoulis' contract on mutual consent, all while the player was rumored to be close to a free transfer move to AEK and continue his career in the Superleague. OFI
Reports had linked Koutsianikoulis with both AEK and OFI in the weeks after his release from Ergotelis and it seemed the Athenian club had convinced the Greek youth international to join, despite their well-documented financial troubles. AEK were keen to sign Koutsianikoulis, and confirmed negotiations between club president Thomas Mavros and the player's manager in an attempt to strengthen AEK's squad, which had been decimated by the departure of a raft of key players during the summer. Eventually however, Koutsianikoulis chose to move to his former club's local rival OFI, who had secured the required license from the tax office to partake in the 2012−13 Superelague season. On August 20, 2012 Koutsianikoulis finally signed a 3-year contract with OFI. He made his debut with the club in August 2012, during a 0-0 home draw against Skoda Xanthi, and scored his first goal on 29 October 2012 during a 2-2 home draw against Panetolikos. He spent the next three seasons at OFI, making 89 appearances in both the Greek Superelague and the Greek Cup, scoring 8 goals.In 21 March 2015, OFI withdrew from professional competitions, as the administration failed to meet the club's pressing financial obligations and criticized the top-flight circuit for “unfair and uneven decisions” against the club. In a symbolic gesture, Koutsianikoulis, along with the other 14 players who still comprised the club's roster at the time walked on the pitch of the Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium on that day (before match-day 29) and waived OFI's fans farewell. As a result of OFI's departure, Koutsianikoulis was released from his contract with the club. In June 2015, <mask> was reported to join Greek Superelague side Veria, under the advise of the club's Technical Director Zisis Vryzas, with whom Koutsianikoulis had collaborated during his time at PAOK. The deal was however never realized. AEL
After brief flirts with Veria and Trikala, Koutsianikoulis eventually signed a 3-year contract with Football League side AEL on September 3, 2015, marking his return to his hometown Larissa. He made 23 appearances for AEL and scored one goal during the 2015−16 Football League season, helping his club win the division title and achieve instant promotion to the Superleague.After returning to the Superleague with AEL, <mask>' playing time significantly dropped. He made only 7 league appearances during the 2016−17 season, and just one appearance in next year's edition of the competition. As a result, <mask>' contract was terminated by the club on mutual consent in September 2017. Return to OFI
On 11 September 2017, Koutsianikoulis returned to OFI, at the time playing in the Football League, signing a one-year contract with the club for an undisclosed fee. On 30 October 2017 he scored his first goal since his return during a 2−1 away win against Panserraikos. Again faced with the club's recurring financial troubles, Koutsianikoulis raised his game after the departure of several key players in OFI's attempt to return to the Superleague, scoring crucial goals in a 0−2 away win against Panegialios on 13 January 2018, and a 3−0 home win against fellow promotion contenders Doxa Drama on 17 January 2018. On 31 March 2018, he scored  with a wonderful strike, curling the ball into the net from distance with the help of a slight deflection, as his club made another huge step towards promotion to the Superleague, defeating 3-0 nearest challengers Panachaiki.At the end of the 2017-18 season, he celebrated the promotion to Superleague. On 28 May 2019, the team announced that his contract would not be renewed. Olympiacos Volos
On 11 September 2019, Koutsianikoulis joined Olympiacos Volos as a free transfer for an undisclosed fee. Later Years
From the 2020-21 season, he played for Super League Greece 2 clubs Doxa Drama F.C. and Anagennisi Karditsa F.C. International career
Koutsianikoulis' skills during his time with Iraklis Chalki, drew the attention of Greek U−19 coach Nikos Nioplias, who enlisted him in the squad that featured in the 2007 UEFA European U−19 Championship, in which Greece reached the Final. Koutsianikoulis played for one half against Spain during the competition Group stage, and then again in the competition Final, once more against Spain, where the Greeks narrowly lost the title (1–0).Aged 20 and already an international with Greece U−21, Koutsianikoulis shot to prominence in 2008, during a string of impressive matches with Ergotelis against Aris, Panathinaikos and Olympiacos. His performances were eventually rewarded by Greece head coach Otto Rehhagel, who named Koutsianikoulis in his 20-man squad for an international friendly against Italy on 19 May 2008 at Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus. Despite being considered a strong prospect for the national team, Koutsianikoulis was ultimately not fielded during the match, and the eventual decline of his career after his transfer move to PAOK severely hurt his chances for receiving another call-up. Club statistics

Statistics accurate as of 12 January 2022

Honours

Club
AEL
Football League: 2015–16
OFI
Football League: 2017–18

International
Greece U−19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: Runner-up 2007

Individual
Greek Young Footballer of the year: 2009

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Larissa
Greek footballers
Greece under-21 international footballers
Greece youth international footballers
Super League Greece players
Football League (Greece) players
Ergotelis F.C. players
PAOK FC players
OFI Crete F.C. players
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
Association football midfielders

masks:
Vasilios Koutsianikoulis
Ergotelis Koutsianikoulis
Koutsianikoulis
Koutsianikoulis
Koutsianikoulis


title: Jarno Trulli

texts:
<mask> (; born 13 July 1974) is an Italian racing driver. He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011, driving for Minardi, Prost, Jordan, Renault, Toyota, Lotus Racing and Team Lotus. His best result in the World Drivers' Championship (WDC) was sixth place in ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix. Throughout his Formula One career, <mask> was renowned for his skill in qualifying, regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own. He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers, sometimes for an entire race. The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race, which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train' by commentators, fans and journalists. <mask> was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season, but retired before the season began.In 2014–15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship, driving for Trulli GP, a team he founded. Career

Early career and junior formulae
His parents were motorsport fans and named their son after <mask> Saarinen, the Finnish Grand Prix motorcycle racing champion who was killed at Monza in 1973. He started racing in karts at an early age; after winning the Karting World Championship in 1991, the Italian karting championship and several other karting championships in different categories up to 1995, <mask> won the German Formula Three Championship in 1996. Formula One

Minardi and Prost (1997–1999)

In 1997, <mask> made his debut in Formula One with Minardi. After 7 races he replaced the injured Olivier Panis at Prost and impressed immediately, finishing fourth in Germany and even leading in Austria, looking set to finish second until his engine blew. He stayed at the Prost team for the next two seasons and eventually scored his first podium in wet conditions at the 1999 European Grand Prix. However, this was a rare highlight in a race few of the main front-runners finished, and the poor performance of the Prost team convinced him that a switch to Jordan would bring improved results.Jordan (2000–2001)

In  he moved to the Irish squad, but the team was no longer the force it had been in the late 1990s. In his two years with Jordan, <mask> failed to score a podium, but did impress with a series of brilliant qualifying displays. During this period suggestions were made that <mask> was more of a qualifying specialist than an out-and-out fast race driver, a charge he frequently denied. Under a long-term contract with his personal manager (and Renault manager) Flavio Briatore, <mask> secured a contract with the Anglo-French squad for . Renault (2002–2004)

Alongside Jenson Button, he often outqualified his British teammate, but was generally shaded in races. Regardless of Button's improved pace that season, it was <mask> who stayed at Renault for 2003 to partner promoted test-driver Fernando Alonso. The 2003 Renault was a strong car and in Alonso's hands won in Hungary.<mask> struggled to attain similar results, but did achieve a podium in Germany, his first since leaving Prost. Mindful of how much Alonso had outperformed him in , <mask> improved markedly the next year. For the first half of the season he was the better of the two Renault drivers, racking up regular points and podiums. At Monaco he finally took his only victory after a brilliant display from pole position. Having performed so well, the Italian was eager to stick with the team for 2005, but his relationship with team-boss Briatore soured. A last corner error which allowed Ferrari's Rubens Barrichello onto the podium in France enraged the team, and from that point his days with the French manufacturer were numbered. He did not score any points after the French Grand Prix and was consistently off the pace during races.He later accused the team of favouring Alonso, but the reasons why his 2004 season deteriorated have never been properly identified. He was sacked three races before the end of the season and replaced by  World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, despite leading his teammate in the championship at that point. <mask> had already agreed to drive for Toyota in 2005, and his early exit from Renault allowed him to take up his new seat for the last two races of the 2004 season, replacing Ricardo Zonta. Toyota (2004–2009)

2004–2005
In 2005, early season podiums demonstrated <mask>'s speed and at Indianapolis he took Toyota's first Formula One pole. However, he, his teammate and the majority of the grid, did not enter the race due to using Michelin tyres, which were not safe to race. For the vast majority of the year he outpaced his highly paid teammate Ralf Schumacher, but a late season dip in form saw him slip to seventh in the championship, two points behind the German. 2006
In , <mask> suffered a very poor start to the season.On the first lap of the , he was taken out by David Coulthard. He seemed to be outpaced by teammate Ralf Schumacher more often than not, but finally scored his first points of the season when he raced to 6th from 4th on the grid at the . Following this was a 4th place in the . From then on, he would only score 3 more times, with a couple of 7th-place finishes in the  and the  and also a 6th place in the , where his car became troublesome to drive mid-race, and Ralf Schumacher was delayed in the process. <mask> was racing very well in the season finale at Interlagos, but his car suffered suspension failure in the first 10 laps, a fate which befell his teammate at the same time. He finished 12th overall. 2007

<mask> scored his first points of  in Malaysia, finishing in 7th place after qualifying 8th.A couple more points followed in Bahrain, but he stalled on the grid at the start of the  and dropped out during the early laps due to mechanical failure. Monaco brought no better fortune for <mask>, as he finished down in 15th place, just ahead of teammate Schumacher, after qualifying his season-worst 14th. Points were collected by <mask> at the Indianapolis for 6th place. After a series of non-scoring runs, <mask> said that the result was 'incredible'. He also qualified well for the  but crashed with the Renault of Heikki Kovalainen on the opening lap, and duly retired because of the damage. <mask> accepted the blame for the incident. The second half of the season was disappointing with <mask>'s only point coming in the final race of the season at Brazil.<mask> finished the championship in 13th position, collecting only 8 points. Post season there had been reports that <mask>'s contract was not safe, and that he may have been replaced in the Toyota team for 2008 by Heikki Kovalainen. These proved unfounded as Kovalainen signed for McLaren. 2008

In , <mask> was hoping Toyota would make a big step forward. Timo Glock was confirmed as his teammate for the season. <mask> started the season quite well, with several points scoring finishes, the height of which was a fourth-place finish in Malaysia. <mask>'s qualifying performances were also very good throughout the first few rounds of the Championship.His form then slumped a little, with disappointing performances in Turkey and Monaco, as he finished in non-points scoring positions. However, he bounced back from this with a 6th-place finish in Montreal. He then topped that in France by finishing on the podium in 3rd place, holding off the challenge of Heikki Kovalainen and Robert Kubica in the closing laps. He qualified on the front row alongside pole-sitter Felipe Massa for the season-ending , which was to decide the 2008 world championship between Massa and Lewis Hamilton. During the race, <mask> had several close shaves in the changeable weather conditions, and eventually finished 8th. His teammate Glock played a pivotal part in the title outcome as he was passed by Hamilton on the last corner of the race, which gave the Englishman the championship by one point from Massa, who won easily. <mask> finished the 8th in Drivers' Championship standings, collecting 31 points, 4 more than his teammate.2009

Trulli was confident going into . In the first race of the 2009 season, the Toyotas of <mask> and Glock started the race from the pitlane as their qualifying times were disallowed due to Toyota's flexible rear wing breaching regulations. Although <mask> started from the pit lane, he finished in an impressive 3rd place before being penalised 25 seconds, dropping him to 12th position for passing Lewis Hamilton under the safety car. A few days after this decision, Hamilton was disqualified from the race results for 'misleading' the race stewards by insisting that <mask> <mask> had passed him under the Safety Car although Hamilton in fact let him pass on purpose due to an order given by the team from the pitlane. <mask> <mask> therefore regained his third-place finish. At the , <mask> qualified on pole position but due to an unconventional tyre strategy, he finished third. However he did record the fastest lap, the only time he has achieved this in his career.He holds the record of having started the most Grands Prix before recording a fastest lap. He crashed out of the  after being forced off the track at the second corner and being collected by Adrian Sutil, and then had a poor performance in Monaco as the Toyotas qualified on the back row of the grid. Improvements saw him score points in three of the next four races, before the following four rounds saw him struggle again as he failed to finish in the Top 10. At the  he placed 12th while teammate Glock was second. <mask> then fought back at the  – which would prove to be Toyota's last home race – by qualifying and finishing second. He then qualified fourth in torrential conditions in Brazil, but like in Spain collided with Adrian Sutil on the opening lap of the race, an incident which enraged Trulli as he blamed Sutil for the crash. His obvious display of anger towards Sutil (who also retired) afterwards earned him a $10,000 fine.<mask> finished seventh at the season finale in Abu Dhabi scoring his final points in Toyota F1's last race. Lotus (2010–2011)

2010

On 14 December 2009, <mask> was confirmed as one of the newly formed Lotus team's drivers, joining former McLaren driver Heikki Kovalainen. He only finished one of the opening four races, a weaker reliability record than Kovalainen, leading him to note that "everything happens on my car and my car only – so to this day, my expectations have not been met". At the launch of the Lotus T127, <mask> admitted in an interview with Autosport that US F1 and Sauber had been in contact with him. In late 2009, <mask> was asked to test a NASCAR stock car in North America for Toyota. The car was set up by Michael Waltrip Racing. 2011

<mask> continued to drive for Lotus in , with Lotus Racing being renamed Team Lotus.He again partnered Heikki Kovalainen. <mask>'s season started with thirteenth in Australia, before a retirement with a clutch problem in Malaysia. <mask> finished each of the next six races, equalling his best season finish of thirteenth in Monaco. In Britain, he retired with an oil leak. For the , <mask> was replaced by reserve driver Karun Chandhok. When he returned in Hungary, he retired due to a water leak; his teammate Kovalainen retired some laps later with an identical problem. He finished 14th at both the  and the , where it was announced that <mask> would be retained for the  season.After retiring in Singapore with a gearbox failure, <mask> finished 19th in Japan, 17th in Korea and 19th again, in India. Caterham (2012)

Team Lotus was renamed to Caterham F1 ahead of the 2012 season. <mask> drove in one pre-season test, but on 17 February 2012 it was announced that <mask> was replaced by Vitaly Petrov. Following, <mask> stated that he was "really proud" to have helped Caterham become a Formula One team. This left Formula One without an Italian driver at the start of the 2012 season, for the first time since . FIA Formula E Championship

In 2014–15 season <mask> drove in the inaugural FIA Formula E Championship for his own team Trulli GP in partnership with Drayson Racing Technologies and Super Nova Racing, as announced on 18 June 2014. After failing to pass scrutineering of their new drivetrain for the first two races of the 2015–16 season, the team withdrew from the championship.Racing record

Career summary

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed. <mask> did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he had completed over 90% of the race distance. Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance. Pre-Formula One career
1996: Champion in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel)
1995: 4th in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel), 1st in Italian Karting class 100 FA, 1st in World karting class 125FC, Senna Memorial World Cup winner
1994: Senna Memorial World Cup winner, 1st in North American class 100SA, 1st in European class 100SA
1993: 2nd in World karting Champion class 100 SA, 1st in Grand prix of Japan Class 100 FSA
1992: 2nd in World karting class 125 FC
1991: Champion in Karting World Championship 100 FK
1990: 1st in Grand Prix of Hong Kong Class 100 FA
1988–1990: Three times Champion in Italian National 100 Class
1983–1995: Karting

Helmet

Trulli's original helmet design was white with a blue shape around the visor with a blue circle in the top and a green J with a red T in the sides. A ring around the blue circle was incorporated when he raced at Jordan and Renault, being coloured after the team's main sponsor. In 2004 his helmet changed from white to chromed silver and the shape, the J and the T became chromed with black outline. Later, in his first Toyota years the top became red and was added a white ring around the red circle.Finally in 2008 the helmet turned red with the J and the T of the original colours (and white outline) plus a white line on the chin area. From his Lotus years, the helmet design remained intact, with the change of the shades of colour from chromed to normal shades (the chromed silver becomes white). Personal life
<mask> is married to Barbara and they have two sons, Enzo <mask> (b. 2005), named after <mask>'s father, and Marco (b. 2006), and a daughter Veronica (b. 2014). He is the co-owner of a vineyard in the Abruzzo region in Italy and produces his own wine.He also has his own range of Karts named 'Trulli Kart'; <mask> himself was a World Champion at Karting level. His son Enzo competed in the WSK karting series, before starting single seater racing in F4 UAE in 2021. See also
List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards

References

External links

<mask> <mask> Revealed on CNN.com

1974 births
Living people
People from Pescara
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Italian expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Italian expatriates in Monaco
Italian racing drivers
Karting World Championship drivers
Formula One race winners
German Formula Three Championship drivers
Italian Formula One drivers
Jordan Formula One drivers
Minardi Formula One drivers
Prost Formula One drivers
Renault Formula One drivers
Toyota Formula One drivers
Team Lotus (2010–11) Formula One drivers
Formula E drivers
Formula E team owners
People named in the Panama Papers

masks:
Jarno Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Jarno
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Jarno
Trulli
Jarno
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Trulli
Jarno
Trulli


title: Zoltan Bathory

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<mask> (born in 1978) is a Hungarian-born American musician and martial artist. He is the founder and rhythm guitarist of Las Vegas-based heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. In 2010, he was named Golden God's "Best Shredder" by Metal Hammer magazine. He is an actively competing martial artist, a black belt in both Jiu-Jitsu and Judo. <mask> is also a founding board member of the veterans nonprofit Home Deployment Project in Las Vegas and sits on the Board of Advisors at VETPAW (Veterans Empowered to Protect African Wildlife), an anti-poaching organization operating on the African continent, composed of US combat veterans. Career
<mask> joined the post-grunge band U.P.O. in 2004, replacing Ben Shirley on bass.He left the band in 2005, switched back to guitar, and went on to form the heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch in Los Angeles, California. Five Finger Death Punch recorded their debut album in 2006 with engineers Steve Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan. It was mixed by Soulfly/Machine Head guitarist Logan Mader. Soon after finishing the album, the band was signed by a major management company The Firm and The Way of the Fist was released on July 31, 2007. This self-produced record sold 500,000 copies in the US and spawned three top-10 singles. Their follow-up album, War Is the Answer was released on September 22, 2009, through Prospect Park Records. The record debuted number 7 on the Billboard 200 and all four singles (off of the album) made it to the top 10 mainstream rock charts.War Is the Answer stayed on Billboards Top 100 for over a record-breaking 92 weeks and sold over 1,000,000 copies. Their third record American Capitalist was even more successful. It debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200, had another three top 10 singles and it achieved Gold status within a year of its release. It has since been certified Platinum. In 2013, the band released a double studio album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1 and Volume 2 within three months from each other. Both albums debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 chart. Volume 1 featured guest vocalists Rob Halford of Judas Priest, Maria Brink of In This Moment, Tech N9ne, Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed, and Max Cavalera of Sepultura and Soulfly.Both albums also became certified Platinum. The band's sixth record Got Your Six was the band's biggest first-week commercial success. The record was number one on Billboard 200's physical sales chart and number 2 on the overall charts. Since 2010, only six metal albums had achieved RIAA Certified Platinum Status: Metallica's Hardwired... to Self-Destruct and five of Five Finger Death Punch's albums (War Is the Answer, American Capitalist, Wrong Side of Heaven, Volume 1 and Volume 2, and Got Your Six). The band have had twenty one top 10 hit singles on U.S. Mainstream Rock Radio. <mask> won the "Best Shredder" award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards.The award was the third Golden God trophy the band received (the first was for 2009 Best New Artist and the second for 2010 Breakthrough Artist, respectively). In 2013, the band was nominated and won another Golden God Award (Song of the Year) with "Lift Me Up". This number one mainstream rock hit featured Rob Halford of Judas Priest as a guest vocalist. Halford and Rob Zombie joined the band's performance at the Golden Gods Award Ceremony. In 2017, it was announced that <mask> expanded into artist management and took a new band, Bad Wolves, under his wing. Bad Wolves' first record Disobey was released in May 2018 via Eleven Seven Records. The <mask> managed band's first single "Zombie" became a number one hit in the United States and several other countries.Shortly after, <mask> signed a second band to his management company, Fire from the Gods. Equipment

In 2009, B.C. Rich launched three Zoltan Bathory Artist Signature Guitars: Bathory – Assassin (Artist Signature Model). <mask> runs this through TC Electronic G-System and Diamond Amplifiers. He uses a Dunlop heavy core string set (gauge of .13 to .66). It was announced in November 2014, that DBZ Guitars had teamed up with Bathory to create the company's first ever Diamond signature guitars. Although <mask> made the switch to Diamond/DBZ guitars in late 2014, the company claims he goes way back with Diamond, as he designed several guitars in Diamond's arsenal in the past (Bird of Pray, Halcyon) and he's used their amplifiers for over a decade.Philanthropy
Five Finger Death Punch have played many military benefit concerts, visited bases around the world and spearheaded a fundraising campaign for veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. In 2014, the band launched a campaign that raised over $225,000. The band used their recent music video for their latest single "Wrong Side of Heaven" to focus on the theme and launched website 5fdp4Vets.com. They also started selling a custom jersey which was designed by <mask>, on Indiegogo. The funds raised went to organizations that raise awareness about post-traumatic stress disorder. <mask> was elected as the chairman of development of the non-profit organization The Home Deployment Project in Las Vegas, helping veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic homelessness. In 2017, it was announced that <mask> had joined VETPAW (Veterans Empowered To Protect African Wildlife), an anti-poaching organization consisting of US combat veterans.VETPAW focuses on fighting against illegal rhino killings on the continent. To achieve this, VETPAW launched Operation Rhino Shield in South Africa where they deployed a team of Army, Marine and Navy veterans on private reserves that are under direct threat from rhino poachers. <mask> is a long-time supporter of law enforcement and first responders. In 2017, Five Finger Death Punch donated $58,000 to The Badge of Honor Memorial Foundation, an organization recognized by the Department of Justice, that's available to assist the departments and families of fallen police officers by identifying all the federal and state benefits that are available for them. In 2018, <mask> spearheaded another campaign wherein his band Five Finger Death Punch donated a portion of their ticket sales ($95,000) to C.O.P.S. (Concerns of Police Survivors), an organization that supports families of officers killed in the line of duty by offering scholarships, counseling services and peer support. In 2019, Five Finger Death Punch teamed up with Brantley Gilbert, Brian May of Queen and Kenny Wayne Shepherd to re-record a new version of Shepherd's song "Blue on Black".All proceeds from the recording is donated to First Responders via The Gary Sinise Foundation. Personal life
In his private life, <mask> is an actively competing martial artist, who practices judo (black belt) and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (black belt), often appearing in martial art magazines. He is a member of the Gracie Humaita Jiu-Jitsu Competition Team, under Professor Amilcar Cipili (5th Degree) and 7th Degree Black Belt Master Royler Gracie. <mask> won the silver medal at the 2021 American National JiuJitsu Championship in the Black Belt Super Heavy Weight Masters Division and the Open Weight Class Absolute Division. He also placed second at the Abu-Dhabi Pro Jiu-Jitsu World Trials and at The North American Grappling Championship in 2011. He placed third at the 2012 Masters World Championship in his division. He is one of the few civilians certified by the US Army as an L1 Modern Army Combatives Instructor – Close Quarter Combat.<mask> also practices Wing Chun Kung-Fu under Grand Master Randy Williams C.R.C. Academy and Guerilla Jiu-Jitsu under professor John Simons III. <mask> is featured in former Navy Seal Team 6 operator Clint Emerson's "100 Deadly Skills Combat Edition  – The Most Dangerous Men in America" series. In May 2014, <mask> joined Monster Jam Free Style World Champion Jimmy Creten's Monster Truck Racing Team 2Xtreme Racing as their driver behind the wheel of the new Knucklehead truck. <mask>'s professional debut took place in California at the WGAS Motorsport Flip Fest Monster Truck and Motocross Show. <mask> raced at Florida's EastBay Race Way, Kansas City Speedway, Newfoundland Raceway in Canada, and appeared at the 2015 Monster Jam Finals in Las Vegas. <mask> is a contributing writer and social-political commentator for the nationally distributed Skillset magazine.References

External links
Five Finger Death Punch official website

Living people
Hungarian rock guitarists
Male guitarists
American heavy metal guitarists
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Five Finger Death Punch members
1978 births
Hungarian male musicians

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