title: Antonio da Correggio

texts:
<mask> (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just <mask> (, also , , ), was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the sixteenth century. In his use of dynamic composition, illusionistic perspective and dramatic foreshortening, <mask> prefigured the Baroque art of the seventeenth century and the Rococo art of the eighteenth century. He is considered a master of chiaroscuro. Biography

<mask> was born in Correggio, a small town near Reggio Emilia. His date of birth is uncertain (around 1489). His father was a merchant. Otherwise little is known about <mask>'s early life or training.It is, however, often assumed that he had his first artistic education from his father's brother, the painter Lorenzo Allegri. In 1503–1505, he was apprenticed to Francesco Bianchi Ferrara in Modena, where he probably became familiar with the classicism of artists like Lorenzo Costa and Francesco Francia, evidence of which can be found in his first works. After a trip to Mantua in 1506, he returned to Correggio, where he stayed until 1510. To this period is assigned the Adoration of the Child with St. Elizabeth and John, which shows clear influences from Costa and Mantegna. In 1514, he probably finished three tondos for the entrance of the church of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, and then returned to Correggio, where, as an independent and increasingly renowned artist, he signed a contract for the Madonna altarpiece in the local monastery of St. Francis (now in the Dresden Gemäldegalerie). One of his sons, Pomponio Allegri, became an undistinguished painter. Both father and son occasionally referred to themselves using the Latinized form of the family name, Laeti.Works in Parma

By 1516, <mask> was in Parma, where he spent most of the remainder of his career. Here, he befriended Michelangelo Anselmi, a prominent Mannerist painter. In 1519 he married Girolama Francesca di Braghetis, also of Correggio, who died in 1529. From this period are the Madonna and Child with the Young Saint John, Christ Leaving His Mother and the lost Madonna of Albinea. <mask>'s first major commission (February–September 1519) was the ceiling decoration of a private chamber of the mother-superior (abbess Giovanna Piacenza) of the convent of St. Paul in Parma, now known as Camera di San Paolo. Here he painted an arbor pierced by oculi opening to glimpses of playful cherubs. Below the oculi are lunettes with images of statues in feigned monochromic marble.The fireplace is frescoed with an image of Diana. The iconography of the scheme is complex, combining images of classical marbles with whimsical colorful bambini. He then painted the illusionistic Vision of St. John on Patmos (1520–21) for the dome of the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. Three years later he decorated the dome of the Cathedral of Parma with a startling Assumption of the Virgin, crowded with layers of receding figures in Melozzo's perspective (sotto in su, from down to up). These two works represented a highly novel illusionistic sotto in su treatment of dome decoration that would exert a profound influence upon future fresco artists, from Carlo Cignani in his fresco Assumption of the Virgin, in the cathedral church of Forlì, to Gaudenzio Ferrari in his frescoes for the cupola of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Saronno, to Pordenone in his now-lost fresco from Treviso, and to the baroque elaborations of Lanfranco and Baciccio in Roman churches. The massing of spectators in a vortex, creating both narrative and decoration, the illusionistic obliteration of the architectural roof-plane, and the thrusting perspective toward divine infinity, were devices without precedent, and which depended on the extrapolation of the mechanics of perspective. The recession and movement implied by the figures presage the dynamism that would characterize Baroque painting.Other masterpieces include The Lamentation and The Martyrdom of Four Saints, both at the Galleria Nazionale of Parma. The Lamentation is haunted by a lambency rarely seen in Italian painting prior to this time. The Martyrdom is also remarkable for resembling later Baroque compositions such as Bernini's Truth and Ercole Ferrata's Death of Saint Agnes, showing a gleeful saint entering martyrdom. Mythological series based on Ovid's Metamorphoses

Aside from his religious output, <mask> conceived a now-famous set of paintings depicting the Loves of Jupiter as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses. The voluptuous series was commissioned by Federico II Gonzaga of Mantua, probably to decorate his private Ovid Room in the Palazzo Te. However, they were given to the visiting Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and thus left Italy within years of their completion. Leda and the Swan – acquired by Frederick the Great in 1753; now in Staatliche Museen of Berlin – is a tumult of incidents: in the centre Leda straddles a swan, and on the right, a shy but satisfied maiden.Danaë, now in Rome's Borghese Gallery, depicts the maiden as she is impregnated by a curtain of gilded divine rain. Her lower torso semi-obscured by sheets, Danae appears more demure and gleeful than Titian's 1545 version of the same topic, where the rain is more accurately numismatic. The picture once called Antiope and the Satyr is now correctly identified as Venus and Cupid with a Satyr. Ganymede Abducted by the Eagle depicts the young man aloft in literal amorous flight. Some have interpreted the conjunction of man and eagle as a metaphor for the evangelist John; however, given the erotic context of this and other paintings, this seems unlikely. This painting and its partner, the masterpiece of Jupiter and Io, are in Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna. Ganymede Abducted by the Eagle, one of the four mythological paintings commissioned by Federico II Gonzaga, is a proto-Baroque work due to its depiction of movement, drama, and diagonal compositional arrangement.Death
Returning to his home town in later years, <mask> died there suddenly on 5 March 1534. The following day he was buried in San Francesco in Correggio near his youthful masterpiece, the 'Madonna di San Francesco', housed today in Dresden. The precise location of his tomb is now unknown. Evaluation

<mask> was remembered by his contemporaries as a shadowy, melancholic, and introverted character. An enigmatic and eclectic artist, he appears to have emerged from no major apprenticeship. In addition to the influence of Costa, there are echoes of Mantegna's style in his work, and a response to <mask> Vinci, as well. <mask> had little immediate influence in terms of apprenticed successors, but his works are now considered to have been revolutionary and influential on subsequent artists.A half-century after his death <mask>'s work was well known to Vasari, who felt that he had not had enough "Roman" exposure to make him a better painter. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, his works were often noted in the diaries of foreign visitors to Italy, which led to a reevaluation of his art during the period of Romanticism. The flight of the Madonna in the vault of the cupola of the Cathedral of Parma inspired many scenographical decorations in lay and religious palaces during those centuries. <mask>'s illusionistic experiments, in which imaginary spaces replace the natural reality, seem to prefigure many elements of Mannerist, Baroque, and Rococo stylistic approaches. He appears to have fostered artistic grandchildren, for example, Giovannino di Pomponio Allegri (1521–1593). <mask> had no direct disciples outside of Parma, where he was influential on the work of Giovanni Maria <mask>, Parmigianino, Bernardo Gatti, Francesco Madonnina, and Giorgio Gandini del Grano. Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist, 1518, 1518  oil on panel, 48 x 37 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid
 Portrait of a Gentlewoman (1517–1519)—Oil on canvas, 103 × 87.5 cm, Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Frescoes for Camera di San Paolo (1519)—Monastery of San Paolo, Parma
 The Rest on the Flight to Egypt with Saint Francis (c. 1520)—Oil on canvas, 123.5 × 106.5 cm, Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Portrait of a man (c. 1520) - Oil on canvas, 55 x 40 cm, Museo Nacional Thyssen Bornemisza, Madrid.Correggio, by Estelle M. Hurll, 1901, from Project Gutenberg
 Works by Correggio at www.antoniodacorreggio.org
 Correggio exposition in Rome, Villa Borghese, 2008
 Video—Il Duomo di Parma, Assumption of the Virgin
 Article at Great Works of Western Art: Correggio: The School of Love (Education of Cupid) - c1525
 Dr. Julius Meyer, <mask> <mask>

1489 births
1534 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
16th-century Italian painters
Painters from Parma
People from Correggio, Emilia-Romagna
Renaissance painters
Catholic painters

masks:
Antonio Allegri da Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Antonio Allegri
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Leonardo da
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Correggio
Francesco Rondani
Antonio da
Correggio


title: Subrata K. Mitra

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 16 June 1949 in Orissa India, naturalized French) was Director and Research Professor at the Institute for South Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore till May 20, 2018. Currently Emeritus at the University of Heidelberg. Education
<mask> received a bachelor's degree in political science from Utkal University in Orissa, India. Subsequently, he obtained an M.A. in political science in 1971 based on a thesis on "The Role of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal in the Politics of Uttar Pradesh, 1967-1970" from the University of Delhi. After receiving an M.Phil degree in Political Development from Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, <mask> moved to the United States to the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. He studied with William Riker and Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and received his doctorate in political science in 1976 based on his dissertation on "Ideological Structure, Strategy and Cabinet Stability: a theoretical and empirical exploration" directed by G. Bingham Powell.Career
<mask> <mask> is Professor Emeritus of Political Science of South Asia at the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. He was previously Head of the Department of Political Science at the South Asia Institute (University of Heidelberg) and was elected the South Asia Institute’s director for a term from 2002 to 2004. Professor <mask> previously taught at the University of Hull (England), University of Nottingham and University of California, Berkeley. He has also held appointments at the Indian Council for Social Science Research (New Delhi), as well as at the Institut Français d’Opinion Public (Paris). Professor <mask> is a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (New Delhi) and from 2002 until 2006 he was the President of the joint Research Committee on Political Sociology of the International Political Science Association and the International Sociological Association. In 2004, <mask> was made Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques for his commitment to promoting cultural exchange between France and Germany. He is editor of the Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics and a member of the editorial boards of the following publications: International Political Science Review, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, India Review, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Contemporary South Asia, South Asia Research, Journal of South Asian Development.He is also the editor of the Advances in South Asian Studies series of Routledge. Research
<mask> <mask>'s work deals with issues such as democratization in South Asia, the interaction of traditional values and modern institutions, the role of identity and religion in Indian politics, as well as the functioning of political parties and institutions in South Asia. Books/Edited Volumes (Selection)
 Power, Protest and Participation: Local Elites and Development in India. Routledge, 1992. Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the Indian Electorate (Co-author). Sage, 1999. Culture and Rationality: The Politics of Social Change in Post-colonial India.Sage, 1999. Political Parties in South Asia (Co-editor). Praeger, 2004. The Puzzle of India’s Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory. Routledge, 2006. A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia (Co-author). Taylor & Francis/Europa Publications, 2006.Politics of Modern South Asia (editor). Five volumes. Routledge, 2008. When Rebels Become Stakeholders: Democracy, Agency and Social Change in India (Co-author). Sage, 2009. Political Sociology - The State of the Art (Co-editor). Budrich Publishers, 2010.Politics in India: Structure, Process and Policy. Routledge, 2011. Select Articles
 How Exceptional is India’s Democracy? Path Dependence, Political Capital, and Context in South Asia, India Review, 12(4), Oct-Dec 2013, pp. 227–244. The Ambivalent Moderation of Hindu Nationalism in India, Australian Journal of Political Science, (2013) vol. 48, No.3, pp. 269–285. Icon-ising National Identity: France and India in Comparative Perspective, National Identities, 15(4) December 2013, pp. 357–377. Symbiosis, Re-use and Evolution: Administrators, Politicians, Citizens and Governance in Post-colonial India, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, (November 2010) 48:4, pp. 457–478. Adversarial Politics and Policy Continuity: The UPA, NDA and Resilience of Democracy in India, Contemporary South Asia, 19 (2)(2011), pp.173–187. Citizenship in India: Some Preliminary Results of a National Survey, Economic and Political Weekly, 27 February 2010. Nuclear, Engaged, and Non-Aligned: Contradiction and Coherence in India's Foreign Policy, India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 15–35 (2009). When Area Meets Theory: Dominance, Dissent and Democracy in India, International Political Science Review (2008), vol 29(5), pp.557–578. Level playing fields: The Post-colonial State, Democracy, Courts and Citizenship in India, German Law Journal, 9:3, 2008, pp. 343–366. The new Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy and its Ambiguities] (Co-author), Irish Studies in International Affairs, Volume 18, 2007, pp. 19–34. The role of research in a technical assistance agency: the case of the ‘German Agency for Technical Cooperation’ (Co-author), Health Policy, 70 (2004), pp. 229–241.The reluctant hegemon: India’s self perception and the South Asian strategic environment. Contemporary South Asia, 12:3 (September 2003), pp. 399–418. Sacred Laws and the Secular State: An Analytical Narrative of the Controversy over Personal Laws in India (Co-author), India Review, 2002, 1:3, 99-130. War and Peace in South Asia: a revisionist view of India-Pakistan relations. Contemporary South Asia (2001), 10:3, pp. 361–379.Language and Federalism: The Multi-ethnic Challenge. International Social Science Journal, No. 167, March 2001, pp. 51–60. The discourse vanishes: revolution and resilience in Indian politics. Contemporary South Asia, 9:3 (November 2000), pp. 355–366.Parties and the People: India 's party system and the resilience of democracy. (Co-author), Democratization VI (1), Spring 1999, pp. 123–154. Effects of Institutional Arrangements on Political Stability in South Asia. Annual Review of Political Science (1999: 2), pp. 405–428. Nehru's Policy towards Kashmir: Bringing politics back in again.Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 35 (2), 1996, pp. 55–74. The rational politics of cultural nationalism: subnational movements of South Asia in comparative perspective. British Journal of Political Science, 25:1 (January 1995), pp. 57–78. The National Front in France: The Emergence of an Extreme Right Protest Movement.(Co-author), Comparative Politics, Vol. 25, No. 1 (October 1992), pp. 63–82. Desecularising the state: religion and politics in India after independence. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 33:4 (October 1991), pp. 755–777.Crisis and resilience in Indian democracy. International Social Science Journal, 129 (August 1991), pp. 555–570. Room to maneuver in the middle: local elites, political action and the state in India. World Politics, 43:3 (April 1991), pp. 490–413. The limits of accommodation: Nehru, religion and the state in India.South Asia Research, 9:2 (November 1989), pp. 107–127. The paradox of power - political science as morality play. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 1988 (November), Vol. 26 (3), pp. 318–337. The National Front in France: A Single-Issue Movement?.West European Politics, 11: 2 (1988), pp. 47–64. India: dynastic rule or the democratisation of power?. Third World Quarterly, 10:1 (January 1988), pp. 129–159. A theory of governmental instability in parliamentary systems. Comparative Political Studies, 13:2 (July 1980), pp.235–263. Ballot box and local power: electoral politics in an Indian village. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 17:3 (November 1979), pp. 283–299. Social Class and Belief System in the Indian Political Elite: An Exploratory Study of the Interactions of Attitudes, Ideology and Party Identification (co-author), Indian Journal of Political Science, 40(1), March 1979. External links
 ResearchGate <mask> K<mask>
 Google Scholar <mask> K. <mask>
 ORCID <mask> K. <mask>
 The Rochester School: The Origins of Positive Political Theory, Annual Review of Political Science, 1999, 2, Ss.269-295

1949 births
Indian political scientists
French political scientists
National University of Singapore faculty
Heidelberg University faculty
Academics of the University of Hull
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Living people
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
University of Rochester alumni
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Utkal University alumni
French people of Indian descent
German people of Indian descent
Bengali Hindus

masks:
Subrata Kumar Mitra
Subrata Mitra
Mitra
Subrata
Mitra
Mitra
Mitra
Mitra
Subrata
Mitra
Subrata
. Mitra
Subrata
Mitra
Subrata
Mitra


title: Évariste Régis Huc

texts:
Évariste <mask>, C.M., also known as the Abbé Huc (1813–1860), was a French Catholic priest, Lazarite missionary, and traveller. He became famous for his accounts of Qing-era China, Mongolia (then known as "Tartary"), and especially the then-almost-unknown Tibet in his book Remembrances of a Journey in Tartary, Tibet, and China. He and his companion Joseph Gabet were the first Europeans who had reached Lhasa since Thomas Manning in 1812. Life

Early life
<mask> was born in Caylus in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, on 1 August 1813. In 1837, at age 24, he entered the Congregation of the Mission (then better known as the "Lazarites") at their priory in Paris. He took holy orders as a priest two years later. In China

Shortly afterwards, he sought the chance to work at the Lazarite mission in China, which had replaced the Jesuits' in 1783.He studied mission work and Chinese at its seminary on Macao under J.G. Perboyre (later martyred and canonized as a saint) for eighteen months. When his Chinese was considered sufficient, he disguised himself for work on the mainland by growing out his hair, cutting it into the obligatory queue, wearing loose Chinese garments, and dyeing his skin to a yellower shade. He took a ship up the Pearl River to Guangzhou ("Canton") and oversaw a mission in the southern provinces for a time. He then traveled north to Beijing ("Peking"), where he improved his Mandarin. In Mongolia
He then settled in the Valley of Black Waters or Heishui,  north of Beijing and just within the borders of Mongolia. There, beyond the Great Wall of China, a large but scattered population of native Christians had taken refuge from the persecutions of the Jiaqing Emperor ("Kia-king") who had added Christianity to China's list of condemned superstitions and cults, threatening missionaries with execution and converts with enslavement to the Muslims of Xinjiang.Huc devoted himself to the study of the dialects and customs of the "Tartars," for whom he translated several religious texts. Mission to Tibet
<mask>'s intention was to travel from China to Lhasa, and from there to India (much as Xuanzang had travelled via Tashkent, Samarkand and Taxila much earlier, in the 7th century). This work prepared him for his journey to Tibet in 1844 at the instigation of the vicar apostolic of Mongolia. By September 1844 he reached Dolon Nor and made arrangements for his journey. Soon after, accompanied by his fellow-Vincentian, Joseph Gabet, and a young Mongour priest who had embraced Christianity, he set out. To escape attention the party assumed the dress of lamas or priests. Crossing the Yellow River, they advanced into the terrible sandy tract known as the Ordos Desert.After suffering dreadfully from want of water and fuel they entered Gansu, having recrossed the flooded Yellow River. Upon entering Kuen-Kiang-Hien both missionaries fell dreadfully ill and had to put the journey on hold to rest and recover. By January 1845 they reached Tang-Kiul on the boundary. Rather than take an independent four months journey to Lhasa, they waited eight months for a Tibetan embassy expected to return from Peking. Under an intelligent teacher they meanwhile studied the Tibetan language and Buddhist literature. During three months of their stay they resided in the ancient Kunbum Lamasery, which was said to accommodate 4,000 persons. In late September 1845 they joined the returning embassy, which comprised 2,000 men and 3,700 animals.Crossing the deserts of Koko Nor (Qinghai), they passed the great Koko Nor lake, with its island of contemplative lamas. The missionaries, along with Evariste, engaged in prolonged and thoughtful conversations and meditations with these lamas, contributing to the entirety of their success in China. Lamas of these sorts possessed unimaginable magic power, and blessed them for the hot, wet journey ahead. After a difficult journey across snow-covered mountains, they entered Lhasa on 29 January 1846. Favourably received by the regent, they opened a little chapel. They had begun to establish their mission when Qishan, the Chinese resident interceded. During the First Opium War (1839–1842) Qishan, then the governor of Zhili Province, had entered into negotiations with Captain Charles Elliot, first at Dagu, then at Canton.His action being disapproved, Qishan had been degraded, sentenced to death, reprieved, then sent to Tibet as imperial commissioner. Sensing the potential trouble if <mask> and Gabet were to reach India from Tibet, Qishan expelled Gabet and Huc from Lhasa on 26 February 1846 under guard. Following an official inquiry into their motives for being in Tibet, they were officially escorted to Canton in October 1846. In Guangzhou
Abbé Gabet returned to Europe in late 1846 in the company of Alexander Johnston, secretary to John Francis Davis, British minister plenipotentiary to China. Davis reported Gabet's exciting information with its strategic significance about Central Asia to Palmerston. Gabet went on to Rio de Janeiro, where he died soon afterwards. <mask> remained at Canton for nearly three years, writing his account of travels in China and Central Asia.His Remembrances of a Journey in Tartary, Tibet, and China, published in Paris in 1850, was well received. In Europe
<mask> returned to Europe in poor health in 1852, but he published a sequel to the Remembrances in 1854 and a large work on the entire history of Christianity in China, which came out in 1857 and 1858. In his last years he took an active role in events in Cochin China. He urged Napoléon III to take action, saying, "The Far East will soon be the theater of great events. If the emperor wills, France will be able to play an important and glorious role there." Napoleon took the first steps to establish a French colonial influence in East Asia. He launched a naval expedition in 1858 to punish the Vietnamese people for their mistreatment of French Catholic missionaries and demanded that the Vietnamese cede the port of Tourane and the island of Poulo-Condor, under an old treaty of 1787, which had never been used.This eventually led to a full-out invasion in 1861. <mask> died in Paris on 31 March 1860. Works
His Remembrances of a Journey in Tartary, Tibet, and China during the Years 1844, 1845, and 1846 () appeared in Paris in 1850. It was soon published in English, in 1851. A German translation appeared in Leipzig in 1855, followed by Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Russian and Czech (Prague, 1887). It was one of the favorite books of the writer Jaroslav Hašek. Popular editions followed, including an illustrated, simplified story text for schoolboys.It was abridged and translated by Julie Bedier as High Road in Tartary (1948). <mask>'s works are written in a lucid, spicy, picturesque style, securing for them an unusual degree of popularity. However, his esteem for Tibetan manners and religion was not welcomed by his Church:  "The late Abbé <mask> pointed out the similarities between the Buddhist and Roman Catholic ceremonials with such a naïveté, that, to his surprise, he found his delightful 'Travels in Thibet' placed on the 'Index'." The Souvenirs is a narrative of a remarkable feat of travel. Huc was unjustly suspected of sensationalizing his travels. Although a careful observer, he was by no means a practical geographer. The record of his travels lacks precise scientific data.The authenticity of <mask>'s journey was questioned by the Russian traveller, Nikolai Przhevalsky, but vindicated by others. Of course, both <mask> and Gabet had written brief reports of their journey from 1847 on for the "Annales de la Propagation de la Foi" and the "Annales de la Congrégation de la Mission". More recently, <mask>'s writings have been criticized for presenting 'facts' negatively because of his heavy western-European/Christian view point. Retrospectively, his writings could be considered in the same category as Truman Capote's "In Cold Blood", aka a nonfiction novel. The sequel, The Chinese Empire (1854) is a more comprehensive compendium of the religion, laws, usages and institutions of China, followed by a multi-volume history of Christianity in China and Central Asia. Huc gives many accounts of Chinese culture, and religion, including Christianity throughout the history of China. He also goes into detail about the three traditional Chinese religions, Daoism, Buddhism and Confucianism.In his attempt to spread Christianity he remarks on the status of women in China. During this time period women were expected to act in certain ways. As a married woman, you were expected to be a shadow of the man in the house. Being in this situation of social bondage inspired many women to convert to Christianity, which provided education and a social community. At this time in China all religions were tolerated but there were three principal religions. Confucianism which is also known as "The Doctrine of the Lettered". Confucius is regarded as the patriarch and reformer of the religion which gives its followers a positive outlook on life.The second religion is known as Taoism or the Primitive religion. Taught by a contemporary of Confucius Lao-tze this religion is similar to Confucianism. The priests and priestesses are sworn to celibacy and practice things such as magic, astrology, and necromancy. The last religion is Buddhism. This religion follows the teachings of the Buddha and ends ones suffering though his understanding of the four noble truths. According to Huc, there is a Chinese law called Ta-tsing Luli. This is divided into seven portions as follows:
General Laws, Civil Laws, Fiscal Laws, Ritual Laws, Military Laws, Criminal Laws, and laws concerning public works.At the time of Huc it was general to regard Asia and China specifically as the classic ground of despotism and slavery, and Chinese people were considered as absolutely submissive to the authorities. However, while travelling through the Empire he came to the conclusion that religion, customs and prejudices opposed invincible obstacles to the free exercise of people's will. As a frequent symbol of Chinese people being opposed to the Government, he mentions principal gates with a large assortment of old boots. They appeared in almost every town of the Empire and were a clear visual sign of public's opinion opposed to Government's. Principal gates were also important monuments to show how many good Mandarins the country actually had despite calumnious reports and injustices experienced by many of them because of the Government's influence. Huc's letters and memoirs of travel appeared in the Annales de la propagation de la foi and Annales de la Congrégation de la Mission, (1847–1850). Collected and annotated edition of 76 letters by Gabet and 98 by Huc in Jacqueline Thevenet, Joseph Gabet, <mask> Huc: Lettres de Chine et d'ailleurs,  1835–1860, Paris, Les Indes Savants (2005)
 Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet, et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845 et 1846, 2 vols., Paris, A. LeClère & Co. (1850); reprint (1992); Édition électronique intégrale du livre du Père Huc sur le site de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (in French) Omnibus (2001) .English translation, W. Hazlitt, Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844–1846, 2 volumes. London, Office of the National Illustrated Library, n. d. (1851), 100 engravings on wood. .  Chicago 1898; reprint (1998) . Authorized English tr. Mrs. Percy Sinnett, A Journey through Tartary, Thibet, and China during the Years 1844, 1845 and 1846, 2 vols., New York, D. Appleton (1852); London, Longmans (1859). .
 English translation, tr. Charles de Salis, Lamas of the Western Heavens. Rugby (U.K.); The Folio Society (1982). Vol 2 of Souvenirs d'un voyage..., with summaries of vol 1, and of L'Empire Chinois.Introduction by John Keay. 46 engravings from the 1851 English edition. .
 L'Empire Chinois 2 vols., Paris (1854); The Chinese Empire, forming a sequel to recollections of a journey through Tartary and Thibet. tr. Mrs. Percy Sinnett. London, Longmans (1855). Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet, 3 vols., London, Longman, etc., (1857—1858). Le Christianisme en Chine, 4 vols., Paris (1857—1858).Huc, Evariste Regis (1855). The Chinese Empire: forming a sequel to the work entitled "Recollections of a journey (Vol. 1) London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes
Huc, Evariste Regis (1855). The Chinese Empire: forming a sequel to the work entitled "Recollections of a journey (Vol.2) London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes
Huc, Evariste Regis (1857–58). Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet (Vol.1) London: Longman, Brown, Green. -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes
Huc, Evariste Regis (1857–58). Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet (Vol. 2) London: Longman, Brown, Green. -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes
Huc, Evariste Regis (1857–58). Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet (Vol. 3) London: Longman, Brown, Green.-University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Jacqueline Thevenet, Le Lama du Ciel d'Occident Paris, Payot (2004)
 Jean Guillemot, "From Peking to Lhassa, an Extraordinary Adventure", Futura-Sciences (1/3/2006) - in French
 C.-H. Desgodins, La Mission du Tibet, de 1855 à 1870, comprenant l'exposé des Affaires religieuses et divers documents sur ce pays, d'après les lettres de l'abbé [Auguste] Desgodins, Verdun, Ch. Laurent (1872)
 H. Trotter, "Account of the Pundit's [Nain Singh's] Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of His Return to India via Assam: Abridgement", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1876–1877), pp. 325–350. Thomas Hungerford Holdich, Tibet, the Mysterious, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co. (1906) - Google Books
 Leys, Simon. "Peregrinations and Perplexities of Père Huc."The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics, 47–94. New York: Holt, 1986. External links
 The missionaries - Martyn, <mask>, Livingstone, Selwyn - Once a Week (magazine)

1813 births
1860 deaths
People from Tarn-et-Garonne
Vincentians
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Christian missionaries in Central Asia
Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet
Roman Catholic missionaries in Mongolia
Explorers of Asia

masks:
Régis Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Huc
Évariste
Huc


title: Robert Peter Gale

texts:
<mask> (born October 11, 1945) is an American physician and medical researcher. He is known for research in leukemia and other bone marrow disorders (such as aplastic anemia). Education
<mask> received his A.B. degree with honors in biology and chemistry from Hobart College in 1966 and his M.D. degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1970 (with Evan Caukins, Robin Bannerman and John Edwards). His postgraduate medical training (internal medicine, hematology and oncology) was at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) from 1970 to 1973. In 1976 he received a Ph.D. in microbiology and immunology from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) following doctoral work focusing on cancer immunology (with John Fahey).His postdoctoral studies at UCLA were funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Leukemia Society of America, where he was the Bogart Fellow and Scholar. Career
From 1973 to 1993, <mask> was on the faculty of the UCLA School of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, where he focused on the molecular biology, immunology and treatment of leukemia. He also developed the bone marrow transplant program supported by the NIH. At UCLA, he was active in the Department of Psychology, where he and his colleagues studied interactions among stress, immunity and cancer. From 1980 to 1997, <mask> was Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), an organization of more than 400 transplant centers in over 60 countries worldwide working together to analyze and advance knowledge about blood cell and bone marrow transplants. From 1989 to 2003 <mask> chaired the Scientific Advisory Board of the Center for Advanced Studies in Leukemia, a charity funding innovation leukemia research. From 1986 to 1993, <mask> was President of the Armand Hammer Center for Advanced Studies in Nuclear Energy and Health, a foundation supporting research on medical aspects of nuclear issues.From 1985 to 1990 he was the Wald Scholar in Biomedical Communications at UCLA. During this time he volunteered his expertise in bone marrow transplants to the USSR, for the victims of radiation poisoning incurred during the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. He aided Dr. Alexander Buranov and Dr. Angelina Guskova at Moscow's Hospital #6, a state hospital specializing in treating radiation sickness. From 1993 to 1999, <mask> was Senior Physician and Corporate Director of Bone Marrow and Blood Cell Transplantation at Salick Health Care (SHC), Inc. in Los Angeles (now Aptium Oncology), a subsidiary of AstraZeneca. <mask> was also responsible for developing cancer treatment guidelines (in collaboration with colleagues at RAND and Value Health Sciences) and for studying medical aspects of managed cancer care. From 2000 to 2004 he was Senior Vice President for Medical Affairs at Antigenics Inc., in New York where he was responsible for design, implementation and analysis of clinical trials of cancer vaccines. He was also Senior Medical Consultant to Oxford Health Plans in areas of advanced medical technologies.From 2004 to 2007, <mask> was Senior Vice President of Research for ZIOPHARM Oncology in Boston, Massachusetts and New York, New York, which he helped co-found. His focus was on developing and testing new cancer therapies. His activities included development and execution of clinical trials in blood and bone marrow cancers, transplantation and immune disorders. Since 2005 <mask> has been a Visiting Professor of Haematology in the Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London assigned to Hammersmith Hospital. He is an editor, co-editor and reviewer of many scientific journals in hematology, oncology, immunology, transplantation and internal medicine. <mask> is regarded as a world expert on the medical response to nuclear and radiation accidents and has participated in rescue efforts at Chernobyl, Goiânia, Tokaimura, Fukushima and others. In 2012, after extensive analysis of the Japanese data, he said that "the increased risk of cancer incidence [from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster] would be only 0.002 percent for a member of the Japanese public".Bone marrow transplantation
<mask> has contributed to basic science and clinical research in bone marrow transplantation where he made contributions to understanding the immune-mediated anti-leukemia effects of transplants (graft-versus-leukemia). He has also advanced understanding of other complex immune effects of transplants in humans, like graft-versus-host disease and post-transplant immune deficiency. He has worked on alternate sources of hematopoietic stem cells including fetal liver transplants. Humanitarian activities
In 1986, he was asked by the government of the Soviet Union to coordinate medical relief efforts for victims of the Chernobyl disaster. In 1987, he was asked by the government of Brazil to coordinate medical relief efforts for the Goiânia accident. In 1988, he was part of the U.S. medical emergency team sent in the aftermath of the earthquake in Armenia. In 1999 he was asked by the government of Japan to help treat victims of the Tokaimura nuclear accident.In 2011 <mask> was called to Japan to deal with medical consequences of the Fukushima nuclear power station accident. He met with members of the Prime Minister's office on several occasions and has addressed the Diet on three occasions. <mask> has also been a neutral war observer for the governments of Croatia and Armenia and a medical consultant to the government of Tatarstan. <mask> has received several awards for his humanitarian activities including the Olender Peace Prize, City of Los Angeles Humanitarian Award and Myasthenia Gravis Foundation Humanitarian Award. Publications
<mask> has published over 1150 scientific articles and more than 20 books, mostly on leukemia (biology and treatment), transplantation (biology, immunology and treatment), cancer immunology, and radiation health effects and accident response. He has written on medical topics, nuclear energy and weapons and politics of US-Soviet relations in articles for The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, USA Today and Wall Street Journal. In addition to his academic publications, <mask> has written popular books on the Chernobyl accident and US nuclear energy policy.He has written parts of screenplays for, and appeared in, several movies including Chernobyl: The Final Warning (with Jon Voight), Fat Man and Little Boy (with Paul Newman), and City of Joy (with Patrick Swazye). His latest book, Radiation: What it is, What you need to know, with Eric Lax, was published in February 2013. Awards
Awards for his scientific achievements include the Presidential Award, New York Academy of Sciences, Scientist of Distinction Award, Weizmann Institute of Science, Distinguished Alumni Award from Hobart College and Intra-Science Research Foundation Award. He holds honorary degrees including D.Sc. from Albany Medical College, D.Sc from the State University of New York Buffalo, L.H.D. from Hobart College and D.P.S from MacMurray College. In 2018 he was accepted as a fellow in the Royal College of Physicians.He received an Emmy award for his work on a 60 Minutes special report about Chernobyl. Personal life
<mask> lives in Los Angeles, New York City and Big Sky, MT with his wife Laura. References

American oncologists
American hematologists
American medical researchers
Radiation health effects researchers
People associated with the Chernobyl disaster

Emmy Award winners
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
1945 births
Living people
Academics of Imperial College London

masks:
Robert Peter Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale
Gale


title: Sebastian Franck

texts:
<mask> (20 January 1499 Donauwörth, Swabia – c. 1543 Basel, Switzerland) was a 16th-century German freethinker, humanist, and radical reformer. Biography
<mask> was born in 1499 in Donauwörth, Swabia. Because of this he styled himself <mask>rd. He entered the University of Ingolstadt on 26 March 1515, and afterwards went to Bethlehem College, incorporated with the university, as an institution of the Dominicans at Heidelberg. Here he met Martin Bucer and Martin Frecht, with whom he might have attended Luther's Heidelberg disputation in October 1518. Originally ordained as a priest, in 1525 <mask> went over to the Reformed party at Nuremberg and became preacher at Gustenfelden. His first work was a German translation (with additions) of the first part of the Diallage (or Conciliatio locorum Scripturae), directed against Sacramentarians and Anabaptists by Andrew Althamer, then deacon of St. Sebald at Nuremberg.On 17 March 1528 he married Ottilie Beham, supposedly the sister of the "godless" painters, Bartholomew and Sebald Beham, pupils of Albrecht Dürer and followers of Hans Denck. In the same year he wrote a treatise against drunkenness. In 1529 he produced a free version of the Supplycacyon of the Beggers, written by the English Protestant Simon Fish. <mask>, in his preface, says the original was in English; elsewhere he says it was in Latin; the theory that his German was really the original is not warranted. Advance in his religious ideas led him to seek the freer atmosphere of Strasbourg in the autumn of 1529. To his translation (1530) of a Latin Chronicle and Description of Turkey (Turkenchronik), by a Transylvanian captive, which had been prefaced by Luther, he added an appendix holding up the Turk as in many respects an example to Christians. He also substituted, in lieu of the restrictions of Lutheran, Zwinglian and Anabaptist sects, the vision of an invisible spiritual church, universal in its scope.To this ideal he remained faithful. At Strassburg began his friendship with Kaspar Schwenkfeld. Here he also published, in 1531, his most important work, the Chronica, Zeitbuch und Geschichtsbibel, largely a compilation on the basis of the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493), and in its treatment of social and religious questions connected with the Reformation. In it he exhibited a strong sympathy with "heretics" and fairness to all kinds of freedom in opinion. As a German historian, he is a forerunner of Gottfried Arnold. Driven from Strassburg by the authorities, after a short imprisonment in December 1531, he tried to make a living in 1532 as a soapboiler at Esslingen, removing in 1533 for a better market to Ulm, where on 28 October 1534 he was admitted as a burgess. His Weltbuch, a supplement to his Chronica, was printed at Tübingen in 1534.His publication, in the same year, of the Paradoxa brought him into trouble with the authorities. An order for his banishment was withdrawn on his promise to submit future works for censure. Not interpreting this as applying to works printed outside Ulm, he published in 1538 at Augsburg his Guldin Arch and at Frankfort his Germaniae chronicon, with the result that he had to leave Ulm in January 1539. He seems to have had no settled abode from that time. At Basel he found work as a printer, and it was probably there that he died in the winter of 1542–1543. He had published in 1539 his Kriegbuchlein des Friedens, his Schrifftliche und ganz grundliche Auslegung des 64 Psalms, and his Das verbutschierte mit sieben Siegein verschlossene Buch (a biblical index, exhibiting the dissonance of Scripture). In 1541 he published his Spruchwörter (a collection of proverbs).In 1542 he issued a new edition of his Paradoxa and some smaller works. Franck combined the humanist's passion for freedom with the mystic's devotion to the religion of the spirit. Luther contemptuously dismissed him as a mouthpiece of the devil. Martin Frecht of Nuremberg pursued him with bitter zeal. But his courage did not fail him, and in his last year, in a public Latin letter, he exhorted his friend Johann Campanus to maintain freedom of thought in face of the charge of heresy. <mask> came to believe that God communicates with individuals through a portion of the divine remaining in each human being. He came to dismiss the human institution of the church, and believed that theology could not properly claim to give expression to this inner word of God in the heart of the believer.

masks:
Sebastian Franck
Franck
Franck von Wö
Franck
Franck
Franck


title: Joe Straus

texts:
<mask> (born September 1, 1959) is an American politician who served as the Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives from 2009 to 2019. A Republican, he represented District 121, which comprises northeastern Bexar County, including part of San Antonio, Texas, and several surrounding communities from his first election to the House in 2005 until his retirement in 2019. He chose not to seek re-election to the state House in 2018. During his career in the state House, Straus was a moderate, "business-friendly, country club Republican" who sometimes clashed with the party's social conservative wing. Toward the end of his five terms as speaker, Straus faced opposition from more conservative factions within the Texas Republican Party, led by Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, who regarded Straus as insufficiently conservative, and another conservative group that spent millions of dollars in attempts to defeat Straus and allied state legislators in Republican primary elections. Straus' political career began as a follower of senator John Tower, who was known in part for his opposition towards the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Early life, education, and business career
His mother, <mask>, was a Republican Party fund-raiser and close friend of President George H.W.Bush and his wife, Barbara, during Bush's two U.S. Senate races and his bids for the White House. <mask> is a San Antonio native and a fifth-generation Texan. A graduate of Vanderbilt University, he has an insurance, investment, and executive benefit practice. He was former spokesman for the Retama Development Corporation, a development company that built the Retama Racetrack in San Antonio, which was for betting on horse racing. Political activity before Texas House
<mask> has previously served on the Management Committee of the Bexar County Republican Party, as a precinct chairman, and on numerous campaign committees for federal, state, and local candidates. From 1989 through 1991, he served in the administration of President George H. W. Bush as deputy director of Business Liaison at the U.S. Department of Commerce and, earlier under President Ronald Reagan, as Executive Assistant to the Commissioner of Customs. In 1986, he was Campaign Manager in U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith's first race for Congress.Texas House of Representatives

Elections to the Texas House

2005
Straus joined the House after winning a special election to replace District 121 state Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones in 2005. 2012
<mask> was renominated to the Texas House in the Republican primary held on May 29, 2012. With 10,362 votes (62.9 percent), he defeated opponent Matt Stewart Beebe (born 1973), who polled 6,108 ballots (37.1 percent). In the November 6 general election, <mask> faced no Democratic opponent and defeated the Libertarian nominee, Arthur M. Thomas, IV, 50,530 (80.2 percent) to 12,444 (19.8 percent). 2014
<mask> was again renominated to the Texas House in the Republican primary held on March 4, 2014. He received 9,224 votes (61.2 percent) to 5,842 (38.8 percent) for Matt Beebe, who again challenged the Speaker. 2016
Two Tea Party movement candidates, Shelia Vernette Bean and former Olmos Park City Council member Jeff M. Judson, challenged Straus in the primary election on March 1, 2016.<mask> raised $8 million for his 2016 primary contest with Bean and Judson. Judson, meanwhile, received a $50,000 contribution from a pastor and fracking entrepreneur, Farris Wilks of Cisco in Eastland County. Earlier, Wilks and his younger brother, Dan Wilks, contributed $15 million to a super political action committee supporting Ted Cruz for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination. Bean and Judson criticized Straus as having been insufficient aggressive in promoting anti-sanctuary cities legislation, abortion restrictions and school vouchers. Judson also challenged Straus on property taxes in Texas, although Texas property taxes are set by municipal officials, not state officials such as Straus, and although Texas has no state income taxes. In a campaign email, Judson invoked blamed a 2015 murder by a Mexican illegal immigrant on Straus; the email was criticized by Susan Pamerleau, who defended Straus, said that Judson's "use of a grieving father to accuse <mask>us of a horrific murder committed by a career criminal is deplorable and irresponsible"; and said that "No one has done more to secure the border than" Straus. Straus said that his record includes improvements in the water infrastructure, transportation, and public and higher education.Straus was endorsed by the San Antonio Express-News, which hailed him as a "decent, effective leader [who] has focused on solving major problems that face the state, such as ... transportation and water" and noted that he successfully pushed to passage "conservative issues "on many fronts", including tough abortion restrictions, the defunding of Planned Parenthood, and the state's voter identification law. <mask>'s San Antonio colleague, Republican Lyle Larson, in a campaign letter to the San Antonio Express-News, praised the Speaker as "not flashy, nor is he politically motivated. He's just interested in getting the job done. ... [He] has led the Texas House in passing some of the most conservative and constructive legislation in Texas history ..." John Shields, a Republican former state representative and former member of the Texas State Board of Education, supported Judson. <mask> easily won the primary, receiving 15,737 votes (60.2 percent). Judson trailed with 7,434 votes (28.5 percent), and Bean drew 2,956 (11.3 percent). <mask> then ran unopposed in the November 8 general election.The San Antonio Express-News called <mask>' victory a "big win" and a "big repudiation" to conservatives who had tried unsuccessfully to pin a liberal label on Straus in hopes of defeating him for his legislative seat and thereby removing him as the Speaker. The newspaper said Straus "treats everyone fairly, and that approach should be commended instead of condemned." Speakership

Challenge to Tom Craddick
<mask> became speaker in 2009, after a revolt initiated on New Year's Day by eleven House Republican members against Speaker Tom Craddick of Midland, the senior Republican in the Texas House. The anti-Craddick group of eleven Republicans (known as "Anybody but Craddick" or "ABCs") joined with all state House Democrats to oppose Craddick; in multiple rounds of balloting, the ABCs selected Straus as their challenger to unseat Craddick, and eventually obtained the necessary votes to oust him. After becoming speaker, Straus appointed 18 Republicans and 16 Democrats to committee chairmanships, which reflected the 76-74 makeup of the House. Republicans continued to chair major committees including Appropriations, Calendars, Public Education and State Affairs. Tenure as speaker
<mask> ran without opposition as Speaker on January 13, 2009.He was reelected to a fourth two-year term as Speaker six years later on January 13, 2015, in the first recorded vote for Speaker in forty years. In January 2013, <mask> faced intraparty conservative opposition for a third term as Speaker from Representative David Simpson of Longview. Simpson entered the race for Speaker in December 2012, after <mask>' previous opponent, conservative Bryan Hughes of Mineola, withdrew from the contest after nearly six months of seeking commitments from colleagues. However, Simpson withdrew before the balloting for Speaker began, and <mask> was reelected without opposition on January 8, 2013. Rep. Todd Ames Hunter, a Republican from Corpus Christi, pointed to Straus' even-handed approach to leadership as the reason for his success in keeping the gavel. "The Speaker is exceptional in working with members, said Hunter, an ally of the speaker. "What you've seen within the last week is he has a strong, diverse support base."In January 2015, <mask> was challenged again as Speaker by Representative Scott Turner, an African American from Frisco. It was the first recorded Texas Speaker vote since 1976. Late in the campaign, the Houston Chronicle reported that Turner tried to attract the support of Democrats in order to save his campaign, but the Democrats and the overwhelming majority of Republicans stuck with Straus. Despite considerable attention from Tea Party movement groups and the media, Turner received only 19 votes to <mask>' 128. As Speaker, Straus put an emphasis on bipartisan cooperation, compromise, and on issues such as budget transparency, education, higher education, water and transportation. The state has invested more money in building up emerging universities, such as the University of Texas at San Antonio and the University of Houston. With a state budget shortfall looming in 2010 and many beginning to call for higher taxes, <mask> publicly called on the House to balance its budget without a tax increase, and the House followed his lead.Straus has led the effort to make the state budget more transparent. In July 2012, he called on the House Appropriations Committee to begin reducing the amount of money that had collected in General Revenue-Dedicated balances – an accounting technique that legislators and governors increasingly used over 20 years to get the budget certified. In the 2013 legislative session, the Legislature reduced the amount of money sitting in those accounts by $1 billion. Early in the 2015 session, House leaders pledged to reduce those amounts even further. Perhaps <mask>' greatest accomplishment was leading the House, along with Chairman Allan Ritter, to make a historic investment in the state's water needs in 2013. The legislature approved, and then-Governor Rick Perry signed, legislation that created a revolving loan fund to pay for water supply and conservation projects around the state. The plan aimed to provide start-up money to communities that often struggled to get it for needed water projects.Straus led the public campaign to approve funding for the water plan, which 73 percent of Texas voters supported in November 2013. Straus announced his opposition to President Donald Trump's travel ban against seven predominantly Muslim nations, saying "I am concerned about sending the incorrect message that we are at war with any religion." Joining Straus in this position was another Texas Republican, U.S. Representative Will Hurd of Texas' 23rd congressional district. Straus has declined to support the anti-transgender bathroom bill (SB 6), which was introduced by Republican state Senator Lois Kolkhorst of Brenham and  endorsed by Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. Straus said the measure was not a priority for him. Straus's decision not to support the bill was attacked by Jared Woodfill, the former Harris County Republican chairman and editor-in-chief of the newsletter of the group Conservative Republicans of Texas, and associated activists. They criticized Straus for not moving the bill forward, and called upon Christian right candidates to launch Republican primary election challenges against Republican state legislators who did not support it.The bill was raised again in July 2017, after Republican Governor Abbott called a special legislative session. In July 2017, the Bexar County Republican Executive Committee passed a "no confidence" resolution calling upon Straus to step down as speaker for blocking the consideration of conservative bills pending in the upcoming special session, including the lingering bathroom bill. Straus said that he supported decisions being made at the local level, rather than the imposition of top-down guidelines from the state, and on August 15, 2017, Straus adjourned a special session of the Texas House early, without permitting a vote on the bill restricting transgender bathroom access, leading Patrick to attack Straus. Straus's position was supported by columnist Josh Brodesky of the San Antonio Express-News, Straus's hometown newspaper and by a group of San Antonio businesspeople, who urged Straus in a letter, to continue to block passage of the bathroom bill, writing that it "diverts much needed attention from what really matters." Patrick also opposed a school finance bill supported by Straus, fearing that the costs could lead to a state income tax to meet the extra obligations. Patrick's plan called for pay hikes for educators and retirees and relief to the more prosperous school districts which must send some local funds to Austin to help pay for the overall public education system. In October 2017, Straus announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018.<mask> has received numerous awards and accolades. In 2013, Texas Monthly named him one of the "Ten Best Legislators". And in endorsing him for re-election in 2014, the San Antonio Express-News wrote, "Under <mask>' leadership, the House has produced conservative budgets and a broad conservative agenda. <mask> has done an admirable job managing the House since 2009, and he provides crucial leadership on important San Antonio issues. His constituents benefit significantly by having the speaker represent their district." In October 2017, <mask> announced that he would not run for re-election. The New York Times described Straus as a pragmatist.He "delivered a plea that Republicans 'appeal to our diverse population with an optimistic vision'" when he announced he would not be running again. Shortly after the 2018 midterm elections, Straus criticized Texas lieutenant governor Dan Patrick and other Republicans for adopting positions too far to the right, though Patrick responded by questioning Straus's status as a conservative and a Republican. Straus was Texas' first Jewish Speaker. In 2010, e-mails circulated among members of the Texas State Republican Executive Committee calling for Straus to be replaced by a "Christian conservative" as Speaker, on the grounds that "we elected a house with Christian, conservative values. We now want a true Christian, conservative running it." <mask>'s opponents for the Speakership, Ken Paxton (later the Attorney General of Texas) and Warren Chisum, are Christians; both condemned the comments. John Cook, author of some of the e-mails, said that, "When I got involved in politics, I told people I wanted to put Christian conservatives in leadership positions" but denied allegations of antisemitism.After leaving the state House
In mid-2019, Straus established a new political action committee, Texas Forever Forward, saying it would "promote a thoughtful, conservative approach to governing"; Straus is chairman of the PAC, and Wallace B. Jefferson, a former chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court, is the treasurer. In 2020, Straus wrote an op-ed for the San Antonio Express-News expressing support for Medicaid expansion, writing that this would bolster the economy and businesses. During the 2020 presidential election, Straus was one of a number of Republicans to oppose a lawsuit by conservative activists  seeking to invalidate 127,000 votes cast in Harris County, Texas (the state's most populous county) through drive-through sites established by local elections officials amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Straus jointed with prominent Texas Republican elections lawyer Ben Ginsberg to file an amicus brief opposing the plaintiffs' claims; in a statement, Straus called the effort to invalidate votes "patently wrong" and that "the Republican Party needs to return to a place where we win with ideas and persuasion rather than trying to intimidate and silence our fellow citizens." References

External links

 Speaker of the House <mask>us official Texas House of Representatives site

|-

1959 births
21st-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Texas
Jewish American state legislators in Texas
Living people
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Politicians from San Antonio
Speakers of the Texas House of Representatives
Texas Republicans
Vanderbilt University alumni

masks:
Joseph Richard Straus III
Jocelyn Levi Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Joe Stra
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Straus
Joe Stra


title: Kitty Carlisle

texts:
<mask> (born Catherine Conn; September 3, 1910 – April 17, 2007) was an American actress, singer, and spokeswoman for the arts. She is best remembered as a regular panelist on the television game show To Tell the Truth. She served 20 years on the New York State Council on the Arts. In 1991, she received the National Medal of Arts from President George H. W. Bush. She was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1999. Early life
<mask> was born as Catherine Conn (pronounced Cohen) in New Orleans, Louisiana, of German-Jewish heritage. Her grandfather, Ben Holzman, was the mayor of Shreveport, Louisiana, and a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War.He had been a gunner on the CSS Virginia, the Confederate ironclad warship that fought the USS Monitor at the Battle of Hampton Roads. Her father, Joseph Conn, MD, was a gynecologist who died when she was ten years old. Her mother, Hortense Holzman Conn, was eager for her daughter to be accepted by local society. A taxi driver once asked if her daughter was Jewish, and she answered, "She may be, but I'm not." <mask>'s mother took her to Europe in 1921, where she hoped <mask> would marry European royalty, believing that nobility were more likely to marry a Jewish girl. The two traveled around Europe and often lived in what <mask> recalled as "the worst room of the best hotel". <mask> was educated at the  in Lausanne,  Switzerland, then at the Sorbonne and the London School of Economics.She studied acting in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City. Career

Acting
After returning to New York in 1932 with her mother, she appeared, billed as <mask>, on Broadway in several operettas and musical comedies, and in the American premiere of Benjamin Britten's The Rape of Lucretia. She also sang the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen in Salt Lake City. She privately studied voice with Juilliard teacher Anna E. Schoen-Rene, who had been a student of Pauline Viardot-Garcia and Manuel Garcia. <mask>'s early movies included Murder at the Vanities (1934), A Night at the Opera (1935) with the Marx Brothers, and two films with Bing Crosby, She Loves Me Not (1934) and Here Is My Heart (1934). <mask> resumed her film career later in life, appearing in Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987) and in Six Degrees of Separation (1993), as well as on stage in a revival of On Your Toes, replacing Dina Merrill.Her last movie appearance was in Catch Me If You Can (2002) in which she played herself in a dramatization of a 1970s To Tell the Truth episode. For her contributions to the film industry, <mask> was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6611 Hollywood Boulevard. Television
In the early 1950s, <mask> was an occasional panelist on the NBC game show, Who Said That?, in which celebrities tried to determine the speaker of quotations taken from recent news reports. <mask> became a household name through To Tell the Truth, where she was a regular panelist from 1956 to 1978, and later appeared on revivals of the series in 1980, 1990–91 and one episode in 2000. (One of her most notable hallmarks was her writing of the number one: When she voted
for the member of the team of challengers who occupied the number one seat, it was written with a Roman numeral I.) She was also a semi-regular panelist on Password, Match Game, Missing Links, and What's My Line? Opera
On December 31, 1966, <mask> made her debut with the Metropolitan Opera, as Prince Orlofsky in Strauss's Die Fledermaus.She sang the role 10 more times that season, then returned in 1973 for four more performances. Her final performance with the company was on July 7, 1973. She reprised this role during the Beverly Sills Farewell Gala in October 1980. Personal life
<mask> dated George Gershwin in 1933 "until George went to California". On August 10, 1946, she married playwright and theatrical producer Moss Hart, whom she met at the Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania. They had two children. Hart died on December 20, 1961, at their home in Palm Springs, California.She never remarried, although she briefly dated former governor and presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey after the death of his wife. During the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> was the partner of diplomatic historian Ivo John Lederer, a relationship that lasted 16 years until Lederer's death in 1998. In her later years, she kept company with financier and art collector Roy Neuberger. <mask> was known for her gracious manner and personal elegance, and she became prominent in New York City social circles as she crusaded for financial support of the arts. She was appointed to various statewide councils, and was chairman of the New York State Council on the Arts from 1976 to 1996. One of the two state theaters housed at The Egg performing arts venue in Albany is named the <mask> Carlisle Hart Theatre in her honor. She also served on the boards of various New York City cultural institutions and made an appearance at the annual CIBC World Markets Miracle Day, a children's charity event.She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997. She also widely performed her one-woman show in which she told anecdotes about the many great men in American musical theater history whom she had known, notably George Gershwin (who had proposed marriage), Irving Berlin, Kurt Weill, Oscar Hammerstein, Alan Jay Lerner, and Frederick Loewe, interspersed with a few of the songs that made each of them famous. Historic preservation
<mask> was a longtime champion of Historic Preservation in New York City and State. While chair of the New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA) from 1976 to 1996, Mrs. Hart directed many millions of dollars in support to preservation projects from the Niagara Frontier to Staten Island, in an effort to keep historic preservation as a core program of the New York State Council on the Arts, the only arts council in America that provides such funding. In 1980, she was crowned Queen of the Beaux Arts Ball, an annual event run by the Beaux Arts Society (American comedian Paul Lynde was crowned King the same year). In recognition of this legacy, the Historic Districts Council bestowed its Landmarks Lion award upon her in 2003. Death
<mask> died on April 17, 2007, from congestive heart failure resulting from a prolonged bout of pneumonia.She had been in and out of the hospital since she contracted pneumonia some time prior to November 2006. She died in her Upper East Side, Manhattan apartment, with her son, Christopher Hart, at her bedside. She was interred in a crypt next to her husband, Moss Hart, at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Theatre credits
 Champagne, Sec (1933)
 White Horse Inn (1936)
 French Without Tears (1936)
 Three Waltzes (1937)
 Night of January 16th (1938)
 Walk With Music (1940)
Larceny with Music (1943)
 The Merry Widow  (1943)
 Design for Living (1943)
 There's Always Juliet (1944)
 The Rape of Lucretia (1948)
 The Man Who Came to Dinner (1949)
 Anniversary Waltz (1954)
 Die Fledermaus (1967)
 You Never Know (1975)
 On Your Toes (1983)
 Wit & Wisdom (2003)

Filmography
 Murder at the Vanities (1934)
 She Loves Me Not  (1934)
 Here Is My Heart (1934)
 A Night at the Opera (1935)
 Larceny with Music (1943)
 Hollywood Canteen (1944)
 Radio Days (1987)
 Six Degrees of Separation (1993)
 Catch Me If You Can (2002; cameo)

Television
 What's My Line? – Guest panelist on both the CBS and the syndicated versions
 To Tell the Truth – Panelist (1956–68, 1969–78, 1980–81, 1990–91, 2000)
 The Movie Masters – Panelist (1989–90)
 Kojak (1 episode, 1990)
 "Beyond Vaudeville" – Interview (January 27, 1993)

Cultural activities
 Vice Chair of the New York State Council of the Arts 1971–1976
 Chair of the New York State Council of the Arts – 1976 – c. 1996
 Chair Emeritus of the New York State Council of the Arts
 Board member of Empire State College
 Honorary trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Honorary trustee of the Museum of Modern Art
 Board member Emeritus in Memoriam of The Center for Arts Education
 Chair of the New York Statewide Conference of Women
 Special consultant to Governor Nelson Rockefeller on Women's Opportunities. Honorary Life Director of the Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt Institute (FERI)
 Life Member of the Beaux Arts Society, Inc. (1980–2007)
 Keynote speaker at the San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI) graduation ceremony, 1999
 Member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1977 to 1983

Bibliography

References

External links

 Kitty Carlisle at Internet Off-Broadway Database

 Moss Hart and Kitty Carlisle Hart Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
 New York Times article on Kitty Carlisle Hart at 95
 MetOpera database
 Photographs

1910 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American women opera singers
Actresses from Palm Springs, California
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
American film actresses
American opera singers
American socialites
Television personalities from California
American women television personalities
Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery
Classical musicians from California
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Jewish American actresses
Musicians from New Orleans
Musicians from Palm Springs, California
People from the Upper East Side
Singers from California
Singers from Louisiana
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American women

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title: Francis Collins

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<mask>  (born April 14, 1950) is an American physician-geneticist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project. He is the former director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Before being appointed director of the NIH, <mask> led the Human Genome Project and other genomics research initiatives as director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH. Before joining NHGRI, he earned a reputation as a gene hunter at the University of Michigan. He has been elected to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences, and has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science. <mask> also has written a number of books on science, medicine, and religion, including the New York Times bestseller, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief. After leaving the directorship of NHGRI and before becoming director of the NIH, he founded and served as president of The BioLogos Foundation, which promotes discourse on the relationship between science and religion and advocates the perspective that belief in Christianity can be reconciled with acceptance of evolution and science, especially through the idea that the Creator brought about his plan through the processes of evolution.In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. On October 5, 2021, <mask> announced that he would resign as NIH director by the end of the year. Early years
<mask> was born in Staunton, Virginia, the youngest of four sons of <mask> and Margaret James <mask>. Raised on a small farm in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, <mask> was home schooled  until the sixth grade. He attended Robert E. Lee High School in Staunton, Virginia. Through most of his high school and college years he aspired to be a chemist, and he had little interest in what he then considered the "messy" field of biology. What he referred to as his "formative education" was received at the University of Virginia, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry in 1970.He went on to graduate as a Doctor of Philosophy in physical chemistry at Yale University in 1974. While at Yale, a course in biochemistry sparked his interest in the subject. After consulting with his mentor from the University of Virginia, Carl Trindle, he changed fields and enrolled in medical school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, earning a Doctor of Medicine degree there in 1977. From 1978 to 1981, <mask> served a residency and chief residency in internal medicine at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. He then returned to Yale, where he was a Fellow in Human Genetics at the medical school from 1981 to 1984. Genetics research
At Yale, <mask> worked under the direction of Sherman Weissman, and in 1984 the two published a paper, "Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method". The method described was named chromosome jumping, to emphasize the contrast with an older and much more time-consuming method of copying DNA fragments called chromosome walking.<mask> joined the University of Michigan faculty in 1984, rising to the rank of professor in internal medicine and human genetics. His gene-hunting approach, which he named "positional cloning", developed into a powerful component of modern molecular genetics. Several scientific teams worked in the 1970s and 1980s to identify genes and their loci as a cause of cystic fibrosis. Progress was modest until 1985, when Lap-Chee Tsui and colleagues at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children identified the locus for the gene. It was then determined that a shortcut was needed to speed the process of identification, so Tsui contacted <mask>, who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June 1989, and the results were published in the journal Science on September 8, 1989. This identification was followed by other genetic discoveries made by <mask> and a variety of collaborators.They included isolation of the genes for Huntington's disease, neurofibromatosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, inv(16) AML and Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. Genomics
In 1993 National Institutes of Health Director Bernadine Healy appointed <mask> to succeed James D. Watson as director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, which became National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1997. As director he oversaw the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, which was the group that successfully carried out the Human Genome Project. In 1994 <mask> founded NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research, a collection of investigator-directed laboratories that conduct genome research on the NIH campus. In June 2000 <mask> was joined by President Bill Clinton and biologist Craig Venter in making the announcement of a working draft of the human genome. He stated that "It is humbling for me, and awe-inspiring to realize that we have caught the first glimpse of our own instruction book, previously known only to God." An initial analysis was published in February 2001, and scientists worked toward finishing the reference version of the human genome sequence by 2003, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of James D. Watson and <mask>'s publication of the structure of DNA.Another major activity at NHGRI during his tenure as director was the creation of the haplotype map of the human genome. This International HapMap Project produced a catalog of human genetic variations—called single-nucleotide polymorphisms—which is now being used to discover variants correlated with disease risk. Among the labs engaged in that effort is <mask>' own lab at NHGRI, which has sought to identify and understand the genetic variations that influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In addition to his basic genetic research and scientific leadership, <mask> is known for his close attention to ethical and legal issues in genetics. He has been a strong advocate for protecting the privacy of genetic information and has served as a national leader in securing the passage of the federal Genetic Information and Nondiscrimination Act, which prohibits gene-based discrimination in employment and health insurance. In 2013, spurred by concerns over the publication of the genome of the widely used HeLa cell line derived from the late Henrietta Lacks, <mask> and other NIH leaders worked with the Lacks family to reach an agreement to protect their privacy, while giving researchers controlled access to the genomic data. Building on his own experiences as a physician volunteer in a rural missionary hospital in Nigeria, <mask> is also very interested in opening avenues for genome research to benefit the health of people living in developing nations.For example, in 2010, he helped establish an initiative called Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) to advance African capacity and expertise in genomic science. <mask> announced his resignation as NHGRI director on May 28, 2008, but has continued to lead an active lab there with a research focus on progeria and type 2 diabetes. NIH director

Nomination and confirmation

On July 8, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated <mask> as director of the National Institutes of Health, and the Senate unanimously confirmed him for the post. He was sworn in by Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius on August 17, 2009. Science writer Jocelyn Kaiser opined that <mask> was "known as a skilled administrator and excellent communicator," that Obama's nomination "did not come as a big surprise" and that the appointment "ignited a volley of flattering remarks from researchers and biomedical groups." Yet, she wrote, <mask> "does have his critics," some of them who were concerned with the new director's "outspoken Christian faith." Washington Post staffer David Brown wrote, however, that <mask>' status as a "born-again Christian .. . may help him build bridges with those who view some gene-based research as a potential threat to religious values." <mask>' appointment was welcomed by the chief executive officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and by Bernadine Healy, the former head of the National Institutes of Health. In October 2009, shortly after his appointment as NIH director, <mask> stated in an interview in The New York Times: "I have made it clear that I have no religious agenda for the N.I.H., and I think the vast majority of scientists have been reassured by that and have moved on." On October 1, 2009, in the second of his four appearances on The Colbert Report, <mask> discussed his leadership at the NIH and other topics such as personalized medicine and stem cell research. And, in November 2011, <mask> was included on The New Republic's list of Washington's most powerful, least famous people. <mask> appeared on the series finale of The Colbert Report, participating in a chorus with several other famous people singing "We'll Meet Again". On June 6, 2017, President Donald Trump announced his selection of <mask> to continue to serve as the NIH Director.On 19 December 2017, <mask> and the NIH lifted the Obama moratorium on gain of function research because it was deemed to be "important in helping us identify, understand, and develop strategies and effective countermeasures against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to public health." On January 15, 2021, President-elect Joe Biden announced his selection of <mask> to continue to serve as NIH Director. On October 5, 2021, <mask> announced that he will resign as NIH director by the end of the year. Projects
<mask> was instrumental in establishing the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) on December 23, 2011. In January 2013, <mask> created two senior scientific positions on Big Data and the diversity of the scientific workforce. Other projects he took on early in his tenure included increased support for Alzheimer's disease research, which was announced in May 2012; the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, announced by President Obama and <mask> on April 2, 2013, at the White House; and, in February 2014,  the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP), a public-private partnership between NIH, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 biopharmaceutical firms, and multiple non-profit organizations. In 2014, <mask> worked with the larger biomedical research community to create principles and guidelines to foster rigor and reproducibility in preclinical research, including incorporating sex as a biological variable to ensure differences in treatment response between men and women are addressed.Beginning in 2014, the NIH provided multi-year grants to EcoHealth Alliance, which studied bat coronaviruses, including genetically engineering bat coronaviruses called WIV1, in collaboration with the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The grants were terminated in 2020 under the Donald Trump administration, during Trump's feud with China over the origins of COVID-19. In January 2015 President Obama announced the NIH-led Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI), later renamed the All of Us Research Program, in his State of the Union

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 address. All of Us seeks to extend precision medicine to all diseases by building a national research cohort of 1 million or more U.S. participants. In other precedent-setting actions during his time as NIH director, <mask> announced in November 2015 that NIH will no longer support any biomedical research involving chimpanzees. In December 2015, <mask> and other NIH leaders released a detailed plan that charted a course for NIH's efforts over the ensuing five years The NIH-Wide Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2016-2020: Turning Discovery Into Health was aimed at ensuring the agency remains well positioned to capitalize on new opportunities for scientific exploration and to address new challenges for human health. In January 2016, President Obama announced a new initiative to galvanize the nation's research efforts against cancer.Fueled by an additional $680 million in the proposed fiscal year 2017 budget for NIH, the National Cancer Moonshot Initiative aims to accelerate progress toward the next generation of interventions to reduce cancer incidence and improve patient outcomes. In 2016, <mask> instituted a number of clinical trial reforms  to enhance protection of participants in research and improve reporting of research results in ClinicalTrials.gov. In 2017, <mask> implemented the Next Generation Researchers Initiative to improve the odds for early investigators to win NIH grants. To support the Administration's Stop Opioid Abuse Initiative, <mask> launched the NIH HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM) Initiative in April 2018. The NIH HEAL InitiativeSM bolsters research across NIH to improve treatments for opioid misuse and addiction and enhance pain management. Also in 2018, <mask> launched an initiative to address sexual harassment in science and change a culture that sends messages to women and other underrepresented groups that they don't belong in biomedical research. In October 2021, NIH principal deputy director Larry Tabak sent a letter to Kentucky Congressman James Comer addressing NIH grants to EcoHealth Alliance.Comer, who has held hearings criticizing the use of U.S. federal funds for research related to bat coronaviruses in China, subsequently accused <mask> of having potentially misled the Oversight Committee Republicans as to EcoHealth Alliance's activities. Emails disclosed on 11 January 2022 by the United States Congressional Oversight Committee include those from <mask> and indicate that SARS-CoV-2 may in fact have had a laboratory origin, as indicated by the unusual furin cleavage site. Music
<mask>' love of guitar playing and motorcycle riding is often mentioned in articles about him. While directing NHGRI, he formed a rock band with other NIH scientists. Sometimes the band, called the Directors, dueled with a rock band from Johns Hopkins University led by cancer researcher Bert Vogelstein. Lyrics of the Directors' songs included spoofs of rock and gospel classics re-written to address the challenges of contemporary biomedical research. <mask> has performed at TEDMED 2012, StandUpToCancer, The 2017 Southern Methodist University Commencement and Rock Stars of Science.His passion for music also inspired him to partner with the Kennedy Center to expand the Sound Health Initiative, which was announced in February 2017. Sound Health aims to expand current knowledge and explore ways to enhance the potential for music as therapy for neurological and other disorders. Awards and honors
While leading the National Human Genome Research Institute, <mask> was elected to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Canada Gairdner International Award in 1990. He was a Kilby International Awards recipient in 1993. <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1994. He received the Biotechnology Heritage Award with J. Craig Venter in 2001, from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation.<mask> and Venter shared the "Biography of the Year" title from A&E Network in 2000. In 2005, <mask> and Venter were honored as two of "America's Best Leaders" by U.S. News & World Report and the Harvard University Center for Public Leadership. In 2005 <mask> received the William Allan Award from the American Society of Human Genetics. In 2007 he was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. In 2008 he was awarded the Inamori Ethics Prize and National Medal of Science. In 2008, <mask> and Steven Weinberg, a Nobel Prize recipient for physics, shared the Trotter Prize, and discussed the interplay between science and religion. <mask> received the Albany Medical Center Prize in 2010 and the Pro Bono Humanum Award of the Galien Foundation in 2012, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Public Service Award in 2017, the Pontifical Key Scientific Award in 2018, and the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize in 2018.In 2020 he received the Templeton Prize, and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. Views

Christianity
By graduate school, <mask> considered himself an atheist. However, a conversation with a hospital patient led him to question his lack of religious views, and he investigated various faiths. He familiarized himself with the evidence for and against God in cosmology, and on the recommendation of a Methodist minister used Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis as a foundation to develop his religious views. He believes that people cannot be converted to Christianity by reason and argument alone, and that the final stage of conversion entails a "leap of faith". After several years of deliberation, he finally converted to Christianity during a trip to the Cascade Mountains, where he describes a striking image of a frozen waterfall as removing his final resistance, resulting in his conversion the following morning. He has described himself as a "serious Christian".In his 2006 book The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, <mask> wrote that scientific discoveries were an "opportunity to worship" and that he rejected both Young Earth creationism and intelligent design. His own belief, he wrote, was theistic evolution or evolutionary creation, which he preferred to call BioLogos. He wrote that one can "think of DNA as an instructional script, a software program, sitting in the nucleus of the cell". He appeared in December 2006 on The Colbert Report television show
and in a March 2007 Fresh Air radio interview to discuss this book. In an interview with D. J. Grothe on the Point of Inquiry podcast, he said that the overall aim of the book was to show that "one can be intellectually in a rigorous position and argue that science and faith can be compatible", and that he was prompted to write the book because "most people are seeking a possible harmony between these worldviews [science and faith], and it seems rather sad that we hear so little about this possibility. <mask> said he had been a Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Episcopalian, emphasizing that denominational differences were not essential to him. He recalled that, growing up, he participated in the choir of an Episcopal church.<mask> is a critic of intelligent design, and for this reason he was not asked to participate in the 2008 documentary Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. Walt Ruloff, a producer for the film, claimed that by rejecting intelligent design, <mask> was "toeing the party line", a claim which <mask> called "just ludicrous". In an interview he stated that "intelligent design is headed for collapse in the not too distant future" and that "science class ought to be about science, and opening the door to religious perspectives in that setting is a big mistake." In 2007, <mask> founded the BioLogos Foundation to "contribute to the public voice that represents the harmony of science and faith". He served as the foundation's president until he was confirmed as director of the NIH. <mask> has also spoken at the Veritas Forum on the relationship between science and religion and the existence of God. Christopher Hitchens referred to <mask> as "one of the greatest living Americans" and stated that <mask> was one of the most devout believers he had ever met.He further stated that <mask> was sequencing the genome of the cancer that would ultimately claim Hitchens's life, and that their friendship despite their differing opinion on religion was an example of the greatest armed truce in modern times. Agnosticism

In an interview with National Geographic in February 2007, writer John Horgan criticized <mask>' description of agnosticism as "a cop-out". In response, <mask> clarified his position on agnosticism so as to exclude "earnest agnostics who have considered the evidence and still don't find an answer. I was reacting to the agnosticism I see in the scientific community, which has not been arrived at by a careful examination of the evidence. I went through a phase when I was a casual agnostic, and I am perhaps too quick to assume that others have no more depth than I did." Abortion

In a 1998 interview with Scientific American, <mask> stated that he is "intensely uncomfortable with abortion as a solution to anything" and does not "perceive a precise moment at which life begins other than the moment of conception". However, in the same interview it was said that <mask> also "does not advocate changing the law".Books
 Principles of Medical Genetics, 2nd Edition, with T.D. Gelehrter and D. Ginsburg (Williams & Wilkins, 1998)
 The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (Free Press, 2006)
 The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine (HarperCollins, published in early 2010)
 Belief: Readings on the Reason for Faith (HarperOne, March 2, 2010)
 The Language of Science and Faith: Straight Answers to Genuine Questions  with Karl Giberson IVP Books (February 15, 2011)

See also

 List of events in National Human Genome Research Institute history
 Science and religion

References

Further reading
 "Dr. <mask><mask>: On The Trail Of Disease Genes". Businessweek. John Carey. May 9, 2005
 "Collins Forms BioLogos Foundation". Newsletter of the American Scientific Affiliation. Jul/Aug 2009

External links

 The BioLogos Foundation
 NIH Bio
 NHRGI Bio

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