title: Michael Elphick

texts:
<mask> (19 September 1946 – 7 September 2002) was an English film and television actor. He played the eponymous private investigator in the ITV series Boon and Harry Slater in BBC's EastEnders. He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the 1983 film Gorky Park. In his prime, Elphick always looked older than he was, and with his gruff Sussex accent and lip-curling sneer he often played menacing hard men. Elphick struggled with a highly publicised addiction to alcohol; at the height of his problem he admitted to consuming two litres of spirits a day, which contributed to his death from a heart attack in 2002. Early life
<mask> grew up in Chichester, Sussex, where his family had a butcher's shop. He was educated at Lancastrian Secondary Modern Boys School in Chichester, where he took part in several school productions including Noah and A Midsummer Night's Dream.He initially considered joining the Merchant Navy and helped out in his local boatyard during school holidays. It has been reported that he stumbled upon acting by chance when, at the age of 15, he took a job as an apprentice electrician at the Chichester Festival Theatre while it was being built. He gained an interest in acting whilst watching stars such as Laurence Olivier, <mask> and Sybil Thorndike. Olivier advised Elphick to go to drama school and gave him two speeches to use at auditions. Elphick was offered a number of places but decided to train at the Central School of Speech and Drama in Swiss Cottage (aged 18), because Olivier had attended there. Career
After graduating from drama school <mask> was offered roles primarily as menacing heavies. He made his debut in Fraulein Doktor (an Italian-made First World War film circa 1968).He went on to play the Captain in Tony Richardson's version of Hamlet (1969); landed parts in cult films such as The First Great Train Robbery and The Elephant Man and appeared in Lindsay Anderson's allegorical O Lucky Man! (1973). He was also seen as Phil Daniels' father in the cult film Quadrophenia (1979), as Pasha in Gorky Park (1983) and as the poacher, Jake, in Withnail & I (1987). In 1984 he played the lead, Fisher, a British detective recalling under hypnosis a dystopian, crumbling Europe and his hunt for a serial killer in Lars von Trier's Palme D'Or nominated debut film, The Element of Crime. On stage, Elphick played Marcellus and the Player King in Tony Richardson's stage version of Hamlet at the Roundhouse Theatre and on Broadway and he later played Claudius to Jonathan Pryce's Hamlet at the Royal Court Theatre, directed by Richard Eyre. In 1981 he appeared in the Ray Davies/Barrie Keeffe musical Chorus Girls at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East and he was also seen in The Changing Room, directed by Lindsay Anderson, at the Royal Court Theatre. His last West End stage appearance was in 1997 as Doolittle in Pygmalion directed by Ray Cooney at the Albery Theatre.However, it was for his television roles that Elphick became best known. He briefly appeared in Coronation Street (1974) as Douglas Wormold, son of the landlord Edward, who for many years owned most of the properties in the road. Douglas unsuccessfully tried to buy the newsagent shop The Kabin from Len Fairclough. He played three characters in the popular Granada Television series Crown Court—in 1973 as a defendant, in 1975 as a witness (Frank Hollins, private secretary to a female soprano in the episode Songbirds out of Tune), and from 1975 to 1983 as the barrister Neville Griffiths Q.C.. He played one of the main roles in the film Black Island in 1978 for the Children's Film Foundation, played a villain in The Sweeney episode "One of Your Own" (1978) and played a policeman in The Professionals episode "Backtrack" (1979) and had a minor role in Hazell (1979), and appeared in the Dennis Potter play Blue Remembered Hills (1979). <mask> took the title role in Jack Pulman's six part comedy-drama Private Schulz (1981). Here he played alongside Ian Richardson the German forger Gerhard Schulz, who is conscripted into SS Counter Espionage during the Second World War to destroy the British economy by flooding it with forged money.He appeared as the Irish labourer Magowan during the first series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (1983) and starred as Sidney Mundy in the ITV sitcom Pull the Other One (1984), before playing Sam Tyler in four series of Three Up, Two Down (1985–89). In 1986 <mask> landed his biggest television success, Boon (1986–92, 1995). He played Ken Boon, a retired fireman who opened a motorbike despatch business and later became a private investigator. Boon was very successful and ran for seven series, attracting audiences of 11 million at its peak. There was also a one-off episode screened in 1995, two years after it had been made. During breaks from Boon, <mask> continued to act in film with cameo roles in The Krays (1990) and Let Him Have It (1991), and in 1991 he played Des King in Buddy's Song, starring Chesney Hawkes and Roger Daltrey. In 1993 Elphick took the role of a former Fleet Street journalist running a Darlington news agency in Harry (1993, 1995).He played the alcoholic and ruthless Harry Salter, who frequently used exploitation and underhand tactics to get a story. This series however was less successful and it was soon cancelled. <mask> went on to play Billy Bones in Ken Russell's televised version of Treasure Island (1995) and Barkis in David Copperfield (1999). In 2001 he joined the cast of EastEnders, where he played Harry Slater, a romantic interest for Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor). The plotline indicated that Slater had sexually abused his niece, Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), at the age of 13 and her "sister" Zoe (Michelle Ryan) was the daughter born to her when she became pregnant by him. Elphick's heavy drinking began to affect his performances, so the character promptly left the series and was killed off off-screen. Personal life
Elphick met his long-term partner, schoolteacher Julia Alexander, in 1963 and remained with her until her death from cancer in 1996.The couple had a daughter, Kate. For many years Elphick struggled with alcoholism. He made the first of many attempts to stop drinking in 1988. He sought help from Alcoholics Anonymous in the early 1990s, although he admitted he was still drinking in 1993. In 1996, he admitted that he had begun drinking heavily again and also contemplated suicide after the death of his partner of 33 years. However he rallied and returned to the stage in Loot. The actor also confessed to having taken cocaine and once, while high on drugs, grabbing a shotgun and chasing a gang of thugs after he had been carjacked near his villa in Portugal.During the late eighties and early nineties, he had a brief, but ultimately unsuccessful business interest in The White Swan public house at Henley in Arden. Elphick was admitted to the Priory Clinic in Roehampton, in an attempt to beat his addictions. Reports of his alcohol abuse persisted, however, and during his brief spell on EastEnders during 2001, it was reported that the BBC was considering dropping his character if his drinking was not curtailed. Death
On 7 September 2002, <mask> died of a heart attack complicated by his drinking problem. He had collapsed at his home in Willesden Green, London, after complaining of pains. He was rushed to hospital where he died, aged 55, shortly before his 56th birthday. His funeral was held at Chichester Crematorium.Filmography

Fraulein Doktor (1968) as Tom
Where's Jack? (1969) as Hogarth
Hamlet (1969) as Captain
Parkin's Patch (1970) as Thomas
The Best Things in Life (1970) as Jed Lucas
Cry of the Banshee (1970) as Burke
The Buttercup Chain (1970) as The Driver
Armchair Theatre (1971) as Robert Delmonds
The Misfit (1971, TV Series) as Mike Halloran
See No Evil (1971) as Gypsy Tom
Albert and Victoria (1971) as Nigel Godfrey
Adult Fun (1972) as Garage Manager
Country Matters (1973) as Jack
Adam Smith (1973) as Ben Davies
O Lucky Man! (1973) as Bill
And Now the Screaming Starts!

masks:
Michael John Elphick
Elphick
Michael Redgrave
Elphick
Elphick
Elphick
Elphick
Elphick
Elphick


title: Labdhi Bhandari

type: original

texts:
<mask> (29 July 1948 –  19 October 1988) was the State Trading Corporation of India Professor of Marketing at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and a widely respected authority on marketing in India. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1948 in the village of Khimel, near Rani, Rajasthan, to <mask> and her husband, <mask>, a successful lawyer in Sojat  and a member of the Indian National Congress. He grew up in Sojat where he was initially home schooled and then attended a local Hindi-medium government school. At the age of 14, he moved to Jodhpur for his undergraduate studies at the University of Jodhpur, taking a bachelor's degree in economics in 1965. He then applied and was admitted to the second batch of the new Post-graduate Programme in Management offered by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, where he was the youngest student at the age of 17. He was awarded the National Merit Scholarship in both the years and took his diploma from IIMA with the 5th rank in 1967. Career
<mask> was recruited straight out of IIM Ahmedabad by Hindustan Lever Limited in 1967 to work in their marketing division.At HLL, he was the product manager of Surf (detergent) during India's first detergent war, where he played an important role in defending Surf's leadership position in the Indian market against Swastik Oil Mill's Sway detergent. Later he headed the Client Services Group of the Marketing Research department as the youngest Senior Manager in the company, in which role he did the early market research that led to the development of Liril. In 1972, <mask> was recruited by Ravi J. Matthai to the faculty of his alma mater, the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. The institute sponsored his doctoral studies through a Ford Foundation grant and he earned his PhD in 1976 from the Columbia Business School working with Prof. John U. Farley and writing a dissertation on Social Marketing. His dissertation, entitled Communications for social marketing: a methodology for developing communication appeals for family planning programs, won the Honorable Mention in the John A. Howard/AMA Doctoral Dissertation Competition in 1976. He is considered a pioneer of social marketing in India by his colleague Prof. Anil Kumar Gupta. In 1976, <mask> returned to the faculty of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad where he was acknowledged as an excellent teacher by his students and colleagues and, in time, described as the 'star' of the marketing faculty  and the leading marketing academic in the country.He served as the Chairman of the Marketing Area, of the Management Education Program (MEP), and of Management Development Programmes. He was also the first Chairman of the Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre, and was responsible for the first major upgrade of its facilities. He also served on the second Committee for Future Directions and chaired the Institute's Task Force on International Management. In 1986, he won a research award from the Colgate Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Virginia where he spent a summer. According to V. Krishnamurthy,  then Chairman of the Board of Governors of IIM Ahmedabad, <mask> was in the running to succeed Prof. NR Sheth as Director of the institute in 1989 after his name was prominently proposed by both the faculty and the alumni. He had been sounded out about the likelihood of his selection just before his death in 1988. <mask> was a highly sought-after management consultant.His clients included Citibank India, Hindustan Unilever, Marico,  Crompton Greaves, ITC (company), Lipton India, Madura Coats, Blue Star India, State Timber Corporation of Sri Lanka, State Bank of India, Hindustan Motors, Automobile Products of India, Tea Board of India, and Steel Authority of India. He served on the Board of directors of Enfield India, EID Parry, Semi-Conductor Laboratory and the Cement Corporation of India. Through his consultancy work, he mentored future corporate leaders like Harsh Mariwala of Marico and Jerry Rao. He also served as a consultant to the Commonwealth Secretariat for the management of public enterprises among its member countries. He was a nominated member of the advisory group on Consumer Industries appointed by the Planning Commission of India. In the year of his death, he was nominated by the Ministry of Commerce as a member of the Steering Committee of the Trade Development Authority of India and the National Committee on the Long Term Strategy for the Development of the Tea Industry and Chairman of the sub-committee on Marketing and Export of Tea. Research
Bhandari's main body of research focused on the role and influence of marketing issues in socio-economic development and poverty alleviation.For his doctoral work, he developed a methodology based on the ECHO technique devised by Richard Barthol and Gary Bridge, for identifying value-based communication appeals that were likely to influence people's attitudes and beliefs about family planning, and which could form the basis of a marketing campaign. After returning to the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, he focused on issues of consumption in developing countries, especially among the poor. In a series of papers, he and his colleagues showed that the consumption of the poor masses, apart from just being dependent on their disposable income, was also constrained and influenced by the marketing system of the country which included the activities of various institutions, the distribution network, policy etc. <mask> analyzed the consumption needs of the masses in India and showed that they were not being adequately met either by public or private firms in the organized sector, or firms in the small-scale or cottage industries sector as was intended by government policy, even for products that they could afford. In later work, he highlighted the biases of planners in thinking of the poor mainly as producers and the consequences of such a bias for poverty alleviation. He was one of the first to put forth the view that it was crucial to consider the poor as consumers when making policy for development, because their quality of life is more directly linked to their consumption activities rather than their income or productivity. <mask>'s research contributed to, and was part of, a development in marketing that was represented by the International Society of Markets  and Development.<mask> also carried out research studies of textile distribution, and the international marketing of tea. Death and legacy
He died in the crash of Indian Airlines Flight 113 in Ahmedabad at the age of 40. The Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad instituted an endowment in his memory. This endowment has sponsored the IIMA Conference on Marketing Paradigms for Emerging Economies, which also awards the <mask> <mask> best paper award. Classroom 3 at IIMA has been named the Prof. <mask> <mask> classroom in his honor. The IIMA Alumni Trust has also instituted a scholarship in his memory. <mask> is the subject of the Reconstructing LRB biographical project.References

Marketing theorists
People from Pali district
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad faculty
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India
1948 births
1988 deaths

masks:
Labdhi Bhandari
Bhandari
Akal Kanwar Bhandari
Dhanpati Raj Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Bhandari
Labdhi
Bhandari
Labdhi
Bhandari
Bhandari


title: Walter Davis (basketball)

texts:
<mask> (born September 9, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He was a forward/guard for 15 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA), spending the majority of his career with the Phoenix Suns. A six-time NBA All-Star, his No. 6 was retired by the Suns. High school and college career
Born in Pineville, North Carolina, <mask> was the youngest of 13 children born between 1937 and 1954. His high school teams at South Mecklenburg High School in Charlotte won three state titles and lost only four games. As a standout college player at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was selected to play on the USA men's basketball team coached by UNC's Dean Smith that won the gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics.In his freshman year, <mask> hit a buzzer-beating jump shot against Duke at the end of regulation to send the game into overtime. At Chapel Hill, <mask> was called "Sweet D" because of his seemingly effortless, smooth style of play and because of his strong defensive play. NBA career
The Suns selected <mask> with the fifth pick of the 1977 NBA draft. He made an immediate impact, playing in 81 games and averaging 24.2 points per game in his first season, which would also be his career-high. He won the 1978 Rookie of the Year Award, and earned second team All-NBA honors. Over his first ten seasons, <mask> averaged over 20 points per game six times, and earned trips to six All-Star Games. On February 25, 1983, <mask> set an all-time NBA record when he successfully scored his first 34 points before finally missing a shot.He made his first 15 field goals and converted four straight free throws before missing a jumper with 55 seconds left in the game. Larry Costello formerly held the record, having made all of his attempts on his first 32 points for the Syracuse Nationals in 1961. Over his career, <mask> averaged 18.9 points, 3.8 assists and 3.0 rebounds per game. <mask> was affectionately known as "The Greyhound" for his speedy style and sleek physical appearance. Suns broadcaster Al McCoy created many alternate nicknames for him, including "The Candyman", and "The Man with the Velvet Touch." <mask> is the Suns' all-time leading scorer with 15,666 points. <mask>'s later years with the Suns were marred by recurring back problems and an ugly drug scandal.In 1987, he was called on to testify on illegal drug use by other Suns players in exchange for immunity from prosecution. (He had twice entered rehab clinics to deal with cocaine addiction.) <mask>'s decline mirrored the short decline of the Suns franchise, and at the expiration of his contract in 1988 at age 33, the team did not seriously attempt to re-sign him, offering a 1-year contract at half his previous salary. <mask> signed a two-year, $1.35 million deal with the Denver Nuggets as an unrestricted free agent. He ended up playing for two years beyond this contract, and was included in a three-team trade in early 1991 that sent him to the Portland Trail Blazers for half a season. <mask> finished 479 points shy of 20,000 points in a career. In the summer of 1991, he returned to Denver to close out his playing career.After basketball
<mask> later served as a broadcaster for the Nuggets, and has served as a scout for the Washington Wizards. As time passed, <mask> and the Suns repaired their relationship. In 1994, his No. 6 was retired by the Suns, and in 2004 he was enshrined in the team's Ring of Honor. He is the uncle of UNC men's head coach <mask>, who also played for UNC and in the NBA. || 28.0 || .496 || .192 || .830 || 3.1 || 4.0 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 18.6

See also

List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders

References

External links
 Career Stats
 Suns.com: <mask> page

1954 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1977 NCAA Division I Final Four
Basketball players from Charlotte, North Carolina
Denver Nuggets announcers
Denver Nuggets players
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
People from Pineville, North Carolina
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Phoenix Suns players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
United States men's national basketball team players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Walter Pearl Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Hubert Davis
Walter Davis


title: Francesco Anelli

texts:
<mask> (1805–1878) was an Italian-American Romantic period artist. He is best known for his oil painting that depicts Julia Gardiner Tyler, the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler. <mask>'s monumental masterpiece and most acclaimed painting, entitled The End of the World, has been lost. Early life
<mask> was quite celebrated in his own time, especially for his monumental work called The End of the World. He was born in Italy and emigrated to New York City from Milan about 1835. Almost immediately <mask> attracted a good deal of attention, not for his portraits, but for his gigantic apocalyptic historical pictures, beginning with his rendering of a family group during the Deluge, which was the principal work in an exhibition of his pictures shown in rooms at the New York Athenaeum on Chambers Street at the end of 1836. Portrait style
<mask>'s portrait style is distinctive—in its sharp linearity, bright lighting, and highly reflective surfaces—and appears the antithesis of the dominant romantic approach to portraiture practiced contemporaneously by Thomas Sully (1783–1872), Henry Inman (1801–1846), and Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872).<mask>'s manner corresponded to that practiced by other immigrant Italian and German painters such as Spiridione Gambardella (active 1838–39), Gherlando Marsiglia (1792–1850), and Christian Mayr (about 1805–1851), whose works are all relatively little known today. In 1839 the painter-critic John Kenrick Fisher (born 1807) distinguished these portraitists, along with Charles Cromwell Ingham (1796–1863), as the practitioners of an exceptional and distinctive style, which he denounced as "prompted and encouraged by an aberration of the public taste." In 1843 <mask> had on his easel Conrad and Medora (unlocated) taken from Lord Byron's Corsair, while his most acclaimed painting was the Opening of the Sixth Seal, or The End of the World (unlocated), which was shown at the Apollo Rooms at 410 Broadway in New York City in April 1844. This picture—which offered the light and promise of Christianity as humanity's only spiritual salvation in the face of utter annihilation—displayed lurid light effects complete with dark clouds, bloody skies and lightning, and centered on a figure representing the church, or the spouse of Christ, with a crumbling temple and a bewildered and terrified multitude of sinners, both repentant and unrepentant, in a "grand catastrophe". The picture, hailed in the press as the largest painting in America—measuring 23 feet by 19 feet—was described as a masterwork and considered the "Boldest attempt at the highest effect in art, which has yet been made on this side of the Atlantic." <mask> toured his masterwork through the northeastern United States and continued to create allegorical compositions derived from historical and biblical sources. In the early decades of the 19th century, apocalyptic fascination was manifest visually by such artists as Benjamin West, Rembrandt Peale, and Washington Allston.The End of the World, which was exhibited in New York, Boston, Portland, Maine, and Brooklyn from 1844 through at least 1850, attests to this continued apocalyptic tradition. <mask>, whose stated aim was "to represent a great catastrophe to the world" and not "a doctrine", claimed he had no wish to engage in arguments with philosophers or naturalists concerning the particulars of this catastrophe. Diogenes Successful
In the New York Crystal Palace at the World's Fair—held in New York City in 1853—he showed Diogenes Successful (unlocated), wherein Diogenes had finally located his truly "honest man" in the person of George Washington. Boston Athenaeum, and the National Academy of Design
When <mask> first began to contribute paintings to the annual exhibitions held at the Boston Athenaeum and the National Academy of Design, New York, he showed only portraits. Probably the most notable of these is the depiction of Julia Gardiner Tyler (1820–1889), the second wife of the 10th U.S. President John Tyler. Portrait of a Child as Cupid

<mask>'s Portrait of a Child as Cupid—depicting William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr.—was painted in New York City and was commissioned by the subject's father, William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Sr. (1805–1872). The picture was lent by him in 1847 to the annual exhibition held by the Albany Gallery of Fine Arts, of which Van Rensselaer was an honorary member.The painting, which descended in the family, may have hung in the Rensselaer Manor House in Albany and almost certainly hung in both the Elk Street town house built by William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Sr., at the time of his first marriage in 1833 and then in Beverwyck, in Bath (now Rensselaer), New York, which Van Rensselaer built after inheriting the Rensselaerswyck estate lands on the east bank of the Hudson river, following the death of his father, Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer III, on 26 January 1839. During the late 1830s, <mask> also painted portraits of William Paterson Van Rensselaer, Jr. (Private Collection); his sister, Euphemia White Van Rensselaer (1816–1888; Private Collection); and his sister-in-law, Mary Rebecca Tallmadge Van Rensselaer (1817–1872; Albany Institute of History and Art). <mask>'s records of other sitters suggest that he drew his patronage from New York State citizens of upper classes. In Portrait of a Child as Cupid, <mask> presents Van Rensselaer, Jr. in a spectacularly theatrical manner, revealed triumphantly by the parting of the heavy red draperies. The Empire period ormolu daybed—with its gold embroidery and tassels—bespeaks high-style furniture such as that produced concurrently by Charles-Honoré Lannuier, Joseph Meeks (1771–1868), and Antoine-Gabriel Quervelle (1789–1856). With the bow and quiver of arrows by the side of the bed, the artist identifies the child with Cupid as a symbol of love, a conceit similar to that chosen later by William Henry Rinehart (1825–1874) in his statue of Henry Elliot Johnston, Jr., Cupid with a Bow, 1874 (National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C.). Death
Anelli died in 1878.His diary is on display at the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City. Gallery

References

19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
1805 births
1878 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States
19th-century American painters
American male painters
American portrait painters

masks:
Francesco Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli
Anelli


title: Paul Lensch

texts:
<mask> (31 March 1873 in Potsdam, Province of Brandenburg – 18 November 1926 in Berlin) was a war journalist, editor, author of several books and politician in the SPD. From 1912, <mask> was a member of the German Reichstag for the SPD, and in 1919 he became professor of economics at Berlin University. Life
Already in high school <mask> studied Hegel and Marx. After military service he studied economics in Berlin and Strasbourg. In 1900 in Strasbourg he received his doctorate in political science. He then worked as an editor for the newspaper Freie Presse für Elsaß-Lothringen (Free Press for Alsace-Lorraine). From 1902 he was associate editor of the Leipziger Volkszeitung and next to Rosa Luxemburg, Alexander Parvus, Franz Mehring and Karl Liebknecht he was spokesman for the Anti-revisionist Left in the SPD.From 1908 to 1913 he was editor of the Leipziger Volkszeitung. In 1912 he was the SPD candidate for the Saxon 22nd constituency (Reichenbach) and was elected to the Reichstag. In 1914 <mask> first opposed the SPD’s approval of war loans, but in 1915, together with Heinrich Cunow and Konrad Haenisch, he formed the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group within the SPD, which sought to reach agreement with the majority of the SPD through a defense of the war based on Marxist theory. They developed the theory of war socialism that was published in the Hamburger Echo and other SPD newspapers. From mid-1915 Die Glocke, a magazine founded by Alexander Parvus became the organ of the group. In October 1917 the SPD split. Lensch became a spokesman for the mainstream SPD, called MSPD (Mehrheits-SPD, "majority-SPD"), which was under the leadership of Friedrich Ebert who had supported the war from the start.In November 1918 <mask> became an important contact between the Council of the People's Deputies and the military leadership. Later he withdrew from party politics and became a professor at the University of Berlin. <mask> was also a member of the foreign policy staff of the conservative Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, a newspaper belonging to Hugo Stinnes, a famous industrialist and politician. In 1922, after the merger of MSPD and what was left of USPD (moving SPD to the left), <mask> was expelled from the party. From June 1922 to November 1925 he was editor of the DAZ Lensch, and increasingly became more and more closely associated with conservative opponents of Social Democracy. In November 1926 <mask> died after a long illness in Berlin. Political ideas

War socialism
<mask> believed that World War I proved the failure of capitalism.Since capitalism, the system of a free market economy based on competition, relies on socialist economic regulatory measures (Lensch believed), the superiority and victory of the socialist principle is thus proved for Lensch. The state used a grain monopoly to ensure the nutrition of the population, and Bread cards would then be introduced. This is for Lensch the indication of a principle change in the economy towards a "democratic war socialism" (?). This lack of basic needs during the war is for Lensch basically godsend, because it allows the actions of government planning. Here he saw the revolutionary character of the war. To Lensch the state is an institution that stands above classes. The state does not regulate any specific class, but is driven by “objective interests”.The war effort showed this and thus reflects the interest of the whole people. According to Lensch socialism is thus not achieved through class struggle, but through national reconciliation. The cultural identity and the economy should be linked together – this is important for the thesis of a "world war as a world revolution". The thesis removes Lensch from the classical Marxist view, although Marxist methodology is still basically applied. Large national industries, a bureaucratically regulating state and a strong work force are for Lensch, the new socialist "Volksgemeinschaft" (unity of a people). World War is a World Revolution
The First World War was interpreted by <mask> as a world socialist revolution. It is the continuation of the theory of war socialism.While most in the SPD saw the war as a defensive war against Tsarist Russia, Lensch saw the liberal England as the cause of the war. This because England was the earliest industrialized country in Europe, and that gained England its supremacy. The war against Germany was just an attempt to prevent the opposing Germany's growth and to ensure its own monopoly. Lensch thus converts the Marxist theory of the class struggle to a national level. England was the state of the bourgeois-capitalist class while Germany now had taken the place of the proletariat. England with its Parliamentary Monarchy was for Lensch the cause of capitalism. The Calvinist religion and the quest for individual wealth in England led to the creation of the bourgeoisie.The British society has an expansive quest for non-English markets, and therefore establishes a monopoly. The now emerging Germany threatened this supremacy, because it stands as a contrast to the individualistic England, and is instead a strong solidarity-oriented country, with no conventional bourgeoisie. He explains this also with the Thirty Years' War and a lack of unification of Germany in the 19th century. Germany was no longer as reactionary as in the times of Wilhelmine Empire, but had developed democratic elements, which <mask> believed would be increased. For example, general election had been introduced in Germany - and not in liberal England. Further compulsory school attendance had been introduced, creating a national "cultural community" that was superior to the English one. Also <mask> mentions the German conscription as basically socialist in nature, in contrast to the British one.Lensch do not deny the deficiencies in Germany, but stressed "the strength of the German proletariat" over that of foreign countries. He pointed out that German trade unions were the strongest and most tightly sealed, and contrasted this with the British labor movement and privileges conceded to the bourgeoisie. In Germany the labor leaders and the workers wanted to keep these privileges from others and therefore supported the Government in the war, inferring from this that the victory of Germany would be a victory for international socialism. A British victory would on the other hand set Germany back for years, and mean the end of socialism. The ideas of socialism as imagined by <mask> differ from the traditionally Marxist. It is about the creation of a national solidarity, which is characterized by government and moral obligations. With this "positive" interpretation of the historical "exceptionalism" of Germany, in contrast to the liberal model country England, <mask> is not alone.Many authors emphasized at the time the superiority of the German "culture" against the "superficial individualistic-capitalist Western civilization" and Ideas of 1914 against the Ideas of 1789. The fact that <mask> mixed this with Marxist ideas, creating an authoritarian, nationalist model of socialism, is far from unique. There are similarities of this thinking with Ernst Niekisch idea of National Bolsheviks. Also famous is the work 1789 und 1914: Die symbolischen Jahre in der Geschichte des politischen Geistes by Johann Plenge. Other
Through the foundation of the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch Group, Lensch also was close to Alexander Parvus and he was strongly influenced by Professor Johann Plenge, himself the Ph.D. advisor of Kurt Schumacher and the ancestor of the right-wing tendency in today's SPD known as Seeheimer Kreis. <mask> considered himself a Marxist and saw Germany as the 'revolutionary' side of the conflict, with England as the 'counter-revolutionary'. It is unclear whether <mask> left the SPD in 1920, after being accused of having supported the Kapp Putsch, or was expelled in 1922.Books
 <mask>, Three Years of World Revolution (1918)

References

External links

1873 births
1926 deaths
People from Potsdam
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
German Marxists
Leipziger Volkszeitung editors

masks:
Paul Lensch
Lensch
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title: Jann Aldredge-Clanton

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<mask> (born 1946 in Abilene, Texas) is an ordained Christian minister, author, teacher, and chaplain, who leads workshops and conferences throughout the United States. She has authored nine books, three hymnbooks, a children’s musical, and a children’s songbook. She has also published many articles in publications such as Christian Feminism Today, The Journal of Pastoral Care, The Christian Ministry, and Patheos. She specializes in feminist theology and inclusive worship resources. Ordained in the Alliance of Baptists, she ministers in ecumenical and interfaith settings. She serves as co-chair of the national ecumenical, multicultural Equity for Women in the Church Community, on the council of Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus-Christian Feminism Today; adjunct professor at Richland College in Dallas, Texas; and on the Dallas Workers’ Rights Board. Her diverse career includes serving as consultant in the internship programs at Perkins School of Theology in Dallas and Brite Divinity School; associate pastor, St. John's United Methodist Church in Waco, Texas; executive director, Waco Conference of Christians and Jews; Pastoral Counselor, Samaritan Counseling Center of Central Texas; chaplain, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas and Hillcrest Baptist Medical Center in Waco; English professor, Dallas Baptist University.Feminist theology and inclusive language

Since 1990, Aldredge-Clanton has been writing, speaking, and preaching on feminist theology and specifically on including female language for the Divine as a foundation for equality, justice, and peace. In her introduction to Changing Church: Stories of Liberating Ministers she writes: “My vision is for the Divine Feminine to shine forth in all Her glory in multicultural visual imagery and in the language of worship, supporting equal partnership of women and men. My vision is of a church where the Divine Feminine and women ministers don’t have to be defended or marginalized, but are fully and equally included throughout every worship service and every activity of the church. My vision is for the Sacred Feminine to be worshipped not only in Christian congregations, but in every religion all over the world, and for women to share equally in the leadership of every religion. My vision is for girls to believe they are equal to boys because they hear and see the Supreme Being worshipped as ‘She’ as well as ‘He. '”

Many traditionalists are critical of Aldredge-Clanton's views. Plumeline, a conservative Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) publication, criticizes the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) for Aldredge-Clanton’s leadership at a CBF annual gathering: “The SBC has no feminist theologian leaders calling for the worship of the ‘Christ-Sophia.’ But the CBF does.<mask> Aldredge-Clanton conducted a breakout session at the 1995 General Assembly and is a promoter of feminist theology. She is the cited ‘leader’ who espouses ‘Christ-Sophia.’”   Additionally The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, an evangelical organization opposing an egalitarian view of gender, takes the organization, Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE), to task for including Aldredge-Clanton’s children’s book, God, A Word for Girls and Boys, in the CBE webstore. Aldredge-Clanton served as one of the contributors for the CEB (Common English Bible) Women's Bible. (Common English Bible; Sew edition, 2016)

Inclusive worship resources

Aldredge-Clanton writes and publishes inclusive language Christian worship resources, including prayers, responsive readings, hymns set to familiar tunes, and even a children's musical. One of the conservative critics of inclusive theology and language, Russell D. Moore, warns that the children's musical by Aldredge-Clanton and composer Larry E. Schultz, Imagine God! A Children’s Musical Exploring and Expressing Images of God is “dangerous” because “feminist theologians are correct indeed that it is easier to transform the imaginations of children in thinking about God.” Moore continues his critique writing, “What is at stake here are [sic] not whether the church will accommodate more ‘gender-inclusive’ language, but instead the doctrines of God and revelation—and indeed the gospel itself.”

Aldredge-Clanton is one of the founders of the New Wineskins Community in Dallas, Texas. The community was founded because "We’re all in deep need of healing.We can never be all we’re created to be in the divine image until we expand our image of the Divine. That’s why New Wineskins Community creates rituals that name and image the Divine as female and male and more. Our words and images for the Divine carry great power to shape belief and actions for justice and peace." Personal life

She is younger of two daughters of  H. Truman Aldredge (1912-1966), the pastor from 1950 until his death of the First Baptist Church, a Southern Baptist congregation in Minden, Louisiana. She graduated in 1964 as the valedictorian of Minden High School. Her mother, Eva Louise Hickerson Aldredge Henley (1918-2016), an educator and Baptist laywoman, married another Southern Baptist pastor, Odus Taylor Henley (1918-2000), after the death of her first husband and spent her later years in San Angelo, Texas. She taught Sunday school for eighty-two years.Truman and Eva Aldredge are interred at Gardens of Memory Cemetery in Minden, Louisiana. In 1968, Aldredge-Clanton received the Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude in English] from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, then known as Louisiana Polytechnic Institute. She procured Master of Arts and Ph.D. degrees from Texas Christian University in Fort Worth. She then obtained the Master of Divinity from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, also in Fort Worth. Aldredge-Clanton and her husband, David Clanton, reside in Dallas. They have two sons and three grandsons. Honors

Aldredge-Clanton’s hymns have received numerous honors.“Renewing, Reforming the Church in our Day” won in the category of “New Hymn Text for Traditional Hymn Tune” in United Theological Seminary’s first annual song and hymn writing competition; the judges commented that this text “has outstanding theological significance in church renewal.”  In 2013, the Religious Institute selected Aldredge-Clanton’s “Praise the Source of All Creation” as the winner of its first hymn contest. In 2011, St. Peter’s Catholic Church in Charlotte, North Carolina, sponsored a hymn contest in celebration of 25 years of Jesuit leadership; her hymn “Celebrate Our Maker’s Glory” won third place. “We Come in Celebration” won honorable mention in the 2012 Alliance of Baptists hymn contest. “O Loving Creator, We Labor with You” won honorable mention in the 2007 international hymn contest sponsored by Macalester Plymouth United Church of St. Paul, Minnesota. Bibliography, books and music

Inclusive Songs for Resistance & Social Action, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Eakin Press, 2018),  includes songs for marches, rallies, and other activist gatherings to support movements such as Women’s March, Black Lives Matter, Human Rights Campaign, Poor People’s Campaign, and GreenFaith. Many of the songs are also for use in the worship services of faith communities, and some celebrate seasons of the year. Another feature of this new collection is the inclusion of songs that honor women leaders in Scripture and other prophetic women leaders.Building Bridges: Letha Dawson Scanzoni and Friends, with co-author Kendra Weddle (Cascade Books, 2018), illustrates Letha's growing influence as she continues her prophetic collaboration with new generations. In addition, it provides resources for churches as they build bridges for their ministries of liberation, justice, and peace. Intercultural Ministry: Hope for a Changing World, co-edited with Grace Ji-Sun Kim (Judson Press, 2017), explores questions such as why most churches are still segregated by race and culture. It includes chapters from a racially and denominationally diverse group of pastors, theologians, and teachers who reflect on their experiences and experiments in intercultural churches and other ministries. She Lives! Sophia Wisdom Works in the World (Skylight Paths Publishing, 2014). Letha Dawson Scanzoni says in “telling the stories of real people” the book “helps us move beyond the limited gender binary to see God as both male and female, yet strictly speaking, neither male nor female, and at the same time inclusive of all gender identities.” She adds the book would make an “excellent selection” for a book club or study group.Earth Transformed with Music! Inclusive Songs for Worship, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Eakin Press, 2015). "Earth Transformed with Music! is a collection of 65 hymns and short songs, with words ... that are meant to heal and transform the earth, society, and each individual singer. Reading the introduction and notes section is like reading an introduction to contemporary Christian feminism.”
 Changing Church: Stories of Liberating Ministers (Cascade Books, 2011)
 Inclusive Hymns for Liberation, Peace, and Justice, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Eakin Press, 2011). This inclusive language hymnal provides a “balance of male-female divine images [allowing] women and girls, men and boys a greater sense of the wholeness of God’s good creation.”
 Seeking Wisdom: Inclusive Blessings and Prayers for Public Occasions (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010). Liturgical resource using inclusive language.Inclusive Hymns for Liberating Christians, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Eakin Press, 2006). A hymnal with new "texts that sing easily and carry some of the ‘feeling-content’ of older texts that have been sung to these tunes, while moving us into a new theological space.”
 Breaking Free: The Story of a Feminist Baptist Minister (Eakin Press, 2002). An autobiographical work. Praying with Christ-Sophia: Services for Healing and Renewal (Twenty-Third Publications,1996; Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007). This book includes hymns and rituals for seasons of the liturgical year, such as Advent and Pentecost, as well as rituals for mourning loss, for wise aging, for healing, for peacemaking, and for baby dedications. One reviewer calls the book an “impressive collection of litanies, prayers, and hymns.”
 In Search of the Christ-Sophia: An Inclusive Christology for Liberating Christians (Twenty-Third Publications, 1995; Eakin Press, 2004). This book explores the biblical and historical connection between Christ and Wisdom (Sophia in the Greek language of the Christian Scriptures).Rosemary Radford Ruether calls the book “ground-breaking” and a “’must’ book for all concerned with an inclusive and liberating theology and church.”
 Imagine God! A Children’s Musical Exploring and Expressing Images of God, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Choristers Guild, 2004). In Whose Image? God and Gender (Crossroad, 1990; revised and expanded edition, 2001). Selected “Editors’ Choice” in The Other Side magazine and described as a “wonderful resource for people moving toward both a more inclusive theology and a more inclusive worship style.” The review continues: “In a style well-suited for church discussion groups, <mask> Aldredge-Clanton affirms ‘the unlimited God’ of Scripture, explores the interaction of God-language and self-esteem in women, and proposes various models for change.”
 Counseling People with Cancer (Westminster John Knox, 1998). The Princeton Seminary Bulletin refers to the book as “compelling,” assisting people to reflect on their cancer experiences and “encouraging” them “to tell their stories” and to expand their images of the Divine. God, A Word for Girls and Boys (Glad River, 1993; Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007).Sing and Dance and Play with Joy! Inclusive Songs for Young Children, with composer Larry E. Schultz (Lulu, 2009). References

External links
 Aldredge-Clanton’s website and blog
 Jann Aldredge-Clanton’s YouTube channel
 Evangelical & Ecumemical Women’s Caucus-Christian Feminism Today
 Equity for Women in the Church
 "Revolution Through Rituals," an article by <mask> Aldredge-Clanton, published in Feminism and Religion, December 12, 2014. Letha Dawson Scanzoni of Christian Feminism Today interviews <mask> Aldredge-Clanton
 “She Lives! Sophia Wisdom Works in the World,” teleconference sponsored by Women’s Alliance for Theology, Ethics, and Ritual (WATER), May 4, 2015. “Expanding the Image of the Divine to Include the Feminine,” interview with Justine Willis Toms, New Dimensions Radio, November 15, 2015. “Why Inclusive Language Is Still Important,” an article by <mask> Aldredge-Clanton, published on Christian Feminism Today, February, 2013.“God Is Not a Guy and Neither Am I,” an article by <mask> Aldredge-Clanton, published on Christian Feminism Today, May, 2013. Anne Leggett-Walker, “New Wineskins, Ancient Divine,” Moonlady.com, 2014. "Sing of Peace,” a description of the Christmas album with <mask> Aldredge-Clanton’s inclusive lyrics to familiar Christmas tunes, sung by Devi Vaani. "’Blessing Every Love Relation’: A Pride Month Hymn,” in Feminismxianity: Patheos, June 29, 2015. “At the Intersections: Justice and the Divine Female,” Feminismxianity: Patheos, October 21, 2014. 1946 births
Living people
American feminists
Christian feminist theologians
American religious writers
Women religious writers
Baptists from Texas
American United Methodists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
Minden High School (Minden, Louisiana) alumni
Louisiana Tech University alumni
Texas Christian University alumni
American Christian hymnwriters
People from Abilene, Texas
Writers from Minden, Louisiana
Writers from Dallas
American women hymnwriters
American women non-fiction writers

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title: Stratton D. Brooks

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<mask> (September 10, 1869 – January 18, 1949) was the third president of the University of Oklahoma and eleventh president of the University of Missouri. Early life
<mask> was born in 1869 in Everett, Missouri. At the age of two, he and his parents moved to Michigan where his father, <mask>, was a Sheriff in Isabella Co. Michigan (1878–82)  <mask> graduated from Mt. Pleasant High School, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan class of 1887  <mask> was educated at the University of Michigan and held a master's degree from Harvard University. Prior to being appointed president of the University of Oklahoma, he served as the first superintendent of LaSalle-Peru Township High School (1898-1899), located in LaSalle, Illinois. Additionally, Dr. <mask> served as superintendent of Boston public schools.He also spent three months in 1906 as the superintendent of the Cleveland, Ohio public school system. University of Oklahoma
When <mask> was first being courted for the position of OU president in 1911, he at first did not want the position. It was seen as a fledgling university and many on the East Coast were "still in shock" at the summary discharge of former president <mask> Boyd. He wasn't approached again until 1912 while at a national superintendent's meetings in St. Louis, Missouri. He was approached by William A. Brandenberg who was a member of the new Oklahoma State Board of Education. Again, <mask> refused the job but Brandenberg continued to pursue telling him that the Board desired to keep politics out of the selection process. <mask> still refused but gave advice on how to keep politics out of the process by saying that only the university president could appoint faculty and that the Board should have nothing to do with the administration of the university.Eventually, the Board agreed to these guidelines and was able to convince <mask> to accept the position. <mask> later said that, "Whatever was accomplished during my eleven years as president of the University, was possible only because the Board of Education that appointed me, and its successors, never violated the basic principles set forth in that first conference." <mask> was inaugurated as president of the university in the spring of 1912. He immediately set to rebuilding the university. He found that many of Oklahoma's own citizens (over 1,500) were sending their children to out of state colleges. He immediately went about strengthening the faculty but he did not fire one individual brought in because of political connections if he was a good teacher. At the university, <mask> established a permanent faculty salary, sabbatical leave, and permanent tenure.He also acquired land around the university where the stadium and armory now stand. <mask> had a great reputation with the Board of Education (now the Board of Regents) and the Oklahoma legislature. During his years as president, many building were constructed around campus. Accomplishments during WWI
<mask>' was also OU's first wartime president, have served during the duration of World War I. He made many efforts to see that the university was at the forefront of preparedness for all war needs. He imposed strict food regulations on the university and he established thirteen courses in seven different departments for the direct purpose of "training soldiers, training men who expect to become soldiers, and training people who take the place of soldiers in civil life." Some of these courses included: wire telegraphy, wireless telegraphy, stenography and shorthand, oxyacetylene welding, orthopedic surgery, military field engineering, and first aid courses.Students under 21 were required to take special courses in the Student Army Training Corps. Barracks, an infirmary, bathhouse, guardhouse, and canteen were constructed. By the latter part of 1918, the university was practically a military base. All in all, 30 faculty members, 500 alumni, and 1,875 students were in military service during the war. End of the line at OU
Brooks' situation changed dramatically after John C. ("Jack") Walton was elected Governor of Oklahoma in 1922. Gone was the close working relationship he had with previous governors. Walton felt that <mask> was not enthusiastic about promoting the new governor's political agenda.Some of Walton's political advisors felt that the university was a hotbed of anti-Walton supporters. <mask>, the OU vice president, had openly supported Walton's rival in the primary. After both <mask> and the Board of Regents had written letters to the members of OU's faculty, cautioning them against taking part in the upcoming election campaign, <mask>r continued to take an active political role, making fiery speeches supporting Walton's rival for the governorship, Robert H. Wilson, the state superintendent of education. Walton, the Democratic nominee easily defeated Wilson, the Republican, in the general election of November, 1922, and was inaugurated in January, 1923. In May 1923, he abruptly dismissed four of the five existing regents from the board and replaced them with reliable supporters of himself and his agenda. The board quickly proceeded to terminate <mask>'s employment. Walton then retaliated against <mask>, whose son-in-law was then president of the Oklahoma School of Mines in Miami, Oklahoma.Although <mask> openly hoped the young man could remain undisturbed in that position, Walton abruptly replaced him with a supportive legislator from Ottawa County. Then, <mask> voted against Walton's nomination of another supporter to become superintendent of vocational agriculture. Walton became furious with <mask>, and again replaced the occupants of the state board. That day, the Daily Oklahoman printed the story with the headline, "<mask>' Neck Expected to Feel the Ax Next." Walton explained his action to the press, "...the educational system must be removed as far as possible from political maneuvering,...(T)he university organization has been used against me by Yankee republicans and I believe that it should be in democratic hands." University of Missouri
The University of Missouri (UM) previously had indicated to <mask> that it would like to have him take the job as president. He had previously rejected the interest, because he had become interested in continuing in Norman.Besides, his wife loved the place, and even told him once that that was the place where she hoped to be buried after death. Regarding Walton's replacement of the regents, <mask> realized that he had no future in Oklahoma without top-level political support. He called UM and asked if the presidency was still open. The answer was, "Yes." He travelled to Missouri to meet with the school officials. The next day, he received a formal job offer with an annual salary of $12,500. He gave them his verbal acceptance.When he got home he wrote a one-sentence letter of resignation to one of the regents, which was immediately accepted. The <mask> family bade goodbye to Oklahoma. Within six months, the Oklahoma legislature had enough of Walton's arbitrary behavior and roughshod power plays. They passed articles of impeachment and removed him from the Governor's office. The budgetary problems <mask> faced at UM were much the same as those he left in Oklahoma. At least the school had not developed into quite as big a mess as OU had when he arrived in Norman. Still, a bizarre incident in 1931 derailed his career.Some sociology professors allowed release of a "sex survey" that most of the regents and ordinary citizens found offensive to their social views. <mask> saw the document, which he called "sewer psychology" and wanted to fire the faculty members who had authorized sending it out without his prior approval. The American Association of University Professors joined in the uproar. The regents then blamed <mask> for misleading them and creating a national scandal. Unable to defend himself, he resigned, and moved to Kansas City, so that UM could find a new leader. Later life and subsequent death
Looking for something very different to do, he accepted the job as president of the Order of DeMolay, a Masonic institution for young men. When his wife died in 1941, <mask> <mask> brought her body back to Norman for burial.He remained in Norman until his own death on January 18, 1949, after which, he was interred beside her. Notes

References

External links

 Levy, <mask>. The University of Oklahoma: A History, Vol. II, 1917-1950. p. 66. 2015. . University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma. 1870 births
1949 deaths
Presidents of the University of Oklahoma
People from Cass County, Missouri
University of Michigan alumni
Harvard University alumni
Leaders of the University of Missouri
Boston Public Schools superintendents

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David W


title: Amelia Scott

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<mask> (16 January 1860 – 25 March 1952) was a British social reformer and campaigner for women's suffrage. She was one of the first two women elected as Tunbridge Wells councillors. Early life

<mask> was born in Byfleet, Surrey on 16 January 1860, the fourth child of <mask> and his wife, Ellen (née Nicholls). Her father was Clerk to the Lord Chamberlain of London and the family were reasonably prosperous, employing in 1861 three servants, a housemaid, nursemaid and cook. By then they had moved to Southborough, near Tunbridge Wells, where <mask>’s youngest sister, Louisa, was born in 1862. <mask> died while his children were still young and their mother later remarried. By 1881 Louisa and <mask> were living with an aunt and their grandmother, the three of them being attended to by a cook and three maids.<mask>’s background was therefore comfortably middle class – her aunt and grandmother were described as ‘living on own means’ – although the family was not exactly wealthy. Her maternal grandmother was the widow of a clergyman and there is clear evidence of <mask>’s own religious belief and commitment. After their grandmother’s death <mask> and <mask> set up home together, living in several premises in the Tunbridge Wells area, before finally settling in Lansdowne Road where they lived with another sister, Florence. None of the woman married but they lived in respectable residences and could afford to employ one servant. Together with their siblings, they each inherited a share of their father’s estate and the sisters do not seem to have needed to take on paid work but budgets were necessarily tight as their income was limited. Social work
There is very little evidence of <mask>’s initial education or of the first thirty or so years of her life, although she probably participated in conventional philanthropic, Church-related activities such as running mothers’ meetings and teaching Sunday school classes. She had a strong, Anglican faith and in 1898 her book, Women of Sacred History, was published.In 1894 <mask> attended a conference of the National Union of Women Workers (NUWW) at Bristol. This event was an epiphany: ‘[i]n those days in Tunbridge Wells we lived in our own small, self-satisfied circles, both in religion, politics and class,’ she later recalled. ‘At Bristol I walked into a wholly different atmosphere, and it was an atmosphere where I would be’. Inspired by this conference, she formed an NUWW branch in Tunbridge Wells, holding the initial meeting in her own home and serving as its secretary for over thirty-five years. At the first meeting, the well-known workhouse reformer, Louisa Twining (who had retired to Tunbridge Wells) took the chair. Twining, who was a Poor Law Guardian (PLG) for the Tonbridge Union, must have encouraged <mask> to follow in her footsteps, as in 1901 <mask> was elected a PLG. <mask> also undertook social work training in London provided by the Charity Organisation Society (COS).In 1906 the Tunbridge Wells NUWW branch, under her direction, hosted the national NUWW conference in the town’s new Opera House. As a PLG <mask> not only regularly inspected the workhouse premises at Pembury but also visited people for whom the Union was responsible including those who had been sent to the County Asylum at Barming, near Maidstone. She served on the Union’s Finance Committee as well as the Children’s Committee, the House Committee and the Mental Deficiency Committee. Her career as a PLG continued until 1930 when the Board’s functions were transferred to the Kent County Council’s Public Assistance Committee. According to a semi-autobiographical work about the ending of the Poor Law entitled The Passing of a Great Dread, <mask> learnt a great deal from her experience as a PLG, not least from her dealings with a female vagrant to whom she gave the pseudonym ‘Elspeth’. Her Poor Law work also opened her eyes to the needs of new mothers, both married, and unmarried; as well as those of young, sick and elderly workhouse inmates. Among the service improvements she championed was the construction of a proper mortuary, complete with space for the grieving relatives of the deceased.<mask>’s social activism focused primarily on the needs of young, working class women and mothers. Among her many local community projects was a hostel for working women, opened in Tunbridge Wells in 1913. Along with many NUWW activists, she had become concerned by the lack of housing provision for poor working class single women and children, other than mixed common lodging houses. The Tunbridge Wells NUWW branch raised funds to take over and refurbish a former inn and reopen it as the Crown Hostel for Women and Children. In 1931 it was reported to house 100 women and 50 children in a week. <mask>, together with her sister, Louisa and other local NUWW members also established a social club for working girls (particularly laundry workers) in Upper Grosvenor Road, Tunbridge Wells. Called the ‘Leisure Hour Club for Young Women in Business’, it opened its doors in 1900 and remained active for nearly twenty years.The club was supported by local philanthropists and ran excursions on bank holidays as well as holding club evenings. During the First World War it was joined by the ‘Comrades’ Club’, where young women were able to socialise with young soldiers, under the watchful eyes of the women volunteers. Women’s suffrage
Like many politically active women of her generation, <mask> became an avowed supporter of women’s suffrage. In 1905 the Tunbridge Wells NUWW branch held a discussion on the subject of votes for women and <mask> was among those who spoke up in favour. At the 1906 NUWW annual conference in Tunbridge Wells a memorable, heated debate on women’s suffrage took place, chaired by the national suffrage leader, Millicent Fawcett. From 1908 <mask> was an official of Tunbridge Wells’ non-militant women’s suffrage society which was affiliated to the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), and which had a shop and offices in Crescent Road, Tunbridge Wells. <mask> took part in peaceful demonstrations for women’s suffrage, once carrying a banner from the Thames Embankment in London to the Royal Albert Hall.In 1913 she became involved in the non-militant suffrage ‘pilgrimage’ to London organised by the newly formed Kentish Federation of Women’s Suffrage Societies. She gave speeches en route, including at the Victoria Hall, Southborough. Her leaflet bag, emblazoned in the NUWSS colours of red and green, is now kept at the Women’s Library. <mask> supported suffrage because she believed that women should play a part in changing the law, especially with regard to morality. In other words, the vote was not for her an end in itself, but a means to an end. She told her audience at the Victoria Hall, ‘we women claim our right to political power in order that we may better carry it out.’ Furthermore, she expressed feminine solidarity: ‘the degradation of any woman is the degradation of all,’ she claimed. <mask>’s feminism was thus rooted in her experience as a social activist as well as her religious faith.‘Men and women TOGETHER form humanity’ she claimed, ‘in God our Creator there is neither male nor female... the distinction is purely physical, not spiritual.’

First World War
During the First World War the Tunbridge Wells NUWW – still with <mask> as its Hon Secretary – got involved in establishing voluntary women police patrols in the town and in running canteens for soldiers billeted in the area. In 1915 at the request of a military commander, <mask> and her helpers opened a laundry service for washing and mending soldiers’ kits. At its height the laundry was dealing with up to 20,000 garments a week. Meanwhile, the former suffrage society offices were transformed into a depot for donations of clothing. After the war <mask> attended a Buckingham Palace garden party for women war workers on account of the soldiers’ laundry which she had managed from 1915 to 1918. Soon after the outbreak of war, as an influx of refugees from Belgium came to Britain, <mask> and <mask> both became members of the Tunbridge Wells committee set up to welcome and assist the refugees. The <mask> sisters and the other ladies on the committee must have been generous with their help for the refugees since in 1916 they were all presented with souvenir album autographed by members of the Belgian ‘colony’ in Tunbridge Wells.The album presented to <mask> and Louisa jointly as ‘Mesdemoiselles <mask>’ is preserved in the Women’s Library in London. <mask> was also awarded the Golden Palm of the Order of the Crown of Belgium by the King of Belgium for her help to the refugees. As well as the Armistice, 1918 saw the passage of the Representation of The People Act, which gave the parliamentary vote to some women. In December, these women got their first chance to vote in a general election and on polling day <mask> took part in a procession of women through Tunbridge Wells to the Town Hall. Post-war
In 1918 the NUWW became the National Council of Women (NCW). <mask> remained the local branch secretary and its members continued their active, local political campaigns. In addition, NCW women founded a Women’s Citizens’ Association, dedicated to the political education of newly enfranchised women.<mask> was a leading member of this new organisation. In 1919, <mask> and her friend and colleague, Susan Power, became the first two women to be elected to the borough council of Royal Tunbridge Wells. <mask> received almost 40 per cent of the votes cast in her ward. As a councillor she campaigned for the appointment of women police, for better housing and for the provision of municipal services such as a museum and library. However <mask>’s main local, post-war campaign was for a maternity home, together with a hostel and day nursery for the children of widows, deserted wives and unmarried mothers. The project was intended as a thank offering for victory in the war. This was partially successful when in 1924 sufficient money had been raised to purchase two adjoining properties for the maternity home.By 1936 one-third of local mothers were delivered of their babies at the home and <mask> was still a member of its committee when it was absorbed into the National Health Service in 1948. National work
<mask>’s influence was not restricted to the local area. She regularly participated at NCW Annual Conferences and served on its national executive. She also established a national committee of the NCW, called the Public Service Committee, and was its secretary for 17 years. An early campaign of the committee’s was for safe lodging houses for women (see above). In 1919, when women were allowed to become Justices of the Peace (JPs) for the first time, the committee – previously just for women in local government – became the Public Service and Magistrates Committee (PSMC). Under its new name the committee - still convened by <mask> - campaigned for better treatment of women in police cells and for the employment of women JPs in juvenile courts.<mask> corresponded with many of the leading figures of the NCW including Louise Creighton (founding president and wife of a Bishop of London) and she worked closely with Florence Ada Keynes on the PSMC. Her high-profile correspondents also included Beatrice Webb, Eleanor Rathbone MP, Millicent Fawcett (suffragist leader) and Clementine Churchill. <mask>’s national work showed the same interest in the care of vulnerable women and children as her local work. In 1918, together with other interested parties, the NCW established the National Council for the Unmarried Mother and her Child (later the National Council for One Parent Families) and <mask> was an early committee member. Unmarried mothers were, to say the least, a controversial cause in 1918, and her involvement reflects her care for those who were marginalised and stigmatised in society. Retirement
Around 1930 <mask> retired from most of her public activities. That year Boards of Guardians were abolished and the following year she stepped down as branch NCW secretary.However, her retirement was only partial and by 1932 she was back in charge of a Tunbridge Wells soup kitchen, opened to help the rising numbers of unemployed. Moreover, she remained Chairman of the hospital committee at Pembury. She also retained her interest in the care of refugees: in 1939 she signed a letter on behalf of the Tunbridge Wells Refugee Relief Committee appealing for help for refugees from Nazi Germany. In the 1940s <mask> wrote a memoir focused on the transformation of the old workhouse into a modern, almost National Health Service hospital (called Passing of the Great Dread), which was eventually published in parts in the journal of the Family Welfare Association (formerly the COS). She was fond of handicrafts, including needlework and weaving, and she hand-knitted articles for the Seamen’s Mission. She retained her interest in the local hospital and its patients’ welfare: only weeks before her death she sent some Christmas flowers to one of the hospital wards. References

1860 births
1952 deaths
British suffragists

masks:
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Syms Scott
Amelia
Syms Scott
Amelia
Amelia Scott
Amelia
Amelia
Louisa Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Scott
Amelia
Scott
Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia
Louisa Scott
Scott
Amelia
Scott
Amelia
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott
Amelia Scott


title: Charlie Swan (horse trainer)

texts:
<mask> (born 20 January 1968) is a former top National Hunt jockey in Ireland in the 1990s. He is associated with the great Istabraq, on whom he won three Champion Hurdles. He was twice top jockey at the Cheltenham Festival and was champion National Hunt jockey in Ireland for nine consecutive years. After retiring as a jockey he spent several years a trainer, based in Modreeny near Cloughjordan, County Tipperary. First and only son to <mask>, a former British Army Captain, and his wife Teresa, <mask> was named after an ancestor who was the surgeon to the British King '<mask>'. He rode his first winner as a fifteen-year-old, on his father’s Final Assault, in a two-year-old maiden at Naas in March 1983, and, after a successful spell as an apprentice, he later turned his attention to the National Hunt scene. He won his first Irish jockeys' championship in 1989/90 and retained the title up to and including the 1997/98 season.He was only deposed as champion Irish rider after deciding to concentrate on his training career. <mask> holds the Irish records for the most winners in a season (147 in 1995/96) and the most in a calendar year. Away from Cheltenham, he has ridden numerous big-race winners, including Ebony Jane in the Irish Grand National and Ushers Island and Life Of A Lord in the Whitbread Gold Cup. Cheltenham

Swan's first Cheltenham festival winner was Trapper John in the Stayers Hurdle in 1990. He was twice leading jockey at the Cheltenham Festival, 1993 and 1994. He will always be associated with Istabraq, who won at the festival four years in a row, but other memorable wins were Danoli's Royal & Sun Alliance Hurdle and Viking Flagship's Queen Mother Champion Chase. Istabraq

He will be forever associated with the legendary gelding Istabraq on which he rode to victory 23 times over hurdles including three consecutive renewals of the Champion Hurdle (1998 to 2000), four Irish Champion Hurdles (1998–2001) and big race wins at Aintree, Leopardstown and Punchestown.He won the 1997 Royal and Sun Alliance Hurdle when sent off a 6/5 fav. Istabraq sweated up badly before the race and <mask> rode a masterful race, getting him settled at the very back of a large field, then resisting the urge to make up ground going uphill before battling to victory by a length. In 1998 it was more straightforward as Istabraq won the Champion Hurdle going right away up the hill to win by 12 lengths. He confirmed his superiority by winning again in 1999 and 2000. He was the ante post favourite for the 2001 Champion Hurdle, but the Foot and Mouth outbreak caused the 2001 festival to be abandoned. Despite just one unconvincing run and plenty of rumours about Istabraq's fitness before Cheltenham, there was still a late flood of money for the great horse in 2002. But Istabraq was never right and <mask> had to pull him up in front of the stands.Nevertheless, both horse and rider were given a tremendous ovation by the crowd. Trainer

Based in Cloughjordan, <mask> took out a trainer's licence in 1998,
taking over from his father, <mask>. He operated as both jockey and trainer for a few years until having his final ride on Aintree Grand National Day in April 2003. In the last eight seasons or so, he has managed to notch up nearly 270 winners as a trainer. Big successes have included This Is Serious (2001 Thyestes Chase at Gowran Park and 2002 Tote Eider Chase at Newcastle), No Discount (second in the 2000 Sun Alliance Novice Hurdle at Cheltenham), Anxious Moment (2002 Powers Gold Label Handicap Hurdle at Fairyhouse and 2003 Craddockstown Novice Chase at Punchestown), Ground Ball (2005 Dan Moore Memorial Handicap Chase at Fairyhouse), What A Native (four straight victories in 2005/6 including the Porterstown Chase at Fairyhouse and the Pierse Leoaprdstown Chase). His biggest win to date came in 2007 when One Cool Cookie took the grade one Powers Gold Cup at Fairyhouse. This was followed by another big prize when Emmpat won 2 days later at the same venue.In 2015 he announced his retirement from training due to increased costs and a lack of quality horses.

masks:
Charlie Swan
Donald Swan
Charlie
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Swan
Charlie
Charlie
Charlie Swan
Donald Swan


title: Oscar C. Pfaus

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; born January 30, 1901) was a German immigrant who became an American citizen through military service. He had a succession of jobs before becoming involved in pro-Nazi organizations in Chicago in the early 1930s and becoming a full-time Nazi propagandist there. He was also active in New York. He returned to Germany in 1938 to work in propaganda for the Deutscher Fichte-Bund with responsibility for Ireland, the United States, and Canada, attempting to cultivate ties in the U.S. through correspondence with Irish-Americans and anyone who might be sympathetic to German interests. His letters were extensively quoted in the proceedings of the Dies committee on Un-American Activities in 1939. He was recruited to the Abwehr, the German military intelligence agency, which sent him to Ireland in 1939 to make contact with the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and others who might help Germany. The Abwehr eventually sent an agent to the United States who arranged for the IRA to carry out acts of sabotage there, such as the 1940 attack on the Hercules Powder Company plant in New Jersey in which more than 100 people were killed or injured.<mask> was active in espionage in Paris in 1941 and 1943, and in 1944 he was at Stalag 357, a prisoner of war camp in Thorn, Poland, where he described his role as "camp leader and interpreter". He later served in Czechoslovakia. In 1949, he said he was anti-Nazi and described the Nazi regime as "the former Prussian regimes of terror". Early life
Oskar <mask> was born in Illingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on January 30, 1901. He emigrated to the United States in 1924 and anglicised his name. In 1929, an <mask><mask> is recorded as having married Sybilla C. Grutler in Cook County, Illinois. In his letters, <mask> said he had served in the United States Army, in the Sixth Corps at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and at Camp Custer, Michigan.According to author Ladislas Farago, he had also been a hobo and had worked as a forester, a prospector, a cowboy, and a policeman in Chicago where he learned about undercover work in the fight with organized crime. At the time of the 1930 census, he was living in Chicago and working as a machinist. He had filed papers for naturalization as an American citizen and according to evidence later given in Congress, obtained it due to his military service. Activities in the United States

Pfaus became active in pro-Nazi activities in the early 1930s and at least initially was not an official agent of the German government which at that time was not interested in developing spies in the United States. According to Ladislas Farago, in Nazism he at last found a cause "worth fighting for" and he accompanied his devotion to it with the development of a philosophy of "Global Brotherhood" for which an acolyte was said to have nominated him for the 1932 Nobel Peace Prize. He does not appear, however, in the official list of nominations. In Chicago he was a member of the Germania Club of Chicago along with ardent Nazis Walter Kappe and Heinz Spanknöbel and was the Chicago leader of the Friends of New Germany that was founded by Spanknöbel in 1933.In New York, he joined Ignatz Griebl's not very secret cell of fledgling spies there in 1934 with Axel Wheeler-Hill and another man. The cell was created on the initiative of Grieb who had written to Joseph Goebbels in Germany offering his services as a spy. None of the members had access to secret information at that time and according to Ladislas Farago they were jokingly known among the wider circle of Nazi sympathisers as "Dr. Griebl's undercover boys", although Wheeler-Hill later became a member of the more significant Duquesne Spy Ring. <mask> also started a Nazi group in New York with the Swedish-born Olov Edvin Tietzow, founder of The American Guard. He edited the Chicago Weckruf und Beobachter, a forerunner of the Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter, the official newspaper of the German American Bund, the successor organization to the Friends of New Germany, and was a columnist for Pittsburgh's Der Sonntagsbote. Records of the NSDAP (Nazi Party) show that in 1936 he was an informant for the Reichspressestelle (Reich Press Office) on German matters in the United States. <mask> returned to Germany in 1938 at the suggestion of Tegeliss Tannhaeuser, the German consul in Chicago, to head the American-Canadian-Irish section of the Deutscher Fichte-Bund, the Nazi propaganda agency in Hamburg.Around the same time, he became an agent for the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, with the code name STIER ("bull"). Mission to Ireland, 1939

In 1939 and throughout the Second World War, Ireland was not a strategic priority for the Germans. Officially, the Abwehr had banned contact with anti-government groups in Ireland although in practice there had been some limited contact with the IRA and Irish nationalists from which the Abwehr had concluded that the IRA was too weak to form a credible partner against Britain. On January 12, 1939, the IRA set out to raise its profile with Germany and to establish a working relationship with the Nazis by sending an ultimatum to Lord Halifax, the British foreign secretary, that if British troops were not withdrawn from Ireland within days, further action would be taken. The IRA subsequently declared war on Britain and began a series of bomb attacks in England on January 16 under the S-Plan or Sabotage Campaign. Accordingly, in February 1939, Abwehr II, the department responsible for relations with discontented minorities, sent <mask> to Ireland under the cover of being a journalist for a German newspaper to make contact with the IRA, the first of 13 agents they sent in 1939–43. He received a briefing from Franz Fromme, whom the Abwehr regarded as an expert on Ireland, and travelled via Harwich, London, and Holyhead, arriving at the coastal town of Dún Laoghaire, county Dublin, on February 2 or 3, 1939 by the mailboat Cambria and staying until February 14.The British authorities warned the Irish that he was coming but Irish intelligence did not keep him under close surveillance as they thought he was travelling only to spread propaganda. On arrival, he made his way to  Dublin city where he rented a room in a boarding house. The Abwehrs level of knowledge about Ireland was shown by the fact that Pfaus's designated contact was Eoin O'Duffy, a fascist and former Blueshirts leader, but by then, unknown to the Abwehr, a staunch opponent of the IRA. O'Duffy refused to help but Pfaus was able to contact the IRA through O'Duffy's secretary, the fascist sympathiser Liam D. Walsh who knew Maurice Twomey, a former IRA Chief of Staff. Twomey took Pfaus to a Dublin safe house while his status was established and that having been done, Pfaus met IRA leaders Seán Russell and Jim O'Donovan as well as other IRA members. O'Donovan later described Pfaus as a "real S.S. type". It was agreed that an IRA man would visit Germany for further discussions and a £1 note was torn in half for identification purposes with the visitor to take one half and Pfaus to keep the other.O'Donovan subsequently visited Germany three times in 1939. As well as the IRA, Pfaus was also able to meet individuals from the wider Irish nationalist and republican movements which contained strands of pro-fascism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism. He met the anti-Semite and anti-democrat William J. Brennan-Whitmore and Liam Walsh, both members of the executive committee of the tiny Celtic Confederation of Occupational Guilds (CCOG), but of interest to the Abwehr, and arranged for Walsh to visit Germany, where he promised to use the CCOG to back German interests. Another of Pfaus's contacts was Maurice O'<mask>, an Irish railway clerk who had visited Germany and was pro-Nazi and later took a significant role in the CCOG as it became more radical. O'<mask> drew up a pamphlet titled "Who is your enemy?" that was adapted from Pfaus's "We Accuse! ", originally published in Chicago.As a result of <mask>'s visit, the IRA established better connections with the Germans, but they never acquired the munitions and wireless equipment that they hoped for, while the Germans were never able to persuade the IRA to launch a full assault on Northern Ireland to divert British troops away from the mainland, meaning that there were few concrete results of the collaboration. The German agents that followed Pfaus into Ireland during the war proved ineffectual at best and incompetent at worst, such as Walter Simon, who was briefed by Pfaus and arrived in Ireland with a list of 2,400 people who the Abwehr thought might be good contacts. Soon after arrival, he got drunk and was arrested with the list, which the Irish used to round up potential subversives. <mask>'s visit and subsequent contacts with the IRA did, however, allow the Germans to become acquainted with IRA support and operations in the United States and in due course to send an agent, Karl Franz Rekowski, to the U.S. where he arranged for the IRA to carry out sabotage attacks such as the 1940 attack on the Hercules Powder Company plant in New Jersey, in which 52 people died and a further 50 were injured. Deutscher Fichte-Bund

Back in Germany, as part of his propaganda activities for the Deutscher Fichte-Bund (DFB), <mask> wrote ingratiating letters to contacts in the United States who he thought might be sympathetic to Germany, adapting his approach according to their background and interests, such as being Irish-American and therefore perhaps not supportive of the British Empire, or anti-Semitic or anti-communist. His letters were extensively quoted from in the proceedings of the Dies committee of the U.S. Congress's House Un-American Activities Committee in September and October 1939:

 In March 1939 he wrote to one correspondent about a possible visit to the U.S. for the purpose of "studying Irish-American folklore" and seeking to be introduced to "influential Irish-Americans". In May he wrote to another about the threat to Christianity from the alliance of England and France with its "arch-enemy", "Red Russia", and the role that Irish-Americans could play in protecting American ideals from a "Jew-British-Red combination", a position that was soon undermined after Germany itself formed a pact with the Soviet Union.In June, he wrote asking for help to be put in contact with General George Moseley, his former commanding officer in the U.S. Army and a committed anti-Semite. In August 1939 he got married in Hamburg with Franz Fromme as best man. Second World War
In June 1941, <mask> was in Paris and visited the Anglo-Irish fascist sympathiser and broadcaster Susan Sweney (Mrs Susan Hilton) at her hotel with the head of the DFB Theodore Kessemeir to ask her to undertake undercover work in Ireland, the United States or Portuguese East Africa. Sweney refused, feeling the work too "dirty", but travelled to Berlin with <mask> and his colleagues where she made propaganda broadcasts to Scotland (as Ann Tower) and Ireland. In November 1943, Pfaus attempted to meet Irish citizens in Paris who might know about the preparations for the Allied invasion of France, possibly an Irish girl who would spy for the Germans in return for transit to Ireland. He achieved little however, because his main source, the Irish priest, Father Monaghan of the Chapelle Saint-Joseph, had been an officer in the British Army during the First World War and was a chaplain to the British Expeditionary Force in 1940 with connections to MI6. When Susan Sweney was interviewed by MI5 in 1945, she said she had worked with Monaghan to smuggle British merchant seamen out of Paris.In 1944, <mask> was at Stalag 357 in Thorn, Poland, a camp for British and Commonwealth prisoners of war. He described his role there as "camp leader and interpreter" and said he had been transferred to Czechoslovakia because of his fraternisation with British prisoners. In 1950, a letter from <mask> was published in the Australian press in which he appealed for his former Australian "friends" from the camp to contact him as he had photographs of them that he had promised to pass on such as the 1944 Anzac Day commemoration ceremony held by the prisoners. He wrote, "I had many Australian friends in the camp and they were well aware of my anti-Nazi attitude." Later life
After the war, <mask> lived in Hamburg's Mülhäuser Straße in the British zone of occupation. He continued to write letters, having one published in a Canadian paper in 1949 in which he complained that "those who did away with the former Prussian regimes of terror" in Germany had failed to replace them with democracy and justice. The State Archives of Baden-Württemberg hold a collection of newspaper clippings relating to <mask>.See also
 George W<mask>
 <mask>n
 Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration
 The enemy of my enemy is my friend
 Operation Green
 Tom Barry

References

1901 births
German emigrants to the United States
Nazi propagandists
Fascism in the United States
Abwehr
Year of death unknown
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Army soldiers
Spies
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
People from Enzkreis

masks:
Oscar Carl Pfaus
Oskar Karl Pfaus
Pfaus
Karl Pfaus
Oscar C
. Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Oscar Pfaus
Connor
Connor
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
Pfaus
. Christians
Helmut Clissman


title: J. P. Calderon

texts:
<mask> (born September 5, 1975) is an American professional volleyball player, model and  reality show personality. In 2006 he was a contestant on Survivor: Cook Islands, the 13th season of the CBS reality show. The following year he became a regular member of The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency. As part of his experience he was the February 2007 cover guy of Instinct magazine. He did so again in 2008, becoming the first man to be featured on their cover twice. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Santa Monica, California, the second son after his older brother <mask>, to Edwin and Xinia. He grew up in Marina del Rey, California in a Roman Catholic family, with a Costa Rican heritage.His mother died from breast cancer when he was nine. From a young age he wanted to be a model but got negative feedback from his dad, so he stuck to sports instead. His dad was won over when Calderon modeling career took off. Calderon attended  St. Bernard’s Catholic High School, then Santa Monica City College for two years, and then California State University, Long Beach, where he played for the school's nationally ranked men's volleyball team. His family is into soccer so it was a point of stress from his father that he played volleyball instead, until he started winning volleyball awards. He graduated with a degree in speech communication in 2000. <mask> is of Costa Rican descent.Career

Volleyball
<mask> was offered a pro volleyball opportunity in 1998 in Barcelona, Spain but decided instead to finish his degree. He was offered the assistant coach position for the Long Beach State University women's volleyball team. He did so for five years, first as a volunteer for three years, then paid for two more years. He credits the time as learning the differences between men's and women's volleyball styles. At the same time he got a local club coaching position at Mizuno Long Beach Volleyball Club, and began coaching for Junior Olympics. He began his professional volleyball career in 2004 and became a nationally ranked Association of Volleyball Professionals player. <mask>'s dad died in 2005, right before the Survivor opportunity, and it let him feel free to express his emotions as he never had a good relationship with his dad.He was approached by a CBS recruiting coordinator to be on the show when he was having breakfast with some friends. On Survivor: Cook Islands (2006), <mask> started off as one of five members of the Hispanic "Aitutaki" tribe. After the tribes were merged on day eight he became a member of the "Rarotonga" tribe. In retrospect he faults himself for viewing the series more as a sports competition than for the social aspects that build alliances. <mask> was the fourth cast member voted off in a 7/2 split. He credits the show with opening his eyes than he controlled his choices and had options. The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency
In 2007, <mask> began his modeling career when he joined the cast of The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency.Stating that he had for a long time wished to model, <mask> came to an open casting call held in the first episode of Season 2. He said the process, and Dickinson, were fun, but they did have the models drop their modesty, and be naked, and in their underwear constantly. He was called back in episode 2 and eventually signed to the agency. The third episode saw Calderon being approached to appear on the cover of Instinct magazine, a publication that requires that its male cover models be openly gay. Although he had been "in and around gay people and nightlife", he had not publicly talked about his sexuality to the media. He knew he was gay since high school, and even worked as a bartender in a gay bar. There were rumors that he was gay but he avoided addressing them, as well as invitations to interview with gay publications like Instinct.<mask> came out as gay on his appearance in the February 2007 issue, their swimsuit edition, which included the cover, a photo spread, feature story and interview. He said he wasn't pressured into the decision and was supported by Dickinson. "All of my fears, everything that I was scared of... it was the complete the opposite," he said. "It's been great. All of my friends, the volleyball world, absolutely everybody has been supportive. No one has shut me out." Dickinson, in particular, has been very supportive, and told him that her role models for being tough, driven and ambitious, were all gay men.He credits his coming out as helping him reprioritize his life. In 2009, he was also a cover model for the popular French gay magazine Têtu. It was announced during the 4th season finale of The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency that <mask> will head the male division of the agency when it moves to New York City. <mask> is also signed to KULT Model Agency in Germany. Other
In 2011, <mask> was cast as part of Logo TV's A-List; Los Angeles, as part of their A-List franchise, but no cast or scheduling information has been forthcoming

In 2012, <mask> modeled for the NOH8 Campaign created by celebrity photographer Adam Bouska, to oppose California Proposition 8 which attempted to change California's constitution to forbid same-sex marriage. Personal life
In October 2013, he became engaged to his longtime boyfriend, <mask> Heaney, in Hawaii. Heaney is a real estate agent.They have been together since 2007. References

External links

J.P<mask> biography for Survivor: Cook Islands at CBS.com

1975 births
American men's beach volleyball players
American people of Costa Rican descent
American volleyball coaches
American men's volleyball players
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Gay models
Gay sportsmen
Hispanic and Latino American male models
Hispanic and Latino American sportspeople
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
LGBT people from California
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
LGBT volleyball players
Living people
Male models from California
Sportspeople from California
Survivor (American TV series) contestants

masks:
John Paul Calderon
Calderon
Peter
Calderon
Calderon
Survivor Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Calderon
Julz
. Calderon