title: Earl Scruggs

texts:
 Scruggs was getting bored with repetition of the classic bluegrass fare. By now, his sons were professional musicians, and he was caught up in their enthusiasm for more contemporary music.He said, "I love bluegrass music, and still like to play it, but I do like to mix in some other music for my own personal satisfaction, because if I don't, I can get a little bogged down and a little depressed". Scruggs also wanted to play concerts in venues that normally featured rock and roll acts. Columbia Records executives told Flatt and <mask> that they intended to try a new producer, Bob Johnston, instead of their long-time producer Don Law. Johnston had produced Bob Dylan's records. This new association produced Changin' Times, Nashville Airplane, and The Story of Bonnie and Clyde albums. Flatt was not happy with some of this material—he didn't like singing Bob Dylan songs and refused to perform them, saying "I can't sing Bob Dylan stuff, I mean. Columbia has got Bob Dylan, why did they want me?".Even the success of the Bonnie and Clyde album was not enough to prevent their breakup in 1969. After the split, Flatt formed a traditional bluegrass group with Curly Seckler and Marty Stuart called The Nashville Grass, and <mask> formed the <mask>gs Revue with his sons. Neither Flatt nor <mask> spoke to each other for the next ten years—until 1979 when Flatt was in the hospital. <mask> made an unannounced visit to his bedside. The two men talked for more than an hour. Even though Flatt's voice was barely above a whisper, he spoke of a reunion. Scruggs answered yes, but told Flatt they would talk when he was better.Flatt said, "It came as quite a surprise and made me feel good." However, Lester Flatt never recovered, and died May 11, 1979. Historian Barry Willis, speaking of the meeting, said "<mask> gave Lester his flowers while he was still living." (He was referring to a 1957 Flatt and Scruggs recording of "Give Me My Flowers While I'm Still Living".) <mask> Revue
In early 1969, <mask> formed the <mask> Revue, consisting of two of his sons, Randy (guitar) and Gary (bass) and later Vassar Clements (fiddle), Josh Graves (Dobro) and Scruggs' youngest son, Steve (drums). On November 15, 1969, Scruggs performed live with the newly formed group on an open-air stage in Washington, D.C. at the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam. Scruggs was one of the few bluegrass or country artists to give support to the anti-war movement.The <mask>gs Revue gained popularity on college campuses, live shows and festivals and appeared on the bill with acts like Steppenwolf, The Byrds and James Taylor. They recorded for Columbia Records and made frequent network television appearances though the 1970s. Their album I Saw the Light with a Little Help from my Friends featured Linda Ronstadt, Arlo Guthrie, Tracy Nelson, and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. This collaboration sparked enthusiasm by the latter to make the album Will the Circle be Unbroken. <mask> and <mask> made phone calls to eminent country stars like Roy Acuff and "Mother" Maybelle Carter to get them to participate in this project to bring a unique combination of older players with young ones. Bill Monroe refused to participate saying he had to remain true to the style he pioneered, and this "is not bluegrass" The album became a classic, and was selected for the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit. <mask> had to retire from the road in 1980 due to back problems, but the <mask>gs Revue did not part ways until 1982.Despite the group's commercial success, they were never embraced by bluegrass or country music purists. Scruggs remained active musically and released The Storyteller and the Banjoman with Tom T. Hall in 1982, and a compilation album Top of the World in 1983. In 1994, Scruggs teamed up with <mask> and Doc Watson to contribute the song "Keep on the Sunny Side" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country. In 2001, Scruggs broke a 17-year personal album hiatus with the album <mask>gs and Friends, featuring Elton John, Sting, Don Henley, Johnny Cash, Dwight Yoakam, Billy Bob Thornton, and Steve Martin. It includes the song "Passin' Thru", written by Johnny Cash and <mask>. He also released a live album The Three Pickers with Doc Watson and Ricky Skaggs, recorded in Winston-Salem in December, 2002. Awards and honors
In 1989, Scruggs was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship given by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the United States.Flatt and <mask> were inducted together into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1985. <mask> was an inaugural inductee into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in 1991 and into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009. In 1992, he was one of 13 recipients to be awarded the National Medal of Arts. The award is authorized by Congress for outstanding contributions to the arts in the United States and presented by the President of the United States. Flatt and <mask> won a Grammy Award in 1968 for <mask>' instrumental "Foggy Mountain Breakdown". Scruggs won a second Grammy in 2001 for the same song featuring artists Steve Martin, Vince Gill, Albert Lee, Paul Shaffer, Leon Russell, Marty Stuart, Jerry Douglas, Glen Duncan and <mask>' two oldest sons, Randy and Gary. He totaled four Grammy awards over his career and in 2008 received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards.On February 13, 2003, <mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. That same year, he and Flatt were ranked No. 24 on CMT's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music. In 2005, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate from Boston's Berklee College of Music. In January 1973, a tribute concert honoring <mask> was held in Manhattan, Kansas featuring artists Joan Baez, David Bromberg, The Byrds, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, and Doc and Merle Watson. The concert was filmed and turned into the 1975 documentary film called Banjoman. It premiered at the John F. Kennedy Center, attended by Tennessee senators Bill Brock and Howard Baker, Ethel Kennedy, and Maria Shriver.<mask> attended the event in a wheelchair, recuperating from a crash of his private plane. The Coen brothers made a reference to The Foggy Mountain Boys in the 2000 film, Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?, by naming the movie band "The Soggy Bottom Boys"
On September 13, 2006, <mask> was honored at Turner Field in Atlanta as part of the pre-game show for an Atlanta Braves home game. Organizers won a listing in "The Guinness Book of World Records" for the most banjo players (239) playing one tune together (<mask>'s "Foggy Mountain Breakdown"). The pickers formed two groups, one on each side of home plate, and a video tribute to Scruggs's life was shown. Four works by Scruggs have been placed in the Grammy Hall of Fame: "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" (single, inducted 1999); Foggy Mountain Jamboree, (album, inducted 2012); Foggy Mountain Banjo, (album, inducted 2013); and Bill Monroe's "Blue Moon of Kentucky" (single, inducted 1998) on which Scruggs performed. The award was established by The Recording Academy in 1973 to honor works at least 25 years old that have lasting qualitative or historical significance. The Google Doodle of January 11, 2019 paid homage to Scruggs by featuring a "close-up" animated demonstration of the "Scruggs style".Banjos
In the late 1950s Scruggs met with Bill Nelson, one of the owners of the Vega Musical Instrument Company in Boston, to sign a contract to design and endorse a new banjo to be called "The Earl Scruggs Model". The company had made banjos since before 1912 and already had a Pete Seeger model. There would be four Scruggs models in the top-of-the-line banjos they produced. It was the first time a prominent bluegrass banjo player had played any brand other than a Gibson. Scruggs participated in Vega's marketing campaign that claimed that the banjo was constructed to Scruggs's design specifications, which was true, but the finished product fell short of his expectations. According to Scruggs's friend and fellow banjoist, Curtis McPeake, Scruggs never cared for it. McPeake stated, "They were good banjos, they just wasn't [sic] what <mask> wanted to play."<mask> continued to perform and record using his Gibson Granada. The Vega company was sold to the C.F. Martin company in 1970, and the contract was dissolved. In 1984, Gibson produced what <mask> had wanted—the Gibson "Earl Scruggs Standard", a replica of his personal 1934 Gibson Granada RB Mastertone banjo, number 9584-3. This banjo had been changed over its long existence and the only remaining original parts were the rim, the tone ring and the resonator (the wooden back of the instrument). The banjo was originally gold-plated, but the gold had long-since worn off and had been replaced with nickel hardware. Gibson elected to make the replica model nickel-plated as well, to look like <mask>' own.<mask>' actual 1934 model was previously owned by a series of influential players beginning with Snuffy Jenkins, who bought it for $37.50 at a pawn shop in South Carolina. Jenkins sold it to Don Reno, who sold it to <mask>. When <mask> acquired it, the instrument was in poor condition and he sent it to the Gibson Company for refurbishing, including a new fingerboard, pearl inlays, and a more slender neck. During this time <mask> used his Gibson RB-3 for some of the Mercury recording sessions. Banjo enthusiasts have located the shipping records from Gibson to determine the exact dates the Granada Mastertone was missing on certain recordings. Louise Scruggs

On December 14, 1946, 19-year-old Anne Louise Certain attended the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. She went backstage after the performance to meet some of the performers, including <mask>, who had been with Bill Monroe's band about a year at that time.Scruggs and Certain began dating and fell in love. They were married about a year and a half later in April 1948. When Flatt and Scruggs formed the new group, Scruggs had done most of the bookings for the band, but being on the road for hours in a car and stopping at a phone booth to communicate with venues, often at odd hours, was difficult. Louise had a business aptitude and began helping by doing the phone work. She eventually became the booking agent and ultimately the group's manager, Nashville's first woman to become prominent in that role. Her acumen and skills in the job were prescient. She turned the band into TV personalities and helped propel them into what today would be called rock stars, touring with Joan Baez and performing at the prestigious Newport Folk Festival.She recruited noted artist Thomas B. Allen, who had done covers for The New Yorker and Sports Illustrated to create cover illustrations for 17 of the group's albums. She helped market the group to younger audiences at college campuses and arranged a live album to be recorded at Carnegie Hall. <mask> said, "What talent I had never would have peaked without her. She helped shape music up as a business, instead of just people out picking and grinning." Louise died from complications of respiratory disease on February 2, 2006 at age 78, predeceasing her husband by six years. In 2007, The Country Music Hall of Fame created The Louise Scruggs Memorial Forum, an annual event to honor a music industry business leader. Personal life
In 1955, Scruggs received word that his mother, Lula, had suffered a stroke and heart attack in North Carolina.The only flight available from Nashville involved such a series of connecting cities that it was not feasible to fly. <mask> and his wife, with sons Gary and Randy, decided to drive all night from Nashville to see her when they were involved in an automobile accident just east of Knoxville about 3 a.m. October 2. Their car was hit by a drunk driver, a Fort Campbell soldier who had pulled out from a side road into their path, then fled the scene after the collision. The children were not hurt, but <mask> suffered a fractured pelvis and dislocations of both hips, which would plague him for years, and Louise had been thrown into the windshield, receiving multiple lacerations. They were flown to a Nashville hospital where <mask> remained hospitalized for about two months. He received thousands of letters from well-wishers. He returned to music in January 1956, about four months after the injury, but after working a week or so, one of the hips collapsed, and he returned to the hospital for a metal hip to be implanted.Seven years later, the other hip required similar surgery. The first metal hip lasted for some 40 years, but eventually failed, requiring a total hip replacement in October 1996, when he was age 72. While still in the recovery room after this hip operation, <mask> suffered a heart attack; he was returned to the operating room later the same day for quintuple coronary bypass surgery. Despite the dire circumstances, he recovered and returned to his musical career. <mask> was involved in a solo plane crash in October 1975. He was flying his 1974 Cessna Skyhawk II aircraft home to Nashville around midnight from a performance of the <mask>ruggs Revue in Murray, Kentucky. On his landing approach he was enveloped in dense fog and overshot the runway at Cornelia Fort Airpark in Nashville and the plane flipped over.The automatic crash alert system in the plane did not function, and <mask> remained without help for five hours. He crawled about 150 feet from the wreckage with a broken ankle, broken nose, and facial lacerations, afraid that the plane might catch fire. His family was driving home from the same concert and was unaware of the crash, but his niece became worried when he did not arrive. She called police at about 4 a.m., and they went to the airport, where they heard <mask>' cries for help from a field near the runway. He recovered, but was in a wheelchair for a few weeks, including for the premiere of the Scruggs documentary Banjoman at the Kennedy Center. <mask>, <mask>'s youngest son, was the drummer for the <mask>ruggs Revue at one point. He died in September 1992 of a self-inflicted gun shot after killing his wife, according to prosecutor Dent Moriss.Middle son <mask>, guitarist and music producer, died after a short illness on April 17, 2018 at the age of 64. Every January for many years, <mask>' birthday was celebrated by a party at his home on Franklin Road in Nashville. After a buffet dinner, guests would gather in the living room for an informal "pickin' party" where some of country music's best known stars would sing and play with no one around but family and close friends. The attendees over the years included Tom T. Hall, Béla Fleck, Travis Tritt, Vince Gill, Tim O'Brien, Emmylou Harris, Mac Wiseman, Marty Stuart, Porter Wagoner, Bill Anderson, Jerry Douglas, Josh Graves and many others. At <mask>' 80th birthday party in 2004, country singer Porter Wagoner said, "<mask> is to the five-string banjo what Babe Ruth was to baseball. He is the best there ever was and the best there ever will be." At age 88, <mask> died from natural causes on the morning of March 28, 2012, in a Nashville hospital.His funeral was held on Sunday, April 1, 2012, at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, and was open to the public. He was buried at Spring Hill Cemetery in a private service. The Earl Scruggs Center
The Earl Scruggs Center opened January 11, 2014—a $5.5 million, 100,000 square foot facility located in the court square of Shelby, North Carolina, at the renovated county courthouse. It showcases the musical contributions of <mask>, the most eminent ambassador of the music of that region, and features a museum and a life-sized statue of <mask> at a young age. The center received a $1.5 million economic development grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce and also funds from corporate donors. It serves as an educational center providing classes and field trips for students. The opening was celebrated by a sold-out concert by Vince Gill, Travis Tritt, Sam Bush, and others.Bob Dylan, The Byrds, Bill Monroe, Joan Baez et al.) Private Sessions (2005)
 The Bluegrass Legend (2006)

<mask>, Doc Watson and Ricky Skaggs
 The Three Pickers (2003)

Flatt and Scruggs
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 1 (2007)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 2 (2007)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 3 (2007)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 4 (2007)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 5 (2008)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol.6 (2008)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 7 (2009)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 8 (2009)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 9 (2010)
 The Best of Flatt and Scruggs TV Show Vol. 10 (2010)

References

Further reading
Goldsmith, Thomas. <mask>ruggs and Foggy Mountain Breakdown: The Making of an American Classic. University of Illinois Press, 2019.External links

 Flatt and Scruggs Preservation Society
 <mask>gs Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2004)

1924 births
2012 deaths
Activists from North Carolina
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American country banjoists
Bluegrass musicians from North Carolina
Burials in Tennessee
Country musicians from North Carolina
Foggy Mountain Boys members
Grammy Award winners
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Grand Ole Opry members
National Heritage Fellowship winners
People from Cleveland County, North Carolina
United States National Medal of Arts

masks:
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title: Władysław Studnicki

type: original

texts:
<mask>-<mask>, a Polish politician and publicist, was born on 15 November 1867 in Dünaburg, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire (current Latvia), into a Polish szlachta family of the Kresy region. Both his parents fought in the January Uprising. Throughout his life, Studnicki was famous for his strongly pro-German stance, and in the Polish People's Republic all his books were banned from publication. He was the older brother of historian Wacław Studnicki. He died on 10 January 1953 in London. Before 1918
His political career started in late 19th century at the Kronenberg Trade School in Warsaw, in the Socialist organization Proletariat, for which Russian authorities sent him first to the Warsaw Citadel (7 December 1888), and then to Eastern Siberia, where he spent six years. After returning from exile in 1896, he became activist of the Polish Socialist Party, but left it, choosing the national movement, in which he was the main ideologist.However, unhappy about the pro-Russian program of the nationalists, deserted them and in 1904 wrote a book From Socialism to Nationalism, in which he explained reasons for the change in his ideals. In 1901, after visiting Vienna and Heidelberg, he settled in Austrian Galicia. In 1903 Studnicki moved to Lwów, where he founded the Lwów Weekly news magazine. In 1910 he authored another publication, Polish Case, in which he presented the case for reconstructing Poland, with the support of Austria-Hungary and the German Empire. Also, at that time Studnicki proposed changing Austria-Hungary into the Austrian-Hungarian-Polish federation. He was strongly anti-Russian, emphasizing that Russian Empire occupied 80% of the territory of the 1772 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see: Partitions of Poland). In the mid-1910s, Studnicki became one of the most important pro-German politicians in Poland.On 10 May 1916 he met Hans Hartwig von Beseler, Governor General of Warsaw, to whom he presented a blueprint of independent Poland, with eastern borders along the Dvina and Berezina rivers and western borders unchanged, leaving Poznań, Bydgoszcz and Upper Silesia in German possession. Later, he became a member of the Provisional Council of State, a German-sponsored government, existing in Warsaw in the years 1916–1918, see Kingdom of Poland (1916–18). Studnicki was so influential in Polish politics in the late 1910s, that Matthias Erzberger called him the "spiritual father of the Act of 5th November, 1916". Therefore, Studnicki can be regarded as one of "founding fathers" of the Second Polish Republic, together with Roman Dmowski and Józef Piłsudski. Interbellum Poland
In the Second Polish Republic Studnicki devoted his time to writing. He authored a number of books, among them Political System of Europe and Poland (1935), A Question of Czechoslovakia and Polish Raison d’Etat (1938) and, finally Facing the Oncoming Second World War (1939) in which he correctly assessed and anticipated the events of the conflict. In Political System of Europe and Poland (System polityczny Europy a Polska), <mask> wrote: "Poland and Germany can become the foundation of a large Central European bloc, together with Austria, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Greece and the Baltic states: altogether, 200 million people".In his view, this bloc would oppose the Soviet Union. Studnicki correctly predicted the Anschluss and the collapse of Czechoslovakia, but in his opinion, stated in 1939, the annexation of Zaolzie into Poland was an inadequate reward for not allowing the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to pass through Polish territory. Apart from writing, Studnicki worked as a civil servant. He was established and managed the Statistical Office of the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands (1919–1920). Later he was consultant at the Ministry of Industry and Trade (1922–1926) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1928–1930). Furthermore, he lectured at the Institute of Trade and Economic Sciences in Wilno. In 1935 and 1938 he stood in elections to the Sejm, but failed to convince Polish voters.In a manner similar to National Democracy politicians, Studnicki espoused the view that Jews were "parasites on the healthy branch of the Polish tree". His work Sprawa polsko-zydowska was filled with anti-Semitic idioms, and advocated for the emigration of 100,000 Jewish Poles per annum with the goal of "dejudaization of Poland" in thirty years. 1939
In March 1939 Studnicki wrote in Słowo that German occupation of Czechoslovakia was a mistake, as it provoked anti-German feelings among Poles, and worsened Poland's geostrategic situation. Nevertheless, he continued to advocate a Polish-German alliance. On 6 April, a Polish-British communiqué was issued (see Anglo-Polish military alliance), regarding mutual guarantees. Studnicki knew well that a Polish-German conflict was imminent, trying to do everything he could to prevent it. On 13 April 1939, he wrote a letter to Minister Józef Beck, warning that acceptance of British guarantees meant catastrophe for Poland.In his opinion, Poland should remain neutral in the oncoming war. He correctly predicted that the victory of Western Allies would draw Poland into the Soviet sphere of influence, loss of her independence and eastern territories. According to him, the Polish government should end all kinds of anti-German activities and try to peacefully settle all mutual problems. Studnicki proposed that the Free City of Danzig should be handed over to the Third Reich, in exchange he expected the lease of the port of Liepaja in Latvia and German agreement of a Polish protectorate of independent Slovakia. On 5 May 1939, Studnicki wrote "Memo Against the War with Germany", sending it to all members of the Polish government, except for Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski. He warned that acceptance of British guarantees increased the risk of armed conflict and as a result of this step, Poland would be the first victim of German attack: "When one faces an enemy on two fronts, the weaker enemy is liquidated first. And we are the weaker enemy in this case (...) Poland should pledge neutrality, renounce the alliance with Britain and move its army eastwards, to protect the Soviet border".Studnicki claimed that Poland should promote the notion of "armed neutrality", as her priority should be not to allow the Red Army to enter Polish territory. Nevertheless, the declaration of neutrality would end the Central European bloc, and was only a desperate attempt to postpone the conflict and preserve Poland's independence. In June 1939, <mask> Studnicki published his last book of the interwar period, Facing the Oncoming Second World War. All copies of the book were immediately confiscated by the government censorship office, and Warsaw authorities planned to send the author to the Bereza Kartuska concentration camp. Studnicki precisely predicted the events of the oncoming conflict. He claimed that the Free City of Danzig in itself was not the sole reason of Polish-German disagreement. The conflict was about the Polish role in the war, whether she would join Germany or the Allied camp.British guarantees were aimed at drawing Poland to the Allied camp, but their acceptance meant that Germany would attack Poland first. To avoid this, Poland should hand Danzig over to Germany and agree to the construction of an extraterritorial highway and rail line through the Polish Corridor. As for the British guarantees, Studnicki claimed that during the 1920s and early 1930s, Great Britain never expressed any interest in Poland, so the sudden change of mood in London was, in his opinion, insincere: "This alleged British concern over Polish interests along the Baltic Sea has a well-defined foundation. The British want German military power to attack Poland first, at the beginning of the war, when Britain is not yet ready for the conflict". In <mask>'s opinion, the Anglo-Polish alliance was very dangerous to Poland, as London wanted to draw the Soviet Union into the war as its ally. The Soviets would be rewarded with eastern Polish territories. Second World War
During the war <mask> <mask>, whose pro-German stance was well known to German authorities, frequently intervened in support of arrested and executed Polish activists.Due to his efforts, Bolesław Piasecki, creator of National Radical Camp Falanga, was released from German prison. In most cases, however, Studnicki's interventions did not help. As a result, in January 1940 he decided to issue a "Memo to the German Government", in which he expressed his opposition to the policy of German occupational authorities, based on bloody terror. In his view, this stance would result in growing anti-German feelings among ethnic Poles, which would make it impossible to create an agreement between Poles and Germans, aimed at the Soviet Union. Furthermore, a few weeks after the Invasion of Poland, Studnicki presented to German military authorities the "Memo on Recreation of Polish Army and the Oncoming German - Soviet War". In this document, he proposed recreation of Polish Army, which would fight the Red Army alongside the Wehrmacht. Furthermore, he suggested that a Polish Government should be recreated.To make this happen, German authorities should cease killings and repression of Polish activists. Polish Army, in cooperation with the Wehrmacht, was to seize the territories west of the Dniepr river, while Germans were to march further east, to the Caucasus. Both memos were confiscated by Germans. Desperate, Studnicki decided then to personally visit Berlin, and talk to Adolf Hitler. In late January 1940, he went to Berlin, and talked with Joseph Goebbels, but without any fruits. After the conversation, he was interned at Babelsberg, but was released following a plea of Hermann Göring. In August 1940 Studnicki returned to Warsaw.He remained in touch with German authorities, and his continuous pleas for better treatment of Poles resulted in his arrest on 10 July 1941. Studnicki remained in Pawiak Prison until August 1942, when he was released due to poor health and efforts of both Maurycy Stanisław Potocki and the Hungarian ambassador. In the final years of the war, Studnicki criticized both German terror and Polish resistance, whose activities resulted in German reprisals and sufferings of the civilian population. In his opinion, the Soviet Union was the main enemy of Poland, and all Polish forces should concentrate their efforts on fighting the Soviets. In July 1944 he left for Hungary, and then Austria. In 1945 he went to Rome, and finally, in late 1946, Studnicki settled in London. Due to his uncompromising stance and unpopular convictions, he was isolated by other Polish emigres.Furthermore, in 1948 he volunteered to defend Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein, but the court decided not to send for him. In 1951, the government of the Republic of Poland banned all his books. After the war
Before his death, Studnicki published his Second World War memoirs. In Tragic Days he tried to explain and justify his pro-German stance. Originally, Studnicki's memoirs were titled How I did not become a Polish Vidkun Quisling, but Mieczysław Grydzewski, editor in chief of Polish News, which published the book, decided to change the title. Several contemporary Polish historians, such as Jerzy Łojek, Andrzej Piskozub, and Paweł Wieczorkiewicz have stated that Studnicki was right back in the summer of 1939. They all claim that the only solution at that time was to sign an alliance with Germany, in order to avoid wartime destruction and communism.Another historian, Tomasz Gabis wrote in his book Imperial Games (2008) that if, in the summer of 1939, Poland had come to an agreement with Germany, the war would have never taken place, as France and the United Kingdom would have had no reason to declare it on Germany. Instead of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a Central European anti-Soviet bloc would have been created. Another supporter of Studnicki's views is Piotr Zychowicz in his book Pact Ribbentrop - Beck. Works
 <mask> Studnicki Pisma wybrane, Tom 1 Z przeżyć i walk, Toruń 2001, Wyd. Adam Marszałek,
 <mask> Studnicki Pisma wybrane, Tom 2 Polityka międzynarodowa Polski w okresie międzywojennym, Toruń 2009, Wyd. Adam Marszałek,
 <mask> Studnicki Pisma wybrane, Tom 3 Ludzie, idee i czyny, Toruń 2000, Wyd. Adam Marszałek,
 <mask> Studnicki Pisma wybrane, Tom 4 Tragiczne manowce.Próby przeciwdziałania katastrofom narodowym 1939-1945, Toruń 2002, Wyd. Adam Marszałek,

Sources
 Polski Słownik Biograficzny, tom 45/1, wyd. 2007
 Jacek Gzella, Zaborcy i sąsiedzi Polski w myśli społeczno-politycznej Władysława Studnickiego: (do 1939 roku), Toruń 1998. Jan Sadkiewicz, "Ci, którzy przekonać nie umieją". Idea porozumienia polsko-niemieckiego w publicystyce Władysława Studnickiego i wileńskiego  "Słowa" (do 1939), Kraków 2012. Gaweł Strządała, Niemcy w myśli politycznej Władsława Studnickiego, Opole 2011. References

External links
 Studnicki's archive at the Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America

1867 births
1953 deaths
Politicians from Daugavpils
Writers from Daugavpils
People from Dvinsky Uyezd
People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Polish Socialist Party politicians
Polish nationalists
Members of the Provisional Council of State
Polish independence activists
Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
Polish anti-communists
Polish journalists
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Burials at St Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green
Conservatism in Poland

masks:
Władysław Gizbert
Studnicki
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Władysław
Studnicki
Władysław
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Władysław
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Władysław
Władysław


title: John Warnock

texts:
<mask> (born October 6, 1940) is an American computer scientist and businessman best known for co-founding Adobe Systems Inc., the graphics and publishing software company, with Charles Geschke. <mask> was President of Adobe for his first two years and chairman and CEO for his remaining sixteen years at the company. Although he retired as CEO in 2000, he still co-chaired the board with Geschke. <mask> has pioneered the development of graphics, publishing, Web and electronic document technologies that have revolutionized the field of publishing and visual communications. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. Although he failed mathematics in ninth grade while graduating from Olympus High School in 1958,   <mask> went on to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and philosophy, a Doctor of Philosophy degree in electrical engineering (computer science), and an honorary degree in science, all from the University of Utah. At the University of Utah he was a member of the Gamma Beta Chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.He also has an honorary degree from the American Film Institute. He currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area with his wife Marva E<mask>, an illustrator. They have three children. Career
<mask>'s earliest publication and subject of his master's thesis, was his 1964 proof of a theorem solving the Jacobson radical for row-finite matrices, which was originally posed by the American mathematician Nathan Jacobson in 1956. In his 1969 doctoral thesis, <mask> invented the Warnock algorithm for hidden surface determination in computer graphics. It works by recursive subdivision of a scene until areas are obtained that are trivial to compute. It solves the problem of rendering a complicated image by avoiding the problem.If the scene is simple enough to compute then it is rendered; otherwise it is divided into smaller parts and the process is repeated. <mask> notes that for this work he received "the dubious distinction of having written the shortest doctoral thesis in University of Utah history". In 1976, while <mask> worked at Evans & Sutherland, a Salt Lake City-based computer graphics company, the concepts of the PostScript language were seeded. Prior to co-founding Adobe, with Geschke and Putman, <mask> worked with Geschke at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC), where he had started in 1978. Unable to convince Xerox management of the approach to commercialize the InterPress graphics language for controlling printing, he, together with Geschke and Putman, left Xerox to start Adobe in 1982. At their new company, they developed an equivalent technology, PostScript, from scratch, and brought it to market for Apple's LaserWriter in 1985. In the spring of 1991, <mask> outlined a system called "Camelot", that evolved into the Portable Document Format (PDF) file-format.The goal of Camelot was to "effectively capture documents from any application, send electronic versions of these documents anywhere, and view and print these documents on any machines". <mask>'s document contemplated:

One of Adobe's popular typefaces, Warnock, is named after him. Adobe's PostScript technology made it easier to print text and images from a computer, revolutionizing media and publishing in the 1980s. In 2003, <mask> and his wife donated 200,000 shares of Adobe Systems (valued at over $5.7 million) to the University of Utah as the main gift for a new engineering building. The John E. and Marva M. Warnock Engineering Building was completed in 2007 and houses the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute and the Dean of the University of Utah College of Engineering. Dr. <mask> holds seven patents. In addition to Adobe Systems, he serves or has served on the board of directors at ebrary, Knight-Ridder, MongoNet, Netscape Communications and Salon Media Group.<mask> is a past Chairman of the Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose. He also serves on the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute and the Sundance Institute. His hobbies include photography, skiing, Web development, painting, hiking, curation of rare scientific books and historical Native American objects. A strong supporter of higher education, <mask> and his wife, Marva, have supported three presidential endowed chairs in computer science, mathematics and fine arts at the University of Utah and also an endowed chair in medical research at Stanford University. Recognition
The recipient of numerous scientific and technical awards, <mask> won the Software Systems Award from the Association for Computing Machinery in 1989. In 1995 <mask> received the University of Utah Distinguished Alumnus Award and in 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. <mask> was awarded the Edwin H. Land Medal from the Optical Society of America in 2000.In 2002, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for "his accomplishments in the commercialization of desktop publishing with Chuck Geschke and for innovations in scalable type, computer graphics and printing." Oxford University's Bodleian Library bestowed the Bodley Medal on <mask> in November 2003. In 2004, <mask> received the Lovelace Medal from the British Computer Society in London. In October 2006, <mask>—along with Adobe co-founder Charles Geschke—received the American Electronics Association's Annual Medal of Achievement Award, being the first software executives to receive this award. In 2008, <mask> and Geschke received the Computer Entrepreneur Award from the IEEE Computer Society "for inventing PostScript and PDF and helping to launch the desktop publishing revolution and change the way people engage with information and entertainment". In September 2009, <mask> and Geschke were chosen to receive the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, one of the nation's highest honors bestowed on scientists, engineers and inventors. In 2010, <mask> and Geschke received the Marconi Prize, considered the highest honor specifically for contributions to information science and communications.<mask> is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, the latter being America's oldest learned society. He has received honorary degrees from the University of Utah, the American Film Institute, and The University of Nottingham in the UK. See also
 Warnock algorithm

References

External links
 Interview in Knowledge@Wharton published January 20, 2010
 Biography at Computer History Museum
 Biography on Adobe Web site
 <mask>'s Utah Bed and Breakfast-The Blue Boar Inn
 Warnock's Rare Book Room educational site which allows visitors to examine and read some of the great books of the world
 <mask>'s Splendid Heritage website which documents rare American Indian objects from private collections

1940 births
Adobe Inc. people
American computer programmers
Computer graphics professionals
Computer graphics researchers
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
University of Utah alumni
National Medal of Technology recipients
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American technology company founders
Scientists at PARC (company)

masks:
John Edward Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
. Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock
Warnock


title: Carl Frederik von Breda

texts:
<mask> (16 August 1759 – 1 December 1818) was a Swedish painter who studied in and spent much of his career in Britain before becoming painter to the Swedish court. He was born in Stockholm in 1759, and moved to Britain where he was a student of Joshua Reynolds. Breda specialized in painting portraits and was called "the van Dyck of Sweden". He returned to Sweden 1796 where he became Professor at the Academy of Arts, a popular portraitist, and a court painter. Breda married at age 22 and his son, Johan Fredrik, was also a painter, who studied under his father. Breda died in Stockholm in 1818. Breda painted James Watt.Early life
Breda's great-grandfather Pieter emigrated to Stockholm around the year 1670 from the Netherlands. The "<mask> Breda" family name seems to indicate a connection with the city of Breda. Von is not a Dutch preposition, but in the Nordic countries, this originally German preposition has occasionally been used as a part of names of ennobled families of native or foreign, but non-German, origin. Pieter's son Lucas (<mask>'s grandfather, 1676–1752) was a successful painter. His son Lucas (<mask>'s father, 1726–1799) was an "arbitrator in cases of shipwreck", who also collected art. Lucas the younger married Johanna Cornelia Piper and they had five children, with <mask> born on 16 August 1759. <mask> had "an excellent education" and enrolled in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts at age 19.At the Academy, Breda studied historical and portrait painting. Lorens Pasch the Younger was Breda's master there, and Breda's early works show this influence very clearly, especially in his color palette. In 1780 Breda received the first of many prizes for his art, and in 1784 he exhibited 19 paintings in the first exhibition which the Academy arranged. The same year he saw his first royal portrait, one of Duchess Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte, sister-in-law to King Gustavus III. He also painted the Crown Prince, Gustavus Adolphus, and Gustavus III himself. In 1786 he entered a competition in historical painting at the Academy, producing a painting on the theme of Meleager, the Greek Prince. He lost to Jonas Åkerström.According to Asplund, "the selection was influenced by the better financial position of Breda, since he was able to provide the money for the journey abroad which the prize money was to make possible." Breda had married at age 22 and he and his wife had at least one son, so instead of the usual young artist's trip to Paris and Rome, he chose to go to London, where his family could accompany him. In London, Breda's son Johan Fredrik <mask>, was born in 1788. Great Britain
In Britain, Breda was exposed to the work of many great painters and was able to study with Joshua Reynolds. Reynolds was said by his pupil James Northcote to "not trouble himself much with his students", but his influence on Breda led to a "revolutionary change" in Breda's style, and through him had an effect on many subsequent Swedish portrait painters. Breda painted a portrait of Reynolds, which was his diploma picture for his admission to the Stockholm Academy of Arts in 1791. Breda established a London studio in St James's Street and quickly became a popular portraitist with "learned men and literati" and "many lovely ladies".Among those he painted portraits of while in London were the abolitionists Thomas Clarkson, James Ramsay and Charles Bernhard Waldström, as well as engineers James Watt and Matthew Boulton. These last two were members of the Lunar Society and were painted by Breda on a visit to Birmingham in 1792. The portrait of Watt is in the National Portrait Gallery, London and that of Boulton in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. Others associated with the Lunar Society whose portraits Breda painted included the botanist and scientist William Withering and Mary Priestley, wife of chemist and theologian Joseph Priestley. Return to Sweden
Breda returned to Stockholm in 1796, where he became a Professor at the Academy and received many orders for portraits. According to Asplund, his "bold, spirited brushwork, which he had learnt in England, aroused admiration in Sweden" and his finest portraits were painted in 1797 and 1798 and sees the dawn of Romanticism in his later works. These include paintings of his father Lucas, two of his nephews, the scholar and humanist Nils <mask>, and the singer Teresa Vandoni.This last is considered his most celebrated work. According to Asplund, the longer he stayed in Sweden, the more monotonous Breda's portraits became. He inherited his father's house and art collection, and they became a center of culture in Stockholm. Breda taught students, including his son Johan, and was known as a kind and sympathetic teacher. Breda received official commissions: after the monarchy fell in 1809, he painted a series of portraits of the "four Estates of the Realm" from 1811 on, and in 1812 he was ennobled. However, the political uncertainty and upheaval in Sweden at the time often interfered with his work. He failed to complete at least two planned paintings - in 1800 he was commissioned to paint the coronation of Gustav IV Adolf, whom he had painted as a child, but there were many delays and the king was deposed in 1809 before the painting could be completed.A similar commission to paint the coronation of Gustav IV Adolf's Uncle, Charles XIII also was delayed repeatedly. Breda had difficulties finding a suitable studio to work in, and when he finally did, had to vacate it after two years for the sculptor Johan Niclas Byström. The work in progress was rolled up, but when he tried to complete it two years later, the painting had been ruined. The Swedish Parliament refused a grant to complete the painting in 1818 and Breda died soon after of a cerebral hemorrhage, on 1 December. His son Johan also had a career as a portrait painter and died in Stockholm in 1835. Today Breda's works hang in many museums, including the Pera Museum in Istanbul, National Trust, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, National Portrait Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., the Finnish National Gallery in Helsinki, and, in Stockholm, the Nationalmuseum and Academy of Arts. Gallery

References

Literature
1.Minchinton W. Scandinavian Art in England 1768-1838. Three cases. - The Northern Seas: politics, economics and culture: eight essays. Ed. by W.Minchington. 1989. 2.Baird, Olga. The Lunar Society in Portraits by <mask> <mask> Breda: Likenesses of Life and Soul. //Birmingham Historian, Issue 30, Summer 2007. pp. 27–32. 1759 births
1818 deaths
18th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
Artists from Stockholm
Court painters
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage

masks:
Carl Frederik von Breda
von
Carl
Carl
Carl
Carl
von Ba
von Rosenstein
Carl Fredrick
von


title: Kenneth E. Hagin

texts:
<mask> (August 20, 1917 – September 19, 2003) was an American preacher. He is known for pioneering the Word of Faith movement. Biography

Personal life
<mask><mask> was born August 20, 1917 in McKinney, Texas, the son of <mask> and <mask>. According to <mask>'s testimony, he was born with a deformed heart and what was believed to be an incurable blood disease. He was not expected to live and at age 15 became paralyzed and bedridden. In April 1933 he converted to Christianity. During a dramatic conversion experience, he reported dying, due to the deformed heart, three times in 10 minutes, each time seeing the horrors of hell and then returning to life.He remained paralyzed after his conversion. On August 8, 1934, he says he was raised from his deathbed by a revelation of "faith in God's Word" after reading Mark 11:23-24. He was also healed of his paralysis and never struggled with walking. His dramatic healing is detailed in Roberts Liardon's book God's Generals. The text  defined his ministry and was his most frequently quoted verse:

Start of ministry
In 1936, he founded his first non-denominational church. He preached his first sermon as the pastor of a small, community Baptist church in Roland, Texas. In 1937, he became an Assemblies of God minister.During the next twelve years he pastored five Assemblies of God churches in Texas: in the cities of Tom Bean, Farmersville (twice), Talco, Greggton, and Van. Van, Texas was the last church he pastored before starting to travel. On November 25, 1938 he married Oretha Rooker. They had two children. Their first child <mask> <mask>, known as <mask> Jr., was born on September 3, 1939. A daughter, Patricia (<mask>) Harrison, was born 19 months later on March 27, 1941. His son <mask> <mask> is currently the pastor of Rhema Bible Church and President of Kenneth Hagin Ministries.<mask> began an itinerant ministry as a Bible teacher and evangelist in 1949 after an appearance by Jesus. He joined the Voice of Healing Revival in the U.S. with Oral Roberts, Gordon Lindsay and T. L. Osborn between 1947 and 1958. <mask> was given full admission to the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International (also known as the FGBMFI) which had been established in 1951. Evangelistic Association
On January 23, 1963, he formed the Kenneth E. Hagin Evangelistic Association (now Kenneth Hagin Ministries) in Garland, Texas. In September 1966, the ministry offices were moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma into a space previously used by T.L. Osborn. He started selling his sermons on reel-to-reel tape in 1966.In November of that year, he taught for the first time on radio on KSKY in Dallas. The North Texas District Council of the Assemblies of God ordained him a minister in 1967. In 1967, he began a regular radio broadcast that still continues as "Faith Seminar of the Air." Teaching by his son, Rev. <mask> Jr, is heard on the program. Since <mask>'s incorporation 1963, his organization grew to include numerous media outreaches and ministries. These are:
 Faith Library Publications – with 65 million book copies in circulation
 "RHEMA Praise" – a weekly television program on the Trinity Broadcasting Network
 "Faith Seminar of the Air" – a radio program heard on many stations nationwide and on the Internet
 "The Word of Faith" – a free monthly magazine with roughly 600,000 subscribers
 Crusades conducted throughout the nation
 RHEMA Correspondence Bible School
 RHEMA Prayer and Healing Center, located on the Rhema campus in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

At a camp meeting in 1973, <mask> announced the creation of a "bible training center."In 1974, <mask> opened RHEMA Bible Training College, in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, which now has training centers in fourteen different countries, planted over 1,500 congregations worldwide, and has 25,000 alumni. In 1979, he founded the Prayer and Healing Center to provide a place for the sick to come and "have the opportunity to build their faith." Its Healing School continues to be held free of charge twice a day on the RHEMA campus. On May 20, 1994 <mask> received an Honorary Doctor of Divinity Degree from Faith Theological Seminary in Tampa, Florida. Death
<mask> went to bed on Saturday September 13 feeling so well, according to a news release from his ministry. He sat at the breakfast table on Sunday morning and smiled at his wife, Oretha, then sighed and his head fell to his chest. He died on Friday, September 19, 2003 at the age of 86.Rhema Bible Training College

Hagin founded Rhema Bible Training College, previously Rhema Bible Training Center, in 1974. The college is accredited by Transworld Accrediting Commission International, an organization that "lacks appropriate recognition or authorization" for higher education. This Bible institute is located on  in Broken Arrow, a suburb of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The curriculum is derived from a Charismatic/Pentecostal heritage. There are seven ministry concentrations specializing in Children's Ministry, Youth Ministry, Evangelism, Pastoral Care, Missions, Biblical Studies, and Supportive Ministry. Rhema has established training centers in Austria, Brazil, Colombia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Greece, Singapore, South Africa, the South Pacific, Thailand, Nigeria, Zambia, Egypt, and the Philippines. After <mask>'s death in 2003, his son, <mask><mask>, continued to run the institution.Rhema has trained over 80,000 graduates who reside and minister in 52 countries. Locally, Rhema is known for its annual Christmas display, which in recent years has included more than 2 million lights synchronized to Christmas music. Rhema was granted an exception to Title IX in 2016, allowing the college to legally discriminate against LGBT sexual activity for religious reasons. Its 2020-2021 student handbook states that among students, "RBTC will not allow any type of physical or sexual activity/behavior other than what the Bible states is permitted for a husband and wife who are legally married. This includes, but is not limited to, homosexual activities, fornication, adultery, pornography, and so forth ...."

Publications
 Bible Faith Study Course (1966)
 Right and Wrong Thinking for Christians (1966)
 What Faith Is (1966)
 The Real Faith (1970)
 I Believe in Visions (1972)
 The Human Spirit (1974)
 Why Tongues (1975)
 Demons and How to Deal with Them (1976)
 The Key to Spiritual Healing (1977)
 Ministering to the Oppressed (1977)
 The Interceding Christian (1978)
 Faith Food for Spring (1978)
 How You Can Be Led by the Spirit of God (1978)
 How to Write Your Own Ticket with God (1979)
 What to Do When Faith Seems Weak & Victory Lost (1979)
 Seven Things You Should Know About Divine Healing (1979)
 El Shaddai (1980)
 Having Faith in Your Faith (1980)
 Why Do People Fall Under the Power? (1981)
 Casting Your Cares Upon the Lord (1981)
 The Name of Jesus (1981)
 Seven Steps for Judging Prophecy (1982)
 I Went to Hell (1982)
 Must Christians Suffer? (1982)
 Three Big Words (1983)
 Obedience in Finances (1983)
 The Believer's Authority (1985)
 How God Taught Me About Prosperity (1985)
 The Glory of God (1987)
 Understanding How to Fight the Good Fight of Faith (1987)
 Prayer Secrets (1988)
 Knowing What Belongs to Us (1989)
 Exceedingly Growing Faith (1990)
 The Holy Spirit And His Gifts (1991)
 Classic Sermons: The Word of Faith 25th Anniversary 1968–1992 Commemorative Edition (1992)
 Following God's Plan for Your Life (1993)
 The Triumphant Church (1993)
 Love: The Way to Victory (1994)
 God's Medicine (1997)
 The Midas Touch (1999)

References

External links
 Official Website of Kenneth Hagin Ministries
 Rhema Bible Training College
 Testimony from Kenyon family that Brother Hagin did not plagiarize his books

1917 births
2003 deaths
American Charismatics
American Pentecostal pastors
Education in Tulsa, Oklahoma
American faith healers
American Assemblies of God pastors
Pentecostals from Oklahoma
Pentecostals from Texas
People from Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
People from McKinney, Texas
Religious leaders from Oklahoma
Religious leaders from Texas
Prosperity theologians

masks:
Kenneth Erwin Hagin
Kenneth E
. Hagin
Lillie Viola Drake Hagin
Jess Hagin
Hagin
Kenneth Wayne
Hagin
Kenneth Hagin
Hagin
Kenneth Wayne
Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Kenneth Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Hagin
Kenneth W
. Hagin


title: Vincenzo Fiorillo

texts:
<mask> (born 13 January 1990) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Salernitana. Club career

Sampdoria
Born in Genoa, <mask> started playing football in Nuova Oregina Calcio from the Oregina neighborhood of Genoa. In 2004, he was transferred to local Serie A side, U.C. Sampdoria. He remained within Sampdoria's youth ranks for 5 years, and on 10 April 2008 he was part of the first ever Sampdoria Primavera squad to win the Coppa Italia Primavera. In the final he saved two of four penalties in the shootout against Atalanta, thus securing victory for Blucerchiati. He also won the first ever Campionato Nazionale Primavera for Sampdoria, after he finished as the runner-up with the club in the 2007 edition.Originally considered a rising star, being even compared to Gianluigi Buffon, <mask> made his Serie A debut on 13 April 2008, against Reggina. He remained with Sampdoria for the start of the 2009–10 Serie A campaign, but on 13 January 2010, he was sent on loan to Reggina in an exchange deal for goalkeeper Mario Cassano. After making 5 Serie B appearances for the amaranto Fiorillo returned to Sampdoria on 30 June 2010, upon the expiration of his loan deal. In January 2011 he left Genoa once again for another 6-month loan to another Ligurian club Spezia, where he appeared in 8 league matches during the second half of the 2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione. After returning to Sampdoria once more, he was successively loaned out again on 4 August 2011– this time to Livorno in the Serie B. With the Tuscan outfit, <mask> finally managed to win a first team spot thanks to his impressive performances that were fundamental in his club's ultimate promotion to Serie A following their promotion play-off victory. After 28 league appearances for Livorno, he returned to Sampdoria at the end of his loan spell, remaining as the second-choice keeper to Angelo da Costa Júnior.Juventus
In January 2014, <mask> was involved in a co-ownership player-exchange deal with 50% of his contract being sold to reigning Serie A champions, Juventus in exchange for 50% of the contractual rights of Juventus' Stefano Beltrame. Both 50% rights were valued for €2 million. As part of the deal, <mask> remained with Sampdoria on a six-month temporary loan deal, and Beltrame returned to Bari, with whom he was previously on loan with from Juventus. On 19 June 2014, Juventus and Sampdoria renewed the co-ownership agreement of the player, with Juventus holding the registration rights of the goalkeeper. On 30 June 2014, <mask> moved to Juventus upon the expiration of the loan agreement. Pescara (loan)
On 23 July 2014, it was officially communicated that <mask> signed for Serie B side Pescara on a season-long loan deal along with teammate Gabriel Appelt. Fiorillo wore number 1 shirt for their first team.In June 2015 Juventus acquired <mask> outright from Sampdoria for free; Beltrame also returned to Juve in January 2015 in a pure player swap. On 23 July 2015, <mask> returned to Pescara in a temporary deal, with an option to purchase, which would become an obligation if Pescara promoted to 2016–17 Serie A. Fiorillo kept his number 1 shirt for the new season. Pescara
After Pescara activated the conditional obligation to buy Fiorillo outright in summer 2016 for €2 million, he remained in Pescara for their 2016–17 Serie A campaign. However, he was the backup of former Argentine internationals Albano Bizzarri instead. International career
<mask> was a regular member of the national youth teams until his 20th birthday, after which he failed to play for a professional team regularly. <mask> played twice in 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship elite qualification, ahead the regular starter Sergio Viotti. <mask> also was part of the Italy U-19 squad at the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, where he was voted as the best goalkeeper of the competition.In addition, he was one of the youngest members of the Italy squad, as he had also been eligible for the 2009 edition. <mask> played once in 2008 qualifying (against Malta), though he was the backup of Ugo Gabrieli for the rest of the matches. He was the starting keeper ahead Carlo Pinsoglio in the elite round. Despite losing to Germany in the final, the Azzurrini still qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He took part at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup as the captain of the Italian team in September 2009. He also finished as the runner-up in the 2009 Mediterranean Games as captain. On 25 March 2009, he made his debut with the Italy U-21 squad in a friendly match against Austria.That match de facto played by players born in or after 1988 for an event usually played by U-20 (Four Nations Tournament), but all players were selected by U-21 coach Pierluigi Casiraghi to select junior member to the final round of 2009 U-21 Euro, which the age limit in fact was born in 1986 or after. <mask> was not included in the final squad of 2009 U-21 Euro but Andrea Seculin (who made U-21 debut on the same day) did, as Seculin did not go to the FIFA U-20 World Cup. <mask> was the first choice keeper in the first round of 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification. Coach Casiraghi later picked Seculin as first choice. Since November 2009 he did not receive any U-21 call-up. <mask> also failed to receive any call-up from Italy U-20 team until June 2011 for the last round of 2010–11 Four Nations Tournament. In 2011–12 season, he was capped for another feeder team of U-21, the Italy U-21 Serie B twice.References

External links

 FIGC
 <mask>o Pescara 1936 players
U.S. Salernitana 1919 players
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games

masks:
Vincenzo Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Fiorillo
Vincenzo Fiorillofin


title: Erik Bruhn

texts:
<mask> (3 October 1928 – 1 April 1986) was a Danish danseur, choreographer, artistic director, actor, and author. Early life
<mask> was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, the fourth child and first son of Ellen (née Evers), owner of a hairdressing salon, and third child of <mask>. His parents married shortly before his birth. <mask> began training with the Royal Danish Ballet when he was nine years old, and made his unofficial début on the stage of Copenhagen's Royal Opera House in 1946, dancing the role of Adonis in Harald Lander's ballet Thorvaldsen. Career
He was taken permanently into the company in 1947 at the age of eighteen. <mask> took the first of his frequent sabbaticals from the Danish company in 1947, dancing for six months with the short-lived Metropolitan Ballet in England, where he formed his first major partnership, with the Bulgarian ballerina Sonia Arova. He returned to the Royal Danish Ballet in the spring of 1948 and was promoted to soloist in 1949, the highest level a dancer can attain in the Danish ballet.Later in 1949, he again took a leave of absence and joined American Ballet Theatre in New York City, where he would dance regularly for the next nine years, although his home company continued to be the Royal Danish Ballet. The turning point in Bruhn's international career came on 1 May 1955 with his début in the role of Albrecht in Giselle partnering Dame Alicia Markova, nearly twenty years his senior, in a matinée with Ballet Theatre in New York after only three days of rehearsal. The performance caused a sensation. Dance critic John Martin, writing in The New York Times, called it "a date to write down in the history books, for it was as if the greatest Giselle of today were handing over a sacred trust to what is probably the greatest Albrecht of tomorrow." In an article entitled "The Matinée that Made History" in Dance News in June 1955, P. W. Machester wrote:

Technically exacting as it is, the role of Albrecht is not beyond the capabilities of any competent premier danseur, and <mask> is infinitely more than that; he is probably the most completely equipped male dancer of the day, with the flawlessly clean technique that comes only through a combination of enormous talent allied to correct day-by-day training from childhood … If his dancing was magnificent, and it was, his partnering of and playing to Markova were no less so. The result was one of those electrifying performances when everyone both in the audience and on the stage is aware that something extraordinary is happening. <mask> formally resigned from the Danish ballet in 1961, by which time he had become internationally known as a phenomenon, although he continued to dance periodically with the company as a guest artist.In May 1961, he returned to Ballet Theatre for its New York season. In its 5 May issue, Time magazine published a major article on the dancer and his art:

Back home <mask>, 32, is the idol of the Royal Danish Ballet, where he has brought new life to the classic roles reserved for a premier danseur noble. His technical credentials include a fine dramatic sense and an ability to leap with a high-arching grace, to turn with cat quickness and fluidity on the ground or in midair, to project emotion with vivid movements of arms, legs and body. But Bruhn long ago became aware that "technique is not enough," and he is remarkable for the feeling of tension he can convey by his mere presence. Poised and trim (5 ft. 7 in., 140 lbs. ), he somehow rivets an audience with the promise of action before he has danced a step ... As Bruhn soars ever closer to his apogee, he spends restless nights reviewing roles in his mind. He has surprisingly little of the vanity that goads most performers; he does not want audiences to pay, he says, "only to see me jump."Furthermore, he would rather "be bad in a good ballet than be great in a bad ballet." But to be great in a good ballet? To do it, says <mask>, "it is important, even if you performed a role the night before, to think, 'This is the first time this is going to happen.' "

During the next 10 years, Bruhn formed long relationships as a guest artist not only with Ballet Theatre but with most all of the major ballet companies in Europe and North America, including the New York City Ballet, the Joffrey Ballet, the National Ballet of Canada, the Paris Opera Ballet, and London's Royal Ballet. He was best known for his lead roles in La Sylphide, Giselle, Frederick Ashton's Romeo and Juliet, and Swan Lake. John Cranko made Daphnis and Chlöe on him in 1962 at the Stuttgart Ballet, which <mask> considered his favorite from amongst the ballets created specifically for him. He was also acclaimed in dramatic roles, such as Jean in Birgit Cullberg's Miss Julie, the Moor in José Limón's The Moor's Pavane, and Don José in Roland Petit's Carmen.In addition to Sonia Arova, Bruhn had significant dance partnerships with a large and unusually varied number of ballerinas: the Americans Cynthia Gregory, Nora Kaye, Allegra Kent, and Maria Tallchief; the Russian Natalia Makarova; the Dane Kirstin Simone; the British Nadia Nerina; and, most famously, with the Italian Carla Fracci. In his book, Beyond Technique (1968), Bruhn discussed his thoughts on partnering:
It has been noticed that I have been able to work with many different kinds of ballerinas, and on most occasions we succeeded in becoming a team if only for a season or two. And that is because I always wanted to relate to them. I don't remain the same. Each ballerina is different; she has a special flavor or she wouldn't be a ballerina. This would color my style and shape my approach. I remain true to myself, but I let her flavor color me as mine colors her ... A good partnership can somehow crystallize something that you have been doing already.When the right people come together, they bring the right thing out of each other ... With the right person, it becomes a situation of being rather than playing ...The role absorbs you and you become it. And then it seems like you can do nothing wrong because you are so totally absorbed by this being. Awards and retirement

Bruhn was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog, one of Denmark's highest honors, in 1963, the same year he was awarded the Nijinsky Prize in Paris. After retiring as a danseur noble in 1972, Bruhn danced character roles, such as Madge the Witch in La Sylphide, Dr. Coppelius, and Petrushka. He was director of the Swedish Opera Ballet from 1967 to 1973 and the National Ballet of Canada from 1983 until his death in 1986. Although twice offered the directorship of the Royal Danish Ballet, he twice declined the post. His productions of full-length classical ballets, such as La Sylphide,Giselle, Coppélia, and his somewhat controversial Swan Lake for the National Ballet of Canada, were well received, as were his stagings of pas de deux from the Bournonville repertoire.A superb teacher and coach, <mask> was dedicated to imparting purity of form and dance as drama not spectacle. He believed in "complete identification" with the character being portrayed, "but under complete control. Because if you lose yourself completely, you cannot communicate." In 1974, he played a leading role in the stage play Rashomon with Susse Wold in Denmark, for which he won acclaim. Personal life
<mask> met Rudolf Nureyev, the celebrated Russian dancer, after Nureyev defected to the West in 1961. Nureyev was a great admirer of Bruhn, having seen filmed performances of the Dane on tour in Russia with the American Ballet Theatre, although stylistically the two dancers were very different. Bruhn became the great love of Nureyev's life and the two remained close for 25 years, until Bruhn's death.Death
<mask> died in Toronto General Hospital on 1 April 1986 at the age of 57. His death was attributed to lung cancer. However, according to Pierre-Henri Verlhac, he might have died of AIDS. He is buried in an unmarked grave at Mariebjerg Cemetery in Gentofte, an affluent northern suburb of Copenhagen, near the house where he grew up. Dance critic John Rockwell, in his obituary of Bruhn, noted:

Mr. Bruhn was valued more as an epitome of manly elegance and for the sensitivity of his acting than as a virtuoso technician. As a partner he was grave and deferential, yet he never subsided meekly into the background. And as a poetic actor, he lifted male leading roles in the classic ballets to a new prominence... Mikhail Baryshnikov [said] "He was indisputably one of the greatest dancers we have ever seen, and his dignity and style have been a model to us all, which can not be replaced."Clive Barnes had named <mask> "the greatest male classical dancer of his time" when Bruhn retired in 1972. In an appreciation of <mask>'s accomplishments published in The New York Times shortly after his death, dance critic Anna Kisselgoff said:

He was, then, the model of perfection as a dancer – precise in every step, beautifully placed, a virtuoso technician, noble in bearing, elegant in every gesture. His line was extraordinary, his leg beats – a legacy of his Danish training – amazing. He was one of the few dancers who could bring the house down simply by executing a series of entrechats as James in La Sylphide. The steps, no matter how brilliantly executed, were always part of a deeper concept, part of a characterization. <mask> was a complete dancer – a far cry from the highly specialized artist he was often made out to be... His moral example to the rest of ballet came through the concentration and seriousness with which he committed himself to every role. Bruhn authored Beyond Technique with photos by Fred Fehl (1968, reissued as No.36 of "Dance Perspectives" in 1973), and with Lillian Moore he co-authored Bournonville and Ballet Technique: Studies and Comments on August Bournonville's Etudes Choregraphiques (1961, reprinted 2005). He was the subject of the book <mask>: Danseur Noble (1979) by John Gruen, written with his cooperation and based in part on extensive interviews. A 2008 biography in Danish by Alexander Meinertz, <mask> – Billedet indeni (The Picture Within), has yet to be translated into English. <mask> was posthumously recognized in 1987 for "exemplary contributions to Canada and its culture" as the first recipient of the annual Pagurian Award for Excellence in the Arts. In 2014 Heritage Toronto erected a plaque to him outside 135 George Street South in the St Lawrence Market area of Toronto. He lived there for many years. Legacy
In a codicil to his will, <mask> Prize, recognizing dancers from the three companies with which he was most closely associated: the Royal Danish Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, and the National Ballet of Canada, each of which are invited to send one male and one female dancer to the competition, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Bruhn specified that the prize be awarded to two young dancers who "reflect such technical ability, artistic achievement and dedication as I endeavoured to bring to dance." Competitors for the prize are between the ages of 18 and 23 and are selected by their respective Artistic Directors. For the competition, each dancer performs in a classical pas de deux and variations and a contemporary pas de deux or solo work. The first <mask>hn Prize was awarded in 1988. Filmography
A few of <mask>'s performances have been preserved, several of which are available on DVD and online:
Symphonie fantastique, filmed in 1948 with the Royal Danish Ballet, choreography by Léonide Massine. A work film, shot without sound and showing the dancers in practice dress. Available on DVD through the Dance Film Archive of Ohio State University.Pas de deux, choreographed by Roland Petit, with the French ballerina Zizi Jeanmaire in the 1952 Goldwyn film Hans Christian Andersen. Available on DVD. Four short pieces were filmed in 1955 at Jacob's Pillow: Giselle Act II pas de deux with Alicia Alonso; and the Don Quixote pas de deux, Giselle Act II pas de deux, and The Nutcracker Act II pas de deux, all with Mary Ellen Moylan. The Ed Sullivan Show (25 August 1957) with Nora Kaye in the Black Swan pas de deux from Swan Lake. The Bell Telephone Hour broadcasts: Don Quixote pas de deux with Maria Tallchief (from 1961); Act II of La Sylphide (1962) and a pas de deux from Romeo and Juliet choreographed by Bruhn (1967), both with Carla Fracci; the Black Swan pas de deux with Sonia Arova (1963), and the Act III pas de deux from Coppélia, also with Arova (1963). Available on the DVD "Rudolf Nureyev & <mask> – Their Complete Bell Telephone Hour Performances (1961–1967)," which also includes Tallchief and Nureyev dancing a pas de deux from Flower Festival in Genzano choreographed by Bruhn after Bournonville (from 1962). "The Art of the Pas de Deux": pas de deux from Don Quixote with Maria Tallchief; includes Tallchief and Nureyev in the Flower Festival in Genzano pas de deux choreographed by Bruhn.Available on DVD. Both performances are from "The Bell Telephone Hour" broadcasts and both also can be seen on the DVD "The Art of Maria Tallchief." Full-length Giselle with Carla Fracci and American Ballet Theatre (1969), which has been criticized for its eccentric camera work. Available on DVD. <mask>: I'm the Same, Only More – A Personal Portrait of the Legendary Dancer (2002), a posthumous 42-minute film biography by his friend, the Danish filmmaker Lennart Pasborg, includes performance footage and a recorded monologue by Bruhn used as a voice-over for clips and stills. Won an award at Cannes for use of archival material. Performance reviews and critiques
"Danseur Noble".Time. 5 May 1961
"The High & the Mighty". Time. 10 December 1965
Review of Giselle video (1969)
"Lady of the Still Point". Time. 14 July 1975
"<mask>'s Syphide at Ballet Theater". The New York Times.26 May 1983
<mask> – "Epitome of the Danseur Noble". The New York Times. 13 April 1986

References

External links
Ballet Encyclopedia
ABT Biography and Credits
The National Ballet of Canada Biography
Archive footage of Alicia Alonso and <mask> in Pas de Deux from Giselle, Act II in 1955 at Jacob's Pillow
<mask> entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia
<mask> entry in the Concise Encyclopædia Britannica
glbtq Biography
Obituary by John Rockwell, The New York Times, 2 April 1986

I'm the Same Only More review, The New York Times
<mask> on Google Video
<mask> on YouTube
Bournonville and Ballet Technique (1961) by <mask>hn on-line text
Review of <mask> – Billedet indeni (in English)

1986 deaths
1928 births
Danish male ballet dancers
Danish expatriates in Canada
AIDS-related deaths in Canada
Gay actors
LGBT dancers
LGBT entertainers from Denmark
People from Copenhagen
20th-century Danish male actors
20th-century ballet dancers
LGBT choreographers
Infectious disease deaths in Ontario
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century LGBT people
Burials at Mariebjerg Cemetery

masks:
Erik Belton Evers Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Ernst Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Bruhn
Bruhnruhn
Erik Bru
Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bruhn
Erik Bru
Erik Bruhn


title: Richard Spratly

texts:
Captain <mask> (1802–1870) was a British sea captain and contributor to navigational records, after whom the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are named. Early life
<mask> was born on 22 January 1802 in the parish of All Saints, Poplar, East London. His father, Thomas, is described on his birth certificate as a boatbuilder. His mother was Ann née Myers. He was the second of four children (Mary Ann born 25 December 1799), Jane (born 15 December 1812) and William (born 18 March 1815). Early voyages
1818, 6 June – <mask> first sails as an apprentice on Earl of Marley (possibly Earl Morley, a whaler)
1824,	June –  <mask> sails as 2nd officer on Marquis of Huntley, a convict ship
1832,	1 September – Convict ship York, with <mask> as captain, sails from Plymouth with 200 convicts on board. 1832,	29 December – Convict ship York, with <mask> as captain, arrives Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
1833,	20 October – , under Captain Hingston, arrives Gravesend from the Southern Ocean.Owners were Jarvis and Co.
1834,	5 July – <mask> replaces Hingston as master of Cyrus
1837,	25 October – Cyrus arrives at Portsmouth from South Seas
1838,	(unknown) – Cyrus surveyed by Lloyds
1838,	June – Cyrus departs on a whaling voyage

In 1844, <mask> was sailing past Manado, on Sulawesi. He became the witness to an attack by a local sultan on Erskine Murray's yacht Young Queen, captained by Captain Hait, and the brig Anne, captained by Captain Lewis. The account was documented in a letter titled 'Honorable E. Murray' and published in the Sydney Shipping Gazette. Kema incident
According to accounts by the crew, on 24 February 1844, Cyrus anchored at Kema Roads, Celebes, with a valuable cargo of whale oil. The next day the crew went ashore, but returned a few men short. Two men, Heron and Robson, were spotted and told to return but fled after they were confronted only to return later on the 28th. Crew members Howland and Heron went missing on 2 March.Finally on 3 March, after much searching and drunken antics by her crew on the Dutch occupied island, Cyrus sailed away to return to England, but without the missing crew members. Upon returning to Great Britain in August 1844, the crew was summoned to a hearing by William Heron's mother. The incident had not been well documented and there was not enough evidence to suggest one way or the other if Captain <mask> was guilty of abandoning them without a thorough search, therefore no jury trial followed. The account given by the newspapers was starkly different from the crew's accounts recorded by the courts and gave more details of the course of events. Crew
Circa. 1838–1844
 Captain <mask>, Master
 Chief Officer George Cotton
 Second Officer <mask>
 Francis Rankin, Surgeon
 William Heron, Cooper's Mate (abandoned in Keimes, Celebes 1841)
 Mr Howland (abandoned in Keimes, Celebes 1841)
 Mr Robson
 Mr Brown
 George Lansdell

Contributions to navigational knowledge
Captain <mask> occasionally submitted navigational routes and survey information to The Nautical Magazine and the Naval Chronicles. On 29 March 1843, Spratly sighted what is now known in English as Spratly Island and Ladd Reef.<mask> was the name reported by Captain Doyle of Australia and Captain Campbell of the Hydrographic Office His sighting was reported in The Nautical Magazine in the year 1843, issue 697:. The publication of his voyage in the Nautical Magazine and The Naval Chronicle popularized his naming of the island, even though the island had previously been named "Horsburgh's Storm Island" by Captain James Horsburgh. The British Admiralty finally agreed that the scattered islands in the area be named the Spratly Islands. Later voyages
1845,	22 May – Cyrus departs from The Downs [off Dover]
1845,	18 Sept – Cyrus under <mask> in Batavia, from London, for South Seas
1848,	1 June – Cyrus, under <mask>, returns to England from the South Seas
1848,	8 June – <mask> stops being Master of Cyrus
1849,	March – Spratly becomes Master of Margaret
1849,	1 April – Margaret, under Spratley, departs bound for the South Seas
1851,	11 April – Spratly letter in The Nautical Magazine (p. 490: "Eastern Navigation from the Margaret")
1852,	unknown – Margaret, <mask>, master, bound for the South Sea (Lloyds Register)
1852,	6 March – <mask> stops being master of Margaret1853,	29 June – <mask> makes claim for Master's certificate of service
1853,	July – <mask> granted Master's certificate in London
1858,	24 March – Atalanta, Capt. Spratly, belonging to Messrs. Wilson and Cooke, London, was despatched by Mr. J.B. Wilcocks, from Plymouth, on Wednesday, 24 March, with 396 Government emigrants for Melbourne, comprising 26 married couples, 98 single men, 163 single women, and 83 children, of whom 147 were English and 249 Irish; under the medical care of Mr. J.S. Ireland. 1858	7 June	Atalanta arrives at Melbourne, Victoria and Sydney in 1859.1860	5 March	Atalanta (960 tons) departs England(?) carrying 345 emigrants (28 men, 297 women, 20 children)
1860	30 May	Atalanta arrives Victoria, Australia after voyage of 86 days
1861	Richd <mask> noted in Census. Married, age 59. Master, not living on board. Vessel Atalanta. Number 5 Jetty North Side East India Docks

There is an entry for a Captain <mask> as master of Redrose'' in 1864. It's not clear if this is the same <mask>.Final days
<mask> died, "at the residence of his nephew, Ealing, Middlesex, aged 69.". The address on death certificate is Oxton Villa, Ealing. The cause of death was pleuropneumonia. The informant was <mask>'s youngest child, Matilda M<mask>, resident of Rock Ferry, Birkenhead. Family life
He married Jane Miller at St George in the East, Cannon Street Road, London in 1828. He had four children: Jane Miller <mask>, born in Stepney, 24 February 1839; <mask> <mask>, born in Stepney 21 June 1842; Thomas Miller <mask>, baptised in Whitechapel St Mary, 26 November 1845 and Matilda, born in Ramsgate 9 July 1849. In the 1861 UK National Census <mask> is recorded as Master of the vessel Atalanta.Number 5 Jetty North Side East India Docks but not living on board. The family are recorded as: <mask> (Master Mariner, 59) & Jane (born Whitechapel, 52) Spratly living together 22 Robinsons Road, Hackney (district 6) with <mask> (son, 18 born Stepney), Thomas (son, 15 born Ramsgate) and Jane (daughter, 22 born Stepney). <mask> (daughter, 11, born Ramsgate, staying with friends)

References

External links
Google Books: A Geographical Description of the Spratly Island and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst Those Islands

People from Poplar, London
British people in whaling
British surveyors
1802 births
1870 deaths
Spratly Islands
19th-century British people

masks:
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Spratly
Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Spratly
Richard Spratly
William Spratly
Spratly
Richard Spratly
Spratly
Spratly
Spratly
Spratly
Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard Spratly
Richard
. Spratly
Spratly
Richard Jolly
Spratly
Spratly
Rich Spratly
Richard
Richard
Matilda Spratly


title: Howard Johnson (jazz musician)

texts:
<mask> (August 7, 1941 – January 11, 2021) was an American jazz musician, known mainly for his work on tuba and baritone saxophone, although he also played the bass clarinet, trumpet, and other reed instruments. <mask> was known for his extensive work as a sideman, notably with George Gruntz, Hank Crawford, and Gil Evans. As a leader, he fronted the tuba ensemble Gravity and released three albums during the 1990s for Verve Records; the first Arrival, was a tribute to Pharoah Sanders. Biography
<mask> was born in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, but from the age of two was raised in Massillon, Ohio. A self-taught musician, he began playing baritone saxophone and tuba while still in high school. After graduating in 1958, he served in the U.S. Navy before moving to Boston, where he lived with the family of the drummer Tony Williams. He then spent time in Chicago, where he met Eric Dolphy, before moving to New York City in 1963.In the 1960s he worked with Charles Mingus, Hank Crawford, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Archie Shepp, and Hank Mobley on the album A Slice of the Top. He also began a long association with Gil Evans in 1966. He was arranger of a horn section that backed Taj Mahal on Mahal's 1971 live album, The Real Thing, which featured three other tubists/multi-instrumentalists, Bob Stewart, Joseph Daley and Earl McIntyre. <mask> also played with the Band on their Rock of Ages live album, The Last Waltz and into the new millennium with Levon Helm's band. During the 1970s, he was the live band conductor of the Saturday Night Live Band; he can be seen in several musical numbers, including playing bass saxophone in the "King Tut" sketch and leading his all-tuba band Gravity in a featured performance on Season 3, Episode 17. Gravity was perhaps his best-known band. He led three tuba bands, collaborated with Tomasz Stanko, Substructure, Tuba Libre, and Gravity.He has recorded frequently. In 1981, he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. He had a minor role in the 1983 film, Eddie and the Cruisers as Wendell's replacement. He has also appeared in episodes of Matlock and Hill Street Blues. In 1984, he appeared as part of the Gil Evans Orchestra, accompanying Jaco Pastorius at the Live Under The Sky Festival in Japan. <mask> accompanied James Taylor in a performance of "Jelly Man Kelly" on Sesame Street in 1983, and also on tin whistle when Taylor sings to Oscar the Grouch. Personal
<mask> was father to David and Nedra.David (1964–2009) was an actor in New York, and lived in Brooklyn. Nedra is a blues singer and musician. <mask> died on January 11, 2021 "in his New York home". Discography

As leader
1994: Arrival: A Pharoah Sanders Tribute (Verve)
1995:  Gravity!!! 2 (Gramavision, 1984)
 Andrew Hill: Passing Ships (Blue Note, 1969)
 Pharoah Sanders: Izipho Zam (My Gifts) (Strata-East, 1969 [1973])
 Leon Thomas: The Leon Thomas Album (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
 Johnny Coles: Katumbo (Dance) (Mainstream, 1971)
 Taj Mahal: Taj Mahal (Columbia, 1968), The Real Thing (Columbia, 1972)
 Charles Tolliver: Music Inc. (Strata-East, 1971)
 The Band: Rock of Ages (Capitol, 1972)
 Carla Bley: Tropic Appetites (Watt, 1973–74), Escalator over the Hill
 John Lennon, Walls and Bridges (Apple, 1974)
 Sam Rivers: Crystals (Impulse! (Hat Hut, 1987)
 First Prize (Enja, 1989)
 Beyond Another Wall (TCB, 1991)
 Blues 'n' Dues et Cetera (Enja, 1991)
 Ray Anderson & The George Gruntz Big Band (Gramavision, 1994)

With Mario Pavone
Deez to Blues (Playscape, 2006)

References

External links
Official site

1941 births
2021 deaths
African-American saxophonists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz tubists
American male jazz musicians
Bass clarinetists
Musicians from Montgomery, Alabama
Verve Records artists
Saturday Night Live Band members
20th-century saxophonists
21st-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Alabama
20th-century clarinetists
21st-century clarinetists
20th-century tubists
21st-century tubists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians

masks:
Howard Lewis Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Lahiru Thirimanne

texts:
<mask>, known as <mask> (; born 9 August 1989) is a Sri Lankan international cricketer, and a former ODI captain. He is a left-handed opening batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler. He had also acted as a vice-captain of the Sri Lanka One Day International team, when he was dropped from the team after poor performances. He was recalled in 2018 for the national team. For batsmen to play 50 or more Test innings in the top six, Thirimanne’s average of 22.06 was the worst in history, sitting just under the figure of 22.07 recorded by Bangladesh’s Javed Omar in his 40-game Test career. Since maiden test century at Galle he had gone seven years and 10 months without another, averaging 18.86 in 53 innings until his second test century against England. But Thirimanne showed good comeback in test format in 2021.School career
Thirimanne began his cricketing career at S.Thomas' College, Bandarawela and played Under 11 cricket and his first coach was Sujeewa Gunarathne. He studied at S.Thomas' College Bandarawela initially as his father, who was employed at the Survey Department was transferred. After passing the grade 5 scholarship exam <mask> joined Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa and played in the Under 13, 15, 17 and 19 team. Domestic career
In March 2018, he was named in Colombo's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. He was the leading run-scorer for Colombo during the tournament, with 198 runs in three matches. The following month, he was also named in Colombo's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. In August 2018, he was named in Kandy's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League.In March 2019, he was named in Galle's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. In August 2021, he was signed up by Australia's Mulgrave Cricket Club ahead of the 2021/22 season. International career

Early success
He made his One Day International (ODI) debut in early 2010. He made his Test debut against England at the Rose Bowl in June 2011, coming into the side for the injured Tillakaratne Dilshan. In his first Test innings, he was dismissed for 10 runs caught behind off the bowling of James Anderson. Thirimanne scored his first ODI century against Australia at Adelaide Oval during second ODI of 2012–13 Commonwealth Bank Series. It's also his first A List century.<mask> reached a deserved century by cutting Xavier Doherty backward of point for the winning runs. <mask> <mask>'s century is only the fifth by a Sri Lankan batsman in a chase against Australia (second in Adelaide). Aravinda de Silva has scored two centuries in chases. Also the 137-run stand between <mask> and Tillakaratne Dilshan is the second-highest second-wicket partnership for Sri Lanka against Australia. The highest is 163 between Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara in Sydney in 2006. Finally, Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets with 59 balls remaining. Thirimanne won player of the match award for his performance.During 1st test at Galle on 8 March 2013, during Bangladesh's tour of Sri Lanka, <mask> scored his maiden test century. His unbeaten 155 run helped to put up big total for Sri Lanka. Thirimanne was watchful. On 99, he gave Elias Sunny the charge, and picked up two runs to seal his landmark. Thirimanne was strong on the off side against the seamers. A single to cover took him past 150. He also put on 203 run partnership with Dinesh Chandimal.The 203-run stand between Chandimal and Thirimanne is the third-highest fifth-wicket partnership for Sri Lanka in Tests against Bangladesh. Finally the match was drawn. Golden 2014-15
During the 2014 Asia Cup in Bangladesh, he opened the batting with Kusal Perera, due to the injury of Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was not included in the series. He scored two magnificent hundreds against Pakistan, where he finally ended up being the highest run scorer in the tournament with 2 centuries with the average of 55.80. Eventually, Sri Lanka became champions for the fifth time in Asia Cup history. Thirimanne was adjudged man of the match of final and also player of the series. During the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup, <mask> started to open the batting with Tillakaratne Dilshan.Before the tournament, the Sri Lankan opening pair was struggling to pick up, but finally, it was sealed between Thirimanne and Dilshan. On 1 March 2015, he scored his 4th ODI century against England, where Sri Lanka successfully chased 309 runs. He added 212* runs for the second wicket partnership with Kumar Sangakkara to win the match. This remains the highest 2nd wicket partnership for Sri Lanka in ODI cricket. He was unbeaten 139 in the match. Comeback
<mask> was not included in the international squad since January 2016 due to a string of poor performances in both domestic and international arena. In July 2017, he was included in the practice match against India and scored 56 runs.However, the score did not result in a call up for test series. With many injury concerns within the Sri Lanka squad, <mask> was recalled for the second Test at SSC, although he did not feature in the first XI. <mask> was also not initially selected for the limited over series against India, but after the injury to Danushka Gunathilaka, and suspension of Upul Tharanga, Thirimanne along with Dinesh Chandimal were brought into the ODI side. He played in the third ODI and scored 80 runs, which was the highest scored for Sri Lanka in the match. However, Sri Lanka lost the match and also lost the eighth consecutive ODI series to India. In May 2018, he was one of 33 cricketers to be awarded a national contract by Sri Lanka Cricket ahead of the 2018–19 season. In April 2019, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.On 4 June 2019, in Sri Lanka's match against Afghanistan, Thirimanne scored his 3,000th run in ODI cricket. In the first Test match against New Zealand in August 2019, Thirimanne scored a match winning half century in the fourth innings to chase down a target of 267. This is the first time a team has successfully chased down a fourth-innings target of more than 100 in Galle Stadium as well. New Zealand posted 267 runs in their second innings to win the match, where Thirimanne along with skipper Dimuth Karunaratne gave a strong opening partnership of 161 runs. This stand ranks as only the second instance where fourth innings of a Test match in Asia scored more than 150 run opening partnership. During England tour of Sri Lanka 2021, on 1st test match Thirimanne scored his second test century. He scored 111 runs hitting 12 boundaries before being dismissed by Sam Curran.His test hundred was also his second in Galle, having hit an unbeaten 155 against Bangladesh in 2013 - Thirimanne was going for a Sri Lanka-record 54 innings between tons. Despite his fine innings, Sri Lanka subsequently lost the match by seven wickets. During the second match of the series, Thirimanne set a record for becoming the first Sri Lanka player to take five catches in a innings of a test match. During first test match against West Indies, Thirimanne scored half centuries in both innings. In the first innings Sri Lanka team was all out for 169. And it was their second-lowest first-innings score in the Caribbean. The lowest had also been recorded by this team, essentially, in 2018.<mask> <mask> scored 70 off 180 in first innings. In second innings, he put on 162 run partnership with Oshada Fernando including his 76 runs. <mask> meanwhile recorded consecutive 50-plus scores for the first time in his entire Test career. His boundaries, rare as they were, were nevertheless exquisite in their execution - be it a back foot punch through cover point, or textbook drives through mid-off. Much of his innings was spent waiting - waiting for the bowlers to bowl to him. He accomplished this by simply refusing to attack deliveries outside off, thus forcing the bowlers to adopt straighter lines. These he would work away either side of the wicket as needed.In the second test match against West Indies <mask> scored his 9th test half century in first innings. It was his third consecutive half-century and in the second innings he put on century opening partnership with Dimuth Karunarathne and Sri Lanka managed to draw the match. In April 2021, during first test match against Bangladesh, <mask> scored his 10th test half century and put on century opening partnership with Dimuth Karunaratne. He is the second highest test run scorer in 2021, only behind Joe Root. During second test match, Thirimanne and Dimuth Karunaratne added 209, Sri Lanka's first 200-plus opening stand since 2011, and the first in the country in 21 years. The partnership, which is also the pair's third consecutive century stand, ended when Karunaratne was caught behind off Bangladesh's debutant Shoriful Islam shortly after tea. In that process Thirimanne scored 2000 test runs and reached his third test century, his second century in 2021.He scored 140 runs in the match where Sri Lanka posted a huge first innings total of 493. Later Sri Lanka won the match by 202 runs and won the series. Captaincy
<mask> captained the cricket team for 2014 Asian Games at Incheon, where Sri Lanka won the gold medal by defeating Afghanistan in the final. On 23 January 2015, during the fifth ODI against New Zealand, he captained Sri Lanka, due to slight injury of captain Angelo Mathews. However, his first match as a captain did not get under way well, as they lost the match by 108 runs. He also took 2 wickets at that match, and scored 45 runs as an opener. He also captained the 6th and 7th ODIs of the series, where 6th ODI ended with a huge defeat, and 7th ODI was comfortably won under his captaincy.However, Sri Lanka lost the series 4–2 finally. In 2019, ten Sri Lanka players including permanent ODI and T20I captain withdrew from the tour of Pakistan citing security concerns. Therefore, <mask> was announced as the ODI captain for the 3-match series. During the series, first ODI was abandoned due to heavy rain. Sri Lanka lost the next two games and lost the ODI series 2–0. References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s profile page on Wisden

1989 births
Sportspeople from Moratuwa
Basnahira South cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers
Uva cricketers
Ragama Cricket Club cricketers
Ruhuna Royals cricketers
Living people
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Alumni of Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Cricketers at the 2014 Asian Games
Comilla Victorians cricketers
Kandy Crusaders cricketers
Asian Games gold medalists for Sri Lanka
Dhaka Dynamites cricketers
Mannar District cricketers
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games

masks:
Hettige Don Rumesh Lahiru Thirimanne
Lahiru Thirimanne
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Lahiru
Thirimanne
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