title: Godfried Danneels

texts:
<mask> (4 June 1933 – 14 March 2019) was a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and the chairman of the episcopal conference of his native country from 1979 to 2010. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. His resignation that he had submitted in 2008 at the age of 75 was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 January 2010. Early life and studies
Born in Kanegem, West Flanders, <mask> was the eldest of six siblings. He owed his vocation to the priesthood to a priest he had as a teacher in high school, Daniel Billiet. Like a few other bright candidates for the priesthood from West Flanders, Danneels did not enter the episcopal Seminary of Bruges after he finished high school, but was sent directly to the Higher Institute of Philosophy of the Catholic University of Leuven, there to follow a three-year course of Neo Scholastic philosophy (1951–1954).Leuven, with which he remained "in love" his entire life, opened the world for him intellectually. From Leuven he was sent to Rome, where he studied Catholic theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University whilst living in the Belgian Papal College (1954–1959). With a few exceptions, he judged the quality of his courses there inferior to those in Leuven, but Rome greatly enriched him culturally. Danneels obtained his bachelor's degree in June 1956, his license in 1958, and his doctorate in 1961. His results as a student were uniformly very good, including an A– for canon law, and a magna cum laude for his license. Ordination
Well before the end of his studies, he was ordained to the priesthood by Emiel Jozef De Smedt, Bishop of Bruges in a ceremony in the Kanegem parish church on 17 August 1957, the 25th wedding anniversary of his parents. Professor and pastor
In 1959, De Smedt appointed him spiritual director of the Bruges episcopal seminary and at the same time professor of liturgy and spirituality.In 1960 he also took over Frans Neirynck's course on the sacraments. His study of the literature on liturgy made him evolve from a Rome-educated and initially conservative liturgist into a modern one, and a well-known one, thanks to his articles in the Dictionary of the Liturgy. The claim that  he was actively involved in writing Sacrosanctum Concilium is dubious, for he did not attend the Second Vatican Council. But he did play a very active role in the implementation of the liturgical reforms of Sacrosanctum Concilium, not only in the Bruges diocese, but in all of Belgium and even abroad. He was very much taken with these reforms, for in Belgium and the Netherlands many had been foreshadowed in liturgical experiments. However, he did not call for liturgical revolution in his writings and talks, favoring steady and measured innovation instead. Even so, from the middle sixties he felt pressurized by Rome (in particular by cardinal Giacomo Lercaro), which was trying get a firmer grip on the liturgical journals in which he wrote.On 8 July 1969, <mask> was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Theology of the Catholic University of Leuven. Initially the appointment was for two years, but <mask> was to stay until 31 January 1978, shortly after he was consecrated bishop. In Leuven he became thoroughly interested in what was to become his "hobby horse", the interlocking of theology and humanism, which he was to develop throughout his life in both his academic and his pastoral writings. The latter too were numerous and important, for when he was relieved of his spiritual directorship at the Bruges seminar in the summer of 1967, he was put in charge of the continuing education of the priests of the Bruges diocese. Bishop

On 4 November 1977, <mask> was named Bishop of Antwerp by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 December from Cardinal Leo Joseph Suenens; co-consecrators were his predecessor Jules Victor Daem and his Bruges bishop De Smedt. The consecration, in a Dutch-language rite in whose development <mask> himself had been involved as a liturgist, took place in St. James', as the Antwerp cathedral was being restored at the time.Three days after his consecration he invited Catholics to write him personally with suggestions for their new bishop and he made the rounds of his diocese to consult with people. He used the media, extensively and successfully, to expound his vision of Christian humanism. In this he can be claimed to have been "modern". But in many ways he was traditional and careful of what Rome desired. From the beginning of his episcopacy, he faced an acute problem of numerous priests leaving their ministry. In spite of this, he energetically defended the traditional demand of the Church that priests remain celibate. In July 1978 he was appointed a member of the Curial Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, just at the time when Edward Schillebeeckx was first investigated by the Congregation.In the face of great pressure from the Leuven Faculty of Theology, he did not intervene on Schillebeeckx's behalf. Encouraged and aided by his predecessor, <mask> began to build what was to become a very extensive network, which included numerous Belgian politicians. This would be important for his work in the next station of his life. Archbishop and cardinal

Promotion to archbishop and creation as cardinal
<mask> was promoted to the Archbishopric of Mechelen-Brussels on 19 December 1979. He thus became Primate of Belgium, president of the Belgian Conference of Catholic Bishops, chancellor of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain and head of the nation's Catholic military ordinariate, at first as vicar, from 1987 as bishop. Pope John Paul II followed the tradition that the Mechelen archbishop be made a cardinal, and created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Anastasia in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Survey of his career as cardinal-archbishop
There are two rather distinct periods in <mask>' career as Cardinal-Archbishop.In its first ten to fifteen years, Danneels' relations with Rome were excellent. He was appointed to a number of pontifical congregations and councils. In addition to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, to which he had already been appointed in 1978, he was a member of:
 the Congregation for Bishops
 the Congregation for the Clergy
 the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 the Congregation for Catholic Education
 the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
 the Pontifical Council for Dialogue with Non-Believers
He was also a member of the permanent secretariat of the episcopal synod and participated in a number of synods
But his own enthusiasm about the government of the Church by the Vatican waned. He did not approve of the way Pope John Paul II restricted the role of bishops' conferences like CELAM (1992) and especially of CCEE (1993)., in which he played a prominent role until 1993. The bishops' synods were being reduced to rubber stamping the decisions of Rome, and neither the bishops' collegiality nor Vatican centralism could be discussed. The result  of this change was threefold:
 As Rome was perceived to turn to the right, Danneels, who considers himself an "extreme centrist", was more and more perceived as a leftist or a liberal, in spite of himself. As Danneels gradually increased the distance between himself and Rome, his popularity at home increased and he became the face of the Catholic Church in Belgium, to the local issues of which he devoted more and more of his time.He also devoted more and more of his time to international tasks, which often involved his diplomatic abilities as well as his prestige. After the 2013 conclave he again felt at ease in Rome, but by then he had already retired as archbishop. Danneels and the Belgian court
As primate of Belgium, Danneels officiated at every great ceremony at the royal court. Royal baptisms
 Elisabeth, duchess of Brabant
 Amedeo, Archduke of Austria
 Prince Emmanuel
 Prince Gabriël
 Princess Eleonore

Royal funerals
 King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola
 King Leopold III
 Lilian, Princess of Réthy

Royal marriages
 The Duke of Brabant, Crown prince Philippe and Jonkvrouw Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz, since July 2013 King and Queen of the Belgians
 Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este and Princess Astrid
 Prince Laurent and Ms Claire Coombs
 Amedeo, Archduke of Austria and Archduchess Elisabetta of Austria-Este
 Archduchess Marie-Christine of Austria and Rodolphe, Count of Limburg Stirum

Danneels' relations with the court were good, but not particularly close. He even denied having a close relationship with King Baudouin, whom he saw often and whom he greatly admired. Synods
Danneels participated in a number of synods of bishops and played a prominent role in some of them, notably in:

Special Assembly for the Netherlands (14–31 January 1980)
Danneels chaired this synod, on "The Pastoral Situation in the Netherlands", , together with cardinal Johannes Willebrands. Its central task was to overcome the divisions that were plaguing the Catholic Church in the Netherlands and the widening gap between Rome and many Dutch Catholics.Its final document was signed by all participants, but it was poorly received in the Netherlands, and the conflicts between the Dutch bishops among themselves and between some of them and their flocks continued. Fifth Ordinary General Assembly (26 September – 25 October 1980)
Its theme was "The Christian Family". In a speech ("My best synod speech ever") Danneels stressed the values that were the foundations of Humanae vitae, but called for objectively analyzing the reasons why so many Catholics refused its teachings, and pointed out that many divorced Catholics no longer saw how canon law could be reconciled with the demands of God's mercy. Toward the end of the synod, on 24 October, his prestige was such that he was elected a member of the general secretariat of the bishops' synods with 124 votes, outpolling even Cardinals Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger (121 votes) and Basil Hume (110 votes). Second Extraordinary General Assembly (25 November – 8 December 1985)
Devoted to "The Twentieth Anniversary of the Conclusion of the Second Vatican Council", its discussions revolved around the question "Shall we put the brakes on Vatican II, or shall we continue or even go beyond it?" <mask> was appointed its General Relator (rapporteur), and in this task he was assisted by Walter Kasper, then still a theology professor. Their final report was praised by the Pope and accepted almost unanimously.But its conclusions could be, and were, interpreted in both directions, and it left many decisions up to Rome, thus putting no stop to the centralizing tendencies in the Church. Special Assembly for Europe (1–23 October 1999)
Its theme was "Jesus Christ, Alive in His Church, Source of Hope for Europe". Danneels' speech attacking the cultural pessimism prevalent among a number of Roman prelates impressed many council fathers as well as Pope John Paul II, who allowed him to go beyond the allotted time. Third Extraordinary General Assembly (5–19 October 2014)
This was popularly known as the "Synod on the Family"; officially it was about "Pastoral Challenges of the Family in the Context of Evangelization". Danneels' intervention was brief, but his presence at the synod was notable, as it followed a personal invitation by Pope Francis. Danneels and liberation theology
Danneels was aware of the risks of liberation theology and its political dimension. But when on 6 August 1984, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published Libertatis nuntius, its Instruction on Certain Aspects of the "Theology of Liberation" without even consulting him, though he was a member, he publicly denounced it in several interviews, for its procedure and, more importantly, for its overly intellectual approach of the concept of freedom, which failed to take seriously the pains caused by poverty and by political and military oppression.He was instrumental in preventing a condemnation of his friend Gustavo Gutiérrez, and he was pleased that the follow-up of Libertatis nuntius, Libertatis conscientia, the Congregation's "Instruction of Christian Freedom and Liberation", did not proclaim a definitive condemnation of liberation theology. Danneels and the Belgian constitutional crisis over abortion
In March and April 1990, King Boudewijn's refusal to sign the law liberalizing abortion, drafted by Roger Lallemand and by Lucienne Herman-Michielsens and approved by Parliament, provoked a constitutional crisis. Both Danneels and Prime Minister Wilfried Martens had foreseen the King's refusal, and in the spring of 1989, Danneels had offered Martens to mediate in case of just such a crisis. Danneels had often discussed the moral dilemma the King faced, but denies mediating after the King's decision was taken. The words of two Ministers of State, Philippe Moureaux and Mark Eyskens, have been interpreted as meaning that he did. But neither Moureaux ["On évoquait une discrète et prudente intervention du cardinal" (A discreet and prudent intervention of the cardinal was recalled)] nor Eyskens ["Maar geen enkel resultaat" (But no result whatsoever)] say this in so many words. They may just as well have alluded to the earlier talks between Danneels and the King.In a number of reactions to the VTM broadcast it has been claimed that Danneels counseled the King to sign the Lallemand–Herman Michielsens law. However, whatever Danneels said in conversations with the King, before, during or after this constitutional crisis, he has always respected any "colloque singulier" he had with the King. Since King Boudewijn is dead, Danneels took the secret of what he told the King to his grave. The claim that he advised the King to sign is pure speculation. Danneels flatly denied he did: "Ik heb alvast nooit geprobeerd hem om te praten" (I certainly never tried to talk him [the King] round). Shortly after the law was published in the Belgian official journal, the Belgian bishops, including Danneels, issued a declaration in which they distinguished what is legally acceptable and what is morally desirable, and they unambiguously rejected the law morally. Danneels has never wavered from the conviction that "a society that encourages abortion of those that are born in the margins of society or that do not have the chance to be loved abandons its humanizing role and ultimately condemns itself".Member of the group of Sankt Gallen
On 3 January 1999, Danneels became a member of St. Gallen Group, in which he was to play a prominent role. Danneels' view on homosexuality and same-sex marriage
Danneels always objected to discrimination against homosexuals and he was always in favor of a juridical statute for stable relations between partners of the same sex. He said as much on 11 April 2003

masks:
Godfried Maria Jules Danneels
Godfried Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels
Danneels


title: Godfried Danneels

type: original

texts:
 in a private letter to Guy Verhofstadt, whose government had approved this. But he has always been opposed to calling such a statute "marriage". He repeated these views ten years later, in a newspaper interview in which he said:

Danneels' view on euthanasia
Long before Belgium liberalized its law on euthanasia, in a press conference on 31 January 1994, Danneels gave voice to the Belgian bishops' opposition to the idea. The issue resurfaced again, with a vengeance, in the spring of 2008, when famous Belgian author Hugo Claus chose euthanasia on 19 March and when three days later Danneels devoted his homily during the Easter Vigil to "the problem of suffering and death", without, however, mentioning Claus by name. Even so, this homily was widely interpreted as criticism of Claus' choice and heavily criticized.But shortly afterwards, on 13 April 2008, Danneels doubled down in "Het Braambos", a broadcast of the "Katholieke Televisie- en Radio-Omroep" (Catholic Television and Radio Broadcasting Organization):

Ecumenical activities
From the beginning of his archbishopric, Danneels kept cultivating the good contacts between "Mechelen" and Anglicanism that were started by Cardinal Mercier in the 1920s. Likewise from the beginning of his archbishopric, Danneels made almost yearly visits to the Taizé Community. He mediated with the Vatican to make Pope John Paul II's visit to Taizé on 5 October 1986 happen. He regularly met with Brother Roger, on whom the Catholic University bestowed an honorary doctorate in 1990. But after Brother Roger's death, too, he kept fostering relations with Taizé, and from 29 December 2008 through 2 January 200 he hosted the 31st European Taizé meeting in Brussels. <mask> was a member of the World Council of Religions for Peace, on which he sat until 2004. Starting in the summer of 2002, he was also active in  one of its projects, the European Council of Religious Leaders, in which he remained involved through the first decade of the 21st century.Diplomatic activities
Danneels was involved in the negotiations about the convent of the Carmelite nuns at Auschwitz after father Werenfried van Straaten had proposed, in 1985, to convert its temporary location in the former theater building into a full-fledged convent. Danneels involvement lasted until 1989, when Rome decided the issue and promised the nuns would move out. (But they remained until 1993, and left behind the Auschwitz cross.) Between 1990 and 1999, Danneels was the international president of Pax Christi. Danneels was a consistent and strong supporter of bishop (later cardinal) Monsengwo's attempts to foster democracy in Zaire, mediating between Belgium, Rome and Kinshasa. He was instrumental in Monsengwo's being awarded an honorary doctorate by the Catholic University of Leuven on 2 February 1993 and he gave the Laudatio himself. Danneels worked long and hard to thaw the relations between China and the Catholic Church.In November 1985 he invited a delegation of official Chinese bishops, who had been invited to Leuven by the Catholic University, to lunch in his residence in Mechelen. A return invitation followed, but problems caused by the coexistence of the official and the underground Catholic Church in China led to Danneels having to postpone his visit. When it finally happened, in March 2005, Danneels had to cut it short, owing to the death of pope John Paul II on 2 April. But on 3 April the Chinese government issued a communiqué lauding Pope John Paul's efforts to recognize the Church's errors. Pope Benedict encouraged Danneels to continue his efforts and in March 2008 <mask> again went to China, where he addressed the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and where he was allowed to encounter a number of rural Catholic communities. Dealing with child sex abuse in the Belgian Church
Danneels was first confronted with the problem of sexual abuse in the Church in the aftermath of the Dutroux affair, when the authorities' call for victims of abuse to come forward revealed that there had also been cases of abuse in the Church. (But see also the Vangheluwe affair, below.)The first to formally organize a contact point for victims of sexual abuse within the Belgian Church was Arthur Luysterman, the bishop of Ghent. That contact point was the model of the "Commission for Complaints about Sexual Abuse in Pastoral Relations", which the conference of the Belgian bishops (chaired by Danneels) organized on 4 November 1999. Early in 1998 it became known that a priest of the archdiocese had raped a minor in 1968. Danneels volunteered to testify in court, the first time ever that a cardinal had appeared before a secular court in Belgium. Danneels said that he had known nothing about the abuse. The court held that the Catholic Church in Belgium—not the archbishop himself nor his auxiliary bishop—was guilty of failing to protect the victim, was civilly responsible, and imposed a fine of half a million Belgian francs (now ± 12,500 €). On appeal this verdict was quashed and only the abusive priest was held guilty.On 6 December 1999 the authorities began proceedings against Robert Borremans; a priest of the archdiocese, well-known because he had been the choral conductor at the marriage of Philippe and Mathilde (now King and Queen). Danneels relieved him of his pastoral tasks and had him struck from the government's payroll. Though convicted at first, Borremans was cleared in the end, when the allegations against him were found to be false. Vangheluwe affair and its aftermath
From 1973 to 1986, Roger Vangheluwe, a priest since 1963 and the Bishop of Bruges since early 1985, sexually abused a nephew of his. Rik Devillé, a priest who had had a couple of conflicts with Danneels, said, after the scandal broke on 23 April 2010, that he had warned Danneels about Vangheluwe in the mid-1990s. In 2010, Danneels said that he did not remember this. But Danneels certainly knew about Vangheluwe's crime before the scandal broke because, in the beginning of April 2010, Vangheluwe had himself told Danneels that he had had a sexual contact with a minor.What Danneels did, or did not do, in the few weeks before the scandal broke, earned him a great deal of criticism, both at home and abroad. On 8 April, Vangheluwe pressured Danneels to accept a meeting with himself, his victim and the victim's relatives. At that meeting Danneels advised the victim to delay a public statement until Vangheluwe had retired. Speaking through a spokesman, Toon Osaer, Danneels explained that he had been unprepared for this meeting and that his proposal that the victim remain silent was "an improvisation". Danneels did not reveal this conversation to the Belgian bishops. At another meeting Vangheluwe, in Danneels' presence, made a private apology which the victim rejected. In the night of Monday 19 to Tuesday 20 April all Belgian bishops received an e-mail exposing Vangheluwe.This resulted in Vangheluwe's resignation on 22 April and its immediate acceptance by the Vatican on 23 April, as was revealed on the same date by <mask>' successor as archbishop, André-Mutien Léonard, at a press conference. In a press communiqué, likewise on 23 April, Vangheluwe publicly admitted his guilt and publicly apologized. In the weeks after Vangheluwe's resignation, the "Commission for Complaints about Sexual Abuse in Pastoral Relations" (now often called the Adriaenssens Commission, after its chairman, child psychiatrist Peter Adriaenssens) received no fewer than 475 complaints about sexual abuse. On 24 June, in an operation code named Kelk ("Chalice") organized at the request of the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the archiepiscopal palace, Danneels' private apartment, the Leuven seat of the Adriaenssens Commission and even St. Rumbold's Cathedral (where the graves of Cardinal Mercier and Cardinal Suenens were broken into) were simultaneously searched for documents about cases of sexual abuse that could still be prosecuted (unlike that of Vangheluwe, beyond the statute of limitation). On 6 July, Danneels was subjected to an all-day interrogation by the Brussels branch of the Judicial Police. Later the search was judged to have been illegal and all documents seized were returned. Great damage to Danneels’s reputation was caused by the publication in De Standaard and Het Nieuwsblad on 28 August 2010 of the transcript of tape recordings, made secretly, of the two meetings <mask> had had with the victim and his family.The transcripts revealed that the victim felt that he was not being understood and considered Danneels' manner to be inept. For Danneels, the final chapter of the affair was his appearance, on 21 December 2010, before a parliamentary committee investigating sexual abuse in hierarchical relations. He emphatically stated that there had never been a policy of covering up or denying, let alone tolerating sexual abuse, that justice had to be done and that the Church must cooperate. But even if that is accepted, <mask> was widely reproached for inaction in a matter in which the public expected him to be decisive. As an editorial in De Standaard of 1 September 2010 put it: "For days he kept the shock of Vangheluwe's confession to himself. He did not contact the ex-bishop again to convince him of what was inevitable: his immediate resignation. He did not refer the matter to the Adriaenssens Commission.And he did not involve his own successor, archbishop Léonard." Papal Conclave of 2005
Upon the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Danneels was listed as a possible successor  (or papabile) although with weakened credentials due to the fact that he was an archbishop of a country where abortion, euthanasia and same-sex unions had recently been legalized and where, under his watch, church attendance and pastoral vocations have dropped to historical lows. Danneels participated in the 2005 papal conclave. The pre-conclave discussions pointed out the direction which the conclave was to take. It elected Pope Benedict XVI. In a TV interview directly after this election, which he had  promised—"foolishly", he said, because keeping this promise prevented him from attending the dinner with the pope and the other cardinals, and because he was tired—his body language indicated he was not enthusiastic, which was widely interpreted as indicating he was an opponent of the new pope. Danneels denies this: "That is not true, but I'll have to bear that charge until I die."Retirement and succession
On 4 June  2008, Danneels reached the mandatory age of retirement; his succession took time and did not go smoothly. The three names on the terna (list of three) of possible successors Karl-Josef Rauber, the papal nuncio, sent to Rome, were rejected, and so were the names on a second terna Rauber sent. It was not until 18 January 2010 that Rome imposed its own candidate and replaced Danneels as Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels by André-Mutien Léonard, whom Rauber openly said "non era 'del tutto adatto' per Bruxelles" (was not totally suitable for Brussels). Papal Conclave of 2013
Danneels was not considered "papabile" before the 2013 conclave, in which he  participated. Naturally he also participated in the cardinals' pre-conclave discussions, which he called "the most interesting discussions in all my life as cardinal", as they were far more open than those preceding the 2005 conclave, and as their main theme was the need for collegiality. The conclave  elected Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio (whom Danneels, as a member of the St. Gallen Group, supported). The newly elected pope Francis invited Danneels to appear with him on the balcony when he first appeared after the Habemus Papam.At Pope Francis' inauguration, Danneels pronounced the formal prayer for the new pope in the absence of the protopriest, Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns. He later described the result of this conclave as "een persoonlijke verrijzeniservaring" (a personal resurrection experience). Death
Danneels died on 14 March 2019 in Mechelen. His funeral services, with the King, Queen, other members of the Royal family and numerous politicians attending, were held on 22 March 2019 in St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen, where he was buried in the crypt of the cathedral. Honors
 Danneels was awarded honorary doctorates by the Catholic University of Tilburg (2 September 2002) and by Georgetown University (3 March 2003). On 20 December 2003 Danneels won the "Castar", an award bestowed by CAnvas, De STAndaard and Radio 1 on "the man or the woman whose cultural, social, political or socio-economic contributions have been positive and remarkable." Danneels was ranked #90 in Les plus grands Belges (2005).To celebrate his 75th birthday, the Faculty of Theology of the Catholic University of Leuven organized a symposium in his honor. On 18 June 2010 he was made an honorary citizen of Mechelen. Miscellaneous
 His mother tongue was Dutch (both Standard Dutch and the Kanegem dialect, barely mutually comprehensible), and he also spoke English, French, German and Italian fluently, as well as Latin (at least during his studies in Rome). In addition to a minor dip toward the end of 1959, Danneels twice had serious health problems. In the spring of 1971, he suffered a depression, resulting from overworking himself in combination with failing to rest and recuperate from eye surgery. A prolonged period of rest in Kanegem, imposed by his bishop, put him back on his feet. On 4 March 1996, a routine medical check-up revealed life-threatening stenosis of the blood vessels around his heart and he underwent bypass surgery the same day.His Marian devotion was very strong. He even insisted on attending the Marian Hanswijk procession in May 1996, though still recovering from his surgery on 4 March. He was an ardent lover of art, in all its forms, and his taste is eclectic. In music, for example, he appreciated "the three Bs, Bach, Beethoven and the Beatles". References

Sources
Jan Becaus & Christian Laporte In gesprek met kardinaal Danneels (Antwerpen: Halewijn, 2009) (in Dutch; ); Christian Laporte & Jan Becaus Confidences d'un cardinal (Namur: Fidélité & Bruxelles: Racine, 2009) (in French;  or ). References (in the notes: B&L) are to the Dutch version. Austen Ivereigh The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope (With an updated and expanded epilogue) (New York: Picador, 2015) .In the notes: Ivereigh. Jürgen Mettepenningen & Karim Schelkens <mask> Danneels: Biografie (in Dutch; ); Karim Schelkens & Jürgen Mettepenningen <mask> Danneels: Biographie (in French; ) (Antwerpen: Uitgeverij Polis, 2015.) References (in the notes: M&S) are to the Dutch version. External links

1933 births
2019 deaths
People from Tielt
Bishops of Antwerp
Belgian cardinals
KU Leuven alumni
Roman Catholic archbishops of Mechelen-Brussels
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and

masks: Danneels Danneels Danneels Danneels Danneels Godfried Godfried


title: Marco Verratti

texts:
<mask>  (; born 5 November 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Italy national team. He is often considered as one of the best midfielders in the world. A creative, hard-working, and technically gifted playmaker, <mask> began his career with Italian club Pescara in 2008, where he soon rose to prominence as one of the best young midfielders in Europe, helping the team to win the 2011–12 Serie B title, and winning the 2012 Bravo Award. His playing style drew comparisons with Andrea Pirlo, due to his passing ability, vision, and control, as well as his similar transition from  the role of trequartista to that of a regista. In July 2012, he transferred to French side Paris Saint-Germain, where he won seven Ligue 1 titles from 2013 to 2020, among other domestic and individual trophies, and established himself as one of the best midfielders in the world. At international level, <mask> represented the Italy under-21 football team at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, winning a runners-up medal, and being named to the all-star squad for the tournament. At senior level, he made his Italy debut in 2012, and represented his country at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020, winning the latter tournament.Early life
<mask> was born in Pescara, and grew up in Manoppello. As a child, he supported Juventus and idolised Alessandro Del Piero, the team's Italian international offensive playmaker. <mask>'s talent was noticed at an early age, and he was made offers to join the youth academies of Atalanta and Internazionale, but joined his local club Pescara for €5,000. After an impressive performance for Pescara's under-16 team against A.C. Milan, the Lombardy club offered €300,000 to sign the midfielder, but Verratti decided to remain at Pescara. Club career

Pescara

The first youth team Verratti was affiliated with was that of Manoppello, a historic team of Pescara, that in 2001 merged with the newly born Manoppello Arabona. He remained there until 2006 when he entered the youth of Pescara. Verratti made his first team debut in the 2008–09 season at the age of 15 years and 9 months.In the 2009–10 season, he appeared more regularly for Pescara, and since then became a key player in the first team. His performances generated national media coverage as a potential star of the future and Italian international. With Zdeněk Zeman as manager, Verratti excelled as a deep-lying playmaker in a Pescara team which won the 2011–12 Serie B title playing "the best football in Italy", earning promotion to Serie A the following season. After helping Pescara to promotion to Serie A, Verratti received the 2012 Bravo Award for the best player under the age of 21 in Europe, and was reportedly wanted by Napoli, Roma and Juventus, as well as Carlo Ancelotti's Paris Saint-Germain. At the 2012 AIC Gran Gala del Calcio, he was elected the best player of the 2011–12 Serie B season, along with former Pescara teammates Ciro Immobile and Lorenzo Insigne. Paris Saint-Germain

2012–2014: Debut season, individual awards

On 18 July 2012, <mask> signed a five-year contract with Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1. On 2 September 2012, <mask> made his competitive debut for PSG in an away Ligue 1 match against Lille.Twelve days later, he  assisted Javier Pastore's opening goal in his first competitive appearance at the Parc des Princes, a 2–0 Ligue 1 defeat of Toulouse. On 18 September 2012, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 4–1 group stage defeat of Dynamo Kyiv. He ended his first season in the French capital by winning the 2012–13 Ligue 1 title. On 20 August 2013, <mask> signed a one-year extension to his contract with PSG, keeping him at the club until 2018. <mask>'s second season with PSG was even more successful than the first as the team retained its Ligue 1 title and won the Coupe de la Ligue and the 2013 Trophée des Champions. <mask> was named as the Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year and included in the Ligue 1 Team of the Year for the 2013–14 season. 2014–2017: First goals and contract extension
On 30 September 2014, <mask> scored his first competitive goal for PSG, a header in a 3–2 home win over Barcelona in the group stage of the Champions League.On 18 January 2015, <mask> scored his first goal in Ligue 1, in a 4–2 home win over Evian. In August 2016, <mask> signed a 3-year extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until 2021. 2017–2019: European and domestic performances
On 6 March 2018, <mask> was sent off after acquiring a second yellow card in the second leg of a Champions League round of 16 fixture against the eventual champions Real Madrid. Real Madrid went on to win the game 2–1 and eliminated PSG with an aggregate score of 5–2. On 3 April 2019, <mask> scored the opening goal from a Kylian Mbappé assist in a 3–0 home win over Nantes in the Coupe de France semi-finals, which allowed PSG to advance to the final of the competition; during the same match, he also provided an assist for his team's final goal, which was scored by Dani Alves. This goal was <mask>'s first of the 2018–19 season for PSG, and also his first goal ever in the competition. 2019–20: Domestic treble and European final
Following PSG's 2–1 victory over Rennes in the 2019 Trophée des Champions on 3 August, <mask> became the player with the most titles with the club, with 22 trophies in total (six Ligue 1 titles, four Coupe de France titles, five Coupe de la Ligue titles, and seven Trophée des Champions titles).In October, he signed a three–year contract extension with the club, which would tie him to PSG until June 2024. On 12 January 2020, Verratti made his 300th appearance for PSG in a 3–3 home draw against Monaco in Ligue 1. On 18 February, he became the club's all-time appearance holder in the Champions League, when he made his 58th appearance in the competition in a 2–1 away loss in the first leg of their round of 16 draw against Borussia Dortmund, overtaking the previous record holder Paul Le Guen at 57. In April, PSG were assigned the 2019–20 Ligue 1 title after the season was ended prematurely due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; at the time of the League's suspension, PSG were in first place, with a twelve–point lead over second–placed Marseille. This was <mask>'s record seventh Ligue 1 title with the club, which saw him equal the all–time individual record of most Ligue 1 title victories, along with his club teammate Thiago Silva, which was jointly held by Hervé Revelli and Jean-Michel Larqué of Saint-Étienne, as well as Grégory Coupet, Juninho and Sidney Govou of Lyon. PSG went on to win a domestic treble, but lost out in the Champions League final 1–0 to Bayern Munich on 23 August; <mask> made a substitute appearance during the match. 2020–2022: Champions League semi-finals
In the 2020–21 season with Paris Saint-Germain, Verratti reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League, losing 4–1 on aggregate to Manchester City.In Ligue 1, PSG failed to retain the title as Lille were crowned champions. On 23 January 2022, <mask> scored two goals in a 4–0 league win over Reims. By doing so, he scored his first league goal since May 2017, and the first brace of his career. International career
The uncapped <mask> was included into Cesare Prandelli's preliminary 32-man Italy squad for UEFA Euro 2012, being one of only two Serie B players (the other being Torino's Angelo Ogbonna) to be part of it. He was subsequently cut from the squad on 28 May 2012. On 15 August 2012, <mask> made his debut with the Italian senior team in a 2–1 friendly loss against England held in Bern. He subsequently made his first competitive appearance in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, appearing as a second-half substitute for Emanuele Giaccherini in a 2–2 draw against Bulgaria on 7 September.On 6 February 2013, Verratti scored his first international goal in a friendly against the Netherlands in Amsterdam, a 91st-minute equalizer that made the final score 1–1. He took part with the Italy U-21 side at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where the Azzurrini finished as runner-up to Spain. His performances saw him included in UEFA's all-star squad for the tournament. On 1 June 2014, <mask> was selected in Italy's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In Italy's opening match of the tournament, he made his first competitive start for the Azzurri on the left side of a midfield diamond with Juventus players Andrea Pirlo and Claudio Marchisio and Roma vice-captain Daniele De Rossi in his team's opening game of the tournament, a 2–1 victory over England in Manaus. During the match, he was involved in Marchisio's opening goal; after receiving Antonio Candreva's short corner, he passed the ball out wide towards Pirlo, who drew his marker with him. Pirlo let the ball pass in between his legs to Marchisio, leaving him with space to score with a low drive from outside the area.However, <mask> did not appear in Italy's second group match, a 1–0 defeat against Costa Rica; he started in Italy's final group match against Uruguay, which also ended in a 1–0 loss, and as a result, Italy were eliminated in the first round of the tournament. On 6 May 2016, it was confirmed <mask> would miss Euro 2016 after a long lasting injury from a sports hernia which would require surgery on 16 May, sidelining him for two months. Upon recovering from his injury, <mask> returned to the team under Italy's new manager Gian Piero Ventura for an international friendly match against France in Bari on 1 September, making a substitute appearance in the Azzurris 3–1 loss. On 26 March 2019, <mask> scored his second international goal in a 6–0 home win over Liechtenstein in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match. In June 2021, he was included in Italy's squad for UEFA Euro 2020 by manager Roberto Mancini. After initially missing Italy's first two group matches due to an injury to his right knee that he had sustained in training with Paris Saint-Germain on 8 May, he made his first appearance of the tournament in Italy's final group match against Wales on 20 June, setting-up Matteo Pessina's goal from a free-kick in the team's 1–0 victory in Rome; the result allowed them to top their group. On 2 July, he assisted Italy's opening goal of the match, scored by Nicolò Barella, in a 2–1 win over Belgium in the quarter-finals of the competition.On 11 July, in the final against England at Wembley Stadium, <mask> was involved in the equalising goal after his header was parried onto the post by keeper Jordan Pickford, allowing Leonardo Bonucci to score from the rebound; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Italy prevailed 3–2 in the penalty shootout, to win the tournament for the first time since 1968. With a 93% passing accuracy and three assists throughout the tournament (having completed 401 out of 425 passes attempted), <mask> was named the top performer of Euro 2020 in the FedEx Performance Zone. Style of play

A quick, creative, agile, and technically gifted central midfield playmaker, with notable dribbling skills, quick reactions, and close ball control, <mask> is known for his confidence on the ball and ability to retain possession in tight spaces when under pressure, due to his low centre of gravity and resulting balance. His excellent vision and range of passing enable him to create chances for teammates with accurate long passes, or control the tempo of his team's play in midfield through precise, short exchanges. Although naturally right-footed, he is capable of playing with either foot. Due to his attributes and playing style, <mask> has been compared to Italy legend Andrea Pirlo, in particular after making the same transition from trequartista to regista that the 2006 FIFA World Cup winner had also made earlier on in his career, although he has also been deployed in a new, more advanced role alongside Pirlo on occasion, as a false-attacking midfielder, in particular under Cesare Prandelli's tenure with the Italy national team. Initially regarded as one of the most talented young players of his generation, <mask> quickly developed into one of the best and most complete playmaking midfielders in the world.In addition to his playmaking skills, he is also a hard-working, dynamic, and well-rounded midfielder, who is known for his aggression, defensive skills, and ball-winning abilities, despite his small physique and diminutive stature, which also enables him to be deployed in a holding role. Despite his ability, he has also drawn criticism from some in the sport over his disciplinary record, as well as his tendency to commit an excessive number of fouls, argue with officials, and pick up unnecessary bookings. Moreover, he has also often struggled with injuries throughout his career. Personal life
<mask> was in a relationship since 2009 with a childhood friend, an Italian woman Laura Zazzara, whom he later married and with whom he has two sons, Tommaso and Andrea; the pair separated at the beginning of 2019. On 15 July 2021, four days after Italy's Euro 2020 triumph, Verratti married model Jessica Aidi in Paris. On 30 October 2018, <mask> was arrested after being caught drunk driving on the Boulevard Périphérique. He was subsequently fined by Paris Saint-Germain.On 2 April 2021, it was announced that <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy; by 11 April, he recovered. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Verratti goal. players
Serie B players
Ligue 1 players
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italy international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

masks:
Marco Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti
Verratti


title: Gabrielle Drake

texts:
<mask> (born 30 March 1944) is a British actress. She appeared in the 1970s in television series The Brothers and UFO. In the early 1970s she appeared in several erotic roles on screen. She later took parts in soap operas Crossroads and Coronation Street. She has also had a stage career. Her brother was the musician <mask>, whose work she has consistently helped to promote since his death in 1974. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Lahore, British India, the daughter of <mask> and amateur songwriter <mask>.Her father was an engineer working for the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. The family moved from Burma to Britain when she was eight. She later commented that,

On the ship travelling to Britain she appeared in children's theatrical productions, later saying of herself "I was a dreadful exhibitionist." She attended Edgbaston College for Girls in Birmingham, Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. She has had a long stage career beginning in the mid-1960s, and has regularly appeared in television dramas. Screen career
<mask> first gained wide attention for her portrayal of Lieutenant Gay Ellis in the 1970 science fiction television series UFO, in which her costume consisted of a silver suit and a purple wig. In the series, the character is the commander of the SHADO Moonbase, which is Earth's first line of defence against invading flying saucers.<mask> appeared in roughly half the 26 episodes produced, leaving the series during a break in the production to pursue other acting opportunities. In 1971, <mask> appeared in a short film entitled Crash!, based on a chapter in J. G. Ballard's book The Atrocity Exhibition. The film, directed by Harley Cokeliss, featured Ballard talking about the ideas in his book. <mask> appeared as a passenger and car-crash victim. Ballard later developed the idea into his 1973 novel Crash. In his draft of the novel he mentioned <mask> by name, but references to her were removed from the published version. In the 2009 BBC documentary Synth Britannia clips of Ballard and <mask> from Crash!were inserted into the 1979 video for Gary Numan's song "Cars". A reviewer in The Scotsman commented that the presence of <mask> "brought serious glamour to urban alienation". In the early 1970s, <mask> was associated with the boom in British sexploitation movies, repeatedly appearing nude or topless. She played a nude artist's model in the 1970 film Connecting Rooms, and was one of Peter Sellers' conquests in the film There's a Girl in My Soup. She also played one of the lead roles in the sex comedy Au Pair Girls (1972) and appeared in two Derek Ford films, Suburban Wives (1971) and its sequel Commuter Husbands (1972), in which she played the narrator who links the disparate episodes together. Her early television appearances include The Avengers (1967), Coronation Street (as Inga Olsen in 1967) and The Saint (1968). In 1970, she auditioned for the part of Jo Grant in Doctor Who, reaching the final shortlist of three, but did not get the part.On December 26, 1968 she appeared in a BBC television series called Journey to the Unknown in an episode called The Beckoning Fair One, where she played opposite American actor Robert Lansing as his girlfriend in a haunted house ghost story from a novella called The Beckoning Fair One by Oliver Onions. She gained wide exposure in The Brothers, the hit BBC family drama series, in which she appeared as a regular for the first four seasons playing Jill, the girlfriend (and later wife) of David Hammond. She also appeared in an episode of Brian Clemens' 1970s series Thriller, in The Kelly Monteith Show (as Monteith's wife 1979–80), a television version of The Importance of Being Earnest (1985, for LWT/PBS), Crossroads (1985–87, as motel boss Nicola Freeman) and returned to Coronation Street in 2009 as Vanessa. In The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2003–05) she played the protagonist's mother. She was the subject of This Is Your Life on 8 April 1987. Stage career
<mask> made her stage debut in 1964, during the inaugural season of the Everyman Theatre, Liverpool, playing Cecily in The Importance of Being Earnest. In 1966, she joined the Birmingham Repertory Company and played Queen Isabella in Marlowe's Edward II.She also had roles in Private Lives (with Renee Asherson), The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles (with Linda Marlowe and Patrick Mower), Twelfth Night and Inadmissible Evidence. The following year, she was Roxanne in Cyrano de Bergerac at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. In the 1974–5, season at the Bristol Old Vic, she played in Cowardy Custard, a devised entertainment featuring the words and music of Noël Coward. In 1975, she appeared as Madeline Bassett in the original London cast of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn musical Jeeves. She also appeared in French Without Tears at the Little Theatre, Bristol. In 1978, she played Lavinia, opposite Simon Callow in the title role, in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, directed by Adrian Noble, at the New Vic, Bristol. She also appeared at the Bristol Old Vic in that year, in Vanbrugh's The Provok'd Wife.She was directed by Mike Ockrent in Look, No Hans!, alongside David Jason, during the 83–84 season at the Theatre Royal, Bath. She made a second appearance in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Royalty Theatre, London, in a production directed by Donald Sinden, which also starred Wendy Hiller, Clive Francis, Phyllida Law and Denis Lawson (87-88). In 1988, she played Fiona Foster in a revival of Ayckbourn's How the Other Half Loves, first at the Greenwich Theatre, then at the Duke of York's Theatre. During the 1990–91 season at the Theatre Royal, Bath, she played in Risky Kisses with Ian Lavender. She was in the Mobil Touring Theatre's official centenary production of Charley's Aunt in 1991, with Frank Windsor, Patrick Cargill and Mark Curry. In 1993, she was Monica in Coward's Present Laughter at the Globe Theatre, London, in a revival directed by and starring Tom Conti. She co-starred with Jeremy Clyde in the 1995 King's Head Theatre tour of Cavalcade, directed by Dan Crawford.In 1999, she was Vittoria in Paul Kerryson's production of The White Devil at the Haymarket Theatre, Leicester. She also toured with the Oxford Stage Company in that year, as Hester Bellboys in John Whiting's A Penny for a Song, alongside Julian Glover, Jeremy Clyde, and Charles Kay. She played Mrs Malaprop in the 2002 touring production of The Rivals with the British Actors' Theatre Company, whose artistic director, Kate O'Mara, was <mask>'s co-star in the TV series The Brothers. She has made regular appearances at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, since her debut there in a non-pantomime version of Cinderella, written by Trevor Peacock, in 1979. That same year, she co-starred with Sorcha Cusack and Susan Penhaligon in Caspar Wrede's production of The Cherry Orchard. In 1986, she was Madame Gobette in the British premiere of Maurice Hennequin's Court in the Act, which subsequently played at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford, and the Theatre Royal, Bath, before transferring to the Phoenix Theatre in London (1987). Other roles at the Royal Exchange include Mrs Erlynne in Lady Windermere's Fan (1996); Anna in The Ghost Train Tattoo (2000); Fay in Loot (2001); Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest (2004); and The Comtesse de la Briere in What Every Woman Knows (2006).At the same theatre in 2001, <mask> replaced Patricia Routledge as Mrs Conway during the rehearsal period for J. B. Priestley's Time and the Conways, when Routledge was forced to withdraw from the production due to illness. Elsewhere, she has appeared in her one-woman show, Dear Scheherazade, as the 19th century writer Elizabeth Gaskell (2005, 2007, 2010). At the Chipping Campden Literature Festival in 2011, she and Martin Jarvis read extracts from the letters and diaries of Robert and Clara Schumann in the recital, Beloved Clara. She had appeared in the same piece the previous year, again with Jarvis and the pianist Lucy Parham, at the Wigmore Hall in London. Personal life

<mask> has helped to ensure the public renown of her brother <mask> and her mother <mask>. She can be heard accompanying her brother Nick on a number of songs that he recorded privately, and which have since been released on the album Family Tree.After the release of songs written and performed by her mother, she said "Her creativity was a personal thing, and she was lucky to be able to develop it in an environment where that side of her was totally accepted. Indeed, my father encouraged it. He was so proud of her. On one occasion, he even made the 20-mile drive to Birmingham to get four songs pressed onto a disc." In 2014, she co-wrote and edited, with Cally Callomon,  <mask>: Remembered for a While, a memoir of her brother. In April 2018, she collected the Hall of Fame Folk Award 2018 on her brother's behalf in Belfast. She lives in Wenlock Abbey in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, in a house she bought in 1983 with her husband, South African-born artist Louis de Wet, who died in 2018.They renovated their home over several years as an artistic project and, in 2004, he described it as "the most beautiful building site in the world". <mask> was the co-producer, with Cally Callomon, of In the Gaze of the Medusa, a 2013 film by Gavin Bush about the renovation project and her husband's designs for the house.

masks:
Gabrielle Drake
Nick Drake
Drake
Rodney Drake
Molly Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Drake
Nick Drake
Molly Drake
Nick Drake
Drake


title: Qazi Hameeduddin

texts:
<mask>  (1873–1940) was a manager in the Department of Tanzimat at Bhopal state during the period of Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum. Biography
<mask> was originally from Tijara and born on 16 Sha'aban1290 AH / 1873 AD. He was master in Arabic and Mathematics and was employed as 'Mansarim' (Manager) at the Department of 'Tanzimat' (a section in law). He got the pension in 1919 and returned to Tijara in 1921 to look after the work of Qaza. He bequeathed the work of Qaza to his son <mask> (died 29 October 1974 at Lahore) and came back to Bhopal

Hajj
He went to Hajj along with the delegation of Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal. Family history
<mask>ddin son of <mask> was a man of eminence, rich in society and as a leader, he helped many relatives to get important positions at Nagpur. In his lifetime, he bequeathed his role as qazi to his elder son, <mask> and went himself to join the services in the court of Maharaja Nagpur.He joined army as Risaldar. He left the post of Risaldar for his another son, Mohammad Rahimuddin. He also helped to adjust his nephew Mohammad Aminuddin ibn Fasihuddin at various important posts. <mask> Najibuddin was entitled with ‘'Khan Sahib" by Maharaja Nagpur. A paper where details of expenditure by Khan Sahib Mohammad Najibuddin Gharra dated Sifar 1222 AH (1807 AD), is extant in the library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences. In Tijara, he planted a 20 Bigha garden for his son <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin and another garden at 12 Bigha land for Mohammad Rahimuddin. Mohammad Rahimuddin remained as Risaldar 12 more years after the death of his father.In 1262 AH / 1845 AD, he returned to Tijara after dispute within the army. Later in his life from 1262 AH / 1845 AD to 1264 AH / 1847 AD, Mohammad Rahimuddin remained as Risaldar in the 15 Regiment of India. While he was on leave for 7 months in Tijara, he died on 14 Dhu al-Hijjah 1264 AH (Sunday) after getting short illness. <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin was born on 2 Rajab 1224 AH / 1809 AD. He became qazi after his father left this post for him. He remained qazi for 23 years. After the death of his brother Mohammad Rahimuddin, he attracted towards Spahigiri and joined 5th regiment of Punjab where he remained as Naib Risaldar for 10 years.He was very loyal and honest person. After suffering from fever for 2 and half months, he died at the age of 51 on 21 Rabi' al-thani at Thursday 1274 AH / 1857 AD near Roadi, District Dera Ismail Khan. He was taken care of by his maternal nephew Waliuddin (son of Ziauddin <mask> Hisamuddin). <mask> Ghulam Mohiuddin was first married to Fasihun Nisan (daughter of Mian Ghulam Ahmad ibn Mohammad Ahsan of Loni and had five daughters. He then married to Habibun Nisan (daughter of Afzal Hussain ibn Nijabat Hussain of Rewari). From Habibun Nisan, <mask> Fayyazuddin was born in 1847. The descendants of these 5 daughters and one son are in hundreds now, settled in India and Pakistan.One of the daughters, Amarun Nisan was married to Ghulam Mansoor. <mask> Fayyazuddin had five sons and 2 daughters. The elder daughter Ruqqaiya Begum was married to Mufti Mohammad Siddiq and had 2 daughters while the younger daughter Ummatul Hafeez was married to Mahmoodul Haq ibn Afzalul Haq ibn Munshi Barkat Ali ibn Khairat Ali of Palwal and had no children. With second wife, Mahmoodul Haq had two sons namely Maulana Abrarul Haq (caliph of Ashraf Ali Thanwi) and Professor Anwarul Haq. They were all scholars of their times. Earliest books, 'Miratul Haqaiq' and 'Kitab Rahnuma-i Hujjaj' in their family extant even today was written by Munshi Barkat Ali. Khairat Ali and Hayat Ali were two prominent brothers settled in Palwal and sons of Mohammad Hasan Ali bin Kamaluddin.Khairat Ali was Sarrishtedar Deputy Commissioner of Gurgaon, who later on joined the services at the court of Maharaja Tijara. He died in Tijara but his body was taken to Delhi to bury near the grave of Shaikh Abdul Haq Mohaddis. Hayat Ali was Thanedar at Shahdara (Delhi). The elder son was <mask> <mask>, while other sons were <mask> Khaliluddin, <mask> Faizuddin and <mask> Ruknuddin. The younger son was Dr. <mask> Jamaluddin Jalai (married to Hashimi Begum, daughter of Mukhtar Jahan and Liaqat Hussain). Mukhtar Jahan was the daughter of Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi. Marriage and children
From the first wife, <mask> <mask> had two sons <mask> Amaduddin and Raziuddin.<mask> Amaduddin was the last Qazi of Tijara as he performed this job till 1947. In 1947, both these brothers were migrated to Pakistan. After the partition, <mask> Amaduddin was settled in Lahore while Raziuddin <mask> preferred to live in Karachi. <mask> Amaduddin, from his third wife, had three sons. Late Prof. <mask> Salahuddin, Misbah Uddin <mask> and Shuja Uddin <mask>. His son Misbah Uddin <mask>, who is also a renowned world famed artist, was married to elder daughter of Raziuddin <mask>. Their elder son is Sabah Uddin <mask> whereas Isbah Uddin <mask> is the elder grandson.Three generations used to live happily under a roof in Rawalpindi. From the second wife, Aisha, <mask> <mask> had one daughter, Sajida Begum. Aisha's father Haji Mahmood belonged to Kabul from where he went to Hajj and settled there at Makkah. In Makkah, he married to Aisha' mother Nafeesa. Apart from Aisha, his other daughter's name was Zainab. Zainab was also married in Bhopal to Maulvi Abdullah who received Mansab from the Bhopal state. Aisha died two years after marriage.After the death of Aisha, <mask> <mask> married to her niece, Tahira. From Tahira, he had three sons Samsamuddin, Haji Israruddin and Dr. Anwaruddin. Samsamuddin was not married. Haji Israruddin had one son, Ainuddin (married to Naheed, daughter of Akhtar Afzal ibn Misbahul Usman ibn Syed Afzal Ali). Mohammad Ainuddin has three sons, Mohammad Saad uddin ( director in big group ), Mohammad Zainuddin ( owner of a 50 bedded hospital ) has 2 son Mohammed Eiqanuddin and Mohammed Eizanuddin and Ameed uddin (working as manager in medical college )and a daughter named Bushra married with Muhi uddin in jhansi
 Dr. Anwaruddin had three sons – Rafiuddin, Rizwanuddin and Ruknuddin. Death
When he came back to Bhopal from Tijara, he stayed with his son Israruddin and died in 1940. See also
Ghulam Mansoor
Munshi Hakimuddin (relative)

References

People from Tijara
1940 deaths
Politicians from Bhopal
1873 births

masks:
Qazi Hameeduddin
Qazi Hameeduddin
Qazi Amaduddin
Qazi Najibu
Qazi Mohammad Ata
Qazi Ghulam Mohiuddin
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
ibn Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Hameeduddin
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Hameeduddin
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Qazi
Hameeduddin
Qazi
Hameeduddin


title: Freddie Scappaticci

texts:
<mask> (born c. 1946 Belfast) was a purported high-level double agent in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), known by the codename "Stakeknife". Early life
<mask> was born around 1946 and grew up in the Markets area of Belfast, the son of <mask>, an Italian immigrant to the city in the 1920s. In 1962, at the age of 16, he was encouraged to sign for the football club Nottingham Forest although his father is said to have resisted the idea. He took up work as a bricklayer. He was fined for riotous assembly in 1970 after being caught up in the Troubles and, a year later, was interned without trial at the age of 25 as part of Operation Demetrius. Among those interned with him were figures later to become prominent in the republican movement, such as Ivor Bell, Gerry Adams, and Alex Maskey. He was released from detention in 1974 and was by this time a member of the Provisional IRA.IRA career
By 1980, <mask> was a lead member in the Internal Security Unit (ISU) for the IRA Northern Command. The ISU was a unit tasked with counter-intelligence and the investigation of leaks within the IRA along with the exposure of moles/informers (also known as "touts"). Via the ISU, <mask> played a key role in investigating suspected informers, conducting inquiries into operations suspected of being compromised, debriefing of IRA volunteers released from Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army questioning, and vetting of potential IRA recruits. The ISU has also been referred to as the "Nutting Squad". Various killings as a result of ISU activities have been attributed to <mask>. After the original allegations broke in 2003, <mask>, by now living in the Riverdale area of West Belfast, claimed his involvement with the IRA ended in 1990 due to his wife's illness. He denied that he had ever been linked to any facet of the British intelligence services, including the Force Research Unit.Involvement with British Intelligence
<mask>'s first involvement with British Intelligence is alleged to have been in 1978, two years before the Force Research Unit (FRU) was formed in 1980. He is said to have worked as an agent for the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) Special Branch. The role of the FRU was to centralise Army Intelligence under the Intelligence Corps. The former FRU agent turned whistleblower using the pseudonym "Martin Ingram" has said in his 2004 book Stakeknife that Scappaticci eventually developed into an agent handled by British Army Intelligence via the FRU. Ingram says that <mask>'s activities as a high-grade intelligence source came to his attention in 1982 after Scappaticci was detained for a drunk driving offence. In 2003, <mask> was alleged to have volunteered as an informer in 1978 after being assaulted in an argument with a fellow IRA member. Ingram paints Scappaticci at this time as "the crown jewels", (the best) agent handled by the FRU.He cites a number of allegations against <mask>. His accusations centre on various individuals who died as a result of the activities of the ISU between 1980 and 1990. Ingram also alleges that Scappaticci disclosed information to British intelligence on IRA operations during the time period, involving:

IRA members involved in the kidnapping of wealthy Irish supermarket magnate Ben Dunne in 1981. Ingram alleges that <mask> was influential in identifying his kidnappers to the authorities. the attempted kidnapping of Galen Weston, a Canadian born business tycoon in 1983. Weston kept a manor outside Dublin where the kidnapping was to take place. the kidnapping of supermarket boss Don Tidey from his home in Rathfarnham in Dublin.Ingram alleges that Scappaticci tipped off the FRU on the details of the kidnapping which eventually resulted in the killings of a trainee Garda Síochána (Gary Sheehan) and an Irish Army soldier (Private Patrick Kelly). Aside from providing intelligence to the FRU, <mask> is alleged to have worked closely with his FRU handlers throughout the 1980s and 1990s to protect and promote his position within the IRA. The controversy that has arisen centres on Ingram's allegation that the FRU killed individuals who might have exposed Scappaticci as an informer. Involvement with the Cook Report
In 1993 <mask> approached the ITV programme The Cook Report and agreed to an interview on his activities in the IRA and the alleged role of Martin McGuinness in the organisation. The first interview took place on 26 August 1993 in the car park of the Culloden Hotel in Cultra, County Down. This interview was, unknown to Scappaticci, recorded and eventually found its way into an edition of the programme. The interview was posted on the World Wide Web as the 2003 allegations against Scappaticci surfaced.<mask> appears to give intimate details of the modus operandi of the IRA's Northern Command, indicated some of his previous involvement in the organisation and alleges, amongst other things, that Martin McGuinness was involved in the death of Frank Hegarty – an IRA volunteer who had been killed as an informer by the IRA in 1986. It has since been alleged that <mask> knew the intimate details of Hegarty's killing because, as part of his duties in the ISU, he had reportedly been involved in the interrogation and execution of Hegarty regarding a large Libyan arms cache, which the Gardaí found. Ingram stated that Hegarty was a FRU agent whom other FRU members had encouraged to rise through the organisation and gain the confidence of key IRA members. Involvement with the Stevens Report
Things deteriorated for Scappaticci when Sir John Stevens, the Metropolitan police commissioner who has been probing RUC and British Army collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in the killing of Protestant student, Brian Adam Lambert in 1987 and the killing of solicitor Pat Finucane in 1989, revealed that he knew of his existence. In April 2004, Stevens signalled that he intended to question <mask> as part of the third Stevens inquiry. A report in a February 2007 edition of the Belfast News Letter reported that a cassette recording allegedly of Scappaticci talking about the number of murders he was involved in via the "Nutting Squad", as well as his work as an Army agent, had been lodged with the PSNI in 2004 and subsequently passed to the Stevens Inquiry in 2005. It is unclear whether this audio is a recording made via the Cook Report investigation.There were several inconsistencies with the various media reports alleging that Scappaticci was Stakeknife. The Provisional IRA reportedly assured Scappaticci of their belief in his denials and has issued public statements suggesting that the announcement of the former as a "tout" was a stunt by the British government to undermine Sinn Féin and the Republican movement. In January 2018, <mask> was arrested by police regarding offences including murder and abduction, but was released on bail. On 5 December 2018, Westminster Magistrates’ Court sentenced <mask> to 3 months imprisonment, suspended for 1 year, after he pleaded guilty to possessing "extreme pornographic images". The pornographic materials were uncovered during an investigation into serious crime during the Troubles. See also
 Murder of Thomas Oliver

References

External links
 Audio tape recording of Scappaticci interview, The Cook Report], cryptome.quintessenz.at/mirror/scappaticci.htm; accessed 5 June 2014. Transcript of Scappaticci speaking to the Cook Report, cryptome.org; accessed 5 June 2014.Rebuttal to "Stakeknife" allegations, newspapersoc.org.uk; 19 May 2003
 Scappaticci profile, Sunday Business Post, 31 August 2003. Transcript of 1993 UTV Insight programme, cryptome.quintessenz.at/mirror/scap-clive.htm; accessed 5 June 2014. 1940s births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
People from Northern Ireland of Italian descent
Date of birth missing (living people)
Bricklayers
Police informants
Double agents

masks:
Freddie Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Daniel Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci
Scappaticci


title: Larry Itliong

texts:
Modesto "<mask><mask> (October 25, 1913 – February 8, 1977), also known as "Seven Fingers", was a Filipino-American labor organizer. He organized West Coast agricultural workers starting in the 1930s, and rose to national prominence in 1965, when he, Philip Vera Cruz, Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco, walked off the farms of area table-grape growers, demanding wages equal to the federal minimum wage, that became known as the Delano grape strike. He has been described as "one of the fathers of the West Coast labor movement." He is regarded as a key figure of the Asian American movement. Biography
Itliong was a native of San Nicolas, Philippines. One of six children of Artemio and <mask>, Itliong only had a sixth grade education. He immigrated to the United States in 1929 and joined his first strike in 1930; Itliong was only 14 when he came to the United States.Itliong was an excellent card player, and avid cigar smoker, who spoke multiple Filipino languages, Spanish, Cantonese, Japanese, and taught himself about law. Itliong married six times, had seven children, and raised his family in the Delano area  and in the Little Manila community of Stockton, California. As a farmworker Itliong worked in Alaska, where he organized cannery and agricultural unions, Washington, and up and down California; he also worked in Montana and South Dakota. While living in Alaska, he helped found the Alaska Cannery Workers Union (which later became Local 7 of the United Cannery and Packing and Allied Workers Union, then Local 7 of the International Longshoreman's and Warehouse Workers Union). He lost three fingers in an accident in an Alaskan cannery, which earned him the nickname, "Seven Fingers." Some of the labor organizers whom Itliong met in his early days had ties to the Communist Party. Filipinos in California led the way in unionization efforts among farmworkers in the 1930s and 40s.During World War II, Itliong served on a U.S. Army transport ship as a messman. After the war, he settled in the city of Stockton in California's Central Valley. In 1948, Itliong (along with Rudy Delvo, Chris Mensalvas, Philip Vera Cruz, and Ernesto Mangaoang) became involved in the 1948 asparagus strike, which was the first major agriculture strike after World War II. Itliong served as the first shop steward of International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 37, in Seattle, and was elected its vice-president in 1953. He served as secretary of the Filipino Community of Stockton from 1954 to 1956. In 1956, Itliong founded the Filipino Farm Labor Union in Stockton. In 1957, he was elected president of the Filipino Voters League in Stockton.By 1965, Itliong was leading the AFL–CIO union Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee; the majority of members of the committee were Filipinos who had in the 1930s arrived in the United States. A vote was held on May 3, 1965 in which the committee voted to strike against Coachella Valley grape growers. Although the strikers weren't able to negotiate a contract with the growers, they did succeed in winning higher wages. Following the success in Southern California, on September 8, 1965 the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee voted to strike against grape growers in Delano, California, where the grape season starts in September. This strike became the first time Mexican workers, due to the decision of Cesar Chavez, did not break a strike of Filipinos; later, on September 16, 1965, Chavez's National Farm Workers Association joined the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee on the picket lines. These strikes occurred around the same time when younger Filipino Americans began a period of political self-reflection and awakening. The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and National Farm Workers Association merged to form the United Farm Workers; Itliong was skeptical of the merger, as he believed that Mexicans would become dominant over the Filipinos when the organizations merged, and that improving work conditions would come at the expense of Filipino farmworkers, but Itliong kept those feelings to himself at the time.In 1966, the California Rural Legal Assistance was founded as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, with Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and Itliong sitting on the founding board. Itliong served as assistant director of the United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez, and in 1970 he was appointed the United Farm Workers' national boycott coordinator. In 1971, Itliong resigned from the United Farm Workers because of disagreements about the governance of the union; another reason for resigning from the United Farm Workers, was that Itliong felt that the union was not willing to support aging Filipinos. Alex Fabros, a doctoral candidate at University of California, Santa Barbara, called the merger "devastating for the Filipinos who participated in the UFW.". After leaving the United Farm Workers, Itliong assisted retired Filipino farmworkers in Delano, and was a delegate at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Together with Vera Cruz, Itliong worked towards building a retirement facility for UFW workers, known as Agbayani Village. Although no longer in the United Farm Workers, Itliong continued to support others in the organized labor movement, such as helping others plan a strike against Safeway supermarkets in 1974.Itliong also served as President of the Filipino American Political Association, a bipartisan lobbying organization. He died in 1977 at the age of 63 in Delano of Lou Gehrig's disease. Legacy
Most history books mention Chavez and the United Farm Workers, but do not include a mention of Itliong or other Filipinos. Speaking about Chavez and his father, <mask> said, "<mask> was militant. Cesar was non-violent. Cesar had handlers. Cesar had lawyers.Cesar was a dictator." The first public art memorial honoring Filipino American farmworkers was unveiled on June 24, 1995 in LA's Historic Filipinotown with <mask> and Philip Vera Cruz as its most prominent historical figures. Itliong was posthumously honored in 2010 by inclusion in a mural at California State University, Dominguez Hills. In 2011, Los Angeles County recognized Itliong with Larry Itliong Day on October 25; this follows the City of Carson which became the first city in the United States to recognize Larry Itliong Day in the United States in 2010. In 2015 Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill to establish Larry Itliong Day in the State of California. It was proclaimed in 2019 by Governor Gavin Newsom. In mid-April 2013, the New Haven Unified School District renamed Alvarado Middle School as the Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School in honor of Vera Cruz and <mask>liong; this school is the first school in the United States to be named for Filipino Americans.There was a vocal opposition to the name change, some of whom waved Mexican flags, who said that the name changing disrupts the neighborhood's tradition. The middle school was originally named for Juan Bautista Alvarado, and the name change did not take effect until 2015. This occurred after a 13-year effort to rename a school for the Filipino American leaders, after several other schools had been named to reflect the city's diverse population, including Cesar Chavez Middle School, where 20% of the population is Filipino American. In late April 2013, a Filipino business and a Filipino Community Center were targeted with graffiti vandalism; the graffiti was investigated as a hate crime. In 2014, an overpass over the Filipino American Highway was designated as the "Itliong-Vera Cruz Memorial Bridge". A documentary titled The Delano Manongs: Forgotten Heroes of the UFW was made to highlight the role of Filipinos in the farm labor movement, including Itliong; the documentary was released in 2013. Itliong was portrayed by Darion Basco in the 2014 film about Cesar Chavez; the film will not include other Filipino American farm labor leaders such as Vera Cruz.In 2018, a children's book was published which highlighted Itliong's life and his role in the agriculture labor movement. The Filipino Hall in Delano, California houses a collection of memorabilia. The <mask> Papers are housed at the Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit. A musical is under development based on Itliong's life, with original compositions by Bryan Pangilinan. See also

 Philip Vera Cruz
 Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta

References

External links

United Farm Workers people
Leaders of American trade unions
Trade unionists from California

People from Pangasinan
People from Delano, California
Filipino emigrants to the United States
1913 births
1977 deaths
American trade unionists of Filipino descent

masks:
Larry
" Dulay Itliong
Francesca Itliong
Johnny Itliong
Larry
Larry Itliong
Larry It
Larry Itliong


title: Ssuuna II of Buganda

texts:
<mask>lema Kasinjo Mukaabya Sekkyungwa Muteesa Sewankambo Walugembe Mig'ekyaamye Lukeberwa Kyetutumula Magulunyondo Luwambya Omutanda Sseggwanga was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 1832 until 1856. He was the twenty-ninth Kabaka of Buganda. Claim to the throne
He was born at Bujuuko Hill around 1820. He was the son of Kabaka Kamaanya Kadduwamala, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1814 and 1832. His mother was Nakkazi Kannyange, the twenty-third of his father's thirty-eight wives. He ascended to the throne upon the death of his father in 1832, having executed all his brothers in order to remain as the sole heir. He established his capital on Mulago Hill.Married life
Kabaka <mask> II continued in the tradition started by his grandfather and copied by his father; the practice of marrying an extraordinary number of wives. <mask> II outdid all of them. He is reported to have married one hundred forty eight wives. Issue
As expected, the Kabaka having married 148 wives, he fathered a large number of children. Written accounts put the number as high as two hundred and twenty-one. Prince (Omulangira) Kajumba
 Prince (Omulangira) Kiyimba, whose mother was Lady Zawedde
 Princess (Omumbejja) Nassuuna, whose mother was Lady Zawedde
 Prince (Omulangira) Mukaabya Walugembe, whose mother was Lady Muganzirwazza

This reference lists the names of all of them, giving the names of their mothers in most cases. Reign
Kabaka <mask> was only twelve 12 years when he ascended to the throne.He was a handsome boy, taking after the looks of his mother, Nakkazi Kannyange, reportedly one of the most beautiful women in Buganda at the time. He began as a popular monarch, loved by his people. However, as he grew more confident, he became cocky and ruthless. He gave himself a string of names that implied invincibility and super-normal powers. He ordered the execution of fifty eight of his sixty brothers. Only two escaped the carnage:

 Prince (Omulangira) Wasajja, whose mother was Nakkazi of the Mamba clan (not Nakkazi Kannyange)
 Prince (Omulangira) Mugogo, whose mother was Kyotowadde of the Mamba clan

By the time of his death Kabaka <mask> II turned out to be one of the most ruthless of the Buganda kings. Ssuuna continued the Buganda's trade in ivory and slaves with Zanzibar and for a time allowed foreign traders mainly Zanzibaris and Arabs like Snay bin Amir (in 1852) and Ahmed bin Ibrahim (in 1844), in his kingdom.He eventually banned entry of all foreign traders in Buganda. <mask> increased Buganda's naval fleet and expansion in Lake Nnalubaale. The wars of conquest against the Kingdom's neighbors continued during his reign which led to an expansion of the territory of the Buganda Kingdom. During his reign, the neglect of sanitary standards within the capital was decreed an offence punishable by death. Ssuuna put a number of persons to death for breach of his rules, which aroused the ire of a certain medium named Kigemuzi. Kigemuzi began to speak disrespectfully of the King, saying that he did so by order of the gods. On <mask>'s orders, Kigemuzi  was arrested and taken to the capital, contrary to the custom.He protested before the Kabaka, reminding him it was contrary to custom to bind a medicine-man or a medium. The King then ordered Kigemuzi to be removed, and that night the royal house was struck by lightning, and the King was scorched on his face and on one side of his body. Ssuuna at once sent for the medium Kigemuzi, released him, and asked him why there had been this storm. The medium answered: "Because the god of thunder (Kiwanuka) is angry at what you have done to me." The King then presented the man with cattle to make atonement for binding him, and the King's mother settled him on a large tract of land, in order to propitiate the gods, and to save her son from further harm. Final years
In his final years, Kabaka Ssuuna sent an emissary to the king of Buzongola. On his return, the emissary delivered a less than flattering message from Buzongola.Ssuuna took this as a slight and waged war against the kingdom of Buzongola. The Katikiro, Kayira, the Kabaka's great chiefs and the Queen mother all advised against embarking on a military campaign in a time of famine and small pox. The Kabaka proceeded with the ill advised war. Despite emerging victorious and driving out the king of Buzongola, the combined effects of war, small pox and famine greatly weakened his armies and most of his men died before reaching Buganda. Kabaka <mask> II died of small pox on his way back to Buganda in October 1856. Kayiira brought his remains back to Nabulagala. His remains are currently buried at Wamala.Quotes
"He was a very cruel man: he was brave in war, he was a hunter of wild animals and very fond of hunting dogs. At times, however, he was kind, so they say, and it is well known that cruel kings at times exercise kindness so that they shall not be hated by their subjects. Such was Ssuuna." Ham Mukasa, "Some Notes on the Reign of Mutesa", 1934

"When he was reprimanded by Ahmed bin Ibrahim (the first Arab to visit <mask> II's court in 1844) over the wanton killing of his subjects, Ssuuna filed the following defence; 'I have no other secret for keeping my subjects in awe of me and in preventing conspiracies'." John A. Rowe, Revolution in Buganda, 1968

Wamala tombs
Set on a hilltop with beautiful surroundings, Wamala is the sacred burial place of Kabaka <mask> II, who had 148 wives and 218 children. <mask> II was the last Kabaka to be buried in his own palace and the last to have his jaw bone removed after death. He was also the first Kabaka to admit outside traders into Buganda.A magical but almost forgotten place, Wamala Tombs is quite unique. It is a thirty-minute drive from Kampala along Kampala-Hoima Road. It is located on a hilltop about  after the right turn, off Hoima Road. Succession table

See also
 Kabaka of Buganda
 Mulago Hill

References

External links
 List of Kings of Buganda

Kabakas of Buganda
19th-century monarchs in Africa
1856 deaths
1820 births
Deaths from smallpox

masks:
Ssuuna II Ka
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna
Ssuuna


title: William Benbow Humphreys

texts:
<mask>, City Councillor in Kimberley, Member of the Cape Provincial Council, and Member of Parliament (for Beaconsfield and afterwards for Kimberley), was the founder of the William Humphreys Art Gallery in Kimberley. He became, in 1961, the second recipient of the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. Humphreys was born in Oudtshoorn on 5 April 1889 and died in Kimberley on 25 July 1965. Early life

While born in Oudtshoorn, Humphreys’ lifelong association with Kimberley originated when, aged just 6 months, he went with his family to that town (later to become a city). He was educated at Kimberley Boys' High School, matriculating there in 1908. Humphreys afterwards graduated from the Elsenburg Agricultural Training Institute, Stellenbosch, and subsequently pursued farming interests in the Campbell district west of Kimberley. Humphreys also worked with his father, S.B.<mask>, who was a general dealer and produce merchant in Giddy Street, Kimberley. In 1910 he had married Maude Elizabeth Searle, born in 1890 at Blanco near George, but who, like Humphreys himself, had gone to Kimberley at a young age. She bore him six children: Dulcie, Aubrey, Basil, Margery, Elaine and Winsome. Political career

Humphreys’ political career commenced with his election to the Kimberley City Council in 1917, and was advanced a decade later in his becoming a Member of the Cape Provincial Council. In that same year, 1927, he retired from the family business to further his political interests. Two years later he was elected to the Union Parliament as the representative for Beaconsfield, one of the Kimberley constituencies, following the retirement of Sir David Harris. In 1933 he was returned to the Beaconsfield seat unopposed, as the coalition candidate of the South African Party.His proficiency in both English and Afrikaans was a distinct advantage in a constituency that had significant urban and rural components, English-speakers predominating in the former area and Afrikaans-speakers in the latter. Upon Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's retirement from Parliament as Kimberley's representative in 1938, <mask> took over that seat. In 1948 he retired from politics, never having lost an election in the 19 years he was actively involved in it. Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme

In 1933 <mask> had been instrumental in having Government embark on the building of the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme, one of the world's largest irrigation schemes, extending over an area of 369.50 square kilometres The four million Pound project brought relief to severe unemployment during the Great Depression, and has turned the area into one of South Africa's major agricultural regions. At a meeting at the Kimberley City Hall on 2 November 1933 Colonel Deneys Reitz, Minister of Lands and Irrigation, paid tribute to Humphreys for his efforts towards the realisation of the scheme. Art collector and the founding of the <mask> Humphreys Art Gallery

Beyond Parliament, <mask> pursued other interests. He sat on the Kimberley School Board, for instance, from 1921 to 1930.At a personal level he continued with farming, raising purebred Persian sheep, devoting more time to this following his retirement from politics. Above all, however, his interest in art took up his time, resulting in a burgeoning collection, augmented during frequent trips to Europe when he bought paintings, sculpture, old furniture and objets d'art. His home, Benbow Lodge at 46 Carrington Road Kimberley, including a purpose-built gallery, was filled with these treasures, of which a sizeable proportion were of the Dutch and Flemish schools of the 17th century. In 1948 Humphreys donated a part of his vast collection to the people of Kimberley and the Northern Cape “in consideration of his long association with the public life of the northern Cape and his desire to further the interests of the said region.” This collection, known as Humphreys’ Bequest, comprising a selection of European and British paintings, furniture and contemporary copies of classical sculptures, was initially housed at the Northern Cape Technical College. The terms of the donation stipulated that a suitable gallery should be built as a more permanent home for the collection, with Humphreys additionally giving a  large grant towards the building costs. On 5 June 1952 Humphreys laid the foundation stone of the Gallery which today bears his name. Six months later the Gallery was officially opened by Mr Harry Oppenheimer.Humphreys served as curator, secretary, caretaker and virtually everything else during the early years of the Gallery's history. His contribution was recognised and acknowledged on 5 April 1960, Humphreys' 71st birthday, at a special function held in the Art Gallery when Kimberley Mayor, Mr l Jawno, said "there is no better name for this wonderful showplace." Freedom of the City of Kimberley

The following year Humphreys had conferred upon him Freedom of the City in acknowledgement of all he had done for Kimberley and the Northern Cape, in many spheres, ranging from politics to the arts. The ceremony took place in the Council Chamber on 14 September 1961. Mr Graham Eden said that were it not for Humphreys' efforts, "the aspirations of this vast area of the northern Cape would never have seen the light of day in Parliament." Civic funeral

Following his death on 25 July 1965, a civic funeral took place at the Newton Dutch Reformed Church. The Humphreys family had had a close connection to it, <mask>' mother having given the four-face clock and bells in the tower.<mask> W Fullard. Leader of the Indian community, Mr G.W. Naidoo recalled that Mr <mask> "was one who was quick to appreciate other people's hardships (and worked for the interests of the Coloured and Indian people of the city). He loved the poor and served his people with an understanding heart." References

People from Kimberley, Northern Cape
South African art collectors
1965 deaths
1889 births

masks:
William Benbow Humphreys
Humphreys
Humphreys
Humphreys
William
Humphreys
William Humphreys
Humphreysd
Humphreys