title: Donald Ewen Cameron

texts:
<mask> ( – ) was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the . He served as President of the American Psychiatric Association (1952–1953), Canadian Psychiatric Association (1958–1959), American Psychopathological Association (1963), Society of Biological Psychiatry (1965) and World Psychiatric Association (1961–1966). <mask> was involved in administering electroconvulsive therapy and experimental drugs, including poisons such as curare and hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, to patients and prisoners without their knowledge or informed consent. Some of this work took place in the context of the Project MKUltra program for the developing of mind control and torture techniques, psychoactive poisons, and behavior modification systems. Decades after his own death, the psychic driving technique he developed continued to see extensive use in the torture of prisoners around the world. <mask> is the subject of Stephen Bennett's film Eminent Monsters (2020), which was funded by BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland.Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. He received an M.B., Ch.B. in psychological medicine at the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. with distinction from the University in 1936. <mask> began his training in psychiatry at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital in 1925. In 1926, he served as assistant medical officer there and was introduced to psychiatrist Sir David Henderson, a student of Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer.He continued his training in the United States under Meyer at the Phipps Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland from 1926 to 1928 with a Henderson Research Scholarship. In 1928, <mask> left Baltimore for the Burghölzli, the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zurich, in Switzerland, where he studied under Hans W. Maier, the successor of Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, who had significantly influenced psychiatric thinking. There he met A. T. Mathers, Manitoba's principal psychiatrist, who convinced <mask> in 1929 to move to Brandon, the second largest city of Manitoba, Canada. <mask> stayed there for seven years and was made physician-in-charge of the Reception Unit of the Provincial Mental Hospital. He also organized the structure of mental health services in the western half of the province, establishing 10 functioning clinics; this model was used as the blueprint for similar efforts in Montreal and a forerunner of 1960s community health models. In 1933, he married Jean C. Rankine, whom he had met while they were students at the University of Glasgow. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player, and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow.They had four children; a daughter and three sons. In 1936, he moved to Massachusetts to become director of the research division at Worcester State Hospital only 1 year later. In 1936, he also published his first book, Objective and Experimental Psychiatry which introduced his belief that psychiatry should approach the study of human behavior in a rigorous, scientific fashion rooted in biology. His theories of behavior stressed the unity of the organism with the environment; the book also outlined experimental method and research design. <mask> believed firmly in clinical psychiatry and a strict scientific method. In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. From 1939 to 1943 he was professor of neurology and psychiatry at Albany Medical College, and at the Russell Sage School of Nursing, also in the Albany area.During those years, <mask> began to expand on his thoughts about the interrelationships of mind and body, developing a reputation as a psychiatrist who could bridge the gap between the organic, structural neurologists, and the psychiatrists whose knowledge of anatomy was limited to maps of the mind as opposed to maps of the brain. Through his instruction of nurses and psychiatrists he became an authority in his areas of concentration. <mask> focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. <mask> followed these schools in demanding that mental disturbances are diseases and somatic in nature; all psychological illness would therefore be hardwired, a product of the body and the direct result of a patient's biological structure rather than caused by social environments. Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain suffered from psychosis.In 1943, <mask> was invited to McGill University in Montreal by neurosurgeon Dr Wilder Penfield. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, money from John Wilson McConnell of the Montreal Star, and a gift of Sir Hugh Allan's mansion on Mount Royal,  the Allan Memorial Institute for psychiatry was founded. <mask> became the first director of the Allan Memorial Institute as well as the first chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at McGill. He recruited psychoanalysts, social psychiatrists and biologists globally to develop the psychiatry program at McGill From its beginning in 1943, the Allan Memorial Institute was run on an "open door" basis, allowing patients to leave if they wished, as opposed to the "closed door" policy of other hospitals in Canada in the early 1940s. In 1946, <mask> introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the Institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. Nuremberg trials

In 1945, <mask>, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association.Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia. Before his arrival in Nuremberg, <mask> had written The Social Reorganization of Germany, in which he argued that German culture and its individual citizens would have to be transformed and reorganized. In his analysis, German culture was made up of people who had the need for status, worshipped strict order and regimentation, desired authoritarian leadership and had a deeply ingrained fear of other countries. The paper stated that German culture and its people would have offspring bound to become a threat to world peace in 30 years. To prevent this, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. <mask> next published Nuremberg and Its Significance.In this, he hoped to establish a suitable method to reinstate a form of justice in Germany that could prevent its society from recreating the attitudes that led it from the Great War to World War II. <mask> viewed German society throughout history as continually giving rise to fearsome aggression. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. ; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. <mask> decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. All Germans on trial would be assessed according to the likeliness for committing the crime. <mask> began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated.These became the basis of a new social and behavioural science that he would later institute through his presidencies of the Canadian, American and World Psychiatric Associations, the American Psychopathological Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry. With the results of the Manhattan project, <mask> feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. <mask> argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics. <mask> started to distinguish populations between "the weak" and "the strong". Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in <mask>'s analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. <mask> further argued that "the weak" must not influence children.He promoted a philosophy where chaos could be prevented by removing the weak from society. Social and intrapsychic behaviour analysis
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, <mask> continued his work on memory and its relationship to aging. He published a book called Remembering and extended psychiatric links to human biology. In papers published during this time he linked RNA to memory. He furthered his diagnostic definitions of clinical states such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. <mask>  placed the psychiatric treatment unit inside of the hospital and inspected its success.Here in the hospital <mask> could observe how the psychiatric patient resembled patients with other diseases that were not psychiatric in nature. In this manner, somatic causes could be compared. The behaviour of a mental patient could resemble the behaviour of a patient with, for example, syphilis, and then a somatic cause could be deduced for a psychological illness. <mask> titled this procedure "intrapsychic" (a term derived from the psycho-somatic relationship of hospital patients). <mask> began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. Therefore, society should function to select out the weak and unwanted, those apt towards fearsome aggression that threatened society.Psychiatry would play a

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title: Donald Ewen Cameron

type: original

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 disciplinary role. <mask> began to explore how industrial conditions could satisfy the population through work and what kind of person or worker is best suited to industrial conditions. A stronger personality would be able to maintain itself in heavy industrial situations, he theorised, while the weaker would not be able to cope with industrial conditions. <mask> would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. In his 1946 paper entitled "Frontiers of Social Psychiatry", he used the case of World War II Germany as an example where society poisoned the minds of citizens by creating a general anxiety or neurosis. <mask> and Freud: civilization and discontents
Although <mask> rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea in that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. He theorized that attitudes and beliefs should reinforce the overall attitudes of the desired society.Like Freud, <mask> maintained that the family was the nucleus of social behavior and anxieties later in life were spawned during childhood. <mask> wanted to build an inventive psychiatric institution to determine rapid ways for societal control while demanding a psychological economy that did not center itself around guilt and guilt complexes. His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. <mask> wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. <mask> believed that mental illness was literally contagious – that if one came into contact with someone suffering from mental illness, one would begin to produce the symptoms of a mental disease. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes.Thus, this group would have to be studied and controlled as a contagious social disease. Police, hospitals, government, and schools would need to use the correct psychiatric authority to stop mental contagions from spreading. <mask> also hoped to generate families capable of using authority and techniques to take measures against mental illness, which would later be apparent in <mask>'s MKULTRA and MKDELTA experiments. <mask> and the Germans

In <mask>'s book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in Germany will try it again, <mask> fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. Those Germans affected by the events that led to World War II were of utmost concern. <mask>'s concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority.According to <mask>'s psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. Mental illness as a social contagion
Although society had established sanctions against the spread of infectious diseases, <mask> wanted to extend the concept of contagion to chronic anxiety. He argued that people with mental illnesses could spread and transmit their diseases. He warned that government institutions should take measures against such potential liabilities. <mask> began to base some of his notions on race, as is seen in his theories regarding the German people. In the late 1940s, <mask> presented his ideas in a lecture entitled Dangerous Men and Women. It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society.The personality types are as follows:
 A passive man who "is afraid to say what he really thinks" and "will stand anything, and stands for nothing". "[H]e was born in Munich, he is the eternal compromiser and his spiritual food is appeasement". A possessive type, filled with jealousy and demanding utmost loyalty. This personality type poses a danger to those closest to them, especially children. The insecure man – "They are the driven crowds that makes the army of the authoritarian overlord; they are the stuffing of conservatism ... mediocrity is their god. They fear the stranger, they fear the new idea; they are afraid to live, and scared to die." This third type needs conformity and obeys the dictates of society, adhering to a world of strict standards of right or wrong (which are manipulated by power groups to keep the insecure controlled and dependent).<mask> theorized that this type is dangerous because of its "lust for authority". The last type is the psychopath, the greatest danger in times of political and societal upheaval; this <mask> labeled "the Gestapo". <mask> believed that a society in which psychiatry built and developed the institutions of government, schools, prisons and hospitals would be one in which science triumphed over the "sick" members of society. He demanded that political systems be watched, and that German people needed to be monitored due to their "personality type", which he claimed results in the conditions that give rise to the dictatorial power of an authoritarian overlord. <mask> stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves – and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. For <mask>, the traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural or personality forms would themselves be infected.<mask> used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. The described types would have to be eliminated from society if there was to be peace and progress. The sick were, for <mask>, the viral infection to its stability and health. The described types were the enemies of society and life. Experts must develop methods of forcefully changing attitudes and beliefs to prevent the authoritarian overlord. MKULTRA Subproject 68

During the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> became involved in what has later become known as the MKUltra mind control program, which was covertly sponsored by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and which eventually led to the publication of the KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation manual. <mask>'s work was funded under MKUltra's subproject 68.He is unrelated to another CIA psychiatrist, Alan S<mask>, who helped pioneer psychological profiling of world leaders during the 1970s and was not associated with the behavioral modification research program. <mask> had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many suffered permanent debilitation after these treatments. Such consequences included incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents.His work was inspired and paralleled by the psychiatrist William Sargant, who was also involved with the intelligence services and experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage. Sid Taylor stated that <mask> used curare to immobilise his patients during his research. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." Patients were tested in the Radio Telemetry Laboratory, which was built under <mask>'s direction. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement. In 1980, the Canadian investigative news program The Fifth Estate interviewed two former patients of <mask>'s who were among several of his ex patients  who were at that time suing the CIA for the long term effects of <mask>'s treatment.In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada, author Anne Collins explored the history of <mask> and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. This was made into a TV mini-series directed by Anne Wheeler in 1998, called The Sleep Room, which also dramatizes the lawsuit of <mask>'s ex-patients against the CIA. Naomi Klein states in her book The Shock Doctrine that <mask>'s research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' In other words, torture." She then cites Alfred W. McCoy:  "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, <mask>'s experiments, building upon <mask>. Hebb's earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method." Whether or not <mask> was aware that funding for his experiments was coming from the CIA is unclear; it has been argued that he would have carried out the exact same experiments if funding had come from a source without ulterior motives. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack while mountain climbing with his son on September 8, 1967.See also
 Andrei Snezhnevsky
 Aziz al-Abub, a torture expert affiliated with Hezbollah who studied and replicated some of <mask>'s torture techniques
 Sidney Gottlieb

References

1901 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American physicians
American psychiatrists
Central Intelligence Agency
Torture in the United States
Human subject research in psychiatry
McGill University faculty
Mind control theorists
People from Albany, New York
People from Bridge of Allan
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
Project MKUltra
World Psychiatric

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title: Matt DiBenedetto

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<mask> (born July 27, 1991) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He  competes full-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, driving the No. 25 Chevrolet Silverado for Rackley WAR. Racing career

Early career
<mask> first showed an interest in auto racing after receiving a little league trophy around age 8. His father, Tony, who raced an Opel Manta in SCCA and IMSA in the late 1970s and early 1980s, noticed he preferred watching automobile racing on television over baseball. <mask>'s father knew that another player on his son's little league team was competing in mini kart racing so he bought him a used kart which a young <mask> drove to his first victory. He later moved up to the UARA-Stars series, racing late models.In 2007, <mask>'s family sold all their equipment due to financial stress, from then on starting in 2008 Dibenedetto drove for Fat Head Racing Driver Development Program in the UARA-Stars as a teammate to Darrell Wallace, Jr., Brennan Poole, and FHR team owner Jamie Yelton. There, he caught the attention of Joe Gibbs Racing, and later ran in the NASCAR Camping World East Series for them. Xfinity Series

Joe Gibbs Racing: 2009–2010, 2019

<mask> made his NASCAR Nationwide Series debut in 2009 at the Memphis Motorsports Park and drove the No. 20 Pizza Ranch-sponsored Toyota for Joe Gibbs Racing. <mask> raced part-time in the No. 20 car in 2010. His first race of 2010 came at Nashville Speedway.<mask> had a solid car and ran well all night. Eventually scoring a 10th-place finish. His next race came at Road America. While running 11th he had an axle problem due to running over the curbs too hard, and that led to him falling many laps down. <mask> ran six races for Joe Gibbs in 2010, with two top-ten finishes. Nine years after his last start in the series with JGR, he returned to the team in August 2019 for the Road America race. He led the most laps and was in second position, when he spun off the track on the final lap at the final corner of the race.Multiple teams: 2012–2016
After being forced out of K&N Pro Series East team X Team Racing due to lack of sponsorship, <mask> then joined The Motorsports Group midway through 2012 and ran as a start and park driver for seven races finishing 79th in points. In 2013, <mask> joined Vision Racing to drive the No. 37 car part-time in the Nationwide Series and also started and parked the few races he was in. Dibenedetto later looked back at the start-and-park time as valuable for the seat time it gave him, which paid off later in his career. During the 2014 season's Subway Firecracker 250 at Daytona, <mask> replaced Jeffrey Earnhardt in the No. 4 JD Motorsports Chevy during the first caution due to Earnhardt suffering a fractured collarbone in a motorcycle accident during the week. For the second race he joined the Motorsports Group, where he start-and-parked the No.46 Chevrolet for 12 races and raced the rest with the No. 40. He scored two top-15 place finishes at Road America and Mid-Ohio. <mask> finished a career-high 21st in points. In 2016, he made his return in the Xfinity Series driving the No. 10 Camry for TriStar Motorsports at Fontana, where he started 33rd and finished 40th after starting and parking. At the Fall Texas race, he crashed into the outside wall in turn 4 ending in a concussion and not racing in the Cup race the following day.Cup Series

BK Racing: 2015–2016

<mask> moved up to the Sprint Cup Series in 2015. He was originally intended to drive the No. 83 Dustless Blasting and No. 93 Toyotas for BK Racing on a part-time basis; he split the No. 83 during the year with Camping World Truck Series driver Johnny Sauter. After Sauter drove the No. 83 in the Daytona 500, <mask> failed to qualify in his first two attempts at Atlanta and Las Vegas before finally qualifying for his Sprint Cup debut at Phoenix.When Sauter eventually decided not to race at any other Cup race after the Daytona 500, <mask> took over the No. 83 full-time and declared for ROTY contention. At Martinsville Speedway during a practice session, <mask> was involved in an incident with three-time NASCAR champion Tony Stewart. The incident occurred when <mask> tried to merge on the track behind Carl Edwards and the gap closed ahead of him. With Stewart fast approaching down the backstretch, <mask> moved up the track in turn three to let Stewart pass. "When I got to (turn) three I didn't want to hold him up, so I just pulled up high and let him go by," <mask> told Foxsports.com. "I got completely out of his way, but that wasn't enough.He tried to wreck me a few times, brake-checking me and flipping me off around the whole track." After the incident, <mask> called Stewart "an arrogant prick". <mask> returned full-time with BK Racing in 2016, though he ran the No. 93 for the Daytona 500 since Michael Waltrip was in the No. 83 for the race. At Daytona, <mask> crashed with Chris Buescher on lap 92 in what Buescher called the "hardest hit of his career", though the two were not injured. In the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway, <mask> finished sixth, a career-best at the time, his first career top ten and the first for BK Racing since Travis Kvapil's eighth-place finish at the 2012 Good Sam Roadside Assistance 500 at Talladega Superspeedway.He returned to the No. 93 for the Federated Auto Parts 400 at Richmond while Dylan Lupton drove the No. 83, while also driving the No. 93 at Talladega's Hellmann's 500 as Jeffrey Earnhardt was in the No. 83. <mask> missed the AAA Texas 500 after suffering a concussion during the previous day's Xfinity Series race and was replaced by Earnhardt. He was cleared to return at the following race in Phoenix.For the season-ending Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead, he drove the No. 49 to promote the video game NASCAR Heat Evolution price change to $49.99. On December 8, 2016, <mask> announced he had parted ways with BK Racing. Two days later he announced that he would drive a single-car effort for Go Fas Racing in 2017. Go Fas is one of the charter teams and as a result, <mask> would make every race in the No. 32 Go Fas Racing Ford Fusion. Go Fas Racing: 2017–2018

In the 2017 Daytona 500, his first for Go Fas, <mask> finished 9th for his second career top 10.Statistically, <mask> has been Go Fas Racing's best driver since co-owner Frank Stoddard founding the team in 2011, with him picking up several top twenty and top thirty finishes. <mask> had a great race in the 2017 Food City 500 when he picked up a top twenty finish, his best finish since Daytona. At the Monster Energy Open leading up to the All-Star Race, <mask> drove a Reddit-sponsored car; he learned of the site when driver Josh Wise was voted into the 2014 All-Star Race by the community, who nearly voted <mask> into the 2016 race. The community then repeated their near-feat by having another close call in the 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race. After the campaign, <mask> remained an active member of the community, interacting with its users in the NASCAR subreddit regularly. At the 2017 Brickyard 400, <mask> qualified near the back of the field. Despite this, he managed to avoid the late-race melee to pick up another top ten finish for the No.32, finishing 8th. Soon after the race, <mask>, crew chief Gene Nead, and Go Fas extended their contract to the 2018 season, allowing <mask> to remain in the No. 32 for 2018. However, Nead left for personal reasons in late February. Before the spring ISM race, <mask> reached out on Twitter that his team has no sponsors for that race and needed a last-minute sponsor. Denny Hamlin, Kevin Harvick and Darrell Waltrip began to donate money to fund a sponsor, and the team later received Zynga Poker sponsorship. Go Fas eventually launched #TeamBurrito, a program that allows fans to encourage businesses to sponsor the No.32 car in exchange for various rewards. Later that season, in July, at Daytona, <mask> drove the No. 32 Zynga Poker Ford Fusion to another top ten finish, this time 7th, for the team's best finish. On September 7, 2018, <mask> announced that he will not be returning to Go Fas Racing in 2019. On October 10, it was announced that <mask> signed a two-year contract with Leavine Family Racing to drive the No. 95 Toyota Camry starting in 2019. The deal, which was a one-year contract with a possible extension, came after LFR failed to extend Kasey Kahne and after a deal with Daniel Hemric fell through to drive the No.95 car. Leavine Family Racing: 2019

In his first race with Leavine Family Racing, <mask> nearly pulled off the victory at the 2019 Daytona 500. <mask> took the lead midway in the race and led a race-high 49 laps before being collected in the Big One with less than 15 laps to go. For Sonoma Raceway's Toyota/Save Mart 350, <mask> drove a Darrell Waltrip tribute scheme resembling his 1974 car; the race was Waltrip's final as a commentator for Fox NASCAR before his retirement. In the race, <mask> pitted off sequence, completing his stops before the two stages and again with 25 laps remaining to score a fourth-place finish. On August 15, 2019, <mask> announced via Twitter that Leavine Family Racing had informed him that he would be dropped from the team following the 2019 season. At the time of the announcement, <mask> stood 23rd in the standings.Two days after the announcement, <mask> led 93 laps at the Bristol Night Race, but damage after contact with Ryan Newman would cause him to lose the position to Denny Hamlin with 11 laps to go. <mask> would go on to earn a career-best second-place finish. Wood Brothers Racing: 2020–2021

On September 10, 2019, Wood Brothers Racing signed <mask> to drive for the No. 21 Ford full-time for the 2020 season, following Paul Menard's announcement that he will retire from full-time racing after the 2019 season. <mask> started the season with a 19th place finish at the 2020 Daytona 500, but he rebounded a week later to tie a career-best second place finish at Las Vegas. In the later weeks of the regular season, <mask> battled with seven-time Cup champion Jimmie Johnson and William Byron for the final spots in the playoffs. <mask> would ultimately qualify for his first playoffs when he finished 12th in the regular-season finale at Daytona and edged out Johnson for the 16th and last seed by six points.He was eliminated following the third race of the opening round at Bristol. <mask> tied his career-best finish of second the following week later at Las Vegas for the third time in his career and the second time in a row at the track; this time to Kurt Busch. <mask> ended his first season with the Wood Brothers 13th in the final standings with a career-high 11 top tens. <mask> returned to WBR in 2021 in what would be his final season with the team as Harrison Burton would take over the No. 21 the following year. He missed the Playoffs and finished 18th in the final standings. Truck Series

Rackley WAR: 2022
On January 6, 2022, Rackley WAR announced that <mask> would drive the No.25 full-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series for 2022. At the NextEra Energy 250 at Daytona, in only his first Truck start, <mask> dodged many wrecks en route to a tenth place finish. This is his first top ten in the Truck Series and the second one for Rackley W.A.R. in the organization's history. Personal life
<mask> was born in Nevada City, California, to parents Sandy and <mask>, and raised in Grass Valley, California. He has three siblings, Austin, Katie, Kelley. Austin is a member of the United States Air Force.In 2015, <mask> married his childhood friend Taylor Carswell. They currently reside in Hickory, North Carolina. They own a dog named Brian. In 2018, he made a cameo in the television series Lethal Weapon (S2, E13) as a character named Carl Edwards, which <mask> noted was coincidental and not a nod to the driver of the same name. In 2021, <mask> was baptized by fellow Cup Series driver Michael McDowell. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time.* – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.) Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

K&N Pro Series East

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References

External links

Living people
1991 births
People from Grass Valley, California
Racing drivers from California
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
American people of Italian descent
Joe Gibbs Racing drivers

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Tony DiBenedetto
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title: Steven Rattner

texts:
<mask> (born July 5, 1952) is a New York investment asset manager who served as lead adviser to the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry in 2009. He is currently chairman and chief executive officer of Willett Advisors LLC, the private investment firm that manages billionaire former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg's personal and philanthropic assets. He continues to be involved in public policy matters as the economic analyst for MSNBC's Morning Joe, and as a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times op-ed page. Before joining the Obama Administration, he was a managing principal of the Quadrangle Group, a private equity investment firm that specialized in the media and communications industries. Prior to co-founding Quadrangle, he was an investment banker at Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley, and Lazard Freres & Co., where he rose to deputy chairman and deputy chief executive officer. <mask> began his career as a journalist for The New York Times. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the son of Selma and <mask>.His father was the president of a small paint company and is a playwright who has produced several Off-Broadway plays; his mother was an architecture preservationist and vice president of the Victorian Society of America. <mask> was raised in the suburb of Great Neck, where he attended local public schools. He received his A.B. with honors in economics from Brown University in 1974 and was awarded the Harvey Baker Fellowship. While at Brown, he served as editor-in-chief of The Brown Daily Herald in 1973. Journalism career
Upon graduating from Brown, <mask> was hired in Washington, D.C., as a news clerk to James Reston, New York Times columnist and former executive editor. After a year, he moved to New York as a reporter to cover business and energy; there he became friends with colleague Paul Goldberger.In 1977, he was transferred back to Washington to cover the energy crisis. At age 27 he became the paper's chief Washington economic correspondent. He became close friends with Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., who was then the Times publisher. He concluded his service to The New York Times with two years in London as its European economic correspondent. Investment banking career
At the end of 1982, <mask> left The New York Times and was recruited by Roger Altman to join the investment bank Lehman Brothers as an associate. After Lehman was sold to American Express in 1984, he followed his boss Eric Gleacher and several colleagues to Morgan Stanley, where he founded the firm's communications group. In 1989, after Morgan Stanley filed for an initial public offering, he joined Lazard as a general partner and with Lazard colleagues advised on numerous deals for large media conglomerates such as Viacom and Comcast.Alongside Felix Rohatyn, <mask> became Lazard's top rainmaker in the 1990s. Michel David-Weill named him the firm's deputy chairman and deputy chief executive in 1997. Private equity career
In March 2000, <mask> and three Lazard partners, including Joshua Steiner, left the firm and founded the Quadrangle Group. They initially focused on investing a $1 billion media-focused private equity fund. Early investors in Quadrangle included Sulzberger, and Mort Zuckerman. Headquartered in the Seagram Building, Quadrangle grew to manage more than $6 billion across several business lines, including private equity, distressed securities, and hedge funds. The firm also hosted an annual gathering for media executives called Foursquare, where speakers included Rupert Murdoch and Mark Zuckerberg.In 2008, the firm's asset management division was selected to invest the personal and philanthropic assets of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Rattner's close friend. Throughout his business career, <mask> has served on several corporate boards, including Cablevision, IAC/InterActiveCorp, and Protection One. Public service

During his tenure with The New York Times in Washington D.C., Rattner developed an interest in economic policy, drawing him to politics and public service. In the mid-1990s, he began to work actively on behalf of Democratic candidates, beginning with President Bill Clinton. In February 2009, with General Motors and Chrysler insolvent, <mask> was appointed counselor to the United States Secretary of the Treasury and lead auto adviser, a role informally referred to in the media as the "car czar". He soon assembled a team that grew to 14 professionals to address the financial problems of the two auto companies. Reporting to both Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Lawrence Summers, the head of the National Economic Council, Rattner's team developed a plan to save both the two manufacturers and related suppliers and finance companies.The plan involved a government investment of $82 billion in the sector, coupled with controlled bankruptcies for the two auto companies, as well as new management for both, and the closure of 2,000 automobile dealerships and loss of tens of thousands of related jobs. A White & Case lawyer claimed that Rattner had threatened the reputation of Perella Weinberg if they continued to oppose the controlled bankruptcies; however Parella Weinberg denied this claim and The New York Times found that Rattner had never spoken with the lawyer who made the claim. <mask> later stated that the toughest decision for President Obama about the two auto companies was whether to save Chrysler. There was, however, no disagreement about asking GM CEO Richard Wagoner to step aside. By July 2009, both automakers had emerged from bankruptcy, had new management and were on their way to profitability. At that time, Rattner left Washington and returned to private life in New York. Post-political career
After leaving the government, Rattner wrote Overhaul: An Insider's Account of the Obama Administration's Emergency Auto Rescue, his New York Times best-selling account of the automotive industry crisis of 2008-2010.He has continued to speak publicly on auto-related matters as well as broader economic issues. Early in 2011, he began contributing a monthly column to the Financial Times on subjects ranging from the Greek crisis to the U.S. budget deficit. He also became the economic analyst for the MSNBC news show, Morning Joe. And in June 2011, he was named a contributing writer to The New York Times Op-Ed page, publishing his first column on how government policies drive up corn prices. He is currently chairman and chief executive officer of Willett Advisors LLC, the private investment group that manages billionaire former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg's personal and philanthropic assets. New York pension fund investigation and settlements
In 2005, Quadrangle retained private placement agent Hank Morris to help Quadrangle raise money for its second buyout fund. Morris had come highly recommended to Rattner from U.S.Senator  Charles Schumer. Morris was the chief political advisor to Alan Hevesi, the New York State Comptroller and manager of the New York State Common Retirement Fund (CRF), which invests in many private equity funds. Morris told Rattner he could increase the size of the CRF investment in Quadrangle's second buyout fund. Rattner agreed to pay Morris a placement fee of 1.1% of any investments greater than $25 million from the CRF. In 2009, Quadrangle and other investment firms were investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for their arrangements with Morris. The SEC viewed the payments as "kickbacks" in order to receive investments from the CRF since Morris was also the chief political advisor to Hevesi. Quadrangle paid $7 million in April 2010 to settle the SEC investigation, and Rattner personally settled in November for $6.2 million without admitting or denying any wrongdoing.The case drew significant media attention when the office of Andrew Cuomo, the New York State Attorney General, also sought penalties from Rattner. Rattner has been a major fundraiser for Democratic Party candidates including Al Gore and Hillary Clinton. In an appearance on the Charlie Rose Show, Rattner asserted that hiring Morris as a placement agent was "legal then, legal now, and done properly." He explained he was willing to settle with the SEC, but questioned whether Cuomo was motivated by the "facts" of the case and called his settlement demands "close to extortion." On December 30, 2010, <mask> settled with the New York Attorney General's office by agreeing to pay $10 million in restitution. As part of the settlement, Rattner was barred from appearing before a public pension fund in any capacity for five years. Rattner did not admit any wrongdoing and continued to assert his innocence.Personal
In 1986, Rattner married Maureen White in an interfaith service at the Lotos Club in Manhattan. They have four grown children, live in a Manhattan apartment, spend summers on Martha's Vineyard, and own a horse farm in North Salem, New York. Rattner has served as a board member or trustee of a number of civic and philanthropic organizations, including the Educational Broadcasting Corporation as chairman, Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City as chairman, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Brown University, Brookings Institution and the New America Foundation. Rattner is also member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Rattner supported various educational and cultural institutions through the Rattner Family Foundation, including the Sesame Workshop, Harvard Law School, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and others. White served for five years as finance chair for the Democratic National Committee and then as a senior advisor on humanitarian issues in Afghanistan and Pakistan for the U.S. Department of State. References

External links

 Eyeing More Turf.New York Times, February 17, 2006
 Quadrangle's Connections. Business Week, Nov. 1, 2004. Rattner Joins Panel to Fix Auto Industry. Wall Street Journal, Feb. 24, 2009. Cuomo Files Lawsuits Against <mask>. New York Attorney General, November 18, 2010

1952 births
20th-century American Jews
Brown University alumni
Living people
MSNBC people
Obama administration personnel
People from Great Neck, New York
People from North Salem, New York
Private equity and venture capital investors
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Steven Lawrence Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
George Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner
Rattner


title: F.H. Buckley

texts:
Francis "Frank<mask> is a Foundation Professor at George Mason University School of Law where he has taught since 1989. Before then he was a visiting Olin Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School. He has also taught at Panthéon-Assas University, Sciences Po in Paris and the McGill Faculty of Law in Montreal. He practiced law for three years in Toronto. He has written on issues including constitutional government, the rule of law, laughter and contract theory, and the rise of Trump. He is a frequent contributor to The American Spectator and other magazines and newspapers. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1948 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.He attended St. Joseph's College, a boarding school in Yorkton, Saskatchewan, from which he graduated in 1965. <mask> graduated with a B.A. (Hons.) from McGill University in Montreal in 1969. He subsequently studied at the McGill Faculty of Law, where he served as editor in chief of the McGill Law Journal (vol. 20). He received an LL.B.from McGill in 1974, and an LL.M. from Harvard Law School in 1975, with a thesis on shareholder ratification in corporate law. Academic career
After graduating from Harvard Law School, <mask> worked at a Toronto law firm as an articling student, and from 1976–77 was an assistant professor at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. From 1977-82 he was an assistant, then an associate professor at the McGill Faculty of Law. Over 1982–84 he worked as a lawyer in Toronto, and from 1984–89 was an associate professor at the McGill Faculty of Law. Over 1988–89, on leave from McGill, he was a Visiting Olin Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School. He joined the George Mason School of Law as a professor in 1989, and subsequently was appointed a Foundation Professor at George Mason.From 1999–2010 he was the executive director of the George Mason Law & Economics Center, which offered educational programs for judges. While at George Mason, he served twice as a visiting fellow and lecturer at the Sorbonne (Paris II), and also once at Sciences Po in Paris. Writings
<mask> has published in the Journal of Legal Studies, the Virginia Law Review, the Cornell Law Journal, the International Review of Law and Economics, the UCLA Law Review, the University of Toronto Law Journal, and many other law reviews. <mask> is a senior editor of The American Spectator, and has also published in The Wall Street Journal, the National Post, The Dorchester Review, and the New Criterion, and has frequently been a guest on NPR, Fox News, and other talk programs. He has written on a variety of subjects, including bike lanes,  the films of John Ford,  James Thurber,  and Canadian politics. Constitutional government
<mask>'s The Once and Future King: The Rise of Crown Government in America was published by Encounter Books in April 2014. The book argues that the Framers, at their Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, sought to give America something closer to Congressional (or parliamentary) than presidential government, and that the former is a superior form of government.<mask> argues that America has now moved to a form of strong presidential government. Rule of law
<mask> edited The American Illness: Essays on the Rule of Law (Yale U.P., 2013),  to which he contributed three chapters. He suggests that "America's lowered rankings among multinational corporation CEOs as a place to do business is due to a hubris that doesn't consider America's inevitable relative decline in a globalized market." Laughter
<mask>'s The Morality of Laughter (U. Michigan P., 2003),  argues for a superiority theory of laughter, in which there is always a butt to our laughter whose faults it seeks to correct. A review in the Wall Street Journal stated that <mask> "is clearly a witty man, and wit, as he shows, redeems a great deal. The Morality of Laughter is a serious contribution to social and moral philosophy masquerading as an entertaining anatomy of an underappreciated human resource." Transportation
In 2013 <mask> wrote a column in the Wall Street Journal opposing bike lanes on King Street in Alexandria, Virginia.Despite this, the lanes were approved by a unanimous City Council vote. In 2014, he characterized his neighbors who supported the bike lanes as "Vichyite collaborators." In 2016, he characterized federal funding for bicycle and pedestrian improvements as worse ("the muck goes deeper, however") than government lobbyists. Contract theory and free bargaining
<mask>'s Fair Governance: Paternalism and Perfectionism was published by Oxford U.P. in 2009. In it he discusses arguments for and against paternalism (restrictions on the legal capacity to bargain) and perfectionism (the enforcement of morals). <mask>'s Just Exchange: A Theory of Contract (Routledge, 2005) "fills a prominent hole in the literature, explaining economic terms and jargon with welcome clarity."The Fall and Rise of Freedom of Contract (Duke U.P., 1999),  which <mask> edited, describes how free contracting, under attack during much of the 20th century, has revived with the assistance of the law-and-economics movement. "These original papers by some of the most distinguished North American law-and-economics scholars make a strong case for the virtues of contractarianism across a wide spectrum of legal specialties, including contract law, tort law, family law, bankruptcy, and private international law." When teaching in Canada, <mask> co-authored casebooks on Sales and Sales Financing and Corporations: Principles and Policies. Speeches
<mask> and his wife Esther Goldberg wrote candidate Donald Trump's major foreign policy speech delivered at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) convention on March 21, 2016. He was also a contributing speechwriter to Donald Trump Jr's July 19 address to the 2016 Republican National Convention, and defended Trump against accusations of having misappropriated phrases from <mask>'s published work. The Rise of Trump
Buckley published "The Republican Workers Party", "How the TRUMP VICTORY drove everyone crazy, and why it was JUST WHAT WE NEEDED (Encounter Books, 2018). He describes the birth of a new Republican Party.Jonah Goldberg describes the GOP today as no longer driven by ideology but is rather a coalition. This change, from an ideological party to a political coalition is what <mask> explains. He refers to a work created by the Voter Study Group in 2017, "Political Divisions in 2016 and Beyond: Tensions Between and Within the Two Parties," to explain this new coalition. Personal life
<mask> lives in Alexandria, Virginia with his wife, Esther. His daughter, Sarah, is a resident at the University of Washington Medical Center. According to National Review, he is unrelated to conservative author William F. <mask>.

Publications
(2017) The Republic of Virtue: How We Tried to Ban Corruption, Failed, and What We Can Do About It
(2021) Curiosity: And Its Twelve Rules for Life

References

External links
 fhbuckley.com

American essayists
Living people
People from Saskatoon
George Mason University School of Law faculty
Harvard Law School alumni
1948 births
McGill University Faculty of Law alumni
McGill University faculty

masks:
" Herbert Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley Jr


title: Chris Harris (wrestler)

texts:
<mask> (born December 25, 1973) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). In TNA, he was one-half of the tag team, America's Most Wanted (AMW), along with James Storm. AMW became one of the best tag teams in the promotion winning the NWA World Tag Team Championship six times. He also won the NWA World Tag Team Championship one more time with Elix Skipper. Professional wrestling career

World Championship Wrestling (1999–2001)
Along with several other wrestlers, including future tag team partner James Storm, <mask> was signed to a World Championship Wrestling (WCW) developmental deal in October 1999. Terry Taylor proposed a country singer gimmick for him, but it was rejected by management.He appeared as a fake version of Sting at Halloween Havoc in 2000. He wrestled on the WCW B-shows WorldWide and Saturday Night against the likes of Elix Skipper, Curt Hennig, Shannon Moore, Shane Douglas and Booker T among others and he was also a part of R and B Security until the promotion was sold in early 2001. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

America's Most Wanted (2002–2006)

On June 1, 2002, <mask> was given a tryout match against his long-time independent circuit rival James Storm with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) by Bert Prentice. Both were subsequently signed to short-term contracts. He wrestled in the Gauntlet for the Gold match on the first TNA pay-per-view and was placed in a tag team with Storm on the second pay-per-view by Bob Ryder, the creative force behind the team. Storm came up with the name "America's Most Wanted" (AMW) for the team. They obtained their first success on September 18, 2002 by surviving a tag team Gauntlet for the Gold and defeating <mask> and Brian Lee to obtain the NWA World Tag Team Championship.In March and April 2003 the duo teased a split, with Storm and <mask> facing off in a singles match on May 7, 2003. Storm won the match, but the partners shook hands afterward. <mask> rejected Vince Russo's offer to join his stable of degenerates, Sports Entertainment Xtreme (S.E.X). When Storm was incapacitated by the recurrence of an old shoulder injury in early 2004, <mask> received a NWA World Championship shot on March 17, 2004 and was defeated by champion Jeff Jarrett. He went on to compete in a "King of the Mountain" ladder match for the title on June 2, 2004, but was again bested by Jarrett. America's Most Wanted resumed teaming together, but on August 25, 2004, James Storm was sidelined with neck and shoulder injuries, leaving <mask> without a partner. <mask> teamed with Elix Skipper to win an NWA Tag Team Title for a fifth time on September 8, 2004.<mask> and Storm later reunited. On January 16, 2005 <mask> became a six time NWA Tag Team Champion (along with James Storm), winning the Tag Title from Bobby Roode and Eric Young. <mask> won the title for a sixth and seventh time as part of AMW. In league with Jeff Jarrett, he would semi-reprise his role as a fake Sting when he played the Crow Sting in a Planet Jarrett retrospective of Sting's career on Impact! on January 7, 2006. America's Most Wanted split as a team on the December 14, 2006 edition of Impact! during a tag team match with LAX in a Titles vs Team match.Storm effectively chose the outcome of the match by assaulting <mask> with a beer bottle, temporarily blinding him in one eye. This allowed <mask> to be pinned by Homicide, putting an end to AMW. Singles career (2007–2008)

On the January 11, 2007 episode of Impact! <mask> did a (kayfabe) sit-down interview with Mike Tenay giving a strong impression his wrestling career could be over. <mask> was not seen on television until the Against All Odds pay-per-view in which he (wearing an eye patch) went for Storm. For several weeks, he continued to attack Storm. On the March 1, 2007 episode of Impact!<mask> claimed his vision was at 30% and vowed revenge on Storm. At Lockdown, <mask> lost to Storm in Six Sides of Steel match, in which both men were blindfolded. It was revealed his vision had been restored, and <mask> faced off against Storm at Sacrifice, in a Texas Death match, where <mask> came out the victor. After this, <mask> showed up two weeks straight to assist Rhino and Hector Guerrero with The Latin American Xchange (LAX). <mask> entered into Slammiversary as the last contestant in the King of the Mountain Match, only to lose to Kurt Angle. <mask> feuded with <mask>, losing to him by roll-up at Victory Road after Dustin Rhodes hit him in the back. The <mask> feud continued for a few weeks with Rhodes attacking <mask> during his matches on Impact!until a match was made at Hard Justice, when <mask> defeated "Black Reign" Dustin Rhodes via disqualification and at No Surrender <mask> defeated Black Reign in a No Disqualification match by pinning Reign. At Bound for Glory, <mask> competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. At Turning Point, <mask> competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to win the match. on the December 13 episode of Impact, <mask> lost to Booker T. On the January 3, 2008 episode of Impact, <mask> competed in the TNA Heavyweight Gauntlet Match which was won by <mask>. On January 10 episode of Impact, <mask> lost to Judas Mesias. On January 11, 2008, TNA announced on its website that <mask> had been released from his TNA contract. NWA Cyberspace (2005)
<mask> also works regularly for NWA Cyberspace along with James Storm in the tag team division and as a singles competitor.On November 19, 2005, <mask> was forced to fight against Jeff Jarrett for the NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (though Jarrett was also NWA World Heavyweight Champion, that title was not on the line). Jarrett let <mask> beat him with a poke, but NWA CyberSpace Commissioner Jasmin St. Claire booked them for a three-way dance immediately afterward with fellow Cyberspace and TNA wrestler Abyss, who beat both and won the Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship. World Wrestling Entertainment (2008)
On January 29, 2008, <mask> announced on his official website that he had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). <mask> pinned Shelton Benjamin in his WWE debut on March 11, 2008 in a dark match. On the July 8, 2008 episode of ECW, he made his WWE television debut under the ring name Braden Walker, defeating Armando Estrada. It was during this feud that his catchphrase "I'm Braden Walker and I'm going to knock your brains out" was coined, following a knock-knock joke he had told Estrada. He wrestled one more match, a pinfall victory over James Curtis, before he was released from his WWE contract on August 7, 2008.Independent circuit (2008–present)
In early September 2008, <mask> appeared at the Northern Wrestling Federation (NWF), challenging NWF Heavyweight Champion Ryan Stone. On March 28, 2009, <mask> wrestled a match for Ring of Honor's (ROH) former sister promotion Full Impact Pro (FIP), losing to <mask>. Return to TNA (2010–2011)
On the June 24, 2010 episode of Impact!, <mask> made a one-night return to TNA, portraying a fake Sting character. On the May 12, 2011 episode of Impact!, <mask> made his return to TNA as a member of the heel stable Immortal, when he was introduced by Matt Hardy as his partner in their TNA World Tag Team Championship match against Beer Money, Inc. (James Storm and Robert Roode). <mask> made his in-ring return on May 6 at a house show, teaming with Matt Hardy against Beer Money, Inc. in a losing effort. On May 15 at Sacrifice, <mask> and Hardy failed in their attempt to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship from Beer Money, when Storm pinned <mask>. After the event, it was reported that TNA had chosen not to use <mask> again.Second return to Impact Wrestling (2021)
On the March 30, 2021 episode of Impact, <mask> made his second return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, appearing ringside for James Storm's 1000th match in the company and aiding him in defeating Eric Young. Other media
<mask>'s run in WWE as Braden Walker became part of an internet meme centered around the "Knock Knock" joke and his short run on ECW, with mockumentary-style videos such as "The Definitive Braden Walker 3 Disc DVD" amassing tens of thousands of views on YouTube. He appeared in the music video for the Clay Davidson song "I Can't Lie to Me". Championships and accomplishments
American States Wrestling Alliance
ASWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Abyss
Mountain Wrestling Association
MWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
MWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rated X
Music City Wrestling
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Shockwave
NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with James Storm
Northern Wrestling Federation
NWF Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sean Casey
NWF Tri-State Championship (1 time)
NWF Hall of Fame (Class of 2020)
Peel's Championship Wrestling
PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sean Casey
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 44 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2004
PWI Tag Team of the Year (2004) – with James Storm
Purks International Championship Wrestling
PICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with James Storm
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with James Storm (6) and Elix Skipper (1)
Gauntlet for the Gold (2002 – Tag Team) – with James Storm
TNA Anarchy Alliance Tag Team Tournament (2003) – with James Storm
TNA Year End Awards (3 times)
Match of the Year (2004) – with James Storm vs. Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper at Turning Point
Tag Team of the Year (2003, 2004) – with James Storm
USA Championship Wrestling
USA North American Heavyweight Championship (2 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Tag Team of the Year (2005) – with James Storm
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2007) – vs. James Storm in a Six Sides of Steel Blindfold match at Lockdown

References

External links

1973 births
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Bremerton, Washington

masks:
Christopher Eric Harris
Harris
Harris
Ron Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Christian Cage
Harris Rhodes
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Christian Cage
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Chris Hero
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris


title: Reinhard II, Count of Hanau

texts:
<mask> of Hanau ( – 26 June 1451 in Hanau) was Lord of Hanau and from 1429 Count of Hanau. He was one of the most important member of the House of Hanau. Youth
The exact date of his birth is not known, not even the exact year, because in the Middle Ages a person's death date was considered far more important than their birth date, since a memorial mass would be celebrated on the death date. He was the second son of Ulrich IV of Hanau (born: between 1330 and 1340; died: in September or October 1380) and Countess Elizabeth of Wertheim (1347–1378 ). In the ruling family of Hanau, an explicit primogeniture statue of 1375 stipulated that only the eldest son could inherit the Lordship and even that only he could marry. <mask> II as second son of Ulrich IV as was destined for a clerical career. He received a suitable education for such a career; in 1387 he was studying at the University of Bologna.In 1390, one of the sons of Ulrich IV, possibly <mask> II, was enrolled as a student at the university of Heidelberg. The entry in the register does not mention a name, it merely states . <mask> abandoned his spiritual career in 1391, and closed a contract with his elder brother Ulrich V, which guaranteed him an annual income. The background was probably that Ulrich V's marriage was still childless and they wanted to preserve the possibility that <mask> might succeed Ulrich V. The contract awarded <mask> an annual sum of 400 florins and a share in the districts Partenstein, Rieneck, Bieber and Haßlau. This was the first generation in the history of the Hanau family where the younger sons did not join the clergy. In 1398, the contract was renewed, and Ulrich and <mask>'s younger brother John of Hanau was also awarded a pension, after a dispute with John had led to fighting. Reign

Background
The heir apparent of Ulrich IV was <mask> II's elder brother Ulrich V.  Ulrich formally ruled Hanau from his father's death in 1380.However, as he was a minor at the time, a regency was set up, until he came of age in 1388. At that time, he was still without a male heir. Under the primogeniture statute, only the eldest son was allowed to marry; consequently, the continued existence of the dynasty was under threat. In 1391, a family contract was concluded, which allowed <mask> II to marry if Ulrich still had no sons 10 years later. This 10-year period was due to end in 1401. Around 1395, a coalition between <mask> and his younger brother John emerged. They acted independently from Ulrich and pursued policies directed against him.An open dispute arose, which was resolved by the settlement of 1398. Nevertheless, further disputes occurred, and even a feud. From 1394 onward, Ulrich V ran into economic difficulties. In 1396, the problem intensified. He had to pledge the two cities of Hanau and Babenhausen to his neighbour and political rival, the Archbishop John II of Mainz, who became de facto co-ruler of the Lordship of Hanau. On the other hand, Ulrich and his brothers were first cousins once removed of John II, so the ruling power remained in the family. Coup of 1404
From 1400 onward, <mask> and John of Hanau came to a political understanding with John II of Mainz.In 1402, their relationship became even closer and eventually, John II changed sides in the conflict the two younger brothers had with Ulrich. In 1404, power gradually shifted from Ulrich V to <mask> II and on 26 November 1404, Ulrich was forced to abdicate. From 1404 to 1411, <mask> and John ruled jointly. After John died in 1411, <mask> II ruled alone. Expansion of the County
The most important event of the dynastic reign of <mask> II is his elevation to Imperial Count on 11 December 1429 by emperor Sigismund. From the year 1400, <mask> II is active in imperial affairs. He co-signed the document, which deposes King Wenceslaus, and he was present at the election of King Sigismund in 1411.He appears as a witness at the elections of Emperor Albert II in 1438 and Frederick III in 1442. In 1401, <mask> II and his brother John received and invitation to participate in an expedition to Rome. In 1414, he attended the Council of Constance. <mask> II was often involved in feuds with neighbouring noblemen. In 1405, he fought in the side of Rupert against the robber barons in the Wetterau area. They dealt with the Water Castle at Rückingen, the castle at Höchst, Mömbris Castle, Wasserlos Castle, Hüttelngesäß Castle, Karben Castle and Hauenstein Castle. He also acted to maintain the regional peace, and to promote local agreements to resolve disputes and feuds peacefully and judicially.For example, in 1434, he mediated such an agreement between Mainz, Eppstein, Isenburg-Büdingen and Rieneck. He also served short term as regent in the County of Rieneck. His long reign was marked by an upswing in county government and later in many areas. This is for example reflected in the fact that during his reign, the dowry of his daughters got higher and higher. He reformed the administration and the judiciary. In 1434, the County of Hanau is released from all forms of foreign jurisdiction. He promoted churches and schools.His reign represent the beginning of the transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period and the transition to a modern territorial state. During his reign, the territory of the County was expanded. In 1434, he received the district of Bornheimerberg as a fief (it had been pledged to him earlier by the Empire); in 1435, he acquired half the mortgage stock on Gelnhausen (the Electorate of the Palatinate held the other half), and in 1446, he acquired a part of the inheritance of the Counts of Falkenstein. The focus in his county shifts to the city of Hanau. Some authors report that the capital was officially moved from Windecken Castle to Hanau in 1436, but no proof of this is available. The city of Hanau expanded during his reign, into the area of today's Hospital Street. <mask> II expanded the Late Gothic collegiate Church of Mary Magdalene and increased the number of altar priests.During this period, the Church of Mary Magdalene became the parish church of Hanau, replacing the church at Kinzdorf. Relation to the Archbishopric of Mainz
During the reign of Ulrich V, Hanau had fallen into ever greater dependence on the Archbishop in Mainz. For example, when the archbishop of Mainz spoke of "his" city of Hanau, he had obviously – possibly by a mortgage – gained control of the city. <mask> II's attempts during the early years of his reign, to reverse this trend, were successful. The climax of this development was reached when, after the death of the archbishop in 1419, <mask> II succeeded in recovering absolute title over the cities of Hanau and Babenhausen. For centuries, the counts of Hanau served Martini wine on certain occasions. There is a legend that this custom was introduced to celebrate <mask>'s recovery of control over Hanau.There is, however, no reliable evidence of this origin. Mainz was more successful in its attempts to expand on the other side of the Main (river): in 1425, the archbishop purchased the district of Steinheim from the Lords of Eppstein. Thus Mainz continued to present a threat to the County of Hanau. Death
<mask> II died on 26 June 1451 and was buried in St. Mary's Church in Hanau. He was the first member of the House of Hanau to be buried there, as all his ancestors had been buried at Arnsburg Abbey. His grave stone has been preserved to this day. Marriage and issue
The 1391 contract allowed <mask> II to marry.He did so on 18 January 1407 with Catherine of Nassau-Beilstein (died: 6 September 1459). they had the following children:
 Catherine (1408–1460), married:
 in 1421 with Count Thomas II of Rieneck (1408–1431)
 between 1432 and 1434 with Count William II of Henneberg-Schleusingen (1415–1444, died in a hunting accident)
 Anna (born: 15 June 1409), after 1439 abbess of the Patershausen monastery
 Margaret (1411–1441)
 married in 1440 with Gottfried VIII of Epstein (d. 1466)
 <mask> III (1412–1452), succeeded his father in 1451 as ruler of the County of Hanau
 Elisabeth (1416–1446)
 married on 4 May 1432 with Wild- and Rhinegrave John IV of Dhaun (1422–1476)
 Philip I "the Elder" (1417–1480), founder of the Hanau-Lichtenberg line

Ancestors

References
 <mask> Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen = Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 34, Hanau, 1996,
 <mask> Dietrich: Die Abdankung Ulrichs V. von Hanau – Ursachen und Folgen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 31, Hanau, 1993
 <mask> Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, 3rd edition, Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978

Footnotes

Lords of Hanau
Counts of Hanau
14th-century births
Year of birth uncertain
1451 deaths
14th-century German nobility
Place of birth unknown

masks:
Reinhard II
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard
Reinhard


title: Eligio Ayala

texts:
<mask> (December 4, 1879 – October 24, 1930) was President of Paraguay from 12 April 1923 to 17 March 1924 and again from 15 August 1924 until 15 August 1928. He was a member of the Liberal Party. <mask> was born in Mbuyapey in the department of Paraguarí on 4 December 1879, son of Spanish Mariano Sisa and Paraguayan <mask>. He was twin brother of <mask> and brother of Eliseo's father, Juan Pablo, Juan Bautista and Manuel Sisa. He was the father of the son of Rosaura Abelardo Gonzalez and daughter Anastasia Candelaria Duplán. His Life

The <mask> family owned a farm with some dairy products, a pair of horses, hens, pigs, and a small ranch where they grew some vegetables. His primary studies were conducted in his hometown and continued in Paraguarí.In 1897 he joined the National College of Encarnación, where his uncle Jose del <mask>, director of that institution, financed his studies because the <mask> family had limited economic resources. Culminating the third year, he moved to Asuncion to enter the National College Asuncion, where he finished high school, helped by a grant from the government. After completing the baccalaureate, he obtained a position as a classifier of official documents in the National Archives and joined the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. There, he was president of the Students’ Council of this house of studies in 1903. He earned his doctorate degree in law and Social Science 22 December 1905. While he was a student, he was taught mathematics and story in secondary schools. In 1911 he left from the port of Buenos Aires (his place of exile) to Europe to continue his studies in philosophy economics aesthetics and philosophy law at the University of Heidelberg, Germany and Zurich Switzerland.In Berlin he wrote his book "Agricultural Evolution in England" and "The Paraguay seen from Europe." At the end of March 1920, after visiting Spain, Portugal and  Argentina, he returned to Paraguay. His Government
He was Minister of Finance of Paraguay from 1920 to 1921, and from 1921 to 1923. In 1923, following the resignation of provisional president Eusebio <mask>, in the lawless years of the first half of the '20s, <mask> <mask>, who was appointed by Congress, assumed the provisional presidency of the Republic in April, 1923 initiating the pacification of the country after the revolution in 1921/22 and cleansing of public finances. On 3 February 1924, the Convention appointed him as Liberal candidate for the presidency of the Republic and to accompany him as vice president, he appointed Manuel Burgos, that would be the pair for elections that year. On March 17, 1924, <mask> resigned from the provisional chairmanship noting: "I am grateful to V. Honorably the confidence to play a position of such serious responsibilities. I declare before V. Honorably that I have done so as not to defraud, in the midst of many and powerful contrarieties.“As a new Congress president he appointed doctor Luis. A. Riart. <mask> <mask> was a candidate in presidential elections, and as he did not have any opposition  in the election, he assumed presidency of Republic of Paraguay, on August 15, 1924. During his second government, the country experienced the best increase of work, production, export and a substantial improvement in the economic and financial situation in the history of the country. They approved an agreement with the bondholders of loans from 1871–72,the autonomy to the National University was given; the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics was created; treaties were signed Diaz-Leon Gutierrez, with Bolivia, and Ibarra-Mangabeira, with Brazil, supplementary to the treaty of 1872. The archdiocese of the Asuncion was created. They settled in Sajonia the Dockyards War and Navy; created the School of Aspiring Reserve Officers; created a School of Agriculture, and before the impending conflict in Chaco the gunboats "Humaitá" and "Paraguay" were acquired, armaments, etc..When assuming his successor, José P. Guggiari, From 1928 to 1930, <mask> <mask> resumed as Minister of Finance of Paraguay. He was also author of some 14 books on various topics. Works during his government

He adopted a Law on Establishment, Development and Conservation of small agricultural property. He enacted a law on Accidents at work, in addition to other related to Pensions and Retirement. Between 1924 and 1926 a considerable number of machines as plows, tractors, cultivators, seeders, etc. were brought. The financial representative in London signed an agreement with bondholders on borrowings made by Paraguay from 1871.Political Biography

He served aa the first judge in the Civil administration of justice. Previously he had served as prosecutor of crime and in 1907, began his political career to run for deputy, and was elected the following year. He became member of the parliament  from the Liberal Party in 1908. He was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies on April 22, 1910. But  political events later forced him to self exile to Argentina. <mask> Ayala was deadly wounded in a crime of passion on 23 October 1930 and died on 24 October 1930. References

 Biographical Dictionary "Forgers OF PARAGUAY," First Edicción January 2000.Distributed editions of Quevedo. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Whigham, Thomas L. "<mask> <mask>" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, p. 246. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. External links
 Presidency of the Republic of Paraguay

1879 births
1930 deaths
People from Paraguarí Department
Presidents of Paraguay
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay
Paraguayan people of Basque descent
Expatriates in Switzerland
Deaths by firearm in Paraguay
Liberal Party (Paraguay) politicians
Twin people from Paraguay
Finance Ministers of Paraguay
Universidad Nacional de Asunción alumni
University of Zurich alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Paraguayan expatriates in Argentina
Paraguayan expatriates in Germany

masks:
José Eligio Ayala
Jose Eligio Ayala
Manuela de Jesus Ayala
Emilio de Jesus Ayala
Ayala
Rosario Ayala
Ayala
Ayala
Eligio
Ayala
Ayala
Eligio
Ayala
Eligio
Ayala
Eligio
Eligio
Ayala


title: Shoya Nakajima

texts:
is a Japanese professional footballer who plays for Portuguese club Portimonense on loan from Porto and the Japan national team. Primarily a left winger, he has also played on the right flank and as a central second striker. After starting his career with Tokyo Verdy of the J2 League and FC Tokyo of the J1 League, he spent several years in Portugal's Primeira Liga with Portimonense and Porto. He also had brief spells in the Middle East. He was part of the Japanese under-23 team at the 2016 Olympics. First capped at senior level in 2018, he was part of the Japan team at the 2019 Copa América. Club career
On 27 August 2017, <mask> moved abroad for the first time, signing a season-long loan with Portimonense S.C. of Portugal's Primeira Liga.After scoring 10 goals and as many assists in 32 total matches for the team from the Algarve, he signed a permanent deal in May 2018. In February 2019, <mask> joined Qatar Stars League side Al-Duhail SC for a reported transfer fee of €35 million. He played seven games for the eventual runners-up, and scored once in a 6–0 home win over Al Ahli SC on 28 February. On 5 July 2019, FC Porto announced an agreement with Al-Duhail for the acquisition of <mask>'s sports rights, in a €12 million transfer fee (50% of the player economic rights). He signed a five-year contract, keeping him contractually linked until 30 June 2024, with an €80 million release clause. <mask> made his Porto debut on 13 August 2019 in the second leg of the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round away to FC Krasnodar, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–2 loss that eliminated the team on the away goals rule. He scored his first goal on 19 December 2019, the only one of a home win over C.D.Santa Clara in the fifth round of the Taça de Portugal, his 17th appearance. On 16 January 2021, <mask> joined Al Ain FC of the UAE Pro League on a six-month loan deal including an optional €40 million transfer clause. After his time in the Middle East was ended by a tibia break, on 25 August that year he returned on loan to Portimonense for a season. International career

Youth level and under-23 career
<mask> was first selected to represent the Japanese under-17 national team when he was called up to the Slovakia Cup, a friendly tournament in early May 2011 that served the purpose of preparing the squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. A month later, he was in Mexico playing at the 2011 U-17 World Cup, where he appeared in two matches and scored one goal in a 3–2 loss against Brazil in the quarter-finals. In August 2013, <mask> was called for the Japanese under-20 national team to participate in the L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament in Spain. The squad was eliminated in the group stage, and he scored in a 2–1 win against Argentina.In January 2014, <mask> played for the Japanese under-23 national team in the 2013 AFC U-22 Championship. He appeared in all three matches of the group stage, scoring once against Iran and twice against Australia, as the team reached the quarter-finals. In September 2014, <mask> was called for the 2014 Asian Games, scoring against Iraq and Nepal in the group stage. The team reached the quarter-finals. In March 2015, he played two matches in the AFC U-23 Championship qualification and scored a double against Vietnam. The team reached the first place of the group and was granted the qualification for the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship. In January 2016, he participated in the championship, scoring a double in the extra-time of the quarter-finals match against Iraq and eventually won the competition
with a 3–2 triumph against South Korea.<mask> was also crown the Most Valuable Player of the Tournament. In August 2016, he was elected for the Japanese Olympic national team (under-23) that competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He played three matches and scored a goal against Colombia, while the team came third in the group stage. Senior career
On 15 March 2018, <mask> was called by national manager Vahid Halilhodžić for upcoming matches against Mali and Ukraine. Eight days later, he debuted and scored his first goal for Japanese national team against Mali in a 1–1 draw. Hajime Moriyasu named <mask> in the squad for the 2019 Copa América in Brazil, which Japan guest entered with a mainly under-23 team. He scored the opening goal against Ecuador in the last group game in Belo Horizonte, but the 1–1 draw eliminated the team.Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nakajima goal.

masks: Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima Nakajima


title: Mark Antokolsky

texts:
<mask> (; 2 November 184014 July 1902) was a Russian Imperial sculptor of Lithuanian Jewish descent. Biography

<mask> was born in Vilnius (Antokol city district), Lithuania (at the time part of the Russian Empire). He studied in the Imperial Academy of Arts (1862–68) at St. Petersburg. He first began with Jewish themes, statues: "Jewish Tailor", "Nathan The Wise", "Inquisition's Attack against Jews", "The Talmudic Debate". From 1868–1870, <mask> lived in Berlin. His statue of Ivan the Terrible (1870) was purchased for the Hermitage by Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The latter approved his work and awarded the sculptor the title of Academic.<mask> believed that sculpture was a social and humane ideal. In order to improve his failing health, he moved to the Italian resorts in 1871 and settled in Paris six years later. Every year <mask> would come back to his native town of Vilnius during his summer holidays. Namely here he created his first significant work, high relief "A Jewish Tailor", during his summer holidays of 1864. The work of the young sculptor provoked debate in the Academy in Petersburg. On 28 October 1864, the Council of the Academy decided to award Antokolski with the Small Silver Medal for the "Tailor" by the majority of votes. While in Vilnius the following year, Antokolski created another high relief - "A Stingy Man," which is sometimes referred to as "A Stingy Jew Counting his Coins".The artist was born into a poor family and saw how his father's financial situation improved. The sculpture might have reflected Antokolski's feelings towards his native town of Vilnius, and firstly to his father. This work as well as the first sculpture was positively evaluated by Vasily Stasov who saw "the features of the simple truth, the things that, previously, nobody dared to think about in sculpture" in the works of the artist. In 1865, the high relief "Stingy Man" was awarded the Grand Silver Medal of the Academy. In later years the sculptor continued working on Jewish themes, which developed into complex, yet unfinished compositions: "Talmud Dispute" (1866–1868) and "Inquisition Attacks the Jews" (1868–1869). The "Inquisition" was M. Antokolski's last work on the Jewish topic in his student years. According to the review of the Art Academy, <mask> was granted personal name of honorary citizen "for wonderful knowledge of art" on 7 April 1870.This fact was also entered into an archival record. Moreover, an inscription remained that Morduchas was excluded from the revision register of Antakalnis Jewish community as a person awarded the name of an honorary citizen. In 1871 <mask> started his first "Russian" sculpture, "Ivan the Terrible", which made an enormous impression on all valuators and connoisseurs of art. When Emperor Alexander II saw the sculpture he asked to make its bronze copy and allocated the sculptor advance payment of 4,000 roubles. Pavel Tretyakov ordered a marble copy for his gallery. The funds received enabled the artist to resolve his personal problems. In 1871 (in Vilnius) Antokolski met Jelena (Gene), daughter of a rich Vilnius merchant Judelis Giršovičius Apatovas.The two married on 6 September 1872. <mask> used 4,000 rubles for the "Ivan the Terrible" to buy half of a big house in Vilnius, the other part of which had previously belonged to his wife. In 1876, upon his regular visits to Vilnius, <mask> rebuilt the house. After 1876, <mask> was a rare visitor to his native town due to illnesses, work, and exhibitions in Paris and Italy, which took almost all of his time. However, the artist did not break his links with Jewish life. Concern over his nation urged <mask> to return to his work "Inquisition Attacks the Jews", started 30 years before in Vilnius. In Rome, <mask> completed the statue of Peter the Great for Peterhof Palace in 1872, with its copies for Taganrog and Archangelsk.In 1878 Antokolski exhibited most of his works at the Paris Universal exposition, and received the Grand Prize. In 1880, the personal exhibition of the artist was held in Saint Petersburg, and he was given the rank of professor. <mask> left for Paris the same year, and stayed in the French capital until the end of his life, apart from periods on Lake Maggiore, in northern Italy. He realised here the following works: "Spinoza" (1881), "Mephistopheles" (1884), "Yaroslav the Wise" (1889), "Nestor the Chronicler" (1889) and "Yermak Timofeevich" (1891). Several of his small-size sculptures are in the European Art collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. He had also planned a monument to Catherine II in Vilnius. However, with the chronic stomach disease getting more severe, the artist suddenly died on 9 July (27 June according to the old calendar) in Frankfurt (Germany).The last work was completed by I. Ginzburg after the sculptor's death. The monument has not survived. Antokolski was buried in St. Petersburg. The train with a special carriage went via Vilnius. Antokolski was buried on the 18th (6th according to the old calendar) of July 1902 in the Jewish part of Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery in St. Petersburg. His grave and tombstone can still be found there, not far from the entrance gate, but were not well maintained and cared for at least up to the 1990s. Gallery

References

Further reading
 Olga Litvak, "Rome and Jerusalem: The Figure of Jesus in the Creation of <mask>ky," in Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Jonathan Karp (eds), The Art of Being Jewish in Modern Times (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007) (Jewish Culture and Contexts)

External links
 <mask> collection at the Israel Museum.Retrieved September 2016

1840 births
1902 deaths
Artists from Vilnius
People from Vilensky Uyezd
19th-century Lithuanian Jews
Sculptors of the Russian Empire
19th-century Russian male artists
20th-century Russian sculptors
Russian male sculptors
Artists of the Russian Empire
Full Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts
Jewish sculptors
20th-century Lithuanian sculptors
Male sculptors
20th-century Russian male artists
Imperial Academy of Arts alumni

masks:
Mark Matveyevich Antokolsky
Mordukh Matysovich Antokolsky
Mark Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Antokolsky
Mark Antokols
Mark Antokolsky


title: Stefaan Verhulst

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1966) is the Co-Founder and Chief Research and Development Officer of the The Governance Laboratory (The GovLab) at New York University. His research and writing considers how advances in technology and science can be harnessed to create effective and collaborative forms of governance. In addition to GovLab, he holds several other academic and professional positions including the following:

 Senior Advisor to the Markle Foundation, a private non-profit organization committed to promoting the development of communications industries that address public needs, where he was Chief of Research for 11 years;
 Adjunct Professor in the Department of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University;
 Senior Associated Fellow in the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy at Oxford University which he co-founded several years ago;
 Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Global Communication Studies, Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania;
 Senior Research Fellow for the Center for Media and Communications Studies, Central European University in Budapest; and
 International Fellow of the Information Society Project at Yale Law School;
 Fellow for the Center for Democracy & Technology;
 Advisor to Global Partners Digital. Expert on the Influencer Advisory Board (IAB) of sparks & honey
 Board member for Obricom-UNESCO

Prior to joining the Markle Foundation in 2001, <mask> held several senior research positions in Belgium and the UK - including the University of Glasgow and Oxford University. He co-founded the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy at Oxford University with Monroe Price. At Oxford, he was also the UNESCO Chairholder in Communications Law and Policy for the UK and the Socio-Legal research Fellow at Wolfson College. He has spoken at TedXMidAtlantic's New Rules seminar.Books and publications

Verhulst is the author and co-editor of several publications, including the following books, reports and chapters listed below. He is also the founder and editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, and the Communications Law in Transition Newsletter and is a member of several editorial boards. Verhulst (S.) and Price (M.), Handbook of Media Law and Policy – A SocioLegal Exploration, Routledge, 2013
 Price, Monroe; Puppis, Manuel; <mask>, <mask>. "Media Policy and Governance." In Oxford Bibliographies in Communication. Ed. Patricia Moy.New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. <mask>, <mask>. "Net Neutrality and the Media" in Mapping Digital Media. Open Society Foundations Reference Series No. 7, London, United Kingdom: 2011
 Verhulst (S.) and Price (M.), Comparative Media Law and Policy: Opportunities and Challenges. In: Thussu (D.), Internationalizing Media Studies: Impediments and Imperatives, Routledge
 Verhulst (S.), Linked Geographies: Maps as Mediators of Reality. In: Turow (J.)The Hyperlinked Society. Questioning Connections in The Digital Age. University of Michigan (University of Michigan Press, 2008)
 Verhulst (S.), Emerging patterns of Broadcasting regulation. In: Buckley (S.), Duer (K.), Mendel (T.), and O'Siochru (S.), Broadcasting, Voice, and Accountability, A Public Interest Approach to Policy, Law, and Regulation, University of Michigan Press, (University of Michigan Press, 2008)
 Verhulst (S.), Mediation, Mediators, and New Intermediaries. In: Napoli (P.), Media Diversity and Localism:  Meaning and Metrics. Laurence Erlbaum, 2006
 Verhulst (S.), Digital Content Regulation. In: Lievrouw (L.) & Livingstone (S.) Handbook of New Media (Student Edition).Sage, 2005
 Verhulst (S.) and Price (M.), Self-regulation and the Internet, Kluwer, 2005
 Verhulst (S.) and Sandvig,(C.) The Internet and public policy in comparative perspective (working title). In M. Price & H. Nissenbaum (Eds. ), The Academy and the Internet. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Verhulst (S.) and Price (M.), Parental Control of Television Broadcasting, LEA, 2002
 Verhulst (S.), Price (M.) and Rozumilowicz. Media Reform. Democratizing the media, democratizing the state.London; Routledge, 2001
 <mask> (S.), About Scarcities and Intermediaries. Reviewing the Regulatory Paradigm Shift. In: Livingstone (S.) and Lievrouw (L.), Handbook of New Media. Sage, 2001
 <mask> (S), Tambini (D), Forgan (L) and Hall (C.), Communications Revolution and Reform, IPPR, 2001
 Verhulst (S.) and Price (M), Conceptual Approaches to Self Regulation. In: Marsden (C.), Regulating the Global Information Society. Routledge, 2000
 <mask> (S.), Holznagel (B. ), and Hahne (K.), Verhinderung des Digital Divide als Zukunftsaufgabe.Ein Plädoyer gegen die Errichtung von E-Barriers. In: Kommunikation & Recht (K&R) 2000, 425-431
 Verhulst (S.) and Price (M.), Self Regulation. In: Jens Waltermann and  Marcel Machill (eds. ): Protecting our children on the Internet - Towards a new culture of responsibility, Gütersloh; Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, 2000
 <mask> (S.) and Marsden (C.), Convergence in European Digital TV Regulation, Blackstone, 1999
 <mask> (S.), Goldberg (D.), and Prosser (T.), Legal Responses to the Changing Media. OUP, 1998
 Price (M.) and Verhulst (S.), Broadcasting Reform in India. Oxford University Press, 1998
 Goldberg (D.) and Verhulst (S.), European Media Policy: Complexity and Comprehensiveness. In: d'Haenens (L.) and Saeys (F.), ed., Media Dynamics and Regulatory Concerns in the Digital Age.Quintessenz-Verlag, 1998
 Verhulst (S.) and Young (A. ), The Global Impact of Open Data. O'Reilly, 2016

Consultancies
Verhulst has served as consultant to various international and national organizations, including the following:
 10 Downing Street (UK Prime Minister's Office)
 Aspen Institute
 Bertelsmann Foundation
 Broadcasting Standards Commission (London)
 Council of Europe
 Digital Video Broadcasting Group (Geneva)
 European Commission
 European Research Institute of the Consumer Organizations (ERICA - London)
 Government of the United Kingdom – Department for International Development (DFID)
 House of Commons of the United Kingdom
 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
 Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison (Washington DC)
 UNESCO – Africa
 United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
 World Bank

References

1966 births
Living people
Yale Information Society Project Fellows
Open government in the United States
New York University faculty
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
American technology writers
Academics of the University of Oxford
University of Pennsylvania fellows
Central European University faculty

masks:
Stefaan G
. Verhulst
Verhulst
Verhulst
Stefaan
Verhulst
Stefaan
Verhulst
Verhulst
Verhulst
Verhulst
Verhulst