title: Princess Helena of the United Kingdom

texts:
 formal nurse registration. What resulted was the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. <mask> supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations.However, she remained active in other nursing organisations, and was president of the Isle of Wight, Windsor and Great Western Railway branches of the Order of St. John. In this position, she personally signed and presented many thousands of certificates of proficiency in nursing. Needlework
<mask> was also active in the promotion of needlework, and became the first president of the newly established School of Art Needlework in 1872; in 1876, it acquired the "royal" prefix, becoming the Royal School of Needlework. In <mask>'s words, the objective of the school was: "first, to revive a beautiful art which had been well-nigh lost; and secondly, through its revival, to provide employment for gentlewomen who were without means of a suitable livelihood." As with her other organisations, she was an active president, and worked to keep the school on an even level with other schools. She personally wrote to Royal Commissioners requesting money; for example, in 1895, she requested and acquired £30,000 for erecting a building for the school in South Kensington. Her royal status helped its promotion, and she held Thursday afternoon tea parties at the school for society ladies, who wanted to be seen in the presence of royal personages such as Princess <mask>.When the Christmas Bazaar was held, she acted as chief saleswoman, generating long queues of people anxious to be served personally by her. <mask> was anxious to help children and the unemployed, and began hosting free dinners for their benefit at the Windsor Guildhall. She presided over two of these dinners, in February and March 1886, and over 3,000 meals were served to children and unemployed men during the harsh winter that year. Through her charitable activities, she became popular with the people; a contemporary author, C. W. Cooper, wrote that "the poor of Windsor worshipped her". Writing
Among <mask>'s other interests was writing, especially translation. In 1867, when the first biography of her father, the Prince Consort was written, the author, Sir Charles Grey, notes that the Prince's letters were translated (from German to English) by <mask> "with surprising fidelity". Other translations followed, and in 1887 she published a translation of The Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth.It was noted by the Saturday Review that <mask> wrote an English version that was thoroughly alive, with a sound dictionary translation and a high accuracy in spirit. Her final translation was undertaken in 1882, on a German booklet called First Aid to the Injured, originally published by Christian's brother-in-law. It was republished several times until 1906. Bergsträsser affair
A copyright issue arose after the publication of letters written by <mask>'s sister, Princess Alice. In Germany, an edition of Alice's letters was published in 1883, by a Darmstadt clergyman called Carl Sell, who chose a selection of her letters made available to him by the Queen. When it was done, <mask> wrote to Sell and requested permission to publish an English translation of the German text. It was granted, but without the knowledge of the publisher Dr Bergsträsser.In December 1883 <mask> wrote to Sir Theodore Martin, a favoured royal biographer, informing him that Bergsträsser was claiming copyright of Alice's letters, and on that basis was demanding a delay in the publication of the English edition. Martin acted as an intermediary between <mask> and Bergsträsser, who claimed to have received many offers from English publishers, and that the chosen one would expect a high honorarium. Bergsträsser was persuaded to drop his demand for a delay in publishing, and modify his copyright claims in return for a lump sum. However, the Queen and <mask> refused, claiming that the copyright belonged to the Queen, and that only Sell's original preface was open to negotiation. The royal ladies considered Bergsträsser's claims "unjustified if not impertinent", and would not communicate with him directly. Eventually, Bergsträsser came to Britain in January 1884, willing to accept £100 for the first 3,000 copies and a further £40 for each subsequent thousand copies sold. Martin chose the publisher John Murray, who after further negotiations with Bergsträsser, printed the first copies in mid-1884.It sold out almost immediately; but for the second edition, Murray replaced Sell's biographical sketch of Princess Alice with the 53-page memoir written by <mask>. The problem of royalties to Sell was thus avoided, and that <mask> gave her name to the memoir to her sister attracted greater interest in the book. After Queen Victoria

Edwardian period
<mask>'s favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, died in 1900, followed by her mother Queen Victoria at Osborne House on 22 January 1901. The new King, Edward VII, did not have close ties with his surviving sisters, with the exception of Princess Louise. <mask>'s nephew, Prince Alexander of Battenberg (later Marquess of Carisbrooke) recorded that Queen Alexandra was jealous of the royal family, and would not invite her sisters-in-law to Sandringham. Moreover, Alexandra never fully reconciled herself to <mask> and Christian following their marriage controversy in the 1860s. <mask> saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, and continued her role as a support to the monarchy and a campaigner for the many charities she represented.She and Christian led a quiet life, but did carry out a few royal engagements. On one such occasion, the elderly couple represented the King at the silver wedding anniversary, in 1906, of Kaiser Wilhelm II (<mask>'s nephew) and his wife Augusta Victoria (Christian's niece). During the Edwardian period, <mask> visited the grave of her son, Prince Christian Victor, who died in 1900 following a bout with malaria while serving in the Second Boer War. She was met by South African Prime Minister Louis Botha, but Jan Smuts refused to meet her, partly because he was bitter that South Africa had lost the war and partly because his son had died in a British concentration camp. In 1902, Prince and <mask> moved to Schomberg House, 77–78 Pall Mall, London, half of which is now part of the Oxford and Cambridge Club. Later years
King Edward died in 1910, and the First World War began four years after his death. <mask> devoted her time to nursing, and her daughter, Princess Marie Louise, recorded in her memoirs that requests for news of loved ones reached <mask> and her sisters.It was decided that the letters should be forwarded to Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, as Sweden was neutral during the war. It was during the war that <mask> and Christian celebrated their golden wedding anniversary in 1916, and despite the fact that Britain and Germany were at war, the Kaiser sent a congratulatory telegram to his aunt and uncle through the Crown Princess of Sweden. King George V and Queen Mary were present when the telegram was received, and the King remarked to <mask>'s daughter, Marie Louise, that her former husband, Prince Aribert of Anhalt, did her a service when he turned her out. When Marie Louise said she would have run away to Britain if she was still married, the King said, "with a twinkle in his eye", that he would have had to intern her. In 1917, in response to the wave of anti-German feeling that surrounded the war, George V changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. He also disposed of his family's German titles and styles, so <mask> and her daughters simply became Princess Christian, Princess <mask> and  Princess Marie Louise with no territorial designation. <mask>'s surviving son, Albert, fought on the side of the Prussians, though he made it clear that he would not fight against his mother's country.In the same year, on 28 October, Prince Christian died at Schomberg House. <mask>'s last years were spent arguing with Commissioners, who tried to turn her out of Schomberg House and Cumberland Lodge because of the expense of running her households. They failed, as clear evidence of her right to live in those residences for life was shown. Death
Princess <mask> died at Schomberg House on 9 June 1923 at the age of 77. Her funeral, described as a "magnificently stage-managed scene" by her biographer Seweryn Chomet, was headed by King George. The regiment of her favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, lined the steps of St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Although originally interred in the Royal Vault at St George's on 15 June 1923, her body was reburied at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, a few miles from Windsor, after its consecration on 23 October 1928.Legacy
<mask> was devoted to nursing, and took the lead at the charitable organisations she represented. She was also an active campaigner, and wrote letters to newspapers and magazines promoting the interests of nurse registration. Her royal status helped to promote the publicity and society interest that surrounded organisations such as the Royal British Nurses' Association. The RBNA still survives today with Aubrey Rose as president. Emily Williamson founded the Gentlewomen's Employment Association in Manchester; one of the projects which came out of this group was the Princess Christian Training College for Nurses, in Fallowfield, Manchester. In appearance, <mask> was described by John Van der Kiste as plump and dowdy; and in temperament, as placid, and business-like, with an authoritarian spirit. On one occasion, during a National Dock Strike, the Archbishop of Canterbury composed a prayer hoping for its prompt end.<mask> arrived at the church, examined her service sheet, and in a voice described by her daughter as "the penetrating royal family whisper, which carried farther than any megaphone", remarked: "That prayer won't settle any strike." Her appearance and personality was criticised in the letters and journals of Queen Victoria, and biographers followed her example. However, <mask>'s daughter, Princess Marie Louise, described her as:

Music was one of her passions; in her youth she played the piano with Charles Hallé, Jenny Lind and Clara Butt were among her personal friends, and she was amongst the first members of the Bach Choir of London, founded by Lind's husband (and <mask>'s former piano teacher) Otto Goldschmidt. Her determination to carry out a wide range of public duties won her widespread popularity. She twice represented her mother at Drawing Rooms, attendance at which was considered equivalent to being presented to the Queen herself. <mask> was closest to her brother, Prince Alfred, who considered her his favourite sister. Though described by contemporaries as fearfully devoted to the Queen, to the point that she did not have a mind of her own, she actively campaigned for women's rights, a field the Queen abhorred.Nevertheless, both she and Beatrice remained closest to the Queen, and <mask> remained close to her mother's side until the latter's death. Her name was the last to be written in the Queen's seventy-year-old journal. Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 25 May 1846 – 5 July 1866: Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask>
 5 July 1866 – 17 July 1917: Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask>, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
 17 July 1917 – 9 June 1923: Her Royal Highness Princess Christian

Honours
British
 1 January 1878: Companion of the Crown of India
 29 April 1883: Member of the Royal Red Cross
 23 March 1896: Lady of Justice of St John
 10 February 1904: Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
 3 June 1911: Royal Family Order of King George V
 3 June 1918: Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire. Member 1st class of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Foreign
  31 March 1863: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
  Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
  1 June 1872: Cross of Merit for Women and Girls

Arms
In 1858, <mask> and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label of three points argent. On <mask>'s arms, the outer points bore roses gules, and the centre bore a cross gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from George V.

Issue
Prince and Princess Christian had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood. They had one grandchild, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, who died in 1953 as their final descendant.Ancestry

Notes

References
 Battiscombe, Georgina, Queen Alexandra (Constable & Company Ltd, London, 1969)
 Bennett, D., Queen Victoria's Children (Gollancz, London, 1980)
 Chomet, Seweryn, <mask>: A Princess Reclaimed (Begell House, New York, 1999)
 Dennison, <mask>, The Last Princess: The Devoted Life of Queen Victoria's Youngest Daughter (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
 Eilers, Marlene A., Queen Victoria's Descendants (Genealogical Publishing Company, 1987)
 Longford, Elizabeth, Victoria R. I. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Second Edition 1987)
 Marie Louise (Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein), My Memories of Six Reigns (Second edition, Penguin, Middlesex, 1959)
 Packard, Jerrold M., Victoria's Daughters (St Martin's Griffin, New York, 1998)
 Van der Kiste, John, Queen Victoria's Children (Sutton Publishing, Gloucester, 2006)
 Princess <mask>: Queen Victoria's third daughter (CreateSpace, 2015)
 "<mask>, Princess [Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein] (1846–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online ed., Jan 2008, accessed 22 Feb 2008. .
 Wake, Jehanne, Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's Unconventional Daughter (Collins, London, 1988)
 Thomas Weiberg: ... wie immer Deine Dona. Verlobung und Hochzeit des letzten deutschen Kaiserpaares. Isensee-Verlag, Oldenburg 2007,

External links

1846 births
1923 deaths
19th-century British people
20th-century British people
19th-century British women
20th-century British women
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)
House of Augustenburg
British princesses
Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Royal Red Cross
Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Burials at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
People from Old Windsor
Women of the Victorian era
Daughters of British monarchs
Children of Queen

masks:
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Princess Christian
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena Victoria
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
Matthew
Helena
Helena


title: Lord Byron

type: original

texts:
<mask>, 6th Baron <mask>,  (; 22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), simply known as <mask>, was an English poet and peer. One of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. He remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular. He travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in the cities of Venice, Ravenna, and Pisa. During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life <mask> joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a folk hero.He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi. His only legitimate child, Ada Lovelace, is regarded as a founding figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. <mask>'s extramarital children include Allegra <mask>, who died in childhood, and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh, daughter of his half-sister Augusta Leigh. Family and early life

George Gordon <mask> was born on 22 January 1788, on Holles Street in London – his birthplace is now supposedly occupied by a branch of the department store John Lewis. <mask> was the only child of Captain <mask> (known as 'Jack') and his second wife Catherine Gordon, heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral <mask> and Sophia Trevanion. Having survived a shipwreck as a teenage midshipman, Vice Admiral <mask> set a new speed record for circumnavigating the globe.After he became embroiled in a tempestuous voyage during the American Revolutionary War, John was nicknamed 'Foul-Weather Jack' <mask> by the press. <mask>'s father had previously been somewhat scandalously married to Amelia, Marchioness of Carmarthen, with whom he had been having an affair – the wedding took place just weeks after her divorce from her husband, and she was around eight months pregnant. The marriage was not a happy one, and their first two children – Sophia Georgina, and an unnamed boy – died in infancy. Amelia herself died in 1784 almost exactly a year after the birth of their third child, the poet's half-sister Augusta Mary. Though Amelia succumbed to a wasting illness, probably tuberculosis, the press reported that her heart had been broken out of remorse for leaving her husband. Much later, 19th-century sources blamed Jack's own "brutal and vicious" treatment of her. Jack then married Catherine Gordon of Gight on 13 May 1785, by all accounts only for her fortune.To claim his second wife's estate in Scotland, <mask>'s father took the additional surname "Gordon", becoming "<mask> Gordon", and occasionally styled himself "<mask> Gordon of Gight". <mask>'s mother had to sell her land and title to pay her new husband's debts, and in the space of two years, the large estate, worth some £23,500, had been squandered, leaving the former heiress with an annual income in trust of only £150. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her profligate husband to France in 1786, but returned to England at the end of 1787 to give birth to her son. The boy was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, and christened at St Marylebone Parish Church as "George Gordon <mask>". His father appears to have wished to call his son 'William', but as her husband remained absent, his mother named him after her own father George Gordon of Gight, who was a descendant of James I of Scotland, and died by suicide in 1779. Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where <mask> spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, but the couple quickly separated.Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husband's continuingly borrowing money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands. It was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died of a "long & suffering illness" – probably tuberculosis – in 1791. When <mask>'s great-uncle, who was posthumously labelled the "wicked" Lord <mask>, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old boy became the sixth Baron <mask> of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire. His mother proudly took him to England, but the Abbey was in an embarrassing state of disrepair and, rather than living there, she decided to lease it to Lord Grey de Ruthyn, among others, during <mask>'s adolescence. Described as "a woman without judgment or self-command", Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent, which made it difficult for her to catch him to discipline him.<mask> had been born with a deformed right foot; his mother once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as "a lame brat". However, <mask>'s biographer, Doris Langley-Moore, in her 1974 book, Accounts Rendered, paints a more sympathetic view of Mrs <mask>, showing how she was a staunch supporter of her son and sacrificed her own precarious finances to keep him in luxury at Harrow and Cambridge. Langley-Moore questions 19th-century biographer John Galt's claim that she over-indulged in alcohol. Upon the death of <mask>'s mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon. Lady Milbanke, in 1822, her will required that he change his surname to "Noel" so as to inherit half of her estate. He obtained a Royal Warrant, allowing him to "take and use the surname of Noel only" and to "subscribe the said surname of Noel before all titles of honour". From that point he signed himself "<mask>" (the usual signature of a peer being merely the peerage, in this case simply "<mask>").It is speculated that this was so that his initials would read "N.B. ", mimicking those of his hero, Napoleon Bonaparte. Lady <mask> eventually succeeded to the Barony of Wentworth, becoming "Lady Wentworth". Education
<mask> received his early formal education at Aberdeen Grammar School, and in August 1799 entered the school of Dr. William Glennie, in Dulwich. Placed under the care of a Dr. Bailey, he was encouraged to exercise in moderation but could not restrain himself from "violent" bouts in an attempt to overcompensate for his deformed foot. His mother interfered with his studies, often withdrawing him from school, with the result that he lacked discipline and his classical studies were neglected. In 1801, he was sent to Harrow, where he remained until July 1805.An undistinguished student and an unskilled cricketer, he did represent the school during the very first Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1805. His lack of moderation was not restricted to physical exercise. <mask> fell in love with Mary Chaworth, whom he met while at school, and she was the reason he refused to return to Harrow in September 1803. His mother wrote, "He has no indisposition that I know of but love, desperate love, the worst of all maladies in my opinion. In short, the boy is distractedly in love with Miss Chaworth." In <mask>'s later memoirs, "Mary Chaworth is portrayed as the first object of his adult sexual feelings." <mask> finally returned in January 1804, to a more settled period which saw the formation of a circle of emotional involvements with other Harrow boys, which he recalled with great vividness: "My school friendships were with  (for I was always violent)".The most enduring of those was with John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare—four years <mask>'s junior—whom he was to meet unexpectedly many years later in Italy (1821). His nostalgic poems about his Harrow friendships, Childish Recollections (1806), express a prescient "consciousness of sexual differences that may in the end make England untenable to him." Letters to <mask> in the John Murray archive contain evidence of a previously unremarked if short-lived romantic relationship with a younger boy at Harrow, John Thomas Claridge. The following autumn, he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met and formed a close friendship with the younger John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." <mask> composed Thyrza, a series of elegies, in his memory.In later years, he described the affair as "a violent, though  love and passion". This statement, however, needs to be read in the context of hardening public attitudes toward homosexuality in England and the severe sanctions (including public hanging) against convicted or even suspected offenders. The liaison, on the other hand, may well have been "pure" out of respect for Edleston's innocence, in contrast to the (probably) more sexually overt relations experienced at Harrow School. The poem "The Cornelian" was written about the cornelian that <mask> received from Edleston. <mask> spent three years at Trinity College, engaging in sexual escapades, boxing, horse riding, and gambling. While at Cambridge, he also formed lifelong friendships with men such as John Cam Hobhouse, who initiated him into the Cambridge Whig Club, which endorsed liberal politics, and Francis Hodgson, a Fellow at King's College, with whom he corresponded on literary and other matters until the end of his life. Career

Early career

While not at school or college, <mask> dwelt at his mother's residence Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire.While there, he cultivated friendships with Elizabeth Bridget Pigot and her brother John, with whom he staged two plays for the entertainment of the community. During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. Fugitive Pieces was printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when <mask> was only 17. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend the Reverend J. T. Becher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem To Mary. Hours of Idleness, which collected many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage, anonymous criticism this received (now known to be the work of Henry Peter Brougham) in the Edinburgh Review prompted his first major satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). It was put into the hands of his relation R. C. Dallas, requesting him to "...get it published without his name."Alexander Dallas gave a large series of changes and alterations, as well as the reasoning for some of them. He also stated that <mask> had originally intended to prefix an argument to this poem, and Dallas quoted it. Although the work was published anonymously, by April, R. C. Dallas wrote that "you are already pretty generally known to be the author". The work so upset some of his critics they challenged <mask> to a duel; over time, in subsequent editions, it became a mark of prestige to be the target of <mask>'s pen. After his return from travels he again entrusted R. C. Dallas as his literary agent to publish his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which <mask> thought of little account. The first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage were published in 1812 and were received with acclaim. In his own words, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous."He followed up his success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated "Oriental Tales": The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara. About the same time, he began his intimacy with his future biographer, Thomas Moore. First travels to the East

<mask> racked up numerous debts as a young man, owing to what his mother termed a "reckless disregard for money". She lived at Newstead during this time, in fear of her son's creditors. He had planned to spend early 1808 cruising with his cousin George Bettesworth, who was captain of the 32-gun frigate HMS Tartar. Bettesworth's death at the Battle of Alvøen in May 1808 made that impossible. From 1809 to 1811, <mask> went on the Grand Tour, then customary for a young nobleman.He travelled with Hobhouse for the first year and his entourage of servants included <mask>'s trustworthy valet, William Fletcher. Fletcher was often the butt of Hobhouse and <mask>’s humour. The Napoleonic Wars forced him to avoid most of Europe, and he instead turned to the Mediterranean. The journey provided the opportunity to flee creditors, as well as a former love, Mary Chaworth (the subject of his poem from this time "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring"). Letters to <mask> from his friend Charles Skinner Matthews reveal that a key motive was also the hope of homosexual experience. Attraction to the Levant was probably also a reason; he had read about the Ottoman and Persian lands as a child, was attracted to Islam (especially Sufi mysticism), and later wrote, "With these countries, and events connected with them, all my really poetical feelings begin and end." <mask> began his trip in Portugal from where he wrote a letter to his friend Mr Hodgson in which he describes his mastery of the Portuguese language, consisting mainly of swearing and insults.<mask> particularly enjoyed his stay in Sintra that is described in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage as "glorious Eden". From Lisbon he travelled overland to Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, and Gibraltar, and from there by sea on to Sardinia, Malta, and Greece. While in Athens, <mask> met 14-year-old Nicolo Giraud, with whom he became quite close and who taught him Italian. It has been suggested that the two had an intimate relationship involving a sexual affair. <mask> sent Giraud to school at a monastery in Malta and bequeathed him the sizeable sum of £7,000. The will, however, was later cancelled. "I am tired of pl & opt Cs, the last thing I could be tired of", <mask> wrote to Hobhouse from Athens (an abbreviation of "" – complete intercourse to one's heart's desire, from Petronius' Satyricon), which, as an earlier letter establishes, was their shared code for homosexual experience.In 1810 in Athens, <mask> wrote "Maid of Athens, ere we part" for a 12-year-old girl, Teresa Makri (1798–1875). <mask> and Hobhouse made their way to Smyrna, where they cadged a ride to Constantinople on HMS Salsette. While Salsette was anchored awaiting Ottoman permission to dock at the city, on 3 May 1810 <mask> and Lieutenant Ekenhead, of Salsettes Marines, swam the Hellespont. <mask> commemorated this feat in the second canto of Don Juan. He returned to England from Malta in July 1811 aboard . England 1811–1816

After the publication of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812), <mask> became a celebrity. "He rapidly became the most brilliant star in the dazzling world of Regency London.He was sought after at every society venue, elected to several exclusive clubs, and frequented the most fashionable London drawing-rooms." During this period in England he produced many works,

masks:
George Gordon Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
John Byron
Byron
John Byron
John Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
John Byron
John Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Noel Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron


title: Lord Byron

texts:
 including The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos (1813), Parisina, and The Siege of Corinth (1815). On the initiative of the composer Isaac Nathan, he produced in 1814–1815 the Hebrew Melodies (including what became some of his best-known lyrics, such as "She Walks in Beauty" and "The Destruction of Sennacherib"). Involved at first in an affair with Lady Caroline Lamb (who called him "mad, bad and dangerous to know") and with other lovers and also pressed by debt, he began to seek a suitable marriage, considering – amongst others – Annabella Millbanke. However, in 1813 he met for the first time in four years his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. Rumours of incest surrounded the pair; Augusta's daughter Medora (b. 1814) was suspected to have been <mask>'s.To escape from growing debts and rumours, <mask> pressed his determination to marry Annabella, who was said to be the likely heiress of a rich uncle. They married on 2 January 1815, and their daughter, Ada, was born in December of that year. However, <mask>'s continuing obsession with Augusta (and his continuing sexual escapades with actresses such as Charlotte Mardyn and others) made their marital life a misery. Annabella considered <mask> insane, and in January 1816 she left him, taking their daughter, and began proceedings for a legal separation. Their separation was made legal in a private settlement in March 1816. The scandal of the separation, the rumours about Augusta, and ever-increasing debts forced him to leave England in April 1816, never to return. Life abroad (1816–1824)

Switzerland and the Shelleys

After this break-up of his domestic life, and by pressure on the part of his creditors, which led to the sale of his library, <mask> left England, and never returned.(Despite his dying wishes, however, his body was returned for burial in England.) He journeyed through Belgium and continued up the Rhine river. In the summer of 1816 he settled at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with his personal physician, John William Polidori. There <mask> befriended the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and Shelley's future wife, Mary Godwin. He was also joined by Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with whom he had had an affair in London. Several times <mask> went to see Germaine de Staël and her Coppet group, which turned out to be a valid intellectual and emotional support to <mask> at the time. Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including Fantasmagoriana, and then devising their own tales.Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, and Polidori produced The Vampyre, the progenitor of the Romantic vampire genre. The Vampyre was the inspiration for a fragmentary story of <mask>'s, "A Fragment". <mask>'s story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Italy

<mask> wintered in Venice, pausing his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married. Cogni could not read or write, and she left her husband to move into <mask>'s Venice house. Their fighting often caused <mask> to spend the night in his gondola; when he asked her to leave the house, she threw herself into the Venetian canal. In 1816, <mask> visited San Lazzaro degli Armeni in Venice, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the monks belonging to the Mechitarist Order.With the help of Father Pascal Aucher (Harutiun Avkerian), he learned the Armenian language and attended many seminars about language and history. He co-authored Grammar English and Armenian in 1817, an English textbook written by Aucher and corrected by <mask>, and A Grammar Armenian and English in 1819, a project he initiated of a grammar of Classical Armenian for English speakers, where he included quotations from classical and modern Armenian. <mask> later helped to compile the English Armenian Dictionary (Barraran angleren yev hayeren, 1821) and wrote the preface, in which he explained Armenian oppression by the Turkish pashas and the Persian satraps and the Armenian struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, two chapters of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia, and sections of Nerses of Lambron's Orations. His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of the Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch Haik. He may be credited with the birth of Armenology and its propagation. His profound lyricism and ideological courage has inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of Ghevond Alishan, Smbat Shahaziz, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Ruben Vorberian, and others.In 1817, he journeyed to Rome. On returning to Venice, he wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. About the same time, he sold Newstead and published Manfred, Cain, and The Deformed Transformed. The first five cantos of Don Juan were written between 1818 and 1820. During this period he met the 18-year-old Countess Guiccioli, who found her first love in <mask>, and asked her to elope with him. Led by love for the local aristocratic, young, and newly married Teresa Guiccioli, <mask> lived in Ravenna from 1819 to 1821. Here he continued Don Juan and wrote the Ravenna Diary and My Dictionary and Recollections.Around this time he received visits from Percy Bysshe Shelley, as well as from Thomas Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography or "life and adventures", which Moore, Hobhouse, and <mask>'s publisher, John Murray, burned in 1824, a month after <mask>'s death. Of <mask>'s lifestyle in Ravenna we know more from Shelley, who documented some of its more colourful aspects in a letter: "<mask> gets up at two. I get up, quite contrary to my usual custom … at 12. After breakfast we sit talking till six. From six to eight we gallop through the pine forest which divide Ravenna from the sea; we then come home and dine, and sit up gossiping till six in the morning. I don’t suppose this will kill me in a week or fortnight, but I shall not try it longer. Lord B.'s establishment consists, besides servants, of ten horses, eight enormous dogs, three monkeys, five cats, an eagle, a crow, and a falcon; and all these, except the horses, walk about the house, which every now and then resounds with their unarbitrated quarrels, as if they were the masters of it… . [P.S.] I find that my enumeration of the animals in this Circean Palace was defective … . I have just met on the grand staircase five peacocks, two guinea hens, and an Egyptian crane. I wonder who all these animals were before they were changed into these shapes." In 1821 <mask> left Ravenna and went to live in the Tuscan city of Pisa, to which Teresa had also relocated. From 1821 to 1822, <mask> finished Cantos 6–12 of Don Juan at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt and Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, The Liberal, in whose first number The Vision of Judgment appeared.For the first time since his arrival in Italy, <mask> found himself tempted to give dinner parties; his guests included the Shelleys, Edward Ellerker Williams, Thomas Medwin, John Taaffe, and Edward John Trelawny; and "never", as Shelley said, "did he display himself to more advantage than on these occasions; being at once polite and cordial, full of social hilarity and the most perfect good humour; never diverging into ungraceful merriment, and yet keeping up the spirit of liveliness throughout the evening." Shelley and Williams rented a house on the coast and had a schooner built. <mask> decided to have his own yacht, and engaged Trelawny's friend, Captain Daniel Roberts, to design and construct the boat. Named the Bolivar, it was later sold to Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington, and Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, when <mask> left for Greece in 1823. <mask> attended the funeral of Shelley, which was orchestrated by Trelawny after Williams and Shelley drowned in a boating accident on 8 July 1822. His last Italian home was Genoa. While living there he was accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and the Blessingtons.Lady Blessington based much of the material in her book, Conversations with Lord <mask>, on the time spent together there. This book became an important biographical text about <mask>’s life just prior to his death. Ottoman Greece

<mask> was living in Genoa when, in 1823, while growing bored with his life there, he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the movement for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire. At first, <mask> did not wish to leave his 22-year-old mistress, Countess Teresa Guiccioli, who had abandoned her husband to live with him; ultimately Guiccioli's father, Count Gamba, was allowed to leave his exile in the Romagna under the condition that his daughter return to him, without <mask>. At the same time that the philhellene Edward Blaquiere was attempting to recruit him, <mask> was confused as to what he was supposed to do in Greece, writing: "Blaquiere seemed to think that I might be of some use-even here;—though what he did not exactly specify". With the assistance of his banker and Captain Daniel Roberts, <mask> chartered the brig Hercules to take him to Greece. When <mask> left Genoa, it caused "passionate grief" from Guiccioli, who wept openly as he sailed away to Greece.The Hercules was forced to return to port shortly afterwards. When it set sail for the final time, Guiccioli had already left Genoa. On 16 July, <mask> left Genoa, arriving at Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands on 4 August. His voyage is covered in detail in Donald Prell's Sailing with <mask> from Genoa to Cephalonia. Prell also wrote of a coincidence in <mask>'s chartering the Hercules. The vessel was launched only a few miles south of Seaham Hall, where in 1815 <mask> married Annabella Milbanke. Between 1815 and 1823 the vessel was in service between England and Canada.Suddenly in 1823, the ship's Captain decided to sail to Genoa and offer the Hercules for charter. After taking <mask> to Greece, the ship returned to England, never again to venture into the Mediterranean. The Hercules was aged 37 when, on 21 September 1852, she went aground near Hartlepool, only 25 miles south of Sunderland, where in 1815, her keel was laid; <mask>'s "keel was laid" nine months before his official birth date, 22 January 1788; therefore in ship-years, he was aged 37, when he died in Missolonghi. <mask> initially stayed on the island of Kefalonia, where he was besieged by agents of the rival Greek factions, all of whom wanted to recruit <mask> to their own cause. The Ionian islands, of which Kefalonia is one, were under British rule until 1864. <mask> spent £4,000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet. When <mask> travelled to the mainland of Greece on the night of 28 December 1823, <mask>'s ship was surprised by an Ottoman warship, which did not attack his ship as the Ottoman captain mistook <mask>'s boat for a fireship.To avoid the Ottoman Navy, which he encountered several times on his voyage, <mask> was forced to take a roundabout route and only reached Missolonghi on 5 January 1824. After arriving in Missolonghi, <mask> joined forces with Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power. <mask> moved to the second floor of a two-story house and was forced to spend much of his time dealing with unruly Souliotes who demanded that <mask> pay them the back-pay owed to them by the Greek government. <mask> gave the Souliotes some £6,000. <mask> was supposed to lead an attack on the Ottoman fortress of Navpaktos, whose Albanian garrison were unhappy due to pay arrears and who offered to put up only token resistance if <mask> was willing to bribe them into surrendering. However, Ottoman commander Yussuf Pasha executed the mutinous Albanian officers who were offering to surrender Navpaktos to <mask> and arranged to have some of the pay arrears paid out to the rest of the garrison. <mask> never led the attack on Navpaktos because the Souliotes kept demanding that <mask> pay them more and more money before they would march; <mask> grew tired of their blackmail and sent them all home on 15 February 1824.<mask> wrote in a note to himself: "Having tried in vain at every expence-considerable trouble—and some danger to unite the Suliotes for the good of Greece-and their own—I have come to the following resolution—I will have nothing more to do with the Suliotes-they may go to the Turks or the devil...they may cut me into more pieces than they have dissensions among them, sooner than change my resolution". At the same time, Guiccioli's brother, Pietro Gamba, who had followed <mask> to Greece, exasperated <mask> with his incompetence as he consistently made expensive mistakes. For example, when asked to buy some cloth from Corfu, Gamba ordered the wrong cloth in excess, leading to the bill being 10 times higher than what <mask> wanted. <mask> wrote about his right-hand man: "Gamba—who is anything but lucky—had something to do with it—and as usual—the moment he had—matters went wrong". To help raise money for the revolution, <mask> sold his estate Rochdale Manor in England, which raised some £11,250; this led <mask> to estimate that he now had some £20,000 at his disposal, all of which he planned to spend on the Greek cause. In today's money <mask> would have been a millionaire many times over, and the news that a fabulously wealthy British aristocrat known for his generosity in spending money had arrived in Greece made <mask> the object of much solicitation in a desperately poor country like Greece. <mask> wrote to his business agent in England, "I should not like to give the Greeks but a half helping hand", saying he would have wanted to spend his entire fortune on Greek freedom.<mask> found himself besieged by various people, both Greek and foreign, who tried to persuade <mask> to open up his pocketbook to support them. By the end of March 1824, the so-called "<mask> brigade" of 30 philhellene officers and about 200 men had been formed, paid for entirely by <mask>. Leadership of the Greek cause in the Roumeli region was divided between two rival leaders: a former Klepht (bandit), Odysseas Androutsos; and a wealthy Phanariot Prince, Alexandros Mavrokordatos. <mask> used his prestige to attempt to persuade the two rival leaders to come together to focus on defeating the Ottomans. At same time, other leaders of the Greek factions like Petrobey Mavromichalis and Theodoros Kolokotronis wrote letters to <mask> telling him to disregard all of the Roumeliot leaders and to come to their respective areas in the Peloponnese. This drove <mask> to distraction; he complained that the Greeks were hopelessly disunited and spent more time feuding with each other than trying to win independence. <mask>'s friend Edward John Trelawny had aligned himself with Androutsos, who ruled Athens, and was now pressing for <mask> to break with Mavrokordatos in favour of backing his rival Androutsos.Androutsos, having won over Trelawny to his cause, was now anxious to persuade <mask> to put his wealth behind his claim to be the leader of Greece. <mask> wrote with disgust about how one of the Greek captains, former Klepht Georgios Karaiskakis,

masks:
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron


title: Lord Byron

texts:
 attacked Missolonghi on 3 April 1824 with some 150 men supported by the Souliotes as he was unhappy with Mavrokordatos's leadership, leading to a brief bout of inter-Greek fighting before Karaiskakis was chased away by 6 April. <mask> adopted a nine-year-old Turkish Muslim girl called Hato whose parents had been killed by the Greeks. He ultimately sent her to safety in Kefalonia, knowing well that religious hatred between the Orthodox Greeks and Muslim Turks was running high and that any Muslim in Greece, even a child, was in serious danger. Until 1934, most Turks did not have surnames, so Hato's lack of a surname was quite typical for a Turkish family at this time. During this time, <mask> pursued his Greek page, Lukas Chalandritsanos, with whom he had fallen madly in love, but the affections went unrequited. <mask> was infatuated with the teenage Chalandritsanos, whom he spoiled outrageously, spending some £600 (the equivalent to about £24,600 in today's money) to cater to his every whim over the course of six months and writing his last poems about his passion for the Greek boy, but Chalandritsanos was only interested in <mask>'s money.When the famous Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen heard about <mask>'s heroics in Greece, he voluntarily resculpted his earlier bust of <mask> in Greek marble. Death

Mavrokordatos and <mask> planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. <mask> employed a fire-master to prepare artillery, and he took part of the rebel army under his own command, despite his lack of military experience. Before the expedition could sail, on 15 February 1824, he fell ill, and bloodletting weakened him further. He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a violent cold, which therapeutic bleeding, insisted on by his doctors, aggravated. He contracted a violent fever and died in Missolonghi on 19 April. His physician at the time, Julius van Millingen, son of Dutch–English archaeologist James Millingen, was unable to prevent his death.It has been said that if <mask> had lived and had gone on to defeat the Ottomans, he might have been declared King of Greece. However, modern scholars have found such an outcome unlikely. The British historian David Brewer wrote that in one sense, <mask> was a failure in Greece as he failed to persuade the rival Greek factions to unite, won no victories and was successful only in the humanitarian sphere, using his great wealth to help the victims of the war, Muslim and Christian, but this did not affect the outcome of the Greek war of independence at all. Brewer went on to argue, In another sense, though, <mask> achieved everything he could have wished. His presence in Greece, and in particular his death there, drew to the Greek cause not just the attention of sympathetic nations, but their increasing active participation ... Despite the critics, <mask> is primarily remembered with admiration as a poet of genius, with something approaching veneration as a symbol of high ideals, and with great affection as a man: for his courage and his ironic slant on life, for his generosity to the grandest of causes and to the humblest of individuals, for the constant interplay of judgment and sympathy. In Greece he is still revered as no other foreigner, and as very few Greeks are, and like a Homeric hero he is accorded an honorific standard epithet, megalos kai kalos, a great and good man.Post mortem

Alfred Tennyson would later recall the shocked reaction in Britain when word was received of <mask>'s death. The Greeks mourned Lord <mask> deeply, and he became a hero. The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named To the Death of Lord <mask>. Βύρων, the Greek form of "<mask>", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called Vyronas in his honour. <mask>'s body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Missolonghi. His other remains were sent to England (accompanied by his faithful manservant, "Tita") for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality".Huge crowds viewed his coffin as he lay in state for two days at number 25 Great George Street, Westminster. He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A marble slab given by the King of Greece is laid directly above <mask>'s grave. His daughter Ada Lovelace was later buried beside him. <mask>'s friends raised the sum of £1,000 to commission a statue of the writer; Thorvaldsen offered to sculpt it for that amount. However, for ten years after the statue was completed in 1834, most British institutions turned it down, and it remained in storage. The statue was refused by the British Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the National Gallery before Trinity College, Cambridge, finally placed the statue of <mask> in its library.In 1969, 145 years after <mask>'s death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey. The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907: The New York Times wrote, "People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of <mask> is not a thing of which England should be ashamed ... a bust or a tablet might be put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons." Robert Ripley had drawn a picture of Boatswain's grave with the caption "Lord <mask>'s dog has a magnificent tomb while Lord <mask> himself has none". This came as a shock to the English, particularly schoolchildren, who, Ripley said, raised funds of their own accord to provide the poet with a suitable memorial. Close to the centre of Athens, Greece, outside the National Garden, is a statue depicting Greece in the form of a woman crowning <mask>. The statue is by the French sculptors Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Falguière. Since 2008, the anniversary of <mask>'s death, 19 April, has been honoured in Greece as "Byron Day".Upon his death, the barony passed to <mask>'s cousin George Anson <mask>, a career naval officer. Personal life

Relationships and scandals

<mask> described his first intense feelings at age seven for his distant cousin Mary Duff:

My mother used always to rally me about this childish amour, and at last, many years after, when I was sixteen, she told me one day, 'O <mask>, I have had a letter from Edinburgh, and your old sweetheart, Mary Duff, is married to Mr. C***.' And what was my answer? I really cannot explain or account for my feelings at that moment, but they nearly threw me into convulsions... How the deuce did all this occur so early? Where could it originate? I certainly had no sexual ideas for years afterwards; and yet my misery, my love for that girl were so violent, that I sometimes doubt if I have ever been really attached since.Be that as it may, hearing of her marriage several years after was like a thunder-stroke – it nearly choked me – to the horror of my mother and the astonishment and almost incredulity of every body. And it is a phenomenon in my existence (for I was not eight years old) which has puzzled, and will puzzle me to the latest hour of it; and lately, I know not why, the recollection (not the attachment) has recurred as forcibly as ever...But, the more I reflect, the more I am bewildered to assign any cause for this precocity of affection. <mask> also became attached to Margaret Parker, another distant cousin. While his recollection of his love for Mary Duff is that he was ignorant of adult sexuality during this time and was bewildered as to the source of the intensity of his feelings, he would later confess that:

My passions were developed very early – so early, that few would believe me – if I were to state the period – and the facts which accompanied it. Perhaps this was one of the reasons that caused the anticipated melancholy of my thoughts – having anticipated life. This is the only reference <mask> himself makes to the event, and he is ambiguous as to how old he was when it occurred. After his death, his lawyer wrote to a mutual friend telling him a "singular fact" about <mask>'s life which was "scarcely fit for narration".But he disclosed it nonetheless, thinking it might explain <mask>'s sexual "propensities":

When nine years old at his mother's house a Free Scotch girl [May, sometimes called Mary, Gray, one of his first caretakers] used to come to bed to him and play tricks with his person. Gray later used this knowledge as a means of ensuring his silence if he were to be tempted to disclose the "low company" she kept during drinking binges. She was later dismissed, supposedly for beating <mask> when he was 11. A few years later, while he was still a child, Lord Grey De Ruthyn (unrelated to May Gray), a suitor of his mother's, also made sexual advances on him. <mask>'s personality has been characterised as exceptionally proud and sensitive, especially when it came to his deformity. His extreme reaction to seeing his mother flirting outrageously with Lord Grey De Ruthyn after the incident suggests this: he did not tell her of Grey's conduct toward him; he simply refused to speak to him again and ignored his mother's commands to be reconciled. Leslie A. Marchand, one of <mask>'s biographers, theorises that Lord Grey De Ruthyn's advances prompted <mask>'s later sexual liaisons with young men at Harrow and Cambridge.Scholars acknowledge a more or less important bisexual component in <mask>'s very complex sentimental and sexual life. Bernhard Jackson asserts that "<mask>'s sexual orientation has long been a difficult, not to say contentious, topic, and anyone who seeks to discuss it must to some degree speculate, since the evidence is nebulous, contradictory and scanty... it is not so simple to define <mask> as homosexual or heterosexual: he seems rather to have been both, and either." Crompton states: "What was not understood in <mask>'s own century (except by a tiny circle of his associates) was that <mask> was bisexual". Another biographer, Fiona MacCarthy, has posited that <mask>'s true sexual yearnings were for adolescent males. <mask> used a code by which he communicated his homosexual Greek adventures to John Hobhouse in England: Bernhard Jackson recalls that "<mask>'s early code for sex with a boy" was "Plen(um). and optabil(em). -Coit(um)" Bullough summarises:

In 1812, <mask> embarked on a well-publicised affair with the married Lady Caroline Lamb that shocked the British public.She had spurned the attention of the poet on their first meeting, subsequently giving <mask> what became his lasting epitaph when she famously described him as "mad, bad and dangerous to know". This did not prevent her from pursuing him. <mask> eventually broke off the relationship and moved swiftly on to others (such as that with Lady Oxford), but Lamb never entirely recovered, pursuing him even after he tired of her. She was emotionally disturbed and lost so much weight that <mask> sarcastically commented to her mother-in-law, his friend Lady Melbourne, that he was "haunted by a skeleton". She began to call on him at home, sometimes dressed in disguise as a pageboy, at a time when such an act could ruin both of them socially. Once, during such a visit, she wrote on a book at his desk, "Remember me!" As a retort, <mask> wrote a poem entitled Remember Thee!Remember Thee! which concludes with the line "Thou false to him, thou fiend to me". As a child, <mask> had seen little of his half-sister Augusta Leigh; in adulthood, he formed a close relationship with her that has been interpreted by some as incestuous, and by others as innocent. Augusta (who was married) gave birth on 15 April 1814 to her third daughter, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, rumoured by some to be <mask>'s. Eventually <mask> began to court Lady Caroline's cousin Anne Isabella Milbanke ("Annabella"), who refused his first proposal of marriage but later accepted him. Milbanke was a highly moral woman, intelligent and mathematically gifted; she was also an heiress. They married at Seaham Hall, County Durham, on 2 January 1815.The marriage proved unhappy. They had a daughter, Augusta Ada. On 16 January 1816, Lady <mask> left him, taking Ada with her. That same year (21 April), <mask> signed the Deed of Separation. Rumours of marital violence, adultery with actresses, incest with Augusta Leigh, and sodomy were circulated, assisted by a jealous Lady Caroline. In a letter, Augusta quoted him as saying: "Even to have such a thing said is utter destruction and ruin to a man from which he can never recover." That same year Lady Caroline published her popular novel Glenarvon, in which <mask> was portrayed as the seedy title character.Children

<mask> wrote a letter to John Hanson from Newstead Abbey, dated 17 January 1809, that includes "You will discharge my Cook, & Laundry Maid, the other two I shall retain to take care of the house, more especially as the youngest is pregnant (I need not tell you by whom) and I cannot have the girl on the parish." His reference to "The youngest" is understood to have been to a maid, Lucy, and the parenthesised remark to indicate himself as siring a son born that year. In 2010 part of a baptismal record was uncovered which apparently said: "September 24 George illegitimate son of Lucy Monk, illegitimate son of Baron <mask>, of Newstead, Nottingham, Newstead Abbey." Augusta Leigh's child, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, born 1814, was very likely fathered by <mask>, who was Augusta's half-brother. <mask> had a child, The Hon. Augusta Ada <mask> ("Ada", later Countess of Lovelace), in 1815, by his wife Annabella <mask>, Lady <mask> (née Anne Isabella Milbanke, or "Annabella"), later Lady Wentworth. Ada Lovelace, notable in her own right, collaborated with Charles Babbage on the analytical engine, a predecessor to modern computers.She is recognised as one of the world's first computer programmers. He also had an extramarital child in 1817, Clara Allegra <mask>, with Claire Clairmont, stepsister of Mary Shelley and stepdaughter of William Godwin, writer of Political Justice and Caleb Williams. Allegra is not entitled to the style "The Hon." as is usually given to the daughter of barons, since she was born outside of his marriage. Born in Bath in 1817, Allegra lived with <mask> for a few months in Venice; he refused to allow an Englishwoman caring for the girl to adopt her and objected to her being raised in the Shelleys' household. He wished for her to be brought up Catholic and not marry an Englishman, and he made arrangements for her to inherit 5,000 lira upon marriage or when she reached the age of 21, provided she did not marry a native of Britain. However, the girl died aged five of a fever in Bagnacavallo, Italy, while <mask> was in Pisa; he was deeply upset by the news.He had Allegra's body sent back to England to be buried at his old school, Harrow, because Protestants could not be buried in consecrated ground in Catholic countries. At one time he himself had wanted to be buried at Harrow. <mask> was antagonistic towards Allegra's mother, Claire Clairmont, and prevented her from seeing the child. Sea and swimming
<mask> enjoyed adventure, especially relating to the sea. The first recorded notable example of open water swimming took place on 3 May 1810 when <mask> swam from Europe to Asia across the

masks:
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron


title: Lord Byron

texts:
 Hellespont Strait. This is often seen as the birth of the sport and pastime, and to commemorate it, the event is recreated every year as an open water swimming event. Whilst sailing from Genoa to Cephalonia in 1823, every day at noon, <mask> and Trelawny, in calm weather, jumped overboard for a swim without fear of sharks, which were not unknown in those waters.Once, according to Trelawny, they let the geese and ducks loose and followed them and the dogs into the water, each with an arm in the ship Captain’s new scarlet waistcoat, to the annoyance of the Captain and the amusement of the crew. Fondness for animals

<mask> had a great love of animals, most notably for a Newfoundland dog named Boatswain. When the animal contracted rabies, <mask> nursed him, albeit unsuccessfully, without any thought or fear of becoming bitten and infected. Although deep in debt at the time, <mask> commissioned an impressive marble funerary monument for Boatswain at Newstead Abbey, larger than his own, and the only building work which he ever carried out on his estate. In his 1811 will, <mask> requested that he be buried with him. The 26‐line poem "Epitaph to a Dog" has become one of his best-known works, but a draft of an 1830 letter by Hobhouse shows him to be the author, and that <mask> decided to use Hobhouse's lengthy epitaph instead of his own, which read: "To mark a friend's remains these stones arise/I never knew but one – and here he lies." <mask> also kept a tame bear while he was a student at Trinity, out of resentment for rules forbidding pet dogs like his beloved Boatswain.There being no mention of bears in their statutes, the college authorities had no legal basis for complaining: <mask> even suggested that he would apply for a college fellowship for the bear. During his lifetime, in addition to numerous cats, dogs, and horses, <mask> kept a fox, monkeys, an eagle, a crow, a falcon, peacocks, guinea hens, an Egyptian crane, a badger, geese, a heron, and a goat. Except for the horses, they all resided indoors at his homes in England, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece. Health and appearance

Character and psyche
I am such a strange mélange of good and evil that it would be difficult to describe me. As a boy, <mask>'s character is described as a "mixture of affectionate sweetness and playfulness, by which it was impossible not to be attached", although he also exhibited "silent rages, moody sullenness and revenge" with a precocious bent for attachment and obsession. Deformed foot
From birth, <mask>deus by Alain-René Lesage in his 1707 novel of the same name). Although he often wore specially-made shoes in an attempt to hide the deformed foot, he refused to wear any type of brace that might improve the limp. Scottish novelist John Galt felt his oversensitivity to the "innocent fault in his foot was unmanly and excessive" because the limp was "not greatly conspicuous". He first met <mask> on a voyage to Sardinia and did not realise he had any deficiency for several days, and still could not tell at first if the lameness was a temporary injury or not. At the time Galt met him he was an adult and had worked to develop "a mode of walking across a room by which it was scarcely at all perceptible". The motion of the ship at sea may also have helped to create a favourable first impression and hide any deficiencies in his gait, but Galt's biography is also described as being "rather well-meant than well-written", so Galt may be guilty of minimising a defect that was actually still noticeable.Physical appearance

<mask>'s adult height was , his weight fluctuating between  and . He was renowned for his personal beauty, which he enhanced by wearing curl-papers in his hair at night. He was athletic, being a competent boxer and horse-rider and an excellent swimmer. He attended pugilistic tuition at the Bond Street rooms of former prizefighting champion 'Gentleman' John Jackson, whom <mask> called 'the Emperor of Pugilism', and recorded these sparring sessions in his letters and journals. <mask> and other writers, such as his friend Hobhouse, described his eating habits in detail. At the time he entered Cambridge, he went on a strict diet to control his weight. He also exercised a great deal, and at that time wore a great many clothes to cause himself to perspire.For most of his life he was a vegetarian and often lived for days on dry biscuits and white wine. Occasionally he would eat large helpings of meat and desserts, after which he would purge himself. Although he is described by Galt and others as having a predilection for "violent" exercise, Hobhouse suggests that the pain in his deformed foot made physical activity difficult and that his weight problem was the result. Trelawny, who observed <mask>'s eating habits, noted that he lived on a diet of biscuits and soda water for days at a time and then would eat a "horrid mess of cold potatoes, rice, fish, or greens, deluged in vinegar, and gobble it up like a famished dog". Political career
<mask> first took his seat in the House of Lords on 13 March 1809 but left London on 11 June 1809 for the Continent. <mask>'s association with the Holland House Whigs provided him with a discourse of liberty rooted in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A strong advocate of social reform, he received particular praise as one of the few Parliamentary defenders of the Luddites: specifically, he was against a death penalty for Luddite "frame breakers" in Nottinghamshire, who destroyed textile machines that were putting them out of work.His first speech before the Lords, on 27 February 1812, was loaded with sarcastic references to the "benefits" of automation, which he saw as producing inferior material as well as putting people out of work, and concluded the proposed law was only missing two things to be effective: "Twelve Butchers for a Jury and a Jeffries for a Judge!". <mask>'s speech was officially recorded and printed in Hansard. He said later that he "spoke very violent sentences with a sort of modest impudence" and thought he came across as "a bit theatrical". The full text of the speech, which he had previously written out, was presented to Dallas in manuscript form and he quotes it in his work. Two months later, in conjunction with the other Whigs, <mask> made another impassioned speech before the House of Lords in support of Catholic emancipation. <mask> expressed opposition to the established religion because it was unfair to people of other faiths. These experiences inspired <mask> to write political poems such as Song for the Luddites (1816) and The Landlords' Interest, Canto XIV of The Age of Bronze.Examples of poems in which he attacked his political opponents include Wellington: The Best of the Cut-Throats (1819) and The Intellectual Eunuch Castlereagh (1818). Poetic works
<mask> wrote prolifically. In 1832 his publisher, John Murray, released the complete works in 14 duodecimo volumes, including a life by Thomas Moore. Subsequent editions were released in 17 volumes, first published a year later, in 1833. An extensive collection of his works, including early editions and annotated manuscripts, is held within the John Murray Archive at the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh. Don Juan

<mask>'s magnum opus, Don Juan, a poem spanning 17 cantos, ranks as one of the most important long poems published in England since John Milton's Paradise Lost. <mask> published the first two cantos anonymously in 1819 after disputes with his regular publisher over the shocking nature of the poetry.By this time, he had been a famous poet for seven years, and when he self-published the beginning cantos, they were well received in some quarters. The poem was then released volume by volume through his regular publishing house. By 1822, cautious acceptance by the public had turned to outrage, and <mask>'s publisher refused to continue to publish the work. In Canto III of Don Juan, <mask> expresses his detestation for poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In letters to Francis Hodgson, <mask> referred to Wordsworth as "Turdsworth". Irish Avatar

<mask> wrote the satirical pamphlet Irish Avatar after the royal visit by King George IV to Ireland. <mask> criticised the attitudes displayed by the Irish people towards the Crown, an institution he perceived as oppressing them, and was dismayed by the positive reception George IV received during his visit.In the pamphlet, <mask> lambasted Irish unionists and voiced muted support towards nationalistic sentiments in Ireland. Parthenon marbles

<mask> was a bitter opponent of Lord Elgin's removal of the Parthenon marbles from Athens and "reacted with fury" when Elgin's agent gave him a tour of the Parthenon, during which he saw the spaces left by the missing friezes and metopes. He denounced Elgin's actions in his poem The Curse of Minerva and in Canto II (stanzas XI–XV) of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Legacy and influence

<mask> is considered to be the first modern-style celebrity. His image as the personification of the Byronic hero fascinated the public, and his wife Annabella coined the term "Byromania" to refer to the commotion surrounding him. His self-awareness and personal promotion are seen as a beginning to what would become the modern rock star; he would instruct artists painting portraits of him not to paint him with pen or book in hand, but as a "man of action." While <mask> first welcomed fame, he later turned from it by going into voluntary exile from Britain.Biographies were distorted by the burning of <mask>'s memoir in the offices of his publisher, John Murray, a month after his death and the suppression of details of <mask>'s bisexuality by subsequent heads of the firm (which held the richest <mask> archive). As late as the 1950s, scholar Leslie Marchand was expressly forbidden by the Murray company to reveal details of <mask>'s same-sex passions. The re-founding of the Byron Society in 1971 reflected the fascination that many people had with <mask> and his work. This society became very active, publishing an annual journal. Thirty-six Byron Societies function throughout the world, and an International Conference takes place annually. <mask> exercised a marked influence on Continental literature and art, and his reputation as a poet is higher in many European countries than in Britain, or America, although not as high as in his time, when he was widely thought to be the greatest poet in the world. <mask>'s writings also inspired many composers.Over forty operas have been based on his works, in addition to three operas about <mask> himself (including Virgil Thomson's <mask>). His poetry was set to music by many Romantic composers, including Beethoven, Schubert, Rossini, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Carl Loewe. Among his greatest admirers was Hector Berlioz, whose operas and Mémoires reveal <mask>'s influence. Byronic hero
The figure of the Byronic hero pervades much of his work, and <mask> himself is considered to epitomise many of the characteristics of this literary figure. The use of a Byronic hero by many authors and artists of the Romantic movement show <mask>'s influence during the 19th century and beyond, including the Brontë sisters. His philosophy was more durably influential in continental Europe than in England; Friedrich Nietzsche admired him, and the Byronic hero was echoed in Nietzsche's Übermensch, or superman. The Byronic hero presents an idealised, but flawed character whose attributes include: great talent; great passion; a distaste for society and social institutions; a lack of respect for rank and privilege (although possessing both); being thwarted in love by social constraint or death; rebellion; exile; an unsavory secret past; arrogance; overconfidence or lack of foresight; and, ultimately, a self-destructive manner.These types of characters have since become ubiquitous in literature and politics. 1 (1830)
 Letters and journals, vol. 2 (1830)

Selected shorter lyric poems

 Maid of Athens, ere we part (1810) (text on Wikisource)
 And thou art dead (1812) (text on Wikisource)
 She Walks in Beauty (1814) (text on Wikisource)
 My Soul is Dark (1815) (text on Wikisource)
 The Destruction of Sennacherib (1815) (text on Wikisource)
 Monody on the Death of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan (1816) (text on Wikisource)
 Fare Thee Well (1816) (text on Wikisource)
 So, we'll go no more a roving (1817) (text on Wikisource)
 When We Two Parted (1817) (text on Wikisource)
 Ode on Venice (1819) (text on Wikisource)
 Stanzas (1819)
 Don Leon (not by <mask>, but attributed to him; 1830s)

See also

 Early life of <mask>
 Timeline of <mask>
 19th century in poetry
 Bridge of Sighs, a Venice landmark <mask> denominated
 Asteroid 3306 Byron

References

Bibliography

 (Chapter one online at The New York Times)

 Volume 1 of Poetic drama & poetic theory in "Salzburg studies in English literature"

Attribution

Further reading
 Accardo, Peter X. Let Satire Be My Song: <mask>’s English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. Web exhibit, Houghton Library, Harvard University, 2011. Calder, Angus (1984), <mask> and Scotland, in Hearn, Sheila G.(ed. ), Cencrastus No. 15, New Year 1984, pp. 21 - 24,
 Calder, Angus (ed.) (1989), <mask> and Scotland: Radical or Dandy?, Edinburgh University Press,
 Drucker, Peter. 'Byron and Ottoman love: Orientalism, Europeanization and same sex sexualities in the early nineteenth-century Levant' (Journal of European Studies vol. 42 no.2, June 2012, 140–57). Garrett, Martin: George Gordon, <mask>. (British Library Writers' Lives). London: British Library, 2000. .
 Garrett, Martin. Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron. Palgrave, 2010. .
 Guiccioli, Teresa, contessa di, <mask>'s Life in Italy, transl. Michael Rees, ed.Peter Cochran, 2005, . Grosskurth, Phyllis: <mask>: The Flawed Angel. Hodder, 1997. .
 Marchand, Leslie A., editor, <mask>'s Letters and Journals, Harvard University Press:
 Volume I, 'In my hot youth', 1798–1810, (1973)
 Volume II, 'Famous in my time', 1810–1812, (1973)
 Volume III, 'Alas! the love of women', 1813–1814, (1974)
 Volume IV, 'Wedlock's the devil', 1814–1815, (1975)
 Volume V, 'So late into the night', 1816–1817, (1976)
 Volume VI, 'The flesh is frail', 1818–1819, (1976)
 Volume VII, 'Between two worlds', 1820, (1978)
 Volume VIII, 'Born for opposition', 1821, (1978)
 Volume IX, 'In the wind's eye', 1821–1822, (1978)
 Volume X, 'A heart for every fate', 1822–1823, (1980)
 Volume XI, 'For freedom's battle', 1823–1824, (1981)
 Volume XII, 'The trouble of an index', index, (1982)
 <mask>: Selected Letters and Journals, (1982)
 McGann, Jerome: <mask> and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. .
 Oueijan, Naji B. A Compendium of Eastern Elements in <mask>'s Oriental Tales. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1999.Patanè, Vincenzo: L'estate di un ghiro. Il mito di <mask> attraverso la vita, i viaggi, gli amori e le opere. Venezia, Cicero, 2013. .
 Patanè, Vincenzo: I frutti acerbi. <mask>, gli amori & il sesso. Venezia, Cicero, 2016. .
 Patanè, Vincenzo: The Sour Fruit. <mask>, Love & Sex. Lanham (MD), Rowman & Littlefield, copublished by John Cabot University Press, Rome, 2019. .
 Rosen, Fred: Bentham, <mask> and Greece.Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. .
 Thiollet, Jean-Pierre: Carré d'Art: Barbey d'Aurevilly, lord <mask>, Salvador Dalí, Jean-Edern Hallier, with texts by Anne-Élisabeth Blateau and , Anagramme

masks:
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byronmo
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Lord Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron
Lord Byron
Lord Byron
Byron
Byron


title: Tomáš Vokoun

texts:
<mask> (; born 2 July 1976) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Nashville Predators, after he was originally drafted by the Montreal Habs in the ninth round, 226th overall, in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

Early career (1994–1998)
<mask> was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the ninth round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft, 226th overall. He remained in the Czech Republic for another year, playing with Poldi Kladno. <mask> moved to North America for the 1995–96 season and played for the Wheeling Thunderbirds of the ECHL. He was called up to the Fredericton Canadiens of the American Hockey League (AHL) and played one playoff game. Having proven himself in the ECHL, <mask> spent the 1996–97 season in Fredericton and played in his only game for Montreal; it was not a stellar debut, however, as he allowed four goals in only 20 minutes of play against the Philadelphia Flyers.Nashville Predators (1998–2007)
After another season with the Fredericton Canadiens, <mask> was chosen by the Nashville Predators in the 1998 NHL Expansion Draft on 26 June 1998. <mask> played 37 games for Nashville in their debut season and played nine games for the Milwaukee Admirals in the International Hockey League (IHL). Although he again split time between the two clubs the following season, by 2000, <mask> established himself in the NHL, though he initially only saw limited action as the back-up to starter Mike Dunham. In 2002, Dunham was traded to the New York Rangers for Marek Židlický, <mask> Klouček and Rem Murray, effectively awarding <mask> the starting job. <mask>'s play was solid enough in 2003–04 to send him to the All-Star Game for the first time, and his goaltending was a major factor in the Predators' first-ever playoff berth that season. The team lost in six games to the Detroit Red Wings in the first round. In game 4 of that series, played in Nashville, Vokoun earned the first-ever playoff shutout in franchise history, stopping 41 Red Wing shots.During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, <mask> played 19 regular season games for HIFK in the Finnish SM-liiga, posting a .940 save percentage. In the playoffs, <mask> did not perform as well, posting an .846 save percentage in four games, the worst in the league in that year's playoffs. On 10 April 2006, the Predators announced Vokoun was afflicted by thrombophlebitis of the pelvis, a blood-clotting condition. He missed the team's remaining regular season games and the entire playoffs while he recovered by taking blood-thinning drugs and avoiding physical activity. Back-up goaltender Chris Mason took his place as the starter, but the Predators failed to advance in the playoffs, again losing in the quarter-finals. On 24 July 2006, <mask> was cleared to resume his career and returned for the 2006–07 NHL season. However, at the beginning of the season, Vokoun injured his thumb during a game and was required to have surgery.Pins were put in this thumb, and he played with the pins and a brace on his thumb. Florida Panthers (2007–2011)

On the day of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> was traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for a first-round selection in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, a second-round selection in the 2007 draft (58th overall) and a conditional second-round selection in either 2007 or 2008. <mask>'s nine-year tenure in Nashville had him setting many of the Predators' goaltending records, all of which were overtaken by Pekka Rinne in the following decade. <mask> was selected to play for the Eastern Conference team in the 2008 NHL All Star Game in Atlanta. During the 2008–09 NHL season, <mask> recorded 26 wins for the Panthers as they battled for their first playoff berth since 2000. Although they ultimately fell short, the Panthers' being in position to qualify was due in large part to the goaltending of Vokoun and fellow goaltender Craig Anderson. Vokoun was injured by teammate Keith Ballard in a game on 30 November 2009, when Ballard hit Vokoun with an errant stick in the head.<mask> was carried off the ice on a stretcher and was treated at a nearby hospital for an ear laceration. Vokoun had just given up a goal to Ilya Kovalchuk of the Atlanta Thrashers and Ballard went to break his stick on the goal post in frustration, but caught Vokoun instead. Washington and Pittsburgh (2011–2014)

<mask> signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals on 2 July 2011 worth $1.5 million. <mask> had a rough 2011–12 NHL season with the Capitals, as it was plagued by injury and inconsistent performance. With Washington resorting to youngster Braden Holtby as their starting goaltender, <mask> was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins on 4 June 2012 in exchange for a seventh-round pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. The following day, <mask> signed to a two-year, $4 million contract. Since his customary sweater number 29 was being worn by Marc-André Fleury, <mask> opted to wear number 92 with the Penguins; he became the first goaltender since Daren Puppa to wear a sweater number from 90 to 98.On 30 March 2013, <mask> set a personal best and Pittsburgh Penguins individual franchise record shutout streak of 187:30. He had two consecutive shutouts (on 28 March against the Winnipeg Jets and on 30 March against the New York Islanders) and a combined shutout with Marc-André Fleury on 26 March against the Montreal Canadiens. <mask> played the third period to complete the shutout after Fleury was injured at the end of the second period. On 9 May 2013, <mask> made his first playoff start in six seasons, a 31-save shutout against the New York Islanders in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals. <mask> was sidelined indefinitely after undergoing surgery to dissolve another blood clot in his pelvis during the 2013 pre-season. On 21 January 2014, it was reported <mask> would begin skating in practice again, with no timetable as to his possible return. On 15 December 2014, <mask> announced his retirement.International play

<mask> has represented the Czech Republic many times over the course of his playing career. His first international experience came with the under-20 team at the 1996 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where the Czechs finished in fourth place. His first senior experience came at the 2003 IIHF World Championship, where the Czechs again finished in fourth place. Overall, he has played for the Czechs at four IIHF World Championships, two Winter Olympic Games and also in the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. He backstopped the Czechs to a third-place finish at the World Cup, gold medals at the 2005 and 2010 World Championships and won bronze with the team at the 2006 Olympics in Turin. Personal life
<mask> lives with his wife, Dagmar, and two daughters, Adelle and Natalie, in Parkland, Florida. Awards and records
 Runner-up for the NHL Rookie of the Month award for December 1998.NHL Player of the Week for the week ending 2 January 2000 (3–0–0, 1 shutout, 1.33 goals against average (GAA), .960 save percentage; he was the first Predator to ever win this award). NHL Defensive Player of the Week for the week ending 30 November 2003 (4–0–0, 1.50 GAA, .950 save percentage). Selected to play for the Western Conference in the 2004 NHL All-Star Game. Selected to play for the Eastern Conference in the 2008 NHL All-Star Game. NHL Defensive Player of the Month for January 2010 (NHL's Third Star of the Month, 8–4–2, 1.49 GAA, .956 SV%, 4 SO). Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1976 births
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Florida Panthers players
Fredericton Canadiens players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Montreal Canadiens players
Nashville Predators players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Olympic bronze medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic ice hockey players of the Czech Republic
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Orli Znojmo players
Sportspeople from Karlovy Vary
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Washington Capitals players
Wheeling Nailers players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players

masks:
Tomáš Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Tomáš
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun
Vokoun


title: Dan Cramer

texts:
<mask> (born October 31, 1985) is an American retired mixed martial artist. A professional from 2009 until 2014, Cramer made his professional debut with the Ultimate Fighting Championships (UFC) and was a competitor on SpikeTV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rampage vs Team Forrest. However, Cramer is perhaps best remembered for his 10-fight stint for Bellator. His Twitter name is @dancrameratt. Biography
Cramer graduated from Bethel High School, in his hometown of Bethel, Connecticut, in 2003. Cramer then attended the University of Connecticut, where he earned a bachelor’s degree in economics. While attending college, he played on the rugby team and was captain of the hockey team.After graduating, Cramer was employed as a manager for a local country club. Mixed martial arts career
Cramer began training Brazilian Jiu Jitsu at the age of sixteen. He later started his mixed martial arts training with the American Top Team of Connecticut and Best Way Brazilian Jiu Jitsu led by Luigi Mondelli, a five time Pan Am Jiu Jitsu champion. Before being on The Ultimate Fighter, Cramer held a 3-0 amateur record. After the filming of The Ultimate Fighter, Cramer moved to Coconut Creek, Florida to train with the main American Top Team academy. The Ultimate Fighter
Cramer was a contestant on the seventh season of The Ultimate Fighter. In order for the fighters to make it on the show, they had to win an elimination fight.<mask> won his elimination round fight against Jeremiah Riggs via unanimous decision. Cramer was selected to be a part of Team Rampage. Cramer then defeated Luke Zachrich by technical knockout in the second round. In the semi-final matchup, Cramer was paired off against Team Forrest's first pick, Tim Credeur. Credeur submitted Cramer with a heel hook to end Cramer's run in the tournament. After the fight, Cramer said he made a rookie mistake and he should have won the fight. Ultimate Fighting Championship
Cramer was set to make his debut at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rampage vs Team Forrest Finale against former castmate Cale Yarbrough.Cramer broke his collar bone and was forced to withdraw from the fight. In <mask>'s professional MMA and UFC debut, he defeated Matt Arroyo at UFC 94: St. Pierre vs. Penn 2, and won the fight by split decision. The judges scored the fight (29-28, 28-29, 29-28). <mask> next fought his former Ultimate Fighter castmate Matthew Riddle at UFC 101. He lost the bout by unanimous decision. The judges scored the bout 29-27, 30-26 and 30-27. <mask> was cut from the UFC after his loss to Riddle.Bellator Fighting Championships
After leaving the UFC, <mask> recorded a pair of wins before he signed to fight Dennis Olson in a middleweight contest that took place at Bellator 15. Cramer dominated the bout, and won via unanimous decision with all three judges giving him a 30-27 win. Cramer fought fellow TUF alumnus, <mask>, for a one-off show from Bellator at Great Adventure in New Jersey. After three very close rounds, the fight went to the judges and Rivera was awarded the win via split decision (30-27, 30-27, 28-29). Judge Doug Crosby was the only dissenting voice on the cards, scoring the fight 29-28 to Cramer. Many spectators believed Cramer won, even booing the hometown favorite Rivera. He returned to Bellator for its last season three event, Bellator 34, against Igor Almeida.Cramer defeated Almeida via TKO (cut) at 2:36 of round one. That was <mask>'s first professional win via stoppage. At Bellator 39, Cramer fought Greg Rebello at the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut. He won via unanimous decision. <mask> made his fourth Bellator appearance at Bellator 46 against Josh Samman. Cramer controlled the entirety of the fight, and won the fight via unanimous decision. Cramer brought his undefeated Bellator record to 4-0.<mask> was expected to fight John Clarke on August 20, 2011 in Uncasville, Connecticut at Bellator 48. This was <mask>'s fifth Bellator appearance. Clarke, however, withdrew due to an injury and Cramer faced newcomer Jeff "The Wolfman" Nader. Cramer dominated the fight throughout two rounds before losing via TKO in the third round. At Bellator 63, Cramer rematched Jeff "The Wolfman" Nader on the preliminary portion of the card. The event took place March 30, 2012 in Uncasville, Connecticut. He won the fight via split decision.Cramer defeated Joe Lamoureux at Bellator 81 on November 16, 2012 via KO in round one. Bellator MMA announced Cramer as a competitor in the Season Eight Middleweight tournament, at Bellator 89 Cramer defeated Brian Rogers via unanimous decision in the Quarterfinal bout. He faced Brett Cooper in the semifinals on March 7, 2013 at Bellator 92. Despite winning the first two rounds, Cramer lost via TKO in the third round. Cramer was then expected to face Perry Filkins at Bellator 98 on September 7, 2013 in the quarterfinals of Bellator's Season Nine Middleweight Tournament. <mask>,  however, withdrew from the bout and was replaced with Jeremy Kimball. <mask> was expected to face Doug Marshall at Bellator 115 on April 4, 2014 in Bellator's Season Ten Middleweight Tournament.Marshall pulled out due to a current suspension and was replaced by Jeremy Kimball. However, Kimball missed weight prior to the bout and the fight was cancelled. Cramer faced Perry Filkins at Bellator 123 on September 5, 2014. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Win
|align=center|11–4
|Perry Filkins
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 123
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|10–4
|Brett Cooper
|TKO (punches)
|Bellator 92
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:19
|Temecula, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–3
|Brian Rogers
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 89
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–3
|Joe Lamoureux
|KO (punches)
|Bellator 81
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:26
|Kingston, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–3
|Jeff Nader
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 63
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|Return to Middleweight. |-
|Loss
|align=center|7–3
|Jeff Nader
|TKO (punches)
|Bellator 48
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:04
|Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|Light Heavyweight debut.

masks:
Daniel John Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Dante Rivera
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer