title: Raffaele Cutolo

texts:
 only with mafia association: prosecutors alleged she had been running her brother's organisation.She was acquitted nine times of murder. Rosetta had persuaded the authorities she was harmless, and her frumpy image definitely helped. However, <mask> <mask> has always maintained that Rosetta knew nothing of his criminal activities and did only what he asked: "Rosetta has never been a Camorrista... She only listened to me and sent me a few suitcases of money to prisoners like i told her to." Nevertheless, it is clear that <mask> had always wanted to maintain a male-only organization based on principles such as criminal fraternity and so could never be seen giving a role to his sister. It could be argued that he did not want to implicate her and therefore, always insisted that she was innocent. Moreover, many important members did not believe that she held an important role because she was a woman. For instance, former NCO lieutenant and pentiti, Pasquale Barra argued: "What has <mask> got to do with it?What have woman got to do with the Camorra?" <mask> <mask> decided to expand the Camorra to Apulia. The final outcome was not what he had planned. At first local criminals were managing the illegal trades while the Camorra lent financial resources and support demanding 40% of all profits derived from illegal activities. This arrangement proved to be an unstable one: soon the local criminals tried to free themselves from the masters. In 1981, one of them, Giuseppe Rogoli, founded the Sacra Corona Unita, a new Mafia invoking the regional Pugliese identity against the intrusion of the foreign Neapolitans. Nuova Camorra Organizzata–Nuova Famiglia feud
The NCO spread like wildfire in the crisis-ridden Campanian towns of the late 1970s, offering alienated youths an alternative to a lifetime of unemployment or poorly paid jobs.Hundreds of young men were employed as enforcers. Initially, the main specialisation of NCO gangs was extorting money through protection rackets from local businesses. While the traditional Camorristic families held territorial powers and the consequent responsibility over their controlled areas, the NCO had no qualms over breaking the established social fabric by extorting shopkeepers, small factories and businesses, and building contractors. In its quest for cash, it even targeted individuals such as landlords, lawyers and professionals. The NCO's protection racket even included a transient circus. The NCO later branched out to cocaine trafficking, partly because it was less subject to police investigation than heroin, but also because the Sicilian Mafia was less involved in the cocaine trade. At the end of the 1970s two different types of Camorra organisations were beginning to take shape.On one side there was Cutolo's NCO, which dealt mainly in cocaine and protection rackets, preserving a strong regional sense of identify. On the other side, the business-oriented Camorra clans linked to the Sicilian Cosa Nostra like the clans of Michele Zaza and Lorenzo Nuvoletta, who dealt in cigarettes and heroin, but soon moved on to invest in real estate and construction firms. Cutolo's NCO became more powerful by encroaching and taking over other group's territories. The NCO was able to break the circle of traditional power held by the families. Cutolo's organisation was too aggressive and violent to be resisted by any individual families. Other Camorra families initially were too weakened, too divided, and simply too intimidated by the NCO. He requested that if other criminal groups wanted to keep their business, they had to pay the NCO protection on all their activities, including a percentage for each carton of cigarettes smuggled into Naples.This practice came to be known as ICA (Imposta Camorra Aggiunta, or Camorristic Sale Tax), mimicking the state VAT sale tax IVA (Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto). For instance, Michele Zaza, the biggest Neapolitan cigarette smuggler, was reported to have paid the NCO more than 4 billion lire in the first three months after the imposition of the racket. However, no hierarchy between Camorra gangs or stable spheres of influence had been created, and no gang leader was likely to agree to be subdued by Cutolo without making a fight of it. In 1978, Zaza formed a ‘honourable brotherhood’ (onorata fratellanza) in an attempt to get the Sicilian mafia-aligned Camorra gangs to oppose Cutolo and his NCO, although without much success. A year later, in 1979, the more successful Nuova Famiglia was formed to contrast Cutolo's NCO. It consisted of various powerful and charismatic Camorra clan leaders from the areas around Naples, such Carmine Alfieri of Saviano, Pasquale Galasso of Poggiomarino, Mario Fabbrocino of the Vesuvius area, the Nuvoletta clan of Marano, Antonio Bardellino from Casal di Principe (patriarch of the so-called "Casalesi") and Michele Zaza, known as o Pazzo or the Madman from Portici who made France his base of operations. From 1980-1983 a bloody war raged in and around Naples, which left several hundred dead and severely weakened the NCO.Between 16 and 19 June 1983, police arrested a thousand members of the NCO. Cirillo kidnapping

<mask> has been instrumental in obtaining the release of Ciro Cirillo, the Christian Democrat member of the regional government of Campania ("assessore") in charge of Urban Planning, who had been abducted by the Red Brigades in April 1981. He was released within three months because, so rumour has it, the Christian Democrats paid <mask> to use his influence with the Red Brigades. Publicly the Christian Democrats had refused to negotiate with terrorists, but privately leading politicians and members of the secret services visited <mask> in prison and asked him to negotiate with imprisoned members of the Red Brigades. A large ransom was paid to win Cirillo's release. In return, <mask> allegedly asked for a slackening of police operations against the Camorra, for control over the tendering of building contracts in Campania (a lucrative venture since Campania was hit by a devastating earthquake in November 1980) and for a reduction of his own sentence – as well as new psychiatric test to show that he is not responsible for his actions. Both these last concessions were granted.Decline

<mask> overplayed his hand in the Cirillo affair. His former political protectors turned and provided their support to his main rival Carmine Alfieri. When his main 'military' chief, Vincenzo Casillo was killed in January 1983 by the allies of Alfieri, it was clear <mask> had lost the war. His power declined considerably. Not only <mask> but many other Camorra gangs understood the shift in the balance of power caused by the death of Casillo. They abandoned the NCO and allied themselves with Alfieri. His sister who ran the business was arrested in 1993.He was moved to a prison on the island Asinara, far away from Naples and his ability to communicate with the outside was severely restricted when the harsh 41-bis prison regime was imposed upon him. In 2005, he asked for clemency in a letter to the Italian President. "I am tired and ill. I want to spend my last years at home." In 1983 he married Immacolata in prison. The couple never consummated their marriage. A six-year legal battle allowed <mask> the right to father a child, Denise, through artificial insemination.<mask> had previously had a son, Roberto, from a previous marriage who was shot dead in Tradate on 24 December 1990, aged 28, in gang violence. His killers were later found dead, their faces riddled with bullets. The murder had been ordered by Mario Fabbrocino, the boss of the Fabbrocino clan, as revenge for <mask> ordering the death of his brother, Francesco, in the 1980s. Fabbrocino was eventually convicted of Roberto's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2005. Personality
<mask> thought of himself as a predestined man with supernatural powers, able to heal the wounded and raise the dead. Various psychiatric examinations assessed him to be a psychotic, an hysteric and a megalomaniac. He thought that he had been sent to earth to save the Neapolitan people.As he said during a trial in 1980:

During a psychiatric evaluation, <mask> claimed to have revived his aunt when he was eighteen. One night she had entered into what had appeared to be an irreversible coma. <mask> went close to her and said: "Get up! We don't have the money for your funeral." She then got up. According to Adriano Baglivo of the Corriere della Sera, the old lady came back to consciousness due to the emergency care of a physician familiar with her history of catatonic attacks. However, for <mask> this episode assumed the character of a miracle and sign of his inner powers.When Valerio Fioravanti, a Neo-fascist and fellow Poggioreale inmate sentenced for political terrorism asked <mask> the reason for his charisma, he replied: "Naples is divided into lords and beggars. If I have charisma, it is because I can offer a prompt promotion from the second category to the first one". In prison, <mask> received a significant amount of fan mail from youth who were impressed with his achievements as well as his ability to outsmart the authorities. Generally viewing themselves as marginal and exploited, they were attracted by his notoriety, flamboyant personality and charisma. For instance, a letter from two teenage girls from Acerra which were intercepted by prison authorities read as follows:

During an interview with the media, <mask> reminisced about his life:

Death
On 17 February 2021, <mask> died in the prison unit of the Maggiore Hospital in Parma, at the age of 79. Biography and film
 Marrazzo, Giuseppe (1984/2005). Il camorrista.Vita segreta di don <mask> <mask>, Naples: Tullio Pironti,
 Il Camorrista (1986), directed by Giuseppe Tornatore. Vaguely inspired by the real story of <mask>. <mask> is played by Ben Gazzara, with the Italian voiceover done by Italian actor Mariano Rigillo. The story of <mask> <mask> inspired one of the most famous songs of Fabrizio De André, entitled "Don Raffaé (Clouds of 1990)". Footnotes

References
Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra, London: Routledge,
Fiandaca, Giovanni (ed.) (2007), Women and the Mafia: Female Roles in Organized Crime Structures, New York: Springer
Haycraft, John (1985).The Italian Labyrinth: Italy in the 1980s, London: Secker & Warburg
Jacquemet, Marco (1996). Credibility in Court: Communicative Practices in the Camorra Trials, Cambridge University Press
 Sciarrone, Rocco (1998). Mafie vecchie, mafie nuove: Radicamento ed espansione, Rome: Donzelli Editore
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
 , Rai Tre
 , Rai Tre

1941 births
2021 deaths
People from Ottaviano
Camorristi
Camorristi sentenced to life imprisonment
Nuova Camorra Organizzata
Italian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Italy
Italian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy
Prisoners who died in Italian detention
Escapees from Italian

masks:
Raffaele
Cutolo
Cutolo
Rosa Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
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Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo
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Raffaele
Cutolo


title: Edward Clark Potter

type: original

texts:
<mask> (November 26, 1857 – June 21, 1923) was an American sculptor best known for his equestrian and animal statues. His most famous works are the marble lions, nicknamed Patience and Fortitude, in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch

Early years
Born in New London, Connecticut, he grew up in Enfield, Massachusetts, where he lived with his mother Mary and sister Clara. There he went to local schools. At 17, due to his mother's wish that he become a minister, he entered Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, for four years. He entered Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, in the class of 1882. He only attended for three semesters, but later was granted an honorary Master's degree. He studied drawing at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston with Frederic Crowninshield and Otto Grundmann.There he also did some modelling with the sculptor Truman H. Bartlett. Career
In 1883 he became an assistant to Daniel Chester French and concentrated on animal studies and working as a manager and salesman in the quarries. From 1887 to 1889 he studied sculpture at the Académie Julian in Paris with Antonin Mercié and Emmanuel Frémiet, becoming an accomplished animalier (animal sculptor). During his years there, he exhibited several pieces at the Salon: small groups of rabbits, a bust of a black man, a sketch from an American Indian group, and a sleeping faun with a rabbit. For the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he collaborated with his teacher and friend Daniel Chester French on several of the important sculptures of the exposition. Unfortunately these statues, like most of the architecture of the fair, were made of staff, a temporary material of plaster, cement, and jute fibers, first used in buildings of the Paris exhibition in 1878. He was elected to the National Sculpture Society in 1893, and joined the Society of American Artists in 1894.This later merged with the National Academy to which he was elected in 1906. <mask> won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904. His most famous work is the pair of pink Tennessee marble lions in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch, carved by the Piccirilli brothers. <mask> was recommended for this commission by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The lions were originally nicknamed "Leo Astor" and "Leo Lenox", for the two private libraries that formed the collection's core, but mayor Fiorello La Guardia renamed them for qualities New Yorkers were showing in weathering the Great Depression—Patience (on the left or south) and Fortitude (on the right or north)—and those names have stuck. A resident of Greenwich, Connecticut, after 1902, he sculpted the memorial to Raynal Bolling there in 1922. The Cos Cob section of Greenwich is considered one of the birthplaces of American Impressionism.<mask> was a founder and first president of the Greenwich Society of Artists, founded in 1912. He died at his summer home in New London, Connecticut. Collaborations with Daniel Chester French

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
(These were temporary sculptures, all were destroyed.) Grand Court
 The Republic (replicated as Statue of The Republic)
 Statue of Industry
 Statue of Plenty
 Statue of The Teamster
 Quadriga (horse-drawn chariot)
 Quadriga outriders

Equestrian statues
 Equestrian statue of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1893–98). Equestrian statue of George Washington, Place d'Iéna, Paris, France (1900). Equestrian statue of George Washington, Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois (1900–04). This is a replica of the statue in Paris.Equestrian statue of Major General Joseph Hooker, Massachusetts Statehouse, Boston, Massachusetts (1903). Progress of the State quadriga, Minnesota State Capitol, Cass Gilbert, architect, St. Paul, Minnesota (1905–1907). Equestrian statue of Charles Devens, Worcester, Massachusetts (1906). Equestrian statue of a bugler, "Soldier's Monument" Brookline, MA, (1915)

Gallery

Selected works
 Sleeping Faun, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City (1887–89). Bust of Vice President William A. Wheeler, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC (1890–1892). Governor Austin Blair, Michigan State Capitol, Lansing, Michigan (1895–1898). Robert Fulton, Rotunda Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (1897).One of 16 bronze statues set around the third-floor balustrade. John Paul Jones, Dewey Triumphal Arch, Madison Square, New York City (1899, destroyed). Equestrian Statue of Major General Henry W. Slocum, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1902). Equestrian Statue of Major General Charles Devens, Worcester County Courthouse, Worcester, Massachusetts (1905–06). Indian Religion (Buddha), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909). Indian Philosophy (Sankara), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909). Sighting the Enemy (George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument), Monroe, Michigan (1908–1910).Equestrian Statue of Major General George B. McClellan, Smith Memorial Arch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1909–1911). Lions, New York Public Library Main Branch, New York City (1910–11). Equestrian Statue of Major General Philip Kearny, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia (1912–1914). Bust of Sidney Lanier on the Sidney Lanier Monument, Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia (1914). The Bugler (Brookline Civil War Monument), Brookline, Massachusetts (1915). Equestrian Statue of Major General John A. McClernand, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1919). Raynal Bolling Memorial, Greenwich, Connecticut (1922).References

External links

 Stone Spirit
 National Sculpture Society
 School of the Museum of Fine Arts

1857 births
1923 deaths
People from New London, Connecticut
Alumni of the Académie Julian
Williston Northampton School alumni
Artists from Greenwich, Connecticut
Amherst College alumni
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
People from Enfield, Massachusetts
Sculptors from Connecticut
19th-century male artists

masks:
Edward Clark Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter


title: Seán McCool

texts:
<mask> (Irish: <mask>) (died 1 May 1949) was a prominent Irish Republican and a former chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army. Imprisoned on numerous occasions, both North and South of the border, he embarked on a number of hunger strikes in order to secure release. During the 1930s, <mask> was one of the few socialists to remain in the IRA after the Republican Congress's decision to split. He stood as a candidate for the Irish Republican party Clann na Poblachta before leaving them as a result of their decision to go into government with Fine Gael. <mask> was described by Peadar O'Donnell as "...deeply read but very much the IRA man". He was also prominent within the GAA in his native County Donegal and the current home ground of the Donegal GAA, MacCumhaill Park, is named in his honour. Early IRA activity
McCool, based in Donegal, took the Republican side during the Irish Civil War.At the end of the War he was sentenced and held as a prisoner of the Free State in either Finner Camp or Drumboe Castle. <mask> was present at the 2nd Drumboe martyrs commemoration for the execution of IRA volunteers Lieut. Dan Enright, Comdt. Gen. Charlie Daly, Brig. Comdt. Sean Larkin, and Lieut. Timothy O'Sullivan in 1923.Land annuities campaign
By 1927 Peadar O'Donnell, the IRA leader, had begun a campaign to use social agitation on the issue of Land Annuities, where small farmers in the republic were being taxed to pay for land brought by the British government in the preceding century. <mask> was one of O'Donnell's earliest supporters and by now was in charge of the East Donegal IRA. In September 1926 <mask>'s IRA unit raided the offices of a landlord's agent in Donegal, taking away all records. On 19 February 1927 he was one of four men arrested in connection with the raid. Before the trial, the prisoners went on hunger strike for a week. <mask>, and his co-accused, which included Peadar O'Donnell's younger brother Barney, received a sentence of six months imprisonment. which <mask> served in Mountjoy Prison where he would have been a prisoner at the same time as <mask> MacBride

Upon his release, <mask> returned to IRA activity in Donegal and was the main speaker at the annual Drumboe commemoration in 1928.His period of freedom was not to last as, by May 1929, he was again arrested in Sligo and held on a 'documents' charge while engaged in land annuity agitation. He was later sentenced to eight months of imprisonment. Rebuilding the IRA
During the 1930s senior IRA officers and veterans of the Tan and Civil Wars such as <mask> were sent to different areas for weeks at a time to help train local IRA recruits. In 1931, despite not being a member of the party, Fianna Fáil members in Stranorlar, Co. Donegal attempted to select McCool as a candidate, without success. That same year the IRA attempted to launch its own political party, Saor Éire. <mask> attended the inaugural meeting and seconded a motion sending fraternal greetings to the USSR. The success Fianna Fáil and the IRA at this time encouraged <mask>, writing to fellow republican Frank Ryan in 1932 he said that the crowd (at the Drumboe march) "did one's heart good after all the black years... the youth are with us and that's everything".<mask> continued to be active on both the military and political fronts. In 1932 he joined Peadar O'Donnell, Charlotte Despard and David Fitzgerald on the governing Committee of the Workers College, a group close to the Revolutionary Workers Group which would later morph into the Communist Party of Ireland. Later that year, while still involved in training activities, an IRA unit under the command of <mask> and Mick Price took over Donamon Castle in County Roscommon to set up a training camp. He also found time to address the Drumboe commemoration in his native County Donegal. <mask> wrote to then IRA Chief of Staff Moss Twomey requesting permission to issue a statement, ahead of a planned Orange march in Donegal, denouncing imperialist displays. This plan was vetoed by Twomey and Peadar O'Donnell's appeal to the Orange Order was issued instead. By 1933 <mask> was commander of the IRA Donegal No.2 Battalion and presided over the organising of a new slua of na Fianna Éireann (IRA youth wing) in Letterkenny, Co. Donegal and attended a 'Release the Prisoners' meeting in Derry City.He was also selected to stand as an abstentionist Republican candidate for the Foyle Constituency in County Londonderry where he received 3,031 votes. This result, along with the votes obtained by other Republicans in Northern Ireland was hailed as significant with the IRA proclaiming 'the fight in the North has been given new life'. The early 1930s saw increasing clashes between the IRA and the General Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts, At the 1934 IRA General Army Convention differences began to arise between those who thought that fighting Irish fascism in the form of the Blueshirts was the most important task for the IRA and those who believed that the Fianna Fáil government was using these clashes to turn against, and clamp down on the IRA. At the convention <mask> warned against physical clashes with the Blueshirts, stating that the IRA should instead attack what they stood for. 1934 saw the IRA split, with many on the left such as <mask>'s longtime ally Peadar O'Donnell leaving to form the Republican Congress and being dismissed from the IRA. This split was initially amicable with each side retaining many friends within each organisation. Despite being on the left of the IRA McCool remained loyal and did not join those who left to form the Republican Congress and again spoke at the Drumboe Commemoration in 1935.The Crown Entry Affair
25 April 1936 saw the IRA convene a court-martial in Belfast. The venue for the court-martial was the Craobh Ruadh Club at 10 Crown Entry. Presiding over the court-martial were members of the IRA's GHQ staff and the Ulster leadership of IRA which by now included <mask> <mask>. At 3:25pm, the RUC raided the club and arrested all present. Those present were charged with Treason-Felony and refused to recognise the court. <mask> was sentenced to five years imprisonment which he served in Belfast's Crumlin Road Gaol. By September 1936 <mask> and Jim Killeen (Adjutant General before being arrested in the Craobh Ruadh Club) were on hunger strike for political status.Chief of Staff
Upon release after serving his 5-year sentence in Belfast, <mask> returned to Ireland and was quickly arrested by the Gardaí with the intention of interning him. Representations were made to the Justice Minister, Gerald Boland, that since <mask> had only been released from prison in Belfast that he should not be interned as he had effectively not been active and there was no evidence that he was a threat. Boland, contrary to the advice of the Gardaí, ordered his release. November 1941 saw the arrest of IRA chief of Staff Pearse Kelly and a hurried IRA conference was called to deal with the vacancy. <mask> Harrington was appointed Chief of Staff while the newly released <mask> <mask> took on the role of Adjutant-General. The Dublin government had the IRA on the run for a number of years now and this was the first time in almost a year that the IRA had a functioning GHQ staff. The IRA's previous strategy, advocated by <mask> Russell, of focusing its activities on England had been a failure.The new leadership turned its focus to the six north eastern Counties which remained under British jurisdiction, while attempting to curtail armed actions by the IRA in Éire which had given the Dublin government justification to clamp down on the IRA. However, it wasn't long before Harrington was arrested and the Chief of Staff position was again vacant. The IRA in Éire was in disarray and the leadership was severely depleted. The Northern Command of the IRA saw this and stepped into the void, effectively assuming control of the organisation, with some justification given that the focus of the IRA was to be Northern Ireland. GHQ had become a mere symbol. February 1942 saw <mask> <mask> take on the role of Chief of Staff while Belfast's Eoin McNamee became Adjutant-General. McCool, McNamee and one or two others were the sum total of the IRA leadership and GHQ staff.The process of rebuilding the IRA was difficult. With so many arrests contacts had been lost or disappeared. <mask> travelled around the country attempting the re-establish IRA units and working towards the planned Northern campaign. <mask> and McNamee worked tirelessly and even attempted to renew contacts with Germany ahead of the planned campaign in Northern Ireland. Attempts to re-establish contact with Germany gathered pace when German Sergeant Gunther Schuetz escaped from Mountjoy Gaol in February 1942 and made contact with the IRA. Schuetz made contact with Mrs Caítlín Brugha (widow of Cathal Brugha) and <mask> quickly developed plans to get Schuetz out of the country with a shopping list of weapons for the IRA. <mask>, however, was not to see these plans develop as August 1942 saw him arrested and interned in the Curragh despite being an election candidate for the Irish General Election scheduled for June 1943.<mask>'s arrest caused difficulties for the IRA for while he had done an impressive job as Chief of Staff in a short period of time, he had kept the locations and contents of many IRA arms dumps in his head. <mask>, however, developed a plan to get this information to his comrades on the outside who were still planning for the Northern Campaign. Republican internees held in the Curragh camp had split into two main factions. However, a third faction of those who refused to take sides was also in existence. One member of this non-aligned faction was Harry White. <mask> hoped that White would appear to the authorities as having become disillusioned with the IRA due to the splits in the camp. With this is mind <mask> selected White to become his courier.<mask> asked White to 'sign out' of the camp and take the details of the arms dumps which <mask> had to the IRA leadership on the outside. 'Signing out' meant giving an undertaking to the authorities that you would turn you back on the IRA and not re-engage in the Republican struggle. This was contrary to IRA rules and carried a great stigma with it. White initially refused as he did not wish to contravene IRA rules. <mask> circumvented this problem by getting White to resign from the IRA, then sign out and rejoin when he left

masks:
Seán McCool
Seán MacCumhaill
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
Seán
Seán
McCool
Seán
Seán
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool
McCool


title: Seán McCool

texts:
 the camp. Technically this would mean that White was not breaking any IRA orders. The plan succeeded and, through White, <mask>'s information was relayed to the IRA on the outside.<mask> used this method of getting men to 'sign out' to get other experienced IRA Volunteers out of the Curragh in order to help the IRA on the outside. The Curragh
When <mask> arrived in the Curragh internment camp in April 1942 the faction fighting within the camp between those who accepted Liam Leddy as the prisoners camp O/C and those who supported Pearse Kelly as camp O/C was in full flight. <mask>, upon entering the Curragh, brought instructions from the IRA leadership on the outside that the rift between the factions was to be healed and both factions were to come together. Liam Leddy organised a meeting within the camp to discuss the directive from the leadership. <mask> and a number of other prisoners, mostly on the Kelly side of the dispute, voted to accept the directive. Leddy refused to accept this and the split was solidified and <mask> aligned himself with the Pearse Kelly faction. While morale amongst the prisoners was affected by the split in the camp <mask> and other senior prisoners in the camp ensured that men were kept occupied and that Republican politics was to the fore at all times.Towards the end of 1942 this took the form of a 'Statement on Republican Policy'. <mask> and Pearse Kelly colluded in writing this document which was essentially an education program for Republican internees which was intended to ensure that the Curragh Camp became "..a school of training of leaders and fighters". The document focused on revolutionary training, the national struggle, the history and economics. This was a radical program which put the common good ahead of private property rights, called for large unproductive landholding to be redistributed, planned for surplus farm produce to be sold at a price guaranteed by the State and promoted State banks and co-ops among other radical social and economic proposals. One internee, Derry Kelleher, noted that this period in the Curragh was where "I first heard the word 'revolution' in the powerful northern accent of <mask> MacCumhaill". Despite the inconvenience of his imprisonment, <mask> still had an election to fight as the Republican candidate in his native Donegal. The arrest and internment of an election candidate caused some controversy.Speaking in Leinster House, seat of the Irish Oireachtas, Roddy Connolly raised <mask>'s plight when discussing the effects that censorship implemented by the Fianna Fáil government were having on <mask>'s election campaign, namely that the Fianna Fáil government had censored one of <mask>'s election advertisements. During the same debate, Connolly also accused the Fianna Fáil government of abusing the powers of internment by arresting a candidate for parliamentary election, effectively depriving him of being able to contact his constituents during the election campaign. On top of this <mask> had, in May 1943, begun a Hunger Strike. <mask>'s hunger strike demanding release or fair trial began on 22 May 1943. The public was not notified by the Dublin authorities until 18 June 1943 that <mask> was on hunger strike and, due to the censorship in place at the time his election literature was not allowed to refer to this issue. By July 1943 the issue if those on Hunger Strike in the Curragh was the subject of debate in the Dublin Parliament and a number of demands were made for their release. Despite the censorship in place, which meant that only <mask>'s name and Party appeared on the ballot paper with little or no media coverage of his policies or plight, he polled 1,961 votes in the Donegal East constituency.<mask>'s hunger strike ended on 11 July 1943, after 50 days when he and three other hunger strikers, John Gerard O'Doherty, Terry McLaughlin and John Joe Maxwell, were persuaded to come off it by Sean MacBride and Con Lehane. Undoubtedly, the prolonged hunger strike had effects on the health of McCool, an issue which was again raised in the Dublin parliament on 30 November 1944 where one TD alleged that the doctor in the Curragh was refusing to tend to <mask> and that McCool's health was in an extremely poor way

After Internment
By 1945 most of the Republican internees who had been held in the Curragh were released. By this stage the IRA was almost non-existent. Internment had robbed it of its most talented leaders and the factional disputes that had taken place in the Curragh had disillusioned most of those who had been interned. Within this context Republicans slowly began trying to rebuild the IRA. This was no easy task as whole units had lost contact with the leadership, arms dumps were lost and forgotten about. Indeed, many were unsure who was actually still in the IRA.The first major Republican gathering which took place after the 'Curragh Years' was the annual Bodenstown commemoration in June 1945. There, among the assembled crowd <mask> met with Tony Magan and Michael Conway. All three agreed that they should work to begin rebuilding what was left of the IRA. However, by July 1945 he was again arrested and charged with plotting to kill <mask> Gantly, head of the Free State Special Branch. Gantly, who had taken the Free State side after the Treaty split, had become the nemesis of many senior IRA members after carrying out a number of high-profile arrests against them. By 1946 serious efforts were being made to re-establish the IRA leadership. In May 1947 Garda Special Branch were monitoring meetings held to establish a new republican national newspaper.These meetings were held under the banner of the 'Sean McCaughey Sinn Féin Cumann'. It was believed at that time that the IRA was using the cover of Sinn Féin to reorganise. A further meeting was held in June 1947 to discuss the reissue of An Phoblacht. <mask> attended this meeting, during which the current state of the IRA was also discussed. This meeting, however, was noted for the argument which took place between Paddy McLogan and <mask> <mask>. McLogan had suggested that the IRA give up the idea of drilling among other things. Many delegated seized upon this as an opportunity to expound the necessity of physical force, the foremost of these being <mask>.It was noted that the meeting ended without any firm proposals and that McLogan and <mask> parted on bad terms. The reorganisation of the IRA had seen the election of a new leadership which was primarily composed of those who had opposed <mask> and Pearse Kelly in the Curragh and also contained Paddy McLogan. Clann na Poblachta

In July 1946 former IRA chief of staff and good friend of <mask> <mask>, <mask> MacBride, formed a new political party called Clann na Poblachta. The Clann drew many well known and staunch IRA and former IRA members such as MacBride, Con Lehane, Jim Killeen, Michael Conway and Mick Fitzpatrick, and also attracted a number of younger radical members who had no Republican history or background. By 1947 the Clann had won two by-elections and their campaigning had given hope to many Republicans who had become demoralised by a combination of the Curragh splits, the Stephen Hayes affair, and the lack of political direction within the IRA. Added to this was the fact that many voters felt that Fianna Fáil had failed to live up to their early promise, this was exacerbated by Taoiseach de Valera's government being content to let IRA men die on hunger strike, particularly Sean McCaughey in Irish prisons. The Clann once again put Republicanism centre stage and many Republican stalwarts, <mask>, included were swept up by this tide and the belief that MacBride and the Clann might just go all the way and achieve what Fianna Fáil and the IRA has thus far failed to do.1948 saw a general election in the Free State, one which Clann na Poblachta, spurred on by their by-election victories, presented a serious challenge to Fianna Fáil. <mask>, now a member of the Clann, stood as a candidate in his home Donegal East constituency and increased his previous vote by receiving 3,217 votes. While <mask> did not manage to win a seat, the overall Clann na Poblachta vote meant that the party held the balance of power in Ireland. The decision was made to enter into coalition government with Fine Gael. This decision to go into government as partners with the tradition enemy of republicanism was a step too far for many Republicans within the Clann and <mask> <mask> was probably one of the most prominent members to resign from the party on this issue. Involvement in the GAA and death
The GAA had a strong tradition in the Stranorlar/Ballybofey area dating back to 1916 when the team 'Ballybofey Éire Óg's' was formed in Ballybofey and then in 1917 when 'Stranorlar Sarsfield's' was formed. Both teams then came together to form 'Erin's Hope'.In 1944, Ben Griffin and Sean MacCumhaill made an offer to Mark Byrne to buy a field which was within the town boundary of Ballybofey, but at the time the owner was unwilling to sell. In 1946, as part of the 'Civic Week' celebrations in the Twin Towns a friendly match between Sligo and Donegal was held in Mark Byrne's field. As this proved to be a great success, a Park Committee was formed and the field was finally secured for the GAA. <mask> also served as secretary of the Donegal GAA from 1946 until his death in 1949. <mask> died suddenly on 1 May 1949, shortly after Mark Byrne's field was secured for the GAA. Soon after that it was decided that the new Park would be known as Seán MacCumhaill Park, in honour of <mask> <mask>. On Sunday, 22 April 1956, the well equipped MacCumhaill Park was officially opened by the President of the GAA, and a plaque to the memory of the late <mask> MacCumhaill was unveiled at the main gate.The name of the club was also changed from "Erin's Hope" to "Sean MacCumhaills", a name it retains to this day. The crowds attending <mask>'s funeral packed the streets of Stranorlar. After the funeral service, his tricolour draped coffin was borne through Stranorlar to the old graveyard. "<mask> MacCumhaill was an extraordinary man" said Fr. Gallagher at the funeral, "he never once flinched from the ideals he had set for himself, he was an honest, God fearing Irishman." References

Bibliography

1949 deaths
Clann na Poblachta politicians
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
Irish republicans
Irish socialists
People from County Donegal
Year of birth

masks: McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool McCool McCool Seán McCool Seán McCool Seán


title: Jane Jensen

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; January 28, 1963 in Palmerton, Pennsylvania) is an American video game designer and author. She is mostly known as the creator of the Gabriel Knight series of adventure games, and also co-founded Oberon Media and Pinkerton Road video game development companies. <mask> also writes under the name Eli Easton. Early life
<mask> was born <mask>, the youngest of seven children. She received a BA in computer science from Anderson University in Indiana and worked as a systems programmer for Hewlett-Packard. Career
Her love of both computers and creative writing eventually led her to the computer gaming industry and Sierra OnLine where she worked as a writer on Police Quest III: The Kindred and EcoQuest: The Search for Cetus. After co-designing King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow with veteran game designer Roberta Williams, <mask> designed her first solo game: Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers, which was released in 1993.The dark, supernatural mystery was a departure for Sierra but the game was enthusiastically received, with the strength of <mask>'s writing, along with the game's horror and gothic sensibilities coming in for particular praise from the gaming press and earning the Computer Gaming World'''s "Adventure Game of the Year" award. <mask> followed up Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers with two sequels: The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery in 1995 and Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned in 1999. Somewhat unusually for an adventure game series, each Gabriel Knight title was produced in an entirely different format to the others. Whereas the original was a traditional 2D animated game, the sequels were realised through full motion video and a custom built 3D engine, respectively. Despite further acclaim for <mask>'s design in both cases (The Beast Within too was Computer Gaming World "Game of the Year"), the large expenses associated with making the sequels, coupled with the declining marketability of adventure games (especially within Sierra) meant that a fourth in the series was not commissioned. In 1997, <mask> published a novelization of the first Gabriel Knight game. A second Gabriel Knight novelization followed in 1998.In 1999, <mask> published her first non-adapted novel, Millennium Rising (later retitled Judgment Day). Her fourth book, Dante's Equation was published in 2003 and was nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award. <mask> has been involved in designing casual online games at Oberon Media, of which she is a co-founder. Her work in the hidden object/light adventure category can partially be credited with moving casual games in the direction of full adventure games in puzzle and story sophistication. Some of her more notable recent games include Deadtime Stories (2009) and Dying for Daylight (2010). After leaving Oberon in 2011, she briefly worked at Zynga. <mask>'s next big adventure game Gray Matter was developed by Wizarbox and published by dtp entertainment in 2010.The game, originally intended to be developed by Hungarian software house Tonuzaba, switched to another developer, French company Wizarbox in 2008: as a result, the tentative release was changed and shifted to 2010. <mask> was also a story consultant on Phoenix Online Studios' 2012 adventure game Cognition: An Erica Reed Thriller. On April 5, 2012, <mask> and her husband Robert Holmes announced the formation of Pinkerton Road, a new game development studio to be headquartered on their Lancaster, Pennsylvania farm. With this announcement, a Kickstarter campaign was launched to raise funds for the studio's first year of game development. In 2014, Pinkerton released their first games, Moebius: Empire Rising and Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers 20th Anniversary Edition. Since 2013, <mask> has written gay romance fiction under the pen name "Eli Easton". The Lion and the Crow was written for the Goodreads M/M Romance event "Love has No Boundaries" in 2013, and later expanded and rereleased as a second edition in e-book and audiobook.Personal life
<mask> owns a farm in Pennsylvania where she lives with her husband, composer Robert Holmes, who composed the music for the Gabriel Knight series and Gray Matter. Works
GamesEcoQuest: The Search for Cetus (1991) (writer)Police Quest III: The Kindred (1991) (writer)King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow (1992) (co-designer, co-writer)Space Quest IV: Roger Wilco and the Time Rippers (1992) (CD-ROM version) (voice actor)The Dagger of Amon Ra (1993) (CD-ROM version) (voice actor)Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers (1993) (designer, director, writer)Pepper's Adventures in Time (1993) (designer)The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery (1995) (designer, writer)Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned (1999) (designer, writer)Inspector Parker (2003) (designer)BeTrapped!

masks:
Jane Jensen
Jane Elizabeth Smith
Jensen
Jane Jensen
Jane Elizabeth Smith
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Jensen


title: Renaud Lavillenie

texts:
<mask> ( or ; born 18 September 1986) is a French pole vaulter. Lavillenie won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics in London and the silver medal at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. In addition to his Olympic success, he has won three World Indoor Championships gold medals (record), three European Championships gold medals and four European Indoor Championships gold medals. He has also won one silver medal and four bronze medals at the World Championships. As of 25 August 2016, he holds the French national records for the highest pole vault clearance both outdoors (6.05 m) and indoors (6.16 m). The 6.16 was the absolute world record for the pole vault for over 6 years, 2014–2020. He was the pole vault overall winner of the IAAF Diamond League in seven consecutive years, from 2010 to 2016.Outside pole vaulting, Lavillenie is a keen motorcyclist, and raced in the 2013 Le Mans 24 Hours for motorcycles, finishing 25th. Lavillenie subsequently entered the 2014 race, aiming for a top 20 finish. Lavillenie's younger brother Valentin <mask> is also a pole vaulter. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Charente, France. His father was a pole vaulter. <mask> made his pole vault competition debut in 2003, at the age of 17. Pole vaulting career

2008
Lavillenie's 2008 outdoor personal best was 5.65 m, achieved on 27 June in Villeneuve-d'Ascq.His 2008 indoor personal best was 5.81 metres, achieved on 5 December in Aulnay-sous-Bois. 2009: broke Jean Galfione's 10-year-old French national outdoor pole vault record

Lavillenie's 2009 indoor personal best was also 5.80 m – he cleared that height in Moscow and to win the 2009 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Turin. Lavillenie improved his outdoor personal best to 5.81 m in May 2009, beating veteran French pole vaulter Romain Mesnil in Forbach. Two weeks later, he improved his outdoor personal best to 5.96 m at a meeting in Aubière, setting a world-leading outdoor mark. He achieved another world-leading outdoor mark with a winning jump of 6.01 m on 21 June 2009 at the 2009 European Team Championships in Leiria, Portugal. That 6.01-metre mark broke Jean Galfione's ten-year-old French national outdoor record of 5.98 m set in Amiens on 23 July 1999 and would remain as the French national outdoor record until Lavillenie beat it by 1 cm in July 2013. At the 2009 World Championships, Lavillenie vaulted 5.80 m in the pole vault final to win the bronze medal (his first medal in the Olympic Games, World Championships or World Indoor Championships) behind Steven Hooker and Romain Mesnil.He also took part in the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final but failed to record a mark and finished last. 2010: first European Championships gold medal
At the 2010 World Indoor Championships, Lavillenie's only cleared 5.45 m in the qualification round and did not qualify for the final. He enjoyed better success at the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League (all events were held outdoors), in which he won four of the seven pole vault events to become its pole vault overall winner. At the Adidas Grand Prix on 12 June 2010, he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.85 m (which was a meeting record), beating Steven Hooker into second place. Seven weeks later, he captured his first European Championships pole vault title in Barcelona, with a jump of 5.85 m in the final. 2011: broke Jean Galfione's 12-year-old French national indoor pole vault record
On 5 March 2011, in the 2011 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Paris, Lavillenie vaulted 6.03 m to win his second consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal and break the French national indoor pole vault record that had been held by Jean Galfione (6.00 m) since 6 March 1999. That jump of 6.03 m was the third-highest personal best indoor clearance of all time.Only Sergey Bubka (6.15 m in 1993) and Steve Hooker (6.06 m in 2009) had registered higher personal best indoor clearances. Lavillenie only managed fifth place (5.50 m) in the pole vault event of the outdoor 2011 European Team Championships. He won four of the seven pole vault events in the 2011 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the second year running. At the 2011 World Championships he cleared 5.85 m to win the World Championships pole vault bronze medal for the second time running. Lavillenie underwent surgery on his left hand after he broke it due to a snapped pole accident in December 2011. 2012: won the Olympic Games and World Indoor Championships gold medals for the first time
Lavillenie returned to competition in February 2012 and won the Pole Vault Stars meet with a clearance of 5.82 m.

At the 2012 World Indoor Championships, <mask> <mask> won his first World Indoor Championships or World Championships gold medal by clearing 5.95 m in the final, which was 15 cm better than the silver and bronze medallists. At the 2012 European Championships, Lavillenie cleared 5.97 m in the final to win the European Championships gold medal for the second time in a row.At the 2012 Olympic Games, Lavillenie won the gold medal by clearing 5.97 m (a new Olympic record) in the final. He was in the bronze medal position (5.85 m) behind two Germans at 5.91 m – Björn Otto and Raphael Holzdeppe – when he cleared the aforementioned height on his third and final attempt. He had earlier failed to clear 5.91 m on his first attempt and 5.97 m on his second. After securing the gold medal when Otto and Holzdeppe failed later to match or better his 5.97 m, Lavillenie had one failed attempt at 6.02 m and two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m. He thus won France its 14th track and field Olympic gold medal in history, became the first French track and field Olympic champion since 1996 and the third French men's Olympic pole vault champion. Lavillenie won five of the seven pole vault events in the 2012 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the third year running. 2013 indoor season: third consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal
At the 2013 European Indoor Championships, <mask> won the pole vault title for the third time in a row after clearing 6.01 m in the final. He did not miss any attempts at 6.01 m and below, with first time clearances at 5.61, 5.76, 5.86, 5.91, 5.96 and 6.01 m. After two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m, his third attempt at this height was judged by the competition officials as a foul.Although the bar did not fall during this third attempt, the competition officials later explained that in clearing the bar, Lavillenie had shifted it further than was admissible. The International Association of Athletics Federations regulation which operated in this case was Rule 182.2.a, which states that a vault shall be declared ineligible if "the bar does not remain on both pegs because of the action of the athlete". 2013 outdoor season: third consecutive World Championships medal

At 27 July 2013 London Grand Prix fixture of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League, Lavillenie cleared 6.02 m to secure victory, setting a meeting record for the pole vault and beating his own French national outdoor pole vault record by 1 cm. He then had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but he failed to clear that height three consecutive times. If he had succeeded, he would have broken Sergey Bubka's world outdoor record of 6.14 m set in 1994. Lavillenie went on to become the pole vault overall winner of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League – he won five of its eight pole vault events – for the fourth consecutive year. Lavillenie was the overwhelming favorite to win the 2013 World Championships pole vault title in Moscow.He had dominated the event since the start of 2013. Coming into these world championships, he had achieved the six world-best vaults of the year, was the only man to have gone beyond the 6-metre mark both indoors and outdoors and had cleared the year's highest outdoor height of 6.02 m just two weeks before at the London Grand Prix. In the final of the 2013 World Championships, only Lavillenie and the German pole vaulter Raphael Holzdeppe managed to clear 5.89 m. Both of them failed to clear the next greater height of 5.96 m three consecutive times. Holzdeppe beat Lavillenie to the gold medal by virtue of his clearing the previous height of 5.89 m on his first attempt, whereas Lavillenie needed three attempts to clear 5.89 m. Lavillenie thus won the silver medal with a height of 5.89 m, the same height as Holzdeppe. Lavillenie attempted to break the 14-year-old world decathlon best in the pole vault event (5.76 m, set by Tim Lobinger on 16 September 1999) at the annual Décastar meeting in September 2013, but he managed only to clear a height of 5.47 m in his specialist event. Despite not winning the World Championship title, the flying Frenchman lost only one other outdoor competition all season and he won the IAAF Diamond League race for his event for the fourth consecutive time in 2013. 2014 indoor season: broke absolute world record
Lavillenie was unbeaten in six indoor meetings during the 2014 winter season, and improved his national indoor record three times, including his world record performance in Donetsk, Ukraine on 15 February.On 31 January 2014, Lavillenie cleared 6.08 m with some room to spare on his first attempt, at the Pedro's Cup indoors meeting in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Six days earlier, he had cleared 6.04 m in Rouen to set a new national indoor record. The 6.08 m clearance in Bydgoszcz was the world's second highest personal best indoor clearance in history, behind Sergey Bubka's 6.15 m indoor world record set in Donetsk in 1993. It also enabled Lavillenie to overtake Steve Hooker to become the world's second-best pole vaulter (personal best indoor and outdoor clearances taken into consideration) in history, behind Bubka's personal bests of 6.14 m (outdoor) and 6.15 m (indoor). In both the Bydgoszcz and Rouen meetings, Lavillenie had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but in both meetings he failed in all his three attempts to clear that height. Lavillenie claimed the men's world record with 6.16 m on 15 February 2014. Competing in the annual Pole Vault Stars meeting in Sergey Bubka's hometown of Donetsk, Ukraine, Lavillenie entered the competition at 5.76 m and cleared that height as well as 5.91 m on his first attempts before needing all three tries to get over 6.01 m. With the bar set at 6.16 m and Bubka looking on from the stands, Lavillenie flew over the bar on his first try.6.16 m was the new absolute world record, exceeding both Bubka's 6.14 m outdoors and 6.15 m indoors that some had considered impossible to beat. It was <mask>'s fourth consecutive win in the Pole Vault Stars meeting, and came one week short of 21 years since Bubka set the record of 6.15 m at that competition in 1993. "It is going to take me some time to come back to earth because it is incredible," Lavillenie said. "This is a world record that is so mythical, and to clear it on the first jump, without touching (the bar) – there is nothing to say. It is just a moment to savor." Holding his head in his hands in disbelief, Lavillenie looked wild-eyed and then pumped his arms in delight, before running with his arms outstretched to soak up the atmosphere. The vault occurred in Ukraine's fifth largest city just three days before the beginning of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.After a lengthy delay due to the official measurement of the world record 6.16 m, Lavillenie had the bar raised 5 cm to 6.21 m. On his first attempt, he could not control the pole after planting it in the box – the pole pushed him backwards and as he fell off the elevated runway the spikes of his right shoe lacerated the inside of his left ankle that was on the edge of the runway. Fortunately, Lavillenie did not suffer any damage to his ankle ligament or bone. He was given 16 stitches in a Donetsk hospital to close his ankle wound. Although not a serious injury, the nearly 4-inch long gash put an immediate end to Lavillenie's indoor season, forcing him to withdraw from both the Championnats de France d'athlétisme en salle (the French national indoor athletics championships) to be held in Bordeaux on 22–23 February and the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships to be held in Sopot, Poland on 7–9 March. Lavillenie was given a hero's welcome when he landed home on 16 February, showing up in the Charles de Gaulle Airport terminal building in crutches before a horde of journalists. The new world record holder arrived home to an outpouring of praise from all quarters in a country where pole-vaulting is held in the highest esteem. "The New Czar," headlined the L'Équipe sports daily, saying that his giant leap in Ukraine had been "a major landmark in the history of sport."Lavillenie's compatriot, Jean Galfione, who won the 1996 Olympic pole vault gold medal, said, "Doing better than Bubka, it is like going faster than Usain Bolt, having better statistics than Michael Jordan. He has just dethroned a legend." "It was great, a historical moment. It was really an incredible performance. I am very happy that I passed the baton to such a great athlete and such a great personality and role model. I always felt it could happen. I hoped it would be soon," Sergey Bubka, who was the first person to congratulate Lavillenie on his world record-breaking performance, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview shortly after Lavillenie had claimed the world record.On 9 March, the last day of the 2014 World Indoor Championships, the IAAF announced that it had ratified (certified) his world record jump. 2014 outdoor season
Lavillenie returned to competition in the Drake Relays track and field meeting held in Des Moines, Iowa at the end of April, where he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.70 m. On 18 May, he won the pole vault event at the Shanghai leg of the 2014 Diamond League, clearing 5.92 m on the first attempt. This 5.92 m clearance was a meeting record and the world-leading performance of the year. In that Shanghai meeting, he attempted to break his outdoor personal best of 6.02 m, but he failed to clear 6.03 m in all his three attempts. 2016 Olympics in Rio
Lavillenie was the favorite to win the Olympic gold in pole vaulting, but a strong performance from the host country's Thiago Braz da Silva left him with the silver medal. Lavillenie cleared 5.93 m with his third effort at the finals. This meant that each of the five other competing athletes had to equal or beat their personal best to stay in the competition.Only da Silva managed to do so. Lavillenie managed to clear the next height, 5.98 m, easily with his first attempt, but da Silva decided to skip 5.98 m and went on to 6.03 m. With a successful second attempt at 6.03 m, da Silva set a new Olympic Record. Lavillenie, having failed his first two attempts at 6.03 m, attempted 6.08 with his final jump but failed, knocking the bar off with his knee. Lavillenie was booed by the crowd during the competition and the medal ceremony, causing him to break down in tears as da Silva attempted to calm the crowd and support Lavillenie. Lavillenie compared the incident to Jesse Owens being booed at the Olympics in 1936, although he later apologized for the comment, saying it was made in the heat of the moment and he deeply regretted it. 2020
As the COVID-19 pandemic shut down most public sports events, Lavillenie conceived an event whereupon athletes could compete against others from their respective backyards: the event, billed "The Ultimate Garden Clash", was picked up by World Athletics, and was streamed live online on 3 May 2020. The event rules were changed so that vaulters had to clear a fixed 5m bar as many times as possible in two 15-minute stretches; in the event, Lavillenie ended up in a tie with Mondo Duplantis, each clearing the bar 36 times, ahead of Sam Kendricks with 26.Two weeks later, the women's event was held, with Katerina Stefanidi, Katie Nageotte and Alysha Newman. Personal life
Lavillenie married his wife Anaïs Poumarat in 2018, following 11 years of dating. Poumarat is also a pole voter. They have a daughter, Iris, who was born in July 2017.

masks:
Renaud Lavillenie
Lavillenie
Renaud
Lavillenie
Renaud
Renaud
Lavillenie
Lavillenie
Lavillenie


title: Howell Edmunds Jackson

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<mask> (April 8, 1832 – August 8, 1895) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1893 until his death in 1895. His brief tenure on the Supreme Court is most remembered for his opinion in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., in which <mask> argued in dissent that a federal income tax was constitutional. Republican President Benjamin Harrison appointed <mask>, a Democrat, to the Court. His rulings demonstrated support for broad federal power, a skepticism of states' rights and an inclination toward judicial restraint. <mask>'s unexpected death after only two years of service prevented him from having a substantial impact on American history. Born in Paris, Tennessee, in 1832, <mask> earned a law degree from Cumberland Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He briefly practiced law in Jackson before moving to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1857.Although he had initially opposed secession, he took a position in the Confederate civil service after the Civil War broke out. He returned to the practice of law after the war, but he also took an interest in politics. After an unsuccessful run for the Tennessee Supreme Court, he was elected to a seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1880. When the legislature deadlocked over the selection of a U.S. Senator, <mask> was selected as a consensus candidate, garnering bipartisan support. Despite being a loyal Democrat, fellow senators of both political parties, including Democrat Grover Cleveland and Republican Benjamin Harrison, held him in high regard. When Cleveland became president, he appointed <mask> to a seat on the federal circuit court for the Sixth Circuit.While on the circuit court, he sided with businesses in a major antitrust dispute and supported an expansive view of constitutional freedoms in a civil rights case. Shortly after President Harrison – <mask>'s former Senate colleague – lost reelection, Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q. C. Lamar died. Harrison wanted to select a Republican replacement for Lamar, but he realized Democratic senators would likely stall the nomination until he left office. He chose <mask>, whom he viewed both as a close friend and a well-regarded jurist. The Senate unanimously confirmed <mask> just before Harrison left office in 1893. Not long after assuming office, <mask> developed tuberculosis, preventing him from playing a major role in Supreme Court affairs. He authored only forty-six opinions, many of which were in patent disputes or other insignificant cases.He left Washington hoping that a better climate would aid his health but returned to the capital after the remaining eight justices split 4–4 in Pollock. Yet <mask> ended up dissenting in the landmark income tax case, likely because of a change in another justice's vote. While <mask>'s opinion in Pollock kept him from total obscurity in the annals of history, the journey to Washington also worsened his health considerably: he died on August 8, 1895, only eleven weeks after the ruling was handed down. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Paris, Tennessee, on April 8, 1832. His parents, natives of Virginia, moved to Tennessee in 1827. <mask>'s father, Alexander, was a university-trained physician in a time when professional medical training was rare. A Whig, Alexander later served in the Tennessee legislature and as mayor of Jackson, Tennessee.The <mask> family moved to Madison County, Tennessee, in 1840. <mask> enrolled at Western Tennessee College, where he studied Greek and Latin. After graduating in 1850, he pursued post-graduate studies at the University of Virginia for two years. <mask> then read law with A. W. O. Totten, a justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court, and with attorney and former U.S. Congressman Milton Brown. He next entered Cumberland Law School, graduating in 1856 after one year's study. <mask> was admitted to the bar that same year and began practicing law in the town of Jackson.His work there appears to have been largely unsuccessful, and he moved to the larger city of Memphis, Tennessee, in 1857. There he established a joint legal practice with David M. Currin, who later served as a Confederate congressman. The firm was successful, and it provided <mask> with experience in corporate litigation. Tennessee seceded from the Union in 1861. Although <mask> had opposed secession, he supported the Southern side in the war that followed. Judge West H. Humphreys appointed <mask> to enforce Confederate sequestration law in western Tennessee, placing him in charge of confiscating and selling the property of Union loyalists. Extant newspaper accounts show <mask> auctioned off a wide variety of property, including almonds, pickles, chairs, alcohol, tobacco and dried peaches.Just before the Union recaptured Memphis in 1862, <mask> fled with his family to LaGrange, Georgia. He attempted unsuccessfully to secure a position in the Confederate military judiciary. After the Civil War ended in 1865, <mask> returned to Memphis. Since he had served in the Confederate government, he had to secure a presidential pardon before he could continue the practice of law. Arguing that his role in the Confederate civil service was small, <mask> claimed in his petition that no formal sequestration orders had ever been issued under his tenure. Scholar Terry Calvani has contended these statements in <mask>'s application "simply were not true", characterizing them as perjury. President Andrew Johnson initially rejected <mask>'s petition, but he granted a second request in 1866.Since Currin had died during the war, <mask> started a new legal practice with a former colleague. Their clients consisted mainly of banks and other business enterprises. The firm was successful, arguing numerous cases before the Memphis courts. <mask>'s political sympathies had by this time moved toward the Democratic Party. A Redeemer, he was against Reconstruction-era policies and efforts toward racial equality. After his first wife died in 1873, he returned to the town of Jackson, where he started a law practice with General Alexander W. Campbell. Their firm litigated many cases involving property and criminal law.<mask> was well regarded as a lawyer: he sat as a judge on the local courts and served as a law professor at Southwestern Baptist University. Service in state government
<mask> practiced law in Jackson until 1880. In 1875, however, he was appointed a judge of the temporary Court of Arbitration for Western Tennessee, which heard cases stemming from the large backlog created by the Civil War. When that court was dissolved, <mask> sought the Democratic nomination for a seat on the Tennessee Supreme Court, running against incumbent Thomas J. Freeman. At the convention, <mask> lost by a single vote; he refused the entreaties of his supporters to challenge the result. <mask> then became involved in what was then Tennessee's key political dispute: whether to pay back the state debt. Republicans generally supported its repayment, while Democrats were split between a state-credit faction, which was supportive of fulfilling the state's financial obligations and a low-tax faction, which favored repudiating the debt.<mask>, who viewed repudiation to be immoral, was firmly on the state-credit side of this debate. After giving a speech on the debt, he was urged to run for a seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives. <mask> reluctantly agreed, and he was elected in 1880 after a contentious campaign. He was given the chairmanship of the committee on public grounds and buildings, but his prompt elevation to the U.S. Senate prevented him from making any substantial impact in that position. The legislature's session began in January 1881; the most urgent task before it was the election of a U.S. Senator. Incumbent Senator James E. Bailey's state-credit policies alienated the low-tax faction of the Democratic caucus, but Republican candidate Horace Maynard also failed to garner majority support.<mask>, who was considered capable of obtaining bipartisan support, refused to enter the race because he favored Bailey. A week of balloting failed to break the gridlock. Bailey then withdrew from consideration and urged <mask> to enter the race in his stead. On the thirtieth ballot, Republican R. R. Butler announced his support for <mask>, saying he had given up any hope that a Republican would be chosen. The Speaker of the House, a Maynard loyalist, followed suit, arguing that <mask> was the best choice among the Democrats. A number of Democrat legislators, many of whom were afraid that a Republican could be elected if they did not unite behind a candidate, backed <mask> as well. Convinced by Butler, other Republicans did the same, and <mask> was elected, receiving sixty-eight votes of the ninety-eight cast.Senate tenure
<mask> took his seat in the Senate on March 4, 1881. He was a member of four committees: the Post Office, Pensions, Claims, and Judiciary panels. Despite his loyalty to the Democratic platform, Republicans and Democrats alike held him in high regard. In the Senate, <mask> advocated for civil service reform and for the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He supported further restrictions on Chinese immigration and argued for lower tariffs and higher infrastructure spending. <mask>'s views on legal issues were influential among his colleagues: many important bills on the judiciary were referred to the subcommittee on which he sat. More important than his legislative accomplishments, however, were the personal relationships that he forged.<mask> became a friend of President Grover Cleveland, whose tariff policies he supported. He also established a friendly relationship with his colleague Benjamin Harrison, whom he was seated next to on the Senate floor. <mask> held a reputation for being a hard-working and committed legislator. Circuit judge

The 1886 death of Tennessee federal judge John Baxter created a vacancy for President Cleveland to fill on the circuit court for the Sixth Circuit. Cleveland asked his friend <mask>, who was still serving in the Senate, to recommend potential replacements, but the President ignored his advice and instead offered the seat to him. The senator attempted to decline, but Cleveland's insistence eventually led him to agree to be nominated. The Senate unanimously confirmed <mask>.During his seven-year tenure, he heard a variety of cases, a number of which pertained to patent issues. In 1889, <mask> urged his friend Harrison – who by then had become president – to appoint his judicial colleague Henry Billings Brown to the Supreme Court; although Harrison declined to appoint Brown that year, he elevated him to fill a subsequent vacancy the next year. <mask>'s most noteworthy opinion on the circuit court was In re Greene (1892), the first case in which a federal court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act. The ruling in Greene rejected a Sherman Act indictment against whiskey producers on the basis that the defendants were not preventing other firms from entering the whiskey market. <mask>'s narrow interpretation of the Act set the stage for later consequential antitrust cases, including United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895), and it continued to influence interstate commerce law for half a century. In other cases, <mask> took a broader view of constitutional provisions. His 1893 ruling in United States v. Patrick interpreted the Civil Rights Act of 1870 expansively.The defendants in Patrick, who were residents of Tennessee, had been charged with killing several federal officers while they were searching for an illegal still. A lower federal court threw out the indictments, holding the officers were not exercising any legally protected

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 civil right while they were carrying out their duties. <mask> rejected these arguments. In his view, federal officers have a constitutionally protected right "of accepting the public employment, and engaging in the administration of its functions". On that basis, <mask> concluded the prosecution under the Civil Rights Act could go forward since the officers' civil rights had been violated. Some Southerners denounced the ruling, objecting that it expanded the scope of an already loathed law. <mask>'s decision also showed that his stances were sufficiently moderate to coalesce with the Republican agenda.Supreme Court nomination
On January 23, 1893, Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q. C. Lamar died. At this point, President Harrison was a lame duck: Grover Cleveland had won the 1892 presidential election and would take office in six weeks. Although Harrison wanted to appoint a fellow Republican to fill the vacancy, he recognized that the Democrat-controlled Senate would likely refuse to act on the nomination since it could simply wait for Cleveland to make a more favorable appointment. Not long after Lamar's death, Justice Brown, whom <mask> had recommended to Harrison a few years prior, paid a visit to the White House. Wishing to return the favor, the Republican Brown suggested that the Democratic <mask> would be an ideal candidate for Harrison to select. <mask> indeed checked all the boxes for Harrison: he was a conservative and well-regarded jurist and came from the South, as Lamar had. The two had also served in the Senate together and were close friends.Harrison agreed to nominate <mask>, doing so on February 2. The decision surprised both Republicans and Democrats, who expected Harrison to choose someone from his own party. <mask>'s nomination was held up initially in committee, but senators unanimously confirmed their ex-colleague on February 18. Most had expected some objections on the floor, and a contemporaneous New York Times report noted that many were left "wondering...what became of the opposition". Professor Richard D. Friedman concludes their acquiescence was understandable: Democrats "could not very well vote against one of their own", while "Republicans, after initial disgruntlement, understood the logic of Harrison's move." Chief Justice Melville Fuller swore in <mask> on the morning of March 4, just hours before administering the presidential oath to Harrison's successor. Supreme Court service

<mask>'s brief tenure on the Supreme Court lasted from March 4, 1893 until his death on August 8, 1895.He wrote only forty-six opinions. Because of his poor health and his lack of seniority, many of them were rendered in insignificant cases, especially patent disputes. Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
Scholar Irving Schiffman maintains that <mask>'s name would have been "buried in [the] coffin of historical neglect" were it not for his participation in a single case: Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. Pollock involved a challenge to a provision of the 1894 Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act, that had imposed a two percent personal income tax on all revenue over four thousand dollars. According to the plaintiff, the law imposed a direct tax without apportioning it among the states, in violation of a provision of the Constitution. In practice, it would be impossible to apportion such taxes among the states, so a ruling on that basis would doom all federal income taxation. <mask> was ill, but the eight remaining justices heard the case. They struck down certain other provisions of the act but split 4–4 on the constitutionality of the income tax.When <mask> suggested he could return to Washington, the Court agreed to rehear the case to make a more conclusive ruling on the income tax's legality. Because the other eight justices had been evenly split, it was assumed that <mask>'s vote would determine the case. Experts were uncertain how he would rule: his Southern background suggested he might support the tax, but his pro-business judicial views meant he might be inclined to strike it down. During the three days of arguments, lawyers aimed their contentions at the violently coughing <mask>, often ignoring other justices in their zeal to persuade the swing vote. But when the ruling finally came down on May 20, 1895, <mask> was in dissent. A five-justice majority led by Chief Justice Fuller ruled the tax to be unconstitutional, declaring it was an impermissible unapportioned direct tax. <mask> joined Brown and justices John Marshall Harlan and Edward Douglass White in dissenting from the Court's holding.In an impassioned opinion, he wrote "this decision is, in my judgment, the most disastrous blow ever struck at the constitutional power of Congress". Numerous coughing fits interrupted <mask>'s ardent turns of phrase, stopping the seriously ill justice several times during his forty-five-minute delivery of the dissent. Many have attempted to determine how <mask> ended up in the minority. The apparent reason is that one justice switched his vote. Newspapers at the time identified George Shiras as the "vacillating Justice"; biographer Willard King notes that "great obloquy (verbal abuse) was heaped on him" by outlets that opposed the Court's decision. While this suggestion continues to have its adherents, three sources denied Shiras's vote changed. Others have argued that Horace Gray or David Brewer changed their votes, but those proposals are difficult to reconcile with primary sources.The remaining possibility is that no justice changed his vote. According to this theory, five justices were averse to the tax from the beginning, but they were unable to unite behind one legal theory initially. <mask>'s dissent eventually won vindication from the court of history: the Sixteenth Amendment passed eighteen years after Pollock revised the Constitution to authorize an income tax. Other cases
History has taken little notice of most of <mask>'s remaining opinions. He was assigned to write a number of opinions involving patent law, a field with which his circuit court tenure had given him experience. A disproportionate number of his rulings drew no dissents, suggesting they were mostly insignificant. His poor health and the fact that he was one of the newest justices for the entirety of his brief tenure likely contributed to this.<mask>'s few cases display support for the proposition that the judiciary should defer to the legislature. His opinions in Schurz v. Cook (1893) and Columbus Southern Railway v. Wright (1894) rejected attempts by corporations to strike down various tax laws. <mask>'s opinions also evidence both his support for broad federal power and his skepticism of states' decisions. In Mobile & Ohio R.R. v. Tennessee (1894), he favored a broad interpretation of the Contract Clause, ruling over four dissenting votes that Tennessee acted illegally in using its state constitution to renege on a promised tax exemption for a railroad company. In the 1893 case of Brass v. North Dakota, meanwhile, he exhibited support for the concept of substantive due process, joining a dissent by Justice Brewer that argued that a North Dakota regulation of grain elevators was an unconstitutional infringement upon the freedom of contract. Finally, he joined a five-justice majority in Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893) to hold the federal government could deport Chinese immigrant laborers without providing them with due process protections.Illness and death
Despite being apparently healthy at the time of his nomination, <mask> developed tuberculosis within a year of taking the bench. He returned quickly to his duties, but his illness worsened, and he had to leave the capital. In October 1894, he journeyed to the West hoping the climate would improve his condition. He traveled to Thomasville, Georgia, a few months later; his lung ailment started improving, but his health deteriorated substantially when he was afflicted with dropsy. Having no independent source of income, <mask> could not retire without a special act of Congress giving him a pension. Being too unwell to participate, he was unable to cast a vote in the consequential cases of United States v. E. C. Knight Co. and In re Debs. <mask> returned to his Tennessee home in February; his health began improving, and he expressed the hope that he would be able to return to his judicial duties by fall.His desire to participate in the income tax case led him to return to Washington in May, earlier than he had anticipated. The journey did substantial harm to <mask>'s health, and Schiffman notes that his failure in Pollock "provided little incentive with which to uplift the spirit beyond the pains of the body". He died in Nashville just eleven weeks after the decision was rendered; his remains were buried in that city's Mount Olivet Cemetery. His tenure on the Supreme Court had lasted for less than two and a half years. Personal life
<mask> married Sophie Malloy, a Memphis banker's daughter, in 1859. They had six children (two of whom died during infancy) before her death in 1873. He then married Mary Harding, the daughter of influential Tennessee resident W. G. Harding, the following year.<mask>'s brother William Hicks <mask>, who had been a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, was married to another of Harding's daughters. When Harding died in 1886, the two <mask> brothers and their wives inherited the Belle Meade Plantation, where thoroughbred horses were raised. <mask>'s role was minimal, and he sold his stake in the horses to his brother in 1890. His thousand acres of property at West Meade (another part of Harding's estate) contained his home, which was considered among the finest in the state. <mask> had three children with his second wife. He was a devout Christian, serving as an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Nashville. His hobbies included hunting foxes and watching horse races.Legacy
<mask>'s impact on history was minimal, due in no small part to the brevity of his Supreme Court tenure. A 1972 survey of legal scholars found <mask> was considered a "below average" justice, although the respondents declined to classify him as a "failure". His participation in Pollock, however, prevented him from being entirely covered with what Schiffman called the "shroud of anonymity". Pollock was among the leading cases of the era, and his vote aligned with later public sentiment. While <mask> was well regarded by his contemporaries, Timothy L. Hall writes that he "would probably never have been a great Supreme Court justice"; according to Hall, the "plodding and pedestrian" <mask> "was capable of solid work but not of judicial brilliance". Scholar Roger D. Hardaway, while conceding that the justice "is not a giant" in the annals of the Supreme Court, argues that <mask>'s accomplished if brief work deserves a prominent place in Tennessee history. The Liberty ship was named in his honor.See also
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

References

1832 births
1895 deaths
19th-century American judges
19th-century American politicians
Cumberland School of Law alumni
Democratic Party United States senators
Judges of the United States circuit courts
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee Democrats
Tennessee lawyers
Union University alumni
United States federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison
United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland
United States senators from Tennessee
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
University of Virginia alumni
People from Paris, Tennessee
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Nashville)
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<mask><mask> is a retired Rear Admiral (Lower Half) of the United States Navy Reserve who, from July to September 2003 served as Commander Naval Forces Korea. Active Duty Service

Admiral <mask> was commissioned from the United States Naval Academy in June 1972; his first assignment was as a junior officer on board the USS Dale (CG-12), prior to assignment at Navy flight school. From 1973 to 1974, <mask> was attached to Training Air Wing Four and was designated as a Naval Aviator on June 21, 1974 for service in P-3 Orions. <mask>'s first active flight assignment was with Patrol Squadron 22 (VP-22), stationed at NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii. Through this tour, <mask> served as a P-3B pilot and was designated as a Patrol Plane Mission Commander on September 22, 1976. In 1977, then Lieutenant <mask> was transferred to serve a tour of duty at the United States Air Force Academy as a Navy liaison instructor. He was released from active duty in June 1979 with seven years of active service.Reserve Duty Service

After leaving active duty, Admiral <mask> joined the Navy Reserve in the fall of 1979. He affiliated at Naval Air Station New Orleans, Louisiana and was attached to Patrol Squadron 94 (VP-94) as the Maintenance and Operations Officer. Admiral <mask> would later serve as both the Executive Officer and Commanding Officer of VP-94. Admiral <mask> was next assigned to a reserve unit supporting Naval Station Rota, Spain, where he first acted as Training Officer and later as Commanding Officer. In 1993, Admiral <mask> assumed command of Naval Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic, Detachment 0186 (NR PATWINGLANT 0186) and transferred his reserve center affiliation to Norfolk, Virginia. While at Norfolk, he was transferred to command Naval Reserve Det 1086, Naval Air Forces Atlantic (NRNAVAIRLANT 1086). During his four years of reserve command in Norfolk, Admiral <mask> was the director of Exercise Control for "Exercise Northern Viking" and Senior Naval Liaison Officer for "Joint Exercise 96-1"  He also served as the Senior Naval Liaison Officer to the headquarters of the Eighth Air Force and further completed the "Reserve Components National Security Course" on July 30, 1993.In 1997, Admiral <mask> was transferred to Naval Reserve Detachment 111, Commander Seventh Fleet which operated out of Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. He first served as Special Assistant and later as Executive Officer and participated in five western Pacific exercises; twice as the senior Seventh Fleet representative and also as Officer-in-Charge of Exercise Northwest Pacific. He also served three times as the Officer-in-Charge of Naval Reserve units attached to Exercise "Ulchi Focus Lens" (held annually in South Korea). In between training periods, Admiral <mask> continued his professional military education and attended the National Defense University, the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and participated in exchange duty with the Republic of Germany. In October 2000, Admiral <mask> was attached to a Volunteer Training Unit (NR VTU 8282) in a non-pay status. In 2001, he was selected for flag rank and was advanced to Rear Admiral (lower half) in September 2002. Flag rank

Admiral <mask>'s first assignment as a flag officer was as the Commander of Naval Reserve Forces Korea (considered the reserve deputy to the active duty CNFK Admiral) with further designation as Commander Naval Shore Forces Korea and Commander Rear Area Seventh Fleet.Admiral <mask> served in this assignment from 2002 to 2003, when he was recalled to active duty to serve as Commander Naval Forces Korea. In the history of CNFK, Rear Admiral <mask> is the only reserve admiral to ever hold the billet; his assumption to the post was to fill the vacant position left by the departure of Rear Admiral Gary R. Jones. Admiral <mask> was relieved two months later by Rear Admiral Fred Byus. Returning to the status of a reservist, he next transferred to serve as Deputy Commander, Fleet Air Force Mediterranean and, in 2004, was transferred to become the Vice Commander, Navy Region Europe. In September 2005, Admiral <mask> retired from the United States Navy with over thirty three years of combined active and reserve service. Civilian career

Admiral <mask> was born in Rapid City, South Dakota but spent his youth in Sacramento, California. Admiral <mask>'s father, <mask>, was a retired United States Air Force Colonel with service in World War II.While serving in the Navy Reserve, Admiral <mask> worked as a professional airline pilot for Continental Airlines. As of 2006, Admiral <mask> resides in the vicinity of Grapevine, Texas. Summary of Service

Dates of Rank

Awards and decorations

 Naval Aviator Badge
 Legion of Merit
 Meritorious Service Medal (w/3 gold award stars)
 Navy Commendation Medal
 Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation (w/Operational Distinguishing Device)
 Navy Battle "E" Ribbon
 Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
 Korea Defense Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal (w/2 bronze service stars)
 Armed Forces Reserve Medal (w/silver hourglass device)
 Special Operations Service Ribbon
 Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
 Overseas Service Ribbon
 Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon
 Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon
 Air Force Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon

Citations for Admiral Mastagni include:

LEGION OF MERIT

For exceptional meritious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the United States of America during the period August 1997 to September 2003. During this period, Rear Admiral <mask><mask> performed duties under the authority of the United States Seventh Fleet and served on active duty as the Commander Naval Forces Korea. Given this 15th day of December 2003; For the Secretary of the Navy: Walter F. Doran

MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL

For outstanding meritorious service while serving as Commanding Officer of Patrol Squadron 94, Naval Air Station New Orleans, Louisiana from March 1989 through October 1990. Commander Mastangi’s innovative leadership and innate abilities were the driving force behind his squadron attaining the highest possible level of mobilization readiness. He oversaw the establishment of superlative safety programs and the flawless execution of two Annual Training periods and two major Drug Interdiction detachments.During this tenure, Commander <mask> left his personal mark of excellence on every facet of squadron life, resulting in his squadron being the Commander Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic (COMRESPATWINGLANT) nominee for the Commander Naval Air Reserve Force Noel Davis "Battle E" Award for 1989 as well as the winner of the 1989 COMRESPATWINGLANT Retention Excellence Award. By his tireless efforts, inspiring leadership, and loyal dedication to duty, Commander <mask> reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. (Gold Star in lieu of Second Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Commanding Officer of Naval Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic 0186 at Naval Air Reserve Norfolk from October 1993 through October 1996. Displaying superb leadership, Captain <mask> provided qualified command personnel who contributed to the successful planning and execution of the Commander Reserve Patrol Wing Aerial Minded Exercise Resolute Response and Counter Narcotic Patrol Operations. He directly supported the planning and execution of Operation Uphold Democracy, the blockade of Haiti, and Operation Sharp Guard, the aerial blockade of Bosnia. Assuming the duties of the Control Group Commander for Joint Exercise Northern Viking, Captain <mask> oversaw the research, planning, and training required for this exercise and supplied quality personnel needed to make an operation if the defense of Ireland were ever required. Additionally, the unit consistently maintained a trained effectiveness rate above 90 percent.The unit readiness and retention level was also at 100 percent. Captain <mask>’s professional ability, superb leadership, and devotion to duty reflected great credit upon himself and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. (Gold Star in lieu of Third Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Commanding Officer, Naval Reserve, Commander Naval Air Force, United States Atlantic Fleet NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 from October 1996 to September 1997. Captain <mask> consistently performed his demanding duties in an exemplary and highly professional manner. An extraordinary and resourceful leader, Captain <mask> led NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 to unprecedented levels of readiness and fleet support. Under his strong guidance, the unit attained an impressive R1 readiness status despite an 18 percent decrease in personnel assets. While serving during a period of decreasing personnel manning and severe manpower constraints, Captain <mask>’s leadership enabled NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 to provide the Atlantic Fleet with continuous 24-hour-a-day staff support and provided countless man days of support from officers and enlisted personnel.Committed and dedicated to the concept of total force structure, Captain <mask> significantly enhanced the ability of COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 by personally transforming the unit from an exclusive COMNAVAIRLANT support unit into a joint force team capable of serving all Joint Forces throughout the world. His unit provided unprecedented Navy Reserve centralization to seven defense exercises, including Indifferent Strike, Deny Flight, Solid Citizen, Solid Shield and many others. By his exceptional professional ability, personal initiative, and total dedication to duty, Captain <mask> reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Reserve. (Gold Star in lieu of Fourth Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Executive Officer, Exercise Action Officer, and Exercise Site Officer-in-Charge, Naval Reserve Commander Seventh Fleet Detachment One-One-One from October 1997 to September 2000. Captain <mask> directed the efforts of more than 350 officers and enlisted personnel who provided more than 14,000 days of contributory support. His personal participation in six major training exercises, serving in the most demanding and responsible positions, received recognition at the highest levels of the Pacific Fleet. Due to Captain <mask>’s strong and dynamic leadership his unit’s outstanding reputation in Seventh Fleet Operations has been reinforced and enhanced.His direction of the largest Annual Training and Additional Duty for Training Budget of any Reserve Augment Unit resulted in unprecedented levels of exercise participation. Captain <mask>’s sterling service on selection, promotion, and policy boards continues to shape the future of the Naval Reserve. Captain <mask>’s exceptional professionalism, personal initiative, and total dedication to duty reflected great credit upon him and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. NAVY COMMENDATION MEDAL

For meritorious service while serving as Commanding Officer of Naval Reserve Naval Station (NR NAVSTA), Rota, Naval Air Station, New Orleans, Louisiana from 1 August 1991 to 31 July 1993. Through extraordinary leadership, professional knowledge and managerial skills, Commander <mask> increased unit readiness from R-3 to R-1 and molded the personnel into an extremely capable mobilization ready force. His personal efforts were directly responsible for the command increasing personnel 100 percent qualified in-billet rate from 14.4 to a record high of 73.9 percent, advancement eligibility by 51 percent and overall readiness from 70 to 94 percent, the highest in unit history. Based on his individual adroitness and the unit’s sustained superior performance, NR NAVSTA Rota received the Naval Air Station, New Orleans nomination for the Captain Robert I. Barte Award for the most outstanding augment unit in Commander, Naval Air Reserve Force.Commander <mask>’s exceptional professional ability, initiative and loyal dedication to duty reflected credit upon himself and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. UNIT AWARDS

 Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation with Operational Distinghuising Device: Service between January 9 and January 11, 1987

 Navy "E" Ribbon: For award of the Noel Davis Award for period January 1 to December 31, 1987

 Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon: For duties rendered from March 19 to April 4, 1989

Assignment History

The active duty assignment history of Admuiral <mask> is as follows:

Reserve assignments include:

Flag assignments include:

Admiral <mask> transferred to the Retired Naval Reserve in September 2005. References

United States Navy service record of <mask>, Bureau of Naval Personnel, retrieved through use of the Freedom of Information Act (February 2010)
 CNFK Change-of-Command Announcement
 Promotion message for Rear admiral Mastagni

External links

 <mask> in Life Magazine
 Admiral Mastagi at Getty Images

United States Navy admirals
Living people
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Grapevine, Texas
Commercial aviators
1950 births
Military personnel from Texas

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