title: Maria Callas

texts:
 Manon Lescaut, conducted by Tullio Serafin, studio recording for EMI, July 1957. Cherubini, Médée, conducted by Tullio Serafin, studio recording for Ricordi in stereo, September 1957 (Italian)
 Verdi, Un ballo in maschera, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, live performance, La Scala, Milan, December 7, 1957
 Verdi, La traviata, conducted by Franco Ghione, live performance, Lisbon, March 27, 1958
 Verdi, La traviata, conducted by Nicola Rescigno, live performance, London, June 20, 1958; considered by many critics to be <mask>'s most notable recording of Verdi's famous opera. Music critic John Ardoin wrote that in this performance "Callas' use of her voice to expressive ends amounts to an amalgamation of the best in previous Traviatas. For even though her voice betrays her at times, her intellect and spirit have now conquered the part in a manner that outdistances all others." Verdi Heroines (excerpts from Nabucco, Ernani, Macbeth, Don Carlo), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, September 1958
 Mad Scenes (excerpts from Anna Bolena, Bellini's Il pirata and Ambroise Thomas's Hamlet), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, September 1958
 Cherubini, Médée conducted by Nicola Rescigno, live performance at the Dallas Civic Opera November 6, 1958; considered to be Callas's most notable performance of Cherubini's opera. It is her only performance of the role, and her only performance of the complete opera; she never appeared in it onstage.The recording used the recitatives added after Bizet's death. <mask>'s performance caused critic Harold C. Schonberg to speculate in his book The Glorious Ones that <mask> perhaps should have sung mezzo roles instead of simply soprano ones. Puccini, Tosca, conducted by Georges Prêtre, studio recording for EMI in stereo, December 1964. Verdi Arias II (excerpts from I Lombardi, Attila, Il corsaro, Il trovatore, I vespri siciliani, Un ballo in maschera, Aida), conducted by Nicola Rescigno, studio recording for EMI in stereo, January 1964 – March 1969

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

 (2001). The Unknown Callas: The Greek Years. Amadeus Press , issue 14 of opera biography series, foreword by George Lascelles

Further reading
 Gagelmann, Rainer Benedict, International Maria Callas Bibliography  (includes almost 1,000 publications)
 Salazar, Philippe-Joseph, "Le Mausolée Callas", Liberation, September 26, 1977. Seletsky, Robert E. (2004), "The Performance Practice of <mask>as: Interpretation and Instinct", The Opera Quarterly, 20/4, pp.587–602. Seletsky, Robert E., "Callas at EMI: Remastering and Perception"; "A Callas Recording Update"; "A Callas Recording Update...updated", The Opera Quarterly (2000), 16/2, pp. 240–255; 21/2 (2005), pp. 387–391; 21/3, pp. 545–546 (2005). Stancioff, Nadia, <mask>: Callas Remembered. An Intimate Portrait of the Private Callas, New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987, .External links

 Maria Callas Museum

 Public domain music recordings

 <mask> performs arias from Barber of Seville, Carmen, Cavalleria Rusticana, Forza del Destino, La gioconda, Lucia di lammermoor, Mignon, Norma, Pagliacci, Rogolleto, Tosca, Traviata in recordings archived on Archive.org

1923 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Greek women opera singers
Greek sopranos
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Former United States citizens
People from Astoria, Queens
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
20th-century American women opera singers
American emigrants to

masks:
Callas
Callas
Callas
Maria Call
Maria
Maria Callas


title: Bob McGrory

type: original

texts:
<mask> (17 October 1891 – 24 May 1954) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Burnley and Stoke City with whom he later had a long spell as manager. McGrory played football with Dumbarton before joining English side Burnley in August 1920. After only making three appearances for the Clarets he signed for Stoke City in May 1921. He soon became an indispensable part of Tom Mather's first team and was made club captain, skippering the side to promotions in 1926–27 and 1932–33. He spent 15 seasons as a player for Stoke, racking up 511 appearances without scoring. He took over as Stoke manager in 1935, and in his first season in charge guided the team to a highest finish of 4th. World War II disrupted what could have been a successful spell for Stoke, but in the first season after the war they made their first real attempt to win the First Division, but an ongoing dispute with star winger Stanley Matthews saw him leave for Blackpool just before the end of the season and Stoke went on to lose their must-win match against Sheffield United.<mask> remained in charge until 1952 when he ended his 31-year association with the club. He spent a short spell in charge of Merthyr Tydfil, leaving after one season due to ill health and dying a year later. Playing career

Early career
Born in Bishopton, Renfrewshire, <mask> began work as an apprentice joiner on a shipyard in Clydeside. In 1914 he signed for Dumbarton, despite only previously playing boys brigade football. He missed only a dozen of a possible 224 Scottish Football League fixtures (the top division continued to be contested officially during World War I) across his six seasons with the Sons – even squeezing in a single wartime guest appearance for Partick Thistle – and began at attract interest from south of the border, also coming into international consideration when selected for the Home Scots v Anglo-Scots trial match in March 1920 along with clubmate James Scott. Burnley signed him in August 1920 for a fee of £3,500 but he failed to become a regular at Turf Moor, making three appearances in a season where the Clarets won the Football League championship. He joined Stoke on 23 April 1921, spotted by soon to be chairman Arthur Sherwin.Rumours has it that <mask> had reservations about joining Stoke as he did not like the look of the city. Whether this was true or not, he went on to spend 31 years living in Stoke-on-Trent. Stoke City
Solidly built at 6 ft, McGrory was frequently described as 'stout-hearted' and played with 'an absence of flurry' no matter what the situation. He acquired the reputation as a fearless man-marker, and if 'dour' described McGrory's approach on the field, it aptly summed up the non-nonsense Scot's personality off it. After an early 7–1 aberration at Hull City, Stoke, with McGrory a major influence at the back, lost only two of their next 27 matches, with the defence conceding just six goals in 16 matches. The run allowed Stoke to claim second spot in 1921–22 to gain promotion to the First Division. <mask> proved to be one of the few Stoke players to cope with the top-flight as Stoke were relegated back to the Second Division.He took over from Alec Milne as club captain in 1925 a position he did not lose for ten years. Stoke suffered relegation again in 1925–26 but <mask>'s drive helped Stoke win the Third Division North title in 1926–27. Famously consistent he played 101 consecutive league games from March 1926 to September 1928. From 1930, the now 39-year-old <mask> began to coach the Stoke reserve team as well as playing for them, His replacement in the first team was his long-time full-back partner Billy Spencer, who deputised during the 1932–33 title winning season. By Christmas 1933, with McGrory-less Stoke floundering in the top flight Tom Mather recalled his 'old war-horse' to add his experience to a somewhat leaky defence, and it worked as in the second half of the season Stoke picked up more than any other teams bar champions Arsenal and runner-up Huddersfield Town, finishing in a respectable 12th position. Promoted to assistant manager in 1934, <mask> appeared in all 42 league matches in 1934–35 at the age of 41. His career at Stoke the took a dramatic turn as Mather left to become manager of Newcastle United and chairman Sherwin offered the job to <mask> who accepted.<mask>'s club record of 511 appearances for Stoke would stand for 24 years. Managerial career
<mask>'s managerial style was abrasive, contrasting starkly with that of his predecessor. Aware of the financial problems that had dogged the club in the past, <mask> implemented a policy of blooding young talent. He replaced himself with Charlie Scrimshaw while Frank Soo displaced Harry Sellars is midfield and the emerging Freddie Steele edged out Tommy Sale. It was brave management and it paid off as the young players developed into one of the most exciting teams in the country in the 1930s and in <mask>'s first season in charge they finished a highest ever position of fourth with 47 points. Stoke's most well known player at the time was a certain Stanley Matthews who had become an England international and a very high-profile player however tensions soon surfaced between McGrory and Matthews. Under Mather, McGrory's roommate and best friend, <mask> lost his place in the side to Matthews and <mask> took every opportunity to avenge this injustice.In 1937 Matthews wanted the maximum signing-on fee of £650 rather than the normal £500. <mask> refused and as a result Stoke held him to his previous contract and Matthews was 21 days over the deadline before signing. Tensions between the pair simmered all through the season which came to a head in February 1938 when Matthews handed in a transfer request. Around 4,000 Stoke fans met with the directors at the King's Hall to see the board of directors come to the conclusion that Matthews must not leave. Matthews refused and reiterated his request to leave. Stoke rejected his request and Matthews wrote to the local paper thanking the fans for their support and he forged an uneasy truce with the management and board. Matthews pledged to do his best for his home town club and he did so until 1947 when he joined Blackpool.He was manager of Stoke during World War II during which time Stoke found a number of impressive younger players. After the war and league football resumed Stoke had their first real attempt to win their first English league title in 1946–47. However, with Stoke challenging for the title <mask>'s feud with Matthews resurfaced and he was allowed to join Blackpool for £11,500. Stoke then went into their final match of the season against Sheffield United knowing if they win they will be champions, they lost 2–1. McGrory tried in vain to re-establish Stoke as title contenders and after two consecutive relegation battles he left Stoke in May 1952 ending his 31-year stay at Stoke City. In 1953 Merthyr Tydfil, an ambitious non-league side seeking election to the Football League, tempted <mask> out of retirement, although ill-health meant his tenure lasted just one season. He died in Glasgow on 24 May 1954.Career statistics

Player
Source:

Manager

Honours
Stoke City
 Football League Third Division North champions: 1926–27
 Football League Second Division champions: 1932–33

References

External links
 Stoke City managers at stokecityfc.com

1891 births
1964 deaths
Stoke City F.C. players
Scottish footballers
Association football fullbacks
Burnley F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. managers
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Dumbarton F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. wartime guest players
Scottish football managers
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Footballers from Renfrewshire

masks:
Robert Gerald McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
Bobby Liddle
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory
McGrory


title: Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan

texts:
Jean-Jacques Lefranc (also Le Franc), Marquis de <mask> (10 August 1709 – 1 November 1784) was a French man of letters and erudition, who published a considerable output of theatrical work, poems, literary criticism, and polemics; treatises on archeology, nature, travel and many other subjects; and a wide selection of highly regarded translations of the classics and other works from several European languages including English. His life and career, as well as his literary and other works are noteworthy today because of their location at the very center of the French Enlightenment; and although some of the positions he took are also considered to have been formative contributions to the counter-Enlightenment tendencies that were being articulated in parallel, he remains, in many respects, the typical Enlightenment man. The prolific volumes of literary works are now of academic interest only, mainly to flesh out aspects of the culture of the time, which embraced a period in which tensions that were to explode in the French Revolution five years after his death were still held in check. Lefranc is remembered today, if he is at all, as a consequence of the maiden speech he gave at the Académie française in 1760, which led to him becoming forever known and defined as "the enemy of Voltaire". His library of some 25,000 volumes was sold after his death by his son, and became founding collections for no less than three learned institution in Toulouse. He built a neo-classical chateau at Pompignan, and over a period of thirty-five years created one of the earliest and most extensive parcs à fabriques (or French landscape garden). The chateau stands in good order today, and although the park and its follies have been neglected, the extensive hydrological system still functions.In May 2011 the decision was taken to route the planned Bordeaux-Toulouse TGV and high-speed freight rail lines through the center of the Lefranc's landscape park. Biography

The Lefranc family were originally landlords of the Château de Cayx (or see Château de Caïx on French Wiki, which gives more detail), overlooking a bend on the Lot some 12 km northwest of Cahors. Successive Lefrancs had served since 1640 as hereditary presidents of the regional Cours des Aides, which was located in Cahors. When Louis XIV ordered the court to be moved to Montauban (some 60 km south of Cahors over difficult roads), during the presidency of Jacques Lefranc in the early years of the 18th century, the family built a town house in Montauban as their local residence. It still stands impressively today at 10 rue Armand Cambon (there is a Place Lefranc de Pompignan nearby). At the same time, lands were purchased at Pompignan (some 20 km to the southwest of Montauban) to provide a convenient rural retreat. Jean-Jacques' father, Jacques Lefranc, was the third of the name to become president of the Cour des Aides, and he was to be followed by his eldest son and grandson.The family retained the seat at Cayx, and the beautifully sited old chateau was where Jean-Jacques and his brother were reared; as a young man he styled himself Lefranc <mask>x. His mother, born <mask>moiselle <mask>, was of the same millieu, her father serving as a "president of the morter" - a judicial rank - at the Parlement de Toulouse, where Jean-Jacques was also to have a brief tenure. His education was entrusted to " ... the most skillful masters at the Capital, where he found himself among the disciples of the celebrated Pere Poré. The student made rapid progress, and was not slow in showing proof of a talent as rare as it was precocious. After successfully completing his classical studies [at the Collège de Louis-le-Grand], he remained in Paris to attend the School of Law." Voltaire, fifteen years older than Lefranc, attended this school from 1704 to 1711, and was also influenced by Pere Poré. He joined the staff of the Cours des Aides in 1730, during the presidency of his uncle, the abbé Louis Lefranc, who had succeeded his brother, Jean-Jacques' father Jacques, on the death of the latter in 1719.When Louis died in 1745, Jean-Jacques, who had by then served for fifteen years as a general advocate at the court, although expected to succeed him in turn, was not yet old enough to be awarded the position, and had to wait until early 1747 to take over its presidency. The same year he was also appointed conseiller d'honneur of the Toulouse parlement, but his opposition to the abuses of the royal power, especially in the matter of taxation, brought him so much trouble that he resigned almost immediately. Early works

His first play, Didon (1734), which owed much to Metastasio's opera on the same subject, was a great success, and gave rise to expectations not fulfilled by the Adieux de Mars (1735) and some light operas that followed. His reputation was made by Poésies sacrées et philosophiques (1734), later mocked by Voltaire, who punned on the title: "Sacrés ils sont, car personne n'y touche" ("They are sacred all right, because no one will touch them"). Lefranc's odes on profane (or worldly) subjects hardly reach the same level of quality, with the exception of his ode on the death of JB Rousseau, which achieved considerable renown. The Academie and the war with Voltaire

His marriage with a wealthy widow enabled him to devote himself fully to literature, and also funded his campaign for a seat in the Académie française, which was achieved in 1759. However, on his formal induction into the Academie in 1760, he made an ill-considered speech violently attacking the Encyclopaedists, many of whom were in his audience and had voted for him.Lefranc soon had reason to repent of his action, for the epigrams and stories circulated by those he had attacked made it difficult for him to remain in Paris, and he returned to his native town, where he spent the rest of his life gardening, writing poetry and translating from the classics. Jean-<mask> la Harpe, who is severe enough on Lefranc in his correspondence, does his abilities full justice in his Cours littéraire, and ranks him next to JB Rousseau among French lyric poets. With those of other 18th-century poets his works may be studied in the Petits poètes français (1838) of Prosper Poitevin. His Œuvres complètes (5 vols.) were published in 1781, selections (2 vols.) in 1800, 1813, 1822. The chateau and its "parc a fabriques"

Beginning in 1745, Lefranc rebuilt the manor house at Pompignan as the present neoclassical Chateau de Pompignan, and over a period of thirty-five years created a very extensive landscape garden, containing many follies, or architectural constructions to enhance the natural and created landscape.These included ruined temples, a gothic bridge, pleasure houses, and an extensive hydraulic and reservoir system which managed a lake and fishpond, streams, fountains and the water for the house. Family

Jean-Jaques' younger brother, Jean Georges Lefranc <mask>, rose through the hierarchy to become Archbishop of Vienne and a favourite of the king, whose eulogy he delivered. <mask> was also the alleged biological father of the French suffragist and playwright Olympe <mask> (1748-1793).

masks:
Pompignan
de Cai
Made
de Cet
François de
de Pompignan
Pompignan
de Gouges


title: Cats Falck

texts:
Maureen Cathryn Harriet "<mask>" <mask> (11 July 1953 – date of death uncertain, between November 1984 and May 1985) was a Swedish television journalist who, together with her friend Lena Gräns, disappeared in Stockholm in 1984 while she was investigating a scandal involving the smuggling of weapons from Sweden to communist states in Eastern Europe. The dead bodies of <mask> and Gräns were later found at the bottom of the Hammarby Canal in Stockholm. The deaths remain unsolved but later reports claim that they were assassinated in a state-sponsored operation by agents from East Germany. <mask> was born in Enskede in Stockholm, Sweden. At the time of her disappearance, <mask> was employed as a reporter for the Swedish public service television news program Rapport. Prior to her disappearance, Falck had told her work-mates and her fiancé (the author Lasse Strömstedt) that she was about to reveal "something big". She also claimed that when the story broke, she would get Stora Journalistpriset, "The Swedish Grand Prize for Journalism".In retrospect, several fellow journalists have claimed it would be very strange for a journalist to not inform her superiors that she was onto something big. If she had informed them, she would have been given more time and resources to pursue the story. Disappearance
On 18 November 1984, <mask> and her friend Lena Gräns were last observed by witnesses as they left the restaurant Öhrns Hörn ("Öhrn's Corner") at the crossing of Folkungagatan–Borgmästargatan at Södermalm in Stockholm. Gräns' brother worked at the restaurant, and the Falk met a colleague. Both claim that the women shared a bottle of wine at their dinner. The two women left the restaurant at approximately 21.30 CET. <mask> and Gräns had planned to spend a night out with a friend of Gräns, named Ulla Jones (married Andersson).However Jones fell asleep and didn't wake up until approximately 10 PM. She immediately went to Cafe Opera and waited all night, but <mask> and Gräns never arrived. Search for the women
The disappearance sparked a great deal of interest from fellow journalists as well as the public. However, despite media coverage and countless tips from the public, both in Sweden and abroad, the police had no viable leads. After having left the restaurant, the women had seemingly evaporated. The police did find that Gräns's car, a white Renault, was missing. This led the police to think that the women might have left of their own accord, or that they had been in a car accident and ended up in the waters in Stockholm.Another theory was that the women had met with foul play and that they, along with the car, had been dumped in the water. Because of this the police conducted extensive searches of the waters in the area. On 29 May 1985, their bodies were found in the missing car on the bottom of the Hammarby Canal at Norra Hammarbyhamnen in southern Stockholm. The car was discovered by military divers during an exercise. The area had been searched at least six times by police divers. The women were found wearing the same clothes as when they vanished. Despite its being Gräns's car, <mask> was sitting in the driver's seat.Both women had their seatbelts still buckled. Police investigations
There have been two police investigations into the deaths of the women. Initial investigation
The Swedish police, who had been working on several hypothetical theories, closed the case as an "accident". The initial investigation has been criticized because very few technical investigations were carried out, and several things that were never investigated. Because <mask> had just recently taken her driver's license, the police concluded that Falck had been practicing her driving with Gräns. They theorized that the women had driven too fast down a slope and lost control of the car which hit a 15 cm high rail for a harbor crane and flipped into the water. The women had subsequently drowned.The autopsy revealed that Gräns had a broken nose but Falck had no broken bones or head injuries. It was noted that the women had pink water in their lungs but the water was never tested, and no reason was given as to the color. Color scrapings were found on the car but either no analysis was carried out, or the results of the analysis were never noted down. A piece of jewelry was found in the gravel at the harbour. Gräns's mother reported that a piece of jewelry was missing from her personal effects. It was never investigated if it was the same piece of jewelry. The theory of how the car ended up where it was in the water has also been debunked.If the car hit the rail and flipped into the water the way the police suggests, it would have to move some 550 m while on the bottom. According to harbour employees, the water in the area has no currents, which is why the harbour is placed there. The bottom is muddy and the car, which had broken windows, would have sunk into it. The legal limit for driving in Sweden is and was a blood alcohol content of 0.2 pro mille. After half a bottle of wine the women were likely over the limit. Both Falck and Gräns were wearing high heels. It is somewhat illegal to drive in high heels in Sweden; although there is no explicit law, a driver in high heels may be charged with a reckless driving offence.Second investigation
In 1997, new information that <mask> was murdered because she had come across information about illegal arms deals led to the police re-opening the case. Despite new interviews investigating some of the leads that were missed in the first investigation, the police again arrived at the conclusion that the death was an accident. Murder theories
At the time of her disappearance, <mask>, who was employed as a reporter for the Swedish public service television news programme Rapport, was investigating a major scandal comprising the Swedish company ASEA and smuggling of weapons to communist states in Eastern Europe. Another theory has been that Falck had information about the Swedish armaments company Bofors and that they sold weapons to countries with embargoes through intermediaries. On the 8th anniversary of the disappearance, Ulla Jones came in contact with someone who claimed to know a Säpo (Swedish Security Service) employee with information about the death. The man claimed that the women had been drowned prior to being put in the water, possibly using a hose. ASEA electronics smuggling
During the early 1980s, the Swedish company ASEA was selling American computers and software to the Soviet Union.It is known that Falck was investigating the case, but many people doubt that she had come across any sensitive information. According to the journalist Bo G Andersson, who has also written several of the articles used a sources in this article, Falck's work notes do not indicate that she had any unique information. Andersson has personally investigated the ASEA story and he has found no indications that Falck had any unique sources, or any information beyond what had already been publicised in other news. Andersson also claims that the police officer who led the initial investigation into the case, Eric Skoglund, had told him that if <mask> and Gräns were murdered, it was not because of the smuggling by ASEA, but rather because of information retaining to the gunpowder smuggling by Bofors. It is not known why Skoglund thought this was the case. Bofors gunpowder smuggling
The Swedish armaments company Bofors was involved in the smuggling of gunpowder to Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. Bofors sold the gunpowder to East Germans, who then sold it forward.The person responsible for monitoring all Swedish arms deals with foreign powers was Swedish weapons inspector Carl-Fredrik Algernon. In autumn 1984, Algenon contacted Christer Ekberg, one of the highest operatives at Säpo. According to Ekberg, Algenon told him that he had received information about Bofors's smuggling, but Algenon would not tell Ekberg where the information originated. The facts that Algenon provided were according to Ekberg written down into a PM, but if this is the case the PM has later gone missing. In April 1997, the Swedish Security Service received an anonymous letter sent from Germany in which it was claimed that the former East German secret police Stasi had carried out the killings. In the letter, which was written in English, two retired Stasi officials and four other East German government officials were named, while the purported death squad was said to have consisted of three persons. The alleged motive behind the assassination was that Falck had received sensitive information about a secret weapons affair between the Swedish weapons manufacturer Bofors and East Germany.In the letter, Stasi was further blamed for the death of the Swedish weapons inspector Carl-Fredrik Algernon, the chief investigator of the Bofors scandal, in the Stockholm Metro in 1987. The letter claimed that it was <mask> who had informed Algenon about weapons affair. In June 1997 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter wrote a series of articles based on the new information from the letter, which prompted the Swedish police to take a new look at the case. The case also received much attention in German media and prompted the German Federal Police to open an investigation. In September 2003, a 53-year-old German citizen, named as "Jürgen G" in a press release from the German Prosecutor-General, was arrested in Berlin suspected of having been a member of a group that carried out a number of assassinations on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987. According to an article in the German newspaper Berliner Zeitung, the suspicions against the man also involved the murder of <mask> and Lena Gräns. According to the article, the alleged death squad had operated directly under the East German government and not under Stasi as it was claimed in the earlier letter.The group had entered Sweden on false passports via West Germany and Denmark and then sought contact with <mask> in Stockholm. There they had met up at the restaurant where Falck and Gräns were allegedly poisoned, placed in their car and then dumped into the Hammarby Canal. On 15 December 2003 the man was released from custody due to lack of evidence. The German investigation was closed in 2006. Other theories
An investigation made by reporter Christoph Andersson on behalf of Sveriges Radio, the Swedish public service radio broadcasting service, found that <mask> had been investigating the export of isostatic presses, which can be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons, to Eastern Germany and the Stasi-controlled enterprise AHB Elektronik Import Export. See also
 Carl-Fredrik Algernon
 Claes-Ulrik Winberg

References

1953 births
1984 deaths
Journalists from Stockholm
Swedish television journalists
Assassinated Swedish journalists
Bofors scandal
20th-century Swedish women writers

masks:
Cats
Falck
Falck
Cats Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Falck
Cats Falck
Falck
Falck


title: Adoniram Judson

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850) was an American Congregationalist and later Particular Baptist missionary, who served in Burma for almost forty years. At the age of 25, <mask> was sent from North America to preach in Burma. His mission and work with Luther Rice led to the formation of the first Baptist association in America to support missionaries. At times mistakenly referred to as the first Protestant missionary to Burma, he was in fact preceded by James Chater and Richard Mardon (who both arrived in 1807) as well as by Felix Carey. However, since those predecessors did not remain long, and <mask> also translated the Bible into Burmese, as well as established a number of Baptist churches in Burma, <mask> is remembered as the first significant missionary in Burma, as well as one of the first missionaries from America to travel overseas. Early life

<mask> was born on August 9, 1788, in Malden, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. He was born to <mask>, Sr., a Congregational minister, and Abigail (née Brown).<mask> entered the College of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations (now Brown University) when he was sixteen, and graduated as valedictorian of his class at the age of nineteen. While studying at college, he met a young man named Jacob Eames, a devout deist and skeptic. <mask> and Eames developed a strong friendship, leading to <mask>'s abandonment of his childhood faith and parents' religious instruction. During this time, <mask> embraced the writings of the French philosophes. After graduating from college, <mask> opened a school and wrote an English grammar and mathematics textbook for girls. <mask>'s deist views were shaken when his friend Eames fell violently ill and died. Both had been sleeping in separate rooms at an inn, and <mask> heard the death throes of the person next door, only to learn from the clerk the next morning that his anonymous neighbor had been Mr. Eames, who had indeed died.The shock of learning the dying neighbor's identity – and that Eames had led <mask> away from the Christian faith into skepticism, but was now dead – returned <mask> back to the faith of his youth, although he was already attending the Andover Theological Seminary. In 1808, <mask> "made a solemn dedication of himself to God". During his final year at the school, <mask> decided upon a missionary career. In 1810, <mask> joined a group of mission-minded students who called themselves "the Brethren". The students inspired the establishment of America's first organized missionary society. Eager to serve abroad, <mask> became convinced that "Asia with its idolatrous myriads, was the most important field in the world for missionary effort". He, and three other students from the seminary, appeared before the Congregationalists' General Association to appeal for support.In 1810, impressed by the four men's politeness and sincerity, the elders voted to form the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Marriage

On September 19, <mask> was appointed by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a missionary to the East. <mask> was also commissioned by the Congregational Church, and soon married Ann Hasseltine on February 5, 1812. He was ordained the next day at the Tabernacle Church in Salem. On February 19, he set sail aboard the brig Caravan with Luther Rice; Samuel and Harriet Newell; and his wife, Ann (known as "Nancy") <mask>. Ministry background

Voyage to India
The <mask>s arrived in Calcutta on June 17, 1812. While aboard ship en route to India, he did a focused study on the theology of baptism.He came to the position that believer's baptism was theologically valid and should be done as a matter of obedience to the command of Jesus (). On September 6, 1812, he switched to the Baptist denomination along with his wife and they were baptized by immersion in Calcutta by an English missionary associate of William Carey named William Ward. Both the local and British authorities did not want Americans evangelizing Hindus in the area, so the group of missionaries separated and sought other mission fields. They were ordered out of India by the British East India Company, to whom American missionaries were even less welcome than British (they were baptized in September, and already in June, the United States had declared war on England). The following year, on July 13, 1813, he moved to Burma, and en route his wife miscarried their first child aboard ship. <mask> offered to Baptists in the United States to serve as their missionary. Luther Rice, who had also converted, was in poor health and returned to America where his work and William Carey's urging resulted in the 1814 formation of the first national Baptist denomination in the United States for Foreign Missions (commonly called the Triennial Convention) and its offshoot the American Baptist Missionary Union.Missionaries in Burma
It was another difficult year before the <mask>s finally reached their intended destination, Burma. Buddhist Burma, <mask> was told by the Serampore Baptists, was impermeable to Christian evangelism. <mask>, who already knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, immediately began studying the Burmese grammar but took over three years learning to speak it. This was due, in part, to the radical difference in structure between Burmese and that of Western languages. He found a tutor and spent twelve hours per day studying the language. He and his wife firmly dedicated themselves to understanding it. During this time they were almost entirely isolated from contact with any European or American.This was the case for their first three years in Burma. Four years passed before <mask> dared even to hold a semi-public service. At first, he tried adapting to Burmese customs by wearing a yellow robe to mark himself as a teacher of religion, but he soon changed to white to show he was not a Buddhist. Then, he gave up the whole attempt as artificial and decided that, regardless of his dress, no Burmese would identify him as anything but a foreigner. He accommodated to some Burmese customs and built a zayat, the customary bamboo and thatch reception shelter, on the street near his home as a reception room and meeting place for Burmese men. Fifteen men came to his first public meeting in April 1819. He was encouraged but suspected they had come more out of curiosity than anything else.Their attention wandered, and they soon seemed uninterested. Two months later, he baptized his first Burmese convert, Maung Naw, a 35-year-old timber worker from the hill tribes. "Burma Baptist Chronicle" stated that Maung Naw (Nai Naw) was an ethnic Mon. First attempts by the <mask>s to interest the natives of Rangoon with the Gospel of Jesus met with almost total indifference. Buddhist traditions and the Burmese world view at that time led many to disregard the pleadings of <mask> and his wife to believe in one living and all-powerful God. To add to their discouragement, their second child, Roger William <mask>, died at almost eight months of age. <mask> completed translation of the Grammatical Notices of the Burman Language the following July and the Gospel of Matthew, in 1817.<mask> began public evangelism in 1818 sitting in a zayat by the roadside calling out "Ho! Everyone that thirsteth for knowledge!" The first believer was baptized in 1819, and there were 18 believers by 1822. In 1820, <mask> and a fellow missionary named Colman attempted to petition the Emperor of Burma, King Bagyidaw, in the hope that he would grant freedom for the missionaries to preach and teach throughout the country, as well as remove the sentence of death that was given for those Burmese who changed religion. Bagyidaw disregarded their appeal and threw one of their Gospel tracts to the ground after reading a few lines. The missionaries returned to Rangoon and met with the fledgling church there to consider what to do next. The progress of Christianity would continue to be slow with much risk of endangerment and death in the Burmese Empire.It took <mask> 12 years to make 18 converts. Nevertheless, there was much to encourage him. He had written a grammar of the language that is still in use today and had begun to translate the Bible. His wife, Ann, was even more fluent in the spoken language of the people than her more academically literate husband. She befriended the wife of the viceroy of Rangoon, as quickly as she did illiterate workers and women. A printing press had been sent from Serampore, and a missionary printer, George H. Hough, who arrived from America with his wife in 1817, produced the first printed materials in Burmese ever printed in Burma, which included 800 copies of <mask>'s translation of the Gospel of Matthew. The chronicler of the church, Maung Shwe Wa, concludes this part of the story, "So was born the church in Rangoon–logger and fisherman, the poor and the rich, men and women.One traveled the whole path to Christ in three days; another took two years. But once they had decided for Christ they were his for all time." One of the early disciples was U Shwe Ngong, a teacher and leader of a group of intellectuals dissatisfied with Buddhism, who were attracted to the new faith. He was a Deist skeptic to whose mind the preaching of <mask>, once a college skeptic himself, was singularly challenging. After consideration, he assured <mask> that he was ready to believe in God, Jesus Christ, and the atonement. <mask>, instead of welcoming him to the faith, pressed him further asking if he believed what he had read in the gospel of Matthew that Jesus the son of God died on the cross. U Shwe Ngong shook his head and said, "Ah, you have caught me now.I believe that he suffered death, but I cannot believe he suffered the shameful death on the cross." Not long after, he came back to tell <mask>, "I have been trusting in my own reason, not the word of God…. I now believe the crucifixion of Christ because it is contained in scripture." The essence of <mask>'s preaching was a combination of conviction of the truth with the rationality of the Christian faith, a firm belief in the authority of the Bible, and a determination to make Christianity relevant to the Burmese mind without violating the integrity of Christian truth, or as he put it, "to preach the gospel, not anti-Buddhism." By 1823, ten years after his arrival, membership of the little church had grown to 18, and <mask> had finally finished the first draft of his translation of the entire text of the New Testament in Burmese. Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)

Two irreconcilable hungers triggered the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824: Burma's desire for more territory, and Britain's desire for more trade. Burma threatened Assam and Bengal; Britain responded by attacking and absorbing two Burmese provinces into her India holdings to broaden her trade routes to East Asia.The war was a rough interruption of the Baptists' missionary work. English-speaking Americans were too easily confused with the enemy and suspected of spying. <mask> was imprisoned for 17 months during the war between the United Kingdom and Burma, first at Ava and then at Aung Pinle. <mask> and Price were violently arrested. Officers led by an official executioner burst into the <mask> home, threw <mask> to the ground in front of his wife, bound him with torture thongs, and dragged him off to the infamous, vermin-ridden death prison of Ava. Twelve agonizing months later, <mask> and Price, along with a small group of surviving Western prisoners, were marched overland, barefoot and sick, for six more months of misery in a primitive village near Mandalay. Of the sepoy British prisoners-of-war imprisoned with them, all but one died.The sufferings and brutalities of those 20 long months and days in prison, half-starved, iron-fettered, and sometimes trussed and suspended by his mangled feet with only head and shoulders touching the ground is described in detail by his wife, shortly after his release. Ann was perhaps the greater model of supreme courage. Heedless to all threats against herself, left alone as the only Western woman in an absolute and anti-Christian monarchy at war with the West, beset with raging fevers and nursing a tiny baby that her husband had not yet seen, she rushed from office to office in desperate attempts to keep her husband alive and win his freedom. The end of the war should have been a time of rejoicing for the mission. As soon as her husband was released by the Burmese, Ann wrote that one good result of the war could be that terms of the treaty which ceded Burmese provinces to the British might provide opportunity to expand the witness of the mission into unreached parts of the country. On October 24, 1826, Ann died at Amherst (now Kyaikkami), Burma, a victim of the long, dreadful months of disease, death, stress and

masks:
Adoniram Judson
Adoniram Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson


title: Adoniram Judson

texts:
 loneliness that had been hers for 21 months. Their third child died six months later.She died while her husband was out exploring the ceded province of Tenasserim. It was in the wild hills of that newly British province of Tenasserim that the first signs of rapid growth in Protestant Christianity in Burma began. Within a few years of the end of the war, Baptist membership doubled on an average of every eight years for the 32 years between 1834 and 1866. The collapse of Burma's armies brought <mask> out of prison, but his release was not complete freedom. In 1826, several months after the surrender, Burma pressed <mask> into service as a translator for the peace negotiations. Some have used <mask>'s acceptance of a role in the treaty negotiations as evidence of complicity in imperialism, but he first acted on behalf of the defeated Burmese as translator, not for the Western victors. Three significant factors had a part, though not the only part, in the rise of the Burmese Baptist churches.Most of the growth was in British-ruled territory, rather than the Burmese-ruled kingdom. It may also be significant that after an Anglo-Burmese war, the missionaries were American, not British. The most telling factor was religion. Most of the growth came from animist tribes, rather than from the major population group, the Buddhist Burmese. The first Burmese pastor he ordained was Ko-Thah-a, one of the original group of converts, who refounded the church at Rangoon. Karen apostle

While the nation was Burmese, a lost province of Great Britain, and the missionaries were American, the apostle of that first numerically significant evangelistic breakthrough was neither Burman, British, nor American. He was a Karen, Ko Tha Byu.Credit is due also to the three missionary pioneers to the Karen people, George Boardman and his wife, Sarah; and <mask> <mask>. The Karen people were a primitive, hunted minority group of ancient Tibeto-Burman ancestry scattered in the forests and jungles of the Salween River and in the hills along the southeast coast. <mask> was the first missionary to make contact with them in 1827, when he ransomed and freed a debt-slave from one of his early converts. The freed slave, Ko Tha Byu, was an illiterate, surly man who spoke almost no Burmese and was reputed to be not only a thief, but also a murderer who admitted killing at least 30 men, but could not remember exactly how many more. In 1828, the former Karen bandit, "whose rough, undisciplined genius, energy and zeal for Christ" (Sarah B <mask>) had caught the notice of the missionaries, was sent south with a new missionary couple, the Boardmans, into the territory of the strongly animistic, non-Buddhist Karen. Ko Tha Byu was no sooner baptized, when he set off into the jungle alone to preach to his fellow tribe members. Astonishingly, he found them prepared for his preaching.Their ancient oracle traditions, handed down for centuries, contained some startling echoes of the Old Testament that some scholars conjecture a linkage with Jewish communities (or possibly even Nestorians), before their migrations from western China into Burma perhaps as early as the 12th century. The core of what they called their "Tradition of the Elders" was a belief in an unchangeable, eternal, all-powerful God, creator of heaven and earth, of man, and of woman formed from a rib taken from the man (Genesis). They believed in humanity's temptation by a devil, and its fall, and that some day a Great Messiah would come to its rescue. They lived in expectation of a prophecy that white foreigners would bring them a sacred parchment roll. While the Boardmans and Ko Tha Byu were penetrating the jungles to the south, <mask> shook off a paralyzing year-long siege of depression that overcame him after the death of his wife and set out alone on long canoe trips up the Salween River into the tiger-infested jungles to evangelize the northern Karen. Between trips, he worked unceasingly at his lifelong goal of translating the entire Bible into Burmese. When he finished it at last in 1834, he had been labouring on it for 24 years.It was printed and published in 1835. In April of that same year, he married Sarah Hall Boardman, widow of fellow missionary George Boardman. They had eight children, five of whom survived to adulthood. Sarah's health began failing and physicians recommended a return to America. Sarah died en route at St. Helena on September 1, 1845. He continued home, where he was greeted as a celebrity and toured the eastern seaboard raising the profile of and money for missionary activity. Because he could barely speak above a whisper, due to pulmonary illness, his public addresses were made by speaking to an assistant, who would then address the audience.On June 2, 1846, <mask> married for the third time, to writer Emily Chubbuck, who he had commissioned to write memoirs for Sarah Hall Boardman. They had a daughter born in 1847. <mask> lived to approve and welcome the first single women as missionaries to Burma. A general rule of the mission had hitherto prevented such appointments. <mask> said it was "probably a good rule, but our minds should not be closed" to making exceptions. The first two exceptions were extraordinary. Sarah Cummings and Jason Tuma arrived in 1832.Cummings proved her mettle at once, choosing to work alone with Karen evangelists in the malaria-ridden Salween River valley north of Moulmein, but within two years she died of fever. In 1835, a second single woman, Eleanor Macomber, after five years of mission to the Ojibway Indians in Michigan, joined the mission in Burma. Alone, with the help of Karen evangelistic assistants, she planted a church in a remote Karen village and nurtured it to the point where it could be placed under the care of an ordinary missionary. She lived there five years and died of jungle fever. <mask> developed a serious lung disease and doctors prescribed a sea voyage as a cure. On April 12, 1850, he died at age 61 on board ship in the Bay of Bengal and was buried at sea, having spent 37 years in missionary service abroad with only one trip back home to America. A memorial to <mask> was built on Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts.Legacy

When <mask> began his mission in Burma, he set a goal of translating the Bible and founding a church of 100 members before his death. By the time of his death, he had accomplished those goals and more: leaving the translated Bible as well as a half-completed Burmese-English dictionary (discussed below), 100 churches, and over 8,000 believers. In large part due to his influence, Myanmar has the third largest number of Baptists worldwide, behind the United States and India. The majority of adherents are Karen, Kachin and Zomi People. <mask> compiled the first ever Burmese-English dictionary; missionary E. A. Steven completed the English-Burmese half. Every dictionary and grammar written in Burma in the last two centuries has been based on ones originally created by <mask>. <mask> "became a symbol of the preeminence of Bible translation for" Protestant missionaries.In the 1950s, Burma's Buddhist prime minister U Nu told the Burma Christian Council "Oh no, a new translation is not necessary. <mask>'s captures the language and idiom of Burmese perfectly and is very clear and understandable." Though the Bible has been translated numerous times into Burmese, <mask>'s translation remains the most popular version in Myanmar. Each July, Baptist churches in Myanmar celebrate "Judson Day," commemorating his arrival as a missionary. Inside the campus of Yangon University is <mask> Church, named in his honor, and in 1920 Judson College, named in his honor, merged into Rangoon College, which has since been renamed Yangon University. The American University named in his honor, Judson University was founded in Elgin, Illinois, in 1963, as the liberal arts Judson College was separated from the Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, which moved from Chicago to Lombard, Illinois. This American Judson College became Judson University in 2007 and now also has a campus in Rockford, Illinois.<mask>'s change to the validity of believer's baptism, and subsequent need of support, led to the founding of the first national Baptist organization in the United States and subsequently to all American Baptist associations, including the Southern Baptists that were the first to break off from the national organization. Publication of his wife Ann's letters about their mission inspired many Americans to become or support Christian missionaries. At least 36 Baptist churches in the United States are named after <mask>, as well as the town of Judsonia, Arkansas. Judson College in Alabama is named after his wife Ann and a dormitory at Maranatha Baptist University carries his name to inspire young ministers. Christian Union owns and operates a ministry center named after him at his undergraduate alma mater, Brown University. His seminary alma mater, Andover Theological Seminary, (now Andover Newton Theological School), named their prestigious annual award as The Judson Award. <mask> is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on April 12.<mask> Harmon, a former Governor of Ohio, was named after him. Free Will Baptist minister Devin Lyle Cominskie and wife Victoria Lynn Cominskie named their first son <mask> Deland Cominskie after him. Published works
 Burmese Bible, as well as portions published before the entire text was translated
 A Burmese-English dictionary (English-Burmese portion completed posthumously, see below)
 A Burmese Grammar
 Two hymns: Our Father, God, Who art in Heaven and Come Holy Spirit, Dove Divine

See also

 John Alexander Stewart (scholar), another first compiler (with C.W. Dunn) of a Burmese-English dictionary

References

Further reading
 Anderson, Courtney. To the golden shore: The life of <mask> <mask> (Little, Brown, 1956), The standard biography
 Brackney, William H. "The Legacy of <mask> <mask>." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 22.3 (1998): 122+ online
 Bradshaw, Robert I. "the life and Work of <mask> <mask>, Missionary to Burma."(1992). online

 Duessing, Jason G. 2012. <mask> <mask>: A Bicentennial Appreciation of the Pioneer American Missionary. B & H Academic. James, Helen. "<mask> <mask> and the Creation of a Missionary Discourse in Pre-Colonial Burma." Journal of Burma Studies 7.1 (2002): 1-28. online
 <mask>, Edward.The Life of <mask> <mask> (1883) online. Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions (Penguin Books, 1986) pp 293–95
 Wayland, Francis. 1853. A memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev. <mask> <mask>
 Torbet, Robert. 1955.Venture of Faith: The Story of the American Baptist Missionary Society
 Leonard, Bill J., editor. 1994.Dictionary of Baptists in America
 Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, Norman W. Cox, editor
 Burmese Encyclopedia: Vol 12, p-444, printed in 1966

Primary sources
 Knowles, James D. 1829. Memoir of Mrs Ann H<mask>, 252–259
 Mason, Francis . 1843. The Karen Apostle, or, Memoir of Ko tha Byu, the First Karen convert H. P. Cochrane, Among the Burmans: A Record of Fifteen Years <mask>, Emily C. 1848. Memoir of Sarah Boardman <mask>, Member of the American mission to Burma. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman.External links

 <mask> <mask> biographies
 Life and Work of <mask>
 SBHLA bio of <mask>
  Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume One
 Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume Two
 A memorial church to Adoniram and Ann Judson
 Online Burmese Bible
 Online Burmese Bible (Compatible with Burmese Wikipedia) — Translated from The Original Tongues by Rev. A<mask>, D.D. Hymn: "Come, Holy Spirit, Dove Divine"
 <mask>, Edward. The Life of Adoniram <mask>.'' New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1883
 <mask>'s Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, Rangoon: Government Printing, Burma, 1893. The Judson Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, revised and edited by F.H. Eveleth, Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press, 1921.''<mask> and <mask>' '

1788 births
1850 deaths
People from Malden, Massachusetts
American lexicographers
Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Brown University alumni
People of the First Anglo-Burmese War
Translators of the Bible into Burmese
People who died at sea
Burials at sea
Baptist missionaries in Myanmar
American expatriates in Myanmar
American prisoners of war
Anglican saints
Baptist writers
American evangelicals
19th-century Christian clergy
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist missionaries in India
American expatriates in India
Andover Theological Seminary alumni
19th-century translators
Missionary linguists
19th-century American clergy
19th-century

masks:
Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
. Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Judson
Judson
Judson
. Judson
Judson
Judson
Judson
Adoniram
Ann Judson


title: Fiona Watt

texts:
<mask>,  (born 28 March 1956) is a British scientist who is internationally known for her contributions to the field of stem cell biology. In the 1980s, when the field was in its infancy, she highlighted key characteristics of stem cells and their environment that laid the foundation for much present day research. She is currently director of the Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine at King's College London, and Executive Chair of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) (MRC), the first woman to lead the MRC since its foundation in 1913. On 13 July 2021 she has been appointed as the new Director of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). In December 2020 a whistleblowing investigation was triggered by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) to investigate claims that <mask> has acted in a bullying manner. The investigation, carried out by an independent organisation, was completed in May 2021 and the investigation concluded there was a need to take action against <mask>. UKRI said it accepted the investigation’s findings and that “appropriate action has been taken”.<mask> has offered written apologies for her behavior to multiple individuals. Following the whistleblowing investigation’s conclusion, <mask> remained in post until her current term as MRC Executive Chair ended in early 2022. She then took up her new position as director of the European Molecular Biology Organization. As a result of the outcome of this whistle blowing investigation, in December 2021 <mask> was blocked from applying to the biomedical research funder Wellcome for 12 months and is required to hand over management of her existing grants to colleagues. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 28 March 1956 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her father was a dental surgeon who combined his clinical work with an active research programme. Her family were members of the Church of Scotland, and she attributes her commitment to public service to her Presbyterian upbringing.Her younger sister, Wendy, died in 1982. <mask> knew she wanted to be a scientist from a very young age. She is quoted as saying, "I think that being a scientist is in a sense hardwired, and there are people who just couldn't conceive of being anything else". <mask> obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1976, and her master's degree in 1979, both at Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge. She also obtained her Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford in 1979, supervised by Henry Harris with a thesis on ''Microtubule-organizing centres in cells in culture and in hybrids derived from them'. Career
After her PhD, <mask> completed a two-year postdoctoral research positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US, with Dr. Howard Green. Two of her fellow postdocs, Bruce Spiegelman and Elaine Fuchs, were to remain lifelong friends.Upon returning to the UK, she founded her first lab at the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology in London where she became Head of the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory. In 1987 she relocated to the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (now part of the Francis Crick Institute) where she served as Head of the Keratinocyte Laboratory. From 2007 to 2012 she worked in Cambridge, where she helped to establish the Cambridge Cancer Research UK Institute and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research. She was a Fellow of St John’s College and the first Herchel Smith Professor of Molecular Genetics at Cambridge University. Moving to King’s College London in 2012, she set up the internationally renowned Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM) to promote collaboration between scientists and clinicians in order to progress the potential of stem cells into clinical reality for patients. By paying equal attention to architecture, infrastructure and recruitment she has created a unique research environment where research can flourish. Research
<mask>’s major research contribution has been to elucidate how the outer covering of mammalian skin, the epidermis, is maintained through self-renewal of stem cells and terminal differentiation of their progeny.Using cultured human epidermis and genetically modified mice, she pioneered the identification of stem cell populations and elucidated the roles of integrin, Notch, Wnt and receptor tyrosine kinase signalling in regulating their behavior. She identified the first marker, integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors, that could be used to isolate epidermal stem cells – researchers have subsequently found that this marker enriches for stem cells in a wide range of tissues. In addition, others have amply confirmed her original concept that the ECM is a key component of the stem cell niche. Her lab's research has also shown that the interplay between diverse intrinsic and extrinsic signals is central to determining cell fate, identified different sensing mechanisms and downstream signalling pathways, and elucidated the nature of the switch between stem cells and differentiated cells. A pioneer of single cell gene expression profiling, she demonstrated that different human epidermal stem cell states are not stochastic but reflect the existence of stem cell subpopulations that had not been identified previously. By demonstrating the existence of functionally distinct skin fibroblast lineages she has opened the way for new strategies to treat scarring and fibrosis. <mask>’s work has resulted in new insights into how epidermal deregulation leads to tumor formation, including the roles played by differentiated cells, bacteria and immune cells.She uncovered new mechanisms by which integrins contribute to cancer, including the first tumour-associated integrin mutation. She also identified the first Wnt-inhibitory mutation that stimulates tumour formation. The generality of her observations has been confirmed in other solid tumours. In recent years she has become increasingly interested in the relationship between genetic variants and cellular behaviour. Leadership
<mask> has shown leadership in many aspects of academic life. She has played a key role in promoting UK government investment in stem cell research, for example as specialist adviser to the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. She is past-president of the British Society for Cell Biology and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).She has long been passionate about scientist-led publication, serving as Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Cell Science for 20 years and then as a founding Deputy Editor of eLife. <mask> is a vocal advocate for women in science. In a series of articles and interviews with women scientists (2004-2005) she examined the struggles women face in ‘getting to the top’ and how personal lives shape careers. She has also written candidly about her own experiences and collaborated with the New York Stem Cell Foundation to define actionable strategies for advancing women in science, engineering, and medicine. She is active in public engagement and participates in a wide range of events, appearing regularly in the media. At the Medical Research Council she has launched a highly successful programme to enable full-time clinicians to participate in research; worked with and engaged Black and Minority Ethnic PhD students to identify new ways to support their academic careers; and developed new initiatives in multi-morbidity, adolescent mental health and pain. In 2020 <mask> spearheaded efforts to fund coronavirus research, helping to ensure that the first awards from UKRI/DHSC were made just as the scale of the pandemic was becoming apparent.During <mask>’s tenure as MRC Executive Chair, she oversaw the decision to close the Mammalian Genetics Unit. This strategic decision was decried by over 150 researchers and leading geneticists internationally, including Elizabeth Fisher and Robin Lovell-Badge. Following a Strategic Review in 2019, the MRC Council concluded that in light of scientific advances to create more complex clinically-related mouse models, it was timely to focus on new investments on targeted programmes that are integrated with human disease modelling. Professor Owen Sansom is Director of the new National Mouse Genetics Network. The Medical Research Council is investing more than £20 million in this new network to accelerate their understanding of human disease and improving diagnosis and treatments. It will bring together a package of challenge-focused research clusters distributed across the UK and a long term partnership with the Mary Lyon Centre at Harwell. Awards and honours
<mask> has received a number of awards and honours.She is a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (1999), Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (2000) and a Fellow of the Royal Society (2003). She was elected an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008 and was awarded the Hunterian Society Medal in 2015. She is a Doctor Honoris Causa of the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (2016). She won the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) Women in Cell Biology Senior Award in 2008 and the FEBS/EMBO Women in Science Award in 2016. She was elected an Honorary Member of Society for Investigative Dermatology (2018) and Honorary Fellow, British Pharmacological Society (2019). She is a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (2019). She is a member of several advisory boards, including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Advisory Board.She won the inaugural Suffrage Science award in 2011. References

External links
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute
Stem Cells and Human Health

British women scientists
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Wellcome Trust
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Royal Society
1956 births
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Francis Crick Institute alumni

masks:
Fiona Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Fiona Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Fiona Watt
Watt
Fiona Watt
Watt
Watt
Fiona Watt


title: Pierre Vallières

texts:
<mask> ( – ) was a Québécois/Quebecer journalist and writer, known as an intellectual leader of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) and author of Nègres blancs d'Amérique, translated as White Niggers of America. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 22 February 1938, in Montreal, Quebec into a French-Canadian family. <mask> grew up in Ville Jacques-Cartier (now part of Longueuil) in the South Shore region, considered one of the most deprived areas of the Montreal metropolitan area. He entered the Franciscan Order. but left after a couple of years. He worked in a bookstore before becoming a journalist, first for Le Devoir, and then for Cité Libre, for which he later became the director. He then went to cover international news for La Presse.FLQ and White Niggers of America
<mask> had been working for La Presse for two years when he was fired for taking part in "subversive activities", having become a left-wing political activist at a young age. In September 1964, <mask> and Charles Gagnon published of the first issue of left-wing Révolution québécoise magazine. In July 1965, <mask> and Gagnon led the "Fourth Wave" of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist and Marxist-Leninist paramilitary group in Quebec, when they combined the remains of the "Third Wave" with their Popular Liberation Movement. Vallières published the group's newspaper, La Cognée ("The Hit"), and was involved in militant activities. The FLQ's bombing campaign prompted a quick clampdown by Canadian authorities, and by August 1966, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) had arrested many FLQ members. Vallières escaped the arrests and fled to the United States with Gagnon, where they conducted a hunger strike at the United Nations headquarters in New York City to protest what was considered to be Quebec's plight in Canada. While in New York, Vallières was held in the Manhattan House of Detention for Men before being extradited back to Canada, where he was immediately arrested in connection with the robbery of a Montreal cinema on 27 August 1966.Vallières, along with Charles Gagnon and five other people, was convicted of the manslaughter of Thérèse Morin, a 64-year-old secretary who died in the explosion of a bomb that was delivered to the H.B. La Grenade shoe manufacturer in Montreal on 5 May 1966, and of Jean Corbo, a 16-year-old FLQ member who died on 14 July 1966 in the explosion of the bomb he had placed himself at the Dominion Textile factory in Montreal. Vallières received a life sentence for the deaths but the conviction was overturned by the court of appeal, and in a second trial held in 1969, he was convicted again and this time sentenced to 30 months in prison. He was paroled on 26 May 1970 after spending 44 months in prison. Vallières wrote a number of works during his four-month imprisonment in New York in 1967, the most famous of which was Nègres blancs d'Amérique (1968), translated into English as White Niggers of America. The book compared the historical situation of French-Canadians to that of African-Americans at the height of the latter's civil rights struggles, where Vallières argued the parallels between the two peoples as an exploited lower class, and called for armed struggle of liberation against their common aristocratic oppressors. Later life and death
In 1970, during the October Crisis, the FLQ abducted and murdered <mask>, the Vice-Premier of Quebec.The following year, Vallières renounced violence as a means to achieve Quebec independence, and on 4 October 1972, under a plea bargain agreement, received a one-year suspended sentence on three charges of counselling kidnapping for political purposes. Vallières then resumed his career as a journalist, writer, and publisher. Vallières died from heart failure on 23 December 1998, at the Jacques-Viger Hospital in Montreal. Works

Nègres blancs d'Amérique, autobiographie précoce d'un " terroriste " québécois. Montréal : Éditions Parti pris, 1967 (translated as White Niggers of America: The Precocious Autobiography of a Quebec Terrorist by Joan Pinkham, Monthly Review Press, 1971 and McClelland & Stewart, 1972)
Vivre sans temps morts, jouir sans entraves! Paris, 1970
L'urgence de choisir. Montréal Parti-Pris, 1971; (translated as Choose!, New Press, 1972 )
Pour un front commun multinational de libération.with Charles Gagnon. S.l. : Front de libération du Québec, 1971
Un Québec impossible. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1977 (translated as The Impossible Quebec: Illusions of Sovereignty Association, 1980)
L'exécution de <mask>porte : les dessous de l'Opération. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1977 (translated as The Assassination of <mask>e by Ralph Wells, Lorimer, 1977)
Les scorpions associés. with René Lévesque. Montréal : Éditions Québec-Amérique, 1978
La démocratie ingouvernable.Montréal : Québec/Amérique, 1979
La liberté en friche. Montréal : Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1979
Changer de société. with Serge Proulx. Montréal : Québec/Amérique, 1982
Les héritiers de Papineau : itinéraire politique d'un "nègre blanc" (1960–1985). Montréal, Québec : Québec/Amérique, 1986
Noces obscures. Montréal : L'Hexagone, 1986
Le devoir de résistance. Montréal : VLB, 1994
Paroles d'un nègre blanc.with Jacques Jourdain and Mélanie Mailhot. Montréal : VLB éditeur, 2002

Film

Freedom Outraged <mask> plays himself in a documentary by the National Film Board of Canada directed by Jean-Daniel Lafond. A 16-mm medium length, color, 1994. by <mask>
A brief essay on The Execution of <mask>e

1938 births
1998 deaths
Canadian political writers
Canadian gay writers
Writers from Montreal
People from Longueuil
Canadian non-fiction writers in French
Front de libération du Québec members
People extradited from the United States
People extradited to Canada
Canadian people convicted of manslaughter
Quebec sovereigntists
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Pierre Vallières
Pierre Vallières
Vallières
Vallières
Vallières
Vallières
Pierre Laporte
Pierre La
Pierre Laport
Vallières
Pierre Vallières
Pierre Laport


title: Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto

texts:
<mask> (, ; born September 27, 1973) is an Israeli-Moroccan Orthodox rabbi who leads a global organization called Mosdot Shuva Israel. Based in Ashdod and New York, he is a Kabbalist. Globes business journal named him in 2012 as one of the ten wealthiest rabbis in Israel. As part of a series of legal issues, he pleaded guilty in September 2014 to bribing a high-ranking Israeli police officer. He was sentenced on May 12, 2015, to one year in prison, and to pay a fine of 1 million shekels. He began serving his prison sentence on February 16, 2016. After his release, he became the Chief Rabbi of Morocco in 2019.Biography
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born in Israel to Moroccan parents. On his father's side, he is the great-grandson of Chaim <mask>, a Moroccan sage; on his mother's side, he is the great-grandson of Rabbi Yisrael Abuhatzeira, also known as the Baba Sali. <mask> graduated from Ashkenazi Lithuanian yeshivas, and studied under Ashkenazi and Hassidic rabbis. <mask> was also influenced by Satmar Hassidism and its teachings. <mask> speaks Hebrew, and does not know English. Around 2008, <mask> moved to New York City for medical treatments. In the past few years, he spent time in either New York City or Ashdod, where he ran the Shuva Israel yeshiva.After his release from prison in 2017, he settled in Morocco. Rabbinic career
<mask> is a rabbi and religious leader. Prior to extensive legal issues, he had a following as a spiritual leader and is a Kabbalist. He is said to be the descendant of rabbinical dynasties that reportedly have the potential to work miracles. <mask> has many followers from the Israeli expatriate community in the U.S. and has been described as "a rabbi to the rich and famous". When he was in his 20s, <mask> founded Shuva Israel, a yeshiva in Ashdod, Israel. As founder he oversees an organization that includes two yeshivas in Ashkelon, one in Kiryat Malachi, three in Ashdod, and one in Rishon LeZion, with a total of 500 students to be rabbinical
students in training.The organization also has two schools for girls in Ashdod and a training school in Ashkelon. One of the Israeli locations provides money for living expenses to 180 widowed women. Several yeshivas or religious schools located in the United States and Israel and sponsors a charitable organization that provides food for Israeli families in need. <mask>'s center in Ashod has four synagogues that serve more than 1,200 worshippers, a yeshiva with over 300 full-time students, and a soup kitchen that provides 3,000 meals a day. <mask> has also established a network of yeshivas in Israel, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York in the U.S. In October 2010, <mask> led thousands to Silistra, Bulgaria, for an annual pilgrimage in homage of Eliezer Papo. During his stay in Bulgaria, <mask> held a meeting with 80 Jewish American businessmen, asking them to invest $5 billion in the Israeli economy.In March, 2020, <mask> called upon the Jews of Morocco and the global Jewish community to comply with governmental regulations intended to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, in response to reports of Orthodox Jewish Haredi communities around the world defying restrictions on their traditional lifestyle. Business career
<mask> has extensive connections in the real estate community in New York, including an executive with Metropolitan Real Estate Investors and one with Ilan Bracha of Prudential Douglas Elliman. His followers include Jay Schottenstein (chairman of the American Eagle Outfitters clothing company) and real estate mogul Jacky Ben-Zaken. <mask> has been characterized as "something between a guru and a Hasidic rebbe" and as a "mystically inclined" Kabbalist with an interest in the esoteric elements of the Jewish tradition". Although <mask> has no formal business background, a number of prominent Israeli and Jewish-American businessmen have visited him for consultation, including talk-show host Donny Deutsch; jeweler Jacob Arabo ("Jacob the Jeweler"); former Congressman Anthony Weiner. Prominent non-Jews who have consulted with <mask> include New York City politician Michael Grimm and basketball player LeBron James. <mask> has said that he does not consider his help to be advice, saying instead that "It’s more of a blessing".Politicians and businessmen who have visited <mask> in Israel include Justice Minister Yaakov Neeman, former Bank of Israel governor Jacob Frenkel, and Israeli soccer star Guy Levy. Because of <mask>'s influence, he has been called the "rabbi to the business stars", and was described by Yoel Hasson, a Kadima member of the Knesset, as having connections and influence with a number of people in Israeli politics. According to an article in the Globes business journal, in June 2012, Forbes Israel named <mask> as one of the 10 wealthiest rabbis in Israel, "with a fortune of NIS 75 million" "based on organizational holdings" such as "charitable activities and properties". Political career
In 2010, a reception held for <mask> was attended by an Israel Defense Forces major general and five cabinet members. In January 2011, <mask> met with opposition leader Israeli politician Tzipi Livni in Tel Aviv. In December 2010, <mask> condemned an open letter endorsed by 50 Israeli rabbis which encouraged Jewish community members to avoid renting or selling property to non-Jews. <mask> believed that the letter would provoke racism against Jews in Israel and abroad, making it difficult for them "to live in New York or anywhere else in the world".Legal problems
In September 2011, <mask>'s father-in law, the chief Rabbi of Argentina, Shlomo Ben Hamo, retracted accusations of money laundering against <mask> in the Jerusalem District Court. The father-in-law said the retraction was "part of an arrangement made for legal reasons and to preserve domestic tranquility". Under the terms of the agreement, <mask> was required to pay NIS 3.4 million for two apartments purchased by his father-in-law, in the Gold housing complex in Jerusalem, with funds that were allegedly obtained from <mask>. On October 12, 2012 <mask> was reported to be under investigation for money laundering. He was released on bail and placed under house arrest for a bribery attempt of an Israeli police official involved in the investigation. On September 17, 2014, <mask> was indicted on charges of attempting to bribe Ephraim Bracha of the Israeli national police in an attempt to gain information about the ongoing investigation of the financial activities of Hazon Yeshaya, a charitable organization Pinto heads. Bracha had reported the bribery attempt to his superior, Maj. Gen. Yoav Segalovich, and was ordered by Segalovich to pretend to accept the bribe.In February 2015, the Supreme Court upheld <mask>'s plea agreement under which he would serve a maximum of one year in jail and become a state witness. He returned to Israel on April 14, and pleaded guilty the next day to bribing Bracha. Judge Oded Mudrick found him guilty of bribery, attempted bribery, and obstruction of justice. Bracha, who was cleared of any wrongdoing, committed suicide on July 5, 2015 after being subjected to a prolonged campaign of defamation. <mask> was sentenced on May 12, 2015, to one year in prison, and must pay a fine of 1 million shekels. Appeals of the prison sentence on the basis of ill health were declined on January 5 and February 8, 2016. He arrived at prison on February 16, 2016, after a brief stay in an Israeli hospital to check on and treat his medical conditions, including cancer.On August 3, President Reuven Rivlin rejected <mask>'s appeal for clemency. His appeal for early release due to ill health, initially granted on September 19, was later overturned by the Lod District Court on September 26. He was released from prison on January 25, 2017, upon completion of his sentence. In February 2014, a civil suit was filed in New York State Supreme Court that claims <mask> and an aide orchestrated the arrest of a business rival and threatened him with physical harm. References

Further reading
 Cowan, Allison Leigh. "A Short Second Life for a Building With History" in The New York Times, August 23, 2010. External links

1973 births
Abuhatzeira family
American Orthodox rabbis
20th-century Moroccan Jews
Moroccan rabbis
Living people
Sephardi rabbis
American people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Rabbis convicted of crimes
American members of the clergy convicted of crimes
Chief rabbis of Morocco
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Yoshiyahu Yosef Pinto
Yoshiyahu
Yosef
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto
Pinto


title: William Bauchop Wilson

texts:
<mask> (April 2, 1862 – May 25, 1934) was an American labor leader and progressive politician, who immigrated as a child with his family from Lanarkshire, Scotland. After having worked as a child and adult in the coal mines of Pennsylvania, he became active as a labor organizer. <mask> is best remembered for his service as the first Secretary of Labor (1913–21) in the United States, serving through the years of American participation in the Great War. President <mask> (no relation) nominated him to the office. Biography

Early life
<mask><mask> was born in  Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was the third child of <mask> and Helen Nelson (<mask>) <mask>, and the first to survive early childhood. His father was a coal miner.During a mining strike in February 1868, the family was evicted from their company-owned home as the company tried to suppress the strike. His father <mask> traveled around Scotland unsuccessfully trying to find other work. He ultimately decided to emigrate to the United States to find employment there, and left his wife and three children, sailing by ship across the Atlantic in April 1870. <mask> found work in the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania, settling in the little town of Arnot, located in Tioga County. After finding a job, he sent for his wife and family. Together with his father-in-law, they departed Glasgow for the United States in August 1870. Immediately after arriving in the United States, the boy <mask> was enrolled in public school in Arnot.This interval proved to be short-lived, however, as his father began to suffer serious back problems and was unable to complete his work without assistance. At the age of 9, <mask> was removed from school and sent to help his father in the mines. He continued to work as a miner for nearly two decades. In 1874, young <mask> engaged in labor organizing for the first time when he attempted to launch a union for the boys who worked as trappers, manually operating the ventilation of the mines. When the fledgling union threatened a strike over a wage reduction, union representative <mask> discovered the limits of union solidarity. He was paddled by a foreman and the incipient strike was broken. The event proved to be a valuable learning experience for <mask>, who later recalled in his unpublished memoirs:

His argument had been forceful and effective, but it was applied to the wrong part of my anatomy to be permanently convincing....It helped impress upon my mind the fact that until working men were as strong, collectively, as their employers, they would be forced...to accept whatever conditions were imposed upon them. In 1876, when <mask> was just 14 years old, there was declining membership in the local Miners' and Laborers' Benevolent Association. They selected <mask>, the energetic youngster, as the organization's Secretary. He began to correspond with other labor activists around the country, laying the groundwork for his career as a trade union organizer and leader. United Mine Workers official
He served as international secretary-treasurer of the United Mine Workers of America from 1900 to 1908. House of Representatives
He was elected as a Democrat from Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district to the Sixtieth, Sixty-first, and Sixty-second Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Labor during the Sixty-second Congress.<mask> was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1912 and for election in 1914. Secretary of Labor
He was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in the Cabinet of President <mask> and served from March 5, 1913, to March 5, 1921. During the First World War, he was a member of the Council of National Defense. The administration was working to encourage African-American support for the war effort, both among men who served and those who were working in war industries. Among his special assistants was George Edmund Haynes, 1918 to 1921, who was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Columbia University. Haynes served as Director of Negro Economics in the United States Department of Labor. Competition was fierce for the higher-paying jobs in the defense industries, and during Red Summer of 1919, whites attacked blacks in numerous cities.Haynes tried to mitigate racial conflict in employment, housing, and recreation. He also continued his earlier work in studying how blacks were excluded from certain trade unions, interracial conditions in the workplace, and issues in child labor. <mask> was a member of the Federal Board for Vocational Education from 1914 to 1921 and served as chairman of the board in 1920 and 1921. He was appointed on March 4, 1921, a member of the International Joint Commission, created to prevent disputes regarding the use of the boundary waters between the United States and Canada, and served until March 21, 1921, when he resigned. In December 1916, <mask> addressed a conference on social insurance in which he discussed State developments in that field, such as the provision of mothers' pensions and workmen's compensation, and also spoke of the possibility of the United States introducing old-age pensions and universal health insurance. Later years and death
<mask> was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1926 against Republican <mask> Vare. After his public service he was engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits near Blossburg, Pennsylvania.He died on board a train near Savannah, Georgia on May 25, 1934. He was buried in Arbon Cemetery in Blossburg. Legacy

In 2007, <mask> was named to the U.S. Department of Labor's Labor Hall of Fame. It is located inside the North Plaza of the headquarters at the Frances Perkins Building on 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.

See also
 List of foreign-born United States Cabinet Secretaries

Footnotes

External links

 "<mask> <mask>: First U.S. Secretary of Labor," www.blossburg.org  Retrieved March 6, 2010. "<mask><mask> (1862–1934): Labor Hall of Fame Honoree (2007)," U.S. Department of Labor biography. Retrieved March 6, 2010. The <mask>op <mask> Papers, including political letters, official correspondence, files from his tenure with the Department of Labor and many other materials, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.|-

|-

|-

1862 births
1934 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American Presbyterians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
People from Tioga County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Democrats
Scottish emigrants to the United States
United Mine Workers people
United States Secretaries of Labor
<mask> administration cabinet members

masks:
William Bauchop Wilson
Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
William B
. Wilson
Adam Black Wilson
Bauchop
Wilson
Adam Wilson
Adam Wilson
William Wilson
William
William
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
William Scott
Wilson
William Bauchop
Wilson
William B
. Wilson
William Bauch
Wilson
Woodrow Wilson


title: Ignacio Elizondo

texts:
<mask>, (born Salinas Valley, New Kingdom of León, New Spain, March 9, 1766 - died San Marcos, Texas, New Spain, c. September 12, 1813), was a royalist military officer during the Mexican war of independence against Spain. He is mostly known for his capture of insurgent leaders Miguel Hidalgo, <mask>, José Mariano Jiménez, and Juan Aldama at the Wells of Baján, Coahuila in 1811. Initially a supporter of Mexican independence who converted to the royalist cause, <mask> is sometimes compared to the American Benedict Arnold. In 1813, after a successful campaign against rebel armies he was assassinated by one of his junior officers. Personal life
<mask> was born in the village of Salinas (now Salinas Victoria, Nuevo León). He was son of <mask> and María Josefa de Villarreal. He was of Spanish and Basque ancestry.During his childhood, <mask> lived in the village of Pesquería Grande (present-day Garcia, Nuevo León). His father owned many agricultural estates (haciendas). In 1787, at the age of twenty-one he married María Gertrudis. She died on March 6, 1797 while giving birth to his son, José Rafael Eusebio. <mask> began his military career in 1798, after being appointed Lieutenant of Pesquería's provincial militia company. Two years later, he was appointed Captain of the Punta de Lampazos provincial dragoons, one of the largest military units in the New Kingdom of León, present day Nuevo Leon. One year later <mask> returned again to his former position at Pesquería's provincial militia.In 1806, the governor of Nuevo León, Pedro de Herrera y Levya, appointed him to command the Eighth Dragoons, a company, which would operate in Texas against the frequent Apache attacks taking place. <mask> requested from the Viceroy an exemption from his military command as he was having serious financial problems. He owed money to the Roman Catholic church for livestock and land he had purchased. However, Governor de Herrera, declined to exempt him from his military duties which caused friction between the two men. He subsequently married Maria Romana Carrasco and, in 1806, the couple moved to the Hacienda of San Juan de Canoas, in Coahuila state, where he also administrated the Hacienda of Alamo near the city of Monclova. Capturing Hidalgo
The Mexican War of Independence from Spain began with the "grito" of the Roman Catholic priest, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, on September 16, 1810. Initially <mask>, stationed in Texas, took the side of the rebels in the Casas Revolt.<mask> had the responsibility of guarding royalist prisoners in Monclova, Coahuila. There, or possibly earlier, he was persuaded to join the royalists. Some historians debate whether General Ramon Díaz de Bustamante or Bishop  Primo Feliciano Marín de Porras won <mask> over to the royalists. Others believe he was converted by Manuel María de Salcedo of Texas and Simón de Herrera of Nuevo León, while the two royalist governors were his prisoners. <mask> was asked to continue to pretend to support the rebels to gain intelligence about the plans of Allende and Hidalgo who were then in flight toward the United States after a military defeat in the Battle of Calderon Bridge. In March 1811, Hidalgo and Allende, rebel military leaders, and the remnants of the rebel army were in Saltillo,  south of Monclova. The royalist sympathizers in Monclova included a group of large landowners of the region led by José Melchor Sanchez Navarro.Deceived into believing that Monclova was safely in the hands of rebel supporters, Allende, Hidalgo, other leaders, and 1,000 men of the rebel army departed Saltillo for Monclova. On March 21, 1811 <mask> was waiting at the Wells of Baján with 150 men. The rebel leaders arrived first at the wells in carriages. <mask> greeted them with an honor guard. He led the carriages behind a nearby hill not visible from the remainder of the rebel convoy. There, his men demanded the surrender of the rebel leaders. Padre Hidalgo, on horseback, drew a pistol but was restrained from firing by a royalist soldier.Allende was in the fifth carriage, and Allende opened fire. In the return fire Allende's son and several rebel soldiers were killed. The royalists tied the hands of the rebel leaders and their escorts and escorted them to a makeshift prison camp. This process of capturing elements of the rebel army continued all day long. As each new element arrived they were taken captive by <mask>'s men. By the end of the day the royalists had 893 prisoners and had killed about 40 of the rebels who resisted. The rear guard was the only contingent in the rebel army which sensed the danger and escaped capture.The next day <mask> divided the prisoners into three groups: the leaders of the rebels including Padre Hidalgo; captured rebel clergymen, and the common soldiers. All prisoners were taken to Monclova first and the lesser offenders remained there for trial. Ten captured clergymen were taken to Durango and 27 military leaders and Hidalgo were taken to Chihuahua for trial. The rebel leaders and many of their followers were executed. Royalist soldier
After the capture of the rebel leaders, <mask> was promoted to Lt. Colonel in the royalist army. Given the importance of his capture of the rebel leaders, the reward and the honors he received were modest.On March 29, 1813, the royalist army in Texas lost the Battle of Rosillo Creek and on April 1 the rebels occupied San Antonio. To begin the effort to recover Texas, General José Joaquín de Arredondo ordered <mask> to reconnoiter, but not to engage in battle with, the rebel forces of José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara in San Antonio. With a force of 1,050 men <mask> crossed the Rio Grande on June 12 and, against Arredondo's orders, camped near San Antonio de Bexar and demanded Gutiérrez's surrender. On June 20, Gutiérrez's army of 1,500 men surprised <mask> in the Battle of Alazan Creek and soundly defeated his forces, forcing <mask> to retreat to the Rio Grande. General Arredondo ordered <mask> to join him in an effort to retake the Spanish colony of Texas. With 1,830 men the two commanders advanced from Mexico toward San Antonio. On August 18, 1813, at the Battle of Medina, <mask> led a cavalry division of the Royal Spanish Army to defeat the 1,400 man rebel Republican Army of the North, crushing the so-called Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition as well as the insurrection in Texas.<mask>'s last military service to the King of Spain was as the officer in command of a contingent of 500 cavalrymen dispatched by Arredondo from the capital at San Antonio, to chase and mop-up the fleeing survivors of the insurgent army immediately after the Battle of Medina. His last reports (before the incident that led to his death on his return from this successful mission) detail his march along the Camino Real toward eastern Texas, where he captured and executed many of the rebel soldiers at the Spanish hacienda of Trinidad de Salcedo (1807-1813) on Trinity River, which he depopulated and burned (see translation of <mask>'s final reports appended here). He pursued rebel soldiers as far as Nacogdoches in eastern Texas and executed 71 rebel soldiers and took more than 100 prisoners. Death
On September 3, 1813, <mask> was critically wounded by Lieutenant Miguel (or Manuel) Serrano, while sleeping in his encampment at the edge of the Brazos River. He died a few days later. Many historians believe he was buried on the bank of the San Marcos River, in Texas, New Spain, where he died as he was being carried back to the capital on a litter. However, if Lt. Col. <mask> was, indeed, first interred on the banks of the San Marcos River, then his remains must have been exhumed later and re-buried in San Antonio, where on 9 October 1815, his burial was recorded in the campo santo record book at San Fernando cathedral as No.715: "<mask>, Lt. Col. of the cavalry. Spanish, married to Romana Carrasco. He died of wounds received from an attack whilst he slept." References

People of the Mexican War of Independence
1766 births
Colonial Mexico
1813 deaths
People from Salinas Victoria, Nuevo León
People of Spanish Texas

masks:
Francisco Ignacio Elizondo Villarreal
Ignacio Allende
Elizondo
Elizondo
José Marcos de Elizondo
Elizondo
Ignacio Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Elizondo
Ignacio Elizondo