title: Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev

texts:
<mask>v (, Raqymjan Qoşqarbaev; Russian: Рахимжан Кошкарбаев) was the first soldier to raise the Soviet Flag at the Reichstag building in Berlin, having placed the flag by a staircase in the opera hall after sneaking into the building. After nightfall Qoshqarbaev and several of his comrades raised the flag on the roof. However, because they had raised the flag in the night when it was too dark to take a photo, none of them were part of the iconic photo of Soviet soldiers raising the flag on 2 May. After the raising of the flag on 30 April it was shot down by German snipers shortly before the Wehrmacht retook control of the building. However, by 2 May the Soviets retook control of the building and raised the flag again, bringing photographer Yevgeny Khaldei with them to capture a reenactment of the historic moment. Early life
Qoshqarbaev was born on 19 October 1924 in the village of Akmolinsk within the Kirghiz ASSR (later Kazakh SSR), currently located within the present-day city of Nur-Sultan. His mother died in 1928 and he was eventually sent to an orphanage at the age of 13 after his father was repressed and declared an "enemy of the people" during the Great Purge in 1937.After completing seven years of secondary school he worked in a factory until he was allowed to join the Red Army. World War II
Immediately after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 Qoshqarbaev attempted to join the Red Army but was initially rejected because he was only sixteen years old at the time. He reapplied shortly before his eighteenth birthday in August 1942 and was sent for training in the city of Kokshetau, which he completed in 1943. He was then sent for officer training at the Tambov All-Commander Infantry School, which he graduated from with honors before being sent to the Eastern Front as a junior lieutenant in October 1944. In 1945 Qoshqarbaev distinguished himself while leading a platoon on an assault on enemy defenses, located on the Western bank of the Oder River; on April 17, one day after breaking through the enemy bridgehead, he led his unit towards a river channel to establish a new bridgehead and continued the advance despite heavy resistance from Axis forces. After Soviet forces opened fire on approaching enemy forces Qoshqarbaev entered the water, led his unit in the perilous crossing, and proceeded to storm a German trench after reaching the western bank of the canal. During the heavy fighting of that engagement over 40 German soldiers were killed after the platoon seized three machine guns in hand-to-hand combat and opened fire on the remaining German soldiers in the trench.After taking over the trench they established a firing point and gunned down the remaining enemy combatants in the area. After Qoshqarbaev's success in the Oder offensive, his platoon became the first unit to cross the Spree river, doing so under heavy enemy fire. From the time of Oder crossing to when he raised the flag over the Reichstag in Berlin, his platoon killed over 200 German soldiers and held 184 of them hostage, took 27 high-caliber machine-guns, and obtained many other weapons that were once in the hands of enemy soldiers. When the war ended Qoshqarbaev was a Lieutenant and the commander of a reconnaissance platoon belonging the 674th Infantry Regiment in the 150th Infantry Division. Raising the flag over the Reichstag
Qoshqarbaev initially placed the flag of the Soviet Union atop the staircase in front of the main entrance to the building on 30 April 1945 at 14:25 after sneaking into the building with another soldier, Grigory Bulatov. The flag was presented to the group of soldiers assigned to raising the flag over the building by a regimental commander; the meeting where the flag was given to them was held in Himmler's house. After Qoshqarbaev originally placed the flag in the entrance by the staircase under the watch of Ivan Klochkov they went on to place it atop the building; the soldiers then jumped out of a window and ran across the roof, but after coming under heavy fire they laid low on the roof for several hours and waited for the artillery fire to cease.While waiting for the opportunity to hoist up the flag Qoshqarbaev and Bulatov wrote their names and regiment numbers on the flag. After nightfall the artillery fire eventually died down and under the cover of darkness Mikhail Minin along with Aleksey Bobrov, Bulatov, and Qoshqarbaev raised the flag over the Reichstag. However, the flag was later shot down by German snipers. All participants in the event were nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union, but were instead awarded the Order of the Red Banner; none of them were present during the re-creation of the event in the photo Raising a Flag over the Reichstag taken on 2 May by Yevgeny Khaldei. Later life
After the war, Qoshqarbaev worked for the Ministry of Public Utilities until being appointed director of the Alma-Ata Hotel, remaining in the position for almost 20 years. Unlike another Kazakh hero of the war, Baurzhan Momyshuly, Qoshqarbaev was never awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, despite several petitions to Brezhnev from high-profile veterans of the war and other Kazakhs awarded the title of hero asking that Qoshqarbaev be declared a Hero of the Soviet Union. Many suspected the reason for his not receiving the award was the fact his father had been declared an enemy of the people, which was later proven by the release of the Republic of Kazakhstan President's Archives in 1994.<mask> passed away in August 1988. Over a decade after his death he was posthumously declared a Hero of Kazakhstan on 7 May 1999 by decree of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. See also

 Khiuaz Dospanova
 Bauyrzhan Momyshuly
 Raising a Flag over the Reichstag

Footnotes

References

1924 births
1988 deaths
Heroes of Kazakhstan
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Ethnic Kazakh people
People from Nur-Sultan
People nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union

masks:
Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbae
Qoshqarbaev


title: Li Ju (Jin dynasty)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (died 325), courtesy name Shihui, was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was a wuzhu (塢主) during the Han Zhao conquest of northern China who took in fleeing refugees and held semi-autonomous control over his territory. With his nephew Guo Song and fellow wuzhu Guo Mo, <mask> traded blows with Han Zhao and Later Zhao near the Luoyang region, even managing to occupy the ancient capital for a brief period since its fall in 311. However, he had little support from the court in Jiankang and his position was being increasingly challenged as the barbarians continued to eliminate Jin's northern vassals. After a string of defeats in 324, he was forced to abandon his base and retreat to Jiankang, during which he died in a horse riding accident in 325. Early life
<mask> was a native of Pingyang Commandery (平陽; west of present-day Linfen, Shanxi). When he was a child, it was said that he displayed adult-like leadership whenever he played with the other children.After growing up, he became a local official and was later appointed by Sima Rong as a General of the Serrated Gates for escorting his county prefect to Chang'an. <mask> distinguished himself during the campaign against Qi Wannian in the late 290s, which earned him the title of Marquis of Dongming Village. When he returned to Pingyang, he was made the commandery's new Protector. It was then when an attempt on <mask>'s life was made. The Administrator of Pingyang, Song Zhou (宋胄), wanted to replace <mask> with his kinsman Wu Ji (吳畿). <mask> thus pretended to be ill to allow Wu to replace him. Wu received the position, but became afraid that <mask> may one day return to retake his office.For good measures, Wu sent an assassin after <mask> but with the help of a friend, he barely escaped with his life. As a wuzhu
Amidst the War of the Eight Princes, a Xiongnu noble named <mask> established his state of Han Zhao in 304. <mask> began his conquest of northern China, with Pingyang being one of his targets. Many of Pingyang's inhabitants fled while others went to <mask>, who they acclaimed as a wuzhu. Soon, refugees from other parts of the north affected by war flocked to <mask> due to his popularity. <mask> later shifted his base to Xingyang and then to Xinzheng. The Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, took notice of him and made him Inspector of Ruyin (汝陰, in modern Fuyang, Anhui).In 307, <mask> was ordered by Sima Yue to fix the Qianjin Dam (張方) at Luoyang with Yuan Fu (袁孚) to improve supply routes. Conflicts with bandits and Shi Le
Luoyang and Emperor Huai of Jin were captured by Han Zhao in 311. The Grand Commandant, Xun Fan and Guard General Hua Hui (華薈) fled to Yangcheng and Chenggao respectively. However, these two areas were badly struck by famine, and bandit leaders such as Hou Dou (侯都) took to cannibalism and killed anyone they could find to eat them. Fortunately for Xun Fan and Hua Hui, <mask> campaigned against the bandits and crushed them. Afterwards, <mask> provided Xun Fan and Hua Hui's group with camps and houses as well as supplying them with grains. After Xun Fan set up a provisional government, he elected <mask> to become the Administrator of Xingyang.Meanwhile, another wuzhu named <mask> decided to visit Xun Fan and discuss military affairs. <mask> was invited to come as well but his subordinates warned him not to trust <mask> and not to travel at night. He told them, "Loyal ministers have the same mind, there should be no doubt." During the visit, Xun, <mask> and Wei formed a friendship and <mask> left the meeting unharmed. Later that year, the Han general Shi Le invaded Xingyang. <mask> devised a plan where he led the old and weak to hide in the hils and let the cattle and horses roam freely. When Shi Le's men arrived, they found no one to attack and decided to capture the animals their own use instead.However, this proved a difficult task, and the soldiers became disorganized as they try to capture as many animals that they could find. It was then when <mask> let out a cry and his troops came out from the hills to ambush the enemies. Shi Le was badly routed and forced into a retreat. For his victory, Xun Fan petitioned the Prince of Lanya, Sima Rui to make <mask> a Champion General and promoted him to Marquis of Yangwu County. The famine began to worsen, and a large group of bandits from Chang'an swarmed to <mask>'s territory. <mask> and his generals fought with them and managed to turn them away. These bandits had thousands of women under their captivity, so <mask> freed them all.His generals told him that they should keep the women for themselves, seeing that they were not a part of <mask>'s care. However, <mask> told them, "They are all wives of those who serve the state, what right do we have to hold them?" <mask> then returned the women to their respective homes. Saving Guo Mo
In 314, the wuzhu and Administrator of Henan, Guo Mo, came under attack from <mask>. Guo's city was running low of food, so he sent an envoy to <mask> asking if he could retreat to <mask>'s base in Xinzheng. <mask> allowed him and sent his nephew, Guo Song (not related to Guo Mo) to rescue him. Song, however, could not approach as he had little troops to face <mask>'s army.Coincidentally, Zhang Zhao (張肇), the Army Advisor to the Jin Inspector of Bingzhou <mask>n, was returning from Chang'an after failing to relief it. <mask> contacted him to send help, so Zhang led his Xianbei cavalry to attack <mask>. <mask> retreated without a fight, and Mo was safely escorted to Xinzheng. Battle with <mask>
In 317, the Han general <mask> (劉暢) marched his troops to Xingyang. <mask> camped himself at the rampart that had been built by a King of Han in ancient times. When <mask> was close by, he sent an envoy to <mask> provoking him to come out. <mask> had no time to prepare his defences and was caught by surprise.Thus, <mask> sent envoys to the Han general feigning surrender. Thinking that he had won, <mask> lowered his defences and celebrated with his men. <mask> planned for a night raid, but his soldiers were all unsure if it could work out. Because of this, <mask> had Guo Song pray at a shrine of Zichan, and Guo brought back a shaman who told them that Zichan will spiritually aid them in battle. Morale rose, and soon many of <mask>'s men volunteered to participate in the assault. Guo Song led the surprise attack on <mask>'s camp, killing many of the enemy troops while <mask> escaped with an inch of his life. Guo Mo also sent his younger brother Guo Zhi (郭芝) to help, so Song instructed him to chase after <mask>'s fleeing men.Zhi did so and captured many of the enemy soldiers before returning. War over Luoyang
Within <mask>'s abandoned camp, <mask> found an edict from the Emperor of Han <mask> Cong instructing <mask> to march to Luoyang, execute the general Zhao Gu (趙固) and have him replaced with Zhao's Chief Clerk Zhou Zhen (周振) after defeating <mask>. Prior to this, Zhao Gu was already on bad terms with Zhou Zhen, so when <mask> sent the edict to him, he had Zhou and his children executed. Zhao then personally met with <mask> to surrender, so <mask> ordered him to return to Luoyang to defend the city. Zhao Gu and Guo Mo raided Hedong Commandery and received thousands of refugees fleeing from Han Zhao. Later, Luoyang was attacked by <mask>ng (劉雅生), causing Zhao Gu to fall back to Mount Yangcheng (陽城山). In 318, <mask> sent Guo Mo and Guo Song to reinforce Zhao Gu from Luorui (洛汭, in modern-day Luonan County, Shaanxi).Guo Song ordered his generals led by Geng Zhi (耿稚) to cross the Yellow River and raid <mask>'s camp. Initially, Geng successfully attacked from all directions and captured many camps, but by dawn, <mask> realized how little troops Geng actually had, so he viciously led the counter-attack and neither side got the upper hand for the next few days. <mask> marched to support Geng, but <mask>'s forces formed a defensive line along the Yellow River that prevented him from crossing. Geng destroyed as many supplies as possible in the Han camps he captured before breaking through the lines and fleeing to Hulao. For his achievements, <mask> was made Chief Controller of Henan, Xingyang, and Hongnong. Later that year, <mask> died and was succeeded by <mask>. However, <mask> was killed in a coup led by <mask>n.Zhun sent an envoy to <mask> with a letter denouncing the Liu clan and informing him that the imperial coffins were being transported south to Jiankang. <mask> notified Sima Rui of this, who later sent his ministers to welcome the imperial coffins. However, <mask>n was eventually defeated by a coalition led by <mask> and Shi Le later that year. <mask> succeeded <mask> but in 319, Shi Le broke away and formed Later Zhao. Zhao Gu also died that year, leaving Guo Song to defend Luorui on his own. Song changed his base to Yangdi, where he faced multiple attacks from Shi Le's son, Shi Sheng. In all their encounters, Guo Song was the victor.In 320, the Han Zhao commanders guarding Luoyang, Yin An (洛汭), Song Shi (宋始), Song Shu (宋恕), and Zhao Shen (趙愼) all decided to surrender to Later Zhao. Shi Le sent Shi Sheng to support them, but the commanders changed their minds and surrendered to <mask> instead. Guo Mo was sent to reinforce Luoyang. Sheng felt that it would be risky to attack Luoyang on his own, so he settled with capturing Song Shi's army before retreating north. The people of Henan fled to <mask>, and Luoyang was practically emptied. Defeat and death
In 324, Shi Sheng attacked Guo Song, but was once again defeated. In response, Shi Cong and <mask> (石良) rushed to rescue him.Guo Mo was struggling against Shi Cong, so he sent his Army Advisor Zheng Xiong (鄭雄) to <mask> suggesting that they should surrender to <mask>, but <mask> rejected the proposal. Later, <mask> himself was defeated in an ambush set by <mask>. Guo Song's younger brother, Guo Yuan (郭元) had been captured by Zhao troops and was sent to deliver a demoralizing message to <mask>, offering him the chance to surrender. However, Guo Song encouraged <mask> to continue fighting. Shi Sheng camped in Luoyang and plundered Henan. The situation worsened for <mask> as his rations were beginning to run dry. Guo Mo once again asked him to surrender to <mask>, and this time he agreed.<mask> sent reinforcements in the form of <mask> (劉岳) and Huyan Mo (呼延謨), but they were severely routed by Later Zhao forces. Guo Mo was defeated by Shi Cong again, causing him to abandon his post and secretly make his way to Jiankang. When <mask> found out, he was furious. He sent Guo Song and his generals to chase after him, but not before telling his nephew, "Do you know the saying, "If the lips are gone, the teeth will grow cold"? It was because of you that I was able to welcome Guo Mo, but now he flees in the face of danger. You must stop him at once!" Guo Song pursued Guo Mo all the way to Xiangcheng, where Guo Mo abandoned his wife and children before continuing his flight south.Song could no longer catch up with Mo, so he took Mo's family back with him to <mask>. Nearly all of <mask>'s men were considering to defect to Later Zhao at this point. Thus, <mask> had no other choice but to retreat south and join up with the government in Jiankang. Along the way, many of his soldiers chose to abandon him, and only more than a hundred people chose to remain with him, including Guo Song. When <mask>'s party reached Luyang, he accidentally fell off his horse and died. <mask> was buried at Mount Xian (峴山) at Xiangyang. References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.)(648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
325 deaths

masks:
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yuan
Liu
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Wei Jun
Li
Wei Jun
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Ju
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Li Ju
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Ku
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Li
Liu
Li
Li
Li
Liu
Li
Li
Li
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Liu Chang
Liu
Li Ju
Zhao Liu
Liu Chang
Li
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yashe
Li Ju
Liu Can
Liu Can
Li Ju
Liu Can
Li
Liu Cong
Liu Can
Liu Can
Jin Zhu
Li Ju
Li
Jin Zhu
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Can
Li Ju
Li Ju
Shi Liang
Li Ju
Liu Yao
Li
Li
Shi Liang
Li
Li
Li
Liu Yao
Liu Yao
Liu Yue
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li Ju
Li
Li Ju
Li


title: Dirk Weiler

texts:
<mask> is a German actor and singer. Biography

<mask> is a German-born actor/singer. He showed an interest in the performing arts from a very early age on. He participated in school and community theatre productions. <mask>'s first part in a production at a bigger theatre was the role of the bartender and prisoner Pudritzky in Der Hauptmann von Köpenick at the Saarländisches Staatstheater in Saarbrücken. While enrolled at the Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken in German literature, linguistics and phonetics, he worked as an extra at the Saarländisches Staatstheater. He then studied Acting, Singing and Dancing at the Folkwang Academy in Essen, Germany from 1990 to 1994 and graduated with a Diplom as Bühnendarsteller.Having already worked for two years as performer with the dance theater group of Claudia Lichtblau (he was one of the lead performers in her pieces: Rothegang/Untergrund; Sequenzen; Chrom-Rauten; Gewoell; Rus-Rums-Ravas), he then enrolled in the dance department of the Folkwang Hochschule where he studied for another year with Jean Cébron. He worked with Claudia Lichtblau until 1999 while teaching tap dance at Musical Theatre Department of the Folkwang Hochschule. In 1998, he went to New York City where he studied voice at Manhattan School of Music, City College of New York, and finally at the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College, where he received his Master of Music in 2001. He was selected to participate in master classes with Walter Berry and Cord Garben. In New York he also studied acting with Bernice Loren in her "Expressions" Theater School and with Bennes Mardenn, who himself was trained be the famous Group Theatre. In 1999 he won 2nd prize at the Lotte Lenya Competition for Singers in the United States and became known as an excellent Kurt Weill interpreter (Three Penny Opera, Johnny Johnson, Wall to Wall Marathon Kurt Weill at Symphony Space New York) and was a member of the Kabarett Kollektif which won the 2006 Nightlife Award for Most Unique Cabaret Performance. His teachers include Judy Ann Bassing, Walter Nicks, Noelle Turner, Bennes Mardenn, Bernice Loren, Cornelius Reid, Ira Siff, and Ted Puffer.An active and versatile performer, he performed musical theater, opera as well as dramatic plays and cabaret shows in Germany, New York City, Australia and London. He was a founding member of thedramaloft, an entertainment incubator located in New York City, as well as an avid tap dancer and instructor. In New York, he has taught at the Alvin Ailey School (Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater), Steps on Broadway, and at the Bridge for Dance. He played among many other roles Macheath in the Three Penny Opera, Psychiatrist in Johnny Johnson, Danilo in The Merry Widow, Schaunard in La Bohème, Papageno in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts The Magic Flute, Dutch Schultz in theUS Concert Premier of Eric Salzmann's The True Last Words Of Dutch Schultz, als Understudy Dr. Dillamonth and The Wizard of Oz in Wicked, as Understudy Joey and Monsignore O'Hare in Sister Act, King Herod in Jesus Christ Superstar. Having worked between New York and London from 2006 to 2008, he then moved to London and lived there until 2009 from where he then went to Berlin. He is currently performing in theaters in Germany as actor and singer and works as freelance coach for actors and singers. Awards and Scholarships
 1999: 2.o. ); Musiktheater im Revier, Gelsenkirchen, 2017
Don Camillo and Peppone – Play (Jesus); Freilichtspiele Schwäbisch Hall, 2017/18
Die Wahlverwandtschaften – Play based on J.W. Mozart (Papageno); Brooklyn, New York 2001
La Bohème by G. Puccini (Schaunard); Casalmaggiore, Italy – <mask>ler IVAI scholarship 2001
The Merry Widow, Franz Léhar (Danilo); Brooklyn, New York 2001
Kurt Weill Symposium; Meredith College Raleigh North Carolina 2001
Die Dreigroschenoper Brecht/Weill (Macheath); Staged Concert Version, Manhattan School of Music in New York City 2001
Le Nozze di Figaro by W.A. Mozart (Count Almaviva); Brooklyn, New York, 2000
"Wall to Wall Kurt Weill"; 12 Hour Marathon Hommage to Kurt Weill, Symphony Space Broadway and 95th Street, NYC 2000
Winners Concert 92nd Street Y- Theatre; 2000
Tap Dance Teaching Videos; Tap Dance Instruction Videos as Tap Dancer und Assistant of Judy Ann Bassing, Miami und New York 1999
Claudia Lichtblau Dance Company, Essen, Rothegang/Untergrund, Sequenzen, Rauten, Chrom, Gewöll, Rus-Rums-Ravas 1992–2000

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
German male musical theatre actors
German male singers
German male stage actors
People from Neunkirchen, Saarland
Brooklyn College alumni

masks:
Dirk Weiler
Dirk Weiler
Dirk
Dirk Wei


title: Louis VI of France

texts:
<mask> (late 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat () or the Fighter (), was King of the Franks from 1108 to 1137. Chronicles called him "King of Saint-Denis". <mask> was the first member of the house of Capet to make a lasting contribution to centralizing the institutions of royal power. He spent almost all of his twenty-nine-year reign fighting either the "robber barons" who plagued Paris or the kings of England for their continental possession of Normandy. Nonetheless, <mask> managed to reinforce his power considerably and became one of the first strong kings of France since the death of Charlemagne in 814. <mask> was a warrior-king, but by his forties his weight had become so great that it was increasingly difficult for him to lead in the field (hence the epithet ). Details about his life and person are preserved in the , a panegyric composed by his loyal advisor, Suger, abbot of Saint Denis.Early life

<mask> was born around 1081 in Paris, the son of Philip I and Bertha of Holland. Abbot Suger of Saint Denis, who wrote a biography of <mask>, tells us: "In his youth, growing courage matured his spirit with youthful vigour, making him bored with hunting and the boyish games with which others of his age used to enjoy themselves and forget the pursuit of arms." And "How valiant he was in youth, and with what energy he repelled the king of the English, William Rufus, when he attacked <mask>' inherited kingdom." <mask> married Lucienne de Rochefort, the daughter of his father's seneschal, in 1104, but repudiated her three years later. They had no children. On 3 August 1115 <mask> married Adelaide of Maurienne, daughter of Humbert II of Savoy and of Gisela of Burgundy, and niece of Pope Callixtus II. They had eight children.Adelaide was one of the most politically active of all France's medieval queens. Her name appears on 45 royal charters from the reign of <mask> VI. During her time as queen (1115–1137), royal charters were dated with both her regnal year and that of the king. Suger became <mask>'s adviser even before he succeeded his father as king at the age of 26 on 29 July 1108. <mask>'s half-brother prevented him from reaching Rheims, and so Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens, crowned him in the cathedral of Orléans on 3 August. Ralph the Green, Archbishop of Rheims, sent envoys to challenge the validity of the coronation and anointing, but to no avail. Challenges to royal authority

When <mask> ascended the throne, the Kingdom of France was a collection of feudal principalities.Beyond the Isle de France the French kings had little authority over the great duke and counts of the realm but slowly <mask> began to change this and assert Capetian power. This process would take two centuries to complete but began in the reign of <mask> VI. The second great challenge facing <mask> was to counter the rising power of the Anglo-Normans under their capable new king, Henry I of England. Struggles with the robber barons

From early in his reign (and during his father's reign) <mask> faced the problem of the robber barons who resisted the King's authority and engaged in brigandry, making the area around Paris unsafe. From their castles, such as Le Puiset, Châteaufort, and Montlhéry, these barons would charge tolls, waylay merchants and pilgrims, terrorize the peasantry and loot churches and abbeys, the latter deeds drawing the ire of the writers of the day, who were mostly clerics. In 1108, soon after he ascended the throne, <mask> engaged in war with Hugh of Crécy, who was plaguing the countryside and had captured Eudes, Count of Corbeil, and imprisoned him at La Ferté-Alais. <mask> besieged that fortress to free Eudes.The same year (1108), a seigneur named Aymon Vaire-Vache seized the lordship of Bourbon from his nephew, Archambaud, a minor. <mask> demanded the boy be restored to his rights but Aymon refused the summons. <mask> raised his army and besieged Aymon at his castle at Germigny-l'Exempt, forcing its surrender and enforcing the rights of Archambaud. In early 1109, <mask> besieged his half-brother, Philip, the son of Bertrade de Montfort, who was involved in brigandry and conspiracies against the King, at Mantes-la-Jolie. Philip's plots included the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III de Montfort held many castles which, when linked together, formed a continuous barrier between <mask> and vast swathes of his domains, threatening all communication south of Paris. In 1121, <mask> established the marchands de l'eau, to regulate trade along the Seine.In 1122, Aimeri, Bishop of Clermont, appealed to <mask> after <mask>, Count of Auvergne, had driven him from his episcopal town. When William refused <mask>' summons, <mask> raised an army at Bourges, and marched into Auvergne, supported by some of his leading vassals, such as the Counts of Anjou, Brittany, and Nevers. <mask> seized the fortress of Pont-du-Chateau on the Allier, then attacked Clermont, which William was forced to abandon. Aimeri was restored. Four years later William rebelled again and <mask>, though his increasing weight made campaigning difficult, marched again. He burned Montferrand and seized Clermont a second time, captured William, and brought him before the court at Orléans to answer for his crimes. Some of the outlaws became notorious for their cruelty, the most notable being Thomas, Lord of Coucy, who was reputed to indulge in torture of his victims, including hanging men by their testicles, cutting out eyes, and chopping off feet.Guibert of Nogent noted of him, "No one can imagine the number of those who perished in his dungeons, from starvation, from torture, from filth." Another notable brigand was Hugh, Lord of Le Puiset, who was ravaging the lands around Chartres. In March 1111, <mask> heard charges against Hugh at his court at Melun from Theobald II, Count of Champagne, the Archbishop of Sens, and also from bishops and abbots. <mask> commanded Hugh to appear before him to answer these charges, but Hugh evaded the summons. <mask> stripped him of his lands and titles and laid siege to Le Puiset. After a fierce struggle, <mask> took the castle and burned it to the ground, taking Hugh prisoner. Rashly, <mask> released Hugh, and while <mask> was engaged in war with Henry I of England and Theobald, Hugh raised another band of brigands and began ravaging the country again.When <mask> returned his attention to Hugh, he found Le Puiset rebuilt and Hugh receiving aid from Theobald. Hugh held out against the King until Theobald abandoned him. Once again <mask> razed Le Puiset and Hugh, who had sworn never to return to his brigandage, rebuilt the castle and resumed terrorizing his neighbours. At the third attempt, <mask> finally defeated Hugh and stripped him of his possessions for the last time. Hugh later died on an expiatory pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These were just some of the recalcitrant nobles <mask> contended with. There were many more, and <mask> was in constant motion against them, leading his army from castle to castle, bringing law and order to his domains.The result was increased recognition of the King's authority and the Crown's ability to impose its will, so that all sectors of French society began to see the King as their protector. War with Henry I over Gisors

After seizing the English Crown, Henry I of England deprived his brother, Robert Curthose, of the Duchy of Normandy and quickly took possession of the castle at Gisors, a fortress of strategic importance on the
right bank of the Epte, commanding the road between Rouen and Paris. This violated an earlier agreement between
Henry and the French King that Gisors should remain in the hands of a neutral castellan, or else be demolished. This move threatened the Capetian domain and <mask> was outraged, demanding Henry, as his vassal, appear
before him to account for his actions. The two kings met, in force, in March 1109 at the borders of their respective
territories at the bridge of Neauphle on the Epte. Henry refused to relinquish Gisors. <mask> challenged the English
King to single combat to settle the issue.When Henry refused, war was inevitable, a war which would last, on and off, for twenty years. The first years of the war went well for <mask> until the influential Theobald II, Count of Champagne, switched to Henry's side. By early 1112 Theobald had succeeded in bringing together a coalition of barons
with grievances against <mask>: Lancelin of Bulles, Ralph of Beaugency, Milo of Bray-sur-Seine, Hugh of Crecy, Guy of Rochfort, Hugh of Le Puiset and Hugh, Count of Troyes. <mask> defeated Theobald's coalition but the additional effort meant he could not defeat the English monarch as well
or force him to abandon Gisors, and in March 1113 <mask> was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Henry I as suzerain
of Brittany and Maine. Peace of sorts lasted three years until April 1116 when hostilities renewed in the French and
Norman Vexins, with each king making gains from his rival. By 1119, buoyed by several successes and the capture (through treachery) of Les Andelys, <mask> felt ready for a final
encounter to end the war. In the fierce Battle of Bremule, in August 1119, <mask>'s troops
broke and were routed, abandoning the royal banner and sweeping the King along with them in retreat to Les Andelys.A
counterattack through Évreux to seize Breteuil failed, and <mask>, his health failing, looked for peace. He appealed to Pope Calixtus II, who agreed to help and met with Henry at Gisors in November 1120. The terms of the
peace included Henry's heir, William Adelin, doing homage to <mask> for Normandy, a return of all territories captured
by both kings with the painful exception of Gisors itself, which <mask> was forced to concede to Henry. Intervention in Flanders

On 2 March 1127, the count of Flanders, Charles the Good, was assassinated in St. Donatian's Cathedral at Bruges. It was a scandal in itself but made worse because it precipitated a succession crisis. Soon a number of relatives raised claims, including William of Ypres, popularly thought to be complicit in the murder; Thierry of Alsace; and Arnold of Denmark, nephew of Charles who seized Saint-Omer; Baldwin, Count of Hainault, who seized Oudenarde, and Godfrey I, Count of Louvain and Duke of Brabant. <mask> had his own candidate in mind and marched into Flanders with an army and urged the barons to elect William Clito, son of Robert Curthose, who had been disinherited of Normandy by his uncle Henry I of England, as their new Count.He had no better claim to Flanders than being the King's candidate but on 23 March 1127 he was elected Count by the Flemings. <mask> then moved decisively to secure Flanders, apprehending the murderers of Charles the Good and ousting the rival claimants. On 2 April he took Ghent, on 5 April Bruges, on 26 April he took Ypres, capturing William of Ypres and imprisoning him at Lille. He then quickly took Aire, Cassel and all the towns still loyal to William of Ypres. <mask>'s final act before leaving for France was to witness the execution of Charles the Good's murderers. They were hurled from the roof of the church of Saint Donatian where they had committed their crime. It was a triumph for <mask> and demonstrated how far the Crown had come under his leadership, but it was a brief triumph.The new young Count William Clito fared badly, relying on heavy handed feudal ways not suited to the more socially advanced and mercantile Flemings. William's knights ran amok and the Flemings rebelled against <mask>'s candidate. Ghent and Bruge appealed to Thierry of Alsace and Saint-Omer to Arnold of Denmark. <mask> attempted to intervene again but the moment was gone. The people of Bruge rejected him and recognized Thierry of Alsace as their Count, and he quickly moved to enforce his claim. <mask> called a great assembly at Arras and had Thierry excommunicated but it was a gesture. <mask> abandoned William of Clito, who died during a siege at Alost on 27 July 1128, and after the whole country finally submitted to Thierry, <mask> was obliged to confirm his claim.Invasion of Henry V

On 25 November 1120, <mask>' fortunes against Henry I of England were raised when Henry's heir, William Ætheling, drunkenly perished aboard the White Ship en route from Normandy to England, putting the future of Henry's dynasty and his position in doubt. By 1123 <mask> was involved with a coalition of Norman and French seigneurs opposed to Henry. The plan was to drive the English King from Normandy and replace him with William Clito. Henry, however, easily defeated this coalition then instigated his son-in-law, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, to invade France. Henry V had married the Empress Matilda, the English King's daughter and the future mother of Henry II of England, 9 years earlier, in hopes of creating an Anglo-German empire, though the couple remained childless. Like <mask>, Henry V had designs on the Low Countries and an invasion of Northern France would enable him to strengthen his ambitions in Flanders, as well as support his father-in-law. Thus in 1124, Henry V assembled an army to march on Rheims.It never arrived. In testament to how far <mask> had risen as national protector, all of France rose to his appeal against the threat. Henry V was unwilling to see the French barons united behind their King, who now identified himself as the vassal of St. Denis, the patron saint of Paris, whose banner he now carried, and the proposed invasion was abandoned. Henry V died a year after the aborted campaign. Alliance of the Anglo-Normans and Anjou

In 1128 Henry I married his sole surviving legitimate child, the dowager Empress Matilda, to <mask>, Count of Anjou. This would prove to be a dangerous alliance for <mask> during the reign of his successor, <mask> of France. Final years

As <mask> VI approached his end, there seemed to be reasons for optimism.Henry I of England had died on 1 December 1135 and Stephen of Blois had seized the English crown, reneging on the oath he had sworn to Henry I to support Matilda. Stephen was thus in no position to bring the combined Anglo-Norman might against the French crown. <mask> had also made great strides in exercising his royal authority over his barons, and even Theobald II had finally rallied to the Capetian cause. Finally, on 9 April 1137, a dying William X, Duke of Aquitaine appointed <mask> guardian of his fifteen-year-old daughter and heiress, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor was suddenly the most eligible heiress in Europe, and <mask> wasted no time in marrying her to his own heir, the future <mask>, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux on 25 July 1137. At a stroke <mask> had added one of the most powerful duchies in France to the Capetian domains. <mask> died of dysentery 7 days later, on 1 August 1137.Despite his achievements, it would be the growing power of the soon to be Angevin Empire that would come to overshadow his successor, its seeds sown in the marriage between the Empress Matilda and <mask> and realised through their son, Henry II of England. <mask> was interred in the Basilica of St Denis in Paris. Marriages and children

He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was annulled on 23 May 1107 at the Council of Troyes by Pope Paschal II. He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

Their children:
 Philip (29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131), King of the Franks (1129–31), not to be confused with his brother of the same name; he died as a result of a fall from a horse. <mask> (1120 – 18 September 1180), King of the Franks
 Henry (1121 – 13 November 1175), Archbishop of Reims
 Hugh (ca 1122 – died young). Robert (ca 1123 – 11 October 1188), count of Dreux
 Peter (September 1126 – 10 April 1183), married Elizabeth, Lady of Courtenay
 Constance (ca 1128 – 16 August 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne, and then Raymond V of Toulouse
 Philip (c.1132 -1160), Archdeacon of Paris

With Marie de Breuillet, daughter of Renaud de Breuillet de Dourdan, <mask> was the father of a daughter:
 Isabelle (ca 1105 – before 1175), married (ca. 1119) Guillaume I of Chaumont in 1117

Notes

References

Sources

 .1081 births
1137 deaths
12th-century kings of France
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Nobility from Paris
French Roman Catholics
House of Capet
Counts of Vexin

masks:
Louis VI
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
William VI
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Geoffrey Plantagenet
Louis
Louis VII
Louis
Louis
Louis VI
Louis
Louis VII
Louis
Louis
Geoffrey Plantagenet
Louis VI
Louis VII
Louis VI


title: Michael Seed

texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a Latin Rite Catholic priest, a Franciscan friar, author, and former ecumenical advisor for over twenty-five years to the former archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Basil Hume then to Cormac Murphy-O'Connor. Seed is known for his involvement in helping several British celebrities, politicians, and a member of the Royal Family to decide whether to convert to Catholicism. Early life
<mask> was born as Steven Wayne Godwin in Manchester, 1957, to a young woman called Marie, and baptised into the Catholic Church as an infant. He was adopted in 1958 by Joseph and <mask>. During his early childhood he and Lillian were subjected to abuse at the hands of his adoptive father, resulting in a number of suicide attempts by his mother. Seed was subjected to relentless bullying during his school years, alongside the constant abuse he faced at home. Following the suicide of his mother in 1966 and the death of his father in 1968, he was raised by his maternal grandmother.In 1970 Seed became a pupil at Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where he remained for four years. His 2007 autobiography, Nobody's Child, later became an important source for the Independent Inquiry into Childhood Sexual Abuse investigating the abuse of pupils there at this time. Seed, who was himself abused by one of the teachers, described the level of sexual abuse at Knowl View as "beyond horror". Vocation
In his youth, Seed was involved in several different Christian denominations, including Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, the Salvation Army and the Baptist Union. Eventually, at the age of 18, Seed joined the Society of African Missions in 1976 and spent a year at the novitiate in Cork (city) in Ireland. After the novitiate he went to the SMA's house in New Barnet in north London and attended the now-defunct Missionary Institute in Mill Hill along with members of several religious congregations which prepare men for a lifetime of service to the poor of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Seed struck up a relationship with the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement (the Society of the Atonement) who ran a library close to Westminster Cathedral and eventually left his missionary society and joined the Franciscans, taking his first vows in 1982.He was ordained a priest on 18 January 1986 and, in 1988, Cardinal Basil Hume assigned him the post of Secretary for Ecumenical Affairs at Westminster Cathedral. Whilst at Westminster Cathedral, Seed assisted numerous people, including MPs Ann Widdecombe, John Gummer as well as The Duchess of Kent, in their decision to enter the Catholic Church. He celebrated Masses for the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, and his family, prior to Blair's conversion to Catholicism in December 2007. He also has many connections with celebrity figures such as Charles Kennedy, and Terry Wogan . In 2003 Seed was painted by artist Christian Furr who has done a portrait of the Queen. Activities
In 16 February 1991 Seed appeared on an After Dark television discussion programme about sexaholics. In 2007, it was rumoured that Seed was in trouble with Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor; allegedly, the Cardinal was upset that Seed had introduced wealthy businessmen to government officials in an attempt to secure financing for Labour's flagship academies.Some speculated that Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor saw this move by Seed as unwarranted support of specific Labour policies. The Cardinal was also reported as being annoyed at Seed's statement that the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, would become a Catholic upon leaving Downing Street. As noted above, Blair did indeed become a Catholic shortly after leaving office. However, <mask> only vacated his long standing position as Ecumenical Advisor on the retirement of Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor in 2008 when he was succeeded by Cardinal Vincent Nichols as the Archbishop of Westminster. Catholic peer Lord Alton said: "I hope that any decision taken about his future will ensure that his wonderful gifts are used in the most productive way. Fr <mask> is hugely respected at Westminster where he has quietly undertaken very considerable pastoral work." Catherine Pepinster, editor of Catholic newspaper The Tablet, added: "Many Catholics are dismayed by the departure of Fr <mask>.He has been a fixture of Catholic life in London for many years and has done much to raise the church's profile." In 2004, Pope John Paul II awarded him a cross of honour for his work. <mask> has written several books including his autobiography "Nobody's Child" in 2008 which has had excellent reviews and has been described as a "blazing testament to one human's raw courage, and his remarkable ability to finally triumph over the horrors of a stolen childhood." Other books include "Thinking of Becoming a Catholic" (2007) and "I Will See You in Heaven" (1996), "Will I See You in Heaven" (1999), and "Letters from the Heart" (2000). One of his first books, "I Will See You in Heaven, Where Animals  Don't Bite" (1991) is a collection of letters about heaven by various famous people with a foreword by Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Cardinal Basil Hume was one of the book's contributors and enjoyed a very close relationship with <mask> who helped him raise funds for the homeless centre The Passage which is still going strong. One of these fund raising events arranged by <mask>d was the annual "A Night Under The Stars".On 15 July 2009, Seed launched the second volume of his autobiography, Sinners and Saints, at Stringfellows lapdancing club in London's West End. The book received mixed reviews: The Telegraph "enjoyed the strange tale of carnality and cardinals". Church Times referred to it as an "unpriestly book" and "careless talk" with A.N. Wilson of The Observer bluntly stating that "He has now left Westminster Cathedral but he will surely not have left the public stage. Where two or three Hello!-style celebs are gathered together, Father <mask>d will surely be there in their midst, managing to be both clumsily sycophantic and intrusive." Regarding the alleged claim, by Seed, that Alan Clark became a Catholic on his death bed, Wilson asks "Which of the two – the dead Clark or God – leaked the story of his deathbed conversion to a newspaper we shall never know." Others, such as Peter Stanford, writing in The Independent newspaper point out that if Seed were "...indiscreet, the queue of people wanting to sit where I am now would quickly disappear."Indeed, even regarding his celebration of the Mass in Downing Street Stanford writes: "<mask> is eager to portray this special treatment not as a privilege, but as a kind of torture. "Mrs Blair" – he never uses their first names – "absolutely hated it. She hated not being able to go to Mass with everyone else." In 2010 it was reported that Seed had a minor heart attack whilst conducting a retreat in Florida and subsequently told to have a complete rest
The following year, it was reported that, due to financial irregularities,Seed had been suspended by the Society of the Atonement. He does not appear in the Society's list of friars. In a 2007 article in the Telegraph an anonymous friend is quoted as saying, "I've seen him after he has drunk far too much white wine in Soho. And I've seen his deeply spiritual side.He really does care. He is an extraordinary, special chap. A party in my garden once attracted the attention of the noise abatement people. He charmed them to death - they thought he was in fancy dress - and they gave up and went away. He's always up to adventures and mishaps." Bibliography
Nobody's Child by <mask>d (John Blake Publishing Ltd. 2007)

References

External links
Website of the Franciscan Sisters of the Atonement
Website of the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement
Website of the Catholic National Library,London
Article on Paul of Graymoor: Founder of the Society of the Atonement and Father of the Church Unity Octave at Catholic.org
Article on Mother Lurana, Foundress of the Sisters of the Atonement at Catholic.org

1957 births
Living people
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
21st-century English Roman Catholic priests
English Franciscans

masks:
Michael Seed
Michael Seed
Lillian Seed
Michael Seed
Michael
Seed
Michael Seed
Michael Seed
Michael See
Michael See
Father Seed
Michael See


title: Elijah Craig

texts:
<mask> (November 15, 1738 – May 18, 1808) was a Baptist preacher in Virginia, who became an educator and capitalist entrepreneur in the area of Virginia that later became the state of Kentucky. He has sometimes, although rather dubiously, been credited with the invention of bourbon whiskey. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Orange County, Virginia in 1738, the 5th child of Polly Hawkins and Taliaferro or <mask>, Sr. Converted by Baptist David Thomas in 1764, <mask> soon began holding meetings in his tobacco barn. In 1766, he convinced David Read to travel from North Carolina to baptize members of the new congregation, including himself. His older brother Lewis and younger brother <mask> also became Baptist preachers. In 1768 Lewis was imprisoned with John Waller, James Childs, James Reed and William Marsh in the Fredericksburg jail for several weeks, for preaching without licenses from the established Anglican Church.In 1771 <mask> was ordained and became the pastor of Blue Run church, halfway between Barboursville and Liberty Mills, Virginia. He was also jailed in Orange and Culpeper counties at least twice for preaching without the required Virginia license from the Anglican Church. Such preachers were considered a challenge to the entire social order of the colony, as the established state church received funding from the colony. In 1774, the convention of independent Baptists designated <mask> and John Waller as apostles (missionaries) to evangelize north of the James River. Although Virginia had adopted the principle of freedom of religion in its Declaration of Rights in 1776 and again in the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in 1786, Baptists still faced persecution during the early statehood period, particularly when they preached to mixed congregations of freemen and slaves, white and black. In these years, Baptists encouraged planters to free their slaves; and numerous slaves were freed in the Upper South during the first two decades after the Revolution. Later, the Baptists reconciled with the slavery institution, encouraging planters to use Christian values to improve treatment of slaves.<mask> became politically active as the legislative liaison of the general convention and general association to Virginia's legislature as well as the ratification convention of 1788. As such, he worked with Patrick Henry and James Madison to protect religious freedom federally and in Virginia after the Revolutionary War. Ultimately, religious freedom became protected in Virginia by statute (and the Anglican Church was disestablished, i.e. lost government financial support), as well as in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Baptist membership grew, particularly among common planters with smaller holdings of land and slaves. Migration and settling in Kentucky area of Virginia
Seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity, in 1781 <mask>'s brother Rev. <mask> led an exodus of up to 600 people known as "The Travelling Church" (composed of his parents, younger siblings, and most of his congregation from Spotsylvania County) to the area of Virginia known as Kentucky County (they were the largest single group to so migrate).<mask> did not go with this group but followed a few years later. In 1782 (just after the Revolutionary War), <mask> led the immigration of his congregation from Orange Co., VA, and purchased  in what was then Fayette County of Virginia, where he planned and laid out a town originally called Lebanon, which was incorporated in 1784. (In 1790 the town was renamed Georgetown in honor of Gen. George Washington, first president of the United States.) <mask> preached at several churches with John Waller. In 1786 <mask> became pastor of the Great Crossing Church, which they had founded the previous year. Joseph Redding succeeded <mask> in 1793 after a controversy concerning some of <mask>'s economic activities, and the expulsion of <mask> and his party. In 1795 <mask> was among the 35 founding members of McConnell's Church, near McConnells Run (that later moved and became known as Stamping Ground Baptist Church).Both churches were part of the Elkhorn Association of Baptist churches. <mask> was active in education, establishing the first classical school in Kentucky in 1787. His advertisement in The Kentucky Gazette read:
Education. Notice is hereby given that on Monday, 28 January next, a school will be opened by Messrs. Jones and Worley, at the Royal Spring in Lebanon Town, Fayette County, where a commodious house, sufficient to contain fifty or sixty scholars, will be prepared. They will teach the Latin and Greek languages, together with such branches of the sciences as are usually taught in public seminaries, at twenty five shillings a quarter for each scholar. One half to be paid in cash, the other half in produce at cash prices. There will be a vacation of a month in the spring, and another in the fall, at the close of each of which it is expected that such payments as are due in cash will be made.For diet, washing and house room for a year, each scholar pays £3 in cash, or 500 weight of pork on entrance, and £3 cash on the beginning of the third quarter. It is desired that, as many as can, would furnish themselves with beds; such as cannot may be provided for here, to the number of eight or ten boys, at 35s a year for each bed. ELIJAH CRAIG. LEBANON, December 27, 1787. The school was later linked to the Rittenhouse Academy, which <mask> founded in 1798. <mask> also donated land for Georgetown College, the first Baptist college founded west of the Allegheny Mountains. The college continues today.<mask> became a businessman and local magnate. He built Kentucky's first fulling mill (for cloth manufacturing), its first paper mill, its first ropewalk (for manufacturing rope from hemp), and the first lumber and gristmill at Georgetown. <mask> played a major role in forming the Georgetown Fire Department and also served as Fire Chief. Distillery
In approximately 1789, <mask> founded a distillery. This last enterprise led to his subsequent dubious reputation as the inventor of bourbon whiskey. <mask> has sometimes been claimed to have been the first to age the distillation in charred oak casks, "a process that gives the bourbon its brownish color and unique taste". <mask> built his distillery in what was then Fayette County.The location later became part of Woodford County in 1789, and then Scott County in 1792. It was never in Bourbon County, as some have claimed. As it happened, both Fayette County and Bourbon County were named in honor of the noted Revolutionary War Gen. Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat of the royal House of Bourbon. American whiskey authority Charles Kendrick Cowdery believes <mask> was making exactly the same kind of whiskey as most of his contemporaries, and historian Henry Crowgey calls his reputed invention of bourbon simply a "charming legend". By 1785, when Bourbon County was formed, dozens (if not hundreds) of small farmer-distillers west of the Alleghenies made corn-based whiskies, which they called 'bourbon', to distinguish them from the rye-based whiskies commonly distilled in the East. No historical evidence indicates that <mask>'s whiskey was unique in its time, nor that he practiced charring of the aging barrels. The first known publication potentially alluding to <mask> as bourbon's inventor was in 1874 (this includes a brief entry in a densely packed list without mentioning <mask> himself or providing any documentation of the claim, and without any elaboration as to what distinguished the product as the first bourbon).Death
<mask> continued to prosper, eventually owning more than  and enough slaves to cultivate it, and operating a retail store in Frankfort. He died in Georgetown in 1808. John Taylor wrote of him in A History of Ten Baptist Churches, "His preaching was of the most solemn style; his appearance as of a man who had just come from the dead; of a delicate habit, a thin visage, large eyes and mouth; the sweet melody of his voice, both in preaching and singing, bore all down before it." The Kentucky Gazette eulogized <mask> as follows, "He possessed a mind extremely active and, as his whole property was expended in attempts to carry his plans to execution, he consequently died poor. If virtue consists in being useful to our fellow citizens, perhaps there were few more virtuous men than Mr. <mask>." Legacy

<mask> may be most widely known by the bourbon brand <mask> produced by Heaven Hill Distilleries.<mask> bourbon whiskey is made in both 12-year-old "Small Batch" and 18-year-old "Single Barrel" bottlings. The 18-Year-Old Single Barrel Bourbon is touted by its producer as "The oldest Single Barrel Bourbon in the world at 18 years ..." made in oak barrels that are "hand selected by Parker and <mask>", losing nearly  of the barrels' contents in Angel's share. References

1738 births
1808 deaths
American people of Scottish descent
American religious leaders
American drink distillers
American slave owners
Papermakers
Bourbon whiskey
People from Orange County, Virginia
People from Frankfort, Kentucky
People from Georgetown, Kentucky
Virginia colonial people

masks:
Elijah Craig
Craig
Toliver Craig
Elijah Craig
Joseph Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Elijah
Lewis Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Elijah Craig
Elijah Craig
Craig Beam


title: Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1945)

texts:
Michael A<mask> (born 1945 in Potsdam, New York) is an American former college hockey player, professional coach and front office executive who has worked with the original Winnipeg Jets, Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Since 2003, <mask> has worked as a scout and with two companies specializing in hockey analytics. Beginnings in hockey
<mask> was born and raised in Potsdam and attended Potsdam Central High School where he was on the hockey team. <mask> earned a Bachelor of Science degree in social sciences at Clarkson University, where he also played hockey. He then transferred to Syracuse University where he earned a doctorate in sociology. While in graduate school at Syracuse, he was the head coach for two seasons at Christian Brothers Academy. NHL years
In 1979, <mask> had his first job with the Winnipeg Jets, when he was hired as coach of the Tulsa farm team.He would spend fourteen years in the Jets organization, where he became best known as a pioneer in bringing Russian players into the league. He became director of scouting, then assistant general manager after Michael Doran, the then assistant general manager, was injured in an automobile accident in November 1984. In September 1988, the Jets fired John Ferguson, giving the GM job to <mask> on an interim basis before making him the permanent General Manager in December. <mask> was manager of the Jets from 1988 to 1994. <mask> worked as a scout for the Chicago Blackhawks and assisted the USA Hockey program until August 1997, when <mask> was appointed the associate General Manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Anders Hedberg was also made Personnel Director. A couple of <mask>'s noteworthy non-player moves during his time with the Leafs were the hiring of Pat Quinn as head coach and managing assistant <mask>.Despite the 28 point turnaround and franchise record in wins, <mask>'s contract wasn't renewed. In December 1999, the Chicago Blackhawks named <mask> Manager of Hockey Operations. Nine months later he became the club's seventh GM. <mask> had an immediate impact, as the Blackhawks made the playoffs for the first time in five years during the 2001–02 season. He would be the Blackhawks' GM for three years. He was fired by the Hawks in October 2003. Other hockey activities
In 1999, <mask> was inducted into the New York High School Hockey Hall of Fame.In 2006, <mask> joined Coleman Analytics to help that company develop and market an analytics package for NHL teams. In 2015, <mask> was hired by Bench Metrics to develop a product to help teams apply analytics for teams to use in the NHL Entry Draft. Achievements

During his tenure with the Winnipeg Jets, <mask> acquired Randy Cunneyworth, Rick Tabaracci and Dave McLlwain from the Pittsburgh Penguins for Randy Gilhen, Andrew McBain and Jim Kyte at the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. The move helped the Jets rebound to a respectable 37-32-11, a 21-point improvement over the previous season. <mask> would also trade Ed Olczyk to the New York Rangers for fan favorites Tie Domi and Kris King on December 28, 1992. The move brought a physical presence, that the Jets desperately needed. In his first year presiding over the Toronto Maple Leafs, <mask> established a franchise record for wins at 45.Many site the omnibus FA signings he made after he was hired during the summer of 1998 which included Steve Thomas, Curtis Joseph, Sylvain Cote, and checking forwards Derek King and Kris King who played an integral support role for the team. <mask> was named Executive of the Year by The Sporting News after the 2001–02 season, while with the Blackhawks. <mask> drafted several future NHL stars, such as Brent Seabrook, Duncan Keith, Dustin Byfuglien, Alexei Zhamnov, Nikolai Khabibulin, Keith Tkachuk, Kris Draper, Corey Crawford, James Wisniewski, and Stu Barnes. Criticisms
When it comes to the NHL entry draft, <mask> has been perceived as favoring Russian players over the physical style types often seen in the North American junior systems. <mask> made some very questionable draft choices during his final three years as Winnipeg Jets GM, drafting Aaron Ward in 1991, ahead of future stars Peter Forsberg, Brian Rolston, and Alexei Kovalev. In 1992, he drafted 25-year-old Sergei Bautin, who had an unremarkable NHL career. In 1993, <mask> drafted Mats Lindgren, who also made little impact in the NHL.<mask> was largely responsible for forcing Dale Hawerchuk, the Jets franchise player, out of Winnipeg. Years later, Hawerchuk would state "In my era there were two Winnipegs. There was the John Ferguson era, which was positive, upbeat, a really community-driven team. And then the <mask> era, which was negative and pessimistic. That ran through the media. I thought I'd be a Winnipeg Jet forever, but at the end <mask> pretty much made it impossible for me to really push forward with my career there." <mask> made some questionable trades that would come back to haunt the Jets.During the Summer of 1993, <mask> would send future Olympian, and Frank J. Selke Trophy winner Kris Draper to the Detroit Red Wings for $1.00. <mask> would also trade NHL All-Star Phil Housley to the St. Louis Blues for Nelson Emerson and Stephane Quintal. On November 25, 1993, <mask> would trade star forward Stu Barnes along with a sixth round selection (previously acquired from the St. Louis Blues; Chris Kibermanis) in 1994 to the Florida Panthers for Randy Gilhen. <mask> was mainly responsible for dismantling a young, and promising Winnipeg Jets team. By the time <mask> was relieved of his Managing duties in January 1994, the Jets were last in the Western Conference. Work with Team USA
<mask> has been heavily involved with USA Hockey, having served as the coach and general manager for the team's 1981, 1994 and 1995 appearances at the IIHF World Hockey Championship. In addition, he serves on the advisory board to USA Hockey.Personal life
<mask> is widowed after his wife Judith succumbed to cancer in the fall of 2000. The couple had one son, Jason. <mask> has authored ten books related to coaching in hockey at the grassroots level and is an avid collector of Native American artwork. Coaching record

References

1945 births
American ice hockey coaches
Chicago Blackhawks executives
Chicago Blackhawks scouts
Clarkson University alumni
Ice hockey people from New York (state)
Living people
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League general managers
New York Rangers coaches
People from Potsdam, New York
Toronto Maple Leafs executives
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996) coaches
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996) executives
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Ice hockey coaches from New York (state)

masks:
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Mike Kitchen
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Mike Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Mike Smith
Mike
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Mike Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Sandra Bernhard

texts:
<mask> (born June 6, 1955) is an American actress. She first gained attention in the late 1970s with her stand-up comedy, where she often critiqued celebrity culture and political figures. She is perhaps best known for portraying Nancy Barlett Thomas on the ABC sitcom Roseanne from the fourth season (1991) to the end of the show in 1997. She played Nurse Judy Kubrak in the FX drama series Pose. She is number 96 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 greatest stand-ups of all time. Early life
<mask> was born June 6, 1955 in Flint, Michigan, the daughter of Jeanette (née LaZebnik) and proctologist <mask>. Her parents raised her as a Conservative Jew.She has three older brothers: Dan, David and Mark. Her family moved to Arizona when she was 10. She attended Saguaro High School in Scottsdale, graduating in 1973. Career
<mask> became a staple at The Comedy Store. As her popularity as a comedian grew, she was cast as a supporting player on The Richard Pryor Show in 1977. Guest appearances on evening talk shows followed. Her big break came in 1983 when she was cast by Martin Scorsese to star as stalker/kidnapper Masha in the film The King of Comedy, for which she won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress.She was a frequent guest on David Letterman's NBC program Late Night with David Letterman, making 28 appearances starting in 1983. She began performing her first one-woman show, I'm Your Woman, in 1985, and an album version was released. She appeared in a variety of small television roles throughout the 1980s while crafting her stand-up routine into a more performance art-oriented show. She launched an off-Broadway one-woman show called Without You, I'm Nothing, With You, I'm Not Much Better in 1988, which played at the Orpheum Theatre. In 1990 it was turned into a film and a double album of the same title. The film was mostly shot on location in 1989 in the Coconut Grove at the Ambassador Hotel. It was during the run of Without You, I'm Nothing, With You, I'm Not Much Better that <mask> appeared with her then good friend (and rumored lover) Madonna on a 1988 episode of Late Night with David Letterman.The two alluded to their romantic relationship and staged a sexy confrontation; the appearance received much publicity. They continued to be friends for several years, with <mask> making an appearance in Madonna's film Truth or Dare. In 1991, <mask> began playing Nancy Bartlett on the hit sitcom Roseanne. She appeared in 33 episodes between 1991 and 1997, and was one of the first actresses to portray an openly bisexual recurring character on American television. In September 1992, <mask> did a nude pictorial for Playboy. She hosted the USA Network's Reel Wild Cinema for two seasons beginning in 1995. She continued acting in mostly independent films, TV guest roles, and forays into mainstream films such as Hudson Hawk and Dallas Doll.In 1991 she released her first studio album, Excuses for Bad Behavior (Part One). In 1995, she briefly appeared as a guest in the "Jerk" episode of the animated talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In 1996, she guest-starred on an episode of Highlander: The Series called "Dramatic License", where she played a romance novelist writing about the life of the main character. She appeared as herself on Will & Grace, in an episode where the title characters spuriously bid on <mask>'s Manhattan apartment in an attempt to become friendly with her. When their ruse is exposed, <mask> rants at them, with the sounds of a blender (she was having a smoothie made) blotting out supposed obscenities. She briefly returned as herself two years later. <mask> returned to Broadway in 1998 with the show I'm Still Here...Damn It!, recorded for a live comedy album. She was pregnant at the time, and gave birth to daughter Cicely Yasin <mask> on July 4, 1998. She returned to New York in 2006 with the Off-Broadway show Everything Bad & Beautiful. The CD of the show, released by indie label Breaking Records, was lauded as one of her best. That year she also hosted the first season of the reality competition show The Search for the Funniest Mom in America on Nick at Nite. 2007 saw the debut of her one-woman show Plan B from Outer Space, and the inclusion of her Hanukkah-themed song "Miracle of Lights", which she co-wrote with Mitchell Kaplan, in the Breaking Records compilation album Breaking For the Holidays. She toured Plan B through 2008 and performed "Miracle of Lights" on some morning shows in New York.<mask> was a featured guest singer with children's artist Dan Zanes on the Family Dance album's "Thrift Shop". In an interview with Howard Stern, she revealed that she was originally offered the role of Miranda Hobbes on the TV show Sex and the City, but opted out owing to the "terrible" original script and small paycheck. In 2013, it was announced that she would join the cast of ABC Family's Switched at Birth with Glees Max Adler, where she would play an art professor on the Season 3 opener in January 2014. In 2015, she began hosting a radio show, Sandyland, on Sirius XM's Radio Andy. In 2015, she made her first appearance as the recurring character of Joedth ("Joe") in season 4 of 2 Broke Girls. She is currently playing Nurse Judy on FX's POSE, a show based on queer and trans ball culture in Manhattan inspired by the documentary Paris is Burning. Public controversies
In August 2006, <mask> served as the spokesperson in a commercial for Make-up Art Cosmetics (MAC).In the commercial, promoting PlushGlass lipgloss, she referred to someone who might not approve of her outspokenness as a "little freaked out, intimidated, frightened, right-wing Republican thin-lipped bitch". MAC edited the line from the commercial to avoid unintentionally offending some of its customers. On Sept. 19, 2008, she warned vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin that she would be gang-raped by her "big black brothers" if she visited Manhattan. Palin had a campaign stop planned in New York City at the time. In November 2020, during an interview with Mariah Carey, Naomi Campbell called out <mask> for her comments about Carey and Black men in her 1998 comedy show I'm Still Here… Damn It! In the show, <mask> disparaged Carey's Black ancestry, saying "She's trying to backtrack on our asses by acting real nigger-ish there at the Royalton Hotel suite with Puff Daddy and all the greasy, chain-wearing Black men." Personal life
<mask> is bisexual and a strong supporter of LGBT rights.On July 4, 1998, she gave birth to a daughter, whom she raised with Sara Switzer, her partner of over 20 years. Music
<mask> performs classic pop music, jazz, and blues tunes. She has released several albums (combinations of music and comedy). Albums
 I'm Your Woman
 Without You I'm Nothing
 Excuses for Bad Behavior (Part One)
 I'm Still Here... Damn It! The Love Machine
 Hero Worship
 Excuses for Bad Behavior (Part Two)
 The Love Machine Remastered (entirely different from The Love Machine)
 Giving Til It Hurts
 Live and Beautiful (Promotional album sold at website sandrabernhard.com)
 Gems of Mystery
 Everything Bad & Beautiful
 Whatever It Takes
 I Love Being Me, Don't you? - featuring Carla Patullo

Singles
 "Everybody's Young"
 "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" ( U.S.Billboard Hot Dance Club Play)
 "Manic Superstar"
 "Phone Sex (Do You Want Me Tonight?)" "On the Runway" ( U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play)
 "Perfection"
 "Miracle of Lights"
 "All Around"

Compilations
 Stormy Weather; song "Is That All There Is?"

masks:
Sandra Bernhard
Bernhard
Jerome Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard
Bernhard


title: Brandon Hurst

texts:
<mask> (30 November 1866 – 15 July 1947) was an English stage and film actor. Early life
Born in London, England, <mask> studied philology in his youth and began performing in theater in the 1880s. Before he began acting professionally, <mask> served seven years in the English army, including five years with the King's Dragoon Guards in India. Career
He worked in Broadway shows from 1900 until his entry into motion pictures. His most notable stage appearance was Two Women in 1910, costarring Mrs. Leslie Carter and Robert Warwick. He was nearly fifty before his film debut in Via Wireless (1915) as Edward Pinckney. He appeared in 129 other films.He became well known in the 1920s for portraying the antagonist and anti-heroes. Those roles include Sir George Carewe in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920), Judge Frollo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), Alexei Karenin opposite Greta Garbo in Love (1927), and Barkilphedro in The Man Who Laughs (1928). His roles in sound films during the 1920s and 1930s were often small. One of his more important roles was the sinister Merlin the Magician in Fox's A Connecticut Yankee (1931). <mask> worked as an actor until his death, his last film was Two Guys from Texas (1948). Filmography

 Via Wireless (1915) - Edward Pinckney (film debut)
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920) - Sir George Carewe
 A Dark Lantern (1920) - Colonel Dereham
 The World's Applause (1923) - James Crane
 Legally Dead (1923) - Dr. Gelzer
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - Claude Frollo
 The Thief of Bagdad (1924) - The Caliph
 Cytherea (1924) - Daniel Randon
 One Night in Rome (1924) - Count Beetholde
 The Silent Watcher (1924) - Herrold, the reporter
 He Who Gets Slapped (1924) - Clown (uncredited)
 The Lover of Camille (1924) - Bertrand
 The Lady (1925) - St. Aubyns Sr
 Lightnin' (1925) - Everett Hammond
 The Enchanted Hill (1926) - Jasper Doak
 Made for Love (1926) - Pharaoh
 The Grand Duchess and the Waiter (1926) - Matard - Hotel Manager
 Secret Orders (1926) - Butler
 Paris at Midnight (1926) - Count Tarrefer
 The Shamrock Handicap (1926) - The Procurer of Taxes (uncredited)
 The Rainmaker (1926) - Doyle
 Volcano! (1926) - André de Chauvalons
 The Amateur Gentleman (1926) - Peterby
 The Lady of the Harem (1926) - Beggar
 The King of Kings (1927) (uncredited)
 7th Heaven (1927) - Uncle George (uncredited)
 Annie Laurie (1927) - The Campbell Chieftain
 The High School Hero (1927) - Mr. Golden
 Love (1927) - Karenin
 The Man Who Laughs (1928) - Barkilphedro
 News Parade (1928) - A.K.Wellington
 Interference (1928) - Inspector Haynes
 The Voice of the Storm (1929) - Dr. Isaacs
 The Wolf of Wall Street (1929) - Sturgess
 The Greene Murder Case (1929) - Sproot
 Her Private Life (1929) - Sir Emmett Wildering
 High Society Blues (1930) - Jowles
 The Eyes of the World (1930) - Mr. Taine
 The Right of Way (1931) - Crown Attorney
 A Connecticut Yankee (1931) - Merlin/Doctor in Mansion
 Young as You Feel (1931) - Robbins
 Murder at Midnight (1931) - Lawrence
 Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) - Prefect of Police
 Scarface (1932) - Citizens Committee Member (uncredited)
 The Midnight Lady (1932) - District Attorney
 White Zombie (1932) - Silver
 Down to Earth (1932) - Jeffrey, the Butler
 Sherlock Holmes (1932) - Secretary to Erskine (uncredited)
 Rasputin and the Empress (1932) - Staff General (uncredited)
 Cavalcade (1933) - Gilbert & Sullivan Actor (uncredited)
 I Love That Man (1933) - Banker Burkhart (uncredited)
 Bombay Mail (1934) - Pundit Garnath Chundra
 The Lost Patrol (1934) - Bell
 The House of Rothschild (1934) - Stock Trader
 House of Mystery (1934) - Hindu Priest
 Viva Villa!

masks:
Brandon Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst


title: Robert Morris (financier)

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (January 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806) was an English-born merchant and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania legislature, the Second Continental Congress, and the United States Senate, and he was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. From 1781 to 1784, he served as the Superintendent of Finance of the United States, becoming known as the "Financier of the Revolution." Along with Alexander Hamilton and Albert Gallatin, he is widely regarded as one of the founders of the financial system of the United States. Born in Liverpool, <mask> migrated to the United States in his teens, quickly becoming a partner in a successful shipping firm based in Philadelphia. In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, <mask> joined with other merchants in opposing British tax policies such as the 1765 Stamp Act. By 1775 he was the richest man in America.After the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he helped procure arms and ammunition for the revolutionary cause, and in late 1775 he was chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. As a member of Congress, he served on the Secret Committee of Trade, which handled the procurement of supplies, the Committee of Correspondence, which handled foreign affairs, and the Marine Committee, which oversaw the Continental Navy. <mask> was a leading member of Congress until he resigned in 1778. Out of office, <mask> refocused on his merchant career and won election to the Pennsylvania Assembly, where he became a leader of the "Republican" faction that sought alterations to the Pennsylvania Constitution. Facing a difficult financial situation in the ongoing Revolutionary War, in 1781 Congress established the position of Superintendent of Finance to oversee financial matters. <mask> accepted appointment as Superintendent of Finance and also served as Agent of Marine, from which he controlled the Continental Navy. He helped provide supplies to the Continental Army under General George Washington, enabling, with the help of frequent collaborator Haym Salomon, Washington's decisive victory in the Battle of Yorktown.<mask> also reformed government contracting and established the Bank of North America, the first Congressionally chartered national bank to operate in the United States. <mask> believed that the national government would be unable to achieve financial stability without the power to levy taxes and tariffs, but he was unable to convince all thirteen states to agree to an amendment to the Articles of Confederation. In May 1783 the young John Brown was commissioned by <mask> to visit Luis de Unzaga 'le Conciliateur', who served him as an intermediary in his secret mission to free the trade with the United States thanks to bills of exchange from the bankers Le Couteulx; in fact Brown's secret mission was a success and thus the Continental Army could be paid, avoiding a rebellion in its ranks that would endanger the peace of the nascent United States of America with England. Frustrated by the weakness of the national government, <mask> resigned as Superintendent of Finance in 1784. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1786. In 1787, <mask> was selected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, which wrote and proposed a new constitution for the United States. <mask> rarely spoke during the convention, but the constitution produced by the convention reflected many of his ideas.<mask> and his allies helped ensure that Pennsylvania ratified the new constitution, and the document was ratified by the requisite number of states by the end of 1788. The Pennsylvania legislature subsequently elected <mask> as one of its two inaugural representatives in the United States Senate. <mask> declined Washington's offer to serve as the nation's first Treasury Secretary, instead suggesting Alexander Hamilton for the position. In the Senate, <mask> supported Hamilton's economic program and aligned with the Federalist Party. During and after his service in the Senate, <mask> went deeply into debt speculating on land leading into the Panic of 1796–1797. Unable to pay his creditors, he was confined in the Prune Street debtors' apartment adjacent to Walnut Street Prison from 1798 to 1801. After being released from prison, he lived a quiet, private life in a modest home in Philadelphia until his death in 1806.Early life

Youth

<mask> was born in Liverpool, England, on January 20, 1734. His parents were <mask>, Sr., an agent for a shipping firm, and Elizabeth Murphet; biographer Charles Rappleye concludes that <mask> was probably born out of wedlock. Until he reached the age of thirteen, <mask> was raised by his maternal grandmother in England. In 1747, <mask> immigrated to Oxford, Maryland, where his father had prospered in the tobacco trade. Two years later, <mask>'s father sent him to Philadelphia, then the most populous city in British North America, where <mask> lived under the care of his father's friend, Charles Greenway. Merchant career

Greenway arranged for <mask> to become an apprentice at the shipping and banking firm of Philadelphia merchant Charles Willing. In 1750, <mask>, Sr. died from an infected wound, leaving much of his substantial estate to his son.<mask> impressed Willing and rose from a teenage trainee to become a key agent in Willing's firm. <mask> traveled to Caribbean ports to expand the firm's business, and he gained a knowledge of trading and the various currencies used to exchange goods. He also befriended Thomas Willing, the oldest son of Charles Willing who was two years older than <mask> and who, like <mask>, had split his life between England and British North America. Charles Willing died in 1754, and in 1757 Thomas made <mask> a full partner in the newly renamed firm of Willing Morris & Company. Morris's shipping firm was just one of many such firms operating in Philadelphia, but Willing Morris & Company pursued several innovative strategies. The firm pooled with other shipping firms to insure vessels, aggressively expanded trade with India, and underwrote government projects through bonds and promissory notes. Ships of the firm traded with India, the Levant, the West Indies, Spanish Cuba, Spain, and Italy.The firm's business of import, export, and general agency made it one of the most prosperous in Pennsylvania. In 1784, <mask>, with other investors, underwrote the voyage of the ship Empress of China, the first American vessel to visit the Chinese mainland. Slavery

Morris's partnership with Willing was forged just after the beginning of the Seven Years' War, which hindered attracting the usual supply of new indentured servants to the colony. Potential immigrants were conscripted in England to fight in Europe, and the contracts for those already in the colonies in America were expiring. At the same time, the British Crown wanted to encourage the slave trade which was profitable for the king's political allies in the African Company of Merchants. While <mask> was a junior partner and Willing was pursuing a political career, the company Willing, Morris & Co. co-signed a petition calling for the repeal of Pennsylvania's tariff on imported slaves. (About 200 slaves were imported into Philadelphia in 1762, the height of the trade; most were brought in by the Rhode Islanders D'Wolf, Aaron Lopez, and Jacob Rivera.)Willing, Morris & Co funded its own slave-trading voyage. The ship did not carry enough to be profitable and, during a second trip, was captured by French privateers. The firm handled two slave auctions for other importers, offering a total of 23 slaves. In 1762, the firm advertised an agency sale in Wilmington, Delaware, for over 100 Gold Coast slaves. The ship had docked in Wilmington to avoid the tariff. In 1765, on their last reported agency deal related to slavery (out of a total of eight), the firm advertised 17 slaves who were brought in from Africa on the ship Marquis de Granby. The slaves were not sold in Philadelphia, as the owner took the ship and all the slaves to Jamaica.Personal and family life

In early 1769, at age 35, <mask> married 20-year-old Mary White, the daughter of a wealthy and prestigious lawyer and landholder. Mary gave birth to the couple's first of seven children in December 1769. <mask> and his family lived on Front Street in Philadelphia and maintained a second home, known as "The Hills," on the Schuylkill River to the northwest of the city. He later purchased another rural manor, which he named Morrisville, that was located across the Delaware River from Trenton, New Jersey. The <mask>es worshiped at the Anglican Christ Church, which was also attended by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Willing, and other leading citizens of Philadelphia. The <mask> household employed several domestic workers and retained several slaves. In addition to the children he sired with Mary White, <mask> fathered a daughter, Polly, who was born out of wedlock around 1763.<mask> supported Polly financially and remained in contact with her throughout her adult life. <mask> also supported a younger half-brother, Thomas, whom <mask>'s father had sired out of wedlock shortly before his own death. Thomas eventually became a partner in <mask>'s shipping firm. Mary's brother, William White, was ordained as an Episcopal priest and served as the Senate chaplain. In 1781, <mask> purchased a home on Market Street that was two blocks north of Independence Hall, the seat of the Second Continental Congress. He gained clear title to the estate in 1785 and made it his primary residence. In 1790, President George Washington accepted <mask>'s offer to make the house his primary residence; <mask> and his family subsequently moved to a smaller, neighboring property.By the 1790s, <mask> had become close friends with Washington, and he and his wife were regular fixtures at state events thrown by the president. The President's House, as it became known, served as the residence of the president until 1800, when President John Adams moved to the White House in Washington, D.C.

American Revolution

Rising tensions with Britain

In 1765, the Parliament of Great Britain imposed the Stamp Act, a tax on transactions involving paper that proved widely unpopular in British North America. In one of his first major political acts, <mask> joined with several other merchants in pressuring British agent John Hughes to refrain from collecting the new tax. Facing colonial resistance, Parliament repealed the tax, but it later implemented other policies designed to generate tax revenue from the colonies. During the decade after the imposition of the Stamp Act, <mask> would frequently join with other merchants in protesting many of Parliament's taxation policies. Writing to a friend about his objections to British tax policies, <mask> stated that "I am a native of England but from principle am American in this dispute." While his partner, Thomas Willing, served in various governmental positions, <mask> declined to serve in any public office other than that of port warden (a position he shared with six other individuals), and he generally let Willing act as the public face of the firm.In early 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts, many colonists in British North America began calling for a boycott of British goods. In Philadelphia, Willing, Charles Thomson, and John Dickinson took the lead in calling for a congress of all the colonies to coordinate a response to British tax policies. <mask> was not elected to the First Continental Congress, which convened in Philadelphia in August 1774, but he frequently met with the congressional delegates and befriended colonial leaders such as George Washington and John Jay. <mask> generally sympathized with the position of the delegates who favored the reform of British policies but were unwilling to fully break with Britain. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress voted to create the Continental Association, an agreement to enforce a boycott against British goods beginning in December; it also advised each colony to establish committees to enforce the boycott. <mask> was elected to the Philadelphia committee charged with enforcing the boycott. Continental Congress

Early war, 1775–August 1776

In April 1775, the American Revolutionary War broke out following the Battles of Lexington and Concord.Shortly thereafter, the Second Continental Congress began meeting in Philadelphia, and Congress appointed Washington to command the Continental Army. The Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly established the twenty-five member Committee of Safety to supervise defenses, and <mask> was appointed to the committee. <mask> became part of the core group of members that directed the committee, and served as the committee's chairman when Benjamin Franklin was absent. Charged with obtaining gunpowder, <mask> arranged a large-scale smuggling operation to avoid British laws designed to prevent arms and ammunition from being imported into the colonies. Due to his success at smuggling gunpowder for Pennsylvania, <mask> also became the chief supplier of gunpowder to the Continental Army. <mask> became increasingly focused on political affairs rather than business, and in October 1775 he won election to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly. Later in the year, the Provincial Assembly elected <mask> as a delegate to Congress.In Congress, <mask> aligned with the less radical faction of delegates that protested British policies but continued to favor reconciliation with Britain. He was appointed to the Secret Committee of Trade, which supervised the procurement of arms and ammunition. As the revolutionary government lacked an executive branch or a civil service, the committees of Congress handled all government business. Biographer Charles Rappleye writes that the committee "handled its contracts in a clubby, often incestuous manner" that may have unfairly benefited politically connected merchants, including <mask>. However, Rappleye also notes that the dangerous and secretive nature of a committee charged with obtaining contraband goods made it difficult for the committee to establish competitive bidding procedures for procurement contracts. In addition to his service on the Secret Committee of Trade, <mask> was also appointed to the Marine Committee, which oversaw the Continental Navy, and the Committee of Secret Correspondence, which oversaw efforts to establish relations with foreign powers. From his position on the latter committee, <mask> helped arrange for the appointment of Silas Deane as Congress's representative to France; Deane was charged with procuring supplies and securing a formal alliance with France.Throughout 1776, <mask> would emerge as a key figure on the Marine Committee; Rappleye describes him as the "de facto commander" of the Continental Navy. <mask> favored a naval strategy of attacking Britain's "defenseless places" in an effort to divide Britain's numerically superior fleet. Along with Franklin, Dickinson, and John Adams, <mask> helped draft the Model Treaty, which was designed to serve as a template for relations with foreign countries. Unlike Britain's mercantile trade policies, the Model Treaty emphasized the importance of free trade. In March 1776, after the death of Samuel Ward, <mask> was named as the chairman of the Secret Committee of Trade. He established a network of agents, based in both the colonies and various foreign ports, charged with procuring supplies for the Continental war effort. In late February 1776, Americans learned that the British Parliament had passed the Prohibitory Act, which declared that all American shipping was subject to seizure by British ships.Unlike many other congressional leaders, <mask> continued to hope for reconciliation with Britain, since he believed that all-out war still lacked the strong support of a majority of Americans and would prove financially ruinous. In June 1776, due largely to frustration with the moderate faction of Pennsylvania leaders that included <mask>, a convention of delegates from across Pennsylvania began meeting to draft a new

masks:
Robert Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Robert Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Robert Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris