title: Len Johnson (boxer)

texts:
 Congress in Manchester, that represented fifty organizations, with a total of 200 audience members present. The topics debated included "The Colour Problem in Britain", "Oppression in South Africa", and "The Problems in the Caribbean". Notable delegates were George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, and Jomo Kenyatta, among others. A number of black activists living in Manchester at the time were also in attendance, including <mask>, Dr Pater Milliard from Guyana who had formed the Negro Association, T. Ras Makonnen of the International African Service Bureau (IASB) that C. L. R. James had established in 1937, and James Taylor, who ran the Negro Welfare Centre. The meetings led partially to the creation of the Pan-African Federation, founded in 1946 by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta, as well as advancing Pan-Africanism and applying it to decolonize the African continent. By 1946, Manchester's black community had increased to around 10,000 people, as black ex-servicemen and migrant workers settled down in areas such as Moss Side.<mask>, himself wise to the discrimination they were facing and could potentially face, set up the New International Club on Grafton Street with his friends Syd Booth and Wilf Charles – two white working-class Mancunians who had fought against the fascists in Spain. The New International attempted to channel what it called the "growing feeling of frustration" with substandard housing and jobs for black people in Manchester, and wanted to be both a social club and an organising space for black people to unite and solve their problems in Manchester. The principles of the club were declared in its founding statement: "true internationalism; colonial liberation; the ending of racial discrimination; peace." On 9 January 1947, it was reported that <mask> and a committee of leading townspeople were organising a petition to the American Ambassador in London, Lord Inverchapel, against the death sentence of two African American boys, aged fourteen, for alleged murder at Jackson, Mississippi. <mask> had hoped to get 10,000 signatures, whilst noting that time was short: "This week Governor of Mississippi, Fielding L. Wright, will announce the final decision on the fate of these children, and unless sanity prevails they will meet their death on January 17." The club was friendly with I. T. A. <mask>, and it had links with the Civil Rights Congress. The club's internationalist sensibility informed <mask> and Charles' local work in the city, where although they counted their membership at just 222, they were able to challenge racism at the Manchester Labour Exchange, whilst calling attention to inequalities in local housing, policing, and educational policy.The club was one of the first places to hold African and Caribbean club nights in Manchester, and where young black and white workers could blend and meet each other. But it was also the bedrock of building connections between Manchester's workers movement with black people all over the world, including, in December 1948, organising solidarity with the Trenton Six, a group of black men sentenced to death by an all-white jury for a murder they didn't commit. The New International's biggest success was hosting Paul Robeson in 1949 in Manchester and Liverpool, where the guest of honour sang, was greeted at receptions, and spoke at public forms. In all, perhaps 20,000 people turned out for these events, which brought renewed funds and attention to the club. They were thus able to continue to hold conferences, publicise international campaigns, and defend workers of colour in marine, mining, and transport sectors, all while arguing that these activates were part of wider struggles against imperialism. On 28 August 1949, had his name taken by an undercover police officer after a meeting organised by Blackpool Communists on a beach, wherein he was the principal speaker. The meeting was in protest and defiance of the Blackpool Tory Town Council ban, to which <mask> argued that the ban closed an important avenue open to the ordinary people to have free speech.The Society's activities trailed off by the early 1950s, but as individuals, <mask> took part in the British "Let Robeson Sing" campaign - which according to Robeson's biographer "would be a considerable embarrassment to the U.S. government" - after Robeson's passport was revoked, while Wilf Charles went on to become an advocate for pensioners' rights in Manchester. The New International Club and other International African Service Bureau initiatives against British racism were an important part of the post-Congress activism within the United Kingdom. <mask> also unsuccessfully stood for Moss Side East as a candidate for his party in 1949, 1955 and 1961 to become elected to Manchester City Council, though acted for many years as an unofficial representative of the city's black community – personally intervening in disputes involving inequality and racism. On 30 September 1953, he played a significant role in overturning the Old Abbey Taphouse in Greenheys' policy on separating white and black patrons. According to Wilf Charles, friend and co-founder of the New International Club, <mask> had "ordered two pints and they said we don't serve Black men [...] I insisted they would serve him or no-one else would get served. So they brought in the police and they asked us to go—we created a tremendous problem inside the pub." Of the incident, <mask> stated "I was most embarrassed.I have spent the greater part of my life in Manchester and this is the first time I have ever been refused a drink." On 1 October 1953, he launched a campaign and enlisted the help of the then Lord Mayor of Manchester, Abraham Moss and the Bishop of Manchester, William Greer and over the course of the next three days, more than 200 people, black and white, gathered to take part in a demonstration outside, standing together against the licensee's ban. Eventually it was overturned and <mask> - who was teetotal - was invited inside and sat down to share a drink with the publican. Death

In 1954, health problems resulted in him spending several months convalescing at a Black Sea resort in the Soviet Union for a pneumonectomy, and later returned to England to resume his political activities in the Communist Party, though lived for years in relative anonymity and growing poverty. By the early sixties, <mask>'s physical health was in rapid decline, of which he spent at Waterloo Street, Oldham, with his wife Maria. <mask> died on 28 September 1974 at Oldham General Hospital, and The Morning Star ran an obituary written by Jim Arnison. <mask> died two years before Britain passed the landmark Race Relations Act 1976 and thus did not see the faltering progress as Britain evolved into an ever more diverse, multi-racial nation.In his obituary for the Manchester Evening News he was quoted as saying: "[I was] never a fighter, always a boxer, and all for a fiver and second-class travelling expenses." Memorial
In June 2020, Stephen Miller started a petition on Change.org to erect a statue of <mask> in Piccadilly Gardens, following the toppling of the Statue of Edward Colston on 7 June. Following Miller's example, on 10 June, Deej <mask> started a similar petition for a monument to be included for <mask>, based on his contributions to Manchester. On 10 June, British Labour Party politician Afzal Khan had openly encouraged the idea of memorialising <mask>. By October 2020, almost 800 people signed <mask>'s petition calling for Manchester City Council to build a permanent monument honouring <mask> to be built in Manchester. When asked whether he'd support the proposal, the leader of Manchester City Council, Sir Richard Leese, stated it to be a "brilliant" idea, to which he remarked "I think it would be great to have a statue of [<mask>] in Manchester if people want to come forward with proposals [...] We've only got a couple of busts or status of black Mancunians, the very first one was done in the late 1980s when there was a bust of Yomi Mambu, who was the first black Lord Mayor of Manchester." Additionally, Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, stated that <mask>'s story was one that "hasn't been told enough [..] He wasn't just a boxer, it was more what he did to contribute to the civil rights movement, working with the likes of Paul Robeson and others, which was perhaps his biggest contribution."On 20 October 2020, the topics of a permanent memorial and <mask>'s difficulties with the National Sporting Club and the British Boxing Board of Control were mentioned by Welsh Labour Party politicians Gerald Jones and Nick Smith, respectively, at the Palace of Westminster. Legacy
Today, the legacy of <mask> is widely forgotten. However, he was once considered one of the greatest welterweights and middleweights of his age by many fellow boxers, boxing experts and publications:

Ron Olver, correspondent of The Ring and former assistant editor of Boxing News remarked: "He was well-respected both as a fighter and as a man, but found himself battling against an opponent he could never lick — the colour bar. Noted for his defensive skills, he had a gem of a left hand and could block punches in a style rarely seen today." <mask>, three divisional British champion and world light-heavyweight contender, maintained the view: "<mask> was one of the finest boxers I have ever met. Only his colour prevented him from winning the highest honours in the game. He had a perfect style, and it was a joy to watch him using that colossally long left of his, unless, of course, you happened to be facing the business end of it."Harry Jennings, a sports writer for The Leeds Mercury, expressed: "That <mask> is one of the cleverest artists of the era is beyond dispute." The Sheffield Telegraph proclaimed that "[<mask>] is undoubtedly one of the best boxers in the world. He already has to his credit a decision over Harry Crossley [...]". Martin Pugh, historian and author, wrote in We Danced All Night that <mask> was "one of the best welterweights of the period [...]". Eugene Corri, well known British boxing referee, included <mask> on his 1925 honours list of coming champions, in which he wrote: "<mask> has been a noted name among [black] pugilists, including the great and only <mask> [...]". He later remarked of <mask> that, "My diagnosis of <mask> is this: that he has a streak of indifference, inborn or assumed, and prefers to amble to victory rather than employ all his natural gifts, so as to crash his way to triumph. I have been often tempted to say that if <mask> were not sure that he is a master of defensive boxing, we should rate him to be the finest specimen of a middleweight we have produced for years."Eric Stone, sports writer for The Leicester Evening Mail, wrote: "The night that Harry Corbett lost his title, <mask> won a title. Yet, it was not long before that Harvey had been beaten by a man who had stopped the great Kid Lewis. That man was <mask>: one of the greatest middleweights we have ever seen." The Western Morning News described <mask> as "one of the most skillful boxers of the day." The Belfast Telegraph acknowledged <mask> as, "one of the cleverest defensive boxers of his age [...]". Harold Lewis, sports writer for The Westminster Gazette, wrote of <mask>: "[...] a more relentless in-fighter than Ted "Kid" Lewis there never was. ", while describing his defence as "impregnable".The Liverpool Echo in praising <mask>, wrote: "As a middleweight he was about the cleverest boxer at that weight in the world." Solar Plexus, sports writer for The Referee, praised <mask> and compared him to Jem Mace: "Victory came to <mask> per medium of the old Jem Mace style. Some say it is obsolete and of no avail against the methods of today, but they do not understand their business. With but one exception <mask> is very much of the old school." The Brisbane Courier wrote: "Ever since the English middleweight champion, <mask> landed in Australia [...] Brisbane followers of boxing have been anxious to again see this exponent of the Jem Mace school of boxing in action." James Butler, a sports writer for The Daily Herald, regarded <mask> as "one of the cleverest boxers in Europe." Ben Green, a British referee, regarded <mask> as "one of the greats" whilst acknowledging him as one of the greatest British middleweights.The Referee wrote: "A good big man in boxing should always beat a good little man. When the big man has abnormal reach and good height, allied with real boxing skill, he is generally an artist in the roped area. Such a man is <mask>." Pollux, sports writer for The Daily Herald, while noting <mask>'s "rare defence", had remarked that "His boxing has improved wonderfully during the past few months, and Ted "Kid" Lewis will find his equal in ringcraft." Dr Neil Carter, senior research fellow at De Montfort University, wrote: "[<mask>] from Manchester was reckoned to be the best welterweight in Europe in the 1920s but was unable to prove this because of his colour." Popular culture
<mask> inspired British lightweight champion <mask>, who took the surname "<mask>" in homage to his hero. In 1987, a musical based on the life and work of the <mask>, Struggle for Freedom, was the final part of the performance by young people from Rochdale schools, which was produced by Frontline Culture and Education and directed by British playwright Dan Baron Cohen.Baron Cohen acknowledged the contributions of Sid Booth, who was involved in the original production which toured Ireland, Wilf Charles whose life helped shape the play and African Dawn, the African cultural group from London. On 15 July 2014, <mask> Johnson Fighter, a play focusing on <mask>'s, and written by Colin Conner and directed by Nick Birchill, debuted at the 2014 Greater Manchester Fringe Festival. Colin Conner's play was inspired by Michael Herbert's book Never Counted Out (1992), and the collection of <mask>'s memorabilia at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford. After its runs at the Fringe Festival in 2014, <mask> Fighter performed at the King's Arms, Salford from 11 May, to 12 May 2015, and later the Octagon Theatre, Bolton from 20 May, to 21 May 2015. The cast consisted of Jarreau Benjamin, Alastair Gillies, Richard Patterson, Matt Lanigan, Sarah Burrill and Katie McArdle. Benjamin, who was nominated for a Manchester Theatre Award for his portrayal of <mask>, remarked: "I'm so passionate about all the things he was fighting for. He was a boxer and he went on to do some amazing things.I'm really glad to be a part of it. It is really emotional." On 31 December 2019, Peter Howarth created a piece of digital artwork titled Nobody Knows, featuring <mask>, Leone Jacovacci and <mask>. Professional boxing record

See also

 Dorothy Kuya
 Billy Strachan
 Charlie Hutchison
 Trevor Carter
 Claudia Jones

Notes

References

Further reading
 Fleming, Denis. The Manchester Fighters (Neil Richardson Publications, 1986)
 Herbert, Michael. Never Counted Out! The Story of <mask>, Manchester's Black Boxing Hero and Communist (Dropped Aitches Press, 1992)
 Adi, Hakim and Marika, Sherwood.The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited (1995)
 Howard, Rob.Boxing's Uncrowned Champion: <mask> and the Colour Bar (The Author, 2009)
 Early, Gerald.The Cambridge Companion to Boxing (Cambridge University Press, 2019)

External links

 Cyber Boxing Zone Profile: <mask>
 In the Red Corner
 Boxing at Belle Vue
 British Boxing History: <mask> An account of <mask>'s record. Kid Lewis Gives In A 1925 newspaper account of <mask> defeating Ted "Kid" Lewis. The Prince at the Ring A 1928 newspaper account of <mask>'s loss to <mask>. <mask> - Manchester Municipal Elections

1902 births
1974 deaths
English Roman Catholics
English people of Irish descent
People of Sierra Leone Creole descent
British male writers
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
British pan-Africanists
English male boxers
Boxers from Manchester
People from Clayton
England Boxing champions
Welterweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
English humanitarians
English communists
English socialists
British civil rights activists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
British human rights activists
Community organizing
Nonviolence advocates
British community activists
Black British activists
Civil rights movement
Activists for African-American civil rights
American civil rights activists
Anti-imperialism
Burials at Southern Cemetery,

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title: Patricia Smith (poet)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1955) is an American poet, spoken-word performer, playwright, author, writing teacher, and former journalist. She has published poems in literary magazines and journals including TriQuarterly, Poetry, The Paris Review, Tin House, and in anthologies including American Voices and The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry. She is on the faculties of the Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing and the Low-Residency MFA Program in Creative Writing at Sierra Nevada University. She is a four-time individual National Poetry Slam champion and appeared in the 1996 documentary SlamNation, which followed various poetry slam teams as they competed at the 1996 National Poetry Slam in Portland, Oregon. <mask> is hailed as the first African-American woman to publish a weekly metro column for the Boston Globe. Her many accomplishments include a Guggenheim fellowship, acceptance as a Civitellian, a National Endowment for the Arts grant recipient, and two-time winner of the Pushcart Prize. She is a former fellow of Yaddo and the MacDowell Colony, and she is the most successful poet of the National Poetry Slam competition.Currently, <mask> is a professor at the College of Staten Island, a core faculty member in the MFA program at Sierra Nevada University, and a resident in VONA and in the Vermont College of Fine Arts Post-Graduate Residency Program. <mask>'s poetry has appeared in literary journals including The Paris Review and TriQuarterly, and dozens of anthologies, including The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry, The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry and Gathering Ground: A Reader Celebrating Cave Canem's First Decade. She has read her poetry at venues including the Poets Stage in Stockholm, Urban Voices in South Africa, Rotterdam's Poetry International Festival, the Aran Islands International Poetry and Prose Festival and on tour in Germany, Austria and Holland. In the U.S., she's performed at the National Book Festival, Carnegie Hall, and the Dodge Poetry Festival. The book Blood Dazzler was the basis for a dance/theater production which sold out a week-long series of performances at New York's Harlem Stage. A selection of <mask>'s poetry was produced as a one-woman play by Nobel Prize-winner Derek Walcott and performed at both Boston University Playwrights Theater and the historic Trinidad Theater Workshop. Another play, based on Life According to Motown, was staged by Company One Theater in Hartford, Ct., and reviewed favorably in The New York Times.In an interview with Tony Leuzzi (a poet known for his Fib poetry and the poem "The Burning Door”"), <mask> talks about how she started writing poetry. She says: "I got introduced to poetry via the stage, where there isn’t a place to crawl behind the language." <mask> talks about her first Chicago slam poetry night where she performed her poems for the first time. This scene became <mask>'s social circle as well as her recreational exercise, but after performing for a while, people began to view <mask>'s poems as literature rather than just performance. These people challenged <mask> to make a commitment to her writing. <mask> discusses how she had written four poetry books before admitted into an MFA program. Though the MFA program taught her the “bones and muscles of language,” the poet claims she established herself as a poet and her content way before her academic studies.<mask> responds to Leuzzi's question about attending an MFA program later in life by affirming the freedom she had in academics because she was already an established and published poet, so <mask> did not need to go after grants and awards or university validation. In addition to her poetry and journalism, <mask> is also a performer in two one-woman plays and in a one-woman show called Professional Suicide. In Priya Parmar and Bryonn Bain's article "Spoken Word and Hip Hop: The Power of Urban Art and Culture", the authors argue that <mask> along with Taylor Mali and Saul Williams ushered in a new era of poetry in the film documentary SlamNation. <mask> has contributed to various notable anthologies including Unsettling America: An Anthology of Contemporary Multicultural Poetry, Aloud: Voices from the Nuyorican Poets Café, Short Fuse: The Global Anthology of New Fusion Poetry, Bum Rush the Page, The Oxford Anthology of African American Poetry and Pushcart Prize XXXII: Best of the Small Presses. In addition to her personal works, she also offers individual and group rates for poetry instruction from kindergarteners to senior citizens..

Works
As her first book, <mask> published Life According to Motown in September 1991 and now it has been republished for the 20th anniversary edition. Like much of her poetry, this collection draws upon her roots in Chicago during the 1960s, recounting lessons learned through the hardships and glamour of Motown. After Life According to Motown, <mask> published Big Towns, Big Talks which serves as a type of sequel to its predecessor, examining life after childhood in Chicago.In September 1993, <mask> published Close to Death, which explores black male life expectancy in relation to homicide, drug abuse, and AIDS. <mask>'s poems give voice to the thousands of black males in New York City, Chicago, and Boston who have run out of options and expect to lose their lives without first given a chance to live. Publishers Weekly says, "Her acute ear for the intricacies of speech adds to the vitality of poems written in the voice of black men she encounters amid the inner-city squalor of Chicago and Boston." Her Teahouse of the Almighty is a collection of her free-verse poems on various topics such as love, family, religion, feminism, and the role of poetry. The poem "Boy Dies, Girlfriend Gets His Heart" is about an actual event where a fifteen-year-old boy gave his heart to his girlfriend, and in another poem, <mask> discusses her views on religion and her Baptist upbringing. Many critics have praised this work: Diane Scharper in Library Journal called it a "stunning mix of sound and sense and a Publishers Weekly critic stated: "<mask> appears to be that rarest of creatures, a charismatic slam and performance poet whose artistry truly survives on the printed page." She authored a book of history, Africans in America: American's Journey through Slavery, that was commissioned to accompany a PBS series of the same name, and which included short passages written by Charles Johnson and the WGBH Series Research Team.Her collection Incendiary Art grapples with black bodies of the African-American community against the backdrop of the killing of Emmett Till. This collection uses various forms of poetry such as prose, ghazels, sestinas, and sonnets. In Gotta Go Gotta Flow, <mask> combines her poems with Michael Abramson's photography of the '70s in Chicago's South Side. Donna Seman from Booklist praised this collection, saying that it is "a supremely arresting and affecting match of potent images and singing words." For Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah, <mask> won three awards: the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, the Rebekah Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry, and the Phillis Wheatley Book Award in Poetry. The collection contains poems about the urban areas of Chicago and Detroit, discussing themes of first love, Motown, personal narrative, and cultural journey. Gregory Orr, judge of the 2014 Lenore Marshal Prize, said that her poems “plunge to the soul-depths of the people who inhabit them."Journalism controversy
As an editorial assistant at the Chicago Sun-Times in the late 1980s, she wrote a review of a concert that she allegedly had not attended. She gained notoriety when The Boston Globe asked her to resign after editors discovered her metro column contained fictional characters and fabricated events in violation of journalism practice. <mask> admitted to four instances of fabrications in her columns. Speaking in 2015 of her subsequent career, the Globe editor who discovered her fabrications, Walter V. Robinson, noted: "The fact of the matter is that in life, for all of us, we are judged very much by how we bounce back from adversity.... In that sense, I’m really heartened by what's happened in her life." Awards

Poetry
Her book Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah was awarded the 2014 Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt Award. She is also a 2008 National Book Award finalist, winner of the Hurston-Wright Legacy Award in Poetry, the Carl Sandburg Literary Award, the National Poetry Series award, the Patterson poetry award, two Pushcart Prizes, and the Rattle poetry prize.She also won the Robert L. Fish Memorial Award for short story writing and had work selected to appear in both Best American Poetry and Best American Essays. In 2006, she was inducted into the International Literary Hall of Fame for Writers of African Descent, and she was the recipient of both McDowell and Yadoo fellowships. For Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah she won the Lenore Marshall Prize, presented by the Academy of American Poets in recognition of "the most outstanding book of poetry" published in America the previous year. And "Incendiary Art" won the NAAACP Image Award and was named a Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. "Incendiary Art," a 2017 collection of poems published by Northwestern University Press won the 2018 Kingsley Tufts (Kingsley and Kate Tufts Poetry Awards) poetry award and the 2018 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry. The collection also won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for poetry. <mask> won the Distinguished Writing Award for Commentary from the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE), 1997.However, The Boston Globe returned the ASNE award and withdrew her from consideration for a Pulitzer Prize after the newspaper acknowledged that some of her columns contained fabricated people, events, and quotes. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. She attended Southern Illinois University and Northwestern University. <mask> is married to Bruce DeSilva, journalist and Edgar Award-winning author. She lives in Howell, New Jersey. Bibliography

Poetry collections
Incendiary Art: Poems poems about Emmett Till, Northwestern University Press, 2016. Blood Dazzler - poems about Hurricane Katrina, Coffee House Press, 2008, a National Book Award finalist.Teahouse of the Almighty - selected as a National Poetry Series winner, published in 2006 by Coffee House Press
Close to Death - poetry, 1993, Zoland Books
Big Towns, Big Talk - poetry, 1992, Zoland Books
Life According to Motown - poetry, 1991, Tía Chucha Press

List of poems

Non-fiction
Africans in America - history, companion book to the PBS television series of the same name, Harcourt Brace, 1998 (co-authored with Charles Johnson)

Children's books
Janna and the Kings - 2003, Lee & Low, winner of the New Voices Award for new children's book authors

See also
Poetry slam
Journalism scandals

References

External links
The Book of Voices
Modern American Poetry: <mask>
Personal website
The Academy of American Poets - <mask>
<mask>: An American Poet

1955 births
Living people
African-American poets
20th-century American poets
African-American women writers
American children's writers
American feminist writers
American women poets
Sierra Nevada College
Journalistic hoaxes
The Boston Globe people
Writers from Chicago
American women children's writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
Stonecoast MFA alumni
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American women

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title: Karl G. Karsten

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<mask> (1891– May 25, 1968) was an American economist, statistician, businessman, inventor and author, known from his seminal work on graphical methods, and economic forecasting. Life and work
Born in Bloomington, Indiana to <mask>f E. and Eleanor S<mask>, <mask> received his education as economist and statistician. He was student at the University of Illinois in 1907–1908, and at the University of Chicago in 1908–1909, and obtained his BA from the University of New Mexico in 1911 and from Oxford University in 1914 on a Rhodes Scholarship. From 1914 to 1916 he was graduate student at the Columbia University. <mask> started his career as Newspaper Reporter and Publicity Agent in New York City in 1916. The next year he settled as independent consulting statistician, and founded Karsten Statistical Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut. As statistician Karsten was also specialized in unemployment remedies.In 1926 he became president and general manager of the Kardex Institute, a company founded in 1921 by James Rand, Jr. to collect and disseminate information on good business record-keeping and filing practices. Late 1920s <mask> founded the Karsten Forecasts, inc. in New Haven, and early 1930s the Irving Fisher Index Number Institute with Irving Fisher also in New Haven, CT. From 1934 to 1942 he was appointed in multiple federal agencies. <mask> had joint the Liberal Club of New York and the Anti-Militarism League in the 1910s. In 1917 he married his first wife Elinor Cox, and had a daughter together. In the 1920s Karsten build a summer stack out in Far Rockaway, where the invited Henry Miller and his family in the summer of 1925. Later, he married Helen Tippy. Work
Since the 1920s Karsten published a series of works on charts and graphs and economic forecasting.He also he invented and patented several information processing devices. Charts and graphs, 1923
In the 1910s charts and graphs had become a prominent subject in the theoretical discussion of methodology in the social sciences, and <mask> was one of the first to publish a book solely on this topic. <mask> (1923) explained:

In and since the [First World] War the use and developments of charts has been almost phenomenal — so large, indeed, that one able economist who is interested in such things think that we as a country have gone chart-mad. But the development has not been confined to this country, and it has a very solid base in practical utility. There is little question that the chart represents a genuine saving in time and mental effort. In 1923 he published his most known work "Charts and graphs: An introduction to graphic methods in the control and analysis of statistics." This work was especially focussed on statistics, and years ahead of its time.It the 1910s statistics and graphs were introduced in production control and management in the US and in Britain. <mask>'s work, over 700 page and 500 illustrations, was designed for educational purposes and not as handbook for businessmen. In Britain it inspired <mask> Rose (1886-1963), who wrote since the 1930s on higher control in management, management accounting and business charts. The Theory of Quadrature in Economics, 1924/26
In his 1924 "Theory of Quadrature in Economics" <mask> "showed a detailed understanding of how some economic time series could be generated as partial sums of others and that there could, therefore, be a pair of series where one was the cumulation of the other." The basic idea of this quadrature was described by Karsten:

Two forces are said by Mr. Edge to be in quadrature when they trace curves such that the fluctuations of one of the curves correspond to the fluctuations of a curve of the integration or cumulation of the data of the other curve. When a cause-and-effect relation exists between such two phenomena, the first may then be said to be cumulatively affected by the second.An furthermore:

The quadrature method therefore applies cumulation to obtain a series representing the integral function, and differencing to obtain a series of data representing the derivative. <mask> suggested in this theory, that "the aim of correlation analysis should ultimately be the recovery of causal connections." The next year Jan Tinbergen confirmed this claim of Karsten in an ongoing discussion. Boumans (2004) recalls, that "Karsten ... had touched 'not without merit' on the problem of causal relations, had shown the existence of cumulative relations between the three Harvard barometer indices, which he interpreted as causal relationships. In the first place, he found, using correlation analysis, that the cumulative values of the Harvard B-index parallel those of the Harvard A- index, with a lag of 3 ... Second, he found the empirical relationship that the C-index was a cumulative of bot the A and B indices ... Thus according to Karsten (1926:417), the B-index was the 'generating force' of the three; the other two indices depended upon, and were derived from, changes in the business index." Scientific forecasting, 1931
Kasten had founded Karsten Statistical Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut, specifically to develop so called "barometers", to theoretically forecasts business conditions.Lhabitant (2011) explained that these forecasts included "barometers of volume of trade, of building activity, of interest rates, of the wholesale price level, of indices of certain industries, of railroad stocks, of public utility stocks, of steel stocks, of oil stocks, of automobile stocks, and of  store stocks." His 1931 Scientific forecasting was based on Karsten's experience as stock market analyst, and was written as a handbook for stockbrokers. This work on scientific forecasting focussed on the methods and application to practical business and to stock market operations, and relied on the techniques of the economic barometers. According to Keuzenkamp (1987) "Karsten was fairly optimistic about his abilities to make prognoses, but, as he had to admit , 'at the present time this investigation can not account for economic changes which are wholly due to the element of mob-, crowd- or herd-psychology'. In general, however, Karsten's conclusion is that these psychological factors are relatively unimportant, which leads him to find reason to state that his results support "economic determinism". There is only one exception: the stock market. Of course it is not surprising that Karsten was
moderate with claims about stock market prediction, so shortly after the generally unexpected crash of 1929."Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>. Charts and graphs: An introduction to graphic methods in the control and analysis of statistics. Prentice-Hall, 1923, 1925. <mask>, <mask>. Scientific forecasting; its methods and application to practical business and to stock market operations. New York, Greenberg. 1931. Articles, a selection:
 <mask>, <mask>. "The theory of quadrature in economics." Journal of the American Statistical Association 19.145 (1924): 14–29.<mask>, <mask>. "The Harvard Business Indexes—A New Interpretation." Journal of the American Statistical Association. 21.156 (1926): 399–418. Patents
Patents, a selection:
 <mask>, <mask>. "Information-dispensing set." U.S. Patent No. 1,537,640. 12 May 1925.<mask>, <mask>. "Package for dates, figs, candies, and like products," U.S. Patent No. 1,556,608. 13 Oct. 1925. <mask>, <mask>. "Map," U.S. Patent No. 1,556,609. 13 Oct. 1925. <mask>, <mask>. "Centrifugal machine,"  U.S. Patent No.1,575,846. 9 Mar. 1926. <mask>, <mask>. "Tridimensional chart." U.S. Patent No. 1,700,318. 29 Jan. 1929.<mask>, <mask>. "Radio Program Detector" U.S. Patent No. 1,752,302. 1 Apr. 1930. References

1891 births
1968 deaths
Economists from Indiana
American Rhodes Scholars
American statisticians
University of New Mexico alumni
20th-century American economists

masks:
Karl Gustaf Karsten
Gusta
. Daggett Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Thomas Gerald
Karsten
Karsten
Karsten
Karl G
Karsten
Karl G
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Karl G


title: Earl W. Bascom

texts:
<mask>  (June 19, 1906 – August 28, 1995) was an American painter, printmaker, sculptor, cowboy, rodeo performer, inventor, and Hollywood actor. Raised in Canada, he portrayed in works of fine art his own experiences of cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West. Bascom was awarded the Pioneer Award by the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 2016 and inducted into several halls of fame including the Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame in 1984. Bascom was called the "Cowboy of Cowboy Artists," the "Dean of Rodeo Cowboy Sculpture" and the "Father of Modern Rodeo." He was a participant member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Childhood
Bascom was born on June 19, 1906, in a sod-roofed log cabin on the Bascom 101 Ranch in Vernal, Utah, United States, the son of rancher and lawman John W<mask> and Rachel Lybbert. His father had been a Uintah County deputy sheriff and later a constable in the town of Naples in northeast Utah, who chased members of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch Gang and other outlaws including Harry "Mad Dog" Tracy.Both of his grandfathers, Joel A<mask> and C. F. B. Lybbert, were Mormon pioneers, frontier lawmen and ranchers. <mask> was a member of the Nauvoo Legion (the Utah militia), serving in the Utah War of 1857 and the Utah Black Hawk War of 1865. He also served as Chief of Police in Provo, Utah, and as the first constable in Mona, Utah. Lybbert, who served in the Danish army before coming to America, was a blacksmith who served as constable of Levan, Utah and as Justice of the Peace in Naples, Utah. Members of <mask>'s family include his grand uncle Ephraim Roberts who was a pony express rider, and grand uncle <mask> who was a soldier in the Mormon Battalion – Army of the West 1846–1848. Another Bascom relative was Wyoming rancher and Wyoming Governor Bryant Brooks who served from 1905 to 1911. Also the Army Lieutenant George Bascom who arrested Apache Chieftain Cochise in 1861 which started the Apache Wars.Three famous mountain men, Jedediah Smith, Doc Newell, and J. T<mask>, were related to Bascom. Bascom's paternal ancestors were French Basque and Huguenot. Bascom's maternal family was of Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, and German ancestry. In 1912, when <mask> was six years old, his mother Rachel died of breast cancer, leaving five children – Raymond, Melvin, <mask>, Alice, and <mask> – ranging in age from 11 years to nine months. In 1913, <mask>'s father, who had cowboyed in Utah and Colorado and worked on ranches in Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, went to Alberta, Canada, securing a job as a foreman on the Knight Ranch. In 1914, the Bascom family loaded their belongings into a covered wagon, traveled a week to the nearest railroad in Price, Utah, and rode the train to Canada. After working for the Knight Ranches headquartered on the Milk River Ridge in Alberta and managing Ray Knight's Butte Ranch north of the town of Raymond, Alberta, John W<mask> and his sons began ranching on their own using the Bar-B-3 brand.Over the following years, the Bascom family lived at Welling Station and ranched along Pot Hole Creek, ran cattle on the open range at New Dayton on the Fort Whoop-up Trail near Deadman Coulee, and Milk River Ridge, and ranched east of Lethbridge on the Old Man River and near Stirling east of Nine Mile Lake. By Canadian law, all minor children who immigrated to Canada before 1915 and whose parent became a naturalized citizens, automatically became Canadian citizens. <mask>'s father became a naturalized Canadian citizen. <mask> was an American Canadian. During the winter of 1916, the Bascom family moved back to Naples, Utah, returning to Canada in the spring of 1917. Schooled mostly in one-room schools, Bascom quit school while in grade three to work on the Hyssop 5H Ranch, east of Lethbridge. It was not long before a Canadian Mountie, who was visiting the Hyssop Ranch, thought that one of the cowboys was just too young looking to be a seasoned cowpuncher and bronc peeler.The Mountie asked <mask>m just how old he was – he was 13 years old. <mask> was returned to school. Attending school felt better after <mask>'s father, who had a school district transportation contract, gave him the job of driving an old stagecoach pulled by a team of Bascom horses each day to the surrounding ranches transporting fellow students to and from school. In 1918, Bascom gained a stepmother and a stepbrother, Frank, when his <mask>'s father married Ada Romeril Dawley. The couple had five children, making a total of eleven children in the Bascom family. Three of the children joined the Canadian military service during World War II. Charles was a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force, who died a hero during the war having saved two fellow soldiers before losing his own life.Cowboy career
Bascom was known as the Cowboy of Cowboy Artists due to his wide range of western experiences as a professional bronc buster, bull rider, cowpuncher, trail driver, blacksmith, freighter, wolf hunter, wild horse chaser, rodeo champion, cattle rancher, dude wrangler, and Hollywood actor. Bascom was among the last of those who experienced the Old West before the end of free-range ranching. Bascom reminisced:

For Bascom, ranch life and cowboy life was his life. "The life of a cowboy and the West, I know," he stated. Bascom worked on some of the largest horse and cattle ranches in the United States and Canada – ranches that ran thousands of cattle on a million acres (4000 km2) of land. He broke and trained hundreds of horses. He worked on ranches where he chased and gathered horses, cows and even donkeys in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Texas, Mississippi, Washington, California and western Canada.He worked on cattle drives out of the Rockies and horse drives through the Teton Range. He took part on large roundups of horses and cattle, and brandings. He made saddles and stirrups, quirts, chaps, spurs, bridles and bits, ropes and hackamores, and even patched his own boots. <mask>'s brothers and their father, John W. Bascom, were all experienced ranch hands and professional horsemen who were known as the "Bronc Bustin' Bascom Boys." A professional rodeo cowboy, Bascom followed the rodeo circuit internationally, rodeoing from 1916 to 1940, where he won several all-around championships. He competed in the rough stock events of saddle bronc riding, bareback riding and bull riding, and in the timed events of steer decorating and steer wrestling. In 1933, he set a new arena record, a new world record time and won third place in the world standings in the steer decorating event.He also was a rodeo announcer, performed trick riding and competed in the rodeo events of wild cow milking and wild horse racing. Bascom has been inducted into several rodeo, cowboy and sports Halls of Fame in Canada and the United States. He received international publicity for his rodeo equipment inventions and designs. <mask>'s brothers – Raymond "Tommy" <mask>, Melvin "High Pockets" <mask> and <mask> "Preacher" <mask>, along with their father John W<mask> – were also professional rodeo cowboys and Hall of Fame inductees. Rodeoing financed <mask>'s college education at Brigham Young University where he was given the title of "Rodeo's First Collegiate Cowboy" and from which institution he graduated in 1940. Bascom has been honored as the "Father of Modern Rodeo" and known as "rodeo's greatest innovator and inventor." He is known in rodeo history for designing and making rodeo's modern bucking chute in 1916 and modified in 1919.He also made rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle in 1922 and rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging in 1924, for which he has been called the "Father of the Modern-day Bareback Rigging" and the "Father of Rodeo Bareback Riding." In 1926, he designed and made the modern rodeo riding chaps, and then in 1928, a rodeo exerciser made of spring steel. Bascom has been recognized by rodeo associations around the world for his rodeo inventions. During his college years, <mask> and his brother <mask> produced the first rodeos in Columbia, Mississippi, in 1935, 1936, and 1937 while working for Sam Hickman's B Bar H Ranch near Arm, Mississippi. This first rodeo in Columbia is known in cowboy history as the first rodeo held outdoors at night under electric lights. In March 2019 as part of the 200th year celebration of Columbia's birth, an official Mississippi State Historical Marker was erected and dedicated, honoring the "Birthplace of Mississippi Rodeo." In 1936, under the direction of <mask>, using his designs, a new rodeo arena was built which was the first permanent rodeo arena constructed in Mississippi.The bucking horses used in the rodeo were shipped in from West Texas. Sam Hickman and <mask> went to New Orleans where they purchased brahma bulls for the rodeo bucking stock. This was the first recorded use of brahma bulls in rodeo. Sam Hickman financed these rodeos through his Wild West Rodeo Company. Between rodeos of 1936 and 1937, <mask> was a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mississippi, serving under Mission President LeGrand Richards of the Southern States Mission. The Bascom brothers were honored fifty years later for being the "Fathers of Mississippi Rodeo" and given the "Key to the City of Columbia," along with a congratulatory telegram from President Ronald Reagan. In 2016, <mask> and his brother <mask> were officially recognized by the ProRodeo Hall of Fame as the "Fathers of Brahma Bull Riding."In 1939, Bascom married Nadine Diffey. She was of American Indian heritage, being a descendant of Pocahantas' sister. Her ancestors include Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey Tribe, Chief Long Knife of the Mohawks, Chief Mattabesetts of the Montauketts, and Chief Tatobem of the Pequots. She also descends from the Croatan, Creek, and Catawba tribes. <mask> and Nadine met in Mississippi while he was cowboying and rodeoing there. They were married in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Salt Lake LDS Temple, and raised five children. Nadine Bascom was an artist of floral arrangement, painting and sculpture, creating many bas-relief sculptures.Besides being a professional rodeo contestant, Bascom tried his hand as a rodeo clown and rodeo bullfighter during his rodeo career. Just after his 89th birthday, <mask> was honored as the oldest living rodeo clown in the world. At the age of 88, Bascom helped roundup longhorn steers on the Shahan Ranch in west Texas and received honors for his art during the 1994 Texas Longhorn Quincentennial Cattle Drive and Celebration. Bascom's bronze sculpture The American Longhorn, 1494–1994 was declared the most authentic example of a classical Texas longhorn steer. In 2014, Bascom was honored posthumously during the tenth anniversary celebration of the National Day of the Cowboy, for his international contributions to cowboy culture and the cowboy way of life. Artist

Influences
While working for the Nilsson Rafter-E-N Ranch, Bascom happened to read a story in a western magazine about Native American Jim Thorpe, who had excelled in sports and became an Olympic champion. Thorpe's life touched Bascom: "I felt like I had walked in his boots," <mask> said."Like Jim Thorpe, cowboy life was the only life that I knew. But what about my art, what about art school?" Wanting to be an artist since childhood, Bascom filled the pages of his school books in the one-room school house he attended with cowboy scenes. His desire to be a cowboy artist was greatly enhanced after seeing art works of the two great icons of Old West art, Charles M. Russell and Frederic S. Remington - both cousins to his father, John W<mask> (Remington and Russell were both related to Bascom through their mothers, Clarissa "Clara" <mask> Sackrider Remington and Mary Elizabeth Mead Russell, respectively). Both Remington and Russell were artists that spent time in Canada producing art. In the late 1920s, <mask> worked on a ranch south of the Sweetgrass Hills in Montana that was once owned by the artist Charlie Russell and only a few months after Russell's death. Russell was on the Knight Ranch when Bascom was working there, and had drawn a sketch on the bunkhouse wall and also finished a large oil painting of Raymond Knight on his favorite mount, Blue Bird, roping a steer.Although Bascom was educated in one-room school houses and only completed one full school year, never finishing high school, he never lost his desire to be an artist. He subscribed to a correspondence art course wherein both Russell and Remington gave instructions on their drawing techniques. "Through those art lessons these two masters of western art were my first real art teachers," Bascom recalled. "In fact the only instructions I ever had in western art were from Remington and Russell." Even though he had no high school diploma, the Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, accepted him as a student in the fall of 1933. "There I was a 27 years old college freshman who hadn't been to school in years," Bascom recalled. "I felt like a wild horse in a pen."But as a BYU student, he was persistence, taking every art course the college offered. He studied painting and drawing under

masks:
Earl Wesley Bascom
. Bascom
. Bascom
Joel Bascom
Earl
William Lance
. Warner
Earl Bascom
Earl
Weldon
Earl
. Bascom
Earl Bascom
Earl Bascom
Earl Basco
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title: Earl W. Bascom

texts:
 professors E.H. Eastmond and B.F. Larsen, and sculpture under Torleif S. Knaphus. In the summertime between school years, Bascom was a rodeo contestant where he gained notoriety as a cowboy artist and rodeo champion. He interrupted his college education in 1934 with the intent to compete, along with his three brothers, at the World Championship Rodeo in London, England. During his freshman year of 1933–34, Bascom won the Studio Guild Award for the best student art work of the year. He won that top art award again in 1936, as well as the Honorable Mention Award. He was a member of the BYU Art Club and the Canada Club as well as the Delta Phi fraternity.He was a popular entertainer with his cartoon drawings at the University Dames Club of which his wife Nadine was a member. He graduated from BYU with a degree in Fine Art in 1940. His fellow art students voted him "most likely to succeed" as an artist. He was a member of the Brigham Young University Alumni Association and elected to the BYU Emeritus Club in 1990. Later he attended classes at Long Beach City College, Victor Valley College, and the University of California Riverside. Employment
In 1917, Bascom saw his first Hollywood movie The Silent Man starring <mask>. Hart. <mask> and his older brother Melvin were extras in a silent movie in 1920 being filmed in Lethbridge, Alberta.In 1924, a team of palomino horses from the Bascom Ranch was used by Hoot Gibson in a Roman race in the movie The Calgary Stampede. <mask> later worked in the movie industry with his brother <mask> <mask> in the 1954 Hollywood western, The Lawless Rider, starring <mask>'s wife Texas Rose Bascom. <mask> was one of the outlaws in the movie. <mask> was the sheriff and one of the stuntmen. Bascom worked as a miner in the Old Gray Mine, digging coal, near Maeser, Utah, in the winter of 1930. After graduating from college, Bascom and his wife moved to Southgate, California. Retiring from rodeo after one last season, he pursued his art career and ranched.<mask> and his brother <mask> <mask> worked on a ranch in Perris, California, which was formerly owned by Louis B. Mayer of Hollywood's MGM Studios. <mask> worked on the Rex Ellsworth Ranch in Chino, California. <mask> was a distant cousin on the Bascom side to Mitch Tenney who was Ellsworth's horse trainer. <mask> worked on Al Hamblin's Flying V Ranch in the Beaumont area. <mask> had his own cattle ranch in Ontario in San Bernardino Valley using the Two Bar Quarter Circle brand, before moving to the high desert, living in Hesperia, Apple Valley and Victorville. His Diamond B Ranch on the Mojave River had buildings dating from the 1870s and was once the temporary residence of Albert Einstein in the mid 1930s. During World War II, Bascom was a member of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers union and worked as a shipfitter in the Long Beach shipyards building ships for the war effort.Later, <mask> and his son-in-law Mel Marion worked with Roy Rogers being filmed for TV commercials for the Roy Rogers Restaurant chain. The restaurant chain was then owned by the Marriott Corporation. When the Roy Rogers Riding Stables operated in Apple Valley, California, managed by Mel Marion and later Billy Bascom, <mask> and his son John worked there wrangling horses and driving the hay wagon. <mask> and his son John were in the television documentary Take Willy With Ya, a tribute to the life of rodeo champion Turk Greenough and his rodeo riding siblings and family members. In 1966, after getting his teaching certificate from Brigham Young University and teaching art classes as a student teacher at the Springville (Utah) High School held in the Springville Art Museum, Bascom taught high school art classes in Barstow, California, at John F. Kennedy High School and at Barstow High School. He also served as president of the High Desert Artists (now Artists of the High Desert), and later as president of the Buckaroo Artists of America. With his classic cowboy look and dressed in his authentic cowboy attire, he was a popular art studio model.Other artists who associated with Bascom were Bill Bender, Charles LaMonk, Leslie B. DeMille, Glen Turner, Cecil Smith, Trevor Bennett, Ray Bennett, Hughes Curtis, Pete Plastow, and Grant Speed. <mask> was a published historian with his writings on cowboy and rodeo history printed in books, magazines and newspapers. He was a member of the Western Writers of America association. His first-known published writing was in 1926 for the Cardston newspaper, narrating a week-long trek into the Canadian Rocky Mountains that he and his friends took on horseback and pack horse. He was interviewed on radio and television. He was a popular lecturer on pioneer and cowboy history at schools and other academic centers. <mask> also assisted his nephew Billy Bascom in teaching horsemanship, as well as cowboy and rodeo history at the Victor Valley College in Victorville, California.<mask> was later inducted into the Victor Valley College Alumni Hall of Fame having taken art classes at the college when it first opened. International artist
<mask> became internationally known as a cowboy artist and sculptor with his art being exhibited in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Bascom rounded-up horses in the Sweetgrass Hills area of Montana along Kicking Horse Creek in the late 1920s. The Montana Historical Society Museum in Helena exhibited <mask>'s cowboy gear and his art work, along with Charlie Russell's art work, in two exhibits titled "Riders Under the Big Sky" and "The Horse in Art." In 1994, <mask> was commissioned by the Texas Longhorn Quincentennial Celebration Committee to produce his sculpture of what was deemed "the most authentic example of a classical Texas longhorn steer." He was honored by the Professional Rodeo Cowboy Artists Association as the first rodeo cowboy to become a professional cowboy artist and sculptor. He was the first cowboy artist to be honored as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts of London since the society's beginning in 1754.In the summer of 2005, the week-long <mask>. Bascom Memorial Rodeo was held in Berlin, Germany, during the German-American Heritage Celebration where his cowboy art was exhibited as an honor by the European Rodeo Cowboys Association for Bascom's worldwide influence upon the sport of rodeo. "It was an honor to memorialize <mask>m," said <mask>, vice-president of European Rodeo Cowboy Association. "The rodeo equipment he designed back in 1920s has had an influence on rodeo worldwide." Equestrian historian Kathy Young said, "<mask>m was noted for bridging two worlds, that of rodeo competition and western art." On July 24, 2014, Bascom was made the international honoree of the National Day of the Cowboy and given the "Cowboy Keeper" award. In June 2015, Bascom was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, as the first rodeo champion ever honored and given Canada's highest sports honor as a "Canadian Sports Legend." "As a Canadian rodeo athlete and cowboy artist, <mask>m is a national treasure," stated Helena Deng, senior curator of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame."Bascom's incredible achievements are now to be shared with all Canadians in perpetuity," said Mario Siciliano, president of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, "inspiring generations of Canadians in sports and in life." In 2017, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame had an exhibit titled "The Horse in Sports" which included Bascom's cowboy gear and his cowboy art. Bascom's bucking chute is listed among famous moments in sports for the year of 1919 by sports history writer Marc Bona. <mask>m said of his own art work, "I've tried to portray the West as I knew it - rough and rugged and tough as a boot but with a good heart and honest as the day is long." Death
Bascom died on August 28, 1995, in Victorville, California. Tribute statements

The U.S. House of Representatives honored <mask>m as an "American Hero" in 1985 and gave tribute honor in the Congressional Record in 1995. United States Congressman, the Honorable Jerry Lewis, said in 1995 in "A Tribute to <mask> Bascom" as printed in the Congressional Record, that <mask>m was a "cowboy hero and a true inspiration...(who) lived one of the most interesting lives ever known in modern cowboy history."Bascom was listed in Who's Who in American Art, Who's Who in Western Writers of America, Who's Who in the West, Who's Who in California, Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World. Paul de Fonville, curator of the Cowboy Memorial Museum, gave tribute to <mask>m as "one of the great pioneers of rodeo – a cowboy through and through." The American Cowboy magazine and others have called <mask> a "Renaissance Cowboy" – one who was a main contributor and participant in the renewed interest in cowboy life including the sport of rodeo and western art. Bascom is listed among the Famous Cowboys – Legends of the Old West. Cowboy celebrity Roy Rogers, who worked with <mask>m in TV commercials and was a collector of Bascom art, once said, "<mask>m is a walking book of history. His knowledge of the Old West was acquired the old fashioned way – he was born and raised in it." An Idaho newspaper had the quote, "<mask> is a cowboy legend and one of the most famous rodeo pioneers in the world.""<mask>'s 2013 induction into the Rodeo Hall of Fame is one of the top honors bestowed upon a cowboy," said Pam Minick, president of the Rodeo Historical Society. He is credited with designing the first side-delivery bucking chute in 1916, and then the first reverse-opening side-delivery chute, the first hornless bronc saddle, and the first one-hand bareback rigging. A member of the Cowboys' Turtle Association, he won bareback and saddle bronc titles across North America." <mask> was honored as the 2014 International Honoree of the National Day of the Cowboy with these words – "As a rodeo pioneer, an all-around champion, an internationally known artist and a cowboy, <mask>. Bascom has been inducted into more halls of fame than any cowboy in the world." The Guide to the Calgary Stampede published, "With the induction of <mask>. Bascom in 2015, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame welcomed its first Honoured Member known for Rodeo. With the help of innovators like Bascom, the modernized version of the sport features new methods and equipment which helped shape the face and spirit of the Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth (the Calgary Stampede)." In 2016, <mask> and his brother <mask> were the first rodeo cowboys to be given the ProRodeo Hall of Fame Ken Stemler Pioneer Award.At hall of fame ceremonies, director Kent Sturman declared <mask>m to be a "true rodeo pioneer." He recognized Bascom for "his complete dedication to the sport of professional rodeo spanning several decades; for his contributions as a rodeo equipment and gear inventor and designer; for his innovation and foresight as the 'Father of Modern Rodeo' and the 'Father of Brahma Bull Riding'; and for his contributions as a rodeo athlete and champion, producer, stock contractor, announcer, clown, trick rider, historian, author, artist and sculptor, and western movie actor that helped advance the development and success of professional rodeo." "<mask>m is the Michael Phelps of rodeo," stated Ken Knopp, historian of the Mississippi Rodeo Hall of Fame. Author of Rodeo History and Legends, Bob Jordan, said – "The Bascom boys helped shape the sport of rodeo more than any other family in the world." <mask>m was chosen by the Toronto Star as one of 150 of Canada's greatest athletes, including <mask> and Steve Nash, to represent Canada during its 150th year (1867–2017) of Confederation. Sports writer Kerry Gillespie wrote, "Angry bulls to wild horses, there wasn't anything on four legs that <mask>m couldn't get the better of..."

The Cardston Historical Society recorded, "<mask> and his brothers designed and built the first side-delivery bucking chute on the Bascom Ranch at Welliing Station. In 1922, <mask> made a hornless rodeo saddle, which the cowboys called the "mulee", and first used it at the Cardston Stampede.Bascom's rodeo innovations helped change rodeo from a cowboy's pastime to an international sport and placed him on the list of Canada's most famous inventors." Wyoming radio personality Rich Roddam named <mask>m in 2018 as one of 13 famous people from small Wyoming towns - "In a state full of cowboys, <mask>m may have been the best. Considered the "Father of Modern Rodeo", Bascom gained fame as an actor, artist, inventor, and writer." <mask>m is the only cowboy mentioned in the official Mississippi Encyclopedia, was the first inductee of the Mississippi Rodeo Hall of Fame and honored on a Mississippi State Historical Marker at the birthplace of Mississippi rodeo. Mississippi academicians consider Bascom to be one of the greatest cowboys in their state's history. The Fence Post magazine wrote, "Variations of Bascom’s rigging of 1924 and his bucking chute of 1919 have since become world-wide rodeo standards, used at rodeos in North America, Central America, and South America, from Hawaii to Japan to New Zealand and Australia, as well as in Europe and South

masks:
William S
Earl
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Weldon
Bascom
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Earl
Weldon
Earl Bascom
Weldon
Bascom
Earl
Earl
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Earl
Earl Bascom
Earl
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Earl Bascom
Earl
Earl Bascom
Bascom
Bascom
Earl Bascom
Earl W
Earl Basco
Steve Witt
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Wesley
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Bascom
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Bascom
Earl Bascom
Earl Bascom
Earl W
Earl W
Earl Bascom
Weldon
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Wayne Gretsky
Earl Basco
Earl Bascom
Earl
Earl Basco
Earl Basco
Earl Basco


title: Najiba Laima Kasraee

texts:
<mask> is a journalist, media consultant, and founder of the first languages training for the BBC Academy. She is well known for her work in BBC World Service as a journalist and as building training resources for journalists in the language they report in. She has founded BBC Academy International Languages websites and news style guides in more than 42 vernacular languages. She is also known for presenting for BBC Afghan service, in radio programmes Your Voice (2001-2007) and The Weekly Debate (2001-2007), and on TV in Path of Thoughts (2014-2019). She has created and presented Pashto children's stories, including the BBC series Lallo Lallo, which ran for 95 episodes. Her interview with Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2001 won a Sony Radio Award, and was described by the Guardian as having "a far-reaching effect on Blair's mindset." <mask> is fluent in Pashto, Persian, Russian and English and can speak Hindi and Urdu.Early years and Education
When <mask> was an 11-year-old child when her father was the Afghan Health minister, Dr Zeary. They were invited by Afghan President Hafizullah Amin, along with many other cabinet ministers, to a housewarming party of his new home, the Taj Beg Palace. On this night, on 27 December 1979, Russia invaded Afghanistan. The palace was attacked in Operation Storm-33, and a number of Afghan's were killed, including President Amin, and his two sons. The youngest son was 11-years old and died from shrapnel wounds. <mask> and her family survived the attack, although they were incarcerated in prison for some time directly after the attack. As a young adult <mask> moved from Kabul to Moscow in Russia, where she gained a master's degree in journalism from Moscow State University, and graduated in 1990.In 1991 she moved to London UK with her husband and started work at the BBC Pashto Service in London, UK. Journalism
<mask> <mask> Kasraee worked at the BBC World Service in London from 1992 - 2007. In that time she presented a monthly television news programme for BBC Pashto for over 60 episodes, that ran from 2014-2019. She produced and presented news current affairs programmes in Persian, Pashto, English and Russian. In <mask>'s position of Editor for current affairs, she managed the news coverage of the first Afghan election for the BBC, producing 18 hours of news output. She presented current affairs programmes on key moments in history such as 9/11 and the death of Princess Diana for BBC World Service. She presented and produced special features on women’s mental health, children and youth entertainment programmes.In leadership roles, she was part of  the expansion and digitalisation operation of BBC Persian and Pashto Service. <mask> was also a Planning Editor for BBC Central Asian Service. On 9 October 2001, <mask> <mask> Kasraee interviewed British Prime Minister Tony Blair in the Cabinet room, 10 Downing Street, London for the BBC World Service, BBC Pashto Service. Blair promised the international coalition would not walk away from Afghanistan after the immediate conflict with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban regime was over. She was later interviewed about her conversation with Blair for The Guardian, in which she revealed she had only 30 minutes to prepare for the interview. She said she took the opportunity to tell Blair about her homeland and to ask questions that would have been on the minds of the ordinary Afghan people: "The people who, in their millions, have struggled through two decades of war just to face another conflict." The interview appeared in CBS 60-Minutes programme.The interview won the "2001 Award" at the 2002 Sony Awards for BBC World Service along with her interview with Vice-President of United States Dick Cheney. Children's stories and programmes
During the 1990s Afghani civil war, <mask> Kasraee wrote and presented  a radio programme for Pashto children, which aired Wednesday's on BBC Pashto Radio. She told the stories along with the little rabbit Kharaki, whose questions and reactions were influenced by <mask>'s daughters responses: "I was trying to give them some moments of sparkle and happiness so they could forget, even if temporarily, the bombs, the hunger, the fear, and perhaps lose themselves in a place where good prevailed over evil, where darkness always gave way to sunshine." Lallo Lallo was inspired by the success of <mask>'s earlier children's radio programme developed and presented for BBC Pashto. She has written and presented 95 episodes of children's TV programme Lallo Lallo (Lullaby) for BBC Pashto and BBC World Service. The series was recorded from 2017 till 2019 and taught "children in Afghanistan, Pakistan – in fact, anywhere else in the world – fairytales in Pashto, about honesty, sharing, being safe in the street, the importance of brushing their teeth and washing their hands and many other things that help educate them about the world around them." She presented the series with character Warakai, the rabbit, who is the daughter of the earlier Kharaki.The stories cover a number of subjects, including the importance of honesty, sharing, coping with war and staying clear of landmines. Work as a Media Trainer

BBC Academy International Languages
<mask> <mask> <mask> is the founder of BBC Academy's International Languages. She identified the need to train BBC World Service journalists in the languages they reported in. The initiative led to training resources in more than 42 vernacular languages for BBC journalists, and available to the wider world. At the core of each languages training offer is an explanation of journalistic ethics and values, such as accuracy, impartiality and accountability, and how-to-guides for reflecting these values in the language used. In addition many languages contain training content and interviews about news journalism, multimedia content production, tv and radio and social media. The eleven year project covered more than 42 BBC World Service languages in online content and in style guides.<mask> presented an episode of the BBC Academy Podcast "Women in journalism: challenges and career development" in which she interviewed four female journalists from the BBC World Service about the challenges of being a woman in the newsroom and offer tips for women wanting to develop a career in journalism. In her work for BBC Academy she organised 7 world-wide conferences with BBC International partners. These advanced training in issues such as impartiality in language, fighting against fake news and creating content for a younger audience. She has been a keynote speaker at several international journalism events on original thinking and creativity, understanding audience growth and the fall of traditional radio and TV. <mask> was part of the BBC GWiN (Global Women in News) coaching and mentorship programme, run for and by women working in BBC News. Through involvement in GWiN events and being a mentor, she assisted women in more junior news roles to find their voice and build their careers. Laima International Training
In 2019 <mask> established London based media training consultancy Laima International Training, with the mission teaching journalistic practices, media skills and business leadership.Laima International Training's mission is "to teach journalists and associated media staff not only the latest technological innovations but also key skills such as verification, originality and good storytelling." Speaking

Interview Appearances
"Facing a soldier who had the mission to kill her": In 2009, on the 30th anniversary of the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, <mask> recounted how at the age of 11 years old, she was present in the Afghan Presidential Palace of Taj Beg the night President Hafizullah Amin was killed. In the interview she spoke to Rustam Tursunkulov, the then Soviet Army's Special Forces Commander that carried out orders as part of Operation Storm-33. The soldier who had been commanded to kill everything that moves asked for <mask>'s forgiveness. The interview made up a two-part series for Witness on BBC World Service and was available on BBC Russia. Outlook, in an episode for the World Service's 80th birthday, for BBC World Service broadcast on 29 February 2012, <mask> discussed her experience of witnessing the assassination of President Hafizullah Amin. "My Life in the Ghosts of Bush" Between the Ears, BBC Radio 3.Talking about her time at BBC Pashto Service, broadcast December 2012. The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, in an episode broadcast 21 November 2015. In conversation about film 'He Named Me Malala', <mask> Kasraee discusses the historic significance of Malalai of Maiwand. Over to You for BBC World Service, in an episode broadcast 20 March 2017. <mask> <mask> appeared in the position of Editor of the BBC Academy International Language websites, to explain the reasons why training material for journalists has been made available in multiple languages. On BBC World Service programme The Fifth Floor, episode "Naming names on the fifth floor", <mask> discussed the issues and cultural sensitivities around the Korean language that have impacted building the BBC Korean service and style guide. Broadcast 12 December 2017.The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, episode broadcast 12 January 2018, in which <mask> discusses her Pashto language children's programme Lallo Lallo. The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, episode broadcast 14 September 2018, <mask> read an excerpt from the Pashto translation of Sea Prayer by Khaled Hosseini. She wrote the translation of the book into Pashto. Public speaking and conferences
20 November 2013, "Independent Journalism: Language and Impartiality" in Hong Kong. 2 day conference hosted by BBC Academy, BBC Chinese and School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University. 7 August 2014, Keynote speaker at Jinan University, China. 1 March 2018, Kadir Has University, in Istanbul.Keynote speaker on "The Importance of Correct Language in News". Translation work
<mask> edited the translation of Shahnameh, The Book of King, the long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010. She also translated Sea Prayer by Khaled Hosseini into Pashto. References

BBC people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Najiba Laima Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba


title: Garo H. Armen

texts:
<mask><mask> () is a Turkish-born American businessman of Armenian descent. He is the co-founder of Agenus, Inc. and the founder of the Children of Armenia Fund (COAF), a non-profit organization which focuses on reducing poverty, through “education, healthcare, community and economic development”. History
He was born on January 31, 1953, in Turkey. He moved to New York City in 1970. According to the New York Times he became a messenger boy for a nonprofit Armenian organization. In the article <mask> stated, "I worked five hours a day, five days a week. I got two bucks an hour…and that was a lot of money for me."His second job was in the kitchen of the Lawyers’ Club but it only lasted a day. "I thought I’d learn to cook. Instead, they asked me to wash dishes. I had to climb into the soup bucket, which was huge, and clean it out. Shortly after, I got a job in a bank as a clerk." One night in 1978, in the middle of the energy crisis, <mask> was driving home when he stopped at a gas station. "I noticed that gas pumps only had two digits [for the per gallon price]," in an interview with The Scientist "Realizing that continued rising prices would force the pumps to be replaced in the near future, I borrowed $5,000 to invest in gas pumps."Soon enough, virtually every gas pump in America was replaced – and <mask> had made $20,000. His interest in business was piqued, and had already paid off. By 1979, he received his PhD in physical chemistry from the City University of New York. Armen served as Senior Vice President of Research for Dean Witter Reynolds (1986–1989), focusing on the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and with E.F. Hutton & Company as first Vice President (1981–1986). Before entering finance, Armen had been an associate professor at the Merchant Marine Academy and a research associate at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Armen's journey into drug development began when his mother died from breast cancer in 1973. The two shared a one-room Brooklyn apartment where Armen administered her morphine shots until she died.In 1994, <mask> was approached by Pramod Srivastava, then a biochemist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, about the possibility of developing oncophage from a clinical and commercial perspective. The treatment involved removing a patient's tumor cells, isolating and fortifying the cellular proteins that normally alert the immune system to disease, and re-injecting the proteins into the patient. In 1994, <mask> co-founded Antigenics with Srivastava. Career and business ventures
Agenus
Armen is chairman and chief executive officer of Agenus Inc., formerly known as Antigenics Inc., a biotechnology company that discovered Oncophage, a personalized cancer vaccine recently approved in Russia for patients with earlier-stage kidney cancer and currently under review with the European Regulatory Agency. The clinical history of Oncophage was described in detail in a story in the Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2007. In another interview with Business Week and CBS, <mask> described how the idea of personalized medicine tailored to the patient led to his launching Antigenics with $250,000 of his own money, plus the backing of a few friends. He was initially stirred by the results from animal testing; the vaccine cured 80% of mice in the early stages of cancer with virtually no side effects.By February 2000, Antigenics went public at $18 a share, raising $72.5 million. A few months later the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agreed to review the vaccine on an accelerated schedule when the company filed for approval, and Antigenics began recruiting 728 patients with kidney cancer for the phase 3 trial, the largest study conducted in the world. Ultimately, 118 cancer centers participated in the trial, 63 of them outside the U.S.. The largest group of patients, 172, was treated in Russia. In April 2008, Oncophage was approved by the Russian Ministry of Health, making Russia the first country in the world to approve a personalized cancer vaccine in patients with earlier-stage kidney cancer. On the day Antigenics announced Oncophage's approval, CNBC ran a lead story on the personalized cancer vaccine as well as generating a debate on both television and their website on the regulatory landscape in Russia versus USA – the question posed to the audience was whether America had fallen behind the rest of the world in terms of approving innovative drugs? CNBC concluded with the following statement "The Antigenics story, of course, is making big news in Russia.It's the top story, for example, on this news web site. According to our Senior Economics Correspondent Steve Liesman--who used to live and work in Russia where he won a Pulitzer for his reporting--the headline says, Russia becomes the first country in the world to sell an American cancer vaccine." Armen is now focusing the company's efforts in Europe, and hopes to receive marketing approval for Oncophage in early 2010. Oncophage is currently in clinical development for brain cancer, a devastating disease with few treatment options and survival rates of between three and six months, according to the lead investigator, Dr. Andrew Parsa from UCSF. The study is showing encouraging results and the first patient who received the vaccine, Ms <mask>, was interviewed by Good Morning America describing her experiences of taking the vaccine. Elan
While retaining his position at Antigenics, Armen became chairman of the board of directors for the biopharmaceutical company Élan Corporation plc from mid-2002 through 2004. The company was on the brink of collapse brought down by an accounting scandal that earned it the label of "Europe's Enron".During his tenure, <mask> became the architect of the company's $1 billion restructuring program by strengthening Élan's finances, refocusing the group on its core clinical development business and returning shareholder value. On the day that <mask> assumed chairmanship, the Wall Street Journal and BBC discussed the restructuring plan in some detail. He said "(our) first task is clean house…the world is concerned we’ll file for bankruptcy". By 2004, the Sunday Times of London  hailed <mask> as the chairman that saved the company stating that “it is one of the great corporate recovery stories.” <mask> commented “ For about three months… every day, every hour was critical. Any one of many things could have made the company collapse. We were on the hook every single day until we had an agreement to sell our first major asset.”

Armen Partners
Prior to founding Antigenics in 1994, Armen established Armen Partners, a money management firm specializing in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and was the originator of the widely publicized creation of the Immunex Lederle oncology business in 1993. Humanitarian initiatives
<mask> is also the founder and chairman of the Children of Armenia Fund (COAF), a non-profit, non-governmental organization that aims to empower rural Armenians through child-centered community development programs.Working mainly with children and youth, COAF implements education, health, social, and economic development programs to comprehensively address rural poverty. It has also undertaken the improvement of more than 100 infrastructures in villages, including renovation of schools, health clinics, kindergartens, community centers, school cafeterias, creativity labs, roads, and irrigation systems. In 2014, COAF began developing a new strategy to address systemic gaps in rural Armenia- the COAF SMART Initiative. COAF SMART aims at further advancing rural communities by increasing accessibility to comprehensive programs, technology, and opportunities in a state-of-the-art hub. The first COAF SMART Center is located in Lori province, Armenia. It is open to the surrounding rural populations, with a SMART Curriculum beginning at age three. The Center provides education in communication, technology, arts, agriculture and entrepreneurship.COAF envisions the SMART Center as a model for rural development and the beginning of a mindset change for a whole generation. Since opening their first campus in Lori, COAF aims to launch a SMART Center in each region of Armenia. COAF Annual Holiday Gala & Awards dinner has become a premier event in New York raising millions of dollars from a diverse and committed community. Their contributions have affected more than 75,000 people and these project are highlighted in a video entitled "A Formula to Eliminate Global Poverty." A documentary charting COAF's revitalization of rural Armenia was broadcast in 2009 involved a film crew spending extensive time on the ground capturing the effect of these comprehensive programs. The Daily News under the headline “Celebrating New Yorkers Who Make A Difference” highlighted <mask> <mask>'s philanthropic achievements. The article quoted a report by Strategem Consulting International, an independent firm hired by the United Nations, which stated “between 2003 and 2005, life in Karakert, known as Children of Armenia’s first model village, improved dramatically.”

Honors
In 2004, <mask> became a recipient of the prestigious Ellis Island Medal of Honor for his humanitarian efforts in Armenia as well as his exceptional contributions to American society.In 2002, Ernst & Young recognized him as the NYC Biotechnology Entrepreneur of the Year. References

(10) Daily News, Big Town Big Heart, September 18, 2006

External links
 Garo Armen - Armeniapedia.org
 Children of Armenia Fund Video Library

1953 births
Living people
American people of Armenian descent
American technology chief executives
Armenian businesspeople
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Cornell University alumni
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish people of Armenian descent
EF Hutton people
American physical chemists

masks:
Garo H
. Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Hammerman
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Garo
Garo
Armen
Armen


title: Jovo Ostojić

texts:
<mask> (; 1952 – 29 June 2017) was a politician and paramilitary leader in Serbia. He served two terms in the National Assembly of Serbia as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Apatin, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in what was then the People's Republic of Serbia in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He was a construction technician in private life and lived in the village of Prigrevica (near Apatin). Paramilitary leader
Radical Party leader Vojislav Šešelj has said that Ostojić was involved in the formation, training, and oversight of "volunteer squads" of Serb paramilitaries in the early period of the 1991–95 war in Croatia, using his base in Prigrevica as a training centre. He saw action in Croatia during the conflict. Šešelj appointed him as a Chetnik voivode on 13 May 1993.Politician

During the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s
<mask> was a Radical Party candidate in the May 1992 Yugoslavian parliamentary election, running in the single-member division of Sombor. He was defeated by Milorad Vlahović of the Socialist Party of Serbia. He received the seventh position on the Radical Party's electoral list for Novi Sad in the 1992 Serbian parliamentary election. The party won ten mandates in the division, and <mask> was subsequently included in its assembly delegation. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates on the lists by the sponsoring parties. It was common practice for the latter mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. <mask>'s position on the list did not give him the automatic right to a mandate, but he was nonetheless included in the party's delegation and took his seat when parliament met in early 1993.)The governing Socialist Party of Serbia won the largest number of seats in this election, but with 101 mandates out of 250 fell short of a majority; the Radicals finished in second place with seventy-three seats. Although the Radicals were technically an opposition party in the sitting of the assembly that followed, they initially worked with the Socialists in an informal coalition. By late 1993, however, the two parties had turned against each other and new elections were called. <mask> was promoted to the fourth position on the Radical Party's list for Novi Sad in the 1993 parliamentary election. The party won seven seats in the division. <mask> did not receive an automatic mandate and was not included in his party's delegation for the parliament that followed. Warrant for arrest and return to the National Assembly
<mask> later left the Radical Party.He sought election to the Assembly of Vojvodina in a 2013 by-election with a Citizens' Group called the Movement for Vojvodina and finished seventh in a field of eight candidates. In January 2015, <mask> and two other members of the Radical Party (Petar Jojić and Vjerica Radeta) were charged with contempt of court by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for having allegedly "threatened, intimidated, offered bribes to, or otherwise interfered with" witnesses in the trial of party leader Vojislav Šešelj. <mask> was specifically accused of having assisted Jojić in dictating a statement for a prosecution witness that was untruthful "in that it contained false allegations against the prosecution and misrepresented the role and responsibilities of Šešelj during the war." The three accused declined to go to The Hague to face the charges. In an interview from this period, <mask> said that he had previously been detained in Belgrade for five days in 2002 and "harassed" by an ICTY prosecutor. In <mask>'s accounting of events, the prosecutor sought to persuade him to make false statements about Šešelj and Slobodan Milošević at the tribunal, at one point offering him money. (The article in which this interview appeared described <mask> as living in "extreme poverty" with his family in Prigrevica and noted that he had not been active with the Radical Party in several years.It also indicated that he had become an amateur historian and had written extensively on the military history of Kupres in World War II). Against the backdrop of the arrest warrant, <mask> became active with the Radical Party again and received the twentieth position on its electoral list in the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election. By this time, the entire country had been restructured as a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. The party won twenty-two mandates, and <mask> was accordingly elected to a second term in the national assembly. The election was won by the Serbian Progressive Party and its allies, and the Radicals again served in opposition. A Serbian court subsequently ruled that the country was not obligated to extradite the three accused; the ruling indicated that Serbian law only requires the extradition of persons accused of serious offences such as war crimes, not those accused of contempt of court or other comparatively minor crimes. The ICTY continued to demand that the accused be extradited, arguing that Serbia's existing legislation could not be used as an excuse for non-compliance and urging the country to change its legislation to comply with the arrest warrants.Foreign affairs minister Ivica Dačić responded in August 2016 that Serbia's law on extraditions had been adopted by the Serbian parliament in cooperation with international agencies, that no objections were raised at the time, and that the tribunal had no authority to propose changes. In March 2017, Interpol issued high-priority red notices for the arrests of <mask> and his two colleagues. Rasim Ljajić, a deputy prime minister of Serbia, responded by stating that, "There is a Serbian court ruling that they will not be surrendered. There is no legal ground for this, and we have to respect the conclusions of the independent judicial authorities." <mask> died before the matter was resolved. Death
<mask> died on 29 June 2017 after a short illness. Electoral record

Provincial

Federal (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

References

1952 births
2017 deaths
People from Apatin
Members of the National Assembly of Serbia
Serbian Radical Party politicians

masks:
Jovo Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić


title: Niède Guidon

texts:
<mask> () (born 12 March 1933) is a Brazilian archaeologist known for her work in pre-historic archeology of South American civilizations and her efforts to secure the conservation of the World Heritage Site Serra da Capivara National Park. Educated in Brazil and France, she worked in Paris for most of her career. She was the founding president of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (American Man Museum Foundation), a non-profit organization created to support the Serra da Capivara National Park, a World Heritage Site. In 2005, she was one of the 1000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Since the early 1970s, Guidon has conducted archeological research in Southeast Piauí, where thousands of archeological sites have been discovered. Her dates from those sites indicate that human settlement preceded North America's Clovis people by tens of thousands of years. In the late 1980s, these findings challenged the mainstream theory of Clovis First and have generated debate in the academic archeology community.Guidon has won several national and international awards, including the Prince Claus Award, and the Ford conservation and Environment award. Career
Guidon was born in 1933 in Jaú, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. She moved to São Paulo, where she studied Natural History at the University of São Paulo and subsequently worked for the Ipiranga Museum. In 1964, she was targeted by the Brazilian military dictatorship, which persecuted and tortured alleged communist scholars and students. To escape persecution, she moved to France, where she completed a Ph.D. in prehistory at the Sorbonne University with André Leroi-Gourhan and Annette Laming-Emperaire, became a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris from 1966 to 1977, and a professor at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris. Association with Serra de Capivara

Archaeological activities
In 1963, Guidon organized an exhibition of prehistoric paintings at the Ipiranga Museum. She was approached by a visitor from Serra da Capivara, who showed her photographs of rock art from rock shelters in the area.Guidon recognized that the paintings were significantly different from any known at that time, and was struck by their diversity and abundance. A few years later, Guidon visited the rock shelters at Piauí herself, and began research in the area in 1973. In 1978, she convinced the French government to establish an archeological mission to study prehistory in Piauí. Guidon led a mission composed of national and international researchers and local field assistants until her retirement, at which point Eric Boëda, a researcher at the CNRS and professor at the Université Paris, took over at her invitation. In 1978, Guidon and other researchers petitioned the Brazilian government to create a protected area in the Serra da Capivara region. The Serra da Capivara National Park was created in 1979, encompassing an area protected by UNESCO, but the legislation has received little investment for its implementation. As the head archaeologist at the park, Guidon was responsible for the preservation, development and management of archaeological projects in the park.She and her colleagues have discovered more than 800 pre-historic sites revealing occupation of the Americas by human beings, of which more than 600 are accompanied by paintings. In Pedra Furada, Guidon and her colleagues excavated an archaeological rock art site to uncover evidence of a Paleoindian culture they believe to be as old as c. 30,000 years B.P., significantly predating previous theories of the first habitation of the area by early Americans. She has recorded over 35,000 archaeological images and published multiple papers and books. Her findings were first brought into the spotlight in 1986 with a publication in the British magazine Nature, in which she claimed to have discovered 32,000-year-old hearths and human artifacts. Although such early dates have not been generally accepted, Guidon and her colleagues have shown that the area was occupied by Paleoindian and Archaic rock art cultures subsisting on broad-spectrum hunting and gathering. In 1988 she began a partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), to facilitate the continuation of her excavations. Pedra Furada

Guidon's most famous prehistoric site is the Toca do Boqueira de Pedra Furada, located near São Raimundo Nonato in the Serra de Capivara park.Pedra Furada is a rock shelter 55 feet (17 m) deep; its walls are painted with more than 1,150 pre-historic images. Guidon has found thousands of artifacts here that could suggest human handiwork, and discovered a structure resembling a bonfire equipped with arranged logs and stones that she believes date back 48,700 years. She has suggested that humans reached Brazil about 100,000 years ago, probably by boat from Africa. The plant and animal remains recovered from the c. 10,000-year-old levels of this site and from comparable levels of another rock shelter in the Serra, the Perna site, show that the area was more humid and more forested than today. Michael R. Waters, a geoarchaeologist at Texas A&M University, noted the absence of genetic evidence in modern populations to support Guidon's claim. Community work
In response to the growing threat to the integrity of local ecosystems and rock art, the same group of researchers founded the non-profit organization Fundação Museo do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM) (American Man Museum Foundation) to manage and protect the National Park and develop its surrounding rural communities. Guidon was the president of FUMDHAM from its creation in 1986 until 2020.In 1990, Guidon moved from Paris to São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, the gateway community of the Serra da Capivara National Park, where she has lived since. As president of FUMDHAM, she was involved in creating two museums, the American Man Museum and Nature's museum, a research center, and several social projects in education, health care, and sustainable economic activities in rural communities, offering training in ecology, prehistory, and the restoration of archaeological artifacts. Guidon has also led petitions to build schools, successfully establishing five new schools in local communities with a teaching faculty from the University of São Paulo, which have since declined in activity due to the lack of governmental structure. She also started a ceramics business, Cerâmica de Capivara, which she turned over to local entrepreneurs when it began making a profit. See also
Toca da Tira Peia
Pedra Furada

References

External links
Biography
Interview
The Rock Art of Pedra Furada - Archaeological research by Niède Guidon

Brazilian archaeologists
Living people
1933 births
University of Paris alumni
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
People from São Paulo (state)
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian women archaeologists