title: James Monroe Whitfield

texts:
<mask> (c. April 10, 1822 – April 23, 1871) was an African-American poet, abolitionist, and political activist. He was a notable writer and activist in abolitionism and African emigration during the antebellum era. He published the book America and other Poems in 1853. Early life
<mask> was born April 10
 or 12, 1822, in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Nancy (Paul) of Exeter and Joseph Whitfield, who escaped from slavery in Virginia. His mother Nancy was the daughter of Caesar Nero Paul, a man of African descent who was enslaved at the age of fourteen as a house-boy in the Maj. John Gilman House, and later became free in 1771 after capture in the French and Indian Wars. Through his mother, <mask> was the nephew of Rev. Thomas Paul of the African Meeting House in Boston, and Jude Hall, veteran of the Revolutionary War.The small family home was on Whitfield's Lane, renamed Elliot Street in 1845. The house on the idyllic tree-lined lane is described in the memoirs of Elizabeth Dow Leonard: "Near the bridge, lived our friend <mask> in a pretty cottage surrounded by hollyhocks, bachelor's buttons, poppies, saffron, and caraway, and the leafy orchards of their more wealthy neighbors." <mask> attended Exeter schools until the age of nine, when his father died suddenly. His mother Nancy had died when <mask> was seven, so <mask> and his siblings were moved out of town, possibly by his sister. In 1839, he lived in Buffalo, New York, as a barber, at 30 East Seneca St. He owned the shop as well as his home on South Division St. Besides running the barber shop, <mask> would write in his free time, publishing his own papers by the age of 16.<mask> married Frances ((Lewey) b. CT in 1822) on July 12,1843 in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. They had three sons: <mask> Jr. (b. 1844 in Cleveland), Charles Henry (b. 1846 in Buffalo), and  Walter B. (b. 1849 in Buffalo). His grand-niece was Boston writer and playwright Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins.In her fiction novel of 1900, Contending Forces, she describes a scene at <mask>' home in Exeter with his mother. A 2008 book by Lois Brown goes into detail. Poetry and writing
<mask> published a small volume of poetry in 1853 entitled America and other Poems (publisher <mask>. Leavitt of Bufffalo) which was dedicated to his friend Martin Delany. Half of the poems are about slavery, the other half about art, nature or people such as John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, or Joseph Cinque. <mask> found success publishing poems related to abolitionism elsewhere as well, many being printed in The Liberator and The North Star. <mask>'s poems often expressed the oppression affecting African Americans, and moral corruption in politics and religion. One of <mask>'s most famous poems was America, published in 1853 in his poetry book.The poem embodies many of <mask>'s ideas about the hypocrisy of American freedom and democracy, and the difficult lives for both freed and enslaved Africans in the US. Another of his famous poems, written in 1867 after the Civil War, deals with the topic of the two ships that sailed to the New World in 1620, marking the dual beginnings of America and slavery. It was read before a crowd of two thousand people in San Francisco at a celebration commemorating the fourth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. The poem's introduction:

More than two centuries have passed
   Since, holding on their stormy way,
Before the furious wintry blast,
   Upon a dark December day,
Two sails, with different intent,
   Approached the Western Continent. One vessel bore as rich a freight
   As ever yet has crossed the wave;
The living germs to form a State
   That knows no master, owns no slave. She bore the pilgrims to that strand
   Which since is rendered classic soil,
Where all the honors of the land
   May reach the hardy sons of toil. The other bore the baleful seeds
   Of future fratricidal strife,
The germ of dark and bloody deeds,
   Which prey upon a nation's life.The trafficker in human souls
   Had gathered up and chained his prey,
And stood prepared to call the rolls,
   When, anchored in Virginia's Bay—

Abolition and emigration movements
Frederick Douglass visited <mask>'s barber shop in 1850. From their discussion, Douglass became deeply impressed by <mask>'s poetic abilities, calling him in the Anti-Slavery Bugle a "sable son of genius." Douglass was also impressed by his passion for abolition, commenting that his job as a barber was "painfully disheartening." Although Levine & Ivy, contemporary scholars, contend that the shop was a perfect place to network and exchange ideas. Beyond abolitionism, <mask> originally became a prominent member of the Colonization Movement, a popular movement focused on African Americans returning to Africa and indigenous parts of the South or Central Americas. <mask> broke with Douglass, who was not in favor of emigration and joined with Martin Delany, who favored Haiti or Central America as a location. In August 1853 Delaney, <mask> and others issued a call for a national convention to address the topic to be held in August 1854 in Cleveland Ohio, which was published in Douglass' North Star.A heated debate between Douglass and <mask> was published in several issues after that, which helped frame the issue. <mask> became involved in a proposal by Missouri Senator Frank P. Blair to establish a colony for black colonization in Central America. Later, in 1859, <mask> was possibly sent out to look for land for the project. After the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, <mask> dropped the emigration issue and moved to California, where he believed there was still opportunity for black people to flourish without oppressive laws. Later life
In 1861/62 <mask>, possibly after his wife died, moved to San Francisco where he was considered by most African-Americans of the Northwest as "the" great African-American poet. His home was at 918 and then 1006 Washington St., and his barber shop at 916 Kearney St., all of which he owned. <mask> joined the Prince Hall Freemason Hannibal Lodge #1 and later served as a Worshipful Master for their California Grand Lodge 1864-69.On April 23, 1871, he died of heart disease in San Francisco at the age of 49. <mask> was interred at the now defunct Masonic Cemetery. Legacy
<mask>'s poems are included in the Library of America's anthology African American Poetry: 250 Years of Struggle & Song. Every year one of <mask>'s poem is read out loud at the Exeter, New Hampshire literary festival. See also
African-American literature

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>field

1822 births
1871 deaths
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American poets
African-American abolitionists
American Prince Hall Freemasons
Activists from New Hampshire
Poets from New Hampshire
Barbers
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Activists from Buffalo, New York
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Burials at Masonic Cemetery (San Francisco)

masks:
James Monroe Whitfield
Whitfield
James
Whitfield
James Whitfield
James
James
Whitfield
Whitfield
James Lewey
James
Whitfield
James S
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
James Monroe
Whitfieldhit


title: Marilyn Strathern

type: original

texts:
Dame <mask>, DBE (née Evans; born 6 March 1941) is a British anthropologist, who has worked largely with the Mount Hagen people of Papua New Guinea and dealt with issues in the UK of reproductive technologies. She was William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 2008, and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge from 1998 to 2009. Early life
<mask> was born to Eric Evans and Joyce Evans in North Wales on 6 March 1941. Her first formal education experience was at Crofton Lane Primary School, followed by her attendance at Bromley High School. Strathern excelled academically, in part thanks to support and guidance from her mother, a teacher by trade. Following school, she enrolled in Girton College to study Archaeology and Anthropology. She then became a research student there and went on to obtain her PhD in 1968.She married fellow anthropologist <mask> in 1964 and they had three children together before ending their marriage. Career
	Strathern has held numerous positions over her career,  all of which involved her work with the people of Papua New Guinea and her expertise in feminist anthropology. Her career began in 1970, when she was a Researcher for the New Guinea Research Unit of the Australian National University, followed by a stint from 1976 to 1983 where she was a lecturer at Girton College and then Trinity College from 1984-1985, occasionally making guest lectures at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States, Europe and Australia. She left Cambridge to become Professor of Social Anthropology at Manchester University in 1985. She then returned to Cambridge for the final time in 1993 to take the position of William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology until her retirement in 2008. During this time, she also held the position of Mistress of Girton College from 1998 to October 2009. Strathern was also co-opted member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics while also chairing the Working Party on "Human bodies: donation for medicine and research" from 2000 to 2006 and 2010 until 2011.Fieldwork in Papua New Guinea
From her doctoral thesis published in 1972 titled "Women in Between" to her more recent publications, Strathern is constantly challenging the definitions and social constructs of gender "norms". In her piece "Self-Interest and the Social Good: Some Implications of Hagen Gender Imagery" (1981), Strathern notes that "[g]ender imagery is… a symbolic mechanism whereby "collective" and "personal" interests are made to seem to be of different orders". As editor of a collection of articles in "Dealing with Inequality: Analysing gender relations in Melanesia and beyond", she also brings to the surface the issue of gender "equality" and what it really means, asking if the definitions of the Western world are in fact correct, or if there is still a sense of patriarchal dominance. Taking this approach when studying in such fields as societies in Papua New Guinea has allowed Strathern to push the boundaries of thought on such topics as reproductive technology, intellectual property, and gender in both Melanesia and the United Kingdom. Strathern has spent much time among the Hagen of Papua New Guinea. From here she has developed one of the main themes occurring across her work, that the world is ontologically multiple. The world is made up of identifiable parts; however, these parts are not separate from one another.She does not address society specifically, but rather looks at socially-constructed multiple realities which exist interdependently with one another. Reproductive technologies
Strathern's work in the 1990s became the basis for a new subdiscipline in anthropology concerned with new reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. In her two 1992 publications, After Nature: English Kinship in the Late 20th Century and Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies, Strathern argued that existing models of nature and culture were transformed by the explicit use of technology to achieve reproduction. In the co-authored study Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception she and her colleagues proposed that new definitions of kinship and descent would emerge as a result of the expansion of new reproductive technologies. These studies paved the way for what has since come to be known as the new kinship studies. Selected publications
	Strathern is the author of numerous publications, including 44 single-authored journal articles, 57 book chapters, and over 15 books written alone or with another author. Her topics vary from Melanesian culture to the culture of the United Kingdom.Strathern's publications on the Melanesian culture focus on gender relations, legal anthropology and feminist scholarship, while her publications on the culture of the United Kingdom lean towards kinship, audit culture, reproductive and genetic technologies. The book she enjoyed writing the most, according to an interview with the American Anthropological Association in 2011, was Partial Connections, written in 1991. Her most famous book, however, is The Gender of Gift published in 1988. In The Gender of Gift, she uses a feminist approach in a new way to argue that Papuan women are not being exploited, but rather the definition is different. Gender, she notes, is defined differently there than it is in the United Kingdom. Strathern also brings to the surface the fact that theories are dominating themselves and while she knows as an anthropologist, she cannot separate herself from them, she does state that she offers a "narrative" over an analysis of the situation. Other publications
 Self-Decoration in Mount Hagen (1971)
 Women in Between (1972)
 No Money on Our Skins: Hagen Migrants in Port Moresby (1975)
 (ed.with C. MacCormack) Nature, Culture and Gender (1980)
 Kinship at the Core: an Anthropology of Elmdon, Essex (1981)
 The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia (1988)
 Partial connections. Savage, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield (1991). Re-issued by AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA. (2004)
 After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century (1992)
 Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies (1992)
 (with Jeanette Edwards, Sarah Franklin, Eric Hirsch and Frances Price) Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception (1993)
 Property, substance and effect. Anthropological essays on persons and things. London: Athlone Press (1999) Collected essays, 1992-98
 Commons and borderlands: working papers on interdisciplinarity, accountability and the flow of knowledge (2004)
 (ed. with Eric Hirsch) Transactions and creations: property debates and the stimulus of Melanesia (2004), Oxford: Berghahn.(ed) Audit Cultures. Anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy. (2000) London: Routledge. Kinship, law and the unexpected: Relatives are always a surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2005)
 Relations: An Anthropological Account. Durham: Duke University Press (2020)

Honours
In 1987, she was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996)
Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to Social Anthropology (2001)
Rivers Memorial Medal, Royal Anthropologist Inst.(1976)
Viking Fund Medal, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (2003) (last awarded in 1972.) Huxley Medal (2004)
30th Anniversary Independence Medal, Papua New Guinea (2005)
Elected to the American Philosophical Society (2016)

In 2000, artist Daphne Todd was commissioned by Girton College, Cambridge, to paint a portrait of Mistress <mask>n. This painting, which depicted <mask> with two heads on separate panels, went on to win Todd the Royal Society of Portrait Painters’ Ondaatje for Portraiture in 2001. Honorary degrees
Honorary Degree Sc. Edinburgh (1993)
Honorary Degree Sc. Copenhagen (1994)
Honorary Degree Lit, Oxford (2004)
Honorary Degree Pol., Helsinki (2006)
Honorary Degree, Panteion University, Athens (2006)
Honorary Degree Sc., Durham (2007)
Honorary Degree Philosophy, University Papua New Guinea (2009)
Honorary Degree Social Sciences, Belfast (2009)
Honorary Doctorate, Australian National University (2015)
 Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University (2019)

References

Citations

Sources

 Strathern, M. (1992, 17 May). The decomposition of an event.Retrieved from http://culanth.org/supplementals/403-the-decomposition-of-an-event

External links
 Shayna Loree Collins, '<mask>n 1941-'
 List of Strathern's recent publications
 'A Community of Critics' R.A.I. Huxley Memorial Lecture, given at University College, London, 8 December 2004 (film)
 interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 6 May 2009 (video)
http://culanth.org/supplementals/403-the-decomposition-of-an-event
 Virtual Society? Get Real! <mask>n paper
 Summary of <mask>n on English kinship

1941 births
Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
British anthropologists
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
British feminist writers
Living people
Mistresses of Girton College, Cambridge
People educated at Bromley High School
People from Bromley
University of California, Berkeley faculty
British women anthropologists
Members of the American Philosophical Society

masks:
Ann Marilyn Strathern
Marilyn Strathern
Andrew Strathern
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn Strather


title: William Spence (burgess)

texts:
<mask> (sometimes shown as Spense) was an early Virginia colonist on Jamestown Island. He was member of the first assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. <mask> became an ensign in the local militia and is thus sometimes identified as Ensign <mask> or <mask>. He was an early farmer on Jamestown Island, a tobacco taster and landowner at Archer's Hope. He, his wife and his young daughter, Sara, or Sarah, avoided the Indian massacre of 1622, but <mask> and his wife were reported "lost" at the census of February 16, 1624. Arrival at Jamestown

Not <mask>

<mask> is sometimes erroneously conflated with <mask> (burgess), another early Virginia colonist who also lived on Jamestown Island but did not arrive at Jamestown until 1611. <mask> later became a member of the House of Burgesses for Mulberry Island in 1632–33, eight years after <mask> was lost and presumed dead.First Supply mission

<mask> came to Virginia in the First Supply mission to Jamestown in 1608. He is sometimes  shown in modern printed lists of passengers as both a "gentleman" and a "labourer," not only a double listing, but in seemingly inconsistent categories. On the other hand, in the names of those arriving at Jamestown in the First Supply voyage in Captain John Smith's The General History, Book 3, Chapter 4, as reprinted in Haile at page 252, <mask> is only listed as a "gentleman. "<ref group=note>A footnote added by editor Edward Wright Haile to the chapter "A True Discourse" by Ralph Hamor in Haile, Edward Wright, ed. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony: The First Decade: 1607-1617. Champlain, VA: RoundHouse, 1998. , p. 814 states that "In his General History, Captain John Smith wrote "from all those farmers, whereof the first was <mask>, an honest, valiant and industrious man, and hath continued from 1607 to this present [1624]." The 1607 date given in Haile's quote from a Smith writing about <mask> is inconsistent with the arrival of <mask> in the First Supply mission in 1608 as shown by Haile in his excerpts from Smith's The General History at page 252 of Jamestown Narratives.It would coincide with any source which stated that <mask>, rather than <mask>, arrived at Jamestown in 1607 on the Susan Constant, but not with usual accounts of either <mask>'s or <mask>'s arrivals and not with online Susan Constant passenger lists which include neither name. Martha McCartney states, with citations, at McCartney, 2007, p. 661 that <mask> arrived in the First Supply mission and at p. 662 that <mask> arrived in the "Sarah or Susan Constant." The Susan Constant has occasionally been referred to erroneously as the "Sarah Constant", as noted in Grizzard, Frank E. and Dennis Boyd Smith. Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. , p 216, but this was shown to be in error by Robinson, Gregory, and Robin R. Goodison. Sarah versus Susan. The William and Mary Quarterly 16, No.4, 1936. pages 515-21. Also, the phrase "Sarah or" from McCartney may not require the interpretation that it is referencing different names for the Susan Constant since a ship named the Sara(h) arrived at Jamestown in August 1611 with the returning Sir Thomas Gates (governor). That is consistent with references to <mask> arriving in Jamestown in 1611 on the Sarah the absence of his name from the Susan Constant passenger list or list of first settlers at United States National Park Service. The First Residents of Jamestowne. National Park Service Historic Jamestowne page. Retrieved July 11, 2020 and McCartney's further sketch of <mask>. McCartney, 2007, p. 322.The Sarah is also shown as arriving at Jamestown in May/June 1612. Kolb, A. E., "Early Passengers to Virginia: When Did They Really Arrive?, 1980, p. 412.</ref>

 Farmer, Landowner

Martha McCartney supports John Smith's statement that <mask> "reportedly" was the first farmer to work his own land on Jamestown Island. She also states that in 1618 <mask> offered to employ workers of the late governor, Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, after West had died at sea while returning to the colony from England in summer 1618. West's subordinate, Captain Edward Brewster, to whom <mask> made the offer, was prevented from taking custody of his goods by Deputy Governor Samuel Argall, who misappropriated West's laborers and artisans to work on his own projects. Burgess

Ensign <mask>, along with Captain <mask>), were members of the first general assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Jamestown in July–August 1619.Henry, <mask>. The First Legislative Assembly in America. In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893.Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. . p. 60. Retrieved July 21, 2011. Later life

In 1619, as a "tobacco taster", <mask> evaluated the quality of tobacco by sampling portions of the tobacco crop. Because of his early arrival at Jamestown and continued residence there, <mask> was considered an "Ancient planter", which was simply a descriptive term. Ancient planters were early Virginia colonists who arrived when the colony was managed by the Virginia Company of London. They received land grants if they stayed in the colony for at least three years. Under the terms of the "Instructions to Governor Yeardley" issued by the London Company in 1618, these colonists received the first land grants in Virginia.In January 1619, <mask> along with John Fowler received a patent for 300 acres in Archer's Hope, a few miles from Jamestown.The abstract of a patent of 500 acres in Archer's Hope to Lucy Webster, Judith Webster and Jane Webster states that the property included 300 acres patented to <mask> and John Fowler in January 1619. Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Volume 1. Richmond, Virginia: Press of the Dietz Co., 1934. p. 161. Since <mask> continued to live at Jamestown Island, McCartney surmises that he placed indentured servants on the property along with his partner, John Fowler, who lived there. Fowler and four others, not including <mask> or his wife, were killed in the Indian massacre of 1622 at <mask>'s house at Archer's Hope.Price, David A.Love & Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas and the Start of a New Nation. New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2003. . pp. 201-208. A list of Virginia land patents sent to England in 1625 included 300 acres in Archer's Hope in the name of <mask>. <mask> had been in England in early 1622 and he returned on the James, which departed for Jamestown on July 21, 1622. The February 16, 1624 census of the Virginia colony's inhabitants listed <mask>, his wife and his young daughter Sara(h), but <mask> and his wife were shown on the list as "lost." They were also shown on a 1624 list of persons who had died since February 1623.Lists of the Livinge & the Dead in Virginia 1623 Transcribed from “Colonial Records of Virginia”, R.F.Walker, Superintendent Public Printing, Richmond, VA, 1874, Clemmitt & Jones, Printers, pp. 37-68. Retrieved July 31, 2020. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, 4 years old, was entrusted to a 20-year old widow, Mrs. Susan Bush, as guardian, at Elizabeth City, Virginia. On August 14, 1624, the General Court ordered John Johnson, who had property on Jamestown Island and at Archer's Hope, to put a roof on the house and repair the fence of Ensign <mask>, Johnson's recently deceased neighbor. After 3 months, the court also ordered <mask>'s "guardians" to have her property at Archer's Hope surveyed. On May 16, 1625, <mask>'s guardians, including the Reverend George Keith as well as Susan Bush, were ordered to appear before the General Court.In October 1625, having still not had the property surveyed, the guardians were told by the court that they would be fined if they did not have the land surveyed. Susan Bush placed the <mask> property in the hands of a tenant, Thomas Farley, on November 21, 1625. <mask> died by April 3, 1627 when the court ordered the Reverend George Keith of Elizabeth City to inventory her estate. Susan Bush also may have died by this date since she was not included in the order pertaining to the <mask> property. Death

Records of the exact date and manner of the deaths of <mask> and his wife have not been found. Notes

Citations

References

 Grizzard, Frank E. and Dennis Boyd Smith. Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social and Cultural History.Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. .
 Haile, Edward Wright, ed. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony: The First Decade: 1607-1617. Champlain, VA: RoundHouse, 1998. .
 Henry, <mask>. The First Legislative Assembly in America. In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. . Retrieved July 21, 2011. Lists of the Livinge & the Dead in Virginia 1623 Transcribed from “Colonial Records of Virginia”, R.F.Walker, Superintendent Public Printing, Richmond, VA, 1874, Clemmitt & Jones, Printers, pp. 37–68. Retrieved July 31, 2020. Kolb, Avery E.  Early Passengers to Virginia: When Did They Really Arrive?, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 88, No. 4, Oct. 1980. via JSTOR.org
 McCartney, Martha W. Virginia immigrants and adventurers, 1607-1635: a biographical dictionary. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub.Co., 2007. .
 Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Volume 1. Richmond, Virginia: Press of the Dietz Co., 1934. Price, David A. Love & Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas and the Start of a New Nation. New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2003. .
 Robinson, Gregory, and Robin R. Goodison."Sarah versus Susan." The William and Mary Quarterly 16, No. 4, 1936. pages 515–21. Stanard, <mask>. and Mary Newton Stanard. The Virginia Colonial Register. Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902. , Retrieved July 15, 2011. Tyler, Lyon Gardiner in Encyclopedia of Virginia biography.New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1915. . Retrieved July 21, 2011. United States National Park Service. The First Residents of Jamestowne. National Park Service Historic Jamestowne page. Retrieved July 11, 2020. Woolley, Benjamin.Savage Kingdom: The True Story of Jamestown, 1607, and the Settlement of America. New York: Harper Perennial, 2008. Originally published as Savage Kingdom: Virginia and the Founding of English America'' in the United Kingdom by HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
House of Burgesses members
American people of English descent
Virginia colonial people
Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People from Jamestown, Virginia
People from Charles City County, Virginia
American planters

masks:
William Spence
Spence
William Spence
Ensign Spence
Spence
William Spencer
William Spence
William Spencer
William Spencer
William Spence
William Spence
Spence
William Spence
Spence
Spence
William Spencer
William Spence
Spence
Spencer
Spence
Spencer
Spencer
Spencer
Spence
Spence
Spence
William Spence
William Powell
William Wirt
Spence
Spence
William Spence
William Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
William Spence
Spence
William Spence
Spence
Spence
Sara Spence
William Spence
Sara Spence
Sara Spence
Spence
Sara Spence
Spence
William Spence
William Wirt
William G


title: David Wemyss, Lord Elcho

texts:
<mask>, Lord <mask>ss (12 August 172129 April 1787), was a Scottish peer and Jacobite, attainted for his part in the 1745 Rising and deprived of titles and estates. One of the few Jacobites excluded from the 1747 Act of Indemnity, his attempts to return home were unsuccessful and he spent the rest of his life in France and Switzerland. His wife Sofia (1756–1777) died in childbirth; <mask> left no legitimate children and when he died in Paris in 1787, his property passed to a younger brother. His record of the 1745 Rising or A short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746, is now considered a key contemporary source for the Rising. Biographical details

<mask>, Lord Elcho was born on 21 August 1721 at Wemyss Castle in Fife, eldest son of James Wemyss, 5th Earl of Wemyss and Janet Charteris (died 1778). His title derived from Elcho Castle; abandoned in the 1730s but restored in the 19th century, it is one of the earliest examples of a Scottish building preserved purely for its historical value. His mother was the only child of Francis Charteris, who became immensely wealthy through his investment in the South Sea Company.A well-known rake, he appears in Hogarth's series A Harlot's Progress, and sentenced to death for rape in 1730 before being pardoned. <mask> had two younger brothers, Francis (1723-1808) and James (1726–1786). His sister Frances (ca 1729-1789) married Sir James Steuart (1707–1780), exiled for his part in the 1745 Rising but allowed home in 1763. He was the author of An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, described as 'one of the key economic works of the 18th century'. In September 1776, <mask> married Sofia (1756–1777), daughter of Reichsgraf Friedrich von Üxküll-Gyllenband, who died in childbirth a year later. He left two illegitimate daughters but no legitimate heir and his property passed to his younger brother. He died in 1787 in Paris, where he was buried and his memorial destroyed in the French Revolution.Career

Like many Jacobite sympathisers, <mask> had a background of Non-Juring Episcopalianism, Freemasonry and opposition to the 1707 Union; like the Jacobite peer Earl Kilmarnock, his father was Grand Master of Scotland, as was his brother Francis. However, the family were not considered activists and had not been involved in previous Risings. After his parents separated in 1732, he was sent to Winchester College in England, three weeks journey from his home in Fife; <mask> later recorded he met his father only once between 1734 and 1741. One of his classmates was James, later 6th Duke of Hamilton, whose father claimed to be the senior Scottish Jacobite. A biographer claimed Winchester turned <mask> into a fervent Scots patriot and that he 'disliked all Irishmen, most Englishmen, and a good many Scots.' During the Rising, he allegedly referred to Prince Charles as 'that damned, cowardly Italian', although this is disputed. <mask> left Winchester in 1738 for Reims, followed by a period at the French military academy in Angers, a popular location for young British noblemen.He then went on the 18th century cultural excursion known as the Grand Tour and visited Rome in October 1740, one of whose attractions was the exiled James Stuart and his sons. After the failed 1719 Rising, many Jacobite exiles accepted pardons and returned home, among them Lord George Murray. By 1737, Jacobitism seemed little more than nostalgia and James was reportedly "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration." Jacobite activist 1740 to 1746

This changed in the late 1730s, as French statesmen sought to reduce British commercial strength, whose growth was considered a threat to the European balance of power. Few of them believed the Stuart exiles were a valid option, but <mask> arrived in Rome when they were being taken seriously for the first time in two decades. In 1739, trade disputes between Britain and Spain led to the War of Jenkins' Ear, followed by the wider European conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. French defeat at Dettingen in June 1743 prompted efforts by Louis XV to divert British resources from mainland Europe, including an invasion of England in early 1744 to restore the Stuarts.James gave <mask> a commission as Colonel of dragoons, but the French fleet was severely damaged by winter storms in March and the plan was abandoned. <mask> returned to Edinburgh in December 1744, where he joined the Freemasons and the newly-formed pro-Jacobite Buck Club, whose members included his former Winchester classmate James Hamilton. Another was Murray of Broughton, whom Charles met in Paris earlier in the year, and shared his determination to come to Scotland "though with a single footman". The Club urged him not to do so, unless he brought 6,000 French troops, money and weapons; Charles Stewart, 5th Earl of Traquair (1699–1764), agreed to communicate this to the Prince but failed to do so. When Charles landed at Eriskay on 23 July, <mask>'s first reaction was to 'implore him to return to France', and he stayed at home awaiting developments. Charles persuaded Lochiel and others to back him and launched the Rebellion at Glenfinnan on 19 August. His small force of 1,000 clansmen advanced on Edinburgh, reaching Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by Lord George Murray.<mask> met them outside Edinburgh on 16 September, bringing £1,500 in cash, which was gratefully received by Charles. <mask> was appointed aide-de-camp and a member of the Council of War; made up of 15-20 senior leaders, it was dominated by the Highland chiefs and Perthshire lords who provided most of their manpower. Divisions within the Jacobite leadership were apparent even at this early stage, Charles warning him against Lord George Murray, who he claimed had joined only to 'better betray the cause.' <mask> raised a troop of 'Lifeguards,' the best equipped cavalry unit in the Jacobite Army, who served as Charles' personal escort throughout the campaign. However, the decision to retreat from Derby on 5 December caused an irrevocable breach between the Prince and his Scottish supporters, including <mask>. At Culloden in April 1746, the Lifeguards escorted Charles from the battlefield, who then dismissed them, as he now trusted only the Irish exiles. On 3 May, <mask>, Lord George Murray and other Jacobites were picked up by two French ships, Le Mars and Bellone, who fought their way out past four Royal Navy vessels.Charles was left behind 'as Nobody knew where to seek for him.' Post 1746 Exile

Charles escaped from Scotland in October but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended French support for the Stuart cause, while the Scots no longer trusted him. <mask> lost his titles and lands; the attainder was not reversed until 1821, when Francis Douglas (1772-1853) became 8th Earl of Wemyss. He was excluded from the 1747 Act of Indemnity, allegedly because 'among all the Rebel commanders, he distinguished himself by his brutality and insults and cruelty to our Prisoners.' Like Lord George Murray, he spent the rest of his life in exile, despite pleas to be allowed home. In June 1747, he wrote to Lord Milton, the Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland that 'if his Majesty will allow me to come home, I will give any assurance whatever for my making his Majesty a most loyall subject for the future'. The former Jacobite leaders argued bitterly over responsibility for the Rising's failure, and Charles refused to reimburse <mask> for the money advanced at Edinburgh in 1745.He was appointed Captain in Fitzjames's regiment, then Colonel in the Royal-Ecossais after its commander John Drummond died in September 1747. The regiment garrisoned Gravelines and Dunkirk during the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War and in July 1770, Louis XV gave him the Order of Military Merit. <mask> divided his time between France and Switzerland, where he bought a property in the Canton of Neuchâtel and became a Swiss citizen. In 1770 he did a marriage proposal to Isabelle de Charrière when he was baron at Cottendart. She had however already decided to marry another man of the same village Colombier, Neuchâtel. On 9 September 1776, he married Sofia von Üxküll-Gyllenband (1756–1777), at Beutal in Switzerland, daughter of Reichsgraf Friedrich von Üxküll-Gyllenband, a minister of the Duchy of Wurttemberg. She died in Bôle, Switzerland on 26 November 1777, giving birth to a son who lived only one day; <mask> "...died in Paris on April 30, 1787 at his home in the Rue St Lazard."Despite his request to be buried with his wife, he was interred in Paris and the cemetery destroyed during the French Revolution. He left two manuscripts, a journal in French, covering the principal years of his life and "A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland, 1745-1746;" edited by Evan Charteris, this was first published in 1907. References

Sources

People of the Jacobite rising of 1745
People from Fife
Scottish Jacobites
People educated at Winchester College
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
1721 births
1787 deaths
6
Members of the Royal Company of Archers
David
Scottish Freemasons

masks:
David Wemyss
Elchomy
Elcho
David Wemyss
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho
Elcho


title: James Dobson

texts:
<mask>.
(born April 21, 1936) is an American evangelical Christian author, psychologist, and founder of Focus on the Family (FOTF), which he led from 1977 until 2010. In the 1980s he was ranked as one of the most influential spokesmen for conservative social positions in American public life. Although never an ordained minister, he was called "the nation's most influential evangelical leader" by The New York Times while Slate portrayed him as a successor to evangelical leaders Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson. As part of his former role in the organization, he produced the daily radio program Focus on the Family, which the organization has said was broadcast in more than a dozen languages and on over 7,000 stations worldwide, and reportedly heard daily by more than 220 million people in 164 countries. Focus on the Family was also carried by about sixty U.S. television stations daily. <mask> also founded the Family Research Council in 1981. He is no longer affiliated with Focus on the Family.<mask> founded Family Talk as a non-profit organization in 2010 and launched a new radio broadcast, Family Talk with Dr. <mask>, that began on May 3, 2010, on over 300 stations nationwide. Early life and education
<mask> was born to Myrtle Georgia (née Dillingham) and <mask><mask>, Sr., on April 21, 1936, in Shreveport, Louisiana. From his earliest childhood, religion played a central part in his life. He once told a reporter that he learned to pray before he learned to talk, and says he gave his life to Jesus at the age of three, in response to an altar call by his father. He is the son, grandson, and great-grandson of Church of the Nazarene ministers. The parents took their young son along to watch his father preach. Like most Nazarenes, they forbade dancing and going to movies.Young "Jimmie Lee" (as he was called) concentrated on his studies. <mask> studied academic psychology, which most evangelical Christians in the 1950s and 1960s did not look upon favorably. He came to believe that he was being called to become a Christian counselor or perhaps a Christian psychologist. He attended Pasadena College (now Point Loma Nazarene University) as an undergraduate and served as captain of the school's tennis team. In 1967, <mask> received his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California. Career
In 1967, he became an Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Southern California School of Medicine for 14 years. He spent 17 years on the staff of the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles in the Division of Child Development and Medical Genetics.For a time, <mask> worked as an assistant to Paul Popenoe at the Institute of Family Relations, a marriage-counseling center, in Los Angeles. <mask> arguably first became well-known with the publication of Dare to Discipline (1970), which encouraged parents to use corporal punishment in disciplining their children. <mask>'s social and political opinions are widely read among many evangelical church congregations in the United States. In 1977 he founded Focus on the Family. <mask> published monthly bulletins, which were dispensed as inserts in some Sunday church-service bulletins. <mask> interviewed serial killer Ted Bundy on-camera the day before Bundy's execution on January 24, 1989. The interview became controversial because Bundy was given an opportunity to attempt to explain his actions (the rape and murder of 30 young women).Bundy claimed in the interview (in a reversal of his previous stance) that violent pornography played a significant role in molding and crystallizing his fantasies. In May 1989, during an interview with John Tanner, a Republican Florida prosecutor, <mask> called for Bundy to be forgiven. The Bundy tapes gave Focus on the Family revenues of over $1 million, $600,000 of which it donated to anti-pornography groups and to anti-abortion groups. <mask> stepped down as President and CEO of Focus on the Family in 2003, and resigned from the position of chairman of the board in February 2009. <mask> explained his departure as twofold: one to allow a smooth transfer of leadership to the next generation, and in this case, to Jim Daly who he directly appointed as his replacement. And secondly, due to some differences in opinion about organizational positions which represented "significant philosophical differences" with successor Jim Daly. He said, "I have believed for many years that one of the biggest mistakes a founder and president can make is to stay too long.By holding the reins of power as the years go by, an executive prevents his organization from developing the leadership to carry on when he dies or suddenly decides to step down. Then a crisis can occur that may even doom the ministry. We have all seen that happen." In 2010, <mask> founded the Dr. <mask> Family Institute, a non-profit organization that produces his radio program, Dr. <mask>'s Family Talk. <mask> frequently appears as a guest on the Fox News Channel. Personal life

<mask> married Shirley Deere on August 26, 1960. The couple have two children, Danae and Ryan.Ryan was adopted by the <mask>s. Awards
At the invitation of Presidents and Attorneys General, <mask> has also served on government advisory panels and testified at several government hearings. He was given the "Layman of the Year" award by the National Association of Evangelicals in 1982, "The Children's Friend" honor by Childhelp USA (an advocate agency against child abuse) in 1987, and the Humanitarian Award by the California Psychological Association in 1988. In 2005, <mask> received an honorary doctorate (his 16th) from Indiana Wesleyan University and was inducted into IWU's Society of World Changers, while speaking at the university's Academic Convocation. In 2008, <mask>'s Focus on the Family program was nominated for induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Nominations were made by the 157 members of the Hall of Fame and voting on inductees was handed over to the public using online voting. The nomination drew the ire of gay rights activists, who attempted to have the program removed from the nominee list and to vote for other nominees to prevent it from being approved.However, the program garnered enough votes and was subsequently inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame. Social views

Views on marriage
<mask> is a strong proponent of marriage defined as "one where husband and wife are lawfully married, are committed to each other for life," and have a homemaker mother and breadwinner father. According to his view, women are not deemed inferior to men because both are created in God's image, but each gender has biblically mandated roles. He recommends that married women with children under the age of 18 focus on mothering, rather than work outside the home. In his 2004 book Marriage Under Fire, <mask> suggests that heterosexual marriage rates in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have been falling, and that this is due to the recognition of same-sex relationships by those countries during the 1990s. He remarks that the "institution of marriage in those countries is rapidly dying" as a result, with most young people cohabiting or choosing to remain single (living alone) and illegitimacy rates rising in some Norwegian counties up to 80%. <mask> writes that "every civilization in the world" has been built upon marriage.He also believes that homosexuality is neither a choice nor genetic, but is caused by external factors during early childhood. He anecdotally cites as evidence the life of actress Anne Heche, who was previously in a relationship with Ellen DeGeneres. Criticizing "the realities of judicial tyranny," <mask> has written that "[t]here is no issue today that is more significant to our culture than the defense of the family. Not even the war on terror eclipses it." Critics have stated that <mask>'s views on homosexuality do not represent the mainstream views of the mental health community, with Dan Gilgoff referring to the positions of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association on homosexuality. Views on schooling
Focus on the Family supports private school vouchers and tax credits for religious schools. According to Focus on the Family website, <mask> believes that parents are ultimately responsible for their children's education, and encourages parents to visit their children's schools to ask questions and to join the PTA so that they may voice their opinions.<mask> opposes sex education curricula that are not abstinence-only. According to People for the American Way, Focus on the Family material has been used to challenge a book or curriculum taught in public schools. Critics, such as People for the American Way, allege that Focus on the Family encourages Christian teachers to establish prayer groups in public schools. <mask> supports student-led prayer in public schools, and believes that allowing student-led Christian prayer in schools does not violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Views on discipline within the family
In his book Dare to Discipline, <mask> advocates the spanking of children up to eight years old when they misbehave, but warns that "corporal punishment should not be a frequent occurrence" and that "discipline must not be harsh and destructive to the child's spirit." He warns against "harsh spanking" because "It is not necessary to beat the child into submission; a little bit of pain goes a long way for a young child. However, the spanking should be of sufficient magnitude to cause the child to cry genuinely."<mask> has called disciplining children to be a necessary but unpleasant part of raising children that should only be carried out by qualified parents:

In his book The Strong-Willed Child, <mask> suggests that if authority is portrayed correctly to a child, the child will understand how to interact with other authority figures:

In <mask>'s opinion, parents must uphold their authority and do so consistently: "When you are defiantly challenged, win decisively." In The Strong-Willed Child, <mask> draws an analogy between the defiance of a family pet and that of a small child, and concludes that "just as surely as a dog will occasionally challenge the authority of his leaders, so will a little child—only more so" (emphasis in original). When asked "How long do you think a child should be allowed to cry after being punished? Is there a limit?" <mask> responded:

Sociologists John Bartkowski and Christopher Ellison have stated that <mask>'s views "diverge sharply from those recommended by contemporary mainstream experts" and are not based on any sort of empirical testing, but rather are nothing more than expressions of his religious doctrines of "biblical literalism and 'authority-mindedness. Views on tolerance and diversity
In the winter of 2004-2005, the We Are Family Foundation sent American elementary schools approximately 60,000 copies of a free DVD using popular cartoon characters (especially SpongeBob SquarePants) to "promote tolerance and diversity." <mask> contended that "tolerance" and "diversity" are "buzzwords" that the We Are Family Foundation misused as part of a "hidden agenda" to promote homosexuality.Kate Zernik noted <mask> asserting: "tolerance and its first cousin, diversity, 'are almost always buzzwords for homosexual advocacy.'" He stated on the Focus on the Family website that "childhood symbols are apparently being hijacked to promote an agenda that involves teaching homosexual propaganda to children." He offered as evidence the association of many leading LGBT rights organizations, including GLAAD, GLSEN, HRC, and PFLAG, with the We Are Family Foundation as shown by links which he claims once existed on their website. The We Are Family Foundation countered that <mask> had mistaken their organization with "an unrelated Web site belonging to another group called 'We Are Family,' which supports gay youth." <mask> countered:

In September 2005, Tolerance.org published a follow-up message advertising the DVD's continued availability, including We Are Family Foundation president Nancy Hunt's speculation that many of the DVDs may be "still sitting in boxes, unused, because of Dobson's vitriolic attack." Views on homosexuality
<mask> believes that God defines marriage as between one man and one woman only and describes this as the central stabilizing institution of society. <mask> believes that any sexual activity outside of such a union—including homosexuality—cannot be approved by God.In <mask>'s view, homosexuality results from influences in a child's environment rather than an inborn trait. He states that

masks:
James Clayton Dobson Jr
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
James Dobson
James C
. Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
James Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson


title: James Dobson

texts:
 homosexual behavior, specifically "unwanted same-sex attraction", has been and can be "overcome" through understanding developmental models for homosexuality and choosing to heal the complex developmental issues which led to same-sex attraction. Focus on the Family ministry sponsors the monthly conference Love Won Out, where participants hear "powerful stories of ex-gay men and women." Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (P-FLAG) has protested against the conference in Orlando, questioning both its methodology and supposed success. In regards to the conference, <mask> has stated that "Gay activists come with preconceived notions about who we are and what we believe and about the hate that boils from within, which is simply not true. Regardless of what the media might say, Focus on the Family has no interest in promoting hatred toward homosexuals or anyone else. We also don't wish to deprive them of their basic constitutional rights ...The Constitution applies to all of us." <mask> strongly opposes the movement to legitimize same-sex relationships. In his book Bringing Up Boys, <mask> states, "[T]he disorder is not typically 'chosen.' Homosexuals deeply resent being told that they selected this same-sex inclination in pursuit of sexual excitement or some other motive. It is unfair, and I don't blame them for being irritated by that assumption. Who among us would knowingly choose a path that would result in alienation from family, rejection by friends, disdain from the heterosexual world, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, and even a shorter lifespan?" Sociologist Judith Stacey criticized <mask> for claiming that sociological studies show that gay couples do not make good parents.She stated that <mask>'s claim "is a direct misrepresentation of my research." In response to <mask>'s claim that "there have been more than ten thousand studies that have showed that children do best when they are raised with a mother and a father who are committed to each other," Stacey replied that "[a]ll of those studies that <mask> is referring to are studies that did not include gay or lesbian parents as part of the research base." <mask> objected to a bill expanding the prohibition of sexual orientation-based discrimination in the areas of "public accommodation, housing practices, family planning services and twenty other areas." He said that, were such a bill passed, public businesses could no longer separate locker rooms and bathrooms by gender, which he claimed would lead to a situation where, "every woman and little girl will have to fear that a predator, bisexual, cross-dresser or even a homosexual or heterosexual male might walk in and relieve himself in their presence." Political and social influence

Although <mask> initially remained somewhat distant from Washington politics, in 1981 he founded the Family Research Council as a political arm through which "social conservative causes" could achieve greater political influence. In 1996, he cast a vote for U.S. Taxpayers' Party Presidential candidate Howard Phillips. In late 2004, <mask> led a campaign to block the appointment of Arlen Specter to head of the Senate Judiciary Committee because of Specter's pro-abortion rights stance.Responding to a question by Fox News personality Alan Colmes on whether he wanted the Republican Party to be known as a "big-tent party," he replied, "I don't want to be in the big tent ... I think the party ought to stand for something." In 2006, Focus on the Family spent more than a half million dollars to promote a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage in its home state of Colorado. A May 2005 article by Chris Hedges in Harper's Magazine described <mask> as "perhaps the most powerful figure in the Dominionist movement" and "a crucial player in getting out the Christian vote for George W. Bush." Discernment Ministries, a site that describes dominionism as a heresy, characterized <mask> as belonging to the "Patriotic American" brand of dominionism, calling him "One of its most powerful leaders." In November 2004, <mask> was described by the online magazine Slate as "America's most influential evangelical leader."The article stated "Forget Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, who in their dotage have marginalized themselves with gaffes ... <mask> is now America's most influential evangelical leader, with a following reportedly greater than that of either Falwell or Robertson at his peak ... <mask> may have delivered Bush his victories in Ohio and Florida." Further, "He's already leveraging his new power. When a thank-you call came from the White House, <mask> issued the staffer a blunt warning that Bush "needs to be more aggressive" about pressing the religious right's pro-life, anti-gay rights agenda, or it would "pay a price in four years". <mask> has sometimes complained that the Republican Party may take the votes of social conservatives for granted, and has suggested that evangelicals may withhold support from the GOP if the party does not more strongly support conservative family issues: "Does the Republican Party want our votes, no string attached—to court us every two years, and then to say, 'Don't call me, I'll call you'—and not to care about the moral law of the universe? ... Is that what they want? Is that the way the system works? Is this the way it's going to be?If it is, I'm gone, and if I go, I will do everything I can to take as many people with me as possible." However, in 2006, <mask> said that, while "there is disillusionment out there with Republicans" and "that worries me greatly," he nonetheless suggested voters turn out and vote Republican in 2006. "My first inclination was to sit this one out," but according to The New York Times, <mask> then added that "he had changed his mind when he looked at who would become the leaders of Congressional committees if the Democrats took over." <mask> garnered national media attention once again in February 2008 after releasing a statement in the wake of Senator John McCain's expected success in the so-called "Super Tuesday" Republican primary elections. In his statement, <mask> said: "I cannot, and will not, vote for Senator John McCain, as a matter of conscience," and indicated that he would refrain from voting altogether if McCain were to become the Republican candidate, echoing other conservative commentators' concerns about the Senator's conservatism. He endorsed Mike Huckabee for president. After McCain selected an anti-abortion candidate, Sarah Palin, as his running mate, <mask> said that he was more enthusiastic in his support for the Republican ticket.When Palin's 17-year-old daughter's pregnancy was revealed, <mask> issued a press release commending Palin's stance, saying,

On June 24, 2008, <mask> criticized statements made by U.S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama in Obama's 2006 "Call to Renewal" address. <mask> stated that Obama was "distorting the traditional understanding of the Bible to fit his own world view." On October 23, 2008, <mask> published a "Letter from 2012 in Obama's America" that proposed that an Obama presidency could lead to: mandated homosexual teachings across all schools; the banning of firearms in entire states; the end of the Boy Scouts, home schooling, Christian school groups, Christian adoption agencies, and talk radio; pornography on prime-time and daytime television; mandatory bonuses for gay soldiers; terrorist attacks across America; the nuclear bombing of Tel Aviv; the conquering of most of Eastern Europe by Russia; the end of health care for Americans over 80; out-of-control gasoline prices; and complete economic disaster in the United States, among other catastrophes. In the days after the 2008 presidential election, <mask> stated on his radio program that he was mourning the Obama election, claiming that Obama supported infanticide, would be responsible for the deaths of millions of unborn children, and was "going to appoint the most liberal justices to the Supreme Court, perhaps, that we've ever had." <mask> supports intelligent design and has spoken at conferences on the subject, and frequently criticizes evolution. In 2007, <mask> was one of 25 evangelicals who called for the ouster of Rev. Richard Cizik from his position at the National Association of Evangelicals because Cizik had taken a stance urging evangelicals to take global warming seriously.On June 13, 2007, the National Right to Life Committee ousted Colorado Right to Life after the latter ran a full-page ad criticizing <mask>. On May 30, 2010, <mask> delivered the pre-race invocation at the NASCAR Coca-Cola 600 automobile race, raising criticism about his association with a sport associated with sponsors and activities which would not meet his definition of family-friendly. At a National Day of Prayer event in the U.S. Capitol, <mask> called Barack Obama "the abortion president." He said, "President Obama, before he was elected, made it very clear that he wanted to be the abortion president. He didn't make any bones about it. This is something that he really was going to promote and support, and he has done that, and in a sense he is the abortion president." Among others, Rep. Janice Hahn complained because <mask> used the National Day of Prayer for partisan purposes.She said, "<mask> just blew a hole into this idea of being a nonpartisan National Day of Prayer. It was very disturbing to me ... and really a shame. <mask> hijacked the National Day of Prayer—this nonpartisan, nonpolitical National Day of Prayer—to promote his own distorted political agenda." <mask> endorsed Ted Cruz in the 2016 Republican primaries. <mask> would later go on to endorse Trump in the general election against Hillary Clinton. <mask> has been named by Christianity Today as one of the Trump Administration's top "Evangelical Faith Advisers". In 2020, <mask> worked alongside other conservative Evangelicals and Evangelical organizations, including Jim Daly and Focus on the Family, to support the reelection of President Donald Trump.He echoed his support of the President throughout the impeachment proceedings earlier that year. Ecumenical relations
<mask> and Charles Colson were two participants in a 2000 conference at the Vatican on the global economy's impact on families. During the conference, the two Protestants met with Pope John Paul II. <mask> later told Catholic News Service that though he has theological differences with Roman Catholicism, "when it comes to the family, there is far more agreement than disagreement, and with regard to moral issues from abortion to premarital sex, safe-sex ideology and homosexuality, I find more in common with Catholics than with some of my evangelical brothers and sisters." In November 2009, <mask> signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration calling on evangelicals, Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences. Publications
<mask> has authored or co-authored 36 books, including:

Books as sole author

Books with others
  (Foreword)

Notable articles and reports
 <mask> served on the committee that wrote the Meese Report on pornography. See also

Notes

References

Further reading
 Apostolidis, Paul.Stations of the Cross: Adorno and Christian Right Radio (2000). excerpt and text search, analysis of <mask>'s radio programs

 Løvdal, Hilde, Family Matters: <mask> and the Focus on the Family's Message to American Evangelicals, 1970–2010 (PhD dissertation, University of Oslo, Norway, 2012). External links

 Dr. <mask>'s Family Talk

 "And on the Eighth Day, Dr. <mask> Created Himself" – article by Eileen Welsome in 5280 Magazine

1936 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century Protestants
21st-century American male writers
21st-century Protestants
Activists from California
Alliance Defending Freedom people
American Christian Zionists
American evangelicals
American evangelists
American anti-abortion activists
American psychologists
American radio personalities
American radio producers
California Republicans
Christians from California
Christians from Colorado
Christians from Louisiana
Focus on the Family people
Intelligent design advocates
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations
Louisiana Republicans
Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions men's tennis players
Promise Keepers
University of Southern California alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana
20th-century American writers
Conservatism in the United

masks:
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
James Dobson
Dobson


title: Massari

texts:
Sari Abboud (; born December 10, 1980), better known by his stage name <mask> ( ), is a Lebanese Canadian R&B pop recording artist. His music combines Middle Eastern culture with western culture. He started his musical career in 2001–2002, and has released three albums, Massari in 2005, Forever Massari in 2009 and Tune In in 2018. He has had a number of hit singles in Canada, his home country of Lebanon, the Middle East, Europe, and internationally. He is managed by SAL&CO. Early life and education
He was born in Beirut, Lebanon. His family relocated to Montreal, Quebec when he was 11 years old.At the age of 13, he and his younger brothers moved to Ottawa, Ontario, where he attended Hillcrest High School. Musical career
He started his musical career in 2001-2002 adopting the stage name <mask>, which in Lebanese Arabic, Massari ( ) means "money". The chosen name is also reminiscent of his birth name Sari. His cultural and social upbringing shaped his musical style very early in his music career. He released his first song "Spitfire" (2002) which was aired on Ottawa radio stations. Since then, <mask> has been steadily writing and developing his sound. 2005-2007: Debut self-titled album and success with CP Records
After three years of preparation, he released a self-titled album Massari on CP Records.His debut album resulted in four singles, receiving Gold certification in Canada, and he continued to have international success in Europe, Asia, the Middle East. Two of his early singles "Be Easy" and "Real Love" besides being two of his major hits in Canada, cracking the Canadian Top 10, they also charted notably in the German Singles Chart. Based on his initial success, <mask> signed a record deal with independent record label, CP Records, becoming the prominent successful performing artist for the record company alongside rapper Belly. On November 14, 2007, <mask> and his record label, CP Records, came to a mutual agreement to end their relationship. 2009-2010: <mask> and signing with Universal
During 2009, he released two tracks from the forthcoming album, namely "Bad Girl" and "Body Body". The album itself Forever Massari was officially released on Universal Records Canada on 10 November 2009. It included songs by writers and producers like Rupert Gayle, Alex Greggs, Derek Brin, Rob Wells and Justin Forsley.2011-2013: Signing again with CP and Hero EP
In summer of 2011, <mask> signed again with CP Records, after five years of his departure from the label. On June 20, 2012, <mask> realized there was money to be made off of the Middle Eastern ethnic audience, and released a free single called "Full Circle" featuring Belly as the lead single from his first EP Hero. <mask>'s second single for the EP, called "Brand New Day", was released on July 1, 2012 (Canada Day). <mask> shot the video in Miami with Canadian director RT!. In January 2013, "Brand New Day" went Gold in Canada. It also charted on the Austrian Ö3 Austria Top 40, German Media Control Charts and Swiss Hitparade. The third single from the EP, "Shisha", features French Montana.It was released on May 21, 2013. 2017-present: Tune In
On March 24, 2017, <mask> released a brand new song "So Long" along with a music video featuring former Miss Universe Pia Wurtzbach. It is the first single from his third album Tune In. The album contains features from Tory Lanez, Beenie Man, Shaggy, Afrojack and producer DaHeala. On March 31, 2017, a follow-up single "Done Da Da" was released along with a music video which received over 7.2 million views within 3 weeks on Vevo. Artistry

Influences
<mask> is fluent in English, Arabic, and French. He has been exposed to a wide variety of music styles.He says his biggest influence is George Wassouf <mask> says, "I sing from my heart and George Wassouf taught me to do that." Many of <mask>'s songs are influenced by his Middle-Eastern origins. Most of his songs contain Middle-Eastern Arabic melodies. <mask> says, "Because of my background, my music is heavily influenced by Middle-Eastern melodies. Over the past few years so many artists are trying to bring Arabic styles into their music, but mine is authentic." <mask> sings and raps about women. "My music is made for the ladies because that's where I get my inspiration.You'll notice a lot of the music is upbeat and positive. Women give off so much energy; it's hard not to be inspired by them." Music style
A large portion of <mask>'s work incorporates elements of both singing and rapping, depending on whether or not another artist is featured on the track. Overall, <mask> incorporates elements of R&B, hip hop, and pop in his music.

masks:
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Forever Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari
Massari


title: Owen Roe O'Neill

texts:
<mask>'Neill (Irish: Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill;  – 1649) was a Gaelic Irish soldier and one of the most famous of the O'Neill dynasty of Ulster. O'Neill left Ireland at a young age and spent most of his life as a mercenary in the Spanish Army serving against the Dutch in Flanders during the Eighty Years' War. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, O'Neill returned and took command of the Irish Confederate Ulster Army. He is known for his victory at the Battle of Benburb in 1646. O'Neill's later years were marked by infighting amongst the Confederates, and in 1647 he led his army to seize power in the capital of Kilkenny. His troops clashed with rival forces of the Confederacy, leading to O'Neill forming a temporary alliance with Charles Coote's English Parliamentary forces in Ulster. He initially rejected a treaty of alliance between the Confederates and the Irish Royalists, but faced with the Cromwellian invasion he changed his mind.Shortly after agreeing an alliance with the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Ormond, in which he was promised an Earldom, he died on Tuesday, 6 November 1649. Early life

O'Neill was the illegitimate son of Art MacBaron O'Neill, a son of Matthew O'Neill, 1st Baron Dungannon and younger brother of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, who held lands in County Armagh. His alleged great-grandfather was Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone, the most powerful figure in Ulster and the first O'Neill to take a title from the Crown as part of the surrender and regrant policy of the Tudor era. Through Conn, he was descended from Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare, the leading Anglo-Irish noble of the era, member of the Earls of Kildare, who more or less ruled Ireland in the 15th and early 16th centuries. His year of birth is unknown but was likely to have been around 1585. It is also not known exactly where he was born, but it was probably near Loughgall in County Armagh where his father's estates were and where O'Neill spent much of his youth. His mother was the daughter of Hugh Connolly O'Reilly, lord of Breifne O'Reilly in County Cavan.O'Neill was educated by Franciscan monks who not only taught him Latin but also the art of war. He later fought against the English in the Nine Years' War, with the Irish war effort led by his great-uncle Hugh O'Neill. He would have been only a teen at the time and it is unknown what his role would have been, but it may have fueled his deep hatred for the English later in his life. Several of his elder brothers also took part in the rebellion, some of whom died fighting. Another, Brian MacArt O'Neill, was hanged for manslaughter in 1607. One of his nephews was Daniel O'Neill, a Protestant who became a noted cavalier in England during the 1640s. Another of his nephews, Hugh Dubh O'Neill fought in the Confederate Wars and famously inflicted heavy casualties on Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army during the Siege of Clonmel in 1650.In Spanish Service

As a young man O'Neill left Ireland (likely in 1607 during the Flight of the Earls). He grew up in the Spanish Netherlands and served for 40 years in the Irish regiment of the Spanish army. Most of his combat was in the Eighty Years' War against the Dutch Republic in Flanders and against the French in the Franco-Spanish War. He distinguished himself notably at the Siege of Arras in 1640, where he commanded the Spanish garrison and held out for 48 days with 2,000 men (many of whom were fellow Irishmen), against a French army of 35,000. Throughout his career O'Neill was known to be an expert in defensive warfare. Like many Irish officers in Spanish service, O'Neill was deeply opposed to English rule in Ireland. In 1627, he was involved in petitioning the Spanish monarchy to invade Ireland using the Irish Spanish regiments.O'Neill proposed that Ireland be made a republic under Spanish protection to avoid in-fighting between Irish Catholic landed families over which of them would provide a prince or king of Ireland. This plan came to nothing. However, in 1642, O'Neill planned to return to Ireland with 300 veterans to aid the Irish Rebellion of 1641, apparently at the invitation of one of the organizers of the rebellion Rory O'Moore. He was given money by the Pope, with which he bought a frigate, the St. Francis, and also purchased weapons and canons to arm the ships. The ship, often described as the flagship of the Confederate naval forces during the war, was the first to fly the Confederate flag. He was joined by several of his countrymen and his sons. They managed to evade several Royal Navy vessels which were specially deployed to intercept O'Neill.Upon landing in Ulster he was met by Sir Felim O'Neill who escorted him to the Irish-held fort of Charlemont. Twelve more ships from continental Europe carrying experienced Irish officers along with weapons and supplies for the Irish war effort would land in Ireland later, reviving the rebellion, and adding considerable knowledge and experience to the Catholic ranks, which would prove extremely valuable. Return to Ireland

The rebellion had broken out in autumn 1641, with the rebel leaders issuing the Proclamation of Dungannon declaring their aim of enhancing Catholic rights while declaring their continued loyalty to King Charles I. Despite a failed attempt to seize Dublin Castle, the rebels enjoyed success across Ulster and the uprising spread to other parts of the country. However, the rebels then suffered several defeats to the Royal Irish Army and the Scottish Covenanter Army in Ireland and by the time Eoghan Rua arrived the rising was increasingly in trouble. The subsequent war, known as the Irish Confederate Wars, was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms—civil wars throughout Britain and Ireland. Because of his military experience, O'Neill was recognised on his return to Ireland, at Doe Castle in County Donegal on 8 July 1642, as the leading representative of the O'Neills and head of the Ulster Irish.Sir Phelim O'Neill resigned the northern command of the Irish rebellion in Eoghan Rua's favour and escorted him from Lough Swilly to Charlemont. Upon arrival in Ireland, he received a letter from an English parliamentarian general by the name of Leslie, telling O'Neill that he was sad O'Neill, as an experienced officer, was committing himself to such a cause and that he should return to Spain. O'Neill responded that his cause in Ireland was far more honourable than an English general fighting against his own King. But distrust between the kinsmen was complicated by differences between <mask> O'Neill and the Catholic Confederation which met at Kilkenny in October 1642. Phelim professed to be acting in the interest of Charles I; O'Neill's aim was complete independence of Ireland as a Catholic country, while the Old English Catholics represented by the council desired to secure religious liberty and an Irish constitution under English rule. O'Neill wanted the Plantation of Ulster overturned and the recovery of the O'Neill dynasty's lands. The majority of Confederate military resources were directed to Thomas Preston's Leinster Army.Preston, an Old English Catholic, was also a Spanish veteran but he and O'Neill had an intense personal dislike of each other. Mainly because Preston had been given the available military resources, O'Neill was outnumbered by the Scottish Covenanter army that had landed in Ulster in 1642. He did, however, have a large number of experienced officers who had travelled with him from Flanders. The Irish Ulster Army was poorly trained and undisciplined, so O'Neill set out to transform the army into a respectable force. Following a defeat at the Battle of Clones, O'Neill had to abandon central Ulster and was followed by thousands of refugees, fleeing the revenge of the Scottish soldiers who inflicted terrible attacks on Irish civilians, persuaded by Protestant propaganda alleging atrocities against Anglo-Scottish settlers in the rebellion of 1641. To O'Neill the devastation of Ulster made it look, "not only like a desert, but like hell, if hell could exist on earth". O'Neill stopped the killings of Protestant civilians, for which he received the gratitude of many Protestant settlers.From 1642–46 a stalemate existed in Ulster, which O'Neill used to train and discipline his Ulster Army. This poorly supplied force nevertheless gained a bad reputation for plundering and robbing friendly civilians around its quarters in northern Leinster and southern Ulster. Campaigns of 1643-45

With a stalemate in Ulster following the Battle of Clones, the Confederate Supreme council ordered O'Neill and the Ulster Army to join Thomas Preston's Leinster Army in campaigns against Royalist strongholds in the midlands. Despite the animosity between O'Neill and Preston (which often led to difficulties when they campaigned together), the campaign was successful, with several royalist strongholds in the Midlands, especially in the Counties of Meath and Westmeath being captured or destroyed. They also raided much of the area for supplies. In one famous battle, O'Neill's army was confronted by a British force under the command of Lord Moore. According to legend, O'Neill simply went over to a cannon, took aim, and blew off Lord Moore's head.After losing their commander, the British force retreated without a fight. After the midlands campaign, O'Neill was ordered to return to Ulster with Lord Castlehaven to conduct offensive operations against the territory held by the Covenanters. These attacks descended into a series of skirmishes but, despite being relatively unsuccessful, provided an important experience to the troops of the Ulster Army. O'Neill was deeply irritated that Castlehaven had been put in charge of the army instead of him, especially when the campaign failed. O'Neill later accused Castlehaven of cowardice, a dispute that was brought before the Supreme Council. At one point, O'Neill even considered leaving and returning to Spanish service, but was ultimately compelled not to with the arrival of weapons and reinforcements sent by the Papacy. O'Neill returned to Ulster, where the Ulster Army set up winter

masks:
Owen Roe O
Owen Roe


title: Owen Roe O'Neill

texts:
 headquarters at the town of Belturbet in County Cavan.The army, now better trained and experienced than ever before, emerged a transformed force in the spring of 1646, and prepared to destroy the Covenanters. Battle of Benburb

In 1646 O'Neill, with substantial Gallowglass numbers and additionally furnished with supplies by the Papal Nuncio, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, attacked the combined Protestant Laggan Army militia and Scottish Covenanter army under Major-General Robert Monro, who had landed in Ireland in April 1642. On 5 June 1646, despite being outnumbered and outgunned, O'Neill utterly routed Monro at the Battle of Benburb, on the Blackwater killing or capturing 3,000 Scots. However, he was summoned to the south by Rinuccini, and so was unable to take advantage of the victory, and allowed Monro to remain unmolested at Carrickfergus. Upon receiving the news of the Confederate victory, the Pope, delighted at the news of a Catholic triumph over the Protestants, sent O'Neill the sword belonging to his great uncle, the Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, who had led the rebellion against the English in the Nine Years' War. After the defeat in the conflict, he had fled Ireland during the Flight of the Earls in an attempt to gain support from Catholic powers in Continental Europe, where he died in Rome in 1616. Coup d'état and siege of Dublin

In November O'Neill and Preston attempted to besiege Dublin.On 2 November they sent an ultimatum to Ormond to admit a Catholic garrison into the town. When Ormond refused, the two generals marched to Lucan west of Dublin where they were joined by the Nuncio. With winter approaching and hearing that Parliamentarian troops had landed in Dublin, O'Neill abandoned the siege. Campaigns of 1647

By 1647, the Confederate council was becoming increasingly concerned that the Royalist garrison in Dublin was planning to hand the city over to the Parliamentarians rather than let it fall into the hands of the Irish. For this reason, O'Neill and Preston were ordered to join forces to capture the city before any Parliamentarian forces could arrive. This was the largest army ever put together by the Confederates. O'Neill and Preston set up camp between Lucan and Celbridge.Neither man was the overall commander, with both holding equal levels of command. However neither man trusted the other, and their personal dislike of each other led to constant argument and bickering between the two. For a month or so they could not agree on a plan of action and in this time the city was handed over to the Parliamentarians under the command of Michael Jones. The Royalist commander of Dublin, Ormond, said he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones". Afterwards, both generals retreated. O'Neill then went on the campaign throughout northern Connacht, particularly against English strongholds in County Sligo. This campaign had mixed success, but O'Neill was recalled to Leinster after Preston was defeated by the Parliamentarians near Trim, County Meath.O'Neill drove Jones and his army back to Dublin while the Leinster army regrouped. O'Neill, who was still in northern Leinster, was again called to Preston's aid when the Leinster army was almost destroyed by Jones at the Battle of Dungans Hill. As the remainder of Preston's army retreated, O'Neill arrived just in time to mount a successful rearguard action and annihilated the Parliamentarian advanced guard pursuing Preston. However, with the Leinster army now severely damaged, Leinster was in a precarious position. Afterwards, O'Neill returned to southern Ulster. Factionalism and disillusionment

In March 1646 a treaty was signed between Ormond and the Catholics, which would have committed the Catholics to sending troops to aid the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. The peace terms, however, were rejected by a majority of the Irish Catholic military leaders and the Catholic clergy including the Nuncio, Rinuccini.O'Neill led his Ulster army, along with Thomas Preston's Leinster army, in a failed attempt to take Dublin from Ormond. The Irish Confederates suffered heavy military defeats the following year at the hands of Parliamentarian forces in Ireland at Dungans Hill and Knocknanauss, leading to a moderation of their demands and a new peace deal with the Royalists. This time O'Neill was alone among the Irish generals in rejecting the peace deal and found himself isolated by the departure of the Papal Nuncio from Ireland on 23 February 1649. So alienated was O'Neill by the terms of the peace the Confederates had made with Ormond that he refused to join the Catholic/Royalist coalition and in 1648 his Ulster army fought against other Irish Catholic armies. He made overtures for alliance to Monck, who was in command of the Parliamentarians in the north, to obtain supplies for his forces, and at one stage even tried to make a separate treaty with the English Parliament against the Royalists in Ireland. With O'Neill aligned with the Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini had the power to excommunicate those who supported the treaty with the Royalists, at which point more than 2,000 men deserted from Preston's Leinster Army and joined O'Neill's forces. O'Neill later relieved Parliamentarian commander Charles Coote, who was under siege in Derry by the Covenanters, in return for a herd of 2,000 cattle.However, upon hearing of Oliver Cromwell's landing in Ireland and the subsequent Sack of Drogheda, and failing to obtain any better terms from the Parliamentarian forces, he turned once more to Ormond and the Catholic confederates, with whom he prepared to co-operate more earnestly when Cromwell's arrival in Ireland in August 1649 brought a war of horror. Death and legacy

O'Neill died on 6 November 1649 at the O'Reilly stronghold of Cloughoughter Castle on an island in Lough Oughter in County Cavan. One belief was that he was poisoned by a priest who was working for the English, another that he died from an illness resulting from an old wound. However, it is now widely believed that he died from complications to do with gout, which he had complained about several days before his death. Given O'Neill's well-known excellent defensive abilities, and immense experience in siege warfare, he could have been a serious threat to Cromwell's invasion, and that would be reason enough to assassinate O'Neill. However, there is no evidence to support this, and it is generally accepted now that he died of gout. Under cover of night he was said to have been brought to the Franciscan abbey in Cavan town for burial.Local tradition is that he was buried at Trinity Abbey, on an island in Lough Oughter. His death was a major blow to the Irish of Ulster and was kept secret for some time. After his death, the command of the Ulster army fell to his son <mask> until a replacement was found. Catholic nobles and gentry met in Ulster in March to appoint a commander to succeed O'Neill. Their choice was Heber MacMahon, Bishop of Clogher. The Ulster army was unable to prevent the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, despite a successful defence of Clonmel by O'Neill's nephew Hugh Duff O'Neill and was destroyed at the Battle of Scarrifholis in Donegal in 1650. Its remnants continued guerrilla warfare until 1653 when they surrendered at Cloughoughter Castle in County Cavan.Most of the survivors were transported to serve in the Spanish Army. In the 19th century, O'Neill was celebrated by the Irish nationalist revolutionaries, the Young Irelanders, as a patriot. Thomas Davis wrote a song about O'Neill, "The Lament for <mask> Roe", first published in the Young Ireland newspaper The Nation. Drawing on an older tune composed by Toirdheallbhach Ua Cearbhalláin O'Carolan (English: Turlogh O'Carolan), it portrays his death as an assassination and the main cause of the subsequent defeat to Cromwell's English Republican forces. Its first verse is:

“Did they dare, did they dare, to slay <mask> O’Neill?”
“Yes, they slew with poison him they feared to meet with steel.”
“May God wither up their hearts! May their blood cease to flow,
May they walk in living death, who poisoned <mask>.”

Tommy Makem composed a song, "The Battle of Benburb", which commemorates O'Neill's 1646 victory over the Scottish Covenanters. Commemoration
O'Neill is commemorated in the names of several Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Northern Ireland, including (in Armagh) Eoghan Ruadh Middletown; (in Derry) CLG Eoghan Rua, Coleraine; (in Dublin) St Oliver Plunketts/Eoghan Ruadh GAA, and (in Tyrone) Brackaville Owen Roes GFC; <mask> O'Neill's GAC, Leckpatrick; Dungannon Eoghan Ruadh Hurling Club, in Down, Kilcoo Owen Roes GAC and the defunct Benburb Eoghan Ruadh GAC

The Irish Army opened a new barracks in 1990, to replace the old military post in Cavan Town since 1707?, and named it "Dún Uí Néill" (O'Neill's Fort or Fort of O'Neill).A & Sp companies of the 29th Infantry Battalion conducted border patrols and Aid To Civil Power operations from here. It was subsequently closed in 2012 during Defence Forces restructuring. Citations

Sources

 – 1643 to 1660
 – Snippet view

 – (online edition)

Further reading

Davis, Thomas, Lament for the Death of <mask> O'Neill

Lenihan, Padraig, Confederate Catholics at War
de Mesa, Eduardo ‘The career of <mask> O'Neill in the Spanish Army of Flanders (1606-1642): documentation held in Spanish archives’, Archivium Hibernicum. Irish Historical Records, 67 (2014), pp. 7-24. Ó Hanrachain, Tadhg, The Catholic Reformation in Ireland
Rankin, Deana, Between Spenser and Swift – English Writing in seventeenth century Ireland

Wheeler, James Scott, Cromwell in Ireland

External links

 British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638–60
 Turlough O'Carolans "Cumha Eoghain Ruaidh Uí Néill" or "Lament for <mask> O'Neill"
 Thomas Davis, "Lament for the Death of <mask> O'Neill"

1580s births
1649 deaths
17th-century Irish people
Irish expatriates in Spain
Irish expatriates in France
Irish expatriates in Belgium
Irish expatriates in the Netherlands
Irish generals
O'Neill
O'Neill
Irish soldiers in the Spanish Army
O'Neill dynasty
People from

masks:
Henry Roe
Owen
Owen Roe
Owen Roe
Owen Roe
Owen Roe
Owen Roe
Owen Roe
Owen Roe


title: Grace DeMoss

texts:
<mask> (born 1927) is a former competitive women's American amateur golfer from Oregon. She was the first Pacific Northwesterner to be named to the United States Curtis Cup team in 1952 and then again in 1954. After retiring from competitive golf, Zwahlen was elected to numerous sports Halls of Fame. From 1986 to 2017 she gave back to the game of golf by serving as a girls' golf coach at high schools in Oregon and Southern California. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Corvallis, Oregon, one of five daughters of <mask>, a Corvallis businessman. She started playing golf as a teenager at the Corvallis Country Club, though she was initially more interested in equestrian sports. She entered her first tournament, the Portland Open, in 1945 and came in last place.In her next major tournament a year later, the Pacific Northwest Golf Association Amateur, she made the semifinals, and then a year after that, lost in the finals. Her first tournament victory came in the 1947 Portland City Amateur. Golf success
After her win in Portland, she entered tournaments across North America, primarily on the west coast. In 1949, she won her first major tournament, the Canadian Women's Amateur. Following that win, she played throughout the winter in California to keep her game sharp. In 1950, she won the Pacific Northwest Amateur Championship played at Capilano Golf and Country Club in West Vancouver, British Columbia. She followed this victory with a semifinalist finish at the U.S. Women's Amateur, and was a finalist at the Canadian Women's Amateur, the Women's Trans-Mississippi, and the Oregon Women's Amateur, and was medalist at the Women's Western Open.In 1952, she was named to the United States' Curtis Cup team, the first golfer from the Northwest to receive the honor. However, that year, the American team lost the Cup for the first time since its inception. Two years later, in 1954, <mask> was again named to the team. This time, <mask> and her team reclaimed the Cup at the matches contested at Merion Golf Club. Following her early success, she relocated to Florida to play golf year round where she won Florida Women's Amateur championships in 1955, 1957, and 1958. She returned to the Northwest to claim three straight Oregon women's amateur titles from 1956 to 1958. She continued to play competitively into the 1960s before retiring to start and raise her family.From 1986–2006, she was the girls' golf coach at Crescent Valley High School in her hometown of Corvallis, Oregon and from 2007–2017 she was the girls' freshman/sophomore golf coach at Santa Margarita Catholic High School in Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Personal
<mask> graduated from Oregon State University in 1952, but did not compete collegiately as Oregon State did not have a women's golf team until the 1970s. Following her graduation, <mask> married Howard K. Smith and golfed as "Mrs. <mask> Smith" or "Mrs. Howard Smith" for several years. She was later married to Fred C. Zwahlen Jr., who was the founder and chairman of the Department of Journalism at Oregon State, from the late 1950s until his death in 2004. <mask>'s family is linked to several other Oregon sports legends. Her sister Maxine married Oregon State football and basketball player Don Durdan, and another sister, Rae Ardis, married Durdan's teammate Quentin Greenough. Durdan, was the MVP of the 1942 Rose Bowl game and, in 1998, was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame.After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, Durdan went on to play professional football for the San Francisco 49ers. Her brother-in-law, Ernie Zwahlen, played football at Oregon State and was the starting defensive tackle on Oregon State's 1957 Rose Bowl team and 1962 Liberty Bowl team. He went on to become an offensive line coach for the New York Jets, San Francisco 49ers, Houston Oilers and Baltimore Colts. Later he was a minority owner of the Houston Aeros professional hockey team. <mask>'s nephew, Dave Roberts, was the first overall player selected in the 1972 Major League Baseball draft, by the San Diego Padres. Roberts had a 10-year MLB career playing for the San Diego Padres, Texas Rangers, Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies. <mask> resides in Coto de Caza, California and has two children, daughter Molly Katherine Zwahlen Walsh (husband Mark Walsh) also of Coto de Caza and son Skip <mask> Zwahlen of Venice, California.Honors
She was named to the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1986, the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Pacific Northwest Golf Association Hall of Fame in 1993. and the Corvallis High School Hall of Fame in 2016.

masks:
Grace DeMoss Zwahlen
DeMoss
Ray DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss
Grace DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss
DeMoss