title: Shawn Carpenter

texts: <mask> is an American Navy veteran and whistleblower (previously employed by Sandia National Laboratories) who tracked down a Chinese cyberespionage ring that is code-named Titan Rain by the FBI. He came to national attention when his story was reported on in the September 5, 2005 issue of Time magazine. <mask> was an employee of Sandia National Laboratories, investigating security breaches in its networks. However, upon tracking several breaches of Sandia, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Redstone Arsenal, and even NASA, dating back to 2003, <mask> noticed patterns that began to appear to link the attacks to a single group. He was impressed by the meticulous, voracious and incredibly fast manner (sometimes completed in less than 30 minutes) in which the hackers operated. Such observations led him to alert the federal government of his findings. The Titan Rain hacking operation was first reported in an August 25, 2005 Washington Post article by Bradley Graham, which didn't mention <mask>.Graham listed anonymous governmental officials as his sources. After informing his supervisors of the breaches, he was told that his only concern should be Sandia computers, and to drop the issue. His employment was later terminated when <mask> disobeyed his management and communicated the information about the security breaches first to United States Army Cyber Counterintelligence Special Agents, who verified his information and later brought in the FBI. The FBI requested a Senior DAC Counterintelligence agent known in the counterintelligence community by the nickname "Doc" to handle <mask> and lead the operation on behalf of the FBI. <mask> was a confidential informant for the FBI for almost half a year before Sandia discovered his actions. <mask> reportedly felt betrayed by the termination, as he viewed his actions were a service to his country, similar to that of his previous military service. According to <mask>, during his termination hearing at Sandia, Bruce Held, Sandia's chief of counterintelligence, yelled "[you're] lucky you have such understanding management... if you worked for me, I would decapitate you!There would at least be blood all over the office!" During the subsequent court case, Held testified that he did use the word "decapitate" and, while he did not recall using the word "blood," would not contest it. He also apologized. <mask> sued Sandia National Laboratories for wrongful termination and defamation; a jury awarded him almost $4.7 million in compensatory and punitive damages on February 13, 2007. The jury more than doubled the punitive damages requested by <mask>'s attorneys Thad Guyer, Stephani Ayers and Philip Davis. The 13-person New Mexico state district court jury determined that Sandia's handling of <mask>'s termination was "malicious, willful, reckless, wanton, fraudulent or in bad faith." Juror Ed Dzienis said that, "If they (Sandia) have an interest in protecting us, they certainly didn't show it with the way they handled <mask>."Ms. Alex Scott, the jury forewoman, said jurors were upset by the lack of documentation of the process and by the "reckless behavior on the part of Sandia to not have adequate policies in place for employees about hacking, and the cavalier attitude about national security and global security." <mask>'s wife, Dr. Jennifer Jacobs, testified at the trial. Dr. Jacobs, a former Sandia scientist, nuclear engineer, West Point graduate, and Army Reserve Major, said Sandia management questioned her loyalty to the company after her husband was fired. Dr. Jacobs left Sandia and was later appointed as a White House Fellow, and was a director at the United States National Security Council. In an interview with the Albuquerque Journal, Dr. Jacobs stated, "The point for us all along was this is bad for the country to have contractors like Sandia Corporation behaving this way -- with impunity. And if other citizens don't do this, it's the beginning of the end for our country. That's what we kept coming back to: This is what we have to do, because it's what we expect of others."Sandia Corporation, the private entity that manages Sandia National Laboratories on behalf of the National Nuclear Security Administration, the Department of Energy and Federal Government of the United States, was a wholly owned subsidiary of the for-profit Lockheed Martin Corporation. In an ironic twist, <mask> testified at trial that he found hundreds of pages of detailed schematics and other sensitive documents labeled, "Lockheed Martin Proprietary Information" and "Export Controlled" regarding the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter stashed on a foreign server in South Korea. He was helping the FBI investigate the stolen Lockheed Martin information along with hundreds of other network breaches at military and United States defense contractors when Sandia officials fired him. , <mask> is employed at NetWitness Corporation, a startup headed by Amit Yoran, former director of the National Cyber Security Division within the United States Department of Homeland Security. In March 2007, Sandia National Laboratories retained three additional attorneys at the international corporate defense firm of Baker Botts. In post-trial motions, Sandia attorneys unsuccessfully argued to throw out the jury verdict, to reduce the judgment to zero, and for a new trial. <mask>'s attorneys successfully argued a motion for post-judgment interest and Sandia was ordered to pay an interest rate of 15% per year on the final judgment of $4,742,146.66 (plus attorney fees) during the appeals process.In April 2007, Sandia attorneys filed a motion to appeal the jury verdict. Sandia National Laboratories posted a $5.8 million supersedeas bond to prevent <mask> from seizing Sandia assets during the appeals process. Interest in the amount of almost $60,000 a month accumulates while Sandia pursues their appeals. According to news reports, Sandia plans to appeal to the New Mexico Supreme Court, if necessary, which could take years. On October 14, 2007, The Albuquerque Journal published a story ("Analyst, Sandia Settle Suit") that stated that Sandia had dropped its appeal of the verdict. According to the story, the judgment had been accumulating 15 percent interest since the verdict in his favor in February 2007. The piece also related that <mask> continues to work in the national security area for clients in the intelligence community, federal agencies and the military.

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title: White Swan

type: original

texts:
<mask> (18501904), or Mee-nah-tsee-us in the Crow language, was one of six Crow Scouts for George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment during the 1876 campaign against the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne. At the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation, <mask> went with Major Reno's detachment, and fought alongside the soldiers at the south end of the village. Of the six Crow scouts at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, <mask> stands out because he aggressively sought combat with multiple Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, and he was the only Crow Scout to be wounded in action, suffering severe wounds to his hand/wrist and leg/foot. After being disabled by his wounds, he was taken to Reno's hill entrenchments by Half Yellow Face, the pipe-bearer (leader) of the Crow scouts, which no doubt saved his life. On the 27th, after the battle, Half Yellow Face made a special horse travois for <mask> and moved him down the Little Horn valley to the Far West steamship, moored at the junction of the Bighorn River and the Little Horn, so he could get medical care from army physicians. <mask> was treated in a temporary Army hospital at the junction of the Bighorn and Yellowstone rivers. At the Crow encampments on Pryor Creek, other returning scouts reported that <mask> had died, but he survived his wounds.Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, <mask> continued for five years (1876 to 1881) to serve as a scout with the U.S. Army, though he was disabled from wounds received in the battle, including a severely deformed right wrist and hand, and a wound in his foot/leg which caused him to limp. In photographs, <mask> also had a scar on his forehead where he had been struck with a war club in a separate battle with a Sioux warrior. Either from this blow or from other sources, <mask> could not hear and thus was unable to speak in his later life. Eventually, he was awarded a small army pension. In <mask>'s later life, he lived at the Crow Agency, after it had been moved in 1884 to its present site in the Little Bighorn valley in Montana, close to the site of the battlefield. When he could no longer be an Army scout, <mask> began to produce drawings that represented key events in his life, including events of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. These drawings were bought by visitors to the Crow Agency and the nearby Custer Battlefield, providing <mask> with a welcome source of income.These drawings have now been discovered by collectors and their artistic value has been recognized. They have recently become the subject of collectors, exhibitions, books and university theses, and prints of his drawings are now commercially produced. While living at Crow Agency, <mask> was painted by the artist J.H. Sharp, who knew him and described him as "Jolly, good natured and a general favorite." <mask> was also photographed by Frank Rinehart, and by William A. Petzolt, producing photos included in this article. <mask>'s wife had died when he was only 23 before he became an army scout, and he did not remarry. He lived for a time with an aunt, "Strikes By The Side Of The Water" who was also the mother of Curly, another Crow scout, and he and Curly were known in the Crow Agency community as brothers, though their personalities were said to be the opposite of each other.He died in 1904, leaving no direct descendants. He is buried in the National Cemetery at the Little Bighorn Battlefield at a location described below. Although his early death and his inability to hear and speak left him out of the limelight that later fell on the other surviving Crow scouts, his outstanding bravery during the battle and his artistic ability established an enduring legacy. Biography

Early life, names

<mask> was born in approximately 1851 though some sources state his birth date was in 1850 or 1852. He had been raised in the traditional manner of his tribe, and would have acquired warrior status in his early teens through deeds of bravery. <mask> married, but his wife died in 1873, before his enlistment as an army scout. He never remarried.In historical references <mask> Swan is also referred as "Strikes Enemy" and "<mask> Goose" or Mee-nah-te-hash in the Crow language. Army service as a Crow scout in the Great Sioux War of 1876

Background of the Great Sioux War

From 1870, the Crows had complained about hostile Lakotas encroaching from the east on Crow Indian reservation lands. The Crows requested that the U.S. Army take actions against these Sioux trespassers. From the point of view of the Crow Tribe, in 1876 finally something was going to be done. However the Great Sioux War of 1876 that engulfed the life of <mask> Swan, started because the U.S. Government also had its own larger agenda. Gold had been found in 1873 in the Black Hills on reservation lands granted the Sioux tribe by the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868). The gold strike had been made public in 1874 and by 1875 a full scale gold rush was underway.Motivated by growing unemployment caused by the Panic of 1873 ever-increasing numbers of gold seekers poured the Black Hills, establishing mining centers and boom towns. Being on the Sioux Reservation, these towns and mines were completely outside the usual framework of laws and jurisdictions for U.S. Territories, which generated chaotic conditions resulting in, among other things, no reliable base of organized law enforcement owing to the absence of federal law jurisdiction, as well as no federal marshals, courts or judges. Another important factor was the economic impact of the panic of 1873 which had left workers unemployed and the dollar devalued by a return to a de facto gold standard, augmenting a national priority for continued and increasing production from gold mines in the Black Hills. The U.S. Government had tried unsuccessfully in 1875 to bring the Sioux living on the reservations to a conference to consider modifying the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty by the U.S. repurchasing the Black Hills back from the tribe. However in Article XII of that treaty any modification of treaty lands required the agreement of 3/4 of the tribe's adult males, and there were large bands of "off-reservation" Sioux (including influential leaders Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Crow King, Rain in the Face, Gall and many others) who did not reside on the reservations and who also did not want to cede the Black Hills back to federal control. These bands lived year round in their traditional migratory way on the huge hunting preserve in the “unceded Indian Territory” in Wyoming, Nebraska and South Dakota given the Sioux by Article XVI of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) which included the vast area extending westward from the Black Hills across the entire Powder River Basin to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains.In the fall 1875, the U.S. Government gave up on fair or equitable methods and sent out messengers to each band with an impossible ultimatum — to leave their winter camps in the hunting preserve and immediately return to their agencies in the Dakota Territories by January 31, 1876. When this predictably did not occur, as deep winter restricted travel of migratory bands, in February of 1876 the Government directed army columns to converge from the south, east and west on these "off-reservation" Sioux bands in their remote encampments, with orders to bring them back to their agencies, by force if necessary. Enlistment with the 7th Infantry, early skirmishes
One such military column commanded by Col. John Gibbon was instructed to proceed from Ft. Ellis, near present day Bozeman, Montana and march eastward, down the Yellowstone River and take up a position in southern Montana Territory to block the "off reservation" Sioux from crossing north of the Yellowstone River. In furtherance of this mission, on April 9, 1876, Col. John Gibbon went with Lt. James Bradley to the Crow Indian Agency, which was then located on the Stillwater River Drainage in Montana, to recruit Indian scouts. In an embarrassing two-hour council the chiefs of the Mountain Crows expressed their reluctance to help the expedition. They pointed out that Indian warriors traveled light and fast and struck quickly, whereas the soldiers marched slowly with wagons and thus never found the enemy. Fortunately for Gibbon, the young Crow braves did not follow the elders' advice, and sought adventure.On April 10, 1876 some twenty five Crows were enlisted for six months in the 7th Infantry by Lt. James Bradley, chief of scouts, including <mask> Swan and Half Yellow Face. On April 13, 1876, the Crow Scouts went with Gibbon's 7th Infantry force of 477 persons, as they marched down the north side of the Yellowstone, arriving opposite mouth of the Bighorn River on April 20. Gibbon then moved eastward again along the north bank of the Yellowstone to
a camp opposite the mouth Rosebud Creek. The Crow Scouts ranged across (south) south of the Yellowstone, and located the main Sioux village in the process of moving from Tongue River valley to the Rosebud valley in May 1876. In the course of this move, the Crow scouts skirmished with Sioux scouts. Meanwhile, General Alfred Terry's column was marching east from Fort Lincoln, in the Dakota territory, and Terry rendezvoused with Col. Gibbon's column opposite the mouth of Rosebud Creek on June 21, 1876. General Terry's command included the 7th Cavalry under General George A. Custer.Scouting activities with Custer's 7th Cavalry leading up to the Battle of the Little Bighorn

On June 21, <mask> was detached from the 7th Infantry to go with the 7th Cavalry, along with five other Crow Scouts who were Half Yellow Face (leader of the Crow Scouts), <mask> Man Runs Him, Goes Ahead, Hairy Moccasin, and Curley. The 7th Cavalry, under the command of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer was ordered by General Terry to follow the trail of the large encampment of "off-reservation" Sioux who lived nomadic lives off the Great Sioux Reservation in present South Dakota. This group was making an annual westward spring migration from their camp on the Powder River valley to the Tongue and then to the Rosebud Valley, and on to the Little Bighorn. Custer was ordered to locate the encampment of these "off-reservation" Sioux on the Rosebud Creek, or in the adjacent Little Bighorn Valley, around 20 miles (30 km) inside the eastern border of the Crow Indian reservation. The six Crow Scouts shared duties with 26 Arikara (Ree) Scouts, under a Chief of Scouts Lt Charles A. Varnum,. However, the Crow scouts knew the Rosebud country much better than the Arikara because this had been traditional Crow country for centuries. As far back as 1805 records indicated that fur trader Francois-Antoine Larocque had camped with a band of Crows in what was later determined to be Little Bighorn River.The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 gave the Crows a large reservation running west from the Powder River that including the river drainages of the Tongue, the Rosebud, and the Little Bighorn river valleys. The repeated aggressive westward incursions of Sioux bands beyond the Powder River in the 1850s and 1860s led to another treaty, the later 1868 Crow Treaty of Fort Laramie, which established a new western boundary for the Sioux/Crow reservations at the 107 Meridian, which ran north-south and generally separated the Rosebud drainage on the east from the Little Bighorn (aka Greasy Grass) drainage on the west. This boundary area was a sort of no-man's land with both Sioux and Crows hunting on it, and warriors from both tribes crossing it to raid and steal horses from each other. The six Crow scouts joined Custer on June 21. "They are magnificent-looking men, so much handsomer and more Indian-like than any we have ever seen, and so jolly and sportive ... " wrote Custer to his wife, Elizabeth B. Custer. He also pointed out why it was important to get them connected to the U.S. Army, "I now have some Crow scouts with me, as they are familiar with the country." Charles A. Varnum spelled it out in his reminiscences, "These Crows were in their own country."Since this was their ancestral homeland, the Crow scouts were relied on to undertake important scouting assignments for Custer in the days after June 21 leading up to the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25. When Custer struck the trail of the "off-reservation" Sioux, the scouts' count of 400 to 450 lodges in the encampment confirmed army sources of an "off-reservation" nomadic group of about 800 warriors. This compared favorably to Custer's force of about 600 troopers. However this initial assessment on June 21 was made on encampments dating back to May 21, when the Sioux/Cheyenne crossed from the Tongue River to the Rosebud Valley. As the scouts followed this trail up the Rosebud, past Lame Deer Creek and then on to the divide with the Little Horn Valley, they found the older trail increasingly joined and overlaid by many newer trails. These newer trails were left by many other bands of Sioux/Cheyenne coming from the reservations to join the original "off-reservation" Sioux for their yearly summer gathering. Although it was not appreciated at the time, these late arriving bands of Sioux/Cheyenne swelled the encampment from 400 to about 960 lodges, able to field close to 2000 warriors.Custer's prior experience in pursuing other Indian bands indicated that an Indian group would scatter if they knew they were being pursued. Custer used the Crows to check these trails to rule out a dispersal of the encampment he was following. Custer tended to disregard the Crow scouts' intelligence that more and more Indians were gathering together. On the early morning of June 25, 1876, <mask> and other Crow Scouts ascended a high point on the divide between the Little Bighorn River and Rosebud Creek. From this lookout point (which later became known as the "Crow's Nest") the scouts saw very large horse herds on the western margins of the Little Bighorn Valley, some 15 air miles away. These large horse herds indicated an unexpectedly large Sioux/Cheyenne encampment. The encampment itself was out of sight on the valley floor.The Crow scouts questioned the wisdom of attacking such a large encampment. However, Custer was focused on his concern that his

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title: White Swan

texts:
 force had been detected that morning by Sioux scouts, and he feared that if he did not attack at once, the large encampment would break up into many smaller bands which would scatter in all directions, thus escaping and avoiding the decisive engagement the army hoped for. Custer accordingly made plans for an immediate attack, and as he proceeded down Reno Creek toward the Little Bighorn Valley, he created four separate detachments, intended to prevent the encampment from scattering, and to strike the village from different directions. Reno with three troops would attack the south end of the village. Custer with five troops would attack the north end of the village, and Benteen with three troops would scout briefly to the south and then join the battle to assist the other detachments; Lt. McDougall's remaining troop would act as rear guard protecting the pack train. Wounded in action at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

As the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, <mask> and the chief Crow Scout Half Yellow Face, along with Arikara scouts accompanied the detachment under Major Reno. The Indian scouts were told to stampede the horse herd on the western margins of the camp.Reno's detachment charged the south end of the village as ordered, but as warriors poured out to defend the village Reno ordered the troops to dismount and form a skirmish line. This outpouring of Sioux warriors frustrated the plan of the scouts to stampede the horse herd, and the scouts, including <mask> and Half Yellow Face began to fight alongside the cavalrymen. They were soon engaged in furious combat with swiftly increasing numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. At one time, <mask> was faced by six warriors. As more warriors swarmed out of the village, Reno's detachment pulled back into a patch of nearby timber along the river. After taking more losses in the timber, Reno ordered a retreat out of the timber and across the river and up onto the bluffs on the east side of the valley. By the time Reno had ordered the retreat across the river, <mask> had suffered severe bullet wounds in the right hand or wrist and in the foot, knee or leg (reports differ), and also could not hear, either from being hit on the head with a war club or because a rifle was fired close to his ear (reports differ).The soldiers' retreat from the timber disintegrated into a rout, and the Sioux closed in on the now disorganized mass of retreating troopers, killing the stragglers and the disabled. Back in the timber, Half Yellow Face got the wounded <mask> on a horse and shielded by the timber, waited until the mass of Sioux warriors had turned their attention to Custer's column, now approaching the north end of the village, after which Yellow Face led the horse across the river and up the bluffs to the location where the Reno detachment was digging in, and where they were later reinforced by the other detachments under Captain Benteen and Lieutenant McDougall. This action by Half Yellow Face probably saved <mask>'s life. Troopers with Reno later recounted how <mask>, though wounded, wanted to continue fighting, and disabled though he was, tried to crawl back to the firing lines. After Reno's men fled across the river, the now thoroughly aroused and mobilized Sioux and Cheyenne drew back, and then launched a fresh attack to the north on Custer's separate detachment of five companies (about 210 men) who were now firing into the north end of the village. At this point the Sioux outnumbered Custer's men by about 8 to 1. Custer's detachment was first driven back to a low ridge east of the valley, and then overwhelmed and killed to the last man.This intense engagement lasted about an hour during the afternoon of June 25, 1876, after which the warriors returned to press the attack on Reno's entrenched position on the bluffs. The next day, June 26, the Sioux continued the attack on the beleaguered Reno contingent, where <mask> lay in the section for the wounded. However, Sioux scouts reported the approach from the north of the large army column under Generals Terry and Gibbon. In the late afternoon and evening, the Sioux and Cheyenne ended their siege of Reno and Benteen and hastily broke camp and withdrew south, up the Little Bighorn Valley. Medical care following the battle, disability

The next day, June 27, 1876, Half Yellow Face made a horse travois designed to carry the wounded <mask> in a sitting position, and used this to carry him about 12 miles from the battle site to the steamer Far West on the Bighorn River so <mask> could get more medical care. <mask> was carried on the Far West about 40 to 50 river miles down the Bighorn to the Yellowstone, where he was left in a temporary hospital facility with some of the less seriously wounded soldiers. Almost immediately after the battle, the three scouts White Man Runs Him, Goes Ahead and Hairy Moccasin left for the main Crow encampment which was "two sleeps" away on the mouth of Pryor Creek, and Gibbon's other Crow scouts went with them.At the village they reported that both <mask> and Half Yellow Face had been killed. Curly and Half Yellow Face had not gone with the other scouts to the Crow Village, and had returned with Gibbon to the mouth of the Big Horn where <mask> was in the temporary army hospital. On July 4, Col. Gibbon gave Curly and Half Yellow Face leave, but kept <mask> in the hospital so that he could continue to get medical treatment and recover. <mask> was sufficiently badly wounded that his recovery was delayed. When he finally returned to his relatives and friends at the Crow village, they said it was like having the dead return. Records show that <mask> was discharged from Army scout duty in September 1876, but reenlisted in the Army for scouting activities in November 1877, through it is unlikely his wounds were healed by this time. He continued a recovery from his wounds, but suffered disabilities from them for the rest of his life.Later life, after the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Although disabled, <mask> managed to remain an Army scout for much of the remaining five years (1876-1881) following the Battle of the Little Bighorn. When the Crow Reservation was further limited in size, the Agency was moved in 1884 from the site of present-day Absorakee, Montana on the Stillwater River to its present location at present-day Crow Agency in the Little Bighorn Valley, very close to the site of the battle. <mask> also moved to the new agency site. <mask> continued to be limited by his battle wounds. <mask> had lost the lower half of his right hand, and he had a right wrist that was permanently deformed to bend sharply inward. (See photo above taken from the right side, showing injured wrist). He also limped from the bullet wound in his leg and/or foot.He was deaf and dumb, reportedly from a blow to his forehead by a war club in a battle with a Sioux warrior, probably at a time different than the Little Bighorn Battle. J.H. Sharp, the noted western painter, came to know <mask> while he was living at Crow Agency, Montana and painting the Crow people. Sharp painted <mask>. He made this note to accompany the painting. Reno's scout in Custer battle, wounded many times, picked up in battlefield two days later -- deaf and dumb from stroke of war club in forehead. A good artist in Indian picture-writing.Jolly, good natured and a general favorite. A full brother, and direct opposite in character of 'Curley', Custer's scout." Although <mask> was quite limited in speech, probably owing to his deafness, he could still communicate by using the sign language of the Plains Indians. Statements from <mask>'s army pension file indicate that his wife had died in 1873, before he enlisted as an Army scout, and he never remarried. The 1885 Census recorded him as living with a widowed aunt named "Strikes By The Side Of The Water". This aunt was the mother of Curley, another Crow Scout, which would make <mask> and Curley cousins, though the artist, J.H. Sharp knew <mask> as the brother of Curley.In 1894 <mask> was crippled and unable to hear or speak. In 1897 he applied for and received a pension of $17.00 a month for his military services. The 1900 census lists <mask> as "widowed" and the only member of his household. <mask>'s only other relative was Sage Woman, a half sister on his father's side, which meant she was from another Crow tribal clan than <mask>, since clan relations are passed down through mothers. These facts indicate that <mask> lived in a more isolated fashion than he would have otherwise done, had he had a larger base of Crow relatives, either by blood or by clan. He died leaving no direct descendants and there were no indication of adoptive children, further indicating a limited group of close Crow relatives, by blood or clan, unusual in the Crow culture. Artistic abilities

<mask> was known for his artistic abilities.While living at the Crow Agency in the Little Bighorn valley, he made drawings to illustrate key events in his life, including his role in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. At least fifteen drawings have been attributed to <mask>, and others remain to be discovered. Though not signed, his drawings can be identified by the many scenes they share, and by similarities in style with the few for which his authorship is definitely known. In addition to his separate drawings, sources indicate that <mask>, though disabled, created drawings and paintings on pages from accounting ledgers to depict his role in the famous battle. <mask> also drew and painted on larger sheets of muslin canvas, showing multiple deeds from his life. In <mask>'s later recollection of the Battle of the Little Big Horn, before the battle started he watched the Lakota camp through a handheld telescope with his warhorse standing close by - this recollection would later become a favorite scene of the artist <mask> to illustrate his role in the battle. Over the years since <mask> died, his artistic abilities have been recognized and his drawings have been collected.<mask> has emerged in Crow history as a talented artist. <mask> would have needed income after he had ceased to be an army scout and living at Crow Agency, just a few miles from the site of the famous battle, he found a ready market for this art. The famous battlefield drew visitors, and to a lesser extent so did the Crow Agency. These visitors included military men, government employees and other persons interested in the history of the famous battle, or simply interested in the Crow culture. Though <mask> could not serve as a guide or interpreter for visitors of the battle field as the other scouts did, owing to his speech impediment, his art allowed him to provide something unique to visitors who wanted to return home with an illustration that genuinely represented their encounter with Indians of the West. <mask>'s art showing his war deeds ideally captured the essence of the Indian warrior tradition based on heroic acts. In addition to his drawings, <mask>'s craftsmanship is shown in his personal items, and particularly his tomahawk, pictured (a) in the photo above (which may be enlarged) and (b) further shown and described at this footnoted web source.A tomahawk in the Northern Plains warrior culture could evolve from being a weapon to an item carried primarily to count coup, which transformed the item into one possessing spiritual significance. Adornments to <mask>'s tomahawk (see item pictured in footnoted source, or in the photo above), probably indicated brave war deeds, and/or instructions of critical spiritual import, received through visions or through the intervention of a spiritual leader/mentor (a "medicine man"). When living at Crow Agency on the Little Bighorn river, <mask> had a tepee which had drawings around the lower portion that depicted the Custer battle. A picture of the tepee is at the footnoted citation. In his later life, <mask> was photographed by Frank Rinehart, and by William A. Petzolt. See photos provided above. <mask>'s tomahawk and his drawings remain today as a legacy of his time.<mask>'s art is now drawing increasing attention from collectors, and they have been the subject of exhibits, and the subject of University thesis. and collections. Some of <mask>'s works were collected as part of the Paul Dyck collection of Plains Indians art and artifacts, and are now part of the collection at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming. Death and burial

<mask> died on August 12, 1904, at the age of 53 or 54. Having never remarried after the death of his wife when he was 23, <mask> left no direct descendants to carry on his name or his legacy. <mask> was buried at the Little Bighorn National Cemetery in the section set apart for veterans. See the photos which indicate his grave marker and his grave site.Places or things named after <mask>
The White Swan Memorial Library at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument also houses the office of the park historian, and is located in the historic stone house (the original superintendent's headquarters). According to the National Park Service, this facility contains the finest collection of research materials available on the battle of the Little Bighorn, as well as other related historical events. Visits to the library and to the park historian are by appointment. See also
 Half Yellow Face
 White Man Runs Him
 Hairy Moccasin
 Goes Ahead
 Curley
 George Armstrong Custer
 Marcus A. Reno
 Battle of Little Bighorn
 Great Sioux War of 1876
 Crow Nation

References

External links
 Description of <mask> Swan's Tomahawk, containing facts about <mask> Swan. Collection of the National Museum of the American Indian
 Crow Scouts at the Little Big Horn
 White Swan -- Crow Has photos of <mask> in 1899, and also paintings of <mask> by Joseph Henry Sharp, and Elbridge Ayer Burbank. Father Lindesmith's Collection  Includes photos of drawings by <mask> on Muslin, and comments on <mask>'s life. 1850 births
1904 deaths
Crow tribe
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Native American United States military personnel
United States Army Indian Scouts
People of pre-statehood Montana
Burials in Montana
Battle of the Little Bighorn
People from Crow Agency,

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White Swan
White Swan
White Swan


title: Tanguturi Prakasam

texts:
<mask> (23 August 1872 – 20 May 1957) was an Indian politician and freedom fighter, chief minister of the Madras Presidency, and subsequently became the first chief minister of the new Andhra state, created by the partition of Madras State along linguistic lines. He was also known as Andhra Kesari (Lion of Andhra). The Andhra Pradesh government issued G.O RT-2500 on 10 August 2014 declaring his birth anniversary a state festival. Andhra Kesari 9 feet Statue in Parliament houses, Statue was Unveiled by Kocheril Raman Narayanan, Presidents of India on 5 May 2000. Andhra Kesari was the first Biopic movie on a Chief Minister, which was directed by Vijayachander. It was released on 1 November 1983, on the Andhra Pradesh Formation day. Early life
<mask>m was born into a Telugu speaking Niyogi Brahmin family of Subbamma and Gopalakrishnayya in the village of Vinodarayunipalem,  from Ongole in Madras presidency (now Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh).When he was 11, his father died and his mother had to run a boarding house at Ongole, a profession that was looked down upon at the time. When E. Hanumantha Rao Naidu, his teacher at school, moved to Rajamahendravaram, he took Prakasam along with him as that place had better opportunities for education. He acted in Gayopakhyanam by Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham in 1890 along with his teacher. He was interested in becoming a lawyer since childhood, but Prakasam failed his matriculation examination. However, he managed to go to Madras and become a second-grade pleader. Returning to Rajamahendravaram, he eventually became a successful lawyer. He was elected as Municipal Chairman of Rajamahendravaram in 1904 when he was 31 years old.This election was a tough one at that point in time. He was funded for his education by zamindar Kanchumarthi Ramachandra Rao, who was at that time being guarded by raja Vogeti Ramakrishnayya garu, a wealthy landlord and a municipal councilor for a long time and honorary magistrate at Rajamahendravaram whose hierarchy was taken by Ramachandra rao. Prakasam was given utmost support by Ramachandra rao even though they are in opposite sides of politics. In England

During one of his professional visits to Madras on a court case, a barrister was impressed with his legal acumen and suggested that he become a barrister. As a second-grade pleader, Prakasam could not argue cases at higher courts as only barristers were allowed to do so. Prakasam took the idea to his heart and decided to go to England to pursue legal studies. It was considered a sacrilege to cross the seas during those days.However, as Mahatma Gandhi had done before him, Prakasam made a promise to his mother that he would abstain from eating non-vegetarian food, smoking and drinking. He reached England in 1904. In England, he joined the Royal India Society and worked for the election of Dadabhai Naoroji to the House of Commons. In the service of public

After completing the barrister course with a certificate of honour in London, Prakasam relocated to Madras high court. He was one of the only Telugu barristers to be successful; until then, most of the successful lawyers were either European or Tamil. He dealt with both civil and criminal cases. Of the latter, one of the important cases was the Ashe murder case.Ashe was the Collector of Tirunelveli and was shot dead in 1907 by Vanchinathan. This was at a time when Bipin Chandra Pal, the nationalist leader from Bengal, was touring the region, making fiery speeches on nationalism. <mask> defended one of the accused and ensured that he got away with a light sentence. <mask> also edited Law Times, a legal magazine. The same year he presided over Bipin Chandra Pal's lecture at Madras when others were afraid to come forward, given that the government of the day considered Pal's speeches to border on sedition. He started attending the Congress Party sessions regularly after the Lucknow Pact and signed the Satyagraha pledge in October 1921. He gave up his lucrative law practice.He also started and was the working editor of a newspaper Swarajya (literally self-rule). The paper was published simultaneously in English, Telugu and Tamil. <mask> ran a national school and a khādī production centre. He was elected the general secretary of the Congress Party in December 1921 at the Ahmedabad session. Whenever there was unrest or strife such as a riot, he tried to be there so as to comfort people. He visited Punjab during Akali Satyagraha and the Hindu-Muslim riots in Multan. He toured Kerala during the Moplah rebellion despite a ban on visitors from outside the area and had his property at Ooty attached by the government as a consequence.In 1922, during the non-cooperation movement, he organised a demonstration by 30,000 Congress volunteers at Guntur. In 1926, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly on a Congress Party ticket. Andhra Kesari appellation and struggle for independence

When the Simon Commission visited India, public decided to boycott it with the slogan "Simon, go back". There were a host of reasons for this boycott, the most important being that the commission did not have a single Indian in its ranks. The commission was greeted with demonstration of black flags wherever it went. When the commission visited Madras on 3 February 1928, <mask> Pantulu gave the slogan "Go back Simon Commission".The English soldiers warned the demonstrators headed by Prakasam. They threatened to shoot if they (the demonstrators) moved an inch forward.<mask> Pantulu baring his breast came forward. This made the British soldiers dumb struck. This exemplary courage earned him the title "Andhra Kesari". After this incident, he was known respectfully as "Andhra Kesari" (the Lion of Andhra). In 1930, when the Congress party wanted all the legislators to resign, he did so but was not convinced about its alternative programme and hence contested and won the by-election. He joined the Congress Party led by Madan Mohan Malaviya but resigned from it as well and persuaded others to do so after Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Party broke the salt tax law with the Dandi March. <mask> also resigned as a legislator and was at the forefront in breaking the tax law at Madras.In the meantime, he had to suspend the publication of Swarajya due to the high deposit demanded by the government. It was revived after the Gandhi–Irwin Pact of 1931 but it had to be suspended again due to cash flow problems. Unsuccessful attempts were made to restart it again in 1935. In 1937, Congress Party contested the provincial elections and achieved majority in Madras province, among others. Though <mask> was in the running for Prime Minister's post, he made way for Rajaji, who returned to active politics as per the wishes of the Congress Working Committee. <mask> became the revenue minister – his major contribution was the founding and chairing of the Zamindari Enquiry Committee which looked at the structural distortions in agriculture perpetrated due to the Zamindari system followed by the British Government. With the onset of World War II, the Congress ministries resigned from office as they were not consulted by the government about India's participation.<mask> was the first prominent leader from South India to offer individual satyagraha against the war effort in 1941. <mask> was arrested and jailed for more than three years for participating in the Quit India movement of 1942. After his release in 1945, he toured South India to get back in touch with the masses. Prime Minister of Madras Presidency

In 1946, after the Congress' victory in elections in Madras Presidency, <mask> became the Prime minister on 30 April 1946, as he and Kamaraj, a Tamil leader, were against Rajaji – the choice of leaders such as Gandhi and Nehru – becoming the Prime minister. However, the government lasted for only 11 months, as it was felt that Prakasam was not accommodating enough to various interests and corruption charges. As Prakasam went against his interest, Mahatma Gandhi faulted Prakasam for accepting gifts and using party funds, ordered <mask> to resign from congress party. During his tenure as Premier, <mask> publicly declared his intention to scrap all existing textile industries in the province and replace them with khadi manufacturing and weaving units.In February 1947, Communists broke into a full-scale revolt. On Vallabhbhai Patel's advice, Prakasam responded with widespread arrests and tough crackdown on arsonists. Post-independence

Prakasam visited Hyderabad State in 1948, while the Nizam was still in power, although Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru warned against doing so because of concern for his personal safety. He met Qasim Rizvi, the leader of the Razakars, and warned him about "pushing his luck too far".. In 1952, he formed the Hyderabad State Praja Party (Hyderabad State People's party) and ensured that all the sitting ministers of the Congress Party were defeated. However, Praja party could not come into power by its own and the coalition that he put together collapsed even before a show of strength could be contemplated. Meanwhile, in December 1952, Potti Sreeramulu died fasting for the cause of a separate state for the Telugu-speaking people.On 1 October 1953, the state of Andhra was created and <mask> was unanimous choice for Chief minister of the new state. He was not only the party's choice, but the people's choice too. However, due to corruption charges and opposition from the communists and halting support from the socialists, the government fell after a year. Mid-term elections were held in 1955 by which time <mask> had more or less retired from active politics. On 1 November 1956, Telugu-speaking parts of the erstwhile Hyderabad State were merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. Marathi-speaking parts (Aurangabad region) of the Hyderabad state were merged with Bombay State (which later split into Gujarat and Maharashtra) and Kannada-speaking parts (Gulbarga region) were merged with Mysore State. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, a future President of India and a staunch follower of Prakasam, became the chief minister.Prakasam was active in touring the state promoting harijan issues (dalit issues). On one such visit to a harijanwada near Ongole, he suffered from severe sunstroke. He was admitted to a Hyderabad hospital and died there on 20 May 1957. Institutions named after Prakasam

 Sri Tanguturi Prakasam Memorial Institute of Advance Studies in Education, Nellore, SPSR Nellore Dt, Andhra Pradesh. [STPM IASE]
 Sri Prakasam Government Junior College & High School (1974) – Addanki, Prakasam district
Andhra Kesari Centenary Junior College Degree College – Rajamahendravaram
 Prakasam Engineering College – Kandukur, Prakasam district
 Sri Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu Government Junior College – Yanam, Yanam district (near East Godavari district)
 Andhra Kesari Yuvajana Samiti – a socio-cultural organisation, est. 1962
Andhra Kesari Prakasam Junior College – Chirala, Prakasam district
 Prakasam Public School – Inkollu, Prakasam district
 Andhra Kesari Vidya Kendram Junior College – Ongole, Prakasam district
 Sri Prakasam Vidya Niketan High School, 6-3-609/150/1 – Anand Nagar Colony, Hyderabad district
 Andhra Kesari Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu Government High School (AKTP High School) – Satyanarayana Puram, Vijayawada
 Prakasam Nagar Begumpet Telangana
 Prakash Nagar (Prakasam Nagar previously), Rajamahendravaram
 Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu Airport, Rajamahendravaram
 Prakasam centenary Memorial High school, Rajamahendravaram,
 Andhra Kesari Nagar(A.K.Nagar), SPSR Nellore District,
 Nrithya Prakasha Varshini (Bangalore)-Dance school started by Prakasam Grand daughter Shyamala Muralikrishna

Autobiography

Prakasam's autobiography is titled Naa Jeevitha Yatra (My Life's Journey) and published by Telugu Samithi. This book has four parts – the first two are about his early life and his involvement in freedom fighting in India, the third is about getting independence and government formation in Andhra Pradesh, and the last (written by Tenneti Viswanadham) discusses his political career and the changes he brought to Andhra.Emesco published them as a single hard cover edition in 1972. References

Telugu people
1872 births
1957 deaths
People from Prakasam district
Indian tax resisters
Tamil Nadu ministers
Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India
Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Chief ministers of Indian states

masks:
Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu
Tanguturi Prakasa
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam


title: Wilfried Stallknecht

texts:
<mask> (12 August 1928 – 22 December 2019) was a German architect, planner and furniture designer. He was known chiefly for his significant role in shaping Germany's post-World War II built environment – particularly that of the former East Germany (GDR) – through his major contributions to the designs of the country's ubiquitous, iconic and often standardized housing blocks – the so-called Plattenbau – as well as a similarly ubiquitous and standardized single-family house design known as the EW58. He was affiliated with the GDR's Bauakademie from 1959 to 1973 and served as planner for the town of Bernau bei Berlin from 1974 to 1984. Life and Works
Stallknecht was born in Geringswalde, Germany in August 1928. In 1932, Stallknecht's father bought a vacant factory in Geringswalde in which he began producing clocks and tables. His mother was an accountant. At the factory he entered a carpentry apprenticeship which was interrupted in 1944 upon his conscription into an anti-aircraft auxiliary.After the war, the family factory was expropriated, becoming a state-owned enterprise, the Geringswalde Table Factory, and there the son completed his apprenticeship. After a compulsory work detail in 1949 at a uranium ore mine of the Soviet-German Bismuth Corporation (SDAG Wismut), Stallknecht entered the Fachschule für angewandte Kunst in Erfurt (College of Applied Art) where he studied interior design and obtained a cabinetmaking diploma, graduating in 1951
The following year he joined the Project Planning Berlin state-owned enterprise and participated in the design of interiors for prestigious East German buildings such as the Wilhelm Pieck High School at the Bogensee. Joining the newly founded Design Institute (Institut für Entwurf, later Zentralinstitut für Typung) a year later, he witnessed the genesis of the GDR's standardized housing structures, which would go on to be a major influence on his career. Around this time he became interested in architecture proper and in 1954 designed a standardized series of private homes which he later described as "a blow to increasing standardization", as a number of different houses could be built based on it. They were not mass-produced, however, due to the diversity of floor plans and window sizes. A commission for a series of houses resulted in the design known as the EW58, which went on to become widely popular, with about 500,000 being built in the GDR beginning in 1958. The house was relatively affordable, often constructed by the owners with the help of neighbors, and has an important role in the material form of the country's postwar peri-urban and rural life.The EW58's simple design was frequently modified by its owners in an ad-hoc fashion with individualized elements such as enlargements, finished basements, and balconies. By 1959 Stallknecht was a researcher for the architect Hermann Henselmann at the Bauakademie, focusing on "industrial" building for providing rapid access to new housing for large numbers of people. Together with the architects Achim Felz and Herbert Kuschy he developed the "P2" panel building system. The standardized apartment blocks based on this design provided clean new housing on an unprecedented scale for millions whose homes had been damaged or destroyed in the war. For the first prototype building, in Berlin's Fennpfuhl district, he designed an open pass-through between kitchen and living-dining area, an influential innovation that came to be a defining feature of countless apartments of the era. The prototype building has been under historic preservation protection since the 1980s. His involvement with the P2 continued through the course of his affiliations with a number of institutes at the Bauakademie.It was Stallknecht's idea to add curves to the P2 type, first realized at Berlin's Lenin Square (now United Nations Plaza) in a housing development commonly referred to as the Wohnschlange (housing-snake). Later he and Felz developed a P3 type, and the Plattenbau 69 study from around the same time later became the basis for the widely built WBS 70 building series. At the Berlin-Weißensee Art College he undertook postgraduate studies, writing a thesis, "Residential Building Requirements of Advanced Socialist Society in the GDR", and in 1978 completing a doctoral dissertation, "Plattenbau Construction Concepts for the Transformation of Inner-City Residential Areas". In addition to lecturing at the Hochschule für Architektur und Bauwesen Weimar he completed his habilitation with the dissertation "Flexible Space in Industrial Housing in the GDR". In 1974 Stallknecht became director of planning for the town of Bernau, ten kilometers north of Berlin. His projects included the Cafe am Pulverturm, the Steintor tavern, and most notably, prefabricated handicapped-accessible housing. Stallknecht's carpentry training served as preparation for his work on interiors and furnishings design, such as his 1968 design for the "Selio" convertible armchair-ottoman-daybed, although as of 2013 it had not found a manufacturer.Stallknecht remained active after the 1990 German unification, participating in symposia, serving as consultant for the town of Bernau, and planning and building a passive-solar house. He submitted more than 20 patents – as late as 2013 – including one for a "slide-tipping" construction method (Gleit-Kipp-Verfahren) for erecting residential buildings in a horizontal position and then raising them upright. Similar methods can be applied to chimney construction, resulting in economies and cost savings. In 2013, it was noted that Stallknecht worked on retrofitting solar cells to balconies and facade elements for a public housing society in Dresden. Small wind turbines for housing complex roofs were also under consideration. Stallknecht lived with his family in the Fennpfuhl district of Berlin in a prefabricated housing complex. He died in December 2019 at the age of 91.Bibliography

 Engler, Harald (2014). <mask> <mask> und das industrielle Bauen: Ein Architektenleben in der DDR. Berlin: Lukas Verlag. Entwerfen im System. Der Architekt Wilfried Stallknecht. Ausstellungskatalog, 2009 (Online; PDF; 57,1 MB)
 Wagner, Volker (2010). Stallknecht, <mask>.In: Wer war wer in der DDR? 5. Ausgabe. Band 2 Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. . External links
 Interview with <mask> Stallknecht (Video, 7:25 Min.) Interview with <mask> Stallknecht

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German architects
Buildings and structures in East Germany
Housing estates in Germany
Luftwaffenhelfer
Modernist architects

masks:
Wilfried Stallknecht
Wilfried
Stallknecht
Wilfried
Wilfried
Wilfried


title: Aaron Sprinkle

texts:
<mask> (born March 20, 1974) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer from Seattle, Washington. Career
His career in music began in high school with a group called BellBangVilla. BellBangVilla became Poor Old Lu and they released a number of albums (see below). <mask> also sang and played lead guitar in Rose Blossom Punch, and has produced albums independently. On his solo releases, he plays almost all instruments except drums, and his wife Karina occasionally writes lyrics. He was hired as producer for Tooth & Nail Records in 2001, and works out of Compound Recording Studios in Seattle, Washington. In 2005, <mask> formed the band Fair with Joey Sanchez, Nick Barber, and Erick Newbill.Fair released its debut album The Best Worst-Case Scenario on Tooth & Nail Records in June 2006. He is the brother of drummer Jesse Sprinkle. Jesse played with <mask> in Poor Old Lu, and was also an early member of Demon Hunter, on whose albums <mask> has produced the majority. Discography

With Poor Old Lu (1990–2002)
 In Love with the Greenery (As BellBangVilla) (1990)
 Three Song Demo (Cassette only) (1991)
 Star-Studded-Super-Step (1992, 1995 & 1998)
 Mindsize (1993)
 Split 7″ with Mortal (1993)
 Sin (1994)
 Straight Six (1995)
 A Picture of the Eighth Wonder (1996)
 In Their Final Performance (1998)
 Chrono [1993-1998] (1998)
 The Waiting Room (2002)

With Rose Blossom Punch (1997–1999)
 Ephemere (1997)
 So Sorry to Disappoint You (1999)
 Par Avion 7″ vinyl

Solo (1999–present)
 Moontraveler (1999)
 The Kindest Days (2000)
 Really Something EP (2001)
 Bareface (2001)
 Live: The Boy Who Stopped the World (2003)
 Lackluster - Best Of (2004)
 Water & Guns (2013)
 Real Life (2017)
 Escaping Light (2018)
 Instrumentals, Vol. 1: Alexandria (2018)
 Instrumentals, Vol. 2: Unravel (2019)
 Instrumentals, Vol. 3: North Coast (2019)

With Fair (2006–present)
 The Best Worst-Case Scenario (2006)
 "Carelessness" (CD single) (2006)
 Disappearing World (2010)

With Blank Books (2017–present)
 EP1 (2017)

Contributions

Solo
 "A Christmas Song for All Year Round" (from Happy Christmas Volume 3 – 2001, Tooth & Nail Records)
 "I Know There's an Answer (Hang On to Your Ego)" (from Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson – 2002, Silent Planet Records)

With Rose Blossom Punch
 "Sowing in the Sun" (from Artcore Vol.I – 1996, Tooth & Nail Records)
 "Based on a True Story (Demo)" (from Music for Meals: Take Time to Listen Vol. III – 1997, SaraBellum Records)
 "See It in Me" (from Artcore Vol. II – Tooth & Nail Records)

Album credits
<mask> has production, engineering, or other credits on albums by the following bands:

 <mask>
 Producer, engineering, co-writer, and additional instruments and vocals on Anthem Song
 Acceptance
 Producer on Black Lines to Battlefields, Phantoms, and Colliding By Design
 Adie
 Producer on Don't Wait
 The Almost
 Producer and additional vocals on Southern Weather
 Producer on Monster Monster
 Anberlin
 Producer, engineering, and mixing on Blueprints for the Black Market
 Producer and engineering on Never Take Friendship Personal
 Producer on Godspeed EP and Cities
 Producer and engineering on Vital
 Vocal production and engineering on Lowborn
 Beth Orton
 Blenderhead
 Producer on Prime Candidate for Burnout
 Brooke Barrettsmith
 Producer on Brooke Barrettsmith
 Bugs in Amber
 Mixing and instruments on Rocketship Letters
 Capital Lights
 Producer of This Is an Outrage! Calibretto 13
 Producer on Adventures in Tokyo
 Copeland
 Co-producer of You Are My Sunshine
 Damien Jurado
 Mixer on I Break Chairs
 Dead Poetic
 Producer of New Medicines, Vices and The Finest
 Demon Hunter
 Producer on all albums (except Live in Nashville and 45 Days)
 Co-producer, programming, and keyboards on Storm the Gates of Hell
 Co-producer on Extremist
 Keyboards on The Triptych''''
 Disciple
 Producer on Long Live the Rebels Dolour
 Co-producer of Suburbiac Eisley
 Co-producer of Marvelous Things E.P. and Room Noises Emery
 Producer on The Question and ...In Shallow Seas We Sail Additional vocals for ...In Shallow Seas We Sail Additional instruments and vocals on We Do What We Want Every Avenue
 Producer on Bad Habits Falling Up
 Producer on Crashings Co-writer and producer on Captiva FM Static
 Producer of What Are You Waiting For? Co-producer of Dear Diary and My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go! Work.Death The Divorce
 Engineering on The Divorce EP Thousand Foot Krutch
 Producer of the Phenomenon, Welcome to the Masquerade, The End Is Where We Begin, Oxygen: Inhale, and Exhale
 Wes Dando
 Producer and co-engineer on The Tired Hours
 Zao
 Co-producer on Legendary

References

External links

 Poor Old Lu
 Fair
 Interview @ Christianity Today from early 2004
 <mask> on Pure Volume

1974 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from Washington (state)
American performers of Christian music
Tooth & Nail Records artists
Musicians from Seattle
Singer-songwriters from Washington (state)

masks:
Aaron Sprinkle
Aaron Sprinkle
Sprinkle
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron Gillespie
Aaron Sprinkle


title: Rudy Rupak

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask> born 14 Nov 1968) is a serial entrepreneur best known for introducing the business of medical tourism as the founder of the world's first medical tourism company, PlanetHospital. He is also known for producing Snowboard Academy

Early life
<mask> was born on 14 Nov 1968 in Chiswick, UK. Prior to PlanetHospital, <mask>'s serial entrepreneur skills started at the age of 17 when he sold his first software business to a company that was eventually acquired by Corel Corp. just shortly after graduating high school. After a year at University of Calgary, another year at Simon Fraser and then at the University of Kwaazulu Natal, South Africa, <mask> returned to Canada to pursue his love of film. <mask> spent three years at various film distribution companies before finally starting his own production company, Millennium Multimedia. Millennium was responsible for several video games including PRIMORTALS and Boardlords, the first computer game about snowboarding. In 1996 <mask> produced Snowboard Academy for Colombia Tri-Star Entertainment, as well as She's Too Tall For Me.In 1996, <mask>'s company Millennium Multimedia was mistaken for a company involved in Y2K initiatives and he seized upon the opportunity to create a software that would scan a PC's bios for Y2K compatibility. The company was taken public in 1997 under the name Planet City Software, trading symbol PINC. In 1998, <mask> created an online ecommerce software tool the ecommkit before exiting PINC to join American Apparel as its first CTO. While at American Apparel, <mask> created a call center named ContactStation in Thailand, followed by partnering with Stewart Title, to introduce title insurance to India. Contact Station was sold to Loxley Inc and the title insurance endeavour fizzled out but on a trip back from India, when his wife became sick and was taken to a hospital in Bangkok, <mask> realized that there was potential in sending foreigners to Thailand for medical treatment and the medical tourism company Planethospital was born. Filmography
After spending three years in film distribution, <mask> started his own company called Millennium Multimedia Inc in 1995 to create content for television, internet, cd-rom and motion picture. Shortly thereafter, <mask> managed to get the interest of Columbia TriStar Home Video to co-finance Snowboard Academy which was a modest success on home video and HBO and continues to play on cable.<mask>'s next movie was The Final Goal, for which he took a special thanks to credit, and the She's Too Tall For Me, for MGM Home Entertainment (now a division of Sony). After the failure of trying to make another Snowboarding movie called Boardlords, <mask> returned to the software world but plans to return to motion pictures again. PlanetHospital
PlanetHospital was the world's first medical tourism company which <mask> started organically from his home while he was still CTO of American Apparel. The company grew organically from 2002 to 2005 and gradually accelerated its growth as the company was mentioned in several hundred media stories including Nightline, CNN, and Time Magazine. While PlanetHospital was germinating, <mask> was hired by an Indian video game production company, FxLabs, to lead the charge in animation and video game development. <mask> brokered a deal between FxLabs to create the ARCHIES videogame. In 2006, PlanetHospital became the first company to send a patient from the US to India for surrogacy.In late 2006 PlanetHospital sent the first gay patient to India for surrogacy and within two years surrogacy became a $100 million plus enterprise throughout the globe. In 2009, <mask> attempted to create an insurance product based on Medical Tourism, called DIASPORA, but the concept was deemed illegal by the California Department of Insurance and <mask> was forced to give up more shares to his investors who ultimately decided to take PlanetHospital public through a reverse merger with GlobalHealth Voyager (GLHV)(OTCBB: GLHV). GlobalHealth's board ordered PlanetHospital to focus on surrogacy only and forgo marketing other aspects of medical tourism, as aspect that <mask> was not too happy with, forcing <mask> to fight a long battle to get PlanetHospital back. Surrogacy controversy
<mask> was the first person to send a foreign patient to India for surrogacy. It was a huge risk for all parties but it was successful. In 2007 <mask> sent around 25 couples to India for surrogacy, the first year he offered the service. Based on this success, <mask> introduced the first gay surrogacy in India and soon Commercial surrogacy in India became a billion dollar industry.<mask> eventually introduced surrogacy to Panama, Greece and eventually Mexico. After GLHV acquired PlanetHospital, the board requested that <mask> only focus on surrogacy, a decision he vehemently protested against and ultimately led a fight to get the company back. By January 2013, GLHV officially settled out of court with <mask> to return PlanetHospital, however a month before, India had announced a ban on most surrogacy cases. This situation left PlanetHospital in a precarious position as over 20 of its clients paid for services but PlanetHospital's vendors were unable to perform services and most did not refund the moneys that were paid to them prior to the ban. Undaunted, PlanetHospital started to offer surrogacy in Mexico. After a huge legal expense to get his company back, and the ban on surrogacy in India that impacted close to 20 of his clients, <mask> worked with several vendors in Mexico and then attempted to purchase his own clinic in Cancun. He had hired a husband/wife legal team to assist with the challenges of surrogacy only to learn that they had started a competing company while being compensated by PlanetHospital.The team then went on to orchestrate a forced bankruptcy against PlanetHospital along with a campaign to destroy <mask>'s reputation. In an attempt to clear his name, <mask> met with the FBI on his own accord to discuss the many complaints they had received and pleaded guilty to bribery but then withdrew his plea. While fighting the bankruptcy challenge in court <mask> launched a lawsuit against the legal team with the understanding that any settlement would go to pay the debtors who lost money due to PlanetHospital's surrogacy disaster. Since this situation, <mask> currently develops mobile apps for licensing including most recently. LetsBingo, the world's first livestream bingo game, an online comic book based on Victor Hugo's Les Misérables. References

External links
  Official website

1968 births
Living people
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian film producers
University of Calgary alumni

masks:
Rudy Rupak
Rudy Rupak Acharya
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy Rupak
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy Rupak
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy Rupak
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy Rupak
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy
Rudy Rupak


title: Yoav Galant

texts:
<mask> (; born 8 November 1958) is an Israeli politician and former commander of the Southern Command in the Israel Defense Forces. In January 2015, he entered politics, joining the new Kulanu party. After being elected to the Knesset, he was appointed Minister of Construction. At the end of 2018, he joined Likud. <mask> also previously held the posts of Minister of Aliyah and Integration and Minister of Education. Biography
<mask> was born in Jaffa to Polish Jewish immigrants. His mother, Fruma, was a Holocaust survivor who had been on the SS Exodus as a child.Along with other Exodus refugees, she was deported by the British to Hamburg, and arrived in Israel in 1948. She was a nurse by profession His father, Michael, fought the Nazis as a partisan in the forests of Ukraine and Belarus, and also immigrated to Israel in 1948. He served in the Givati Brigade in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, including the Samson's Foxes unit, and was considered one of the finest snipers in the IDF. He participated in Operation Yoav, during which he was the first soldier to break into the fort at Iraq Suwaydan. He named his son for the operation. In Galant's youth, the family moved to Givatayim, where he studied at David Kalai high school. He received a BA in Business and Finance Management from the University of Haifa.Galant lives in Moshav Amikam. He is married to Claudine, a retired IDF lieutenant colonel. They have a son and two daughters. In 2011, Galant was tapped to succeed Gabi Ashkenazi as the Chief of General Staff by Defense Minister Ehud Barak. Although his appointment was approved by the government it was overturned due to allegations of building of an unauthorized access road to his home and planting an olive grove on public land outside the boundaries of his property. Military career
Galant began his military career in 1977 as a naval commando in Shayetet 13. In the 1980s, after six years of active service, he moved to Alaska and worked as a lumberjack.He then returned to the navy and served on a missile boat (including a position as deputy-commander of INS Keshet) and again in Shayetet 13. In 1992, Galant was earmarked by then-navy commander Ami Ayalon for the command of Shayetet 13, a position he was meant to take up in 1994. Galant preferred not to study during the two remaining years, and instead moved into the ground forces and in 1993 took up command of the Menashe (Jenin) Brigade of the West Bank Division. After serving for three years as commander of Shayetet 13, Galant moved up to command the Gaza Division. He also commanded the reserve 340th Armored Division (Idan Formation), and in 2001 became the Chief of Staff of the GOC Army Headquarters. Galant attained the rank of a major general when he became the Military Secretary of the Prime Minister in 2002. In 2005, Galant was appointed as commander of the Southern Command.During his tenure (that lasted until 21 October 2010), the Israel Defense Forces embarked on Operation Cast Lead against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. Galant commanded the operation and his role in the field and in the success of the operation gained praise and helped him in the race to chief of staff. The Israeli NGO, Yesh Gvul, filed suit against <mask>'s appointment as IDF chief of staff, claiming that his command role in Cast Lead confirmed him as a suspect in "grave violations of international law." Haaretz noted that Galant lobbied against an investigation of Col. Ilan Malka, the IDF commander who approved the airstrike that killed 21 members of the al-Samouni clan during Cast Lead. Galant's view was ignored as the military prosecutor general opened an investigation of the incident which was highlighted by the Goldstone Report (since disavowed by its author) as a possible serious breach of international law. Chief of Staff candidacy

On 22 August 2010, Minister of Defense Ehud Barak presented the candidacy of Galant for the post of the IDF's twentieth Chief of Staff to the government. It was expected that he would receive the promotion.<mask>'s appointment followed a controversy, where a forged document was transferred to Israel's Channel 2 which accused Galant of attempting to smear rival candidate Benny Gantz. On 5 September 2010, the government approved the nomination of <mask> <mask> as the next chief of staff, with only Likud minister Michael Eitan objecting. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the incoming IDF chief has "proven his worth during his 33 years of military service at the IDF's frontlines," and that "He's proven himself to be a courageous fighter, an excellent officer, and a responsible and serious battle commander." The PM added that Galant picked up on a legacy of "dedication and excellence" bequeathed by incumbent IDF chief Gabi Ashkenazi. The cabinet also approved Barak's proposal, according to which Galant would serve for three years, giving the defense minister power to grant a fourth. On 1 February 2011, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Ehud Barak canceled the appointment of Galant to the post of Israel Defense Forces chief. The announcement came after months of scandal surrounding his appointment due to allegations that he had seized public lands near his home in Moshav Amikam.After conducting an investigation into the allegations, Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein said that his findings "raise significant legal difficulties for the decision to appoint him." Weinstein said that it was up to the prime minister and defense minister to decide whether or not Galant could take up the post as new IDF chief of staff. Earlier in the day, Weinstein notified Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that he could not defend <mask>'s appointment as chief of staff due to legal impediments. On 30 December 2012, the local planning committee administrating land ownership issues and building licenses said that Galant had built his home in the northern community of Amikam on 350m² of property accidentally listed as his, unaware that it was actually public land. The decision didn't address two other issues still being investigated by the state comptroller and attorney general: the building of an unauthorized access road to his house and the planting of an olive grove that spilled over the boundaries of his property. Political career

Kulanu
In January 2015 <mask> joined the new Kulanu party. He was placed second on the party's list for the 2015 elections, and was elected to the Knesset as the party won ten seats.He was later appointed Minister of Construction in the new government. In January 2016, the New York Times published an op-ed by Galant in which he describes how important he believes it is for Jewish and Arab leaders to come together in promoting peace and equality in their shared country. As part of that effort, he and MK Ayman Odeh, leader of the Joint List alliance of Arab parties, together visited several Arab Israeli towns. "Together, we examined firsthand the challenges facing Arab Israeli communities so that we could bring about solutions," he notes. Likud
On 31 December 2018, <mask> quit his post as Housing and Construction Minister to join Likud. A day later he was appointed Minister of Aliyah and Integration. He resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next candidate on the Kulanu list, Fentahun Seyoum on 2 January 2019.As a Likud member <mask> was appointed Minister of Aliyah and Integration. After the formation of the Thirty-fifth government of Israel Galant was appointed Minister of Education. On 17 January 2021, reacting to a planned speech by director-general of B'Tselem Hagai El-Ad at the Hebrew Reali School, Galant, serving as the Minister of Education, published a directive to the Education Ministry to forbid all organizations whose causes contradict the Ministry's vision of the country as democratic, Jewish and Zionist, from entering schools. Specifically, Galant wrote, any organization which cites Israel as an "apartheid state", shall be forbidden from entering education centers in Israel. In 2021, as Minister of Education, Galant opposed Weizmann Institute professor Oded Goldreich receiving the Israel Prize in mathematics, due to him co-signing a 2019 letter that called for the German Parliament not to pass legislation defining the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement as anti-Semitic. On 8 April 2021 Israel's Supreme Court of Justice ruled in favor of Galant's petition so that Goldreich cannot receive the prize this year and gave Galant a month to further examine the issue. References

External links

1958 births
Living people
20th-century Israeli military personnel
21st-century Israeli military personnel
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Kulanu politicians
Likud politicians
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)
Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)
Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)
Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–present)
People from Jaffa
People named in the Panama Papers
University of Haifa alumni

masks:
Yoav Galant
Galant
Yoav Galant
Galant
Galant
Yoav
Galant
Galant
Galant
Galant
Galant


title: Nasos Ktorides

texts:
Athanasios "<mask><mask> (; born 10 November 1968) is a Cypriot entrepreneur and philanthropist, founding Chairman and CEO of the EuroAsia Interconnector electricity cable, Quantum Corporation, Quantum Energy, Quantum Cable and EuroAfrica Interconnector. He is first Cyprus Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. Life and work
Athanasios "<mask><mask> was born on 10 November 1968 in Nicosia, Cyprus. He studied at the American College of Greece in Athens and attended the Harvard Executive Leadership Programme in 2007 (now Harvard Professional Development Programme). <mask> is a firm believer in the motto "if you can dream it then you can achieve it". From an early age, he manifested his independence in what is achievable. He attempts to take the roads less traveled, without being confined to tried and tested solutions or secure boundaries.Ktorides's activities extend primarily beyond Cyprus and embrace the sectors of energy and banking. His company Quantum was instrumental in the establishment of the Commercial Bank of Greece in Cyprus, in which it was the second biggest shareholder after the Hellenic Republic. Quantum's Chairman, Mr. Athanasios <mask>, also acted as the bank's Executive Vice Chairman for a period of 7 years. The partnership created excellent results for the bank's development. He is also involved in electricity generation with five power plants of installed capacity 1422 MW connected to the Pan-European electric network. He has been actively working towards the strategic upgrade of Cyprus in the international energy arena, the key projects being the EuroAsia Interconnector and EuroAfrica Interconnector, eastern Mediterranean sub-sea electricity cables. The EuroAsia Interconnector will link Israel with Cypriot and Greek power grids with high-voltage direct current submarine power cable of length around
.It will have a capacity to transmit 2,000 megawatts of electricity in either direction. EuroAfrica Interconnector will link Egypt with Cypriot and Greek power grids through the island of Crete with high-voltage direct current submarine power cable of length around 1707 km. <mask>'s business philosophy derives from the values of honesty, integrity, altruism, a systematic approach to work and above all from highlighting the positive, be this related to his colleagues or projects on which he works. Philanthropy

<mask> <mask> also believes that it is necessary to reciprocate the gift of life with love towards our fellow human beings. For this reason in 2008 he formalized his longstanding altruistic activities with the establishment of a not-for-profit, philanthropic fund, the Athanasios Ktorides Foundation. The Foundation grants 10 full scholarships for studies in leading European and American universities for 2018—2019. A recent significant project is the support of the "Heroes Photovoltaic Park", the largest in Cyprus, with 10 MW of power on the land of the University of Cyprus.The Foundation was also the main organizer of the Quantum Nicosia Marathon in 2010  and has made significant
contribution to the arts, most importantly to secure and repatriate historically important documents and other works. It sponsors charity activities that benefit families, children with special needs,  orphans, children's shelters, and all other activities aimed at the protection and well-being of children. In 2009, his business scope and humanitarian sensibility was recognized by the Commonwealth of Dominica  as the ideal credentials for the post as Honorary Consul of the country in Cyprus. The Prime Minister of Dominica awarded him the "Dominica Medal of Honor", as well as the diplomatic passport of the country. Four international personalities, the President of the Republic of Serbia, the Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Dominica, the President of the Republic of Cyprus Glafkos Clerides  and the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece Ieronymos II of Athens, called upon UNICEF to use the good offices of <mask> <mask>. On February 8, 2012, UNICEF declared <mask> <mask> as National Goodwill Ambassador who, together with author Antonis Samarakis and principal of the Panthéon-Sorbonne University and rector of the Academy of Paris Eleni Glykatzi-Arveler,  completes the trio of personalities of the wider Hellenic world who have enjoyed such recognition to date. Albert Camus' letter

Marking the 50th anniversary of the execution of Michalis Karaolis on May 10, 1956, a handwritten manuscript by the philhellene Nobel laureate and philosopher, Albert Camus, appealing to Queen Elizabeth II for mercy for the young Greek Cypriot freedom fighter of the 1955-59 EOKA struggle for independence, was  acquired  from auction by <mask> <mask> and donated to the National Struggle Museum in Nicosia.In a letter of appreciation in June 2006, President Tassos Papadopoulos praised the benefactor. Karaolis, just 22 years old at the time, was credited with the execution on August 28, 1955, of a police officer, member of the Special Branch who had infiltrated the EOKA movement. On his way to rejoin the guerrillas headed by Grigoris Afxentiou in the Kyrenia mountains, Karaolis was captured and sentenced to death on October 28. He was hanged at the Central Prisons on May 10, 1956, together with Andreas Dimitriou, the first heroes of the independence struggle. Their bodies are buried at the memorial graveyard within the prisons and visited by thousands each year, during national holidays. Marathon  and sport

An active sportsman who believes that a "a healthy body builds a healthy mind", Nasos has participated in marathon events since 2008, participating among others in the Athens and Boston Marathons,

as well as in the North Pole and Antarctic Ice Marathon, while setting his sights to one day run in the Everest Marathon. North Pole Marathon is recognized as the northernmost marathon on earth and until now only several hundred people participated.<mask> <mask> had honour in 2012. to bring the Marathon Flame for first time to Antarctic Ice Marathon. He is founder of Quantum Nicosia Marathon in 2010. He is also a freefall skydiver and wingsuit pilot  trained in Russia, and a member of both the British Parachute Association and the U.S. Parachute Association. He is an experienced pilot and in his free time enjoys flying with his power paraglider. References

Literature
Honorable speaker at the Graduation Ceremony
Biography from Vice-rector of University of Cyprus
Honorable speaker N. Ktorides
Athanasios Ktorides Foundation. EuroAsia Interconnector

UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors
Cypriot male marathon runners
Skydivers
1968 births
Greek Cypriot people
People from Nicosia

Living people
Cypriot businesspeople

masks:
Nasos
" Ktorides
Nasos
" Ktorides
Ktorides
Ktorides
Ktorides
Nasos
Ktorides
Nasos
Ktorides
Nasos
Ktorides
Nasos
Ktorides
Nasos
Ktorides


title: Rodolfo Acuña

texts:
<mask>Rudy<mask>, Ph.D., (born May 18, 1932) is an American historian, professor emeritus at California State University, Northridge, and a scholar of Chicano studies. He authored the 1972 book Occupied America: A History of Chicanos, approaching history of the Southwestern United States with a heavy emphasis on Mexican Americans. An eighth edition was published in 2014. <mask> has also written for the Los Angeles Times, The Los Angeles Herald-Express, La Opinión, and numerous other newspapers. His work emphasizes the struggles of Mexican American people. <mask> is an activist and he has supported numerous causes of the Chicano Movement. He currently teaches an on-line history course at California State University, Northridge.Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California in 1932 to Alicia Elías who was from Sonora, Mexico. His father was from Cocula, Jalisco. <mask> says his academic counselor advised him to teach "Spanish" or "Physical Education" because "Mexicans don't have a history." This infuriated him, an outrage that motivated him to pursue a doctorate in history. His specialty was northern Mexico and the Mexican origin of people in the United States. His study led to his participation in the movement to begin Chicano Studies, giving a voice to Mexican Americans in education and history. An Educator

In 1958 <mask> began teaching at San Fernando Junior High, transferring later to Cleveland High School where he taught social studies until 1965 when he received a tenured position at Los Angeles Pierce College.He also taught adult high school to pay for his doctoral studies at the University of Southern California during which time he was active with the Latin American Civic Association and the Mexican American Political Association. He was the founding chair of the California State University, Northridge's Chicano/a Studies department, and his teachings began there in 1969. The CSUN Chicana/o Studies Department at CSUN presently has 28 tenured professors and offers 166 sections of Chicana/o per semester. In 1989, <mask> was a founding member of the Labor/Community Strategy Center, a civil rights advocacy group. Two years later he traveled to El Salvador as a correspondent for the Texas Observer covering its presidential elections. He has always sought to fulfill his lifelong query as to "how accurate were the interpretations of historians of the past", their reliability and objectivity. His books and lectures analyze and cross examine this query from his study of documents and life experiences.<mask> continues to call himself a Chicano because "Words have meanings, meanings that are supposed to be linked to reality. In creating a historical narrative the meanings should be clear and best describe the reality of the times. Meanings can be obscured for political purposes; we often call this doublespeak; we say one thing and mean another. The Chicana/o Public Scholar argues that the word Chicana/o best describes the area of studies called Chicana/o Studies and expresses the idealism that we as a community should be striving for. Foremost <mask> prefers to be known as a teacher, having taught four to five classes per semester for most of his career. U.S. Latino issues
At a lecture celebrating the release of his book US Latinos: An Inquiry (Greenwood Press, 2003) in 2003, he critically addressed  U.S. Latino Issues and the Latino label or identity. He delves deeply into what exactly defines a nation or culture; their similarities and differences; and what life experiences are necessary to differentiate one ethnocultural group from another.In his book he clearly notes the mistaken trend of describing a large and heterogeneous group like people of Latin American descent in the US under labels like Latino. He acknowledges the fact that many people are actually opposed to the term and that the media has arbitrary and whimsically imposed Hispanic and Latino as absolute and monolithic ethnic groups:

In 2008, <mask> and his wife Guadalupe Compeán edited a three volume anthology titled Voices of the U.S. Latino Experience (Greenwood Press). The work is the basis of his history of Chicana/o Studies at CSUN entitled In the Trenches of Academe where <mask>—based on his study of over 2000 documents on Latinos living in the United States—concludes that as yet there is no Latino History. He loosely builds on the points raised in Marx's National Question. His 2007, Corridors of Migration: Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933(Arizona 2007) breaks new ground in the transborder study of Chicano history, using documents on both sides of the border to document and explore the early urbanization and proletarianization of Mexican workers. "Is Antonio Banderas Latino?" During a lecture titled "Is Antonio Banderas Latino?"at Swarthmore College, his studies of the race, age, history and class of the Chicano identity were compared and contrasted to the definition of the alleged Latino identity of U.S.A.  His question "should a Spaniard get affirmative action for Latinos without the life experience? "—where life experience meant that one needed to suffer discrimination—was answered no. This has been a recurring theme in his work: that civil rights entitlements are not automatic, but reserved for those who have historically experienced racial and class discrimination. No matter what people may think of Banderas as a person, he is European and not part of a class that has historically suffered discrimination. In 2002, <mask> opposed the nomination of Miguel Estrada, a Honduran immigrant whose father owned a plantation in Honduras, to the Washington, D.C., Circuit Court. Discrimination
In 1992 <mask> sued the University of California, Santa Barbara for discrimination; the judge dropped the race discrimination cause of action; the political cause of action had previously been dropped because it missed the statute of limitations filing. A jury found that Acuña had been discriminated on the basis of his age, but Federal Judge Audrey Collins refused to compel the University to hire him, instead awarding him a monetary compensation of $325,000, which <mask> used to establish a foundation that he, his wife and his supporters started to help the victims of employment discrimination in higher education.The For Chicana Chicano Studies Foundation recently launched a web site. Aside from awarding tens of thousands of awards for court costs the foundation gives an average of $7,500 annually in scholarships. Legacy

Acuña's archives are held in the Special Collections and Archives section of the Library at California State University, Northridge. Honors
 Outstanding Academic Title by CHOICE Magazine for Corridors of Migration: The Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600–1933, 2009
 National Hispanic Institute, Lifetime Achievement Award, Austin, Texas, 2008
 Community Coalition South Central Los Angeles, 9th Annual Gala Dinner, Activist-scholar award, 2008
 The Labor/Community Strategy Center Award, May 2007
 Center for the Study of Political Graphics (CSPG), Historian of the Lions Award at 18th Anniversary Dinner in Los Angeles on Saturday, October 13, 2007
 National Hispanic Hero Award, March 11, 2006, Chicago, 24th Annual National Conference. United States Hispanic Leadership Institute,
 LA Weekly LA People 2006, April 21–27, 2006, p. 108, Featured as one of 100 LA shakers and movers
 Symposium on the Works of Rodolfo F. Acuna, California State Northridge, May 2005
 Selected As One of the "100 Most Influential Educators of the 20th Century," Black Issues In Higher Education
 Recipient of the Gustavus Myers Award for an Outstanding Book on Race Relations in North America
 Distinguished Scholar Award, National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies
 Homenaje University of Guadalajara Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalupe and the State of Guadalajara Mexico for the Outstanding Scholar of U.S.-Mexico Studies
 Emil Freed Award for Community Service, Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research
 Founder's Award for Community Service, Liberty Hill Foundation
 American Council of Learned Societies Award
 Rockefeller Humanities Fellowship

References

Bibliography
2017   Assault on Mexican American Collective Memory, 2010–2015: Swimming with Sharks. Lexington Books. 2008	Voices of the U.S. Latino Experience [Three Volumes].Greenwood Press. 2007	Corridors of Migration: Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933. University of Arizona Press. 2007	Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. 6th edition. New York: Longman . 2004	US Latinos Issues.Greenwood Press. 2004	Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. 5th edition. New York: Longman. 2000	Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. 4th edition. New York: Addison, Wesley & Longman.1998	Sometimes There is No Other Side: Essays on Truth and Objectivity. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 291 pp. Honorable Mention for Gustavus Myers Award for an Outstanding Book on Race Relations in North America. 1997     Truth and Objectivity and Chicano history. East Lansing: Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University. 1996	Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles.London: Verso Press, 1996. 320 pp. Recipient of the Gustavus Myers Award for an Outstanding Book on Race Relations in North America. 1988 	Occupied America: A History of Chicano. 3d Edition. New York: Harper and Row. 475 pp.Recipient of the Gustavus Myers Award for an Outstanding Book on Race Relations in North America. 1988	Sound Recording: Occupied America a history of Chicanos. Publication: Salt Lake City, Utah : Utah State Library Division for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. Cassette tape. 1984 	Community Under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River, 1945-1975. UCLA. 560pp.1981	El Caudillo Sonorense: Ignacio Pesqueira y sus tiempos. Mexico D.F. : ERA. 191 pp. 1980 	Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. 2nd Edition. New York: Harper & Row.437 pp. 1976 	America Ocupada. Ediciones ERA. 342 pp. 1974 	Sonoran Strongman: The Times of Ignacio Pesqueira. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 179 pp.1972 	Occupied America: The Chicano Struggle Toward Liberation. New York: Harper & Ro., 282 pp. 1971     The story of the Mexican Americans; the men and the land. Sacramento: California State Dept. of Education. 1970 	Cultures in Conflict: Case Studies of the Mexican American. Los Angeles: Charter Books.140 pp. 1970 	A Mexican American Chronicle. New York: American Book Co. 210 pp. 1969 	The Story of the Mexican American. New York: American Book Co. 140 pp. External links
<mask> Acuna at CSUN
"Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles", biography from Verso books. For Chicana Chicano Studies Foundation, http://forchicanachicanostudies.wikispaces.com/
Corridors of Migration: Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933 (University of Arizona Press Dec 2007) http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/BOOKS/bid1858.htm
Voices of the U.S. Latino Experience Three volumes(Greenwood 2008)http://www.greenwood.com/books/printFlyer.aspx?sku=GR4020
Portrait of <mask> F<mask>, Chicano scholar, California, 1989.Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Chicano
American academics of Mexican descent
American writers of Mexican descent
California State University, Northridge faculty
California State University, Northridge alumni
Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights
Cultural historians
Hispanic and Latino American history
1932 births
Living people
Los Angeles Pierce College people
Activists from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles

masks:
Rodolfo "
" Francisco Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Acuña
Rodolfo
Rodolfo
. Acuña