title: Haile Gebrselassie

texts:
<mask> (, haylē gebre silassē; born 18 April 1973) is an Ethiopian retired long-distance track and road running athlete. He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 metres and four World Championship titles in the event. He won the Berlin Marathon four times consecutively and also had three straight wins at the Dubai Marathon. Further to this, he won four world titles indoors and was the 2001 World Half Marathon Champion. <mask> had major competition wins at distances between 1500 metres and the marathon, moving from outdoor, indoor and cross country running to road running in the latter part of his career. He broke 61 Ethiopian national records ranging from 800 metres to the marathon, set 27 world records, and is regarded as one of the greatest distance runners in history. In September 2008, at the age of 35, he won the Berlin Marathon with a world record time of 2:03:59, breaking his own world record by 27 seconds.The record stood for three years. Since he was over the age of 35, that mark stood as the Masters Age group world record until 29 September 2019, when fellow Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele ran 2:01:41 at the age of 37. Gebrselassie's 10000 m Masters record has not been challenged since 2008. <mask> was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2011. During the Hachalu Hundessa riots in the summer of 2020, businesses and properties of non-Oromo's were targeted by Oromo mobs. Haile Gebrselassie hotels and resort was burned, 400 employees lost their jobs. Biography

Early career

<mask> was born as one of ten children in Asella, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia.As a child growing up on a farm he used to run ten kilometres to school every morning, and the same back every evening. This led to a distinctive running posture, with his left arm crooked as if he is still holding his school books. In 1992, <mask> gained international recognition in Seoul, South Korea, when he won the 5000-metre and 10,000-metre races at the 1992 World Junior Championships and a silver medal in the junior race at the World Cross Country Championships held in Boston, the United States. The next year, in 1993, <mask> won the first of what would eventually be four consecutive world championships titles in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 World Championships. His win at the 1993 was however his most infamous as he accidentally stepped on the heel of Moses Tanui's shoe at the bell, causing it to fly off his foot. After the contact, with just one shoe, an angered Tanui moved out to a 10-meter lead, only to have Haile run him down on the final straight. Also at the 1993 World Championships he ran in the 5,000-metre race to finish a close second behind Ismael Kirui of Kenya.In 1994 he won a bronze medal at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Later that year he set his first world record by running a 12:56.96 in the 5,000-metres, breaking Saïd Aouita's record by almost two seconds. In 1995, <mask> ran the 10,000-metres in 26:43.53 in Hengelo, Netherlands, lowering the world record by nine seconds. That same summer, in Zürich, Switzerland, Haile ran the 5000 metres in 12:44.39, taking 10.91 seconds off the world record 12:55.30 (established by Kenya's Moses Kiptanui earlier in the year).later that summer he won the 10k world championship.with his final 200m being run in 25 seconds. This world record at the Weltklasse meet in Zürich was voted "Performance of the Year" for 1995 by Track & Field News magazine. At the same Weltklasse meet in Zürich in 1996, an exhausted <mask>, suffering from blisters obtained on the hard track in Atlanta (where he had won the Olympic 10,000 metres gold), had no answer to the 58-second lap of Daniel Komen with five laps to go as Komen went on to win and just miss Haile's record, finishing in 12:45.09. In 1997, <mask> turned the tables on Komen at the same meet.Coming off his third 10K world championship gold medal, <mask> beat Komen in another Zürich classic on 13 August 1997, covering the final 200 metres in 26.8 seconds to break his 5000 metres world record with a time of 12:41.86. Komen, in turn, took Haile's record only nine days later when Komen ran a 12:39.74 performance in Belgium. Middle career
The next year, 1998, saw Haile lowering the indoor world records for 2000 and 3000 metres, enjoying success outdoors by taking back both the 5000 and 10,000 metres world records, as well as earning a share in the Golden League jackpot for winning all of his races in the Golden League series that summer. In June 1998 in Hengelo, Netherlands, <mask> set a 10,000 metres world record 26:22.75, breaking Paul Tergat's world record 26:27.85, running evenly paced 13:11/13:11 5K splits. Just 13 days later, <mask> took on the 5000 metres mark of Komen in Helsinki, Finland. Croatian pacemaker Branko Zorko took the pace out slowly, hitting 1000 metres in 2:33.91 and dropping out at the mile. Million Wolde and Assefa Mezgebu led Haile through 2000 metres in 5:05.62.His pacemakers could not maintain the pace, though, and <mask> was left alone for a difficult solo effort six laps out. Hitting 3000 metres in 7:38.93, even the British commentators announcing the race counted him out. With four laps to go (8:40.00), Haile needed a sub-4-minute final 1,600 metres for the record. With one lap to go and in great pain, Haile took off, recording a final lap of 56.77 seconds and a final 1,600 metres of 3:59.36 (= 4:00.96-mile) to race to a 12:39.36 world record. In 1999, <mask> starred as himself in the movie Endurance. The film chronicled his quest to win Olympic gold in the 10,000 metres in Atlanta. On the track, he won a 1500/3000 metres double at the World Indoor Track Championships, defended his Outdoor World Track Championships 10,000 metres title, and remained undefeated in all his races (which ranged from the 1500 up to 10,000 metres).In 2000, <mask> again won all of his races, ranking first in the world yet again in both the 5000 and 10,000 metres. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, he became the third man in history to successfully defend an Olympic 10,000 metres title (after Emil Zátopek and Lasse Virén). The narrow Olympic victory over Kenya's Paul Tergat came down to a blistering final kick, with Tergat's 26.3-second final 200 metres being topped by <mask>'s even faster 25.4. The winning margin of victory was only 0.09 seconds, closer than the winning margin in the men's 100-metre dash final. On 26 August 2001, he ran his first Half Marathon (16 wins out of 20) and won in 1:04:34. Also in 2001, <mask> won the IAAF World half Marathon Championships and the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. In the same year, he conceptualized the Great Ethiopian Run with Peter Middlebrook, which was latterly supported by Brendan Foster, British runner Richard Nerurkar the British ambassador to Ethiopia Myles Wickstead.On 30 August 2003, <mask> topped the polls when elected as a member of the IAAF Athletes Commission. Also in 2003, at the World Championships in Paris, Haile was involved in one of the most remarkable 10,000 metres races of all time while gaining a silver medal behind countryman Kenenisa Bekele. The last half of the 10,000 metres final at the championships was completed in a staggering 12:57.24 (12:57.2 for Bekele and 12:58.8 for Haile). According to the IAAF, "Not only was this split the fastest closing 5000 metres in the championships 10,000m (the previous record was 13:12.12, recorded in Atlanta), but it was also the fastest 5000 metres in a global championships surpassing the 12:58.13 Salah Hissou recorded when he won the 5,000m in Sevilla'99." (This remark remained true until a week later when the World Athletic Championships 5000 metres medalists (including Bekele) all ran faster than the second 5000 metres split in the previous week's 10,000 metres.) "The difference between the closing 5000 metres splits (12:57.24) and the 5000 metres World record (12:39.36) was 17.98 seconds, which is a record. The previous best of 18.4 seconds (13:31.4 for the closing 5000 metres when the World Record was 13:13.0) was recorded in the 1976 Olympics."In the 2004 Athens Olympics, <mask> sought to become the first man in history to win three straight Olympic gold medals in the 10,000 metres. He was unable to do so; however, he finished fifth in a race won by his compatriot Kenenisa Bekele, who had broken both of Haile's major track world records, the 5000 metres and the 10,000 metres records. Shortly before the Athens games, Haile was unable to train for three weeks due to inflammation of his Achilles tendon. The injury was severe enough that he would not have competed otherwise, but did so because of significant pressure from his country. This loss of the final period of training likely cost him a medal. Later career

Since leaving the track after the 2004 Olympics, <mask> has focused on road racing and the marathon. His adult marathons to date include London 2002 (3rd place), Amsterdam 2005 (1st place), London 2006 (9th place), Berlin 2006 (1st place), Fukuoka 2006 (1st place), London 2007 (dnf), Berlin 2007 (1st place and World Record), Dubai 2008 (1st place), Berlin 2008 (1st place and another World Record), Dubai 2009 (1st place) Berlin 2009 (1st place), Dubai 2010 (1st place), and NYC 2010 (dnf).In 2002, <mask> made his debut at the marathon at the London Marathon. He started the race with a very fast pace, within world record time. He was unable to hold it, however, as world record holder Khalid Khannouchi and Paul Tergat both eventually passed him. Khannouchi broke his own world record, while <mask> finished third. In 2005 <mask> went undefeated in all of his road races. This included a British All-Comers record in the 10K at Manchester (27:25), a win in the Amsterdam Marathon in the fastest marathon time in the world for 2006 (2:06:20), and a new world best for 10 miles in Tilburg Ten Miles race, The Netherlands (44:24). (His unofficial split of 41:22 at the 15K mark was 7 seconds faster than the official world best.)<mask> started 2006 positively by beating the world half marathon record by a full 21 seconds, recording a time of 58 minutes and 55 seconds on 15 January. He broke the record, his first one on American soil, by running the half marathon of the Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon. During the race he also broke Paul Tergat's 20 km record, both records having stood since 1998. (Haile passed the 20 km mark in 55:48.) That year also marked another victory for <mask> as he shattered the 25 km world road record (albeit in non-IAAF ratified fashion) by 68 seconds in a time of 1:11.37. The race was organized where <mask> and six other runners would run 5 kilometres and then cross the starting line of the 20-K Alphen race in Alphen aan den Rijn of the Netherlands. On 23 April 2006, he finished ninth in the London Marathon with a time of 2:09:05 (the race was won by Kenyan Felix Limo, who clocked 2:06:39).<mask> referred to the ninth-place finish as "the worst race of my career". However, on 24 September he came back with a win in the Berlin Marathon in the fastest time of the year, 2:05:56. His time in Berlin made him only the fifth man

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title: Haile Gebrselassie

type: original

texts:
 in history to run under 2:06 for the marathon. This was followed by a win in the Fukuoka Marathon in Japan in 2:06:52. In London on 22 April 2007, Haile challenged the 2006 London Marathon winner Felix Limo, 2005 London Marathon winner Martin Lel, 2004 Athens gold medalist Stefano Baldini, 2006 New York Marathon winner Marílson Gomes dos Santos, and the then marathon world record holder Paul Tergat in what organizers anticipated would be an exciting race. However <mask> dropped out at the  stage complaining of a stitch and inability to breathe, which turned out to be an allergic reaction to the pollen in the air. This left the 2005 winner Martin Lel to come home in first place.One month later, <mask> made a surprise return to the track for the first of two stadium races that summer. In the first, he ran a 26:52.81 in finishing fifth in a very competitive 10,000 metres race in Hengelo, The Netherlands. It was the first time a man over 30 ran the 10,000 m in less than 27 minutes. Then, on 27 June 2007, Haile launched an attack upon the world record for the one hour run, in Ostrava, Czech Republic. This record attempt was successful as Haile passed the hour mark at 21,285 metres (13 miles 397 yards), eclipsing the previous best of 21,101 metres, set by Mexican Arturo Barrios in La Flèche, France, on 30 March 1991. Furthermore, Haile covered 50 laps (20,000 m) in 56:25.98, another world best, well within the previous 56:55.6 also set by Barrios in 1991. These were his 23rd and 24th world records.<mask> made his running debut in New York City when he won the New York City Half Marathon on 5 August 2007, in 59:24, breaking the previous course record by two minutes. His win in the Lisbon Half Marathon (59:15) in March 2008 gave him a perfect record of 9–0 in winning all of his half marathons. He lost his first half marathon in Den Haag (14 March 2009), when he was beaten by Sammy Kitwara (59:47 for Kitwara, 59:50 for Haile)

On 30 September 2007, Haile won the Berlin Marathon in 2:04:26 (4:44.8 per mile), setting the world record and shaving 29 seconds off Paul Tergat's record, set on the same course in 2003. His victory further energized the celebrations of the Ethiopian Millennium (unique to the Ethiopian calendar), which began on 12 September 2007. Prior to the 2008 Dubai Marathon, his manager suggested that Haile would be able to run a sub 2:04 time for a new world record. While Haile agreed that a sub 2:04 was possible, he stated that the conditions would need to be perfect for such a time. The event was held on 18 January 2008, and was won by <mask> in a time of 2:04:53, making it the second fastest marathon in history.However the early pace had been too fast and he was unable to continue at that speed, resulting in a time 27 seconds short of his own world record. At the Hengelo FBK-Games on 24 May, <mask> ran 26:51.20 for the 10,000 metres to finish a close second behind countryman Sileshi Sihine's 26:50.53. This is the Master 35-39 age group world record. His nine career sub 27-minute 10,000-meter performances is more than any other athlete except for Kenenisa Bekele, who also has nine. Because of Beijing's air pollution levels, <mask> decided to withdraw from the marathon at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He suffers from asthma and said that running in such conditions might be harmful for his health. Haile later admitted that he regretted the decision as the Beijing air was cleaner than expected.He did, however, run the 10,000 metres on 17 August, finishing sixth with a time of 27:06.68. The gold medal went to his countryman and current world record holder, Kenenisa Bekele with a 27:01:17 Olympic record winning time. The following month, on 28 September 2008, he defended his Berlin Marathon title, averaging 2:56.5 per kilometer (4:43.7 per mile) for a time of 2:03:59, breaking his own world record by 27 seconds. <mask> won the Dubai Marathon on 16 January 2009, but fell short of breaking his own world record that he had set four months earlier on the flat course. He finished in 2:05:29, well ahead of countryman Deressa Chimsa. In September that year, he won the Berlin Marathon for the fourth consecutive time. He attempted to break the world record he had set the previous year but, despite a quick start, warm conditions saw him finish in 2:06:08, two minutes away from his best mark.He did, however, pass the 30-kilometer point in 1:27:49, which is a new world record for a road 30K. In 2010 he tried to attack his own world record for the third consecutive time at the Dubai Marathon 2010. Although he won the race with a time of 2:06:09, he failed to break his 18-month world record. In a post-race interview he revealed that he had suffered back pain, requiring intensive pre-race physiotherapy, resulting from having slept in a bad position. His problems continued at the NYC Half Marathon, where he pulled up mid-race visibly uncomfortable in his running. He had an easy victory in the inaugural edition of the 10K de Madrid in April. He scored his third victory at the Great Manchester Run the following month, although he missed out on Micah Kogo's course record.He followed this with his first win at the Great North Run in September, finishing the half marathon in a time of 59:33 minutes. He is also mentor and ambassador for the G4S 4teen, a programme supporting 14 young athletes. Retirement

On 7 November, after dropping out of the 2010 New York City Marathon with an inflamed knee, <mask> announced his retirement. Days later, he posted to his Twitter account that he was reconsidering his decision and wanted to run in the 2012 London Olympics. <mask> had stated previously that after retiring he would like to enter politics, with scepticism from the public about his knowledge on politics and the unfamiliar culture of celebrities holding public office in Ethiopia. However he won his first race back in a 10k road race in Angola with a new course record of 28:05 and beat countryman Deriba Merga and the Kenyan Josphat Menjo who had run the fastest 10000m of that year. <mask> missed the 2011 Tokyo Marathon due to an injury, but won the half marathon at the Vienna City Marathon on 17 April 2011.About a month later <mask> easily won the Great Manchester Run in England for the fourth time, finishing in 28:10. On 26 September he suffered a double setback when he dropped out of the Berlin Marathon (again suffering from respiratory difficulties of exercise-induced asthma) and saw his world records for 30 kilometres and the marathon broken by the man with whom he had been duelling, Patrick Makau. <mask> was absent from the press conference later that day, but his manager Jos Hermens announced that while it was "the end of an era of record breaking for Haile, it's not the end of his career". He returned to his winning ways at the Birmingham half marathon with a new course record and followed that up with a win at the Zevenheuvelenloop in November, taking his third career victory at the Dutch 15K race. In 2012, <mask> ran in the Tokyo Marathon and, after surging to the lead and putting a gap on the field with 6 km to go, faded and finished in 4th, in a time of 2:08:17. However, he bounced back to win the Vienna Half Marathon in 1:00:52, catching Paula Radcliffe who was given a 7:52-minute head-start. He was not selected for the Olympic marathon team, but after winning the Great Manchester Run with a fast time of 27:39, beating marathon world record holder Patrick Makau, world marathon leader Ayele Abshero and Olympic marathon medallist Tsegay Kebede, by a distance of over 100 metres, he decided to aim for a place in the 10,000 m race.He attempted to earn an Olympic spot at the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in Hengelo, the stadium in which he had broken four world records. However, in extremely hot weather he finished seventh with a time of 27:20.39, sixth amongst Ethiopians, and did not qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, he did appear at the opening ceremony as one of the eight flagbearers who brought the Olympic flag into the stadium. Another outing at the Fukuoka Marathon, however, saw him enter as favourite but drop out at 32 km. On 14 April 2013, <mask> won the open field of the Vienna City half marathon with a time of 01:01.14. He set his first over-40 world record with a time of 46:59 for 10 miles in Switzerland, on 15 September 2013. He took 3rd overall in the 2013 BUPA Great North Run, 32 seconds behind the winner Kenenisa Bekele and 31 seconds behind the reigning Olympic and world champion Mo Farah.<mask> has announced his retirement from competitive running after finishing 16th in the Great Manchester Run on Sunday 10 May 2015. It brings to an end a 25-year career in which he claimed two Olympic gold medals, eight World Championship victories and set 27 world records. "I'm retiring from competitive running, not from running. You cannot stop running, this is my life," he told BBC Sport. <mask> remains the world record holder at the 10-mile run. Currently, <mask> is the former president of the Ethiopian Athletics Federation, has been selling Hyundai cars in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, since 2009, and cooperates with Hyundai for the Marathon Motors Engineering factory there which started assembling the electric Hyundai Ioniq in July 2020. He has become a small-lot coffee farmer in Ethiopia.His coffees can be found under his estate name, <mask> Estate, such as the Sun Dried Ethiopian Haile Estate Coffee, which is distributed by Starbucks Reserve. Achievements

International competitions

Marathon performances

Track and field circuit

World records and best performances

Personal bests

Outdoor track

Road

Indoor track

References

External links

 Marathon World Record – Berlin 2008 – EthioTube Video
 Spikes Hero profile on www.spikesmag.com
 Gebrselassie approaching Record for Running Records
 Gebrselassie's World Records, rankings, race history, recent news, and more. Pacing splits and analysis of Haile marathon world record
 Berlin 2008: Haile runs 2:03:59 – race report and analysis of pacing

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Oromia Region
Ethiopian male middle-distance runners
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
Ethiopian male marathon runners
Olympic male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Ethiopia
Olympic gold medalists for Ethiopia
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Olympic Order
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
IAAF Golden League winners
Berlin Marathon male winners
World Athletics record holders
World record holders in masters athletics
Recipients of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Best Marathon Runner Award
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Championships

masks: Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile


title: Bryan Davies (singer)

texts:
<mask>  (born 4 July 1944) is a British-born Australian pop music singer and entertainer. He appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand. From March 1962, at age 17, he became the youngest person in Australia to host their own TV show, The <mask> Show. The singer issued two albums, On My Way (1965) and Together by Myself (1968).His most popular singles were, "Dream Girl" (July 1961) and "Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue" (October), which both reached the top 4 on the Sydney charts. Biography

<mask> was born in Manchester in 1944. At the age of four his family migrated to Sydney. His father, Norman R <mask>, was an analytical chemistry lecturer at the University of New South Wales, his mother was a former dancer. His first TV appearance was on teen music show, Teen Time, on 27 September 1960, while he was a student at Canterbury Boys' High School. He left in the following year and was signed by the HMV label. <mask> first hit single, a cover version of Mark Wynter's "Dream Girl", reached No.1 in Sydney in July 1961. He also appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand (from 1961). His second hit was "Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue" (October 1961), which reached No. 4 in Sydney.It was originally performed by the California Ramblers in 1925 as "Has Anybody Seen My Gal?". His other popular singles were, "I Don't Like to Be Alone", "Love and Money" and "Ten Pin Bowling" (July 1962). At age 17 <mask> became the youngest person in Australia to host his or her own TV show, The <mask> Show, from March 1962. Regular guests were Neil Williams, Judy Cannon and the Don Burrows Sextet. It was broadcast for 75 episodes on ABC TV, directed by Lloyd Brydon and finished in December of the following year. Resident female singer, Coral Kelly, later became a scriptwriter. From December 1963 to January 1964 <mask> appeared in Once upon a Surfie, a youth oriented musical, at the Palace Theatre, Sydney with his then-girlfriend, Jacki Weaver, as well as the Delltones, Dig Richards, Lucky Starr, Rob E G, and Jay Justin.It was written by Bill Watson, and centred on the antics of Gadget, portrayed by Weaver, "a snooty surfing girl whom the rest of the cast are intent on bringing down a peg or two." It was a parody of the then-popular Sandra Dee Gidget films. Jay Justin was a song writer who provided <mask> with material. In 1963 <mask> met Norrie Paramour, a British composer, producer and conductor, who was impressed with the singer's work and was encouraged to return to England in February 1964. In May that year he recorded with Paramour producing. <mask> returned to Australia in October and "adopted a more Beatles-influenced style and appearance." In February 1967 he re-entered the Sydney charts top 20 with "Alberta", his last hit recording.According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, "by the late 1960s <mask> had moved into cabaret and television work." <mask> took up acting and hosting roles for TV shows and was a cast member on The Mavis Bramston Show (1964–68), and featured in 7 Network's Anything Goes (1968) with Nancye Hayes, Reg Livermore and Johnny Lockwood. In July 1979 he took the role of Sebastian in Your Own Thing at the Comedy Theatre, Melbourne. He had a guest role in a Matlock Police episode, "What's in It for Me" (1973). In 1981 <mask> was the presenter of a short-lived Candid Camera-styled game show, Catch Us If You Can. <mask> worked in The Johnny O'Keefe Memorial Show, alongside other singers from that era including Alan Dale, Vicki Forrest, Barry Stanton and Johnny Devlin. He later performed with Roland Storm and Lucky Starr in the Golden Boys of Aussie Rock 'n' Roll show.In 1994 <mask> had a minor role, as the Barman, in the biographical feature film, Sirens. Personal life

<mask> dated aspiring actress, Jacki Weaver, from late 1962 after meeting while both performed in a Christmas pantomime, A Wish Is a Dream, at the Phillip Theatre, Sydney. In May 1964 <mask> was in London and described to Betty Best of The Australian Women's Weekly how, "[Weaver] wants to be an actress, so perhaps when she finishes school this year she might come over to London with her mother to try her luck." Upon his return in October, Weaver observed, "I never liked <mask>'s brushed-back hairstyle before, and was always trying to get him to grow it and brush it down at the front... I think it's great now. And I love all his new clothes – the high-collared shirts, square-toed leather boots, and especially the three-piece suit." By November 1975 <mask> was married to Tracy and the couple had two children.Discography

Credits:

Albums

 On My Way''' (1963) – HMV (OCLP-7585)
 Together by Myself (1968) – Columbia Records (OEX-9498)

 Extended plays

 <mask>'' (1965) – HMV (7EGO-70052)

Singles

 "Dream Girl" (July 1961) – HMV (EA-4425) Sydney radio charts: No. 1
 "Five Foot Two" (October 1961) – HMV (EA-4444) Sydney: No. 4
 "Sad Sixteen" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1961) – Columbia Records (DO-4327)
 "Twist 'n' Twirlin'" (1962) – HMV (EA-4456)
 "Tin Pin Bowling" (1962) – HMV (EA-4466) Sydney: No. 18
 "Don't Ever No Never" (1962) – HMV (EA-4479)
 "Don't Love and Run" (November 1962) HMV
 "Rich Boy" (1963) – HMV (EA-4579)
 "Love and Money" (1964) – HMV (EA-4652)
 "I'm Gonna Make You Cry" (1964) – HMV (EA-4669)
 "In Your Shoes" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1964) – Columbia Records (DO-4479)
 "Tell the Other Guy" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1964) – Columbia Records (DO-4531)
 "Watch What You Say" (February 1965) – HMV
 "I Should Have Stayed in Bed" (April 1965) – HMV (EA-4679)
 "I Need Help (Help! Help!)" (1965) – HMV (EA-4724)
 "Do You Mind" (1966) – HMV (EA-4757)
 "Why?" (1966) – HMV (EA-4785)
 "With Love from Jenny" (by Bryan Davies and Little Pattie) (1966) – HMV (EA-4812)
 "Alberta" (1967) – HMV (EA-4845) Sydney: No.18
 "Night and Day" (1967) – HMV (EA-4873)
 "Won't Be the Last" (1968) – Columbia Records (DO-5065)

References

External links

 publications

1944 births
Living people
Australian male singers
Australian male television actors
English emigrants to Australia
Male actors from Manchester
Singers from Sydney

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title: Ernest Ranglin

texts:
<mask>  (born 19 June 1932) is a Jamaican guitarist and composer who established his career while working as a session guitarist and music director for various Jamaican record labels including Studio One and Island Records. Ranglin played guitar on many early ska recordings and helped create the rhythmic guitar style that defined the form. Ranglin has worked with Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff, Monty Alexander, Prince Buster, the Skatalites, Bob Marley and the Eric Deans Orchestra. He is noted for a chordal and rhythmic approach that blends jazz, mento and reggae with percussive guitar solos incorporating rhythm 'n' blues and jazz inflections. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester, Jamaica. His family moved to Kingston, where he attended the Providence Primary School, Kingston Senior School and Bodin College. Ranglin's introduction to music was through two uncles who both played guitar.Initially a self-taught guitarist; he received some tutoring on how to sight-read from a violin player named Tommy Tomlins. At the age of 15, Ranglin joined the Val Bennett Orchestra, which was followed by a period of employment with the Eric Deans Orchestra. While performing locally with these orchestras Ranglin was introduced to the jazz pianist Monty Alexander, which led to a lifelong friendship as well as numerous musical collaborations. Career
During the 1950s Ranglin played guitar on calypso and mento releases, some of which were recorded for the tourist market. The 1958 album The Wrigglers Sing Calypso at the Arawak is representative of the type of calypso floor show that Jamaican bands performed at hotels (some of the tracks from the original album were included on the 2010 CD release Jamaica - Mento 1951-1958). He was employed as a guitarist by the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) between the years 1958 and 1965 with public radio broadcasting (radio services had been established earlier with the first broadcast transmitted in November 1939) commencing in 1959 and television broadcasting commencing in 1963. Ranglin also played with Cluett Johnson's studio band Clue J and the Blues Blasters; recording several tracks for Coxsone Dodd at Federal Studios, including the Theophilus Beckford hit "Easy Snapping" (recorded in 1956 and released in 1959), which he arranged and played guitar on.Ranglin also played on the Beckford tracks "Jack and Jill Shuffle" and "Shuffling Jug." 1960s
In 1962 the James Bond film Dr. No was being shot in Jamaica and Ranglin was hired by Carlos Malcolm, music director for JBC, to compose music for some of the scenes set in Jamaica. Ranglin was also the bassist on many early Prince Buster hits, including the 1963 ska release "Wash Wash" - a situation that arose from his contractual obligations to Federal Records, which barred him from appearing as a named guitarist on recordings not made or licensed by them. In 1963 Ranglin played guitar on and arranged "My Boy Lollipop", which was sung by Millie Small, who had recently been signed to Blackwell's Island label. "My Boy Lollipop" (a cover version of a song written by Robert Spencer of the doo-wop group the Cadillacs and originally recorded by Barbie Gaye in 1956) became a worldwide hit after being released by Island on licence to Fontana in March 1964. Ranglin was also employed by Duke Reid as an A&R man for Reid's Treasure Isle label as well as fulfilling the same role for the labels Federal (owned and operated by Ken Khouri who recorded and produced Ranglin's 1965 Guitar in Ernest album) and Gay Feet. His solo releases during this period saw him return to his jazz roots with the albums Wranglin (1964) and Reflections, (1965) both issued by Island.He was also involved with Merritone, a subsidiary record label started by Federal. In 1964 Ranglin was in London with Blackwell, who was enquiring if it would be possible for Ranglin to play at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. Initially the manager of Ronnie Scott's was reluctant to agree but eventually allowed Ranglin to sit-in with the house band. The reception the audience gave to his performance overcame any reservations that the manager may have had and Ranglin was invited to become the venue's resident guitarist. He stayed for nine months, backing numerous guest artists as well as appearing onstage with the Ronnie Scott Quartet and Quintet. In 1964 a live set was recorded at the club which was released on the Fontana label as The Night Is Scott And You're So Swingable in 1966. Ranglin's tenure at Ronnie Scott's brought him to the attention of UK Jazz audiences with the Melody Maker′s readers duly voting Ranglin into first place in the guitar category of the paper's 1964 Reader's Jazz Poll.Upon his return to Jamaica he found himself once again doing A&R and session work for Federal (musical director from 1965 to 1972) and Coxsone. He was involved in the recording of the Wailers' track "It Hurts to Be Alone" released on the Coxsone label in Jamaica and subsequently released in the UK (1965) by Island records. Ranglin was also music director for the recording of The Melodians' song "Rivers of Babylon" (1967). The closing years of the sixties found Ranglin working with the Jamaican producers Lee "Scratch" Perry and Clancy Eccles; both of whom were instrumental in developing and establishing the new genre of reggae. Ranglin played on the Eccles-produced "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by Eric "Monty" Morris, which he cites as one of the earliest records to feature reggae drumming. 1970s to present
In 1973 Ranglin was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government for his contribution to music. Ranglin frequently recorded Latin/Caribbean-infused jazz with Monty Alexander during this period, most notably the album Rass!(1974). Ranglin also toured with Jimmy Cliff in the dual role of music director/guitarist, which resulted in the 1976 album release In Concert: The Best of Jimmy Cliff. Ranglin was the lead guitarist on the Lee "Scratch" Perry recording sessions at Black Ark Studios for the Heart of the Congos (1977) album by the Congos. In 1982 he moved to Florida, where he continued to record as well as taking the opportunity to perform more regularly at jazz festivals. In 1991 Ranglin's nephew Gary Crosby formed the group Jazz Jamaica; Ranglin and Jazz Jamaica performed together at Ronnie Scott's in October 2009 as part of the club's anniversary concert series. In 1998 he signed to Chris Blackwell's newly formed Palm Pictures label and released In Search of the Lost Riddim. That same year he played on "I Got Plenty 'o Nuthin" with Spearhead which was released on the Red Hot Organization compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody.The albums E.B. @Noon and Modern Answers to Old Problems were released in 2000 followed by Grooving in 2001. In 2002 <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the University of the West Indies for his outstanding contribution to the development of music in Jamaica. In 2006 he was the subject of a documentary Roots Of Reggae: The <mask> Story produced and written by Arthur Gorson. In 2008 <mask> was inducted into the Jamaican Music Hall of Fame by the Jamaica Association of Vintage Artistes and Affiliates (JAVAA). In November 2015 <mask> announced that he would be retiring from the music business with a farewell tour in the summer of 2016. The tour would feature musicians including Tony Allen, Courtney Pine, Ira Coleman, Cheikh Lô and Alex Wilson.Ranglin was honoured in the 2021 National Honours and Awards on Jamaica’s 59th Anniversary of Independence. Discography

As leader
 Wranglin (Island, 1964)
 Reflections (Island, 1964)
 Guitar in Ernest (RCA Victor, 1965)
 The Exciting Ranglin (RCA Victor, 1966)
 A Mod a Mod Ranglin (Federal, 1966)
 Boss Reggae (FRM, 1969)
 Mr. Ernie Ranglin with Soul (Dub Store, 1969)
 Softly with Ranglin (Twilight, 1969)
 Ranglypso (MPS/BASF, 1976)
 Ranglin Roots (Aquarius, 1976)
 Monty Alexander/<mask>lin (MPS, 1981)
 From Kingston JA to Miami USA (Vista Sounds, 1983)
 Rum Raisin (RRR, 1985)
 We Want to Party (Rooney, 1989)
 True Blue (Rooney, 1989)
 The Pensive Ranglin (Kinlin, 1993)
 Play the Time Away (Grove Music, 1995)
 Below the Bassline (Island, 1996)
 Tribute to a Legend (Kariang, 1997)
 Memories of Barber Mack (Island, 1997)
 Soul D'Ern (Jazz House, 1997)
 In Search of the Lost Riddim (Palm Pictures, 1998)
 E.B. @Noon (Tropic, 1999)
 Modern Answers to Old Problems (Telarc, 2000)
 Gotcha! (Telarc, 2001)
 Alextown (Palm Pictures, 2005)
 Surfin (Tropic, 2005)
 Order of Distinction (Milk River Music, 2009)
 Avila Featuring <mask>lin (Avila Street, 2012)
 Bless Up (Avila Street, 2014)
 Jazz Jamaica (Federal, 2014)

As sideman
With Monty Alexander
 Rass! (MPS, 1974)
 Love and Sunshine (MPS/BASF, 1975)
 Monty Strikes Again (MPS/BASF, 1976)
 Jamento (Pablo, 1978)
 Cobilimbo (MPS, 1978)
Monty Alexander - Ernest Ranglin (MPS, 1981)
 Many Rivers to Cross (MELDAC, 1995)
 Yard Movement (Island, 1996)
 Rocksteady (Telarc, 2004)

With Floyd Lloyd
 Tear It Up (Tropic, 1997)
 Village Soul (Tropic, 1997)
 Mango Blues (Tropic, 1997)
 Our World (Tropic, 1999)
 Believer (Tropic, 2002)
 Mind Over Matter (Tropic, 2004)

With Bunny Wailer
 Roots Radics Rockers Reggae (Shanachie, 1983)
 Crucial!

masks:
Ernest Ranglin
Ernest Ranglin
Ranglin
Ernest Ranglin
Ranglin
Ranglin
Ernest Rang
Ernest Rang


title: Mako (actor)

texts:
was a Japanese-American actor, credited in almost all of his acting roles as <mask>. His film roles include Po-Han in The Sand Pebbles (1966) (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Oomiak "The Fearless One" in The Island at the Top of the World (1974), Akiro the Wizard in Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Conan the Destroyer (1984), and Kungo Tsarong in Seven Years in Tibet (1997). He was part of the original cast of Stephen Sondheim's 1976 Broadway musical Pacific Overtures, which earned him a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. He was also one of the founding members of East West Players. Later in his career, he became well known for his voice acting roles, including Aku in the first four seasons of Samurai Jack (2001–2004), and Iroh in the first two seasons of Avatar: The Last Airbender (2005–2006). Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Kobe, Japan, the son of children's authors and illustrators Tomoe Sasako and Atsushi Iwamatsu. In 1939, his parents, who were political dissidents, moved to the United States, leaving <mask> in the care of his grandmother.Because his parents lived on the East Coast, they were not interned during the Second World War, instead they opted to work for the U.S. Office of War Information and were later granted residency. After the war, his parents were able to arrange for him to join them in 1949, in which he then studied architecture. <mask> later enlisted in the United States Army in the early 1950s during the Korean War, serving in  Korea and Japan with the Special Services division performing in plays for his fellow soldiers. He then became a naturalized American citizen in 1956. It was during his military service that Mako discovered his theatrical talent; he then trained at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. Career

Film
<mask>'s first film role was in Never So Few (1959). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as engine-room worker Po-Han in the film The Sand Pebbles (1966).Other roles include the Chinese contract laborer Mun Ki in the epic movie The Hawaiians (1970) starring Charlton Heston and Tina Chen; Oomiak, the Inuit guide, in Disney's The Island at the Top of the World (1974); Yuen Chung in the film The Killer Elite (1975) directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring James Caan, Robert Duvall, and the martial artist Takayuki Kubota; the sorcerer Nakano in Highlander III: The Sorcerer; Jackie Chan's uncle/sifu in Chan's first American movie The Big Brawl (1980); the wizard Akiro opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the two Conan movies Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer; the confidant to Chuck Norris' rogue cop in the thriller An Eye for an Eye (1982); the Japanese spy in the comedy Under the Rainbow. In 1990, he had a minor role in the psychological thriller Pacific Heights along with Matthew Modine, Melanie Griffith and Michael Keaton; Yoshida-san in Rising Sun; Mr. Lee in Sidekicks; Kanemitsu in RoboCop 3 (1993); and Kungo Tsarong in Seven Years in Tibet (1997). He also appeared in some Japanese television dramas and films, such as Masahiro Shinoda's Owls' Castle and Takashi Miike's The Bird People in China. <mask> was cast as the historic Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in the epic drama Pearl Harbor (2001). He also had a role in Bulletproof Monk (2003). In 2005, <mask> had a cameo role in Memoirs of a Geisha. <mask>'s last leading role was in the film Cages (2005), written and directed by Graham Streeter.Theater
In 1965, frustrated by the limited roles available to himself and other Asian-American actors, <mask> and six others formed the East West Players theater company, first performing out of a church basement. During the company's 1981 season, to coincide with the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians' hearings on redress, Mako exclusively showed plays about the Japanese American incarceration. He remained artistic director of the company until 1989. <mask>'s Broadway career included creating the roles of the Reciter, the shōgun, and the Chicago-based inventor of the rickshaw, in the original 1976 production of Stephen Sondheim's Broadway musical Pacific Overtures, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical. <mask>'s landlord at the time, Jerry Orbach, was also nominated for his role in Chicago; both lost, however, to George Rose from the revival of My Fair Lady. <mask> recalled being awoken at 4:30 in the morning after the Tony ceremony by Orbach, who was shouting from the floor below: "Hey, <mask>! What the fuck happened?I can't believe it; we lost to a fucking revival!". <mask> reprised the role and directed the musical's production with the East West Players, and further reprised the role in a production at the San Jose Civic Light Opera in 1991. He also starred in the limited run of the play Shimada in 1992. Television
<mask> appeared on the television series McHale's Navy several times, playing Imperial Japanese officers, soldiers and sailors. In 1965, he appeared on Gidget as a member of a rival surf group. He later appeared on the television series M*A*S*H, playing multiple roles such as a Chinese doctor, a North Korean soldier, a South Korean medical doctor and a South Korean Lieutenant. He appeared in an episode of the series The Time Tunnel called as Lt. Nakamura in 1967.He appeared in an episode of the series Kung Fu as Wong Ti Lu in 1972. In 1974, he appeared on Ironside episode "Terror on Grant Avenue". He appeared as a Japanese chef in the Columbo episode "Murder Under Glass" (1978). He was the blind philosopher Li Sung in two episodes of the television series The Incredible Hulk. He also appeared on an episode of Magnum, P.I. called "The Arrow That Is Not Aimed" (1983). <mask> also appeared in an episode of the television series F Troop.He appeared as Lo Sing, fighting Bruce Lee's Kato character in The Green Hornet episode "The Preying Mantis". He played the character Lin Duk Coo in an episode of The A-Team. He guest-starred in an episode of season one of Frasier as well as in an episode of Tour of Duty as a Vietnamese scout. He also was a guest star in the Monk episode "Mr. Monk vs. The Cobra". He guest-starred in the Walker, Texas Ranger episode "Black Dragons" (2000), and appeared on the television series Charmed in 2003, creating magic for Chris (played by Drew Fuller). He was the voice of Aku, the main antagonist in the animated series Samurai Jack for the first four seasons produced, and again in the series finale which used his original audio.He also voiced Achoo (a parody of Aku) and the annoying alarm clock Happy Cat in a Samurai Jack-parodying episode of Duck Dodgers entitled "Samurai Quack". He provided the introductory voice for the ending theme of Dexter's Laboratory and portrayed the popular character Iroh in the first two seasons of Avatar: The Last Airbender. He had a guest appearance in the Nickelodeon movie Rugrats in Paris: The Movie as the boss of Coco. He guest-starred in The West Wing episode "A Good Day" as an economics professor and former rival of President Bartlet. He was also featured in Season 3 Episode 13 of The Facts of Life, titled "The Americanization of Miko". Video games
<mask> made his video game debut with the role of the goblin Grubjub in Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader (2003). In the same year, he also voiced General Han Yu Kim in True Crime: Streets of LA, Masataka Shima in Medal of Honor: Rising Sun, and various voices in Secret Weapons Over Normandy.In 2004, <mask> voiced the narrator in the game Wrath Unleashed, and Aku in Samurai Jack: The Shadow of Aku. Personal life
<mask> was married to actress Shizuko Hoshi, with whom he had two daughters (both of whom are actresses) and three grandchildren. Death
<mask> died in Somis, California, on July 21, 2006, at the age of 72, from esophageal cancer. One day before his death, <mask> had been confirmed to star in the film TMNT as the voice of Splinter. Kevin Munroe, director of the film, confirmed that <mask> had completed his recording. The producers dedicated the finished film to <mask>. In the Avatar: The Last Airbender episode "The Tales of Ba Sing Se", the segment titled "The Tale of Iroh" was created "in honor of <mask>", the voice actor for Iroh for the first two seasons: Book One: Water and Book Two: Earth.In the sequel series The Legend of Korra, a lead male character, <mask>, was named after him (voiced by David Faustino). After <mask>'s death, some of his roles, particularly Aku from Samurai Jack and Iroh in Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra, were taken over by American voice actor Greg Baldwin. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

 A 1998 interview about Pacific Overtures

1933 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
Actors from Kobe
American dramatists and playwrights of Japanese descent
American male actors of Japanese descent
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American military personnel of the Korean War
American theatre directors of Japanese descent
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Kobe
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Army personnel
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army soldiers

masks:
Mako
Mako
Makoto Iwamatsu
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako
Mako


title: Josh Robinson (cornerback)

texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1991) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football for the University of Central Florida and earned numerous Freshman All-American honors in 2009. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New Orleans Saints, and Jacksonville Jaguars. Early years
<mask> attended Plantation High School in Plantation, Florida. He played wide receiver, running back and cornerback for the Colonels. He was coached by Steve Davis.As a junior, he posted 15 catches for 286 yards and two touchdowns, while also rushing for 136 yards and amassing three touchdowns on kick returns. He recorded 18 receptions for 364 yards during an injury-filled senior year. He was selected for the Dade-Broward All-Star Game

<mask> was also a standout athlete for the school's track team. At the 2008 BCAA North Central Prelims, he placed 4th in the 100 meters, with a career-best time of 10.77 seconds, in addition to a 2nd place in the 200 meters, with another career-best time of 21.61 seconds. He also competed in long jump. College career
<mask> attended the University of Central Florida, and he played for the UCF Knights football team. He started 35 of his 38 career games played.He earned 1st-Team All-Conference USA as a sophomore and junior while garnering 2nd-Team honors as a true freshman. He set the UCF freshman record with 6 interceptions as a true freshman in 2009 and his 6 picks tied for 2nd in the Knights’ single-season records. He notched 10 career interceptions, good for 5th in UCF history and his 147 career interception return yards ranks 8th in school history. He notched 15 passes defensed as a junior, which tied for 2nd in UCF history in a season. He also scored 3 career touchdowns. Professional career
<mask> attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana and completed all of the combine drills. He increased his draft value by running the 40-yard dash in 4.32-4.33 seconds, placing first among all prospects who participated.He also impressed scouts with a 38.5 inch vertical jump. On March 28, 2012, he attended Central Florida's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. During the pre-draft process, he attended private workouts and visits with the Baltimore Ravens and Buffalo Bills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the fourth best cornerback prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked the fifth best cornerback by DraftScout.com, and was ranked the seventh best cornerback by the Bleacher Report. Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings selected <mask> in the third round (66th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the seventh cornerback drafted in 2012.2012
On July 25, 2012, the Minnesota Vikings signed <mask> to a four-year, $3.02 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $697,000. He started training camp competing for a job as a starting cornerback against Antoine Winfield, Chris Cook, Asher Allen, Chris Carr, Zack Bowman, and Brandon Burton. He missed part of training camp after suffering a hamstring injury, but returned to compete for the job as the third cornerback against Brandon Burton. On August 28, 2012, <mask> recorded two solo tackles before exiting a 12–10 loss to the San Diego Chargers due to a concussion. Head coach Leslie Frazier named <mask> the third cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Antoine Winfield and Chris Cook. He made his professional regular season debut in the Minnesota Vikings' season-opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded four solo tackles in their 26–23 victory. <mask> made his first career tackle on wide receiver Justin Blackmon after a 13-yard reception by Blackmon on the Jaguars' first drive.On September 23, 2012, <mask> recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a  24–13 victory against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 3. His interception occurred in the fourth quarter off a pass by quarterback Alex Smith that was originally intended for Michael Crabtree. In Week 4, he earned his first career start and collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass in the Vikings' 20–13 victory at the Detroit Lions. On December 9, 2012, <mask> made his fifth start of the season after Chris Cook broke his wrist in Week 8. <mask> made  five solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception by Jay Cutler for a 44-yard gain during a 21–14 win over the Chicago Bears. He finished his rookie season in  with 56 combined tackles (52 solo), three pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and six starts. 2013
Throughout training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting cornerback against Chris Cook, A. J. Jefferson, and rookie first round pick Xavier Rhodes.He also competed to be the Vikings' top option at nickelback against Marcus Sherels, A. J. Jefferson, and Jacob Lacey. Defensive coordinator Alan Williams named <mask> a starting cornerback to begin the regular season, along with Chris Cook. He was also named their first-team nickelback. On September 29, 2013, <mask> recorded a season-high 12 solo tackles in the Vikings' 34–27 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 4. In Week 7, he had a season-high two pass deflections and six combined tackles during a 23–7 loss at the New York Giants. On November 17, 2013, <mask> made a tackle and a pass deflection before exiting the Vikings' 41–20 loss at the Seattle Seahawks with a fractured sternum and was expected to be sidelined for at least a month. On December 14, 2013, the Minnesota Vikings placed <mask> on injured reserve for the remainder of the season.<mask> finished his first season as a starter with a career-high 58 combined tackles (48 solo) and four pass deflections in ten games and ten starts. He spent the season playing primarily  at nickelback under defensive coordinator Alan Williams. On December 30, 2013, it was announced that the Minnesota Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after finishing last in the NFC North with a 5–10–1 record. 2014
During organized team activities, new head coach Mike Zimmer stated <mask> would be moved back to outside cornerback after the Vikings acquired free agent Captain Munnerlyn to play nickelback. Throughout training camp, he competed for the job as the starting cornerback against Xavier Rhodes, Derek Cox, Shaun Prater, Marcus Sherels, Kendall James, and Jabari Price. Defensive coordinator George Edwards named <mask> the third cornerback on the depth chart to start the regular season, behind Xavier Rhodes and Captain Munnerlyn. He appeared in the Minnesota Vikings' season-opener at the St. Louis Rams and recorded a season-high two pass deflections, two solo tackles, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Shaun Hill in their 34–6 victory.In Week 11, <mask> collected a season-high eight solo tackles and deflected a pass during a 21–13 loss at the Chicago Bears. On November 30, 2014, <mask> made a solo tackle, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Cam Newton in the Vikings' 31–13 win against the Carolina Panthers. He finished the  season with 41 combined tackles (39 solo), a career-high eight pass deflections, and a career-high three interceptions in 16 games and five starts. 2015
During organized team activities, <mask> tore his pectoral muscle and was expected to miss the beginning of the regular season. He returned in November, but was sixth on the Vikings' depth chart, behind Terence Newman, Xavier Rhodes, Trae Waynes, Marcus Sherels, and Captain Munnerlyn. On November 29, 2015, <mask> made his season debut and recorded one tackle during a 20–10 victory at the Atlanta Falcons. He only appeared in five games during the season and had two solo tackles.The Minnesota Vikings finished first in the NFC North with an 11–5 record. On January 10, 2016, <mask> appeared in his first career playoff game and recorded three solo tackles in the Vikings' 10–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wildcard Game. 2016
<mask> became an unrestricted free agent after the 2015 season and was not offered a new contract by the Minnesota Vikings. <mask> attended private visits and received contract offers from the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 62.1 in 2017. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 14, 2016, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2 million contract with $500,000 guaranteed. Throughout training camp, he participated in an open competition to name a starting cornerback against Brent Grimes, Vernon Hargreaves, Johnthan Banks, Alterraun Verner, Jude Adjei-Barimah, and Joel Ross.Head coach Dirk Koetter named <mask> the fifth cornerback on the depth chart, behind Brent Grimes, Vernon Hargreaves, Alterraun Verner, and Jude Adjei-Barimah. He made his Buccaneers' regular season debut in their season-opening 31–24 victory at the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 10, <mask> recorded a season-high two solo tackles during a 36–10 victory against the Chicago Bears. He finished his first season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with 11 solo tackles in 16 games and appeared mostly on special teams. 2017
On March 12, 2017, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a two-year, $5 million contract that includes $3.25 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $250,000. During training camp, <mask> competed against Jude Adjei-Barimah, Robert McClain, Ryan Smith, Javien Elliott for the job as the third cornerback on the depth chart. Defensive coordinator Mike Smith elected to name <mask> a backup safety to begin the regular season.<mask>'s teammates named him the special teams captain for the 2017 season. On October 5, 2017, <mask> sustained a concussion during the first quarter of the Buccaneers' 19–14 loss to the New England Patriots in Week 5. He was sidelined for the next three games (Weeks 6–8). <mask> was sidelined for another two games (Weeks 13–14) after injuring his hamstring. On December 31, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high three combined tackles during a 31–24 victory against the New Orleans Saints. He finished the season with five combined tackles (four solo) in 11 games and zero starts. 2018
On September 1, 2018, <mask> was released by the Buccaneers.New Orleans Saints
On October 4, 2018, <mask> was signed by the New Orleans Saints. He was released on December 27, 2018, but was re-signed four days later. Jacksonville Jaguars
On July 25, 2019, <mask> was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 30, 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. Personal life
On June 28, 2013, <mask> and Julianna <mask> were married in a ceremony that took place at the Westin Colannade in Coral Gables. They have two sons named Jesse and <mask>. Judah Ace <mask> was born on July 15, 2016, and Jesse was born in the summer of 2014.Social views
On June 26, 2015, <mask> publicly announced his beliefs opposing same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Court of the United States released their decision on Obergefell v. Hodges allowing same-sex marriages nationwide, <mask> made headlines when he compared same-sex marriage to incest and pedophilia in posts on his Twitter account. The following day, he apologized for his comments and attempted to clarify them in a statement through the Star-Tribune. He stated, "I apologize for any offense my tweets may have caused. In an attempt to express my beliefs, I created some confusion with my choice of words, and for that I apologize. I do not equate the Supreme Court’s decision on marriage equality with other social issues. There are obvious differences."References

External links

UCF Knights bio
NFL Combine bio
Minnesota Vikings bio

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
American football cornerbacks
African-American players of American football
UCF Knights football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
New Orleans Saints players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
21st-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Joshua Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Josh
Robinson
Judah Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson


title: Jens Christian Hauge

texts:
<mask> (1915 – 2006) was a Norwegian who was leader within the World War II resistance—and one of the two incumbent Milorg Council members in May 1945. He served as Minister of Defence from 1945-1952 and Minister of Justice from January to November 1955. After 1955 he never held political office, but "continued to exert influence on political processes—sometimes openly", and sometimes less so. He is also controversial, and has been criticised for not giving more information regarding central parts of the Milorg activities, such as assassinations of Norwegian collaborators. Early life
He was born at Ljan, and he had an older sister Aase. Their mother was a school teacher of hand craft, and the father was son of a cotter. <mask>r.<mask>'s father was a former non-commissioned officer, who worked in an insurance company. Military service as a conscript
He was a conscript in Stavern in the summer of 1936, and served 48 days [of recruit training ] at the anti-aircraft regimental recruits' school (), In 1938 he received 15 days of recruit training. He received training as crew on anti-aircraft weapon (). In May 1939 he was summoned for the last 14 days of recruit training. He replied to the summons with a medical certificate regarding his varicose veins, adding that he was willing to be checked by military doctors, even though [his schedule] as a magistrate () would make it difficult to leave work. He received a medical discharge, according to an annotation dated 10 August 1939, by <mask>. After law school
He finished his final exams to become a lawyer, in autumn of 1937.He worked as a private lecturer (manuduktør) for law students, for the next year. In November 1938 he started as a dommerfullmektig in Kragerø, to perform his period as a judicial "conscript". In January 1940 he again was working as a manuduktør in Oslo. While still a law student he became a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1936. Arrest, imprisonment and trial during World War II
The military invasion of Norway, resulted in students not coming to his private lectures, so he was without income. On 12 April he applied for work at Oslo Politikammer, and started work the next day. In June, his employer had established Priskontoret ("the price office"), and he applied for a transfer, and became the leader of the office.On 13 August he was arrested for making statements (during private lectures—of which he had resumed, besides his employment with the police) that violated (or were offensive to) Nasjonal Samling. While imprisoned, the "Milk Strike" occurred in Oslo, including the 10 September execution of two: the leader of a trade union and a lawyer in LO. "[M]ore than anything, it was the justice-scorning executions of these two, that [later] led <mask> to Milorg." (Years earlier <mask> had the lawyer prosecute a case in Kragerø; <mask> had barely known him.) During the last days of September, he was transferred to "the newly established prison for political prisoners", at Bredtveit Farm. 17 October saw the trial of <mask>. (At the end of the trial, <mask> was granted a release until the next day.)The verdict of 100 days in prison, whereof 66 days had already been served, was announced the next day—and he was imprisoned. He was released on 30 October, after completing four-fifths of the sentence—eighty days. In the Resistance
He joined Milorg at the beginning of 1942. (His wife and two children were relocated to Vestre Slidre in the middle of March—to a [vacant] cotter home which belonged to Husaker (a mountain farm).) In the middle of August 1942 he became inspector for (Milorg district) Østlandet—replacing Knut Møyen. On 3 October 1942 Operation Bittern landed four commandos in Norway. During the meeting where the leader of commandos showed his orders to <mask>, <mask> confiscated the accompanying list of 62 "that SOE wanted to" assassinate.("In 1941 - 1942 there was a tense relationship between Milorg and" SOE. "An early example of such a conflict, surfaced in the wake of the controversial Operation Bittern in the autumn of 1942", according to Njølstad. SOE expeditions which followed, improved Milorg's relationship to the British: The Chaffinch-, Thrush- and Pheasant Expeditions.) One evening between 7 and 14 October he met The Council (of Milorg) for the first time. The meeting resulted in a half-pascifistic message to the High Command, which in turn replied with a reprimand: To abstain from shooting in self-defense "is in opposition to human nature". (<mask>'s dissent at the meeting was noticed also by a secretary at SL.) In January 1943 he was promoted to Stor I—the General Inspector of all Milorg combat groups in the nation.After promotion to General Inspector
In May 1943, he traveled to Sweden—his first trip abroad for Milorg. (Njølstad says that <mask>'s rapidly increasing influence in Milorg—and later in den samlede hjemmefrontsledelsen—was in part because he never feared traveling abroad. Furthermore, "[M]any Resistance leaders were reluctant to such travel, because they feared that, in practice, it would mean the end of their effort in Norway. Or they calculated that their power to influence was greater when they communicated with utefronten—from Norway, rather than meeting its representatives" abroad.) 7–9 May saw one set of meetings, followed by <mask>'s return to Milorg's Council, to be followed by another border crossing for meetings in Sweden's capital. The High Command wanted more operative control of Milorg's units, particularly in the districts. This is in part the reason for the establishment of radio links directly between Milorg's district commands and the High Command, without establishing radio links between Milorg districts; due to security concerns, the districts were only to communicate with each other through Sentralledelsen in Oslo.In September 1943, he became a permanent member of the Sentralledelsen's top decision making group—The Council (Rådet). "From then on, for all practical purposes, he was Milorg's top chief", according to Njølstad. After promotion to Milorg's Council
From October 1944, the contact with Frithjof Hammersen (officer in Wehrmacht), was handled by Ingrid Furuseth, <mask>, and Ole Arntzen. Evidence from Hammersen, was the first trustworthy evidence of cancelled plans for moving Hitler's inner circle members—to Festung Norwegen. (In the last months of the war, <mask> had secret talks with Wehrmacht officers that gave information about the German plans for Norway. These talks facilitated the smooth transition to peace when the Germans surrendered in May 1945.) After the 5 December 1944 directive from SOE
A 5 December 1944 directive (direktiv) from SOE, stating "that it must be a prioritized task, for Milorg and NORIC to obstruct German forces from leaving" Norway.(It was <mask>'s understanding that, there was a wish for severing the lines of transportation on land, so that the Germans were forced out to sea—were the British were feeling increasingly stronger.) On 16 December, the Germans attacked through the Ardennes Forest on the German-Belgian border. A 31 December failed aerial bombing attack on Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, had originally been requested by <mask>. (77 died, [around] 1000 became homeless, 23 buildings were hit—whereof 6 were leveled. But Victoria terrasse was nearly undamaged.) After the assassination of the chief of police service Stapo
Karl Marthinsen was assassinated on 8 February 1945. (Months earlier, <mask> was authorized by the government in exile, to have Marthinsen killed.)<mask> and then General Inspector were arrested for traffic violations on 10 April, and released the next day. After Germany's capitulation, the fugitive chief of Gestapo in Norway was arrested on 31 May. <mask> met him, to have him report in writing about Fehmer's work in Norway—with a 10-day deadline. (<mask>'s official motive was to cut off Gestapo leaders' options of telling lies in court, about everything they knew about hjemmefronten, but did not use against them.) The only award he chose to receive for his wartime service, was the one that was given to all Milorg's men and women: a silver needle. Indications of employment with OSS
In August 2008 signs were found of <mask> having been employed by Office of Strategic Services(OSS). His name was found in a directory of personnel files of employees from 1942 to 1945—released by the US National Archives in 2008, according to Klassekampen.(Other Norwegians on the list were Wilhelm Hansteen, Håkon Kyllingmark and Knut Lier Hansen.) Secretary for prime minister
Paal Berg was asked by C.J. Hambro to form a government. Berg did not become a prime minister. In 1945 <mask> was asked by Einar Gerhardsen if he would accept a position—after Gerhardsen had formed his cabinet—as a "secretary and judicial advisor at the Office of the Prime Minister". As "Gerhardsen's secretary with responsibility for judicial cases", he became linked to the legal purge of war-time collaborators and the trials against Vidkun Quisling and Knut Hamsun. After the war, he became a member of the Labour Party.Minister of defence
On 5 November 1945 he became Defence Minister—the youngest of any [Norwegian] minister until then, 30 years old. (Previously, at the end of October, Andrew Thorne had approved the appointment, in the confidence of foreign minister Lie.) In the spring of 1946 Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) was put into service. (In 1945 he suggested measures for preventing Norwegian military scientists from remaining in British service, and in December the cabinet decided to establish FFI.) In December 1945 Otto Ruge resigned as general. In January 1946 <mask> fired then Chief of the Air Force, and the two agreed that the officer would resign at a later date. Chief of Defence Halvor Hansson resigned in 1946.A Norwegian brigade to British-occupied Germany
On 14 May 1946 parliament decided to establish a brigade of 4000 soldiers to be stationed in West-Germany—in line with the ministry's proposal—Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany. (In 1948 the cabinet decided that the brigade's soldiers were to be issued condoms. 400 000 signatures of protest were collected, and <mask> asked advice from Trygve Bratteli about the possibility of having Labour Party employees do partial checks of the lists, and "Should it be done?". (Municipal elections were scheduled for later in 1948, and <mask> thought that the signatures might harm the election campaign of the Labour Party.) The resulting advice was that the partial checks could be done, but that it was not advisable. Svalbard Crisis
The autumn of 1946 saw the start of the Svalbard Crisis 1946–1947, involving the Soviet Union. The Rød Case
On 13 March 1947 he showed a document to then minister of justice, regarding Knut Rød—who was preparing for trial in the appellate court.(The document was a five-day-old report (to Evang) about Rød's participation in a group that collected intelligence on communists and sympathizers; and about Rød having accepted Norwegian kroner 500 for locating the election lists for the Norwegian Communist Party—pertaining to the last election of parliament and the municipal governments; and about Rød having recruited his brother, for the work [of the group]. (His brother was then a secretary in Kommunikasjonsdirektoratet—a government agency.) Olav Njølstad says that "Before the Rød Case continued, the Defence- and Justice Minister knew that the defendant was concerned about the communist threat and could become a useful man in the communist surveillance that they had started constructing - that is, under the condition that he would not be convicted of Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II, and fired from the police force." Increased possibility of war sensed
In the middle of January 1948 he received a secret memo from Vilhelm Evang that stated that the Western military superpowers sensed an increased possibility for war with the Soviet Union. In January 1948, Koordinasjonsutvalget ("the coordination board") was established, to coordinate and gather information from the intelligence services—military and civil. Its creation is largely credited to <mask>. After the coup in Czechoslovakia
On 25 February 1948, a coup in Czechoslovakia was completed, and it was followed by the "Winter Crisis".The same month the Soviet Union proposed to Finland a combined friendship and military pact. During the first days of March 1948 messages were received from the Foreign Ministry's stations abroad and embassies of Western nations, that Norway could be the next nation to be invaded by the Soviets. A front page of Norwegian daily Dagbladet insinuated that <mask> had never been a Norwegian soldier, because he in 1936 had been "discarded by den militære legenemd" ("the military board of doctors"). (He had served as a conscript before the war.) The "Winter Crisis" resulted in a more encompassing
political surveillance in Norway, in particular in the Armed Forces, and also within corporations and the civilian administration. On 13 March 1948 a meeting was held in the prime minister's residence, regarding "what could be done to raise the level of preparedness against sabotage and coups within corporations and Norway's administration". (The attendees were Arnfinn Vik, Haakon Lie, Rolf Gerhardsen, Tor Skjønsberg and <mask> [and the prime minister].)On 11 May 1948 Winston Churchill came to Norway (with Oslo "on its head") and was a guest at Slottsmiddag. (A proposed visit in 1946 was cancelled, in the wake of the Fulton Speech.) After the guests had been excused from the table, Churchill invited the prime minister over, for a conversation, and the prime minister asked <mask> to join. During the conversation, Churchill said that it was in Norway's interest to obtain a security guarantee from the United States. Furthermore, 'You ought not to follow Sweden. Sweden ought to follow Norway.' Furthermore, "Norway interests the Americans because they think a lot about the defense of the Atlantic and about an Atlantic Treaty."(<mask> had conversations with Churchill the next day (at Det runde bords klubb—"the round table club"), and at the farewell dinner held by Britain's ambassador—on 14 May.) On 17 June 1948 parliament started its deliberations about the Helset Case. Later in 1948 Olaf Helset resigned. (Njølstad says that the military and political opposition that were wishing to evict <mask> from his post as minister—through the Helset Case—ended up tethering him to the same.)

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title: Jens Christian Hauge

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 The Norwegian Base Declaration of 1 February 1949 was created after Soviet signalled that it would not passively watch that the Western Powers established forward bases in Norway. Founding member of NATO
On 4 April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, and Norway became a (founding) member of NATO. (When early in January the same year, "it became clear" that Sweden would not accept Norwegian conditions for a defence union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway——<mask> "became a forceful pådriver (a person who pushes things ahead) for Norway's joining the Atlantic Treaty.- No one person [alone] can be credited" for the joining. (Bergens Tidende has said that then Labour Party secretary and Hauge "were decisive forces behind Norway's entry into NATO - against strong resistance within the Labour Party".) Olav Njølstad says that points, about <mask>'s contributions, deserving attention are: 1) "Through his British and American connections he contributed in fetching, for the government, a realistic understanding of the conditions under which Norway would be able to receive krigsmateriell ("war material") and other help from the Western powers." Furthermore, "this was a corrective to the wishful thinking" ... "in discussions with the Swedes, and in the discussions within the Labour Party". 2) "Hauge exerted great influence on the prime minister, who step by step reasoned and felt his way, to the standpoint which became Norway's choice." 3) "[H]e was an effective spokesman (for membership in the A Treaty)"—to the rest of the cabinet, as well as the party's parliamentary group, and the party's leading organer (organs)." After becoming a member of NATO
During the first days of 1951, Labour Party opplysningssekretærer ("education secretaries") had already become kommunistovervåkere ("overseers of communists").NATO membership discussions wished by Israeli politicians
Around 1950 leading Israeli politicians contacted Haakon Lie, wishing to discuss the possibility of Israel becoming a member of NATO. Lie sent them on to minister of defense <mask>, knowing that <mask> would reject the idea. After General Eisenhower's visit
General Eisenhower's visit to Oslo in February 1951, according to <mask>, resulted in something that doubtfully otherwise could have occurred: minister Brofoss accepted the doubling of expenses for the Armed Forces. Plans for Stay-behind were made, and "Rocambole" was the section pertained to sabotage and commando operations. His policy about appointing Resistance leaders, in advance of a future military occupation, included: "the total occupation must produce its own leaders". At the end of October 1952 Norway's second nuclear reactor (which later was shut down in 1967) was officially opened by dignitaries. On 12–13 November 1951, then prime minister forced
 the party leadership to accept his own upcoming resignation, and he named his replacement, who thereafter was approved: Oscar Torp.On 5 January 1952 he resigned as minister of defense. After resigning from office
At Labour Party headquarters he held a position as information secretary. The party gave him extra work, and his income from the party surpassed the income he had as a minister. Njølstad says that after the first days, "an enthusiastic and unusually productive cooperation arose within the triumvirate"—Gerhardsen, Haakon Lie and <mask>. In 1954 his law office was established. Minister of Justice, and candidacy for office in NATO
He became Minister of Justice in 1955. He lied—while addressing parliament—"about the eavesdropping (romavlytting) of the Communist Party's national convention".He resigned as minister at the end of October the same year—or 1 November. On 6 February 1956 his candidacy for vice secretary general of NATO, was shot down by then secretary general. (Previously, French NATO diplomats had insisted that the next vice secretary general must speak French perfectly, which ruled out <mask>.) Launching <mask> as a candidate, according to Njølstad, might have been motivated by a wish to keep <mask> from becoming Foreign Minister. Israel's purchase of heavy water for plutonium production
<mask> helped facilitate the sale of heavy water—for use in plutonium production—to the Israeli nuclear programme, while he was a board member at Noratom and judicial advisor at Institutt for atomenergi. Letter from a corporation to the Foreign Ministry
On 10 May 1958 Odd Dahl (the acting director of Noratom) wrote to the Foreign Ministry that the company had authored "a draft for a contract regarding the construction and building of a 40 megawatt heavy water reactor for the production of plutonium". Njølstad says, "Then came the difficult point, that Dahl in no way tried to underplay: Israel wished to follow an independent national direction, regarding the field of atomic energy, and was therefore not set on accepting the strict stipulations of control (kontrollbestemmelsene) that the US" had on their export of heavy water.Furthermore, "For this reason the Israelis preferred "to buy water from Norway at a higher price than it can be bought from the United States"." Furthermore Dahl said that, the Israeli plans were unrealistic, but "hardly unrealistic enough that they can be circumvented with plans of producing atombombs in the foreseeable future". Furthermore, Dahl said that of course one could not rule out that the Israelis one day would want to go in that direction, but the help that Norway eventually might have given Israel to get started "with legitimate civilian applications today, presumably can hardly be viewed in [a] relation to such remote possibilities". Leading up to the transportation to Israel
On 21 August 1958 <mask> suggested to chargé d'affaires Miron that Israel might want to buy heavy water from Great Britain. Miron replied that if Noratom purchased the water back from Great Britain, and sold it to Israel—with Norwegian stipulations of control—then that would seem okay, in principle. Njølstad says that "State Secretary Engen became more and more convinced that the heavy water was to be used for producing nuclear weapons", and in several memos he advised then foreign minister to not go through with the [proposed] agreement. On 20 February 1959 the government authorized the deal, by royal decree (kongelig resolusjon).Noratom took possession of [20 tons of] heavy water in the first quarter of 1959—from Britain's Atomic Authority—and it was loaded onto a ship, that departed a British port. (Before being shipped out of Britain, Norwegian authorities
saw no need for an export license, since the shipment was outside of Norway's borders.) After sailing out of British jurisdiction, the ship was to be ordered to sail directly for Israel. Inspection in Israel
On 8 April 1961 <mask> was taken to the Negev Desert for a private meeting with then prime minister of Israel. On 14 April 1961 <mask> conducted Norway's first and only inspection of the shipment of heavy water to Israel, as a result of US' impetus. (This was done at Rehovot.) He [later] told the foreign ministry that he had not been to the Dimona facility—thereby desinforming the ministry.Cancelled purchase of 3 tons of heavy water
On 1 September 1971 <mask>—vice chairman at Noratom-Norcontrol—was informed that Noratom-Norcontrol [the same year] had purchased three tons of heavy water—at the request of Norsk Hydro—on behalf of Israel. <mask> demanded that the chairman be informed immediately, and that the chairman inform the foreign ministry that the sale had not been preceded by discussions by the board of directors. He resigned from the board of directors, in part because of how the leaders of Noratom and Norsk Hydro had handled the purchase. By 30 September, the [1971] purchase of heavy water was cancelled. 1979 uncovering of the original transaction
The 1959 transaction was uncovered in 1979, by Sverre Lodgaard. <mask> told media that he had made a report to the government after the inspection, and that he declined further comment to the media. Nine tons (of the original twenty, later augmented by one ton) were purchased back by the Norwegian government.Bilderberg Group
Frequent correspondence between <mask> and founder of the Bilderberg Group (released after <mask>'s death) showed that <mask> was a central figure on the board of the group. Olav Njølstad says that <mask> described attending the group's conferences as "interesting, cheerful and comfortable". <mask> attended the 1955, 1956 and the 1957 conference at St. Simons Island, US. According to the official website of the group, he was a member of the steering committee. Airline SAS
In August 1961 then minister of transportation asked him to participate in a Scandinavian committee to deal with the economic crisis in the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). (In 1946, as minister of defence, he had participated in "picking [national airline] Det Norske Luftselskap (DNL) up from the ground and placing on its feet, after the war".) Establishment of a state-owned oil company
<mask> was involved in the establishment of a state-owned oil company, which became Statoil.After influencing changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate
He had contacted officials in the Finance Ministry about the possibility of having changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate. (In autumn of 1972, <mask> Henrik Nordlie contacted <mask> about converting a corporation (Kioskkompaniet) into a foundation.) In 1973 the financing of Fritt Ord (a foundation) became a reality, and the foundation was established in 1974. Death of a former prime minister, after reconciliation of former comrades
The September 1987 death of Einar Gerhardsen, according to Njølstad, "marked the beginning of the end of <mask>'s political influence within the Labour Party". (Before that, Gerhardsen wrote a letter of reconciliation to Haakon Lie, dated 15 April 1985; Hauge authored its redemptive wording: "For a long time, I [Gerhardsen] have been aware of, that I back then should not have tatt ordet ("taken the word") and said what I said.". (In 1967 at the national convention, according to Hauge, Gerhardsen "broke the staff over Haakon Lie".) Inferred withholding of info about the 1945 death of Kai Holst
On 27 September 1994 two publishers called in a press conference, with the authors of two books about Resistance fighter Kai Holst.The invitation said "Who killed Kai Holst?" and "Was Holst a risk factor? What were they afraid of? Why did he have to die? Why is everyone holding their tongues?" In 2008 Olav Njølstad said that Tore Pryser and Espen Haavardsholm during the launch of the books, the two went "very far in accusing <mask> of sitting on important information about Holst's death". <mask> has been in question in relation to the strange circumstances regarding the death of the Milorg member Kai Holst in Stockholm just after the war.Parliamentary hearings about surveillance of communists and others
In January 1997 he refused to testify in an open hearing of the Parliamentary Oversight Committee, regarding the conclusions of the Lund Commission. (Previously Ronald Bye had told the committee that would not testify, if Haakon Lie and Hauge did not.) Board of directors
<mask> also became a monumental figure in the Norwegian war industry. He became board member of several state-owned companies, especially within nuclear power and defence systems, including member of board of directors of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and chairman of Statoil 1972–75. In Scandinavian Airlines System he was a board member for more than 20 years. Transfer of documents in his possession
Norway's Resistance Museum received from him documents that he had about his work in Milorg. Later he agreed with Professor Olav Riste—employed at Institute for Defence Studies—that the institute would receive documents about his work as minister of defense.In 2003 Riksarkivet and he agreed about the establishment of Jens Chr. Hauges Privatarkiv, which resulted in more than 60 or 65 hyllemeter ("meters of shelf") of documents. "The greatest treasures, were the last that he relinquished. Some where first found", according to Njølstad, when <mask>'s two youngest sons and Njølstad, went thru the residence at Bjørnveien [at Slemdal ], autumn of 2005—before it was put up for sale. Interviews with his biographer
During 2004 and most of 2005 he regularly met with biographer Olav Njølstad and the main consultant of the book project, Olav Riste. The book's other consultants were Arnfinn Moland, Even Lange and Helge Ø. Pharo. Death
On 30 October 2006 he died at a retirement home in Vinderen, Oslo.On 7 November a service was held at Ris Church, på statens bekostning. Attendees included then king of Norway, prime minister, leader of LO, mayor of Oslo and other politicians; Haakon Lie, Gunnar Sønsteby, Knut Haugland. Some weeks later his ashes were interred. Media commented his death: The Times said <mask>'s willpower and resolve—including to implement unorthodox ideas, with authoritarian means—was doomed to make him [into] a controversial figure in a society "that normally adorns itself with being egalitarian and unanimous". Family
<mask> was survived by six children. His father died in 1940. His mother died in 1957.His second wife Liv Grannes died 30 November 2004. His ex-wife Lillann died on 2 March 2005. He married Anne Sophie "Lillann" Dedekam in 1938. Frank Rossavik has referred to "Hauge's many women in and outside marriage, and his betrayal to his own family". Cover names
During World War II he had cover names: Tor Aas was his identity at his cover apartment at Colbjørnsens Street 8. Documentary film
On 10 April 2012 NRK broadcast a documentary about Hauge —Nasjonens skygge ("the nation's shadow"), part one of two. See also
:no:Arthur Mørch Hansson
Leif Tronstad

References

Literature

Books
Njølstad, Olav, Fullt og helt - en biografi om om Jens Chr.Hauge. (2008)

Articles

External links
New York Times: <mask> <mask>, Guide of Modern Norway, Dies at 91
 National hero led double life
Hauges politiske testament
Sannheten om Jens Chr. <mask>
Løy for kona og folket

Trials in Norway
1915 births
2006 deaths
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian military leaders of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian anti-communists
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
20th-century lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of

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