title: Erik Erikson

texts:
 Children successful in this stage will have "self-control without a loss of self-esteem." Purpose, Initiative vs. guilt—This stage covers preschool children from ages three to five. Does the child have the ability to do things on her own, such as dress herself? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage practice independence and start to make their own decisions.If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in her ability to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions, then a sense of guilt develops. Guilt in this stage is characterized by a sense of being a burden to others, and the child will therefore usually present themselves as a follower as they lack the confidence to do otherwise. Additionally, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will also develop feelings of guilt. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose, which is the normal balance between the two extremes. Competence, Industry vs. inferiority.This area covers school age children from five to twelve. Children compare their self worth to others around them. Friends can have a significant impact on the growth of the child. The child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. <mask>son places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. During this stage the child's friend group increases in importance in his life. Often during this stage the child will try to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and also develop satisfaction with his abilities.Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities. Competence, the virtue of this stage, is developed when a healthy balance between the two extremes is reached. Fidelity, Identity vs. role confusion—This section deals with adolescence, meaning those between twelve and eighteen years old. This occurs when we start to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we are and what we want to accomplish. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life?The adolescent is exploring and seeking for her own unique identity. This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and developed. <mask>son believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, she will determine her own identity. If, however, the parents continually push her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles she provides in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit in to society.Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role confusion and can cause the adolescent to try out different lifestyles. Love, Intimacy vs. isolation—This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 to 40. This stage marks a transition from just thinking about ourselves to thinking about other people in the world. We are social creatures and as a result need to be with other people and form relationships with them. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during this stage in their life.This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others. It is important to note that ego development earlier in life (middle adolescence) is a strong predictor of how well intimacy for romantic relationships will transpire in emerging adulthood. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. They also feel safety, care, and commitment in these relationships. Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to achieve the virtue of love. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone. Care, Generativity vs. stagnation—The second stage of adulthood happens between the ages of 40–65.During this time people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in his career or treading lightly in his career and unsure if this is what he wants to do for the rest of his working life. Also during this time, a person may be raising their children. If they are a parent, then they are reevaluating their life roles. This is one way of contributing to society along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations. Individuals that exercise the concept of generativity believe in the next generation and seek to nurture them in creative ways through practices such as parenting, teaching, and mentoring. Having a sense of generativity can be considered significant for both the individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders for organizations, etc.If a person is not comfortable with the way his life is progressing, he's usually regretful about the decisions that he has made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness. Wisdom, Ego integrity vs. despair—This stage affects the age group of 65 and on. During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in her life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Individuals in this stage must learn to accept the course of their life or they will look back on it with despair. Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished. Wisdom is the result of successfully accomplishing this final developmental task. Wisdom is defined as "informed and detached concern for life itself in the face of death itself."Having a guilty conscience about the past or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to depression and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of the stage involves the feeling of living a successful life. For the Ninth Stage see <mask>'s stages of psychosocial development § Ninth Stage. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues, a term used in the context of <mask>son's work as it is applied to medicine, meaning "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted to be the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent in the individual life cycle and in the sequence of generations. <mask>'s research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a life-stage challenge are understood and accepted as both required and useful, can the optimal virtue for that stage surface.Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and accepted, in order for realistic 'hope' to emerge as a viable solution at the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both be understood and embraced, in order for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge as a viable solution at the last stage. <mask>'s psychology of religion
Psychoanalytic writers have always engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such as art, religion, and historical movements. <mask> gave such a strong contribution that his work was well received by students of religion and spurred various secondary literature. <mask>’s psychology of religion begins with an acknowledgement of how religious tradition can have an interplay with a child’s basic sense of trust or mistrust. With regard to <mask>’s theory of personality as expressed in his eight stages of the life cycle, each with their different tasks to master, each also included a corresponding virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for religious and ethical life. <mask> extends this construct by emphasizing that human individual and social life is characterized by ritualization, “an agreed-upon interplay between at least two persons who repeat it at meaningful intervals an in recurring contexts.” Such ritualization involves careful attentiveness to what can be called ceremonial forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, active engagement of participants, and a feeling of absolute necessity.Each life cycle stage includes its own ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism. Perhaps <mask>’s best-known contributions to the psychology of religion were his book length psychobiographies, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History, on Martin Luther, and Gandhi’s Truth, on Mohandas K. Gandhi, for which he remarkably won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. Both books attempt to show how childhood development and parental influence, social and cultural context, even political crises form a confluence with personal identity. These studies demonstrate how each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what <mask>son would call the historical moment. Individuals like Luther or Gandhi were what <mask>son called a Homo Religiosus, individuals for whom the final life cycle challenge of integrity vs. despair is a lifelong crisis, and they become gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time. Personal life
<mask> married Canadian-born American dancer and artist <mask> (née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death. The <mask>sons had four children: Kai T<mask>, <mask>, <mask> Bloland, and <mask>.His eldest son, Kai T<mask>, is an American sociologist. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst", described her father as plagued by "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy". He thought that by combining resources with his wife, he could "achieve the recognition" that might produce a feeling of adequacy. <mask> died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Massachusetts. He is buried in the First Congregational Church Cemetery in Harwich. Bibliography

Major works
 Childhood and Society (1950)
 Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (1958)
 Insight and Responsibility (1966)
 Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968)
 Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969)
 Life History and the Historical Moment (1975)
 Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience (1977)
 Adulthood (edited book, 1978)
 Vital Involvement in Old Age (with J. M<mask> and H. Kivnick, 1986)
 The Life Cycle Completed (with J. M. <mask>, 1987)

Collections
 Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers (1959)
 "A Way of Looking at Things – Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, <mask><mask>" ed.by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)

See also
 Erikson Institute

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

1902 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century German male writers
20th-century psychologists
Analysands of Anna Freud
Converts to Christianity from Judaism
Developmental psychologists
Ego psychology
German Christians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
American people of Danish descent
German people of Danish-Jewish descent
German psychoanalysts
Jewish psychoanalysts
Jewish philosophers
Harvard Medical School faculty
Jewish American social scientists
National Book Award winners
Writers from Frankfurt
People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Psychologists of religion
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
University of Pittsburgh faculty
American Christians
American psychoanalysts
People with acquired American citizenship
20th-century American writers
Austen Riggs Center physicians
20th-century American

masks:
Erik
Erik
Erikson
Erik
Erikson
Erikson
Erik Erikson
Erikson
Erikson
Erikson
Erikson
Erik
Erik
Erikson
Joan Erikson
Erik
. Erikson
Jon Erikson
Sue Erikson
Neil Erikson
. Erikson
Erikson
. Erikson
Erikson
Erik H
. Erikson


title: Olga de Meyer

type: original

texts:
Baroness <mask> (born <mask>; 8 August 1871 – 6 January 1931) was a British-born artists' model, socialite, patron of the arts, writer, and fashion figure of the early 20th century. She was best known as the wife of photographer <mask> and was rumoured to be the natural or god-daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. After 1916, she preferred to be known as "Mahrah <mask>". Background

Of Portuguese, Italian, French, and American descent, she was born <mask> in London, England. Her father was Neapolitan nobleman Gennaro Caracciolo Pinelli, Duke Caracciolo (1849–? ), eldest son of the 4th Duke of Castelluccio, while her mother was the former Marie Blanche Sampayo (1849–1890), a daughter of Antoine François Oscar Sampayo, a French diplomat who served as that country's minister to Portugal, and his American wife, Virginia Timberlake. Her great-grandmother Margaret O'Neill Eaton was the central figure in the Petticoat affair, a scandal that plagued President Andrew Jackson.Another great-grandparent was a Marshal of France, Count Auguste Regnaud <mask> Saint-Jean d'Angély. <mask> was born at 14 William Street, Lowndes Square, Chelsea, on 8 August 1871 and her father registered the birth in Chelsea North-East Sub-District on 5 September 1871, '<mask>' being the third and 'Alberta' the fifth of her seven forenames. The 1871 Census, taken on 3 April 1871, showed the couple with her mother at Thomas's Hotel and Lord Carrington's diary shows them together at Marlborough House on 4 July 1871 when the Duchess was heavily pregnant and the Duke was unwell.<ref>Anthony Camp, Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fictions: 1714-1936 (2007) 357-59.</ref> Jane Ridley says that the Duchess 'scandalised London society that winter, going out shooting in a kilt and smoking cigarettes'. Later gossip purveyed by Jacques Emile Blanche (who knew <mask> and her mother at Dieppe in the 1880s) said that the couple had separated 'at the church door' and that <mask> was the daughter or god-daughter of the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, but Ridley considers it most unlikely that she was his child. As a Catholic <mask> was certainly not the Prince's god-daughter. In the 1870s when staying at Sandringham 'an Italian Duchess, who is an Englishwoman, and her daughter, brought up as a Roman Catholic and now turning Protestant', presumably the Duchess and <mask>, are mentioned by a visiting bishop. According to the writer Philippe Jullian the Prince believed that <mask> was his child and supported her, but others assumed that her mother's friend Stanislaus Augustus, 3rd Prince Poniatowski (1835–1908), a married former equerry of Napoleon III, was her father.Immediately after the death of her mother in 1891, <mask> went to Naples and married in 1892, Prince Marino Brancaccio, a member of another Catholic family, but they were divorced at Hamburg in June 1899. When <mask> married Adolph <mask> the following month in London she did so in a Protestant ceremony. <mask> <mask> attended the King's coronation in Westminster Abbey in 1902 when her presence was described as "conspicuous". According to an article entitled "Coronation of King Edward VII: Splendid Scene in Westminster Abbey", The New York Times, 10 August 1902, <mask> sat in the front row of the King's box along with several of his intimate friends, including Mary Cornwallis-West, Minnie Paget and the king's mistress Alice Keppel. In 1916, <mask> <mask> took the forename "Mahrah" upon the advice of an astrologer. Marriages
<mask> was married to:
 Nobile Marino Brancaccio (1852–1920), a Neapolitan nobleman who was a son of Carlo Brancaccio, Prince of Triggiano and Duke of Lustra. They married in Naples, Italy, on 9 May 1892 (civil) and 11 May 1892 (religious), and divorced on 7 June 1899, in Hamburg, Germany.Artist Jacques-Émile Blanche, a family friend, called it "a short and most dramatic union".' Adolph <mask> (1868–1946), a celebrated artist dubbed by Cecil Beaton "the Debussy of photography." They married on 25 July 1899 at Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Street, Cadogan Square, in London. This was a marriage of convenience, as the groom was homosexual and the bride was bisexual; some sources identify her as a lesbian.Lesbian identification cited in Philip Hoare, Noel Coward: A Biography, (University of Chicago Press, 1998), page 32. The <mask>s were characterised by Violet Trefusis—who counted <mask> among her lovers and whose mother, Alice Keppel, was Edward VII's best known mistress—as "Pederaste and Médisante" (a pun on Pelleas and Melisande, from the French for 'pederast' and 'woman who criticises/maligns [médire]') because, as Trefusis observed "He looked so queer and she had such a vicious tongue. "Trefusis-<mask> liaison cited in Henriette Sharpe, A Solitary Woman: A Life of Violet Trefusis (Constable, 1981. Among her affairs was one with Princess (Edmond<mask> Polignac, an heiress of Singer sewing machines and arts patron, in the years 1901 to 1905.Muse and writer

Known for "her elusive combination of childlike innocence and soigné charm" and described as "tall and slender, with Venetian red hair", <mask> <mask> was muse and model to many artists, among them Jacques-Émile Blanche, James McNeill Whistler, James Jebusa Shannon, Giovanni Boldini, Walter Sickert, John Singer Sargent, and Paul César Helleu.Ann Galbally, <mask>: The Last Bohemian (Melbourne University Press, 2003), pages 187–188. Another of her artist admirers was <mask>, who was infatuated by <mask> and painted her portrait; Aubrey Beardsley was part of her youthful circle as well. <mask> <mask> also inspired characters in novels by Elinor Glyn and Ada Leverson. Of <mask>'s beauty, British novelist George Moore was unimpressed. As he commented to an admiring artist friend, "By Jove, you're all after the girl, a fine Mélisande for the stage, with her beautiful hair down to her heels. She's paintable, I admit, but as to one's daily use, I should rather have the mother than the child. Too slender for me ... you know my tastes."She worked briefly as a society columnist for La Galoise, a Paris newspaper, in the 1890s. As Mahrah <mask>, a name she adopted in 1916, she wrote one novel, the autobiographical Nadine Narska (Wilmarth Publishing, 1916). The New York Times condemned the novel as "morbid, exaggerated, ... [and] guilty of many carelessly written sentences","Latest Works of Fiction", The New York Times, 20 May 1917 while The Dial called <mask>'s book "a miscellaneous mixture of paganism, diluted Nietzsche, worldly morals, and the
doctrine of reincarnation". One of <mask>'s short stories, Clothes and Treachery, was made into The Devil's Pass Key, a 1919 silent movie by director Erich von Stroheim. Sportswoman
Known as the "woman [amateur fencing] champion of Europe", Baroness <mask> competed at tournaments in Europe and the United States in the early 1900s. At the Colony Club in New York City on 6 January 1913, she participated in an exhibition match with California champion fencer Sibyl Marston. "Women May Fence Again", The New York Times, 12 January 1913.Death
An observer wrote "Nervous, drugged, surrounded by ambiguous friends and accompanied by a too-conspicuous husband, <mask> had become frankly spiteful. Her scandal-mongering had eliminated the last of her respectable friends, and people visited her only because they could be sure to find a pipe of opium or a sniff of cocaine." <mask> <mask> is said to have died of a heart attack in a detoxification clinic in Austria in 1930 or 1931,Death from heart attack and location of death cited in Ann Galbally's Charles Conder: The Last Bohemian (Melbourne University Press, 2003), page 247. but she was reported as being at St. Moritz with her husband in January 1931. She died on 6 January 1931, aged 59. She was interred two days later at Freiburg, Baden, Germany. References

Sources
Profile of <mask> <mask>, broadway.cas.sc.edu
<mask>, A. <mask>. Of Passions and Tenderness: Portraits of <mask> by <mask> <mask>''.Marina del Rey: Graystone Books, 1992

External links

Biography and portraits of <mask>
Portrait by Jacques Emile Blanche
Photograph of <mask> <mask>
Photograph of <mask> <mask>

English artists' models
English people of Italian descent
LGBT writers from England
1871 births
1930s deaths
Date of death unknown
Edward VII
Illegitimate children of British monarchs
Bisexual women

masks: Donna Maria Beatrice Olga Alberta Caracciolo


title: Mario Benedetti

texts:
<mask> Hamlet <mask> (; 14 September 1920 – 17 May 2009), was a Uruguayan journalist, novelist, and poet and an integral member of the Generación del 45. Despite publishing more than 80 books and being published in twenty languages he was not well known in the English-speaking world. In the Spanish-speaking world he is considered one of Latin America's most important writers of the latter half of the 20th century<mask> was born in Paso de los Toros in the department of  Tacuarembó to <mask> (a pharmaceutical and chemical winemaker) and Matilde Farrugia (a family of Italian descent). Two years later, they moved to Tacuarembó, the capital city of the province, and shortly after that, his father tried to buy a chemist’s but was swindled and went into bankruptcy, so, they moved and settled in Montevideo, the capital city of the country, where they lived in difficult economic conditions. <mask> completed six years of primary school at the Deutsche Schule in Montevideo, where he also learned German, which later allowed him to be the first translator of Kafka in Uruguay. His father immediately removed him from the school when Nazi ideology started featuring in the classroom.For two years afterwards he studied at Liceo Miranda, but for the rest of his high school years he did not attend an educational institution. In those years he learned shorthand, which was his livelihood for a long time. At age 14 he began working, first as a stenographer and then as a seller, public officer, accountant, journalist, broadcaster and translator. He trained as a journalist with Carlos Quijano, in the weekly Marcha. Between 1938 and 1941 he lived in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He worked in different professions on both banks of the Río de la Plata river, for example, as a stenographer. In 1946 he married Luz López Alegre.He was a member of the 'Generation of 45', a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement which included Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer,  Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Carlos Onetti, among others. He also wrote for the famous weekly Uruguayan newspaper Marcha from 1945 until it was forcibly closed by the military government in 1973, and was its literary director from 1954. In 1957 he traveled to Europe and visited nine countries as a correspondent for Marcha weekly magazine and El Diario newspaper. Exile
For 12 years, from 1973 to 1985, when a civic-military dictatorship ruled Uruguay, <mask> lived in exile. He first went to Buenos Aires, and then to Lima in Peru where he was detained, deported and then given amnesty. He went to Cuba in 1976 and the following year to Madrid, Spain. His exile was made particularly trying by the fact that his wife had to remain in Uruguay to look after both of their mothers.In 1980 he moved to Palma, Majorca. Return to Uruguay

<mask> returned to Uruguay in March 1985 following the restoration of democracy, and thereafter divided his time between Montevideo and Madrid. He has been granted Honoris Causa doctorates by the Universidad de la República, Uruguay, the Universidad de Alicante, Spain and the Universidad de Valladolid, Spain. In 1986 he was awarded Laureate Of The International Botev Prize. On 7 June 2005, he was named the recipient of the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize. His poetry was also used in the 1992 Argentine movie The Dark Side of the Heart (El lado oscuro del corazón) in which he read some of his poems in German. In 2006, <mask> signed a petition in support of the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.Illness and death
In the last ten years of his life he suffered from asthma and spent his winters in Madrid (where it was summer) in order to avoid the cold, though as his health deteriorated he eventually remained in Montevideo. In 2006 his wife Luz López died, ending more than six decades of matrimony. He died in Montevideo on 17 May 2009. He had suffered from respiratory and intestinal problems for more than a year. His remains are buried at the National Pantheon in the Central Cemetery of Montevideo. Before dying he dictated to his personal secretary, Ariel Silva, what would become his last poem:

Work
For his poetry and novels Benedetti won numerous international awards. La Tregua, first published in 1960, has since been translated into over 20 languages (into English by Harry Morales) and inspired the 1974 film The Truce.Each year below links to either the corresponding "[year] in literature" or "[year] in poetry" article:

Poetry
 1945: La víspera indeleble ("Indelible Eve"), his first published book
 1956: Poemas de oficina ("Office Poems")
 1963:
 Inventario, Poesía 1950–1958 ("Inventory, Poems 1950–1958")
 Poemas del hoy por hoy ("Poems of Today")
 1977: La casa y el ladrillo ("The House and the Brick")
 1981: Viento del exilio ("Wind of the exile")
 1986: Preguntas al azar ("Random Questions")
 1988: Yesterday y mañana ("Yesterday and Tomorrow")
 1991: Las soledades de Babel ("The Loneliness of Babel")
 1994: Inventario dos (1985-1994) ("Inventory Two (1985-1994)"), published in Madrid
 1995: ("The Exercise of Discretion: Oblivion Is Full of Memory"), published in Spain
 1996: El amor, las mujeres y la vida. Poemas de amor.

masks:
Mario Orlando Hardy
Brenno Benedetti Farrugia
. Benedetti
Brenno Benedetti
Mario
Benedetti
Benedetti
Mario Benedetti


title: Tim O'Brien (illustrator)

texts:
<mask>'Brien (born November 16, 1964) is an American artist who works in a realistic style. His illustrations have appeared on the covers and interior pages of magazines such as Time, Rolling Stone, GQ, Esquire, National Geographic, Der Spiegel, and others. His illustrations are also used by the US Postal Service for postage stamps. Early life and education
O'Brien's paternal grandparents came from Ireland, and his maternal grandparents from Norwich, Connecticut, arriving in the United States from Quebec. His grandfather became a caretaker at Yale University. O'Brien was the second of three sons in his family. O'Brien began training as a boxer in high school, going on to box as a middleweight amateur in the Police Athletic League.At age 18, O'Brien gave up boxing. That same year he received a Pell Grant which he used to enroll in the Paier College of Art in New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated in 1987 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. His instructors at Paier included Leonard Everett Fisher, Ken Davies and Robert Zappalorti. While attending Paier, O'Brien painted trompe-l'œil images, which his instructors Davies and Zappalorti were also known to do, in which the viewer of the paintings are deceived into thinking they were seeing an actual object. In one such case, students attempted to use electrical outlets that O'Brien had painted on the wall. Artistic influences
In grade school, O'Brien often visited the Yale University Art Gallery.O'Brien's favorite art works at the Yale Gallery were by Thomas Eakins and Paul Cadmus. Other early influences for O'Brien were the 19th-century Russian painter Ivan Shishkin, and British painter Lord Leighton. Later influences for O'Brien include various contemporary artists such as Gottfried Helnwein, George Tooker and Mark Tansey, as well as illustrators such as Guy Billout and David Suter. Career
Before graduating from Paier in 1987, O'Brien entered into what became a long relationship with his representative Peter Lott. Lott had seen O'Brien's work at the Society of Illustrators Student Show. O'Brien started his illustration career primarily as a book cover artist and continues to work for book publishing houses. He has created covers for books by Ray Bradbury, Thomas Hardy, Walter Dean Myers and others.O'Brien credits his first big break as a Time magazine cover done in 1989, painting a small teardrop overlaid on a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. O'Brien was called on again in 2008 to paint another teardrop on the cover of Time, for the cover story "The Price Of Greed" following the onset of a global financial recession. Notable works

Book covers

Between 2008 and 2010, O'Brien was commissioned by Scholastic Publishing to illustrate each cover of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins, including the Hunger Games "mockingjay" logo. The images were then used again for promotional posters when the film distributor Lionsgate turned the books into a film franchise. O'Brien closely collaborated on the designs with his wife, Elizabeth Parisi, creative director for Scholastic. Time covers
O'Brien's Time magazine covers are in the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. Starting in 1989, O'Brien worked with art director Arthur Hochstein, and created over a dozen covers for Time with him.O'Brien's "The End of Bin Laden" cover, which the artist created in 2002 when editors at Time believed the al-Qaeda leader was trapped and was or would soon be dead in Afghanistan, was not published until nine years later in the May 20, 2011, issue. O'Brien used a similar approach for an earlier Time cover, "The Death of Abu Mousab al-Zarqawi", for the June 19, 2006, issue of the magazine. , O'Brien has had over 30 Time covers published, including:

September 4, 1996 The Choice
December 28, 1998 Men of the Year, Kenneth Star and Bill Clinton
March 10, 2003 Life After Saddam
November 10, 2008 The Choice

June 7, 2010 Why Being Pope Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry
December 20, 2010 Palin in Progress
May 20, 2011 The End of Bin Laden
September 5, 2011 The World After Gaddafi

Rolling Stone
O'Brien illustrated portraits of the Police, Michael Jackson, Nirvana, and Little Richard in Rolling Stones 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2012, O'Brien said the work he was most proud of was his 2008 cover illustration for Rolling Stone in which the magazine endorsed candidate Barack Obama for president. The cover, which depicted the future president with a halo-like glow around him, created a mild controversy, with critics of the image saying it deified the candidate. Covers
March 2008 cover, Barack Obama, A New Hope
January 2009 cover, Bush Apologizes
February 2012 cover, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust

Page illustrations
Al Gore: The Revolution is Beginning, June 28, 2007
Beck, March 2014

Mother Jones
For the December 2012 release, Mother Jones printed double covers, in which one cover was sent to subscribers of the magazine and the alternate cover was shown on newsstands. O'Brien illustrated both covers in different styles.For the cover that went to newsstands, titled Sugar Kills, O'Brien created a surreal vignette of a glass pitcher as a human skull. For the version delivered to subscribers, titled Solitary in Iran, O'Brien painted a lonely jail cell with a single occupant. Covers
February 2008 The Last Empire
September 2010, The BP Coverup
March 2011, The Vampire Economy
July 2013, Gagged by Big Ag

Page illustrations
Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary, January 2007

Other magazines
O'Brien's magazine covers have received awards and citations, including Cover of the Day by the Society of Publication Designers. The Atlantic, April 2001, The Next Ruling Class
Smithsonian, March 2012, 100th Anniversary of The Titantic
Sports Illustrated, March 2011, Roger Goodell Throne of Games

Sports Illustrated, May 16, 2016, Vin Scully
GQ, July 2015, Who is Mitt Romney? GQ, January 2016, What Would Cool Jesus Do? Postage stamps
O'Brien's work first appeared on U.S. postage stamps in 2006. He was commissioned to portray Hattie McDaniel as part of the U.S.Postal Services Black Heritage stamp series. O'Brien also designed postage stamps of Judy Garland in 2006; Danny Thomas in 2012; Shirley Temple in 2016; and Father Theodore Hesburgh in 2017. Honors and service
On April 26, 2016, O'Brien spoke at the United Nations in New York City at the invitation of the World Intellectual Property Organization, during which his artwork was shown. He discussed commercial art and intellectual property rights in a digital world and how technology is having both advantageous and troubling consequences on both. Honors
 Hamilton King Award, Society of Illustrators (2009)
Honorary doctorate degree, 2013, Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts
Commencement speech at Paier College of Art, 1996 and 2002
 O'Brien's Time magazine covers are in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Chosen by Irish American Magazine as one of their 100 top Irish Americans, 1999 and 2000
Awards from Society of Illustrators in New York and Los Angeles: Graphis Inc.; Print Magazine; Communication Arts Magazine; the Society of Publication Designers; American Illustration; Art Director's Club
In 2019, <mask>'Brien was awarded all three top illustration awards; bronze, silver and gold, for covers of Donald Trump for Time. Service
Chairman of the Education Committee, Society of Illustrators, New York (1996–2006). Member of the Executive Committee, Society of Illustrators, New York
Served on the Board of the Illustration Conference in 2003
President of the Society of Illustrators, New York
Chairman of 'Illustrators 49' at the Society of Illustrators
Chairman of the Scholarship Committee at the Society of Illustrators

Exhibitions
Lyme Academy of Fine Arts, Portraits and Illustrations: A Retrospective, 2013
Norman Rockwell Museum, Rockwell and Realism in an Abstract World, 2016
Corpo Gallery

Teaching
O'Brien lectures frequently across the country.His speaking engagements have included the Norman Rockwell Museum, the Society of Illustrators, Syracuse University, School of Visual Arts, Pratt Institute, Rhode Island School of Design, and California College of the Arts. He was a distinguished adjunct professor of illustration at the University of the Arts from 1990–2016. He also taught as an adjunct professor at Pratt Institute (2009–present) and Paier College of Art (1994–1996). Personal life
Up until 2004, O'Brien stayed active in the boxing world of his youth as a trainer. Since 2006, O'Brien has run the New York City Marathon, raising money for the Children's IBD Center at Mount Sinai Hospital. O'Brien lives with his wife Elizabeth Parisi and son in Brooklyn, New York. References

External links

1964 births
Living people
American magazine illustrators
Artists from New Haven, Connecticut
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century male artists
People from North Haven, Connecticut

masks:
Tim O
Tim O


title: Jane Elliott

texts:
<mask> ( Jennison; born November 30, 1933) is an American diversity educator. As a schoolteacher, she became known for her "Blue eyes/Brown eyes" exercise, which she first conducted with her third-grade class on April 5, 1968, the day after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Publication in the local newspaper of compositions the children had written about the experience led to much broader media interest. The classroom exercise was filmed in 1970, becoming the documentary The Eye of the Storm. PBS series Frontline featured a reunion of the 1970 class, as well as <mask>'s work with adults, in its 1985 episode "A Class Divided". Invitations to speak and to conduct her exercise eventually led <mask> to give up school teaching and to become a full-time public speaker against discrimination. She has directed the exercise and lectured on its effects in many places throughout the world.She also has conducted the exercise with college students, as seen in the 2001 documentary The Angry Eye. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1933 to Lloyd and Margaret (Benson) Jennison on her family's farm in or near Riceville, Iowa. Her father, who delivered her, was Irish-American. She was the fourth of several children. In 1952, after graduating from high school, <mask> attended the Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), where she attained an emergency elementary teaching certificate in five quarters. In 1953, she began her teaching career in a one-room school in Randall. Motivation to teach about racism's effects
On the evening of April 4, 1968, <mask> turned on her television and learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. She says that she vividly remembers a scene in which a white reporter pointed his microphone toward a local black leader and asked things like "When our leader [John F. Kennedy] was killed several years ago, his widow held us together.Who's going to control your people?" <mask> then decided to combine a lesson that she had planned about Native Americans with a lesson that she had planned about Martin Luther King Jr. for February's Hero of the Month project. At the moment she was watching the news of King's death, <mask> says she was ironing a teepee for use in a lesson unit about Native Americans. To tie the two lessons together, she used the Sioux prayer "Oh great spirit, keep me from ever judging a man until I have walked in his moccasins." She wanted to give her small-town, all-white students the experience of walking in a "colored child's moccasins for a day". First exercise involving eye color
Steven Armstrong was the first child to arrive in <mask>'s classroom. Referring to Martin Luther King Jr., he asked, "Why'd they shoot that King?"After the rest of the class arrived, <mask> asked them how they think it feels to be a black boy or girl. She suggested to the class that it would be hard for them to understand discrimination without experiencing it themselves and then asked the children if they would like to find out. The children agreed with a chorus of "yeah". She decided to base the exercise on eye color rather than skin color to show the children what racial segregation would be like. At first, there was resistance among the students in the minority group to the idea that brown-eyed children were better than blue-eyed children. To counter this, <mask> lied to the children by stating that melanin was linked to their higher intelligence and learning ability. Shortly thereafter, this initial resistance fell away.Those who were deemed "superior" became arrogant, bossy, and otherwise unpleasant to their "inferior" classmates. Their grades on simple tests were better, and they completed mathematical and reading tasks that had seemed outside their ability before. The "inferior" classmates also transformed – into timid and subservient children who scored more poorly on tests, and even during recess isolated themselves, including those who had previously been dominant in the class. These children's academic performance suffered, even with tasks that had been simple before. The next Monday, <mask> reversed the exercise, making the blue-eyed children superior. While the blue-eyed children did taunt the brown-eyed children in ways similar to what had occurred the previous day, <mask> reports it was much less intense. To reflect on the experience, she asked the children to write down what they had learned.Reactions and public attention
The compositions that the children wrote about the experience were printed in the Riceville Recorder on page 4 on April 18, 1968, under the headline "How Discrimination Feels", and the story was picked up by the Associated Press. As a result of the Associated Press article, <mask> was invited to appear on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. After she spoke about her exercise in a short interview segment,  the audience reaction was instant as hundreds of calls came into the show's telephone switchboard, much of it negative. An often-quoted letter stated, "How dare you try this cruel experiment out on white children? Black children grow up accustomed to such behavior, but white children, there's no way they could possibly understand it. It's cruel to white children and will cause them great psychological damage." The publicity that <mask> was getting did not make her popular in Riceville.When she walked into the teachers' lounge the day after her Tonight Show appearance, several other teachers walked out. When she went downtown to do errands, she heard whispers. When her oldest daughter went to the girls' bathroom in junior high, she came out of a stall to see a hateful message scrawled in red lipstick for her on the mirror. Of all her coworkers, <mask> states that only one of them, Ruth Setka, continued to speak to her after her exercise went public. Setka said that she realized she was the only one who kept speaking to her. Setka believed that the reason Eliott's exercise got so much backlash was because the students were very young and that the exercise should have been done on at least junior high school-aged students. In a 2003 interview, Elliot said that about 20% of the Riceville community were still furious with her over what she did that day in 1968, and some still called her "n-word lover", but she was grateful for the other 80%.However, as news of her exercise spread, she appeared on more television shows and started to repeat the exercise in professional training days for adults. On December 15, 1970, <mask> staged the experience to adult educators at a White House Conference on Children and Youth. In 1970, ABC produced a documentary about <mask> called The Eye of the Storm, which made her even more nationally known. Subsequently, William Peters wrote two books—A Class Divided and A Class Divided: Then and Now—about her and the exercise. A Class Divided was turned into a PBS Frontline documentary in 1985 and included a reunion of the schoolchildren featured in The Eye of the Storm, for which <mask> received The Hillman Prize. A televised edition of the exercise was shown on Channel 4 on October 29, 2009, entitled The Event: How Racist Are You? This documentary was intended, according to the producers in their agreement with <mask>, to create an awareness of the effects of racist behavior.After the exercise, <mask> said that the result "wasn't as successful as I am accustomed to being", leaving  journalist Andrew Anthony with the "nagging suspicion that she's more excited by white fear than she is by black success." <mask> was featured by Peter Jennings on ABC as "Person of the Week" on April 24, 1992. She is listed on the timeline of 30 notable educators by textbook editor McGraw-Hill along with Confucius, Plato, Booker T. Washington, and Maria Montessori. She has been invited to speak at 350 colleges and universities and has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show five times. In November 2016, <mask>'s name was added to the BBC's annual list of 100 Women. Origin of workplace diversity training
<mask> is considered to be the forerunner of diversity training, with the "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise as the basis of much of what is now called diversity training. She has done such training for corporations such as General Electric, Exxon, AT&T, and IBM, as well as lectured to the FBI, IRS, US Navy, US Department of Education, and US Postal Service.The Riceville school system granted <mask> unpaid leave to conduct workshops and training that were based on her exercise to organizations outside of her school system. However, the increasing demands to be away from the classroom eventually caused problems with her public school teaching career. <mask> left teaching in the mid-1980s to devote herself full-time to diversity training, redeveloping her classroom exercise for the corporate world. This was promoted positively as a way to promote teamwork, profits, and a "winning together" atmosphere. For this corporate exercise, <mask> divides a multiracial group based on the color of their eyes and then subjects the blue-eyed individuals to a withering regime of humiliation and contempt. In only a few hours, <mask>'s treatment makes the blue-eyed workers become distracted and despondent, stumbling over the simplest commands. Companies found the idea of offering such training attractive, not only because in the 1970s and 1980s there were increasing numbers of people of color in their organizations, but also because of U.S. court rulings and federal policies to promote multiculturalism brought about by pressure from civil rights groups during the same two decades.Many companies at that time came to see diversity training as a way to ward off negative legal action and publicity. <mask> said, "If you can't think of any other reason for getting rid of racism, think of it as a real money saver." Elliott-inspired diversity training has been used outside the United States. When the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 passed in the United Kingdom, it listed 100 diversity training firms in the Diversity Directory. According to a survey by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 70% of those firms have diversity policies in which diversity training plays a major role. Many of these courses follow <mask>'s model in regards to understanding the issues presented. Legacy of the original exercise
Dean Weaver, who was superintendent of Riceville schools from 1972 to 1979, thought <mask> was an outstanding teacher who did things differently and made other teachers envious of her success.Ex-principal Steve Harnack commented that she was excellent at teaching academics and suggested she would have had fewer problems with the community if she had involved parents. <mask>'s former colleague Ruth Setka, the one who had maintained a relationship with <mask>, also had enough. Commenting on Riceville's attitude on <mask>, Setka said:
"I think third grade was too young for what she did. Junior high, maybe. Little children don't like uproar in the classroom. And what she did caused an uproar. Everyone's tired of her.I'm tired of hearing about her and her experiment and how everyone here is a racist. That's not true. Let's just move on." Academic research
Academic research into <mask>'s exercise shows moderate results in reducing long-term prejudice but is inconclusive on the question of whether the possible psychological harm outweighs the potential benefits. Two professors of education in England, Ivor Goodson and Pat Sikes, argue that what <mask> did was unethical, calling the exercise psychologically and emotionally damaging. They also stated ethical concerns pertaining to the fact that the children were not told of the purpose of the exercise beforehand. Measured results of the diversity training for adults are moderate.The outcomes of a 1990 research study by the Utah State University were that virtually all the subjects reported that the experience was meaningful for them. However, the statistical evidence supporting the effectiveness of the activity for prejudice reduction was moderate; and virtually all the participants, as well as the simulation facilitator, reported stress from the simulation. Another program evaluation in 2003, conducted by Tracie Stewart at the University of Georgia, showed that white college students had significantly more positive attitudes toward Asian-American and Latino individuals, but only marginally more positive attitudes toward African-American individuals. In some courses, participants can feel frustrated about "their inability to change" and instead begin to feel anger against the very groups to which they are supposed to be more sensitive. It can also lead to anxiety because people become hyper-sensitive about being offensive or being offended. There are not very good measures of effects on long-term outcomes of these training initiatives. In a 2003 study, Murdoch University included the "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise in their list of "both successful and unsuccessful" strategies to reduce racism, as opposed to, among others, more successful strategies like dialogues about race, and the debunking of false myths.dialogues and de

Personal life
<mask> was married to Darald <mask> (1934–2013) from 1955 until his death, and has four children. They maintained residences in Osage, Iowa and Sun City, California. On May 24, 2019, <mask> was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Humane Letters by CSU Bakersfield. See also
 Blue Eyed – a 1996 German film based on the "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise

References

External links

Schoolteachers from Iowa
American women educators
American anti-racism activists
Anti-racism in the United States
1933 births
Living people
People from Riceville, Iowa
University of Northern Iowa alumni
Activists from Iowa
People from Osage, Iowa
People from Menifee, California
BBC 100 Women
Eye color
21st-century American women

masks:
Jane Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Jane Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Jane Elliott


title: Brian Loader

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1958) is currently Co-Director of the Centre for Political Youth Culture and Communication (CPAC) at the University of York, UK. <mask> joined the Department of Sociology at York in January 2006 to pursue his scholarly interests into digital media communication and democratic governance. His overarching interest is in new media communications technologies, and the social, political and economic factors shaping their development and diffusion, and their implications for social, economic, political and cultural change. He has published widely in these areas and is the founding Editor of the international journal Information, Communication and Society whose aim and scope is to critically explore these issues in depth. <mask>'s interest  in the transforming capacities of Internet began in the mid-1990s primarily as a critical response to two discourses that continue to frame discussions about the socio-political influence of new media technologies to this day. The first, addressed in his book The Governance of Cyberspace (1997), highlighted and criticised the ‘cyber-libertarian’ portrayals of the Internet as emancipatory spaces divorced from the ‘real world’ of power, place, history and political economy. The second, and related concern, outlined in The Cyberspace Divide (1998) was the crucial issue of what impact the Internet would have upon different social groups.These two themes have continued to shape his research interest in how social relations of power are increasingly mediated through information and communication technologies. Community informatics

In 1996 he was responsible for establishing and directing the Community Informatics Research and Applications Unit (CIRA) which attempted to explore the potential of new media for shaping the development, sustainability and even regeneration of community relations. What he described as community informatics was from the outset concerned with the relationship between geographical places where people lived, worked and socialized and the networked spaces provided by the Internet. Publications such as Community Informatics: Shaping Computer-Mediated Social Networks (2001) and Challenging the Digital Divide? A literature Review of Community Informatics Initiatives (2004) documented both the potential of new media for community development and also the wider role it played in the fragmentation and individualization of local social relations. Active research projects, including Trimdon Digital Village informed UK policy debates about bridging the digital divide. <mask> continues to be a member of the editorial board for the Journal of Community Informatics.During his time at CIRA <mask> together with colleagues at Teesside and worldwide attempted to explore the potential of new media for shaping the development, sustainability and even regeneration of community relations. What they described as community informatics was from the outset concerned with the relationship between geographical places where people lived, worked and socialized and the networked spaces provided by the Internet. Young citizens

On arriving at York <mask> focused upon the potential of social media to influence  the political and civic engagement of young citizens. First, by hosting a small symposium which was later published in an edited collection as Young Citizens In the Digital Age (2007) and then by establishing in partnership with Lance Bennett a study group called Networking Young Citizens under the auspices of the World Universities Network. Together with Ariadne Vromen and Mike Xenos, he is undertaking a three country comparative study of the potential influence of social media upon the participatory culture of young citizens entitled The Civic Network which is funded by the Spencer Foundation. Recent work

Research interest in the broader impact of new media upon democratic governance began with the publication of Digital Democracy: Discourse and Decision-Making in the Information Age (1999) following the first of several conferences devoted to this issue. The use of new media by social movements was first explored in Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens and Social Movements (2004) with other European colleagues collaborating on a COST programme.Most recently, it was the focus of a conference on Networking Democracy held in Cluj, Romania where these themes were further developed in Social Media and Democracy: social media innovations in participatory politics (2012). The potential for new media to shape practices of social care both organisationally and individually has been a longstanding research area. He has been particularly interested in the use of ICTs in re-structuring health and social care organizations and professional practices. With colleagues on an ESRC funded project on Virtual Community Care the use of the Internet as a potential means of online social support revealed the effectiveness of social networking amongst informed participants for facilitating social support. It further foregrounded how such technologies could transform relations between professionals and clients. Digital Welfare for the Third Age (2009) developed these ideas on the basis of a UK Department of Health funded project into electronic service delivery for older people. <mask>’s wider interest in social media and the Internet is facilitated through his editorship of the international journal Information, Communication & Society (iCS).Included in the prestigious Thompson Reuters Social Science Citation Index iCS is published in twelve issues annually. This comprises several special issues including the best papers from both the annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers and the American Sociological Association section on Communication and Information Technologies. Under <mask>’s editorship iCS also hosts regular conferences around the world on a range of topics related to the social, cultural, political and economic influence of new media communications technologies. The most recent were A Decade in Internet Time at Balliol College, Oxford, and at York on The Co-Production of Knowledge. Books

The Networked Young Citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement, (edited with Ariadne Vromen and Mike Xenos), New York: Routledge. (2014)

Social Media and Democracy:  social media innovations in participatory politics, (edited with Dan Mercea) London: Routledge. (2012)

Digital Welfare for the Third Age: Health and Social Care Informatics for Older People, (edited with Mike Hardey and Leigh Keeble) London: Routledge.(2009)

Young Citizens in the Digital Age: Political Engagement, Young People and New Media, London: Routledge. (ed.) (2007)

Articles

Manning, N, Penfold-Mounce, R., <mask>, B.D., Vromen, A. and Xenos, M. ‘Politicians, Celebrities and Social Media: A case of informalization?’, Journal of Youth Studies, published online 25 July 2016. Mercea, D., Iannelli, L. and <mask>, B.D. (2016) ‘Protest Communication Ecologies’, Information, Communication & Society, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109701

Qiu, J. and <mask>, B.D. (2016) ‘Understanding Digital Cultures’, Information, Communication & Society, 19:1, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1094114

Vromen, A., <mask>, B.D., Xenos, M. and Bailo, F. (2016) ‘Everyday-making through Facebook engagement: Young citizens’ political interactions in Australia, UK and USA’, Political Studies, 64:3, pp. 513-533.Vromen, A., <mask>, B.D. & Xenos, M. ‘Beyond Lifestyle Politics in a time of crisis? : comparing young people’s issue agendas and views on inequality’, (2016) Policy Studies, 36:6, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2015.1095283

<mask>, B.D., Vromen, A., & Xenos, M. (2016) ‘Performing for the young networked citizen? : celebrity politics, social networking and the political engagement of young people. (with Vromen, A. and Xenos, M.) Media, Culture & Society, 28:3, 400-419. DOI: 101177/0163443715608261

‘Campus politics, student societies and social media’ (with Vromen, A., Xenos, M.A., Steel, H. & Bergum, S.) (2015) The Sociological Review 63:4, 820-839, DOI: 10.1111/1467-954X.00251

References

1958 births
Living people
Academics of the University of York

masks:
Brian D
. Loader
Brian
Brian
Brian
Brian
Brian
Brian
Brian
Loader
Loader
Loader
Loader
Loader
Loader


title: Mary Leakey

texts:
<mask>, FBA (née Nicol, 6 February 1913 – 9 December 1996) was a British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first fossilised Proconsul skull, an extinct ape which is now believed to be ancestral to humans. She also discovered the robust Zinjanthropus skull at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, eastern Africa. For much of her career she worked with her husband, <mask>, at Olduvai Gorge, where they uncovered fossils of ancient hominines and the earliest hominins, as well as the stone tools produced by the latter group. <mask> developed a system for classifying the stone tools found at Olduvai. She discovered the Laetoli footprints, and at the Laetoli site she discovered hominin fossils that were more than 3.75 million years old. During her career, <mask> discovered fifteen new species of animal. She also brought about the naming of a new genus.In 1972, after the death of her husband, <mask> became director of excavations at Olduvai. She maintained the <mask> family tradition of palaeoanthropology by training her son, Richard, in the field. Biography

Childhood
<mask> was born on 6 February 1913, in London, England to Erskine Edward Nicol and Cecilia Marion (Frere) Nicol. The Nicol family moved to numerous locations in thе United States, Italy, and Egypt where Erskine painted watercolors that he brought back and sold in England. <mask> began to develop an enthusiasm for Egyptology during these travels. On her mother's side, <mask> was a 3rd great-granddaughter of antiquarian John Frere. The Frere family had been active abolitionists in the British colonial empire during the 19th century and established several communities for freed slaves.Three of these communities were still in existence when <mask> published her 1984 autobiography: Freretown, Kenya; Freretown, South Africa; and Freretown, India. The Nicols spent much of their time in southern France where young <mask> became fluent in French. In 1925, when <mask> was 12, the Nicols stayed at the commune, Les Eyzies, at a time when Elie Peyrony, a French archeologist and prehistorian, was excavating one of the caves there. Peyrony was not excavating scientifically during that early stage of archaeology and did not understand the significance of much of what he found. <mask> received permission to go through the remnants of his dig and this was where her interests in prehistory and archaeology were sparked. She started a collection of points, scrapers, and blades from the dump and developed her first system of classification. The family then moved to Cabrerets, a village of Lot, France.There she met Abbé Lemozi, the village priest, who befriended her and became her mentor for a time. The two toured Pech Merle cave to view the prehistoric paintings of bison and horses. Education
In the spring of 1926, when <mask> was thirteen years old, her father died of cancer and <mask> and her mother returned to London. <mask> was placed in a local Catholic convent to be educated, and she later boasted of never passing an examination there. Although she spoke fluent French, <mask> did not excel at French language studies, apparently because her teacher frowned upon her provincial accent. She was expelled for refusing to recite poetry, and was later expelled from a second convent school for causing an explosion in a chemistry laboratory. After the second expulsion, her mother hired two tutors, who were no more successful than the nuns.After the unsuccessful tutors, her mother hired a nanny. <mask>'s particular interests centered on illustration and archaeology, but formal university admission was impossible with her academic record. Her mother contacted a professor at Oxford University about possible admission, and was encouraged not to apply, as it would be a waste of her time. <mask> had no further contact with the university until it awarded her an honorary doctoral degree in 1951. The small family moved to Kensington, in West London, where, though unregistered, <mask> attended lectures in archaeology and related subjects at the University College and at the London Museum, where she studied under Mortimer Wheeler. <mask> applied to work on a number of summer excavations. Wheeler was the first to accept her for a dig.It took place at St. Albans at the Roman site of Verulamium. Her next dig was at Hembury, a Neolithic site, under Dorothy Liddell, who trained her for four years until 1934. Her illustrations of tools for Liddell drew the attention of Gertrude Caton Thompson, and, in late 1932, she entered the field as an illustrator for Caton Thompson's book The Desert Fayoum. Life

Through Caton Thompson, an English archeologist, <mask> met <mask>, who was in need of an illustrator for his book Adam's Ancestors (1934). While she was doing that work they became romantically involved. <mask> was still married and his son Collin had just been born when they moved in with each other. They married after Frida <mask> divorced him in 1936.This ruined his career at Cambridge University. <mask> and <mask> had three sons: Jonathan, born in 1940, Richard in 1944, and Philip in 1949. Their fourth child, a daughter, died as a baby. The three boys received much of their early childhood care at various anthropological sites and, whenever possible, the <mask>s excavated and explored as a family. The children accompanied them to various work sites, with dig becoming a family endeavour. The boys grew up with the same love of freedom that their parents had become accustomed to. <mask> would not even allow guests to shoo away the pet hyraxes that helped themselves to food and drink at the dinner table.In her autobiography, she rarely mentioned her pregnancies or the difficulties she faced while raising children in Kenya. She smoked a lot, first cigarettes and then cigars, and usually dressed as though completing an excavation. While her husband was alive, they published many joint findings. However, her contributions were often credited to her husband. <mask> died on 1 October 1972 of a heart attack. <mask> continued with the family's archaeological work, becoming a respected figure in paleoanthropology of her own right. Her son, <mask>, also decided to become a paleoanthropologist, and <mask> helped him begin his career.Her two sons, Jonathan and <mask>, pursued other interests. Death
<mask> died on 9 December 1996, in Nairobi, Kenya, at the age of 83. Her family, who announced her death, did not give the cause, saying only that she died peacefully. Research

<mask> served her apprenticeship under Dorothy Liddell at Hembury, 1930–34 (see above). In 1934, she took part in a dig at Swanscombe where she discovered the largest elephant tooth known to Britain at that time. Throughout the 1930s-50s, <mask> and <mask> worked at Later Stone Age, Neolithic, and Iron Age archaeological sites in central Kenya, such as Hyrax Hill and Njoro River Cave. In October 1948, <mask> discovered a Proconsul africanus skull on Rusinga Island.<mask> also recorded and published the Kondoa Irangi Rock Paintings in central Tanzania. The Leakeys' most famous research, however, was at Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti plains of northern Tanzania. The site yielded many stone tools, from Oldowan choppers to multi-purpose hand axes. The earliest tools they dug up were likely made by Homo habilis and can be dated to over two million years ago. On the morning of 17 July 1959, Louis felt ill at Olduvai and stayed at camp while <mask> went out to the field. At some point she noticed a piece of bone that "seemed to be part of a skull" with a "hominid" look". After dusting the topsoil away, she found "two large teeth set in the curve of a jaw", and she drove back to camp exclaiming "I've got him!"Active excavation began the following day and a partial cranium was unearthed within a few weeks, though it had to be reconstructed from fragments scattered in the scree. After examining the cranium, <mask> concluded it was of a species ancestral to humans, the australopithecines. He eventually dubbed the find Zinjanthropus boisei, "East Africa man"—Zinj is an ancient Arabic word for the East African coast. The name was later revised to Paranthropus boisei, and by some to Australopithecus boisei;  a consensus on its classification is still in debate. After her husband died in 1972, <mask> continued their work at Olduvai and Laetoli. It was at the Laetoli site that she discovered hominin fossils that were more than 3.75 million years old. From 1976 to 1981, <mask> and her staff uncovered the Laetoli hominin footprint trail which had been tracked through a layer of volcanic ash some 3.6 million years ago.The subsequent years were filled with research at Olduvai and Laetoli, follow-up work to discoveries, and preparing publications. Throughout her career, <mask> discovered 15 new species of animals, and one new genus. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1979. Legacy
In April 2013, <mask> was honoured by Royal Mail in the UK, as one of six people selected as subjects for the "Great Britons" commemorative postage stamp issue. Google celebrated the 100th anniversary of <mask>'s birth with its Google doodle for 6 February 2013. In the video game Civilization VI, <mask> is a Great Scientist that players can recruit. Her unique ability grants extra science and tourism to artifacts.

masks:
Mary Douglas Leakey
Louis Leakey
Mary Leakey
Leakey
Leakey
Leakey
Mary Leakey
Mary
Mary
Leakey
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Louis Leakey
Leakey
Leakey
Mary
Louis Leakey
Leakey
Mary
Louis Leakey
Mary Leakey
Richard Leakey
Mary
Philip Leakey
Mary Leakey
Mary Leakey
Mary
Louis Leakey
Mary
Mary Leakey
Mary
Louis Leakey
Mary Leakey
Leakey
Leakey
Leakey
Mary Leakey
Leakey


title: Disappearance of Tony Jones

texts:
Anthony John "<mask>" <mask> was an Australian man who disappeared while backpacking in North Queensland in November 1982. The case garnered substantial mass media attention, with critics charging that police mishandled the investigation into <mask>' disappearance. Disappearance
At the time of his disappearance, <mask>, a native of Perth, Western Australia, was in the last stages of a six-month working holiday around Australia. After quick visits to Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, and Sydney, he settled for several months in Brisbane before finally setting off on the homeward leg of the journey with his brother <mask>. For three weeks, <mask> hitchhiked while his brother rode a bicycle. They communicated by phoning relatives and leaving messages for each other. Along the way, they met up briefly at Mackay and Airlie Beach and spent a week together in Townsville, Queensland, where they shared a caravan with two fellow travelers at the Sun City Caravan Park in Rosslea.When <mask> began the 900 km bike ride out west to Mount Isa, <mask> set off alone on 28 October 1982 for a side trip to Cairns. When he arrived back in Townsville on 3 November 1982, he telephoned his family and girlfriend in Perth. He was surprised to learn that <mask> had already reached Mount Isa, and learned that his mother had just topped up his bank account with $150 that was to be shared with <mask>. <mask> made no more phone calls and did not use his bank account again, and never made it to Mount Isa. Coronial inquest
In May 1983, the government issued a reward of $20,000 for information which leads to the apprehension and conviction of the person or persons responsible for the disappearance and suspected murder of <mask>. In 2010, the reward was increased to $250,000. Despite no body having been found, Coroner Ian Fisher stated in his findings on 20 February 2002 that <mask> was a victim of homicide."I am satisfied that the missing person is dead," wrote the coroner. "I find that he died on or around the 3rd of November 1982 at the hands of a person or persons unknown". In spite of the homicide finding, <mask>' family was initially unable to get a death certificate because of an anomaly in Queensland legislation, which prevented the issuance of a death certificate in cases where the coroner failed to indicate a specific place of death. The Attorney-General of Queensland and Minister for Justice, Linda Lavarch, subsequently introduced new legislation in 2005, saying "the <mask> family has suffered enough...they should not suffer further by not being able to get a death certificate for their son". The certificate was eventually issued in January 2006. Reopening of the coronial inquest
The <mask> family's review of inquest documents in 2007 unearthed a slew of neglected leads. However, owing to the protracted and unsatisfactory response of police and government officials, and a refusal by authorities to refer the case to the cold case unit, the family petitioned the Attorney-General Cameron Dick on 14 June 2009 to reopen the inquest.The petition was ignored for fifteen months. Then, in September 2010, when the Queensland government launched a "walk a day in my shoes" campaign in a bid to curb its falling ratings in the opinion polls, <mask>, a brother of the victim, sent Dick a pair of his shoes, daring him to walk in the shoes of a victim of Queensland crime. On 18 September, a day after the shoes arrived at his office, Dick announced that he had instructed the State Coroner Michael Barnes to reopen the inquest. The new inquest has been beset with long delays, a protracted police investigation and a changeover of key personnel such as the coroner and counsel assisting. However, on 14 April 2016, some six years after the family first petitioned Dick, State Coroner Terry Ryan held a pre-inquest hearing and subsequently scheduled the new inquest to be held in Townsville from 29 August until 9 September 2016. The hearing was later suspended, pending a judicial review in September 2018, which was unsuccessful. Cloncurry search
In January 2011, a retired grazier from Cloncurry informed the <mask> family of old evidence that appeared to have been lost or forgotten by police for decades.He said that about 29 years earlier he had given Cloncurry police some physical evidence which he and a friend, a retired police officer, found on the edge of the township. The evidence included remnants of some camping gear and a letter addressed to <mask> from his mother. The witness said he was frustrated by the lack of response from police when he made inquiries in 2010 about the old evidence; however, the family relayed his story to the coroner, and the coroner instructed police to undertake a thorough search of the campsite. On 11 October 2011, a search party of eight officers and four SES volunteers spent six hours searching the campsite—identified as a 50 m2 area beside the Cloncurry River near the intersection of Quamby Road and Barkly Highway. The search failed to find any sign of <mask>' belongings or remains. After the search, Northern Region Crime Coordinator, Detective Acting Inspector Mick Walker, told the media that police were still investigating what happened to the evidence handed in to Cloncurry police. Prison cell confession
A former prisoner came forward on 13 October 2011, saying that while incarcerated at the Townsville Correctional Centre in January 2000, a cell mate confessed they "did a bloke out near Mount Isa."Prison and criminal records helped identify the suspect as Michael James Laundess. More information on the suspect was expected to come to light at the coronial inquest, but long delays resulted in a missed opportunity to hear what Laundess had to say about the allegations and the location of the body. With the inquest still on hold, Laundess died in Perth on 17 October 2015, aged 53. Criticisms of the Queensland Police investigation
The first attempts of the <mask> family to phone in a missing persons report on 11 November 1982 were complicated by red tape. The investigation by Queensland Police only commenced three days later when family members traveled five thousand kilometres to file the report in person. As stated at the inquest, basic inquiries were neglected: for example, police failed to get a report from the hospital on treatment <mask> had received prior to his disappearance, and at least one key witness mentioned by the coroner was never interviewed. The family was also left without police assistance when they conducted a door-knock inquiry in the vicinity of the phone booth on Bowen Road, Rosslea, which was the last confirmed whereabouts.Police did not release a composite sketch of a suspect until ten years after they received information about the suspect. Media reports on the inquest highlighted other problems with the investigation, reporting that some of the witness statements were missing and that the former investigating officer had been uncooperative with coronial inquiries. The media also reported that it wasn't until 2001 that statements were obtained from several people who first approached police in 1982. Other criticisms were voiced by the coroner and the coroner's assistant. Coroner Fisher said "more attention should have been given to early investigation", while his assistant, Sergeant Kym Farquharson-<mask>, said the inquest evidence showed police investigations into the disappearance were "not sufficient by today's standard." The view of Sergeant Farquharson-<mask> is indicative of the systemic problems highlighted in the Fitzgerald Inquiry report. <mask> QC, who presided over the Royal Commission into police misconduct, said the Queensland Police culture of the 1980s was "debilitated by misconduct, inefficiency, incompetence, and deficient leadership".As a result of the Fitzgerald Inquiry, the Commissioner of Police Terry Lewis, who held the post during the early years of the <mask> investigation, was subsequently convicted and jailed for corruption. In defence of the police handling of the <mask> case, Det. Snr. Sgt. Chris Lill, who worked on the case for about fifteen years, said in a report to the Townsville coroner that "rightly or wrongly, missing persons over the age of sixteen years of age did not attract or command the deployment or availability of resources as they would have in this day and age". Unresolved leads

In January 1983 police received a tip-off on the whereabouts of <mask>' body. The letter was postmarked Cairns, where <mask> had visited in the days before his disappearance.The text is as follows: "I believe body of <mask> buried in or near Fullarton River bed within 100 yds west southside Flinders Hwy. Lochiel" After a fruitless two-day search, police concluded the letter was a hoax. Inquest documents reveal that in the weeks before the search, the dry river bed was flowing with "about 20-foot of water" and that there was "not much hope" of finding any trace of <mask> or his belongings. The <mask> family urged police to use DNA profiling of the Lochiel evidence to determine the identity of Lochiel; for years police declined on the grounds the evidence had not been preserved in good condition, but they subsequently admitted to coronial investigators that they had lost the Lochiel letter. A witness told police he had seen an older man with <mask> at the Rising Sun Hotel in Townsville on the night he disappeared. Ten years later, in 1992, police published an identikit picture of the suspect. The first tip-offs from the public suggested the sketch resembled the former police superintendent Mervyn Henry Stevenson, a former stock squad officer whose retirement as officer in charge of the Townsville police about a year before <mask> disappeared was tainted by accusations of corruption.Stevenson's name surfaced during the original inquest in 2001, but inquest transcripts and the 2009 follow-up police report by case investigator Senior Sergeant John Mahony indicate that up until that time (seventeen years after the tip-offs), police had never investigated Stevenson's involvement in the disappearance. In February 2016, during the lead up to the new inquest, Mahony confirmed Stevenson was a person of interest and that "it is now up to the Coroner to decide if Merv will play a part in the inquest". A second sketch was produced by Townsville Bulletin artist Chris Brunton. The sketch yielded several more leads, some of which had not been investigated by the time of the inquest in 2002. The coroner instructed police to continue their investigation of those leads, particularly in relation to two persons of interest called Pickering and Douglas; however, another seven years elapsed before police acted on the coroner's instructions and, by that time, Pickering and Douglas had both died. A 1999 internal police memo (obtained by the <mask> family under the Freedom of Information Act 1982) alludes to another suspect with a prior criminal conviction. The case officer wrote the following to the homicide squad:

"I have also received a letter from a retired grazier who has named a suspect by the name of (blank) and I note that his history indicates he is most probably a (blank) and I consider that he should be interviewed.I have attached a copy of the letter." However, neither the grazier's letter nor details of any homicide inquiries related to the letter were documented or discussed at the inquest in 2002 or ever made known to the family. <mask> was known to be carrying a dismantled rifle in his backpack at the time of his disappearance, but the rifle has never been found. It is a .22 calibre Voere rifle, serial number 257435; and the stock was stained dark red. Renewed hope of major breakthrough
On 8 February 2014, Mahony announced that "fresh and credible" information linking <mask> to a country town in northwest Queensland had sparked renewed hope of a major breakthrough. Further updates about the breakthrough were given on 10 February 2014 by Townsville Detective Acting Superintendent Cheryl Scanlon, who announced that a team of detectives was heading to Hughenden to speak with people who lived and worked in the town the year <mask> disappeared. On 12 February, Scanlon said new information had indicated <mask> may have been murdered at Hughenden.Hughenden first became a place of interest in December 1982 when at least five people from the area alleged that on the weekend of 12–14 November, they talked with a young hitchhiker who bore a resemblance to <mask>. Police collected statements and made further inquiries around town. It transpired that one sighting referred to a young man of Aboriginal descent; another to an Italian tourist. The others were about a man with a full beard. One witness said she had talked with <mask> at the Grand Hotel around 8.00 pm on 12 November and that he was identical to the photograph of <mask>, including what she called the "Abraham Lincoln-style" beard. The fact that <mask> had shaved his beard off a few days before his disappearance, as well as the elapse of time and failure to access his bank account or contact his family or girlfriend in that time, meant that all the Hughenden sightings were subsequently dismissed by the lead investigator, Det. Chris Lill, and by Coroner Fisher in the 2002 coronial inquest.Missing Persons Week
<mask>' disappearance was the inspiration and catalyst for the establishment of Australia's National Missing Persons Week in 1988. The inaugural Missing Persons Week was launched with a memorial service at the Holy Spirit Church in Townsville, after which the city's mayor planted a tree in commemoration of <mask>. Missing Persons Week is now held every year in Australia in the first week of August to highlight the plight of missing persons and their families. Cold case playing cards
In February 2008, more than 500 decks of cold case playing cards were distributed to inmates at several Queensland prisons in the hope that significant crimes could be solved if prisoners revealed information after being prompted by the cards. Details of <mask> can be found on the two of spades. See also
List of people who disappeared

References

External links

 Reward poster (Queensland Police Service)
 Family Facebook page

 <mask> Inquest Feature (AAP)

1962 births
1982 deaths
1982 in Australia
1980s missing person cases
November 1982 events in Australia
Missing person cases in Australia
People murdered in Queensland
Unsolved murders in Australia
1980s in Queensland
1980s murders in Australia
1982 murders in Oceania
1982 crimes in Australia

masks:
Tony
Jones
Jones
Tony Jones
Tim Jones
Jones
Tim Jones
Jones
Tim Jones
Tim Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Brian Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tony Fitzgerald
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
AJ Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tony Jones


title: Suzanne Kaaren

texts:
<mask> (March 21, 1912 – August 27, 2004) was an American B-movie actress and dancer who starred in stock film genres of the 1930s and 1940s: horror films, westerns, comedies, and romances. Early life
A native of New York City, she was born Sophie Kischnerman on March 21, 1912 in Brooklyn, New York. Kaaren attended Erasmus Hall High School and Hunter College before being signed by 20th Century Fox in September 1933. In 1931, she won a high-jumping contest in a New York City school contest. Her parents refused to let her compete in the Olympic Games. She collected butterflies as a hobby and had several books filled with the insects. Career

Early career
She acted with stock companies and posed as a model for commercial painters and cigarette advertising.Kaaren appeared in dramatic parts in New York theaters and trained at the Hedgerow Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Early on, Kaaren was a Ziegfeld Girl and later was one of the original Rockettes. She performed on stage on December 27, 1932, the night Radio City Music Hall opened. Movie actress

Kaaren left for Hollywood in October 1933. Her starting salary with Fox Films was $150 per week. She was eventually cast opposite Tim McCoy in Ridin' Gents, a Monogram Pictures production. She was then signed by Republic Pictures to play a character in From Rags To Riches.Ridin' Gents was filmed without either McCoy or Kaaren. She joined a troupe assembled by producer Walter Wanger, which also included Gloria Youngblood. The theatrical company was known as Trade Winds. The comedy When's Your Birthday? (1937) showcased the zany Joe E. Brown, with Kaaren among the supporting players in an RKO Radio Pictures movie about an astrologer. In October 1941, Kaaren was added to the cast of I Married an Angel. She portrayed a maid named Simone, and was uncredited.In October 1943, Pete Smith assigned <mask> and Harry Barris the leading roles in an MGM motion picture which was to be called Practical Joker. The film was never made. Kaaren figured prominently in several Three Stooges comedy short films. They are Disorder in the Court, Yes, We Have No Bonanza, and What's the Matador?. Miracles for Sale (1939) was based on the novel Death From A Tophat by Clayton Rawson. Kaaren plays a woman who is separated into halves and then joined together again suspensefully. The murder mystery has Robert Young and Florence Rice in prominent roles.She starred opposite Bela Lugosi in The Devil Bat. The cult film of the horror film genre is a Poverty Row production released by Producers Releasing Corporation. In the movie, Lugosi breeds giant bats to attack people. Her final appearance on film was an uncredited role as the Duchess of Park Avenue (Manhattan) in 1984's The Cotton Club. Theater
Kaaren stepped into the character usually played by Ann Thomas in a Broadway presentation of Chicken Every Sunday. Staged in September 1944, Thomas left the production to go to Hollywood. In July 1946, Kaaren's elder son, Brewster, was in the play with her as an eight-month-old.She was also joined by her husband, Sidney Blackmer, on stage at the Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania. In April 1953, the Blackmers starred in Glad Tidings in Atlantic City, New Jersey. A month later, the show moved to the Quarterback Theatre, also in Atlantic City. In 1959, Kaaren appeared in The Royal Family at the Hinsdale Summer Theater in Chicago, Illinois. Linda Darnell starred; Karyn Kupcinet and Stuart Brent were also in the cast. The theme was a famous family of the American stage. Personal life
Kaaren married stage and screen actor Sidney Blackmer on June 13, 1943, in a civil ceremony in Santa Ana, California.Raquel Torres was a witness at the wedding. Blackmer was married previously to Lenore Ulric. By this time, Kaaren was under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The marriage was a turbulent one from the outset. The couple separated in September 1943 and Blackmer instructed his attorney to file for divorce in October, but the couple remained together until Blackmer's death in October 1973. The marriage produced two sons, Brewster and Jonathen. The Blackmers had lived in his family home in Salisbury, North Carolina, until it was damaged by fire in 1984.Afterward, she resided in a rent-controlled Manhattan apartment at 100 Central Park South. According to her obituary, real estate developer (and later the 45th president of the United States) Donald Trump bought the building and threatened to evict all the tenants and tear it down to build something more lucrative. Kaaren's apartment was assessed at $750,000, but she refused to budge, and, in 1998, a court ruled that Trump could turn the apartments into condos, but had to allow the rent-controlled tenants to remain. She was, therefore, given $750,000 compensation. Death
On August 27, 2004, Kaaren died from pneumonia at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 92. References

Further reading
 Bismarck Tribune, "New Browning Mystery Stars <mask>n", September 9, 1939, page 8. Fitchburg Sentinel, "News and Comment Of Stage and Screen", October 2, 1937, page 5.Long Beach Independent, "Sidney Blackmer To Sue For Divorce", October 26, 1943, page 2. New York Times, "Screen Notes", September 27, 1933, page 24. New York Times, "Girl Athlete Gets Movie Job", November 11, 1933, page 11. New York Times, "News Of The Screen", March 22, 1938, page 18. New York Times, "Screen News Here And In Hollywood", August 29, 1938, page 10. New York Times, "Screen News Here And In Hollywood", June 26, 1941, page 27. New York Times, "Screen News Here And In Hollywood", October 24, 1941, page 27.New York Times, "Sidney Blackmer Marries", August 9, 1943, page 10. New York Times, "Three Plays Delay Broadway Debuts", September 15, 1944, page 17. New York Times, "Vera Allen Named By Theatre Wing", July 4, 1946, page 23. New York Times, "Atlantic City Bills Listed", April 17, 1953, page 30. New York Times, "Early-Season Attractions In Jersey", May 3, 1953, page X17. Ogden Standard-Examiner, "Photo Collector", February 4, 1934, page 11. Olean Times-Evening Herald, "All Ready?Then Get Your Eyes Ready For A New Screen Beauty! ", November 11, 1933, page 3. Suburbanite Economist, "Linda Darnell Plays Hinsdale", August 5, 1959, page 16. Syracuse Herald Journal. "In Step With:The Rockettes", December 27, 1992, page 182. Washington Post, "Astrology, Boxing Bouts Mix In Latest Joe E. Brown Picture", March 4, 1937, page 12. Washington Post, "Sidney Blackmer, Noted Actor, Dies", October 7, 1973, page B6.External links

Actresses from New York (state)
American stage actresses
American film actresses
Female models from New York (state)
American female dancers
American dancers
Hunter College alumni
People from Brooklyn
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American actresses
1912 births
2004 deaths
The Rockettes
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Dancers from New York (state)
20th-century American comedians
Ziegfeld girls

masks:
Suzanne Kaaren
Kaaren
Suzanne Kaare


title: Reuven Carlyle

texts:
<mask> (born August 10, 1965) is a Democratic member of the Washington State Senate representing the Washington's 36th legislative district since 2009. The district spans the Seattle neighborhoods of South Lake Union, Belltown, Queen Anne, Magnolia, Greenwood, Ballard, Crown Hill, Blue Ridge. It is home of the Space Needle in the Seattle Center, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and PATH as well as global companies including Amazon, F5 Networks, Expedia, Trident Seafoods, Juno Therapeutics and more. Carlyle is a technology entrepreneur and business development consultant in the wireless, software and clean energy sectors. Professionally, Carlyle has served in business development, public policy, sales, marketing, corporate development, board of director and/or strategic consulting roles with a number of early- and mid-stage technology companies including McCaw Cellular Communications (Acquired by AT&T Wireless Services), Xypoint Corp. (Acquired by TCS, Inc.), Twisted Pair Solutions (Acquired by Motorola) and others. He continues to provide business development and strategic consulting services to leading companies and organizations. Legislature
Carlyle serves as chair of the Senate Energy, Climate & Technology Committee, as well as a member of the Ways & Means and Rules Committee.<mask> was re-elected in 2018 for a four-year term with 89.3% of the vote against Libertarian Bryan Simonson. In 2019, Carlyle successfully prime sponsored comprehensive clean energy legislation, SB 5116, to require all electric utilities in Washington to transition to a 100-percent, carbon-neutral electricity supply by 2030 and to 100-percent carbon-free electricity by 2045. The bill was a cornerstone of Gov. Jay Inslee's climate agenda. In 2018, Carlyle sponsored major carbon pricing legislation at the request of Gov. Jay Inslee. The bill, which would have established a carbon tax in Washington, was adopted by two committees before failing to receive a final vote on the Senate floor.In 2018, he was one of only seven senators to vote against the Legislature's public records bill that was ultimately vetoed by Gov. Jay Inslee following a public outcry by the state's media and the public. Carlyle's legislative priorities have been centered around budget policy and tax transparency, foster youth, higher education, energy and environmental priorities. In 2007, prior to his election, Carlyle authored the Passport to College Promise Program which was ultimately created by the Legislature. <mask> was first elected to the Washington House of Representatives in 2008, representing the 36th legislative district as a Democrat. He was appointed to the state Senate in 2016 to succeed veteran Sen. Jeanne Kohl-Welles who was elected in 2015 to the King County Council. During Carlyle's seven years in the House he focused on a range of policy areas including budget, tax, higher education, transportation, health care, open data and election issues.He sponsored major legislation to reform higher education finance and improve the educational success of foster youth. Carlyle has been the prime sponsor of legislation in each year to abolish the death penalty and replace the policy with life in prison without the possibility of parole. Carlyle has been a critic of efforts to expand coal and oil trains and exports throughout the Pacific Northwest. He has been a vocal legal and political opponent of initiative promoter Tim Eyman's efforts to alter the state constitution to require a supermajority to raise taxes. In 2013 <mask> was appointed chair of the House Finance Committee and as a budget writer. During his three years as Finance chair, Carlyle sponsored legislation to provide transparency into Washington's tax structure. He also passed major legislation to reinstate Washington's estate tax as well reform the state's telecommunications taxation.In the Finance role, he was a prime sponsor and a supporter of the accountability and transparency provisions of the Boeing tax package, widely considered the largest state tax incentive package in U.S. history. Carlyle was publicly critical of the abbreviated process of the special session. Carlyle was named in 2012 as "one of 12 legislators in the nation to watch" by Governing Magazine. He was named one of the most "tech savvy" legislators in the nation by GovTech. He was named by the progressive organization Fuse as a champion of tax reform. In 2016 he was awarded the Ballard/Thompson Award by the Washington State Coalition for Open Government, the state's premier organization for open government and public access to government information. In 2017, he received legislator of the year award from Washington Conservation Voters.Carlyle announced he would not seek reelection on January 24, 2022. Personal

Carlyle resides in Seattle with his wife Dr. Wendy Carlyle an anesthesiologist practicing at Swedish Medical Center in Ballard. They have four school-age children:  Adi, Liat, Zev and Nava. Carlyle grew up in Bellingham, Washington and developed his interest in government while serving as a teenage page in Congress. He served as a page for two years in the U.S. Senate for Senators Warren Magnuson and Henry "Scoop" Jackson, and one year in the House of Representatives where he served briefly as personal page to Speaker Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill, Jr.
Carlyle's mother, Joan Hadiyah <mask>, self-published her autobiography "A Torch in the Dark, one woman's journey." Prior to his election, Carlyle was appointed by Governor Chris Gregoire in 2004 as a member of the Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges. He crafted legislation in 2007 as a citizen activist for foster youth, Passport to College Promise, a scholarship program.Carlyle was a citizen co-founder of the Seattle/King County Chapter of City Year, a national AmeriCorps program. Education
Carlyle received a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a MPA from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. References

External links
Washington State Legislature - Sen. <mask> Carlyle Official Washington State Senate site
Official Reuven Carlyle Blog

Members of the Washington House of Representatives
Washington (state) state senators
1965 births
Living people
Politicians from San Francisco
Washington (state) Democrats
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Reuven Michael Carlyle
Carlyle
Carlyle
Carlyle
Carlyle
Reuven