title: Irina Dubtsova

texts:
<mask> (; born 14 February 1982) is a Russian singer, songwriter, and actress. She is the winner of fourth season of Fabrika Zvyozd (2004), released three albums until present and reached high positions in Russian music charts with several songs. As songwriter, Dubtsova wrote songs for other famous artist like Ani Lorak, Timati, Philipp Kirkorov, Polina Gagarina, Alsou, Zara, Slava, Sasha Gradiva, and others. Career

1982–2003: Early years
<mask>ova was fond of music since childhood. When she was 11 years old, her parents created a children's musical group Джем (translit. : Jam/Jem), which included Dubtsova. The collective has become quite popular in Volgograd.In 1999, through the friend of her father Andrey Pryazhnikov, the disc with the song "Hijo De La Luna" performed by Dubtsova came to the well-known producer Igor Matvienko, who was just recruiting the participants for a new band. The group was named Devochki (; English: "[The] Girls"), and in addition to Dubtsova, it included three more soloists: Tatyana Gerasimova , Valentina Rubtsova and Olympiada Teterich. The group was actively and unsuccessfully PR-ed in the media, and the clip for the song "Говорила мама (У-ла-ла)" ("Mom Said (U-la-la)") ranked among the best clips of MTV Russia for 2000, but <mask> <mask> left the band before the release of the first album. After leaving the group she worked in the post of executive director at the studio "SBS – Entertainment". Anton Makarsky worked with this studio, and several of <mask>'s songs got into his hands. Subsequently, almost all the songs for his album were written by Dubtsova. In 2001 she graduated from the Volgograd Municipal Arts Institute.P. A. Serebryakova, at specialty of Academic singing. 2004–2007: Star Factory
On 12 March 2004 on Channel One Russia started the Sason 4 of "Fabrika Zvyozd", in which Dubtsova took part. She was noted for duets with such artists and bands as Mumiy Troll, Igor Nikolayev, Bi-2, Aleksandr Ivanov, Ivanushki International, Alexander Rosenbaum, Vladimir Presnyakov Jr., and also she sang a song of her own composition "O nyom" (О нём; "About Him"). In addition, during the singer's stay at the Factory on 29 May 2004 was held <mask>'s wedding with the soloist of the Plazma band – Roman Chernitsyn. On 8 June the final gala concert of the "Fabrika Zvyozd" took place in the sports complex "Olimpiyskiy", at which the winners of the project were announced, and Dubtsova took the first place. As a prize, <mask> received a convertible Peugeot car, recordings for a solo album and filming for three music videos, as well as the right to represent Russia at the contest of young singers New Wave 2004, in which she subsequently took the second place. 2005–2011: Career beginnings

In February 2005, <mask>'s debut album, named "O nyom" (О нём; "About Him"), was released.On 3 March 2006, <mask> Dubtsova gave birth to a son, who was named Artyom. On 19 July 2007 was released a new album of <mask> Dubtsova, "Vetra" (Ветра; "Winds"). It included 12 compositions written by the singer herself. At the same time, the videos for the songs "Medals" and "Winds" appeared in the rotation of the TV channel Muz-TV. In 2008 along with Polina Gagarina she sang the song "Komu? Zachem?" (Кому?Зачем? ; "To Whom? Why? "), for which a video was shot. The song became the winner of the "Muz-TV Award 2010" in the nomination "Duet of the Year". Based on the negative response about men in the song, there were rumors that the singer was getting divorced from her husband, the soloist of the group Plazma ("Slow Motion") Roman Chernitsyn, and then these rumors were confirmed. In 2010, <mask> <mask>, Jasmin, Alsou, Tatiana Bulanova, and Valeria Kudryavtseva recorded a children's lullaby  "Spi, moyo solnyshko" (Спи, моё солнышко; "Sleep, My Sun") in support of the Pampers and UNICEF charity project "1 pack = 1 vaccine" to prevent tetanus in newborns and their mothers.In 2011, she took part in the project "Fabrika Zvyozd. Return", where the winners of the "Fabrika Zvyozd" of different years competed. Dubtsova joined the team of producer Igor Krutoy and took the third place. 2012–present

In the spring of 2012 <mask> performed the song "Esh', molis', lyubi" (Ешь, молись, люби; "Eat, Pray, Love"), for which the words and music she composed herself, and in April same year a video for the song was released, which was directed by Aleksandr Filatovich. Since the end of August 2012, she has sang jingles for the radio station Retro FM. In the fall of 2012, on the Ukrainian TV channel STB, the third season of the Ukrainian version of X-Factor started, and <mask> <mask> replaced the singer Yolka as a judge. She headed the category "Collectives", which included the trio "D-version" (5th place), duo Violetta and Anatoly (11th place), and the girl group "3D" (8th place).In November 2012, a video for the new song "Prosti menya" (Прости меня; "Forgive me") was released. On 1 December 2012, <mask> <mask> in a live show of the X-Factor, performed the song "Zhivi" (Живи; "Live!") in a duet with the winner of the 2nd season of the show, Viktor Romanchenko, song which she wrote in honor of World AIDS Day. The year 2014 began for the actress from with the show "Toch-v-Toch" on Channel One, where she acted as a participant in the project and subsequently became the winner. On 12 March 2014, <mask> <mask> celebrated the 10th anniversary of her solo career. On the same day, was released a new video for the duet composition with Lyubov Uspenskaya "I love him, too" (Я тоже его люблю). <mask> <mask> became a winner in the nomination "Beloved Judge of the Show" at the annual "Telesvezda" award (Ukraine).On 22 July 2014, at the concert hall "Dzintari" at the international contest "New Wave 2014", <mask> and DJ Leonid Rudenko released a joint single "Recollect" (Вспоминать). In the late 2014 Dubtsova competed in a Channel One project "Three Chords" (Три аккорда). On 25 January 2015, Dubtsova presented a solo song entitled "Love Me Long" (Люби меня долго) on a big show of the Muz-TV channel, "Party Zone". On 28 March 2015 in the concert hall "Crocus City Hall" a big solo concert of <mask> was held, timed to the release of the new album and the 10th anniversary of creative activity, which gathered more than 6,000 spectators. On 28 April 2016, the nominees of the annual RU.TV award became known, where Dubtsova received the nomination "The Singer of the Year". On 19 November 2016 <mask> <mask> received her first "Golden Gramophone Award" for the single "Lyuba – Lyubov'" (Люба — Любовь). On 3 December 2016, Dubtsova becomes the Laureate of the diploma "Song of the Year" for the song "Boyfriend".Discography
Albums
2005: O nyom (О нём; "About Him"))
2007: Vetra (Ветра; "Winds")

Compilations
2008: O lyubvi (О любви (лучшие песни); "About Love (best songs)")

EP
2020: TBA

In the group "Girls"
 1999  – "I want to be a bird"
 2000  – "Mom said (U-la-la)"

Solo

As featured artist

Video Clip
 2000  – Ivanushki International – Why do you girls love the fair-haired (in the "Girls" group)

Artist
Throughout her career <mask> practiced writing songs for other performers:
 Philip Kirkorov : Heart in 1000 candles, He is your illusion
 Timati : Do not be insane
 Glory : There was not, Without rules, Whiskey without ice
 Anton Makarsky : To admire, But she loved him, No you at home, Who you are, etc. Tatyana Kotova : He
 Zara : Forgive me
 Emin : Angel-demon (co-authored)
 Alsou : Where I am
 Polina Gagarina : No offense, Little things in life, To whom? Why ?, I'm to blame (in co-authorship)
 Teona Dolnikov : It's not true, Confrontation
 Ani Lorak : Without you
 Dilnaz Ahmadiyeva : No more
 Sasha : If you want
 Julia Obraztsova : The Ring, The Winter One, Refuse

References

External links

 <mask> <mask>e
 <mask> Dubtsova on youtube
 <mask> <mask> on twitter
 Ирина Дубцова на peoples.ru
 Ирина Дубцова на сайте 7days.ru
 Ирина Дубцова: «Мне нужен успешный мужчина» — интервью на сайте 7 Дней

1982 births
Living people
Russian pop singers
Russian actresses
Russian women songwriters
Fabrika Zvyozd
21st-century Russian women singers

masks:
Irina Viktorovna Dubtsova
Irina Dubts
Irina
Dubtsova
Dubtsova
Irina
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Irina
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Dubtsova
Dubtsova
Dubtsova
Irina
Dubtsova
Irina
Irina
Dubtsovakt
Irina
Irina
Dubtsova


title: Sulaym ibn Qays

type: original

texts:
<mask>ī al-ʿĀmirī (, died before 714, was one of the Tabi‘un and a companion of Ali towards the end of the latter's life. Sulaym was also a loyal companion of Ali's sons Hasan and Husayn, the latter's son Ali Zayn al-'Abidin, and Muhammad al-Baqir. He is the purported author of an early Shi'ite hadith collection, the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays ('The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays'), the attribution of which to Sulaym is generally considered false. Scholars also dispute whether he ever existed as a historical figure. Biography

Historicity
Much of the information about Sulaym comes from Shia Muslim tradition. According to the modern historian Moktar Djebli, "the very existence of this man, and of his work, should be regarded with caution". Hossein Modarressi calls it "obvious that such a person never existed and that the name is only a pen name".Other scholars, such as Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, have been more cautious in rejecting <mask> <mask>' historicity, but do agree that the attribution of the extant Shi'i hadith collection to him is false. Ibn al-Nadim himself, as well as later biographers including al-Tusi, relied on the Alid writer <mask> Ahmad al-Aqiq (d. 911). The Sunni Shafi'i scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid, questioned Sulaym's existence, claiming "he had heard" certain Twelver Shi'a scholars assert that Sulaym was "pure invention of the imagination" and "his alleged book being nothing but the apocryphal work of a forger". The Twelver scholars <mask> Ubayda (d. 941) and Abu Abd Allah al-Ghadhanfari (d. 1020) based their denial of the existence of Sulaym's book on three factors: a segment in the book indicates there were thirteen imams instead of the traditionally held twelve; another segment states <mask> Abu Bakr condemned his dying father Abu Bakr despite Muhammad being a three-year-old child; and the book was allegedly solely transmitted to Aban ibn Abi Ayyash, despite the fact that the latter was only fourteen-years-old. However, the prominent Twelver scholar al-Hilli rejected theories about Sulaym's non-existence, though Djebli asserts al-Hilli's "arguments were too unconvincing to sweep away such doubts". Nonetheless, later Shi'a biographers produced al-Hilli's arguments verbatim, and <mask>'s book is considered by Shi'a scholars as among the oldest sources of Shi'a thought and superior to the much later four Sunni tradition, namely the Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Musnad Ibn Ḥanbal and Muwaṭṭaʾ Imām Mālik. Traditional account

Early life
Sulaym ibn Qays was born near the place where Kufa was later built.The exact date of <mask>'s birth is not known. He belonged to the Banu Hilal branch of the Banu 'Amir tribe. Immigration to Medina
It is documented that Sulaym moved to Medina during the caliphate of Umar. He is among the people who never met Muhammad. While in Medina, Sulaym became very attached to Ali ibn Abi Talib. His attachment led him to become a partisan of Ali, along with Abu Dhar al-Ghifari, Salman al-Muhammadi, Miqdad <mask>d, and Ammar ibn Yasir. Ibn al-Nadim stated that <mask> ibn <mask> was among the devout companions of Ali in his book about the early Muslim scholars and hadith contributors.Final days
In 694, Sulaym fled to Persia with his writings because al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, the Umayyad general and persecutor of the Alids, became the governor of Kufa; Al-Hajjaj sought to arrest and execute Sulaym. In Persia, Sulaym stayed in Nobandegan. There he found a fifteen-year-old boy, by the name of Aban ibn Abi-Ayyash. He became rather fond of him and started to educate him about the teaching of the Ahl al-Bayt. Through Sulaym, Aban became a Shi'a. Aban offered him shelter in recognition of him being a companion of Ali. When Sulaym was inspired about his death, he told Aban,

O the son of my brother, I am about to leave this world, as Prophet has informed me so.Eventually, Sulaym entrusted all of his writings that he had compiled to Aban. Aban had made a solemn oath not to talk of any of the writings during Sulaym's lifetime and that after his death he would give the book only to trustworthy Shi'a of Ali. He died before al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who died in 714 CE (95 AH). Writings

A book was falsely attributed to him, which became known as the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays (The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays). It is a collection of traditions, teachings, and eye witness accounts of historical events. Kitab Sulaym belongs to earliest known hadith collections, having been composed in the second century after the death of Muhammad. The precise dating of this work is not clear.The modern scholar Hossein Modarressi dates the original core of this work to the final years of Hisham <mask> al-Malik's reign (), which would make it one of the oldest Islamic books that are still extant. However, the fact that it contains so many later additions and alterations may render it impossible to reconstruct the original text. Two individual passages which have been the subject of a case study have been dated to  and to the late 8th or early 9th century, respectively. This book documents prophetic traditions concerning Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. It documents that Muhammad had promised his followers about a man from the lineage of Imam Husain who would purify Islam by removing innovations, i.e. the distortion of Quranic interpretation and prophetic traditions (hadiths). The work is also one of the first to document the political divide amongst Muslims after the death of Muhammad, and how certain figures in Islam allegedly distorted prophetic traditions in order to gain power.One of the events recorded in the book is the event of Saqifah in which Abu Bakr is said to have forcefully striped the rightful leadership of Imam Ali. For instance, the book claims that Salman al-Muhammadi, Miqdad <mask>d, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abdullah ibn Ja'far, Abu al-Haytham <mask>, Khuzaymah ibn Thabit, and Abu Ayyub stated that Muhammad at Ghadir Khumm said,
"O people, the legal power (al-Wilaya) is granted only to Ali ibn Abi Talib and the trustees from my progeny, the decedents of my brother Ali. He will be the first, and his two sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn, will succeed him consecutively. They will not separate themselves from the Qur'an until they return to Allah." Most of the book is directly attributed to Muhammad himself. According to Modarressi, following in this the famous Shi'a Quran exegete <mask> Ali al-Najashi (born 372 after Hijri/982 CE), the alleged indication in Sulaym <mask>' book that there were thirteen Imams instead of the traditionally held twelve, is a later addition by an unknown fourth-century AH scholar who wanted to please his Zaydi patron, and who added Zayd <mask> to the list as an Imam. According to Modarressi, it was not a part of the original book and was removed in successive editions.References

Bibliography

External links
Kitab al-<mask> <mask> (English)
Kitab al-<mask> <mask> (Urdu)
Kitab al-<mask> <mask> (Arabic)
 (English)

690s deaths
Banu 'Amir
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Tabi‘un
Year of birth unknown
Hadith scholars
7th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
7th-century jurists
7th-century Arabs
Shia hadith scholars

masks:
Sulaym ibn Qays al Hil
Sulaym
ibn Qays
Ali ibn
Ahmad ibn
Muhammad ibn
Sulaym
Sulaym
ibn Aswa
Sulaym
Qays
ibn Abd
ibn Aswa
ibn Tayhan
Ahmad ibn
ibn Qays
ibn Ali
Sulaym
ibn Qays
Sulaym
ibn Qays
Sulaym
ibn Qays


title: Peter F. Gontha

texts:
<mask> (born 4 May 1948 in Semarang, Indonesia) is an Indonesian businessman, commercial television pioneer, and jazz musician. He served as Indonesian ambassador to Poland from October 2014 to January 2019. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Semarang, Central Java, to Victor Willem ‘Wim<mask> and Alice. After attending Jakarta's Kanisius College, he was in 1967 sent by his mother to the Netherlands, where he worked as a driver for the Indonesian Embassy and for Garuda Indonesia in Amsterdam. He also found employment as a sailor and worked for the Holland-America Line cruise company. After saving $9,000, he returned to Indonesia. In 1970, he started work for Shell Benelux Computer Center.Shell provided him with a scholarship to study accounting at the Praehap Institute in the Netherlands. He received his degree in Finance Accounting and Business Administration in 1972. Career
From 1975 to 1979, <mask>o’s middle son Bambang Trihatmodjo and TPI's founder Tutut's husband Indra Rukmana, along with their partner Rosano Barack and Mochammad Tachril Sapi'ie. Gontha founded Indonesia’s first commercial television network, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI), in 1989 as part of Bimantara Group. He developed the network's image through quality programming, such as the news and current affairs show Seputar Jakarta (later renamed Seputar Indonesia), which was modeled on the style of CNN's news programs.Gontha co-founded Indonesia's second commercial television network, Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV) in 1990, followed by satellite pay TV company Indovision in 1994. Gontha was a shareholder and spokesman for PT Matahari Lintas Cakrawala (Malicak), which persuaded the government to allow CNN and ESPN to start broadcasting in Indonesia in mid-1992, despite initially facing opposition from the Information Ministry. In 1996, Gontha purchased a controlling stake in the English-language daily newspaper, The Indonesian Observer and developed SCTV's news and current affairs show Liputan 6. His media empire and ambitions earned him the nickname, "the Rupert Murdoch of Indonesia". Gontha was a co-founder of petrochemical firm PT Chandra Asri Indonesia. His other business ventures included Plaza Indonesia Realty (The Grand Hyatt Jakarta), PT Tri Polyta Indonesia, First Media (formerly known as PT Broadband Multimedia Tbk, PT Tanjung Bangun Semesta Tbk, PT Safira Ananda, PT Anditirta Indonusa and Kabelvision), Bali Intercontinental Resort, PT Datakom Asia and PT Jaring Data Interaktif. The 1997-98 Asian financial crisis resulted in Gontha leaving RCTI.In 2001, he shut down The Indonesian Observer and stepped down from PT Datakom Asia, the holding company that controlled SCTV, PT Cipta Aneka Selaras, Indovision, Kabelvision and TelkomVision. His departure from Datakom was attributed to a power struggle between Gontha and then-emerging media tycoon Hary Tanoesoedibjo, as well as differences of opinion with SCTV co-owner Henry Pribadi. Gontha's public profile increased when he began hosting an Indonesian version of The Apprentice in 2005 aired on Indosiar, leading to him being dubbed "the Indonesian Donald Trump". Gontha, who is known for his baldness, has dismissed the comparison as nonsense, saying he is just a hard worker who looks nothing like Trump. Gontha is the founder of the annual Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, which was first held in 2005 and has attracted top jazz acts from around the world. His love of jazz stemmed from his father, who was a trumpeter for a jazz band at Shell oil company in Surabaya, East Java. On 15 October 2014, Gontha was appointed Indonesian Ambassador to Poland by president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.On 11 December 2018, Gontha received an honorary star award from Polish President Andrzej Duda in recognition of his contribution to bilateral relations. On 7 January 2019, Indonesian President Joko Widodo appointed Siti Nugraha Mauludiah as Indonesian ambassador to Poland, replacing <mask>. In 2019, <mask> started presenting the Impact talk show on CNBC Indonesia. In January 2020, he was named a commissioner of national airline Garuda Indonesia. He had previously served as a commissioner of Garuda from 2011 to 2014. Politics and organizations
<mask> has said that during the Suharto era, then-information minister Harmoko invited him to join the ruling political body, Golkar, but he declined as he preferred to remain focused on business. He said his cousin, Theo Sambuaga, a prominent Golkar figure, also invited him to join.After the fall of Suharto in 1998, <mask> was invited by <mask> Seda to join the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) but he declined, even though his parents had been close to Seda's family. In 2007, when Jusuf Kalla became chairman of Golkar, he urged <mask> to join the party. <mask> agreed, on the condition he would not have a membership card, as he did not want to be seen as a politician. He lasted only two months in the party. He later used his Golkar connections to help politician Basuki 'Ahok' Tjahaja Purnama join the party, although Ahok later left Golkar in order to join Gerindra Party and run for the deputy governorship of Jakarta. On 9 February 2019, after completing his term as ambassador to Poland, <mask> met in Surabaya with his close friend, media tycoon Chairul Tanjung, and fellow media tycoon Surya Paloh. Paloh asked <mask> to join his Nasdem Party, which is part of President Joko Widodo's ruling coalition.Gontha and Paloh had been friends since they were teenagers, as their fathers had served together in a police agency. However, the friendship between Gontha and Paloh had at times faced obstacles related to family and business. Gontha eventually decided to join Nasdem, saying he respected Paloh's strong commitment to upholding Indonesia's nationalism and diversity. In November 2019, <mask> resigned from the Honorary Council of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI) as he had joined Nasdem's Council of Experts. Family and personal life
Although born in the Central Java capital of Semarang, Gontha is a member of the Minahasan ethnic group, native to North Sulawesi, as his parents hailed from there. Gontha is a nephew of Hubert Rudy Gontha, who was a senior diplomat with the Indonesian Foreign Affairs Ministry, serving as Indonesian Consul to Singapore in the 1960s and as Indonesian Representative to the 5th Committee of the UN General Assembly in 1972. <mask> on 20 September 1969 married Purnama Purba.They have two children, <mask> and Dewi, and five grandchildren. Gontha is a motorcycling enthusiast. References

Indonesian businesspeople
Ambassadors of Indonesia to Poland
1948 births

Living people
Minahasa people
People from Semarang

masks:
Peter Frans Gontha
Gontha
’ Gontha
Gonthahart
Gontha
Gontha
Gontha
Gontha
Frans
Gontha
Gontha
Gontha
Gontha
Gontha
Peter Gontha
Francois


title: Ramon Perellós

texts:
<mask> (; 1637 in Valencia – 10 January 1720 in Valletta) was a Spanish knight of Aragon who served as the 64th Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta from 1697 until his death. He was of Valencian origin and was 60 years old when he was elected as Grand Master. Biography
<mask> (1637–1720) was the son of the eighth Lord of Benetússer and fifth Baron of Dos Aguas and of María de Rocafull y Vives de Boil, his consort. He joined the Order of Malta at the age of sixteen following family tradition. In 1658 he joined the board of the Master and in 1697 was elected Grand Master and remained so until his death in 1720. Malta had organised the Consulato del Mare (Consulate of the Sea) for the first time on 1 September 1697 per initiative of Grandmaster <mask>. At the consulate it was decided that four merchants familiar enough with maritime procedures shall be appointed consuls to administer justice, on similar approach to Barcelona and Messina.In 1697, <mask> gave a collection of tapestries to St. John's Co-Cathedral, and commissioned another set of tapestries for the Grand Master's Palace. <mask> established foreign relations between Malta and Russia for the first time in 1698. During his rule the coastal fortifications of Malta were strengthened by the construction of batteries, redoubts, and entrenchments. He also was the driving force behind the third rate squadron of the order which was eventually inaugurated in 1705. In 1707 he entrusted Romano Carapecchia with the reorganisation of the drainage system in Valletta. He built two country residences, Villa Perellos in Paola and Casa Perellos in Żejtun. He died after 22 years as a ruler, due to illness and old age.His coat of arms was represented by three black pears against a golden background. His funerary monument is found at St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta and is considered to be one of the best examples of baroque art in Malta. War against corruption
Soon after his appointment, <mask> became very active in correcting cases of corruption and abuse within the Order. One such case involved the request by knights to receive graces and be nominated to the title of Gran Croce di Grazia (literally: great cross by grace). This title implied that a graced knight could replace a knight of the Great Cross upon the latter's death. This procedure was not well reputed among elder knights who spent their lifetime at the service of the Order, and resulted in many of them retiring to return to their homelands and leave their inheritances to their respective families, against the rules of the Order. The pleas of Perellos to eliminate such prejudicial recommendations were considered legitimate by Pope Innocent XII who agreed to forbid them.War against the Ottoman pirates

<mask> dedicated many of his efforts to stop the attacks at sea by Ottoman pirates, who would sail along the coasts of Spain and Italy to plunder merchant ships and enslave civilians. He ordered the knight of St. Pierre of the French Royal Naval Fleet to build a new war fleet to fight the Ottoman scourge. Meanwhile, the old galleys, together with the might of a vessel armed with 80 cannons, waged war at sea against the pirates. The Grand Master's new fleet was ready in port by 1706 and was headed by the same knight of St. Pierre. Three large vessels were launched that year by the names St. Vincent, St. Joseph and St. Raymond. Shortly afterwards, the fleet sailed west, where they encountered three Tunisian vessels, one of which was seized and incorporated into the fleet under the name of Santa Croce. One year later, the commanding knight Giuseppe de Langon, surrounded Oran and with his sole vessel, which harbored a force of 50 cannons, traversed the entire enemy fleet despite the vain efforts of the Algerians to catch him.He was subsequently nominated Lieutenant General of the Maltese fleet. In 1709, the Grand Master's fleet anticipated and repelled eight Turkish vessels which attempted to infiltrate the island of Gozo. During the same year, the Grand Master sent part of his fleet to also repel a Turkish unit which was threatening Calabria. Headed by the commanding knight of Langon, the fleet managed to sink an admiral ship. In the following year the commanding knight of Langon was defeated at sea after attacking an Algerian admiral vessel. Nevertheless, the Maltese fleet emerged victorious. Between 1713 and 1715, the fleet of the Order patrolled all the coasts around the Mediterranean succeeding in various important undertakings.Hospital of the Order
During the rule of Grand Master <mask>, the Order was amassing great wealth. The Inquisitor Delci desired to garner greater power in Malta and attempted to take hold of the Order's hospital. This hospital was a privileged place and nobody could be admitted prior to presenting their honorary crests, however the inquisition's officers infiltrated the hospital and commenced a formal inspection. These were soon ordered to leave the premises by the commanding knight of Avernes de Bocage, who was the hospital's supervisor. This news reached Grand Master <mask>, who sent his emissary, the Great Prior Marc'Antonio Zondadari, to the Court of Rome to forward complaints about the incident. Siege of Venice
During the years preceding the siege of Venice, it was believed that the Ottoman Empire had preparations underway to attack Malta. This suspicion became stronger when a well-groomed man, who had approached the Order offering serve as engineer and share his wealth of knowledge about fortifications, disappeared shortly after having surveyed Malta's fortifications.Consequently, the Order began its preparations to counter any possible attack by the Ottoman army. Possibly forewarned by Malta's preparations, the Ottoman sultan turned his attention to the Republic of Venice, on which he declared war in 1716. In reply to a plea for assistance, Grand Master <mask> lent the Republic several galleys and five other warships to repel the Ottoman invasion. Gallery

References

External links
 Coins of Grandmaster <mask> y Rocafull

Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
Knights of Malta
1637 births
1720 deaths
Burials at Saint John's Co-Cathedral

masks:
Ramon Rabasa de Perellós y Rocafull
Ramon Perellós
Perellós
Perellós
Perellós
Ramon Perellós
Perellós
Perellós
Perellós
Perellós
Ramon Perellós


title: Franck Julienne

texts:
<mask> (born 7 March 1991) is a French footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Al-Kawkab. <mask> made his professional debut for Rennes in Ligue 1 in 2011 and played in Ligue 2 for Le Havre before dropping into the amateur leagues and spending more than two years without a club. He returned to the professional ranks with the newly promoted Le Mans in 2019. He joined Bahraini club Al-Ahli Manama in 2020 before returning to French football with Bourg-en-Bresse. In international football, he played twice for the French under-18 team. Life and career

Early life and youth career
<mask> was born in 1991 in Gonesse, in the outer suburbs of Paris. He played for a local boys' team, FCM Garges-les-Gonesse, until mid-2004 when he joined AAS Sarcelles.He was not there for long. The French Football Federation amended their rules to restrict movements of children to clubs within a  radius of their current club, the change to come into force on 31 December 2004. A few days prior, <mask>
Julienne made a few appearances for Rennes' reserve team in the Championnat de France Amateur (CFA) in 2008–09 and was a regular in the following two seasons.Head coach Frédéric Antonetti included him among the substitutes for the first time in October 2010, for the Ligue 1 visit to Lens, and he signed his first professional contract, of two-and-a-half years, in December. On 15 January 2015, <mask> made his Ligue 1 debut, albeit for just a couple of minutes with his side 4–0 up against Arles-Avignon. He was the seventh product of Rennes' youth system to be given a debut that season. He trained regularly with the first team, and was an unused substitute eleven times. Loan spells
In June 2011, he signed on loan for the coming season for Ligue 2 club Le Havre. He arrived with a positive attitude towards the loan, expecting an increase in playing time and with that increased maturity, having come to a club he believed to allow young players to progress. The spell proved dispiriting.Although frequently in the first-team squad in the first couple of months of the season, he started only once in the league. In the second half of the campaign, he made nine starts for the reserve team in the CFA, but had little involvement with the first team. Advised by former team-mate Abdoul Camara that it was a good place to come, Julienne signed on loan to Rennes' new partner club, Vannes of the third-tier Championnat National, where he expected to bounce back. Coach Stéphane Le Mignan pointed out that the club had several similar players already, but was delighted at his arrival and saw no reason why he shouldn't play. Julienne made only nineteen league appearances, of which just seven were in the starting eleven; he said later that when he arrived, the team was already settled and he was competing for one position with the in-form Mohamed Youssouf. In March 2013, he made three consecutive starts for the first time in two years. Lyon-Duchère: decline and rise
Julienne left Rennes at the end of his contract.In July 2013, he was selected by the UNFP, the French players' union, for their team in the annual FIFPro Tournament, which showcases out-of-contract players. He scored twice in the group matches to help his team reach the final, which they lost to the Spanish representatives. In August, he signed for Lyon-Duchère, on a one-year contract with provision for a second year if the club were promoted from the fourth-tier Championnat de France Amateur (CFA) to the Championnat National. Injuries became an issue, and his appearances were few and far between; the tenth and last was on 11 January 2014. He remained outside football for approaching two-and-a-half years. After playing in Ligue 1 as a 19-year-old, he was disappointed with the lack of regular football in his first loan spell and with the low level of his next, where he had arrived after the start of the season with the team already settled. Finding it increasingly difficult to adjust to the decline in his prospects, he became disenchanted with the game.Interviewed in 2019, he said he had nevertheless kept fit and told himself that he would return to football, just "needing to find the right moment". <mask> was contacted in 2017 by Grégory Poirier, manager of Marseille-based fifth-tier club Endoume, who helped him accept what happened in his past career and start preparing both mentally and physically for a future in the game. <mask> signed for Endoume, and scored six goals from eleven appearances in the 2017–18 National 3 season. In December 2017, he moved up a level to join Martigues, where seven appearances and a goal in National 2 were enough to earn him a contract for the 2018–19 season. They were also enough to earn him a further step back up the ladder with a return to Lyon-Duchère of the Championnat National. He was a regular in the team that finished fifth in the division, and played in all seven of their matches in the 2018–19 Coupe de France. Entering the competition in the fifth round, Lyon-Duchère progressed to the ninth (round of 64), in which Julienne assisted the first goal and scored the second as they beat Ligue 1 club Nîmes 3–0, and from there to the last 16, in which they went 2–0 up against the fourth-tier Vitré but lost to a goal in stoppage time.After a season in which he scored ten goals and made eight assists in all competitions, Lyon-Duchère were keen to retain <mask>'s services, but the lure of playing at a higher level was too strong. Return to professional football with Le Mans
Having attracted interest from several Ligue 2 clubs, <mask> signed for newly promoted Le Mans. The contract length was reported as one year with the option of a second. He went straight into the starting eleven for Le Mans' opening fixture, a 2–1 defeat at home to Lens, but never established himself as a regular in the side: he played in ten league matches, mainly as a substitute and without scoring, and twice in the Coupe de France. At the turn of the year, the club's president made Julienne available for transfer, and said that any mutually satisfactory options would be considered. On 25 January 2020, Le Mans confirmed that his contract had been terminated by mutual consent; the club thanked him for his professionalism and wished him all the best for the future. Football in Bahrain
A few days later, Julienne signed for Bahraini Premier League club Al-Ahli Club.He soon returned to France when the tournament was halted because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bourg-Péronnas
Having trained with the club since the summer of 2020, <mask> signed with Bourg-Péronnas in November. He made 15 Championnat National appearances in what remained of the season. His only goal completed a 2–0 win against his former club. Career statistics

References

1994 births
Living people
People from Gonesse
French footballers
French expatriate footballers
France youth international footballers
Association football forwards
ES Troyes AC players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Le Havre AC players
Lyon La Duchère players
US Marseille Endoume players
FC Martigues players
Le Mans FC players
Al-Ahli Club (Manama) players
Al-Kawkab FC players
Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 players
Championnat National 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 3 players
Saudi First Division League players
French expatriate sportspeople in Bahrain
French expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in Bahrain
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia

masks:
Franck Julienne
Julienne
Julienne
Juliennenes
Julienne
Julienne
Julienne
Julienne
Julienne
Julienne


title: Carybé

texts:
Héctor Julio Páride Bernabó or <mask> (7 February 1911 – 2 October 1997) was an Argentine-Brazilian painter, engraver, draughtsman, illustrator, potter, sculptor, mural painter, researcher, historian and journalist. He settled in Brazil and naturalized as a Brazilian. While living in Rio de Janeiro, he was a scout. There, scouts were nicknamed after types of fish, and he was given the nickname of Carybé (a kind of piranha). So the artist used it as an alias for his Christian name, which was very similar to his brother’s name, who was also an artist. He produced five thousand pieces of work, including paintings, drawings, sculptures and sketches. He illustrated books by Jorge Amado as well as Gabriel Gárcia Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude.He was an Obá de Xangô, an honorary position in candomblé. He died of heart failure during a session in a candomblé yard. Some of Carybé’s work can be found in the Afro-Brazilian Museum of Salvador: 27 panels representing the orixás. of the Bahian candomblé. Each board shows an orixá with his weapons and his animal of worship. They were sculpted on cedar wood, with engravings and scaling of various kinds of material. The work was commissioned by the former Banco da Bahia S.A., now Banco BBM S.A., which installed them in its branch on Avenida Sete de Setembro in 1968.Carybé produced more than 5,000 works; his art was expressed through paintings, engravings, illustrations, wood carvings, mosaics and murals. Carybé - Murals at Miami International Airport

American Airlines, Odebrecht and the Miami-Dade Aviation Department have partnered to bring a Latin American art treasure to Miami International Airport. The partnership will result in one of the most important contributions to Miami-Dade County, bringing the art of Brazilian artist Carybé to the Gateway of the Americas. The Carybé murals, two of the most iconic public art pieces in the U.S. aviation sector, had been on display in the American Airlines’ terminal at JFK Airport in New York since 1960. The 16.5x53 feet murals were commissioned when Carybé was awarded first and second prize in a contest to create public art pieces for the airport. After learning about the demolition of the terminal, Odebrecht, a Brazilian company with strong ties to Carybé, began an initiative to salvage the artist’s murals through a partnership with American Airlines. American Airlines has donated the murals to Miami-Dade County and Odebrecht has invested in a project to remove, restore, transport and install the murals at Miami International Airport.When experts in New York complete the restoration process in 2009, the murals will be on permanent display at MIA’s new South Terminal, built by Odebrecht in a Joint venture. The mural "Rejoicing and Festival of the Americas" portrays colorful scenes from popular festivals throughout the Americas, and "Discovery and Settlement of the West" depicts the pioneers’ journey into the American West. Like Miami’s diverse culture, Carybé’s art in many ways mirrors the city’s multi-ethnic flavor. His art is permeated with the vibrant colors, rich culture and mystic religious traditions of Bahia, Brazil. Carybé’s celebration of life and respect for cultural diversity are qualities he shares with the Miami community, making MIA the perfect home for Carybé’s murals. Education
 1925 – He begins his artistic activities going to the pottery workshop of his elder brother, Arnaldo Bernabó, in Rio de Janeiro. 1927–1929 – Attends the National School of Fine Arts – Emba, in Rio de Janeiro.1958 – Receives a scholarship grant in New York, USA. Timeline

 1919 - Moves to Brazil. 1921 - Given the name Carybé by the Clube do Flamengo scouts group, in Rio de Janeiro. 1927-1929 - Studies at the National School of Fine Arts, in Rio de Janeiro. 1930 - Works for the newspaper Noticias Gráficas, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1935-1936 - Works with the writer Julio Cortázar and as a draghtsman for the El Diário newspaper. 1938 - Sent to Salvador by the Prégon newspaper.1939 - First collective exhibition, with the artist Clemente Moreau, at the Buenos Aires City Museum of Fine Arts, Argentina; illustrates the book Macumba, Relatos de la Tierra Verde, by Bernardo Kardon, published by Tiempo Nuestro. 1940 - Illustrates the book Macunaíma, by Mário de Andrade. 1941 - Draws the Esso Almanac, the payment for which allows him to make a long journey to Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina. 1941-1942 - Study trip around several South American countries. 1942 - Illustration for the book La Carreta by Henrique Amorim, published by El Ateneo (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 1943 - Together with Raul Brié, translates the book Macunaíma, by Mário de Andrade, into Spanish; produces the illustrations for the works Maracatu, Motivos Típicos y Carnavalescos, by Newton Freitas, published by Pigmaleon, Luna Muerta, by Manoel Castilla, published by Schapire, and Amores de Juventud, by Casanova Callabero; also publishes and illustrates Me voy al Norte, for the quarterly magazine Libertad Creadora; awarded First Prize by the Cámara Argentina del Libro (Argentine Book Council) for the illustration of the book Juvenília, by Miguel Cané (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 1944 - Illustrates the books The Complete Poetry of Walt Whitmann and A Cabana do Pai Tomás, both published by Schapire and Los Quatro Gigantes del Alma by Mira y Lopez, Salvador BA; attends capoeira classes, visits candomblé meetings and makes drawings and paintings.1945 - Does the illustrations for Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, for the Viau publishing house. 1946 - Helps in setting up the Tribuna da Imprensa newspaper, in Rio de Janeiro. 1947 - Works for the O Diário Carioca newspaper, in Rio de Janeiro. 1948 - Produces texts and illustrations for the book Ajtuss, Ediciones Botella al Mar (Buenos Aires, Argentina). 1949-1950 - Invited by Carlos Lacerda to work at the Tribuna da Imprensa, in Rio de Janeiro. 1950 - Invited by the Education Secretary Anísio Teixeira, moves to Bahia, and produces two panels for the Carneiro Ribeiro Education Center (Park School), in Salvador, Bahia. 1950-1997 - Settles in Salvador, Bahia.1950-1960 - Actively participate in the plastic arts renewal movement, alongside Mário Cravo Júnior, Genaro de Carvalho, and Jenner Augusto
 1951 - Produces texts and illustrations for the works of the Coleção Recôncavo, published by Tipografia Beneditina and illustrations for the book, Bahia, Imagens da Terra e do Povo, by Odorico Tavares, published by José Olímpio in Rio de Janeiro; for the latter work he receives the gold medal at the 1st Biennial of Books and Graphic Arts. 1952 - Makes roughly 1,600 drawings for the scenes of the movie O Cangaceiro, by Lima Barreto; also works as the art director and as an extra on the film (São Paulo, SP). 1953 - Illustration for the book A Borboleta Amarela, by Rubem Braga, published by José Olímpio (Rio de Janeiro, RJ). 1955 - Illustrates the work O Torso da Baiana, edited by the Modern Art Museum of Bahia. 1957 - Naturalizes Brazilian; produces etchings, with original designs, for the special edition of Mário de Andrade’s Macunaíma, published by the Sociedade dos 100 Bibliófilos do Brasil. 1958 - Makes an oil painting mural for the Petrobras Office in New York, USA; illustrates the book As Três Mulheres de Xangô, by Zora Seljan, published by Editora G. R. D. (Rio de Janeiro, RJ). 1959 - Takes part in the competition for the New York International Airport panels project, in New York, USA, winning first and second prizes.1961 - Illustrates the book Jubiabá, by Jorge Amado, published by Martins Fontes (São Paulo, SP). 1963 - Awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Salvador, Bahia. 1965 - Illustrates A Muito Leal e Heróica Cidade de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, published by Raymundo Castro Maya (Rio de Janeiro, RJ). 1966 - With Jorge Amado, co-authors Bahia, Boa Terra Bahia, published by Image (Rio de Janeiro, RJ); writes and illustrates the book Olha o Boi, published by Cultrix (São Paulo, SP). 1967 - Receives the Odorico Tavares Prize – Best Plastic Artist of 1967, in a competition ran by the state government to stimulate the development of plastic arts in Bahia; makes the Orixás Panels for the Banco da Bahia (currently at the UFBA Afro-Brazilian Museum) (Salvador, BA). 1968 - Illustrates the books Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha ao Rei Dom Manuel, published by Sabiá (Rio de Janeiro) and Capoeira Angolana, by Waldeloir Rego, published by Itapoã (Bahia). 1969 - Produces the illustrations for the book Ninguém Escreve ao Coronel, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, published by Sabiá (Rio de Janeiro, RJ).1970 - Illustrates the books O Enterro do Diabo and Os Funerais de Mamãe Grande, published by Sabiá (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), Agotimé her Legend, by Judith Gleason, published by Grossman Publishers (New York, USA). 1971 - Illustrates the books One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and A Casa Verde by Mario Vargas Llosa, both published by Sabiá (Rio de Janeiro, RJ); produces texts and illustrations for the book Candomblé da Bahia, published by Brunner (São Paulo, SP). 1973 - Illustrations for Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s A Incrível e Triste História de Cândida Erendira e sua Avó Desalmada (Rio de Janeiro, RJ); paints the mural for the Legislative Assembly and the panel for the Bahia State Secretary of the Treasury. 1974 - Produces woodcuts for the book Visitações da Bahia, published by Onile. 1976 - Illustrates the book O Gato Malhado e a Andorinha Sinhá: uma história de amor, by Jorge Amado (Salvador, BA); receives the title of Knight of the Order of Merit of Bahia. 1977 - Certified with the Honor for Afro-Brazilian Cult Spiritual Merit, Xangô das Pedrinhas ao Obá de Xangô Carybé (Magé, RJ). 1978 - Makes the concrete sculpture Oxóssi, in the Catacumba Park; illustrates the book A Morte e a Morte de Quincas Berro D´Água, by Jorge Amado, published by Edições Alumbramento (Rio de Janeiro, RJ).1979 - Produces woodcuts for the book Sete Lendas Africanas da Bahia, published by Onile. 1980 - Designs the costumes and scenery for the ballet Quincas Berro D´Água, at the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro. 1981 - Publication of the book Iconografia dos Deuses Africanos no Candomblé da Bahia (Ed. Raízes), following thirty years of research. 1982 - Receives the title of Honorary Doctor of the Federal University of Bahia. 1983 - Makes the panel for the Brazilian Embassy in Lagos, Nigeria. 1984 - Receives the Jerônimo Monteiro Commendation – Level of Knight (Espírito Santo); receives the Castro Alves Medal of Merit, granted by the UFBA Academy of Arts and Letters; makes the bronze sculpture Homenagem à mulher baiana (Homage to the Bahian woman), at the Iguatemi Shopping Center (Salvador, BA).1985 - Designs the costumes and sets for the spectacle La Bohéme, at the Castro Alves Theater; illustrates the book Lendas Africanas dos Orixás, by Pierre Verger, published by Currupio. 1992 - Illustrates the book O sumiço da santa: uma história de feitiçaria, by Jorge Amado (Rio de Janeiro, RJ). 1995 - Illustration of the book O uso das plantas na sociedade iorubá, by Pierre Verger (São Paulo, SP). 1996 - Making of the short film Capeta Carybé, by Agnaldo Siri Azevedo, adapted from the book O Capeta Carybé, by Jorge Amado, about the artist Carybé, who was born in Argentina and became the most Bahian of all Brazilians. 1997 - Illustration of the book Poesias de Castro Alves. Exhibitions
Individual Exhibitions:
 1943 - Buenos Aires (Argentina) – First individual exhibition, at the Nordiska Gallery
 1944 - Salta (Argentina) – at the Consejo General de Educacion
 1945 - Salta (Argentina) –  Amigos del Arte, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - Motivos de América, at the Amauta Gallery, Rio de Janeiro RJ – individual exhibition at the IAB/RJ
 1947 - Salta (Argentina) – Agrupación Cultural Femenina
 1950 - Salvador BA – First individual exhibit in Bahia, at the Bar Anjo Azul; São Paulo SP – MASP. 1952 - Salvador BA – 3rd Bahian Showroom of Fine Arts, at Belvedere da Sé; São Paulo SP - MAM/SP
 1953 - Recife PE - Mario Cravo Júnior and Carybé, at the Santa Isabel Theater; São Paulo SP – 2nd São Paulo Art Biennial, at MAM/SP
 1954 - Salvador BA – 4th Bahian Showroom of Fine Arts, at the Hotel Bahia.- Bronze medal
 1955 - São Paulo SP – 3rd São Paulo Art Biennial, at MAM/SP – first prize for drawing
 1956 - Salvador BA – Modern Artists of Bahia, at the Oxumaré Gallery; Venice (Italy) – 28th Venice Biennial
 1957 - Rio de Janeiro RJ – 6th National Modern Art Show – exemption from the jury; São Paulo SP – Artists from Bahia, at the MAM/SP
 1958 - San Francisco (USA) - Works by Brazilian Artists, at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Washington and New York (USA) - Works by Brazilian Artists, at the Pan American Union and the MoMA
 1959 - Seattle (USA) – 30th International Exhibition, at the Seattle Art Museum; Salvador BA – Modern Artists of Bahia, at the Dentistry School. 1996 - São Paulo SP - Norfest 96: Visual Arts, at D&D Shopping
 1998 - São Paulo SP - Prints: the art of Brazilian engraving, at the Espaço Cultural Banespa-Paulista; São Paulo SP – Seascapes in Great São Paulo Collections, at the Espaço Cultural da Marinha
 1999 - Rio de Janeiro RJ – Mostra Rio Gravura. Modern Brazilian Engraving: the National Fine Arts Museum Collection. 1999 - Salvador BA - 100 Plastic Artists from Bahia, at the Museu de Arte Sacra
 1999 - São Paulo SP – The Reconsecration of Art, at Sesc Pompéia
 1999 - São Paulo SP - Cotidiano/Arte. O Consumo – Paratodos (Everyday/Art. Consumption – Forall), at the Itaú Cultural Center
 1999 - São Paulo SP - Cotidiano/Arte. O Consumo – Metamorfose do Consumo (Everyday/Art.The dancer was rehearsing Stravinsky's 'Apollon Musagéte'. Patiently meshing with the musicians, he repeated parts, argued with the orchestra leader and perfected his rhythms and movements. Then, he began all over again until music and movement coincided with mathematical precision in such perfect coordination that you could not tell whether a note signaled a step or whether it was Nureyev's body that struck the notes. During those two days, I too worked exhaustively trying to catch the weightlessness and harmony of this man who seemed to fly. I made dozens of drawings which were assembled in an album as a tribute to Apollo's Muses. For if there was anything mythological about the performance, it was Nureyev himself shot into the air by the triggers of his feet and returned to earth with the lightness of a feather." Tributes
In O Capeta Carybé, Jorge Amado tells numerous stories about his great friend Carybé, whose life is almost as rich as a fiction: survival adventures, marriage, wanderings from Buenos Aires, in his homeland, to Bahia.Throughout his works, the artist registered highly Brazilian scenes and settings, such as fishing villages, ballerinas, exits from the church and cowboys taking a break. His work took Bahia to the outside world. That is why Jorge Amado refers to Carybé as a remarkable example in his art, who recreates the reality of the country and the popular life that he knew like very few others, for having lived it like no other. 1911 births
1997 deaths
People from Lanús
Naturalized citizens of Brazil
Argentine emigrants to Brazil
20th-century Argentine painters
Argentine male painters
20th-century Brazilian painters


title: Tertullian

texts:
<mask> (; ;  155 AD –  220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. <mask> has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology". Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). Tertullian was never recognized as a saint by the Eastern or Western Catholic churches.Several of his teachings on issues such as the clear subordination of the Son and Spirit to the Father, as well as his condemnation of remarriage for widows and of fleeing from persecution, contradict the doctrines of these traditions, and his later rejection of orthodoxy for Montanism has led these communions to refrain from considering him a Church father, important ecclesiastical writer though he was. Life
Scant reliable evidence exists regarding Tertullian's life; most knowledge comes from passing references in his own writings. Roman Africa was famous as the home of orators, and that influence can be seen in his writing style with its archaisms or provincialisms, its glowing imagery and its passionate temper. He was a scholar with an excellent education. He wrote at least three books in Greek. In them, he refers to himself, but none of them is extant. Some sources describe him as Berber.The linguist René Braun suggested that he was of Punic origin but acknowledged that it is difficult to decide since the heritage of Carthage had become common to the Berbers. <mask>'s own understanding of his ethnicity has been questioned. He referred to himself as Poenicum inter Romanos () in his book De Pallio and claimed Africa as his patria. According to church tradition, Tertullian was raised in Carthage and was thought to be the son of a Roman centurion. Tertullian has been claimed to have been a trained lawyer and an ordained priest. Those assertions rely on the accounts of Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, II, ii. 4, and Jerome's De viris illustribus (On famous men) chapter 53.Jerome claimed that Tertullian's father held the position of centurio proconsularis ("aide-de-camp") in the Roman army in Africa. Further, Tertullian has been thought to be a lawyer, based on his use of legal analogies and on an identification of him with the jurist <mask>us, who is quoted in the Pandects. Although Tertullian used a knowledge of Roman law in his writings, his legal knowledge does not demonstrably exceed what could be expected from a sufficient Roman education. The writings of Tertullianus, a lawyer of the same cognomen, exist only in fragments and do not explicitly denote a Christian authorship. Finally, any notion of Tertullian being a priest is also questionable. In his extant writings, he never describes himself as ordained in the church and seems to place himself among the laity. His conversion to Christianity perhaps took place about 197–198 (cf.Adolf Harnack, Bonwetsch, and others), but its immediate antecedents are unknown except as they are conjectured from his writings. The event must have been sudden and decisive, transforming at once his own personality. He writes that he could not imagine a truly Christian life without such a conscious breach, a radical act of conversion: "Christians are made, not born" (Apol., xviii). Two books addressed to his wife confirm that he was married to a Christian wife. In his middle life (about 207), he was attracted to the "New Prophecy" of Montanism, but today most scholars reject the assertion that Tertullian left the mainstream church or was excommunicated. "[W]e are left to ask whether Saint Cyprian could have regarded Tertullian as his master if Tertullian had been a notorious schismatic. Since no ancient writer was more definite (if not indeed fanatical) on this subject of schism than Saint Cyprian, the question must surely be answered in the negative."In the time of Augustine, a group of "Tertullianists" still had a basilica in Carthage, which within the same period passed to the orthodox church. It is unclear whether the name was merely another for the Montanists or that it means that Tertullian later split with the Montanists and founded his own group. Jerome says that Tertullian lived to old age. By the doctrinal works he published, Tertullian became the teacher of Cyprian and the predecessor of Augustine, who in turn became the chief founder of Latin theology. Writings

General character
Thirty-one works are extant, together with fragments of more. Some fifteen works in Latin or Greek are lost, some as recently as the 9th century (De Paradiso, De superstitione saeculi, De carne et anima were all extant in the now damaged Codex Agobardinus in 814 AD). Tertullian's writings cover the whole theological field of the timeapologetics against paganism and Judaism, polemics, polity, discipline, and morals, or the whole reorganization of human life on a Christian basis; they gave a picture of the religious life and thought of the time which is of great interest to the church historian.Like other early Christian writers <mask> used the term paganus to mean "civilian" as a contrast to the "soldiers of Christ". The motif of Miles Christi did not assume the literal meaning of participation in war until Church doctrines justifying Christian participation in battle were developed around the 5th century. In the 2nd century writings of Tertullian paganus meant a "civilian" who was lacking self-discipline. In De Corona Militis XI.V he writes:

Chronology and contents
The chronology of his writings is difficult to fix with certainty. It is in part determined by the Montanistic views that are set forth in some of them, by the author's own allusions to this writing, or that, as antedating others (cf. Harnack, Litteratur ii.260–262), and by definite historic data (e.g., the reference to the death of Septimius Severus, Ad Scapulam, iv). In his work against Marcion, which he calls his third composition on the Marcionite heresy, he gives its date as the fifteenth year of the reign of Severus (Adv.Marcionem, i.1, 15) – which would be approximately 208. The writings may be divided with reference to the two periods of Tertullian's Christian activity, the mainstream and the Montanist (cf. Harnack, ii.262 sqq. ), or according to their subject matter. The object of the former mode of division is to show, if possible, the change of views Tertullian's mind underwent. Following the latter mode, which is of a more practical interest, the writings fall into two groups. Apologetic and polemic writings, like Apologeticus, De testimonio animae, the anti-Jewish De Adversus Iudaeos, Adv.Marcionem, Adv. Praxeam, Adv. Hermogenem, De praescriptione hereticorum, and Scorpiace were written to counteract Gnosticism and other religious or philosophical doctrines. The other group consists of practical and disciplinary writings, e.g., De monogamia, Ad uxorem, De virginibus velandis, De cultu feminarum, De patientia, De pudicitia, De oratione, and Ad martyras. Among his apologetic writings, the Apologeticus, addressed to the Roman magistrates, is a most pungent defense of Christianity and the Christians against the reproaches of the pagans, and an important legacy of the ancient Church, proclaiming the principle of freedom of religion as an inalienable human right and demanding a fair trial for Christians before they are condemned to death. Tertullian was the first to disprove charges that Christians sacrificed infants at the celebration of the Lord's Supper and committed incest. He pointed to the commission of such crimes in the pagan world and then proved by the testimony of Pliny the Younger that Christians pledged themselves not to commit murder, adultery, or other crimes.He adduced the inhumanity of pagan customs such as feeding the flesh of gladiators to beasts. He argued that the gods have no existence and thus there is no pagan religion against which Christians may offend. Christians do not engage in the foolish worship of the emperors, that they do better: they pray for them, and that Christians can afford to be put to torture and to death, and the more they are cast down the more they grow; "the blood of the Christians is seed" (Apologeticum, 50). In the De Praescriptione he develops as its fundamental idea that, in a dispute between the Church and a separating party, the whole burden of proof lies with the latter, as the Church, in possession of the unbroken tradition, is by its very existence a guarantee of its truth. The five books against Marcion, written in 207 or 208, are the most comprehensive and elaborate of his polemical works, invaluable for gauging the early Christian view of Gnosticism. Tertullian has been identified by Jo Ann McNamara as the person who originally invested the consecrated virgin as the “bride of Christ”, which helped to bring the independent virgin under patriarchal rule. Theology

General character

Though thoroughly conversant with the Greek theology, Tertullian remained independent of its metaphysical speculations.He had learned from the Greek apologies, and offered a direct contrast to Origen of Alexandria who drew many of his theories regarding creation from Middle Platonism. Tertullian carried his realism to the verge of materialism. This is evident from his ascription to God of corporeality and his acceptance of the traducian theory of the origin of the human spirit. He despised Greek philosophy, and, far from looking at Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek thinkers whom he quotes as forerunners of Christ and the Gospel, he pronounces them the patriarchal forefathers of the heretics (De anima, iii). He held up to scorn their inconsistency when he referred to the fact that Socrates in dying ordered a cock to be sacrificed to Aesculapius (De anima, i). Tertullian always wrote under stress of a felt necessity. He was never so happy as when he had opponents like Marcion and Praxeas, and, however abstract the ideas may be which he treated, he was always moved by practical considerations to make his case clear and irresistible.It was partly this element which gave to his writings a formative influence upon the theology of the post-Nicene period in the West and has rendered them fresh reading to this day. Although he was by nature a polemicist, no mention is made of his name by other authors during the 3rd century. Lactantius at the opening of the 4th century is the first to do so. Augustine, however, treats him with respect. Cyprian, Tertullian's North African compatriot, though nowhere mentioning his name, was well read in his writings, according to Cyprian's secretary in a letter to Jerome. Specific teachings
Tertullian's main doctrinal teachings are as follows:

The soul
The soul or human spirit, was not preexistent, as Plato affirmed, nor subject to metempsychosis or reincarnation, as the Pythagoreans held. In each individual it is a new product, proceeding equally with the body from the parents, and not created later and associated with the body (De anima, xxvii).This position is called traducianism in opposition to 'creationism', or the idea that each immortal spirit is a fresh creation of God. The soul's sinfulness
The soul's sinfulness is easily explained by its traducian origin (De anima, xxxix). It is in bondage to Satan (whose works it renounces in baptism), but has seeds of good (De anima, xli), and when awakened, it passes to health and at once calls upon God (Apol., xvii) and is naturally Christian. It exists in all men alike; it is a culprit and yet an unconscious witness – by its impulse to worship, its fear of demons, and its musings on death – to the power, benignity, and judgment of God as revealed in the Christian's Holy Scriptures (De testimonio, v–vi). The name of God
Tertullian reserves the appellation God, in the sense of the ultimate originator of all things, to the Father, who made the world out of nothing through his Son, the Word, has corporeity though he is a spirit (De praescriptione, vii. ; Adv. Praxeam, vii).However <mask> used 'corporeal' only in the Stoic sense, to mean something with actual material existence, rather than the later idea of flesh. <mask> is often considered an early proponent of the Nicene doctrine, approaching the subject from the standpoint of the Logos doctrine, though he did not state the later doctrine of the immanent Trinity. In his treatise against Praxeas, who taught patripassianism in Rome, he used the words "trinity", "economy" (used in reference to the three persons), "persons", and "substance," maintaining the distinction of the Son from the Father as the unoriginate God, and the Spirit from both the Father and the Son (Adv. Praxeam, xxv). "These three are one substance, not one person; and it is said, 'I and my Father are one' in respect not of the singularity of number but the unity of the substance." The very names "Father" and "Son" indicate the distinction of personality. The Father is one, the Son is another, and the Spirit is another ("dico alium esse patrem et alium filium et alium spiritum" Adv.Praxeam, ix), and yet in defending the unity of God, he says the Son is not other ("alius a patre filius non est", Adv. Prax. 18) as a result of receiving a portion of the Father's substance. At times, speaking of the Father and the Son, Tertullian refers to "two gods". He says that all things of the Father belong also to the Son, including his names, such as Almighty God, Most High, Lord of Hosts, or King of Israel. Though Tertullian considered the Father to be God (Yahweh), he responded to criticism of the Modalist Praxeas that this meant that Tertullian's Christianity was not monotheistic by noting that even though there was one God (Yahweh, who became the Father when the Son became his agent of creation), the Son could also be referred to as God, when referred to apart from the Father, because the Son, though subordinate to God, is entitled to be called God "from the unity of the Father" in regards to being formed from a portion of His substance. The Catholic Encyclopedia comments that for Tertullian, "There was a time when there was no Son and no sin, when God was neither Father nor Judge."Similarly J.N.D. Kelly stated: "Tertullian followed the Apologists in dating His 'perfect generation' from His extrapolation for the work of creation; prior to that moment God could not strictly be said to have had a Son, while after it the term 'Father', which for earlier theologians generally connoted God as author of reality, began to acquire the specialized meaning of Father of the Son." As regards the subjects of subordination of the Son to the Father, the New Catholic Encyclopedia has commented: "In not a few areas of theology, Tertullian’s views are, of course, completely unacceptable. Thus, for example, his teaching on the Trinity reveals a subordination of Son to Father that in the later crass form of Arianism the Church rejected as heretical." Though he did not fully state the doctrine of the immanence of the Trinity, according to B. B. Warfield, he went a long distance in the way of approach to it. Soteriology
In

masks: Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian


title: Tertullian

texts:
 soteriology, Tertullian does not dogmatize; he prefers to keep silence at the mystery of the cross (De Patientia, iii).The sufferings of Christ's life as well as of the crucifixion are efficacious to redemption. In the water of baptism, which (upon a partial quotation of John 3:5) is made necessary (De baptismo, vi. ), humans are born again; the baptized does not receive the Holy Spirit in the water, but is prepared for the Holy Spirit. Humans are little fishes – after the example of the ichthys, fish, Jesus Christ – born in water (De baptismo, i). In discussing whether sins committed subsequent to baptism may be forgiven, Tertullian calls baptism and penance "two planks" on which the sinner may be saved from shipwreck – language which he gave to the Church (De penitentia, xii). Rule of faith
With reference to the 'rule of faith', it may be said that Tertullian is constantly using this expression, and by it means now the authoritative tradition handed down in the Church, now the Scriptures themselves, and, perhaps, a definite doctrinal formula. While he nowhere gives a list of the books of Scripture, he divides them into two parts and calls them the instrumentum and testamentum (Adv.Marcionem, iv.1). He distinguishes between the four Gospels and insists upon their apostolic origin as accrediting their authority (De praescriptione, xxxvi; Adv. Marcionem, iv.1–5); in trying to account for Marcion's treatment of the Lucan Gospel and the Pauline writings he sarcastically queries whether the "shipmaster from Pontus" (Marcion) had ever been guilty of taking on contraband goods or tampering with them after they were aboard (Adv. Marcionem, v.1). The Scripture, the rule of faith, is for him fixed and authoritative (De corona, iii–iv). As opposed to the pagan writings they are divine (De testimonio animae, vi). They contain all truth (De praescriptione, vii, xiv) and from them the Church drinks (potat) her faith (Adv.Praxeam, xiii). The prophets were older than the Greek philosophers and their authority is accredited by the fulfilment of their predictions (Apol., xix–xx). The Scriptures and the teachings of philosophy are incompatible, insofar as the latter are the origins of sub-Christian heresies. "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" he exclaims, "or the Academy with the Church?" (De praescriptione, vii). Philosophy as pop-paganism is a work of demons (De anima, i); the Scriptures contain the wisdom of heaven.However, Tertullian was not averse to using the technical methods of Stoicism to discuss a problem (De anima). The rule of faith, however, seems to be also applied by Tertullian to some distinct formula of doctrine, and he gives a succinct statement of the Christian faith under this term (De praescriptione, xiii). Apostolicity
Tertullian was a defender of the necessity of apostolicity. In his Prescription Against Heretics, he explicitly challenges heretics to produce evidence of the apostolic succession of their communities. "Let them produce the original records of their churches; let them unfold the roll of their bishops, running down in due succession from the beginning in such a manner that [that first bishop of theirs] bishop shall be able to show for his ordainer and predecessor some one of the apostles or of apostolic men – a man, moreover, who continued steadfast with the apostles. For this is the manner in which the apostolic churches transmit their registers: as the church of Smyrna, which records that Polycarp was placed therein by John; as also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been ordained in like manner by Peter. In exactly the same way the other churches likewise exhibit (their several worthies), whom, as having been appointed to their episcopal places by apostles, they regard as transmitters of the apostolic seed."Sin
Fornicators and murderers should never be readmitted into the church under any circumstances. In De pudicitia, Tertullian condemns Pope Callixtus I for allowing such people to be readmitted if they show repentance. Other beliefs
Tertullian had iconoclastic tendencies and believed the second commandment to prohibit any images. Tertullian discouraged infant baptism, he argued for baptizing believers instead, because in his view infants would cut themselves off from the hope of salvation by post-baptismal sins. Tertullian used the word "figure" and "symbol" to define the Eucharist, Tertullian in his book Against Marcion implied that: "this is my body" should be interpreted as "a figure of my body". Though Tim Staples, a Catholic apologist disputes the claim that Tertullian saw the Eucharist as a mere symbol, instead arguing for him believing in real presence. Tertullian denied the perpetual virginity of Mary, and he was extensively quoted by Helvidius in his debate with Jerome.J.N.D. Kelly also argued that Tertullian believed that Mary had imperfections, thus denying her sinlessness. Moral principles

Tertullian was a determined advocate of strict discipline and an austere code of practise, and like many of the African fathers, one of the leading representatives of the rigorist element in the early Church. These views may have led him to adopt Montanism with its ascetic rigor and its belief in chiliasm and the continuance of the prophetic gifts. In his writings on public amusements, the veiling of virgins, the conduct of women, and the like, he gives expression to these views. On the principle that we should not look at or listen to what we have no right to practise, and that polluted things, seen and touched, pollute (De spectaculis, viii, xvii), he declared a Christian should abstain from the theater and the amphitheater. There pagan religious rites were applied and the names of pagan divinities invoked; there the precepts of modesty, purity, and humanity were ignored or set aside, and there no place was offered to the onlookers for the cultivation of the Christian graces.Women should put aside their gold and precious stones as ornaments, and virgins should conform to the law of St. Paul for women and keep themselves strictly veiled (De virginibus velandis). He praised the unmarried state as the highest (De monogamia, xvii; Ad uxorem, i.3) and called upon Christians not to allow themselves to be excelled in the virtue of celibacy by Vestal Virgins and Egyptian priests. He even labeled second marriage a species of adultery (De exhortationis castitatis, ix), but this directly contradicted the Epistles of the Apostle Paul. Tertullian's resolve to never marry again and that no one else should remarry eventually led to his break with Rome because the orthodox church refused to follow him in this resolve. He, instead, favored the Montanist sect where they also condemned second marriage. One reason for Tertullian's disdain for marriage was his belief about the transformation that awaited a married couple. He believed that marital relations coarsened the body and spirit and would dull their spiritual senses and avert the Holy Spirit since husband and wife became one flesh once married.<mask> is sometimes criticized for being misogynistic, on the basis of the contents of his De Cultu Feminarum, section I.I, part 2 (trans. C.W. Marx): "Do you not know that you are Eve? The judgment of God upon this sex lives on in this age; therefore, necessarily the guilt should live on also. You are the gateway of the devil; you are the one who unseals the curse of that tree, and you are the first one to turn your back on the divine law; you are the one who persuaded him whom the devil was not capable of corrupting; you easily destroyed the image of God, Adam. Because of what you deserve, that is, death, even the Son of God had to die." Tertullian had a radical view on the cosmos.He believed that heaven and earth intersected at many points and that it was possible that sexual relations with supernatural beings can occur. Works

<mask>'s writings are edited in volumes 1–2 of the Patrologia Latina, and modern texts exist in the Corpus Christianorum Latinorum. English translations by Sydney Thelwall and Philip Holmes can be found in volumes III and IV of the Ante-Nicene Fathers which are freely available online; more modern translations of some of the works have been made. Apologetic
 Apologeticus pro Christianis. Libri duo ad Nationes. De Testimonio animae. Ad Martyres.De Spectaculis. De Idololatria. Accedit ad Scapulam liber. Dogmatic
 De Oratione. De Baptismo. De Poenitentia. De Patientia.Ad Uxorem libri duo. De Cultu Feminarum lib. II. Polemical
 De Praescriptionibus adversus Haereticos. De Corona Militis. De Fuga in Persecutione. Adversus Gnosticos Scorpiace.Adversus Praxeam. Adversus Hermogenem. Adversus Marcionem libri V.
 Adversus Valentinianos. Adversus Judaeos. De Anima. De Carne Christi. De Resurrectione Carnis.On morality
 De velandis Virginibus. De Exhortatione Castitatis. De Monogamia. De Jejuniis. De Pudicitia. De Pallio. Possible chronology
The following chronological ordering was proposed by John Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln in the 19th century:

Probably mainstream (Pre-Montanist):
 1.De Poenitentia (On Repentance)
 2. De Oratione (On Prayer)
 3. De Baptismo (On Baptism)
 4, 5. Ad Uxorem, lib. I & II, (To His Wife)
 6. Ad Martyras (To the Martyrs)
 7. De Patientia (On Patience)
 8.Adversus Judaeos (Against the Jews)
 9. De Praescriptione Haereticorum (On the Prescription of Heretics)

Indeterminate:
 10. Apologeticus pro Christianis (Apology for the Christians)
 11, 12. ad Nationes, lib. I & II (To the Nations)
 13. De Testimonio animae (On the Witness of the Soul)
 14. De Pallio (On the Ascetic Mantle)
 15. Adversus Hermogenem (Against Hermogenes)

Probably Post-Montanist:
 16.Adversus Valentinianus (Against the Valentinians)
 17. ad Scapulam (To Scapula, Proconsul of Africa)
 18. De Spectaculis (On the Games)
 19. De Idololatria (On Idolatry)
 20, 21. De cultu Feminarum, lib. I & II (On Women's Dress)

Definitely Post-Montanist:
 22. Adversus Marcionem, lib I (Against Marcion, Bk. I)
 23.Adversus Marcionem, lib II
 24. De Anima (On the Soul),
 25. Adversus Marcionem, lib III
 26. Adversus Marcionem, lib IV
 27. De Carne Christi (On the Flesh of Christ)
 28. De Resurrectione Carnis (On the Resurrection of Flesh)
 29. Adversus Marcionem, lib V
 30.Adversus Praxean (Against Praxeas)
 31. Scorpiace (Antidote to Scorpion's Bite)
 32. De Corona Militis (On the Soldier's Garland)
 33. De velandis Virginibus (On Veiling Virgins)
 34. De Exhortatione Castitatis (On Exhortation to Chastity)
 35. De Fuga in Persecutione (On Flight in Persecution)
 36. De Monogamia (On Monogamy)
 37.De Jejuniis, adversus psychicos (On Fasting, against the materialists)
 38. De Puditicia (On Modesty)

Spurious works
There have been many works attributed to Tertullian in the past which have since been determined to be almost definitely written by others. Nonetheless, since their actual authors remain uncertain, they continue to be published together in collections of Tertullian's works. 1 Adversus Omnes Haereses (Against all Heresies) – poss. Victorinus of Pettau
 2 De execrandis gentium diis (On the Execrable Gods of the Heathens)
 3 Carmen adversus Marcionem (Poem against Marcion)
 4 Carmen de Iona Propheta (Poem about the Prophet Jonas) – poss. Cyprianus Gallus
 5 Carmen de Sodoma (Poem about Sodom) – poss. Cyprianus Gallus
 6 Carmen de Genesi (Poem about Genesis)
 7 Carmen de Judicio Domini (Poem about the Judgment of the Lord)

The popular Passio SS.Perpetuae et Felicitatis (Martyrdom of SS. Perpetua and Felicitas), much of it presented as the personal diary of St. Perpetua, was once assumed to have been edited by Tertullian. That view is no longer widely held, and the work is usually published separately from Tertullian's own works. Influence on Novatianism
The Novatians refused forgiveness to idoltarers or for people who committed other larger sins, and made much use of the works of Tertullian, some Novatians even joined Montanists. The views of Novatian on the Trinity and Christology are also strongly influenced by Tertullian. Ronald E. Heine writes, "With Novatianism we return to the spirit of Tertullian, and the issue of Christian discipline. See also
 Christian pacifism
 Credo quia absurdum
 Septimia gens
 Pseudo-Tertullian
 Tertulia
 Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
 List of Christian women of the patristic age

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Ames, Cecilia.2007. "Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian." In A Companion to Roman Religion. Edited by Jörg Rüpke, 457–471. Oxford: Blackwell. Dunn, Geoffrey D. 2004. Tertullian.New York: Routledge. Gero, Stephen. 1970. "Miles gloriosus: The Christians and Military Service according to Tertullian." Church History 39:285–298. Hillar, Marian. 2012.From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. Lane, Anthony N. S. 2002. "Tertullianus Totus Noster? Calvin’s use of Tertullian."Reformation and Renaissance Review 4:9–34. O’Malley, Thomas P. 1967. Tertullian and the Bible. Language, Imagery, Exegesis. Latinitas christianorum primaeva 21. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Dekker & Van de Vegt. Otten, Willemien.2009. "Views on Women in Early Christianity: Incarnational Hermeneutics in Tertullian and Augustine." In Hermeneutics, Scriptural Politics, and Human Rights. Between text and context. Edited by Bas de Gaay Fortman, Kurt Martens, and M. A. Mohamed Salih, 219–235. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Rankin, David.1995. Tertullian and the Church. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. Wilhite, David E. 2007. Tertullian the African. An Anthropological Reading of Tertullian’s Context and Identities.Millennium Studien 14. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter. External links

Primary sources
 <mask>'s works in many languages, including Latin, and English, website intratext.com. English translations of all <mask>'s works can be found in Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, editors, 1867–1872, Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translation of the Writings of the Fathers, Down to AD 325, Edinburgh: T&T Clark: Vol. 7 (<mask>'s Against Marcion), Vol. 11(Tertullian's Treatises, Pt.1), Vol. 15 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt.2), Vol. 18 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt. 3)
Works by Tertullian at Perseus Digital Library

Secondary sources
 EarlyChurch.org.uk Detailed bibliography and on-line articles. Jerome's On Famous Men Chapter 53 is devoted to Tertullian. The Tertullian Project, a site which provides all of the works of this Father of Church in Latin, translations in many languages, manuscripts etc. J. Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln (1845, third edition) The Ecclesiastical History of the Second and Third Centuries, illustrated from the writings of Tertullian.London: Rivington. Carthage
Church Fathers
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Post–Silver Age Latin writers
Christian anti-Gnosticism
Ancient Christian anti-Judaism
Florens <mask>us, Quintus
Christian pacifists
Ancient Christians involved in controversies
Christian apologists
Romans from Africa
Berber writers
Historians of the Catholic Church
Berber Christians
155 births
220 deaths
2nd-century Romans
3rd-century Romans
2nd-century Christian theologians
3rd-century Christian theologians
2nd-century Berber people
3rd-century Berber people
2nd-century Punic people
3rd-century Punic people
3rd-century Latin

masks: Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian Tertullian


title: H. O. Davies

texts:
Chief <mask>, Q.C. (5 April 1905 – 22 November 1989) was a leading Nigerian nationalist, founding father, lawyer, journalist, trade unionist, thought leader and politician during the nation's movement towards independence in 1960 and immediately afterwards. Family history and early days

Chief <mask> was born in the southern city of Lagos, Nigeria. His maternal great-grandfather was the Oba of Effon-Alaiye. His maternal great-grandmother was the Owa (Queen regnant) of Ilesha. His grandmother was Princess <mask>trup, the daughter of the Ijesha monarch, and his paternal grandfather, <mask> of the Ogunmade Ruling House of Lagos, was the son of King Docemo. His father, known as "Spiritual Moses", was one of the founders of the Cherubim and Seraphim Church of Nigeria.Between 1911 and 1917, <mask> attended the Wesley School, Olowogbowo, Lagos. He then went on to Methodist Boys High School, Lagos, which he attended from 1917 to 1920. In 1921, he began attending the King's College, Lagos, and did so until 1923. In the following year, he became  Assistant Master at King's College, Lagos

Notable amongst his childhood friends were Nigeria's first president, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, who attended Methodist Boys High School with him, and Nigeria's first indigenous Chief Justice of the Federation, Sir Adetokunbo Ademola, and first indigenous surgeon, Dr <mask> Akerele, both from King's College. Higher education
H.O<mask>, or <mask>.D., as he was called, was one of the earliest Nigerians to use the University of London's distance learning program, he making friends by way of it with the likes of Lord Denning. He passed the London Matriculation Examination in 1925 in the company of Eyo Ita.He also attended the London School of Economics in 1935, where he was a pupil of <mask>, graduating with a BComm (Hons). In the same year, he was elected President of the Cosmopolitan Club of the School. While in the United Kingdom, he was President of the West African Student Union and was also a representative of the University of London on the Executive Committee on British Universities. He later returned to London in 1944, where he studied Law and was called to the English Bar at the Middle Temple Inns of Court, London in 1946. In 1959, <mask> spent a year as a Fellow of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University

Political career

<mask> was a founding member of the Lagos Youth Movement in 1934 along with James Churchill Vaughan, Kofo Abayomi, Ernest Sissei Ikoli, and Samuel Akisanya. He was made Secretary-General. The Youth Movement was one of the earliest political associations to encourage active participation by Nigerians in the political and socio-economic development of the country.After returning from studies abroad along with Nnamdi Azikiwe, <mask> spearheaded the efforts that led to renaming the Lagos Youth Movement the Nigerian Youth Movement when both individuals became prominent members, contributors and national leaders with large followings. <mask> was the founding Secretary-General of the NYM. <mask> left the movement in 1951 and founded his own party, the Nigerian People's Congress. He later joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons after negotiations for a formidable alliance with Nnamdi Azikiwe were unsuccessful. <mask> was a Federal Minister of State in the Ministry of Industries from 1963–1966 during the Nigerian First Republic. Legal and other professional life'
<mask> was a very successful lawyer, being one of the first two Nigerians (along with Chief Frederick Rotimi Williams) that were honoured with the distinction of Queen's Counsel in 1959. Among his many legal accomplishments, he was the only African lawyer among the legal team that helped defend Jomo Kenyatta, the future president of Kenya, during the famous Mau Mau Uprising case along with Mr. DN Pritt, QC from Britain, Mr. Diwan Chawaanlal from India; and De Sousa and Kapilla, both Indians resident in Kenya.That same year he left for the United States, where he attended the Research Center for International Affairs at Harvard University and wrote the book "Prospects for Democracy". During his time at Harvard, he met with and became friends with future US Secretary of State <mask> and future US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski. He led a Nigerian delegation to the Economic Council at the United Nations in 1964, and in September 1974, Chief H.O<mask> was knighted by the French Government as Chevelier de l' Ordre national du Mérite for promoting French-Nigeria relations and for his significant contributions in energising Total Fina Oil and Elf Petroleum, companies of which he was a director. In 1937, <mask> became the Manager of a leading daily newspaper, the Daily Service, and in 1960 he was made the founding chairman and managing director of the then Nigerian National Press, Printers of the Nigerian Morning Post and Sunday Post by the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Among his several accomplishments, Chief <mask> <mask> was a national president of the World Peace Through Law, president of the United Nations Organization in Nigeria, chairman of the Rotary Club of Nigeria, and founder and inaugural president of the Nigerian-France Friendship Association. Prior to his death in 1989, <mask> <mask> published an autobiographical book entitled Memoirs.Staunch <mask> was a Wesleyan and a strong believer that the church should be "militant" in its practicality towards society, not only speaking out in support of the poor, but being actively engaged in ministries involving the poor and actively seeking co-operation among all Christian denominations to effect positive change. He was a key mediator during a fractious period in the history of the Methodist Church of Nigeria, helping to unite disparate factions within the church. References

Alumni of the London School of Economics
People of Sierra Leone Creole descent
TotalEnergies people
1989 deaths
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons politicians
Federal ministers of Nigeria
1905 births
Politicians from Lagos
King's College, Lagos alumni
Yoruba legal professionals
Lagos State politicians
20th-century Nigerian politicians
Yoruba royalty
Nigerian Christians
20th-century Nigerian lawyers
Methodist Boys' High School alumni
People of colonial Nigeria

masks:
Hezekiah Oladipo Davies
Davies
Haas
Prince Ogunmade Davies
Davies
Oni
. Davies
H O
Harold Laski
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Henry Kissinger
. Davies
Davies
HO
Davies
Oloye
Davies
Christian Davies


title: Helen Prejean

texts:
<mask>  ( ; born April 21, 1939) is a Catholic religious sister and a leading American advocate for the abolition of the death penalty. She is known for her best-selling book, Dead Man Walking (1993), based on her experiences with two convicts on death row for whom she served as spiritual adviser before their executions. In her book, she explored the effects of the death penalty on everyone involved. The book was adapted as a 1995 film of the same name, starring Susan Sarandon and Sean Penn. It was also adapted as an opera, first produced in 2000 by the San Francisco Opera. She served as the National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995. She helped establish The Moratorium Campaign, seeking an end to executions and conducting education on the death penalty.Prejean also founded the groups SURVIVE to help families of victims of murder and related crimes. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the daughter of Augusta Mae (née Bourg; 1911–1993), a nurse, and Louis Sebastian Prejean (1893–1974), a lawyer. She joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille in 1957. In 1962, she received a Bachelor of Arts in English and Education from St. Mary's Dominican College, New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1973, she earned a Master of Arts in religious education from Saint Paul University, an affiliated college of the University of Ottawa. She has been the Religious Education Director at St. Frances Cabrini Parish in New Orleans, the Formation Director for her religious community, and has taught junior and senior high school. Death row ministry
Her efforts began in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1981.In 1982 an acquaintance asked her to correspond with convicted murderer Elmo Patrick Sonnier, held on death row in the Louisiana State Penitentiary, known as Angola. Sonnier had been sentenced to death by electrocution. She visited Sonnier in prison and agreed to be his spiritual adviser in the months leading up to his execution. The experience gave Prejean greater insight into the process involved in executions, for the convict, families, and others in the prison, and she began speaking out against capital punishment. At the same time, she founded Survive, an organization devoted to counseling the families of victims of violence. Prejean has since ministered to other inmates on death row and witnessed several more executions. She served as National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995.Dead Man Walking
She published Dead Man Walking (1993), an account of her relationship with Sonnier and other inmates on death row, and the factors related to her growing opposition to the death penalty. The book was adapted for a 1995 feature film of the same name; she was portrayed by Susan Sarandon. Her book also was adapted as an opera of the same name, first produced by the San Francisco Opera in 2000. The libretto is by Terrence McNally and the music composed by Jake Heggie. It has also been adapted as a play of the same name, which was first produced in autumn 2003. For her book, she drew from her experiences with Sonnier and with the convict Robert Lee Willie. He had been sentenced to death after being convicted of kidnapping and murder in two attacks in May 1980.Prejean also explored the effects that conducting the death penalty has on attorneys, prison guards, other prison officials, and the families of both convicted murderers and their victims. Since then Prejean has worked with other men sentenced to death. In December 2010, Prejean donated all of her archival papers to DePaul University. Campaigns, book, and awards
In 1996, she was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics. In 1999, Prejean formed Moratorium 2000, a petition drive that eventually grew into a national education campaign, The Moratorium Campaign, seeking to declare a moratorium to executions. It was initially staffed by Robert Jones, Theresa Meisz, and Jené O'Keefe. The organization Witness to Innocence, composed of death row survivors who were exonerated after being convicted for crimes they did not commit, was started under The Moratorium Campaign.Prejean wrote a second book, The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Executions (2004). She tells of two men, Dobie Gillis Williams and Joseph O'Dell, whom she accompanied to their executions. She believes that both men were innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted. The book also examines the recent history of death penalty decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States and the record of George W. Bush as Governor of Texas. In 1998, Prejean was given the Pacem in Terris Award, named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls on all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth." Prejean now bases her work at the death Penalty Discourse Network in New Orleans.She gives talks about the issues across the United States and around the world. She and her sister Mary Ann Antrobus have also been deeply involved at a center in Nicaragua called Friends of Batahola. In 2019 she wrote a memoir titled River of Fire: My Spiritual Journey. In it she talks about her spiritual journey leading her to engage in social justice work. Awards and recognition

Prejean has given commencement addresses to more than 50 colleges and universities around the world. 2013: Robert M. Holstein "Faith Doing Justice" Award from the Ignatian Solidarity Network
2006: Christopher Award
2002: NUI Galway Honorary Doctorate (LLD)
1998: World Pacem in Terris Award
1996: Pax Christi USA Pope Paul VI Teacher of Peace Award
1996: Laetare Medal

References

External links

 The Dead Man Walking School Theatre Project
 Angel on Death Row: Newspaper accounts of the crimes and executions of Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie, Public Broadcasting Service
 "Sister <mask>jean: The Real Woman Behind Dead Man Walking", by John Bookser Feister, St. Anthony Messenger, April, 1996
 "Would Jesus pull the Switch?" by Sister <mask>, C.S.J., Salt of the Earth 1997
 "Conversation with Sr. <mask>jean" by Marilyn Rodrigues, The Catholic Weekly August 17, 2003
 The National Review and Sr. <mask>jean, C.S.J., August 1, 2006
 "Blood on our Hands: An Interview with <mask>jean", by Shannon Presler, The Other Journal.com January 19, 2009
 Walk the Talk Show with Waylon Lewis: "Sister <mask>jean of Dead Man Walking Fame," May 2009
 "The Death Penalty Nun," 2006 video biography , Trinity Wall Street
 "Late Night Live - Dead Man Walking (1993 Australian radio broadcast)

1939 births
Living people
Roman Catholic activists
American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
American anti-abortion activists
Sisters of Saint Joseph
American anti–death penalty activists
Saint Paul University alumni
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Laetare Medal recipients
Prison reformers
DePaul University Special Collections and Archives holdings
University of Ottawa alumni
Catholics from Louisiana
20th-century Christian nuns
21st-century Christian nuns
21st-century American women

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