title: Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

texts:
Dom Afonso (23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the eldest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. Afonso died from epilepsy at the age of two, devastating the emperor. The following year, Pedro and Teresa Cristina had another son, Pedro Afonso, but he too died in infancy. After the loss of his second son, doubts grew in Pedro II's mind that the imperial system could be viable. He still had an heir in his daughter Isabel, but he was unconvinced that a female would prove to be a suitable successor. He showed less concern about the effects his policies had on the monarchy, provided his daughter Isabel with no training for her role as potential empress, and failed to cultivate her acceptance within the country's political class.Pedro II's lack of interest in protecting the imperial system ultimately led to its downfall. Birth

Afonso was born at 13:35 on 23 February 1845 in the Palace of São Cristóvão, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was named after his ancestor Afonso, Duke of Braganza, son of King João I of Portugal and founder of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança). His full name was Afonso Pedro de Alcântara Cristiano Leopoldo Filipe Eugênio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga. Through his father, Emperor Pedro II, he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança) and was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (Lord) from birth. Afonso was the grandson of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and nephew of Queen Maria II of Portugal. Through his mother, Teresa Cristina, he was a grandson of Francis I and nephew to Ferdinand II, who ruled as kings of the Two Sicilies in turn.The U.S. minister in Brazil reported that his birth was heralded "by rockets and artillery, and was followed by a grand fête day at court... and by illuminations and displays of various sorts and public rejoicings". As was customary within the House of Braganza, Afonso's birth was a formal event attended by the imperial court. Pedro II immediately presented the newborn baby to the throng gathered in the palace, announcing "Gentlemen, it is a prince whom God ..."—here he was overcome with emotion and was unable to continue. The birth of a much needed male heir—thus regarded by contemporaries—was met with joy throughout the empire. Luís Alves de Lima e Silva (then Baron and later Duke of Caxias) wrote to his father: "No one was happier than I with the news [of the prince's birth]". Life and impact

The birth of an heir produced changes in Pedro II's character. Previously isolated and shy, he became more outgoing and confident as monarch.His strained relationship with his wife, the product of a disappointing arranged marriage, also improved, and with children came shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship. Afonso was healthy, and as the eldest son of Pedro II, was heir to the throne and styled "<mask>". The young prince resembled his father, particularly in his face, hair and eyes. Because of his gender and position as heir apparent, he became the center of attention, particularly for Pedro II. A letter written by Pedro II to his elder sister Maria II a few months after the birth of his second child—a daughter named Isabel—displayed his happiness: "No news here save the good state of health of myself, of the empress, and of the little ones, who are becoming increasingly cute, principally little Afonso, who is already walking and who says many words, still half incomprehensible, the which increases their charm." Death
On 11 June 1847, the young prince was playing in the library of the palace when he experienced a series of strong convulsions and died, not quite two and a half years old. His death revealed that Afonso suffered from epilepsy, as did his father.The grief of Pedro II and his wife was enormous. It was feared that the shock might affect Teresa Cristina's health, as she was pregnant at the time with her third child. She later gave birth without complications on 13 July to a girl, who was christened Leopoldina. The devastated emperor wrote a letter to his stepmother, the Empress Amélia, dated 11 July 1847, telling her of Afonso's death: "With the most piercing grief I tell you that my little Afonso, your godson, unfortunately died of convulsions, which he suffered during five hours on the 4th of last month; and a few days ago little Isabel was put at risk by a strong attack of convulsions that greatly frightened me." A grand state funeral—not seen since the death of Pedro II's sister Paula in 1833—was held for the <mask> at 7 p.m. three days after his death. He was buried in the Convento da Ajuda (Convent of Aid) in Rio de Janeiro. When the convent was demolished in 1911 his remains were moved to the mausoleum of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of Saint Anthony) in Rio de Janeiro, where other members of the Brazilian House of Braganza (including his younger brother Pedro, his uncle João and his aunt Paula) are also located.Legacy

The prince's early death (and the later demise of his younger brother) had an enormous impact on Pedro II: on a personal level, on his future conduct as monarch, and on the empire. In his eyes, the deaths of his only sons seemed to presage the end of the imperial system. Although the emperor still had a legal successor in his daughter Isabel, in the male-dominated society of the time he had little confidence that a woman could rule Brazil. He was fond and respectful of the women in his life, but he did not consider it feasible that Isabel could survive as monarch. He did nothing to prepare Isabel for the responsibilities of ascending the throne, nor did he attempt to encourage acceptance of a female ruler among the political class. Pedro II began his rule as a figurehead who held together a realm on the verge of disintegration. He quickly matured and successfully navigated the empire through repeated and serious crises.By the time of Afonso's death, the nation was entering an unprecedented era of prosperity, development and tranquility. Even as the emperor's political successes and policies began to bear fruit, the lack of a male heir caused him to lose motivation to promote the imperial office as a position to be carried on by his descendants. The emperor turned away from personal and family ties, and focused on upholding the constitution while directing Brazil toward policies that furthered modernization and social advancement. The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer mattered to him, and in 1889, he was deposed in a coup, marking the end of the Empire of Brazil. Titles, styles and honors

Titles and styles
 23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847: His Imperial Highness The Prince <mask>

The prince's full style and title was "His Imperial Highness Dom Afonso, <mask> of Brazil". Appointments

 Honorary President of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. Honors
Prince Afonso was a recipient of the following Brazilian Orders:

 Major Commander of the Order of Christ
 Major Commander of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
 Major Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
 Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
 Grand Cross and Grand Major Dignitary of the Order of the Rose

Ancestry

Endnotes

Footnotes

References

External links

1845 births
1847 deaths
People from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian people of Austrian descent
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Neurological disease deaths in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Princes Imperial of Brazil
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Braganza
Deaths from epilepsy

masks:
Prince Imperial
Prince Imperial
Imperial
Prince Imperial


title: João Havelange

type: original

texts:
Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid "<mask><mask> (, ; 8 May 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, athlete and centenarian who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998. His tenure as president is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet. He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013. He succeeded Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter. <mask>e served as a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 to 2011. He was the longest-serving active member upon his resignation. In July 2012 a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that, during his tenure on FIFA's Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law Ricardo Teixeira took more than 41 million Swiss francs (£21m) in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.Early life, professional and Olympic career
Havelange was born on 8 May 1916, in Rio de Janeiro, to an affluent family; his father, Faustin <mask>, had immigrated to Brazil from Belgium, worked as an arms dealer, and owned a large estate that stretched along the present-day districts of Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and Santa Teresa. An excellent student at school, Havelange was accepted to the prestigious Law School of Fluminense Federal University, from which he graduated at the age of 24 with a BA in Law. He worked as a legal advisor for bus company Auto Viação Jabaquara, and became president-director of another bus company, Viação Cometa S/A. He was also senior partner at chemical and metallurgical company Orwec Química e Metallurgia Ltda. Interested in sports since his childhood years, at the age of 20 Havelange competed as a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but failed to go beyond the heats of the 400m freestyle and 1500m freestyle events. He was also part of the Brazilian team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He was the chef de mission of the Brazilian delegation at the 1956 Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne.Sports administrator
As President of the Metropolitan Swimming Federation in Brazil, Havelange became a member of the Brazilian Olympic Committee and joined the Union Cycliste Internationale in 1958. After becoming vice-president of the Brazilian Sports Confederation, he served as President of the Confederation from 1958 to 1973. President of FIFA (1974–98)

In 1974 Havelange defeated Englishman Stanley Rous for the presidency of FIFA, the governing body of world association football. Havelange became the first (and, to date, only) non-European to hold the post. He lobbied in 86 different countries for the presidency, often accompanied by Pelé. Sports marketer Patrick Nally said that "Havelange had seen the future...he knew that if he became the president of the only federation already running its own high-profile world championship then he would enjoy huge economic power". Appealing to developing nations, Havelange promised an expanded World Cup, and a youth World Cup that they might be able to host.Threatened by Havelange's international campaign for the presidency, Rous asked Horst Dassler, then managing Adidas' French subsidiary to help his campaign. Dassler engaged in intense lobbying of the delegates at the 39th FIFA Congress, where the vote was to be held. The election went to a second round, and Havelange won by sixteen votes. Havelange did not have sufficient money to fund his programme for FIFA, so he sought financial support from Dassler, who wished to supply Adidas branded equipment to the national federations. Supported by sports marketer Patrick Nally, Havelange enlisted Adidas and Coca-Cola as primary sponsors of FIFA tournaments. The support of commercial organizations was crucial to the future of Havelange and FIFA, and provided a model for global sporting federations. Nally stated that:

The sale of television rights increased greatly under Havelange's leadership.In 1987 the European rights to the next three FIFA World Cups were sold for $440 million, the non-United States rights for the three tournaments from 1998 sold for $2.2 billion. Under <mask>'s presidency the FIFA World Cup expanded from 16 to 32 teams, with Havelange overseeing six world cups during his time in office. The FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup were all introduced under his tenure. Associates Lacoste and de Andrade
The head of the Argentina's 1978 FIFA World Cup organizing committee, Omar Actis, was assassinated in August 1976. Awarded the World Cup in 1966, Argentina did little to prepare for the event before the 1976 Argentine coup d'état that saw a military junta rule the country. In 1982 Carlos Lacoste, former de facto President of Argentina during the junta, became vice-president of FIFA. Lacoste had previously been head of the organising committee for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and was cousin of de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla.Democratic rule was restored to Argentina in 1983 and Lacoste was investigated for corruption. Havelange was also an associate of Brazilian criminal Castor de Andrade, head of an illegal gambling association. Andrade was sentenced to six years in prison in 1994 for racketeering. Havelange wrote a character reference for Andrade in 1987 as "amiable and pleasant ... predominant feature .. loyalty .. good family man, a devoted friend, and is admired as a sports administrator". "I authorize Castor de Andrade to use this statement as he deems appropriate". Police investigating Andrade found this reference and evidence that Andrade had provided Havelange with a box at the Rio Carnival. Associates Pelé and Teixeira
Havelange's daughter, Lucia, was married to the Brazilian football administrator Ricardo Teixeira for 30 years.They divorced in 1997. Teixeira was President of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) between 1989 and 2012. A financier, Teixeira had no previous experience of sports administration. In 1993, angry when his television company was rejected in a contest for domestic rights, Brazilian footballer Pelé accused Teixeira of corruption, resulting in an eight-year feud between Pelé and Havelange. Consequently, Havelange banned Pelé from the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in Las Vegas. Criticisms over the ban were perceived to have negatively affected Havelange's chances of re-election as FIFA President in 1994. As in 1974, Havelange embarked on an intense lobbying mission, with the aim of securing votes from the Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the Central American, North American and Caribbean Football Confederation (CONCACAF).The loyalty of these "third world" football federations was rewarded by the expansion of the World Cup from 24 to 32 teams for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. As a result of the expansion and allocation of places, tension grew between the governing body of European football (UEFA) and the FIFA leadership. As Brazilian Minister for Sports, Pelé drafted legislation approved as the Pelé Law in December 1997 by the lower house of the Brazilian congress. Football clubs had to become companies within two years, giving players greater freedom of contract and limiting the power of the Brazilian Football Confederation. Havelange threatened to ban Brazil from the 1998 FIFA World Cup if the law passed. FIFA Presidential elections
At the 1994 meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee in New York, Havelange was criticized for his allocation of appointments to FIFA's standing committees. Havelange postponed a discussion on the appointments, distributed a list with the new composition of the committees, and declared the list passed without a vote.In 1998 <mask> announced that he would stand down as FIFA president after 24 years in charge. He told British Prime Minister Tony Blair he wanted England to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The English Football Association had pledged support to Lennart Johansson in the forthcoming FIFA Presidential election, whereas Havelange supported FIFA General Secretary Sepp Blatter. Johansson was in favour of honouring a "gentleman's agreement" between the English and German football associations, that Germany would not oppose England's bid for the 1996 European Football Championship, and England would not oppose Germany's bid for the 2006 World Cup. Johansson said "The dumbest thing about breaking the agreement is that we're faced with an expensive competition. We would be better off spending the money on real soccer." Johansson criticized Havelange's financial decisions and "undemocratic behaviour."At a meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee, Johansson demanded Sepp Blatter resign as FIFA General Secretary if he planned to run for the presidency of FIFA. Havelange rejected the demand and ended the meeting before a vote could be taken, described as "a defeat for democracy" by Johansson. If elected, Johansson planned that an independent accountant would examine FIFA's business practices under Havelange. Blatter was elected by 111 to 80 votes, amid claims of bribery. Corruption allegations
In 1999 De Telegraaf reported that Havelange accepted gifts of diamonds, bicycles, sports articles, Delft blue porcelain, paintings and art books, in connection with Amsterdam's failed bid for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games. "I remember it very well because he had special wishes, wishes which were in conflict with the IOC laws," said Peter Kronenberg, who headed the press office of the Amsterdam Olympic Games 1992 Foundation. Collapse of ISL
Disagreements between Nally and Dassler led to the foundation of International Sport and Leisure (ISL) in 1982.Dassler, French businessman Andre Guelfi, and Japanese advertising firm Dentsu established ISL to help market the rights for the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. Dassler's proximity to Havelange, and his support for Juan Antonio Samaranch, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) enabled ISL to win lucrative future World Cup and Olympic contracts. Following Dassler's death in 1987, and the departure of key executives, ISL overpaid for sports rights in the 1990s, and was declared bankrupt in 2001. From 1989 to 2001, ISL paid 185 million Swiss francs (CHF) in "personal commissions" to sports officials and other people involved in the marketing of sports rights. In the 2008 fraud trial that arose from the collapse of ISL, a judge referred to the commissions as "schmiergeld", a German word for bribery. In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings' book Foul! The Secret World of FIFA: Bribes, Vote-Rigging and Ticket Scandals implicated Havelange in the collapse of ISL, and revealed that some football officials were urged to secretly repay the commissions they received.In 2011 Jennings told Brazil's Senate that Havelange may have amassed $50 million or more in bribes, through a front company called Sicuretta. An IOC ethics committee was announced in June 2011 to investigate claims that Havelange received a bribe of $1 million in connection with ISL. The investigation was prompted by Jennings' claims in FIFA's Shame, an episode of Panorama broadcast on BBC One in May 2011. Days before the ethics committee was set to happen, Havelange resigned as a member of the IOC, citing health concerns. The investigation was closed, with reports that it would have suspended the membership of Havelange for two years. In November 2011 Jennings accused Havelange of being one of the people who collectively paid 5.5 million CHF to close the 2008 ISL fraud trial. In July 2012, after protracted court proceedings, Havelange and Teixeira were named as beneficiaries of bribes from ISL.A prosecutor in the canton of Zug revealed a document saying that, from 1992 to 2000, Havelange and Teixeira were paid 41m CHF by ISL. Teixeira had resigned from FIFA in March 2012. In 2012 Sepp Blatter said that at the time of this payment, commercial bribery was not a crime in Switzerland. In 1997, as President of FIFA, Havelange had granted ISL FIFA's exclusive marketing rights, and exclusive TV and radio rights to the 2002 and 2006 World Cups in 1998. ISL paid FIFA 200m CHF for the marketing rights and $1.4 billion for the TV rights. After ISL's bankruptcy, its liquidators examined all payments made by the company. FIFA involvement
FIFA, under the presidency of Sepp Blatter, was found to have known about the bribes, yet argued it did not need to have the money repaid.Prosecutions were mounted for alleged embezzlement against Havelange and Teixeira, but were stopped in May 2010, after Havelange and Texeira repaid CHF500,000 and CHF2.5m respectively. The repayments were considered reasonable, because bribes paid before 1995 were outside the statute of limitations and Havelange was now over 90 years old. The prosecutor also believed that Havelange and Teixeira were guilty of criminal breaches of their duties to serve FIFA as senior executives. Following the release of the report, Blatter vowed to strip Havelange of his honorary presidency at the next FIFA Congress. Health issues and death
In March and April 2012 Havelange was hospitalized for a seriously infected right ankle in Rio de Janeiro, which necessitated a period in intensive care. In April 2013 he resigned from his position as FIFA's Honorary President for "health and personal reasons". Havelange was again admitted to hospital in June 2014, for a lung infection, and in November 2015 with respiratory problems.He died on 16 August 2016 at the age of 100 in Rio de Janeiro during the 2016 Summer Olympics which were being held there. Assessment
Writing in June 1998, as Havelange was leaving FIFA, and before the eruption of most of the controversies surrounding him, The New York Times commented on Havelange's leadership:

Honors
Havelange was elected honorary president of FIFA in 1998, but resigned in 2013. On August 24, 2006, Havelange was named honorary Vice President of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation (CBDG) for his support in the development of winter sports in Brazil. Awards
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)
 Order of Special Merit in Sports (Brazil)
 Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique (Portugal)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)

Eponyms

The following have been named after Havelange in his honor for his important contributions. The 2000 Brazilian Championship, won by Vasco da Gama, and organized by Clube dos 13 (an association of the Brazilian most traditional clubs), was called Copa João Havelange. A stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games was named Estádio Olímpico João Havelange. The stadium hosted the athletics competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics.On 10 February 2017, the stadium was renamed Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos. The Estádio Parque do Sabiá's former name
 Trinidad's Dr. <mask>lange Centre of Excellence

References

1916 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian centenarians
Brazilian male freestyle swimmers
Brazilian people of Belgian descent
Brazilian male water polo players
Football people in Brazil
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
International Olympic Committee members
Olympic swimmers of Brazil
Olympic water polo players of Brazil
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games water polo players of Brazil
Brazilian sports executives and administrators
Presidents of the Brazilian Football Confederation
Presidents of FIFA
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1951 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
Men centenarians

masks:
João
" de Havelange
João Havelang
Havelange
Havelange
Havelange
João Have


title: Edmond Dyonnet

texts:
<mask> was a painter and photographer, born French and a naturalised Canadian. He taught numerous students in Quebec province and was an academician and secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1910-1947), author of a history of the Academy with Hugh Jones in 1934, and a charter member of Montreal’s Arts Club in 1912. Biography
He was born on 25 June 1859 in Crest, Drôme, France, to <mask>, industrialist, and Goullioud Albine. The real family name is Guyonnet de Pivat but due to an error of births during the French Revolution, the surname became Dyonnet. <mask> died in Montreal on 7 July 1954, at age 95. He was buried with his family in the cemetery of Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, in Montreal. <mask> had two younger sisters, <mask>, wife Lorin (1866–1947) and <mask>, wife Chabot (18?-1905). Ulysses, the father of <mask>, had an older brother <mask> Goullioud who married Helen, the sister of Albine. <mask> made a fortune in corsets for women in association with Amyot from 1886 to 1891 and set up the Dominion Corset company, rue de la Couronne in Quebec City. The couple had a daughter artist, cousin of <mask>: Eugénie <mask>, who immigrated to Canada in 1872 and died in 1875 in Montreal. <mask> was born in Drôme in 1859, and at 9 years old, he followed his father and immigrated to Italy, he continued his primary education in Turin, from 1868 to 1873, in municipal schools and then returned to France with his family in the Drôme. He studied at Crest high school from 1873 to 1875. His father Ulysses met in Paris the brother of Judge George Baby who convinced him to emigrate to Quebec.On May 16, 1875, the family emigrated to Canada. In 1882, Dyonnet moved to Labelle, Quebec in the Laurentian mountains. The village was founded by Father Antoine Labelle. <mask> was a pioneer; he cleared land and resumed two mills, a sawmill and a flour mill. The timber industry was thriving. Using the north Rouge River (Quebec) for transportation of the wood, it was then sawed at the family business in Labelle, located near the Iroquois Falls. The trade was intense and the family expanded.The young <mask> stayed in Montreal, where he studied drawing at the National Institute of Fine Arts from 1875 to 1881. One of his teachers was Abbé Joseph Chabert (1831–1894). In 1882, he returned to Italy and studied painting at the Accademia Albertina in Turin with Andrea Gastaldi and Pier Celestino Gilardi. After Turin, he did a complete tour of Italy and then went to Naples in 1883 and to Rome at the Villa Medici in 1884. When he returned to Canada in 1890, <mask> settled in Montreal and taught in the school founded by Abbé Joseph Chabert. In 1899, he went to paint in the Gaspé, in the Laurentians and in Berthier-sur-Mer. Not much is known about his personal life.<mask> never married and had no children. At the turn of the century, he supported his sister Emma, widow of Ernest Lorin who died in February 1899. His father Ulysses died the following year in 1900. <mask> raised his three nephews and nieces, Alice Lorin (1886–1907), Gabrielle Lorin (1897–1985) and Louis Gustave Lorin (1898–1956). Dyonnet was interested in many things and never stopped reading books. The nonagenarian was said to go outside daily, only prevented by the worst of the winter storms in Montreal. At his death, his niece Gabrielle Lorin inherited and donated all the archives in 1967 to the University of Ottawa.Activities

<mask> was famous as a landscape painter and portraitist, especially among the wealthy and cultivated citizens of Montreal. Judges, doctors, and community leaders all ordered their portraits. He was one of the founders of the School of Fine Arts with Alfred Laliberté and Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté. He taught there from 1922 to 1925, and also became professor of drawing at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, at the Conseil des Arts et Métiers of  Quebec, and at McGill University (1920–1936). He trained thousands of students including Narcisse Poirier, Clarence Gagnon, Thomas Garside, Alexander Young Jackson, Marc-Aurèle Fortin and Jack Bush. He never tolerated mediocrity, nor half finished work. He frequently used to say "Rub it out and do it over again."He was a member of the Art Association of Montreal. In 1893 he became a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and became its Secretary from 1910 to 1947. He was also a member of the Pen and Pencil Club, and a member of the Arts Club. He lived a long time in Montreal at 1207 Bleury Street. Although he was French by birth, he didn't want to stay only in the French-Canadian community so he learned and spoke perfect English. His reputation expanded in the English-speaking environment. Most of his friends were on the English side.He never painted religious paintings, although Quebec was very influenced by Catholicism. <mask>'s work is varied and numerous, distributed in many private collections and museums. There is yet no inventory of his work. He preferred the portraits to landscapes. His inspirations were Nicolas Poussin and Claude Gellée (also known under the name Le Lorrain), two great painters of the seventeenth century. He never really appreciated Impressionism and criticized Vincent van Gogh at the end of his life. He received a silver medal at the Buffalo exposition in 1901 and also at the Canadian exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904.France made him an Officier d'académie  Ordre des Palmes Académiques in 1910. In 1968, the University of Ottawa published his autobiography, Memoirs of a Canadian artist. Works in museums
Several Canadian museums own his paintings and drawings. In Montréal they can be seen in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and in the collection of the Power Corporation of Canada. In Ottawa the National Gallery of Art and the Canadian War Museum both own works by Dyonnet. In Toronto (Ontario) his works can be seen in the Art Gallery of Ontario, as well as in Kingston, Ontario at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, and in Victoria (British Columbia) in the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. Notes

External links
 List of Canadian painters
 Charles Ignace Adélard Gill
 George Horne Russell

Bibliography
 <mask>, Mémoires d'un artiste canadien, 1968, Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa
 Noël E. Lanoix, « <mask> », dans Les biographies françaises d'Amérique, Montréal, Les journalistes associés éditeurs, 1942, 640 p., p. 583.Canadian male painters
20th-century Canadian painters
1859 births
1954 deaths
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
19th-century Canadian painters
19th-century Canadian photographers
20th-century Canadian photographers

masks:
Edmond Dyonnet
Ulysses Alexandre Dyonnet
Edmond
Edmond
Emma Dyonnet
Cce Dyonnet
Edmond
Leon Dyonnet
Leon Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet
Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet
Ulysses Dyonnet
Edmond
Edmond
Edmond Dyonnet
Edmond
Edmond Dyonnet
Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born soldier, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, a member of the Australian House of Representatives, and a farmer. After growing up in Africa and being schooled in England, <mask> served as an officer during the East African campaign against the Germans during the First World War, reaching the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross. After the war, <mask> settled as a farmer in Kenya. In the early 1930s, he married an Australian woman and later moved to Australia, where he became a grazier. In 1939, he joined the Militia, Australia's part-time military force, before volunteering for overseas service after the outbreak of the Second World War. In early 1941, he was deployed to Malaya as part of the 8th Division, where he rose to command the 2/19th Battalion against the Japanese following their invasion of Malaya in December of that year. For his actions around Muar in January 1942, he was awarded the Victoria Cross before being captured at the end of the fighting on Singapore.He spent over three years in Japanese captivity, before being released at the end of the war. In the post war years, <mask> returned to farming and served as a federal parliamentarian, representing the Division of Hume twice between 1949 and 1961, before retiring. He died in Canberra at the age of 91. Early life
<mask> was born on 12 February 1897 in Cape Town, South Africa, to Scottish parents. His father, Alfred Gerald <mask>, an auditor and newspaper editor, had been born in England, while his mother, Emma (Maïa) Louise Antoinette, née Trossaert had been born in Belgium. The middle child of five, when <mask> was three the family moved to Nairobi in Kenya, where his father began farming. He attended a local school until 1907, when his parents sent him to England.He lived with family members until 1910, when he was accepted to attend St Brendan's College in Bristol as a boarder. He remained in England until the outbreak of the First World War. Returning to Kenya, in November 1914, <mask> enlisted as a soldier in the local forces, before later being allocated to the Calcutta Volunteer Battalion as a gunner. On 13 October 1916, he  was commissioned as a lieutenant in the King's African Rifles. He fought with the regiment's 3rd Battalion in the East African campaign against the Askari soldiers of the German colonial forces. <mask> was awarded the Military Cross for his service in this campaign. Following the war, having reached the rank of temporary captain, <mask> was demobilised in February 1919 and lived the life of a gentleman farmer in Kenya, marrying Edith Tout, an Australian, in February 1931.He remained active as a part-time soldier and was promoted to substantive captain in 1932. Two years later the couple moved to Australia where they purchased a grazing property near Young, New South Wales. He joined the Citizens Military Forces in March 1939, being appointed to the 56th Infantry Battalion as a captain. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was temporarily promoted to the rank of major in October 1939. In June 1940, he volunteered for overseas service by joining the Second Australian Imperial Force. Second World War

In July 1940, <mask> was assigned to the newly formed 2/19th Infantry Battalion, part of the 22nd Brigade, of the 8th Division. Recruited from New South Wales, after training around Ingleburn and then Bathurst, in February 1941 the 22nd Brigade was deployed to Malaya to bolster the garrison there amidst concerns about Japanese intentions in the region.Holding the rank of major, <mask> was appointed second-in-command of the battalion and due to his experience in jungle warfare, he was placed in charge of training the battalion's soldiers to use the jungle as a "friend". In August he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and took over as commanding officer of the 2/19th. The war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941 when Japanese landed on the north-east coast of Malaya around Kota Bahru and launched thrusts along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula from Thailand. Initially the 2/19th was not committed to the fighting, but in mid-January, after the Japanese advance had pushed the British Commonwealth troops back to Johore, the 2/19th was detached from the 22nd Brigade and sent to the west coast to support the hard-pressed battalions of 'Westforce', an ad hoc formation consisting of Australian and Indian troops. During the period of 18–22 January 1942 in the Battle of Muar near the Muar River, the 44-year-old <mask> was in command of a small force which destroyed ten enemy tanks. When they were later cut off, <mask> led his force through fifteen miles (24 km) of enemy-occupied territory, being attacked by air and ground forces all the way. Many times in the journey from Muar to Parit Sulong, <mask> had to lead bayonet charges and hand-to-hand combat against the Japanese.<mask> is famous for leading the Allied attack in Parit Sulong against the Japanese when the Allies were retreating to Yong Peng to meet up with the main force heading for Singapore. Upon reaching the small town of Parit Sulong on the way, they discovered their way blocked because the main bridge was already in Japanese hands with a Japanese machine gun defending the bridge. They were surrounded and a heavy battle ensued for several days in Parit Sulong. The Allied troops at Yong Peng under Gordon Bennett unsuccessfully attempted to break through the Japanese lines to reinforce <mask>'s men, but without reinforcements, <mask> and his troops had to try many times to recapture the bridge but was unable to do so. Heavily outnumbered, <mask>'s Australian and Indian troops were attacked and harassed continuously by Japanese tanks, machine gun, mortar and air attacks and suffered heavy casualties. Yet they held their position for several days and refused to surrender. During the battle, <mask> had tried to evacuate the wounded by using an  ambulance, but the Japanese would not let the vehicles pass the bridge.Although the detachment attempted to fight its way through another eight miles (13 km) of enemy-occupied territory to Yong Peng, this proved impossible, and <mask> had to destroy his equipment and attempted to work his way around the enemy. <mask> then ordered every able man to escape through the jungle to link up with the retreating main force in Yong Peng heading for Singapore. They had no choice but to leave the wounded to be cared for by the enemy, assuming the Japanese would take care of the wounded. But unfortunately, the Japanese unit at Parit Sulong later executed the approximately 150 wounded Australian and Indian soldiers next to the bridge of Parit Sulong, in the Parit Sulong Massacre. For his brave actions and leadership in Muar and the difficult retreat from Muar to Parit Sulong and the subsequent difficult battle at Parit Sulong led by <mask>, he was awarded the highest and most prestigious decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that could be awarded to British Commonwealth forces. His VC citation, as listed in the London Gazette on 13 February 1942, states: "...for setting a magnificent example of brave leadership, determination and outstanding courage. He not only showed fighting qualities of very high order but throughout exposed himself to danger without any regard for his own personal safety".Following the action around Muar and Parit Sulong, <mask> went to Singapore, as the Allies withdrew across the Causeway to prepare a line of defence. Shortly afterwards he was hospitalised and, as a result, missed the majority of the fighting following the Japanese landings on 8 February 1942. As the situation became desperate, on 13 February, <mask> discharged himself and returned to the heavily-mauled 2/19th, by then down to just 180 men from its authorised strength of 900. He led them until the surrender was announced two days later. <mask> was captured and for the next three years was held as a prisoner of war. He was the chief staff officer under Brigadier Arthur Varley of the 22nd Brigade in A Force – the first contingent of POWs at Changi to voluntarily avail themselves of a Japanese "offer" to move to a new location where they were told there would be abundant food and a healthy climate. In reality the group of 3,000 were shipped to Burma and were used as slave labour to build the 415 km railway link between Nong Pladuk in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma.Throughout his time in captivity, <mask> worked to mitigate the hardships of other prisoners, leading by personal example and maintaining morale. At the end of the war, <mask> was repatriated back to Australia. His appointment in the army was terminated on 21 December 1945 and he returned to his property in New South Wales. Later life
<mask> entered politics in 1949, winning the Division of Hume in the House of Representatives for the Country Party, with an 18.8% swing. He lost his  seat in the 1951 federal election and unsuccessfully stood for Hume at the subsequent 1954 election. However, he regained the seat at the 1955 election and remained in parliament until his defeat at the 1961 election. While in parliament <mask> served as a member of both the joint committee on the Australian Capital Territory and the joint committee on foreign affairs.Between 1957 and 1960, although he was retired from active military service, <mask> fulfilled the role of honorary colonel of the 4th and 56th Battalions. <mask> owned farming properties around Young, New South Wales, and following his retirement from politics in 1961, moved permanently to Red Hill in Canberra, where he died in 1988. He was survived by three of his four children. There is a memorial stone and plaque for <mask> at Norwood Crematorium, Australian Capital Territory. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia. Honours and awards

In common with other Victoria Cross and George Cross recipients living at the time, after his service in the two world wars <mask> also received both the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953) and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977). Both of these medals form part of his medal set, which is held by the Australian War Memorial.Notes

External links
<mask> <mask> VC, 1942, www.thevictoriacross.net
C W <mask> VC, 1949, portrait, nla.gov.au (Catalogue entry)
ART31764 – Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, painting by John Barclay Godson, 1956, Australian War Memorial
<mask>, Fifty Australians, Australian War Memorial

1897 births
1988 deaths
Australian colonels
Australian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Hume
King's African Rifles officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
Australian prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Australian people of Scottish descent
People from Cape Town
British Army personnel of World War I
South African emigrants to Australia
People from Young, New South Wales
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian people of Belgian descent
South African people of Scottish descent
South African people of Belgian descent
Burma Railway prisoners
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Charles Groves Wright Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Wright Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Charles Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Charles Groves
Wright Anderson
G Anderson
Charles Anderson
Charles Anderson


title: Ramón de la Sagra

texts:
<mask> (8 April 179823 May 1871) was a Spanish anarchist, politician, writer, and botanist who founded the world's first anarchist journal, El Porvenir (Spanish for "The Future"). Biography
<mask> was born on 8 April 1798 in A Coruña, a province of Spain. His father <mask> came from a noble merchant family, which became wealthy through trade with the Spanish colonies in America. His mother was Antonia Rodríguez Perís, who met his father in Saint Augustine. His brother migrated to Uruguay to start a business there, when <mask> was three years old. <mask> studied physics for one year in Nautical School of A Coruña. Afterwards he attended the military college of Santiago de Compostela until reaching adulthood.Afterwards he joined the local university, where he studied anatomy, medicine, mathematics and pharmaceuticals. There he started spreading liberal ideas. For these actions the Inquisition started threatening him, until he was transferred at the University of Madrid. There he contributed to the liberal newspaper El Conservador, the name being a case of antiphrasis. In 1821 he migrated to Cuba as an assistant of Agustìn Rodriguez. One year later he was appointed to the position of Professor of Natural History of Cuba. In 1822 he married Manuela Turnes <mask>o.For the next ten years he would travel in the Americas, until settling in Paris in 1835. He traveled to the United States from April 20 to September 23 of 1835 and the following year published Five Monthes in the United States of North America in Paris based on his experiences there. He also accumulated several volumes of pamphlets and economic and scientific reports while traveling in the United States. In Paris he became a disciple of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He returned to Spain in 1837 and was elected a member of the parliament four times (1838, 1840, 1845, 1854) as a representative of the Liberal Party. At the same time he began publishing a thirteen volume history on the political and natural history of Cuba which he would complete in 1857. In 1939 he published Voyage en Hollande et en Belgique sous le rapport de l’instruction primaire, des établissements de bien faisance et des prisons, dans les deux pays (published in Paris, 1939 in French and in Spanish in 1844).In 1845 he founded the world's first anarchist journal El Porvenir, which was closed by <mask> Narváez, Duke of Galicia. After the French Revolution of 1848, he created with Proudhon the Peoples' Bank of France. In Brussels he met Heinrich Ahrens, disciple of Krause, whose doctrines he proclaimed in Spain before Julian Sanz <mask>. He continued to publish economic, geographic, political, social, and prison reform studies. In 1849 he was expelled from France, because he was spreading Socialist ideas. In 1856 he was expelled from Spain to France by <mask> Narváez, because he was spreading radical ideas. In Paris he met Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.There he worked as the consul of Uruguay. He returned to Cuba between 1859 and 1860 and published numerous studies and essays there. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he went to Switzerland, where he died on 23 May 1871 at the age of seventy-three. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of two species of Cuban lizards, Anolis sagrei and Diploglossus <mask>gra. Also, in 1828 botanist DC. published Sagraea, a genus of flowering plants from the Caribbean belonging to the family Melastomataceae, and named in <mask> <mask>'s honor. Théorie et pratique de cette institution, fondée sur la théorie rationelle
Lecciones de economía social, Madrid, 1840
Investigaciones para enriquecer las fincas del Real Patrimonio, Madrid, 1841
Álbum de aves cubanas, París, 1842
Informe sobre el estado actual de la industria belga con aplicación a España, Madrid, 1842
La industria algodonera y los obreros en Cataluña, Madrid, 1842
Reflexiones sobre la industria española, Madrid, 1842
Mapa geográfico de la Isla de Cuba, 1842
Carta a Don Carlos Groizard, s.a.
Análisis del censo de la población de la Isla de Cuba en 1841, id.1843
Atlas carcelario, id. 1843
Discurso... para la mejora del sistema carcelario, correccional y penal de España, Barcelona, 1843? Informe sobre el estado de la industria fabril en Alemania, Madrid, 1843
La reforma de la Constitución de 1837, innecesaria, inoportuna y peligrosa, Madrid, 1844
Estudios estadísticos sobre Madrid, Madrid, 1844
Industria algodonera, Madrid, 1844
Notas de viaje escritas durante una corta excursión a Francia, Bélgica y Alemania en el otoño de 1843, Madrid, 1844
Revista de los intereses materiales y morales. Periódico de doctrinas progresivas en favor la Humanidad, id. id, dos tomos
Relación de los viajes hechos en Europa bajo el punto de vista de la instrucción y beneficencia pública, la represión, el castigo y la reforma de los delincuentes, los progresos agrícolas e industriales y su influencia en la moralidad, id. íd. Noticia sobre el estado actual de la Economía política en España, id, id.Estudios coloniales con aplicación a la Isla de Cuba (De los efectos de la supresión en el tráfico negrero), id. 1845. Empresa del Canal Dalias.. entre Adra y Almería, id. id. Carta a M. Blanqui, id. id. Informe sobre el cultivo de la caña y fabricación del azúcar en las costas de Andalucía, id.id. El Azucarero. Periódico industrial, Madrid-Málaga, noviembre de 1846 a marzo de 1847
Sur l’inexactitude des principes economiques... dans les colleges, París, 1848
Le probléme de l’organisation du Travail devant le Congrés des Economistes de Bruxelles, id. id. Aforismos sociales, Madrid, 1848
Mon contingent á l’Academie, Paris, 1849
Utopie de la Paix, id. id. Apuntes para una Biblioteca de escritores económicos españoles, Madrid, 1849
Mis debates contra la anarquía de la época y en favor del orden social racional, id.id. Révolution économique, causes et moyens, París, 1849
Sur les conditions de l’ordre et des reformes sociales, París, 1849
Notas para la historia de la prostitución en España, Madrid, 1850
Sur les produits espagnoles envoyés á l’exposition de Londres, London, 1851
Memoria sobre los objetos estudiados en la Exposición Universal de Londres, London, 1853
El problema de los bosques bajo el doble punto de vista, físico y social, London, 1854
Catálogo de escritores económicos españoles, London, 1855
Vindicación de una apreciación injusta de un proyecto de ley, id. id. Remedio contra los efectos funestos de las crisis políticas y de las paralizaciones comerciales, id. íd. Relación de los trabajos físicos y meteorológicos hechos por Don Andrés Poey, París, 1858
Artículos varios sobre las malas doctrinas, comunicadas a la verdad católica, La Habana, 1859
Le mal et le remède, París, 1859
El guano del Perú, La Habana, 1860
Noción del poder, Madrid, 1861
Lettres á M. Sainte-Beuve au sujet de ses idées philosophiques, París, 1867
L’Ame. Démonstration de la realité deduite de l’etude des effets du chioroforme et du curare sur l’economie animale, París, 1868
Les partis d'Espagne, París, s. a.

References

1798 births
1871 deaths
Spanish anarchists
Spanish botanists
Mutualists
People from A Coruña
People from Galicia (Spain)

masks:
Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra y Peris
Ramón de la Sagra
Lorenzo Martínez de la Sagra
Sagra
Ramón de la Sagra
del Rì
Ramón María
del Rio
Ramón María
Ramón de
la Sagra
delasa
Ramón de
la Sagra


title: Louisa Ulrika of Prussia

texts:
<mask> of Prussia (; ) (24 July 1720 – 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden  from 1751 to 1771 as the consort of King Adolf Frederick. She was queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III. Background
<mask> was born in Berlin as the daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and his wife Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and was thus a younger sister of both Wilhelmine of Bayreuth and Frederick the Great. She was given the Swedish name Ulrika because Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden had been her god mother. She exchanged letters with her godmother, and it was thought that she would marry a future son by Ulrika Eleonora, as Ulrika Eleonora herself had once been considered as a consort for <mask>'s father. However, Ulrika Eleonora remained childless. <mask> was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will.She was given an advanced education in accordance with the French age of enlightenment by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle and the governor Maturin Veyssiére la Croze, both French Huguenots. Her intellectual interests were not opposed by her father who, while disapproving in her brothers interest for learning, did not do so in the case of <mask>, who was reportedly a favorite of her father. She and her eldest brother, the future Frederick the Great, had a reasonably good relationship, sharing their interest in science and culture. Her favorites among her siblings were her younger brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia and her sister Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia. At the court of her mother, she was introduced to Voltaire, with whom she engaged in a lifelong correspondence, and Maupertuis. Several dynastic marriages were considered for her from 1732 onward, including Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, Charles III of Spain and Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, but none came to fruition. She was appointed co-adjutrix of Quedlinburg Abbey with the prospect of becoming a reigning princess-abbess in 1743, a future of which she did not approve.In 1743, an election was held to appoint a crown prince to the Swedish throne, as Frederick I of Sweden was childless, and the French de facto regent, Cardinal Fleury, suggested a marriage between <mask> and the French candidate: Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. This plans discontinued when Christian lost the election to the Russian candidate, Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. When negotiations were made to arrange a marriage for the newly elected crown prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden, the first candidate for the match was Princess Louise of Denmark. These plans were revoked when a decision was made to create a triple alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia through dynastic marriage. The heir to the Swedish throne was therefore to marry a member of the Prussian royal house, while the heir to the Russian throne was to marry Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst (the future Catherine the Great) who had been selected by Prussia. In accordance with this agreement, <mask> or her sister Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia were to be selected for the Swedish match. The Swedish envoy in Berlin, Carl Rudenschöld, inspected them and recommended that the proposal be made to <mask>lrika.Frederick the Great himself preferred Anna Amalia for the Swedish marriage: he described Anna Amalia for the Swedish representatives as goodhearted and more suitable for Sweden, while <mask> was arrogant, temperamental and a plotting intriguer. It has been suggested that Fredrick's judgment was given because he believed that Anna Amalia would be easier to control as a Prussian agent in Sweden than the strong willed and dominant <mask>. After having consulted Adolf Frederick, however, the Swedes chose <mask>, and her brother gave his consent on 1 March 1744. She was given tuition about Sweden, was advised not to get involved in politics, and converted to Lutheranism 28 June. Crown Princess

On 17 July 1744, <mask> and Adolf Frederick were married per procura in Berlin, with her favorite brother August Wilhelm as proxy for the absent groom. She was escorted from Berlin to Swedish Pomerania by the Swedish envoy count Carl Gustaf Tessin, his spouse Ulla Tessin and his wife's niece Charlotta Sparre, who was appointed her maid of honor. In Swedish Pomerania, the entourage was welcomed by the Swedish General Governor of the province and the court of the late queen under the leadership of her Mistress of the Robes, countess Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt: she kept only her lady-in-waiting Wilhelmine von der Knesebeck and a couple of footmen of her Prussian entourage.The entourage left from Rügen and arrived in Sweden in Karlskrona, where she was officially welcomed by her spouse, Crown Prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden. On 18 August 1744, they were welcomed by King Frederick I at Drottningholm Palace, where their second wedding ceremony was performed the same day, followed by a ball, a court reception and the consummation of the marriage. <mask> and Adolf Frederick reportedly had a mutually good impression of each other at their first meeting, and their personal relationship is described as mutually happy and harmonious. Adolf Frederick is described as introverted, gentle, and submissive. Reportedly, <mask> was pleased with him because she immediately felt secure in the fact that she was his superior. Already during their first day together, she informed him that her brother Frederick the Great had plans for the alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia, and asked him to raise the subject with the Prussian envoy, which he also agreed to. <mask>lrika was received with enthusiasm in Sweden as the hope for the salvation of succession crisis.At the birth of her first child in 1745, no children had been born in the Swedish royal house in over 50 years and she gained initial popularity with her beauty, wit and interest in science and culture. Carl Gustaf Tessin described her as "the wisdom of a god in the image of an angel",. Despite French being her native language, she was tutored in Swedish by Carl Jesper Benzelius and mastered it well after only two years. She studied Swedish literature and gathered a Swedish language library, she corresponded with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and created a nature scientific collection. Her arrogant and haughty demeanor, however, eventually made her less popular outside of the royal court. Upon her arrival, she was granted Drottningholm Palace as her summer residence, where the "Young Court", as it was called, amused themselves with picnics, masquerades and French language amateur theater. The Crown Prince's court was dominated by Carl Gustaf Tessin, who escorted <mask>lrika to Sweden and remained an influential favorite during her years as Crown Princess.Adolf Frederick never cared much for Tessin, but <mask>rika had him appointed marshal at court and eventually royal governor of her son Prince Gustav. Tessin was behind many amusements in the circle of the Crown Princess, and it was said that he was only too eager to please <mask>rika in any way possible. There were unconfirmed rumors that Tessin was the lover of <mask>rika during her tenure as Crown Princess. Her son Gustav III later addressed these rumors, that although Count Tessin had been in love with her, his feelings were one-sided and not answered by his mother, as a love affair with a noble contradicted the "natural contempt" which <mask> herself as a royal felt for every subject, noble or not. Her circle at court included Henrika Juliana von Liewen, who immediately became her favorite among her ladies-in-waiting; the intellectual Cathérine Charlotte De la Gardie, the scientist Eva Ekeblad, and the witty Anders Johan von Höpken. From the moment she arrived in Sweden, <mask> engaged in political activity. Her political ideal was absolute monarchy, and she disliked the Swedish constitutional monarchy from the moment it was explained to her.She also disliked the system of legal justice. When she, at one point, thought herself exposed to a plot, she wrote: "The laws are so strange, and one does not dare to arrest someone on mere suspicion without proof, which benefit the individual more than the Kingdom." She respected the political ability of Carl Gustaf Tessin, and identified him as an ally in her wish to increase royal power. At Christmas 1744, she visited Tessin and gave him a lantern in the guise of the goddess Diana with the inscription: "Made only to shed light on the political system of the day". In the circle of her own court, she was surrounded by sympathizers of the Hats. Her favorite Henrika Juliana von Liewen was a prominent sympathizer of the Hats, as was Claes Ekeblad, Hans Henrik von Liewen, Anders Johan von Höpken and other members of her personal circle of friends, and through her court connections, she made an alliance with the Hats (party). Her strategy was to affect the votes in the parliament of the Riksdag through bribes.After the birth of her eldest son in 1746, she accompanied the Crown Prince on an official tour through the country, during which she gathered agents among members of the Caps through bribes. At the visit of the Cap's parliamentary Kalsenius, she described him as: "The biggest villain in the world, but I will not leave until I have bribed him. That is the only means by which one can reach the goal one has in mind." Kalsenius is also confirmed to have voted with the Hats party in the exactly the issues interesting to <mask> during the votes in the Riksdag. Her goal was to overthrow the constitution and reintroduce the system of absolute monarchy with enlightened absolutism in Sweden. Her plans were internationally noted already by her creation of the L'Ordre de l'Harmonie, with the motto of unity. Her plans were opposed by Russia and Great Britain, who in 1746, allied with the Caps (party), attempted to stage a coup through their agents in Sweden against the royal house.In February 1748, <mask> prepared her first coup d'état to deposed parliamentary rule in favor of absolute monarchy. At that point, the king had taken ill and Russia was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession. With the support of Tessin and Frederick the Great, <mask> and the Hats party agreed to change the constitution in favor of more royal power, should the king die when the Russians were engaged in the war and unable to react. <mask> agreed to let the Riksdag keep their power over the laws, while the monarch should be given power of the army, treasury and the foreign policy. The coup was aborted with the peace of the war and the recovery of Frederick I. In foreign policy, she was loyal to Prussia. Her brother Frederick the Great had given her the task to break the alliance between Sweden and Russia in favor of an alliance with Prussia: she made an alliance with Tessin, the Prussian ambassador and the Hats party, convinced Adolf Frederick to state his support for a Prussian alliance, and though she failed in the 1745 vote, the parliament voted for an alliance between Sweden, Prussia and France in 1747.Queen

In 1751, the night before the death of King Frederick I, <mask>lrika prepared a coup d'état with Crown Prince Adolf Frederick and Hans Henrik von Liewen. The plan was, that rather than being confirmed as monarch by the Riksdag of the Estates after having made the royal oath to respect the constitution, Adolf Frederick was to take the initiative and, immediately after the King's death, take control of the royal council and declare himself monarch by inheritance rather than to be elected as such by the Riksdag. To investigate the preparations of the royal council, <mask> personally contacted her favorite, Councillor Carl Gustaf Tessin, in his bed chamber that night. However, Tessin refused to inform her of the plans of the council, and further refused to support her plans of a coup. Upon the moment of the King's death on 25 March, Tessin instead presented Adolf Frederick with a statement of a royal oath to sign before being acknowledged as king. On 26 March 1751, Adolf Frederick made an oath to the Riksdag of the Estates to respect the constitution before being acknowledged as king, in the presence of <mask>rika. Prior to their coronation, <mask>, in collaboration with her brother Frederick the Great, tried to prove that the constitution allowed the monarch more power than what the Riksdag had stated, and made clear that she was considering to refuse to allow Adolf Frederick sign the oath.On the day before the coronation, she was eventually forced to allow Adolf Frederick to sign it. Adolf Frederick and <mask> were crowned King and Queen of Sweden at Storkyrkan in Stockholm 26 November 1751. As Queen, <mask> had some significance as a patron of culture and science. In 1753, she founded the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, and acted as patron of Carl von Linné, who was given the responsibility for the nature scientific collection at Drottningholm Palace. Her "adoption" of Gustav Badin was, in fact, intended as a form of scientific experiment. She also acted as patron for artists such as Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, <mask> von Dalin, Jean Erik Rehn and Johan Pasch. She also had the Drottningholm Palace Theater and the Confidencen theater built: however, being a Francophile, as was the fashion, she did not benefit but rather interrupted the development of the Swedish theater, as she evicted the newly founded Swedish language theater at Bollhuset and replaced it with a French Theatre, the Du Londel Troupe, which was only a benefit for those who could speak French.Immediately after the coronation, <mask> prepared a new coup in favor of absolute monarchy. Queen <mask> strongly dominated her husband and the court, and she would likely had been the real ruler during her spouse's reign had Sweden been an absolute monarchy: at this point, however, the King was a mere decoration. This greatly displeased the Queen, herself born in an absolute monarchy. She could not understand nor condone the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag. For her, it was not acceptable for a royal person to have to receive peasants in the royal salons, as she was forced to do with the peasant's representatives from the Riksdag. She was further enraged when the Riksdag forced the King to give up his claims on the throne of Holstein-Gottorp. To display her contempt, she humiliated the representatives of the Riksdag by using the etiquette of the royal court: she stopped their carriages at the Palace gates, forced them to wait for hours while she let those who arrived after them be received, and let them sit on smaller chairs to humiliate them.In the court theatres, the French theatre troupe and the Italian opera company performed plays encouraging hinting that the King to take control of his kingdom. Tessin was no longer in her favor as a political ally, as he wrote in his diary that she no longer discussed politics with him and "claimed that she took no part in politics". She also broke her earlier alliance with the Hats, which opposed her plans of an absolute monarchy. Instead, she formed a new party among the opposition in the Riksdag by promising rewards to her followers in case of a successful coup in favor of royal power. This group was called Hovpartiet (English: 'The Royal Court Party'), the leading members being Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm, Adam Horn, Nils Adam Bielke, Erik Brahe, Eric Wrangel and Gustaf Jacob Horn. In 1753, she planned to stage a coup against the royal council to overthrow the constitution in collaboration with Anders Johan von Höpken, Carl Fredrik Scheffer and Claes Ekeblad, but the plan was aborted when Ekeblad refused. She unsuccessfully tried to convince France to retract their support of the Hats to deprive them of French support in the future conflict she and the Hovpartiet expected with the Hats in the constitution issue by claiming that she did not wish to change the constitution, merely attempting to prove that it did in fact allow for greater royal power than the Riksdag was willing to admit.The year 1754 was the year of the

masks:
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa U
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa U
Louisa U
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa U
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Olof
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika


title: Louisa Ulrika of Prussia

texts:
 alienation of Tessin. His favor with the Queen had deteriorated since 1750-51: first, when he used the Riksdag to force her to agree to the engagement between Crown Prince Gustav and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, when she herself had wished to engage her son to Margravine Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt; and second, when he had betrayed her plans of a coup at the accession of her spouse. The relation between <mask>rika and Tessin was never well seen by Adolf Frederick. Contemporary witnesses state the Tessin was in love with her and "was not always able to conceal his feelings for the Crown Princess". It is unknown whether there was ever any physical relationship between the Queen and Tessin, but <mask> herself mention in her memoirs that she had been offended somehow in that aspect. According to Crown Prince Gustav wrote in 1769, that Tessin had made <mask>rika "suggestions far from the reverence one is expected to show toward a sovereign." The Queen felt her pride offended and informed the King, who surprised Tessin on his knees before the Queen.This incident led to the King's animosity toward Tessin and the exile of Count and Countess Tessin from court. The queen only remarked that she missed Countess Tessin. The question on the replacement of Tessin as the governor of the Crown Prince placed the Queen in conflict with the Riksdag. Tessin was replaced as governor of the Crown Prince with Carl Fredrik Scheffer, a candidate selected by the Riksdag, an appointment which was enforced even after the candidate had been refused by the Queen. In 1755, the Riksdag presented their decision to rectify the loop holes in the constitution which <mask> had used to claim that the King had greater constitutional power than the Riksdag had allowed him to practice. They stated that the loop holes in the constitution allowing for royal power would be removed, and that the monarch would no longer be allowed to refuse his signature: if he did so, a stamp with his name would be used. At the same time, a commission of the state begun to investigate political crimes.This resulted in a persecution of the followers of <mask> within the Hovpartiet, one of whom, Eric Wrangel, fled to Norway to avoid arrest. Reportedly, this provocation triggered the Queen's plan of a coup d'état, known in history as Coup of 1756. The first plan was for the royal couple to travel to Uppsala under the pretext of a visit to Drottningholm Palace. In Uppsala, they would summon the regiments of Närke, Värmland and potentially Uppland as well as the Life Guards and march toward the capital. This plan was aborted because of the King's illness in April 1755. To finance the coup, the Queen pawned parts of the Crown Jewels in Berlin. In the three months following her coronation, <mask> removed 44 diamonds from the Queen's Crown and replaced them with glass, which she pawned in Berlin as security for a loan by the help of her brother August.At this point, rumors reached the Riksdag. A lady-in-waiting of the Queen, <mask> Strömfelt, who was a loyal follower of the Hats and not a supporter of absolute monarchy, reportedly informed the Riksdag that parts of the Crown Jewels were missing. In April 1756, the Riksdag demanded to inventory the Crown Jewels. The queen replied that she refused to allow them to see the Crown Jewels as she regarded them as her private property. At this point, the King was taken ill, and she was thereby given the time to send for the jewels from Berlin. She was finally forced to agree to present them to inventory on 22 June. To prevent this, she and her followers within the Hovpartiet, Hård, Horn and Brahe, planned to stage the coup before that day, despite the protests of king Adolf Frederick.The plan was to bribe members of the public to create riots in the capital. The supporters of Hovpartiet would then take control of the Stockholm guard and garrison, which were also to be prepared through bribes. When the military was called out to deal with the riots, it would seize control over the capital's military headquarters: the Riksdag would be closed and the opposition arrested and a new Riksdag would be summoned, which would be made to approve of a new constitution, reintroducing absolute monarchy. The 21 June 1756, the royalist Ernst Angel was overheard talking about the plans of a royal revolution while drunk at a tavern. In parallel, one of the royalist officers, Christiernin, attempted to enlist Corporal Schedvin of the garrison in the coup who, however, informed the Hats. On 22 June 1756, the King and Queen left the capital for Ulriksdal Palace to avoid being present during the inventory of the Crown Jewels. That same day, Ernst Angel, Christiernin, Stålsvärd, Puke, Angel and a number of others were arrested.During the interrogation, Ernst Angel revealed the whole plot. When the King and Queen returned to the capital that night, the streets were patrolled by militia. The members of Hovpartiet were arrested or fled to avoid arrest. In July 1756, seven members of the Queen's followers were executed. The Riksdag of the Estates was well aware that Queen <mask> was responsible for the attempted coup d'état, and there were discussions as how to deal with the Queen's guilt. In the end, however, no action was taken against her, possibly with consideration to foreign powers. On 4 August 1756, a delegation from the Riksdag, led by the Archbishop of Uppsala Samuel Troilius, presented <mask> with an note, which she was made to reply with a letter of regret.The declaration stated that "she had forgotten her duty to God, her consort and the Kingdom of Sweden and that she was responsible for the blood of the recently executed". She officially replied to the note from the Riksdag with gratitude for the reprimands on the behalf of the good of the nation and herself, and assured "that she had wished no evil upon the Kingdom": Troilius reported that "only God knows if it was said by heart, though one should hope for the best". The Archbishop reported, that he observed "tears of rage and sorrow" in her eyes. In private, <mask> regarded the reprimand as a humiliating insult, and wrote to her brother Frederick the Great, that during the interview she attempted to display "all the coldness, all the contempt possible to make in a demonstration [...] In my hardest moments I remind myself that I am the sister of Frederick the Great", and that she regretted nothing but that her revolution had failed. At the same time the King also had a statement read for him by a delegation from the Riksdag, stating that he would be deposed if such an incident was ever to occur again. In 1757, Sweden entered the Seven Years' War and declared war on Prussia, the birth country of <mask>lrika. The Queen opposed the act and regarded is as an insult, especially since she assumed that a Swedish victory over Prussia would result in the deposition of Adolf Frederick in favor of Christian of Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld.However, a potential Swedish defeat was seen by her as a good opportunity for a coup d'état in favor of absolute monarchy, as a defeat would discredit the Riksdag. Therefore, she successfully asked her brother Frederick the Great to ask for her as a mediator in future peace negotiations. When the moment arose in 1760, she could not use it as she lacked necessary funds for bribes. In 1761, however, she managed to secure funds from Great Britain and Prussia, and made an alliance through bribes with the Caps (party) to affect the Riksdag in favor of peace with Prussia. In January 1762, her suggestion of peace with Prussia was accepted in the Riksdag through her bought parliamentarians there, in exchange for a promise not to take revenge on the Hats (party). She was given the official assignment from the Riksdag to handle the peace negotiations with Prussia and secure that Sweden could keep Swedish Pomerania, a task she performed successfully, and she was officially thanked by the Riksdag for her service to the state in May. As a sign of gratitude for this act, the government paid her debts, which made it possible for her to use her money to affect the voting in the Riksdag through bribes.In exchange for her service during the war, she demanded the 1756 reform of the constitution be retracted. It was decided that a special Riksdag of the states should be summoned to discuss a revised constitution: it was eventually set to take place in 1764. During the two years prior, <mask> negotiated with members of both the Caps and the Hats to prepare for a successful reform in favor of absolute monarchy. She took the part of a mediator between to the two parties to unite them on which constitution to agree upon before the Riksdag was summoned. To prepare foreign powers for a new political system in Sweden, she founded a secret cabinet, Secret de la Reine, to handle her private foreign policy, appointing first Carl Wilhelm von Düben and then Nils Filip Gyldenstolpe in the position of her "foreign minister". She appointed Anders Rudolf Du Rietz as her informal ambassador to Catherine the Great in Russia, and she also had Carl Julius von Bohlen appointed official ambassador of Sweden in Prussia. She secured the support of Russia, France and Great Britain, but failed in securing the necessary funds for bribes to the coming Riksdag.In November 1764, the unity between the Caps and Hats parties was broken due to the suspicions of France (who supported the Hats) and Great Britain (who supported the Caps), which deprived <mask> of her alliance with the Hats party. During the Riksdag of 1765, the Queen attempted to balance the Caps and the Hats by creating a third party of her followers from both parties under her follower Malmstein, which she managed to have elected vice speaker. The election to the Riksdag of 1765 was won by the Caps party. By demonstrating how she could affect the votes in the parliament through her third party, she was able to secure her alliance with the Caps. She also summoned the Ambassador of Russia to Kina Slott to secure support from Russia and its ally Denmark. When the question of the Constitution was finally raised in the Riksdag in August, however, the Caps refused to accept an increased royal power and instead limited the power of the Crown even more. With this, her efforts failed once again.The powerful position of Queen <mask> deteriorated with the declining health of her spouse, King Adolf Frederick, and the growing maturity of her son, Crown Prince Gustav. She recognized this threat, and when her son was declared an adult in 1762, she unsuccessfully opposed him taking a seat in the royal council. The tense relationship between her and her son, whom she viewed as a political rival, grew when he opposed her will by insisting to honor his engagement to Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, whom he finally married in 1766, instead of marrying a Prussian bride selected by her, which he viewed as a way for her to keep her influence over him and the family. This was illustrated by the Queen's harassment of the Crown Princess when she arrived in Sweden. After the Riksdag of 1766, it was no longer her, but her son the Crown Prince, who became the leader of the followers of absolute monarchy. In 1767, when the French ambassador sketched a suggestion of a Swedish coup d'état, it was, for the first time, the Crown Prince rather than the Queen who was regarded as the natural center figure of the coup. During the December Crisis of 1768, the King refused to sign a state document, and a Riksdag was summoned to handle the situation.The royalists discussed a coup d'état to deposed the Riksdag and reintroduce absolute monarchy.<mask> did not support a coup at that point, but her view was disregarded and the Crown Prince was instead seen as the leader of the opposition: the coup d'état was aborted because the Hats party broke an agreement rather than because of the Queen's opposition to it. Her arrogance, her political views and her conflicts with the Riksdag made her less and less liked during her tenure as Queen. Carl Gustaf Tessin once said about her: "It seems undeniable, that our Queen would have been the most staunch of republicans, had she been born a subject; but God has let her be born in a position, were one is wary of one's power". Queen Dowager

In 1771, the King died and she became Queen Dowager. By this time <mask> was immensely unpopular in Sweden. When the news of the old King's death reached her son, the new King Gustav III of Sweden, who was then in Paris, he wrote that the Queen Mother be protected, as "I know how little loved my mother is". In the Revolution of 1772, her son succeeded where she had failed in 1756 by overthrowing the democracy and reinstating absolute monarchy, His revolution was a great satisfaction to her.<mask> wrote to Gustav III to gratulate him to the coup upon which she said: "Yes, you are my son, and you deserve to be". At the time of the coup, she was in Berlin with her daughter. She was present in Swedish Pomerania when the Province gave their allegiance to the new constitution. When her brother, the King of Prussia, told her that the neighboring countries would now attack Sweden, she wrote to him that she would defend the province of Pomerania against him with her own blood. <mask> could, however, never settle with the position of Queen Dowager. She had expected to be the real ruler behind the throne, and when her son made it clear that he would rule independently from her, their relationship worsened. In 1772, he prevented her plans to marry off her second son Charles to Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and in 1774, Charles was married to Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp instead.Gustav III paid her debts with the condition that she established her own separate court at Fredrikshof Palace. In 1777, she was forced to sell Drottningholm Palace to her son Gustav. In 1777–78, the conflict with her son erupted and she was a central figure in the great succession scandal regarding the legitimacy of the Crown Prince. In 1777, her two younger sons, Charles and Frederick Adolf, visited her. They claimed all women at court had lovers, and that with the exception of their mother, they could not think of even one who did not. <mask> suggested that surely the Queen must also be an exception. In reply, her sons laughed and asked her if she had not heard of the rumors that Sophia Magdalena had an affair with Fredrik Munck.She became very upset and ordered Prince Charles to investigate if this were true, as his inheritance to the throne would be endangered by "the common offspred of a common nobleman". Charles talked to Munck, Munck talked to King Gustav, Gustav talked to Charles who claimed the whole thing was the fault of the Queen Mother, which resulted in a great conflict between mother and son. When the son of the King was born in 1778, rumours circulated that he was the son of Munck. <mask> accused the King of having another man father his child. A great scandal erupted, during which the King even threatened to exile her to Pomerania. In the following conflict, her youngest children, <mask> and Frederick, who had always been her favourites, took her side against the King. <mask> was forced to make a formal statement, during which she withdrew her accusation.The statement was signed by the entire adult royal family except the royal couple; two princes, the princess, the Duchess, and six members of parliament. The relationship with Gustav was not repaired until she was on her deathbed. She died in Svartsjö. Children
She had the following children:
(Stillborn) (1745)
Gustav III of Sweden (1746–1792)
Charles XIII of Sweden (1748–1818)
Frederick Adolf (1750–1803)
Sophia Albertine (1753–1829)

Ancestry

Notes

Further reading

References

External links

Louise 1751
House of Hohenzollern
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Swedish people of German descent
Crown Princesses of Sweden
1720 births
1782 deaths
Queen mothers
Prussian princesses
People from Berlin
Burials at Riddarholmen Church
Age of Liberty people
Conservatism in

masks:
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ul
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Urika
Louisa U
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Sofia Albertina
Louisa Ulrika


title: David Ashton (actor)

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> on 10 November 1941, in Greenock) is a Scottish actor and writer. Trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London, 1964–67, he has acted in a wide variety of film, television, theatre and radio roles. He has also developed a parallel career as a writer of fiction, film and television screenplays and plays for theatre and radio. His radio play The Old Ladies at the Zoo, which starred Peggy Mount and Liz Smith, won the Radio Times Drama Award in 1985. Acting

Theatre
<mask> started his professional career at Worcester Repertory theatre, playing roles such as Marco in A View from the Bridge, Jerry in Two for the Seesaw, Harold Gorringe in Black Comedy, and Charlie in Staircase. At Ipswich Rep, he played Bluntschli in Arms and the Man and Seamas Shields in The Shadow of a Gunman. Other roles included Grigory Smirnov in Chekhov’s The Bear at the Orange Tree Theatre, London; The Tramp in Synge’s In the Shadow of the Glen, Joxer in Juno and the Paycock, Torvald in Ibsen’s A Doll's House at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, the lead in Jean-Claude Carrière’s The File at the Liverpool Playhouse; Gayev in The Cherry Orchard and then Kulyegin in The Three Sisters at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.At the Royal Court Theatre, London, he played John in Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist with Alec McCowan, and also appeared in the West End musical Happy as a Sandbag at the Ambassadors Theatre and portrayed Mister Mulleady in Behan’s The Hostage at Greenwich Theatre. Most recently, he appeared as Sandy Sheridan in Uncle Varick, John Byrne’s version of Chekhov’s Uncle Vanya, at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh. He has also taught, directed and lectured at the Central School of Speech and Drama, Rose Bruford College, the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts. Films
1981: Eye of the Needle - Oban Radio Operator
1986: Just Us - Parramatta Warder
1992: Freddie as F.R.O.7 - Additional Voices
1996: Indian Summer - Paris Mourner
1997: Tomorrow Never Dies - First Sea Lord
1998: Stiff Upper Lips - Dr. Henry
2000: The House of Mirth - Lawyer
2003: Winter Solstice
2006: The Last King of Scotland - Dr. Garrigan - Senior
2009: The Silent Cormorant

Television
<mask> made his acting debut on television in Z-Cars (1969) and took the lead role as Aeneas MacMaster in The New Road (1973). Other main roles include Lieutenant Wickham in The Voyage of Charles Darwin (1978); Doctor MacDuff in Brass, a social comedy series, set in 1930s Northern England  (1982-1984 & 1990); Major Lennox in Sharpe’s Eagle (1993); Major Roddy Maclean in Hamish Macbeth (1995–97); Harold Xavier in Monarch of the Glen (2000); Alex Gemmell in Glasgow Kiss (2000) and Professor MacManus in Vital Signs (2006). He has also had featured roles in New Tricks (2008); Waking the Dead (2002); Waterfront Beat (1991); All Creatures Great and Small (1990); The Bill (1989); Ever Decreasing Circles (1986); Doctor Who (as Kendron in the 1985 story Timelash);  Coronation Street (1985); and Juliet Bravo (1980 - Series 1, ep.6 'The Runner'). Writing

Film

 1989 Duck: commissioned and broadcast by Channel 4 for its Short and Curlies series, starring Jim Carter and Frances Barber.1990 God on the Rocks: an adaptation of the novel by Jane Gardam starring Minnie Driver and Bill Paterson, commissioned and broadcast by Channel 4 and made by Skreba Productions. 1992 Freddie as F.R.O.7: an animated musical fantasy adventure made by Hollywood Road productions and featuring the voices of Ben Kingsley, Jenny Agutter, Brian Blessed and Billie Whitelaw. In addition, <mask> has written five commissioned scripts that have yet to go into full production:
 Taj: the love story behind the Taj Mahal commissioned by Sir Ben Kingsley’s Lavender Films. Tale: a modern reworking of Shakespeare’s The Winter's Tale, commissioned by film director Peter Chelsom (Hear My Song, Funnybones). Donal Q: a contemporary reinterpretation of Don Quixote, with Billy Connolly and Brian Cox, commissioned by Left Bank Pictures. Cousin Bazilio: Based on the novel by Portuguese author José Maria de Eça de Queirós, a tale of adultery, blackmail and lust set in 19th-century Lisbon. The script was commissioned by Lavender Films and is now with Trademark Films.Django: a drama about the dangers faced by Django Reinhardt, the great gypsy jazz guitarist, in occupied Paris during the Second World War. Television
<mask> was one of the early scriptwriters for EastEnders, the long-running BBC soap opera that first aired in February 1985. He wrote for series two of BBC hospital drama Casualty, becoming main writer for series three (1987–88). His monologue Stations (1988), broadcast as part of the BBC’s Play for One series, provided actor Andrew Keir with "a tour de force solo role" according to The Independent newspaper. Another one-off drama for BBC2 was The Other Side (1992), starring Frank Finlay and Richard E. Grant. He wrote four episodes for series two of the BBC1 comedy-drama The Hello Girls (1996–98), as well as individual episodes of Badger (1999) , which featured Jerome Flynn as a police wildlife liaison officer, and Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes (2001), both for BBC1. A television series based on his McLevy radio series and novels is currently under development.Radio
Ashton is best known as creator of the ongoing BBC Radio 4 drama series McLevy, based on the career of 19th-century Edinburgh detective James McLevy. A pilot episode was first broadcast in 1999 and twelve series of the Scottish thief-taker’s exploits have followed up to 2016. The dramas star Brian Cox as McLevy, Siobhan Redmond as Jean Brash, Michael Perceval-Maxwell as Mulholland, and <mask> himself as Lieutenant Roach. In addition, <mask> has written more than 15 other radio plays, including The Old Ladies at the Zoo (1985), starring Peggy Mount and Liz Smith, which won the Radio Times Drama Award that year, and three Sherlock Holmes adaptations: The Naval Treaty, Black Peter and The Three Garridebs for BBC Radio 4. These were part of the complete recording of the Sherlock Holmes canon broadcast by the BBC between 1989 and 1998 and starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. Recent plays have included The White Hart and Me… Dancing for RTÉ in Dublin; No Help When Dead (2010) for BBC Scotland; Maidens' Trip (2010) for BBC Radio 4 and The Quest of Donal Q (2011), starring Billy Connolly and Brian Cox, for BBC Scotland and Radio 4. Theatre
 1988 Passing By: a trilogy at the Old Red Lion Theatre, Islington, directed by Dominic Dromgoole and starring Julie Covington.The Eagle: Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh. Stations: Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh and Tron Theatre, Glasgow. 1991 A Bright Light Shining: Bush Theatre, London, directed by Dominic Dromgoole, with John Hannah, Ewen Bremner and Joanna Roth. 1992-93 The Chinese Wolf: Bush Theatre, London, directed by Dominic Dromgoole, with Maureen Beattie and Desmond Barrit. 1994 The Mark: Cockpit Theatre, London. 1996 Buried Treasure: The Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith), directed by Robin Lefevre, with Alexander Morton and Jennifer Black. 1997 The Golden Door: a children’s play performed at The National Theatre, London.1998 Me Dancing: The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon. His latest piece Couchsong, in which a therapist hauls her couch out into the garden and the story takes off from there, is yet to be performed. Books
<mask> has chronicled further exploits of McLevy, the character first introduced on the radio, in a series of novels. 2006 The Shadow of the Serpent
 2007 Fall from Grace
 2009 A Trick of the Light
 2013 Nor Will He Sleep
All are published by Polygon/Birlinn. References

External links

Polygon/Birlinn

Scottish male television actors
Living people
Scottish dramatists and playwrights
1941 births
20th-century Scottish writers

masks:
David Ashton
David Scott
Ashton
Ashton
Ashton
Ashton
Ashton
Ashton
Ashton