title: George Tyndall

texts:
<mask> is an American former gynecologist. In 2019 he was under investigation in the Los Angeles Police Department's largest investigation of sexual abuse by a single perpetrator. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Plattsburgh, New York as one of five children. He had some French ancestry on his mother's side. He attended the State University of New York Plattsburgh but discontinued his studies to join the Navy in 1967. While in the Navy, he was sent to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey to study Vietnamese, a language that was in high demand for the American Intelligence efforts during the Vietnam War. He was eventually stationed in Manila in the Philippines.<mask> learned Tagalog during this time. In 1971, <mask> was honorably discharged from the Navy and resumed studies at the State University of New York, where he graduated summa cum laude. Training in obstetrics and gynecology
In 1980. <mask> returned to the Philippines to begin medical school at the University of the East, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. He later transferred to the Drexel University College of Medicine (previously the Medical College of Pennsylvania). Career
Upon graduation from medical school, <mask> was selected for a residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Kaiser in Los Angeles. During his residency he focused on preventative care, and upon completion of residency he found an opening for the student health center at the University of Southern California.<mask> practiced at the University of Southern California University Park Health Center and later the USC Engemann Student Health Center. He worked at the university from August 14, 1989 to June 21, 2016. For the majority of this time, he was the only full-time gynecologist. Allegations of sexual abuse and harassment
On May 16, 2018 the Los Angeles Times published an article investigating allegations of sexual abuse. Since the publication, hundreds of women have come forward accusing <mask> of sexual abuse and racial discrimination. On June 26, 2019 <mask> was arrested by the Los Angeles Police Department and charged with 29 felonies related to allegations by 16 women for incidents taking place from 2009 to 2016. The 29 felonies consist of 18 counts of sexual penetration and 11 counts of sexual battery by fraud.The victims were age 17 to 29, had evidence to support claims, and fell within the statute of limitations. <mask> plead not guilty to the charges. Bail was set to $2.1 million and later lowered to $1.6 million. The District Attorney's office is still investigating at least 700 claims and dozens of civil lawsuits filed in state court. On May 23, 2019 the University of Southern California released unsealed documents related to Tyndall's employment under federal court order. The records include student complaints, internal correspondence between Tyndall and USC employees, and Tyndall's performance evaluations. Much of the correspondence is with Larry Neinstein, then-executive director of the USC ESHC, who died in 2016.Since the release of the initial Los Angeles Times article published on May 16, 2018, hundreds of USC students and alumni have come forward with allegations of sexual abuse, assault, battery, and harassment. Over the years, many patients reported that <mask> was unprofessional, creepy, or made them feel "uncomfortable and violated." There were multiple requests to change providers and not see <mask> again. Complaints were generally addressed internally by USC Engemann Student Health Center executive director, Larry Neinstein. In 1991, an undergraduate student reported Tyndall for taking improper photographs, including close-up photos of her genitals and full body pictures. In 2000, a student complained when Tyndall told her a story of the rock guitarist from Megadeth having sex in public on the streets of Chicago. A letter from the student says that it was "degrading and humiliating."In both September 2003 and February 2004, it was reported that <mask> did not permit chaperones (medical assistants and nurses) access behind the curtain during gynecological exams; Neinstein had a conversation with <mask> regarding the concern. In response to the 2004 complaint, Neinstein documented that the men had a conversation and Tyndall "understood." Tyndall continued to block chaperones access until eventually the physical layout of the exam rooms were altered. A 2005 complaint came from a student who was "made extremely uncomfortable by... comments about my sexual past and my sexual orientation. The comments were completely irrelevant to my appointment and made me feel uncomfortable." In October 2009, a student reported that Tyndall made an inappropriate comment about her pubic hair saying "This is nice. Laser hair removal?"The student said she felt uncomfortable, embarrassed, and angry. Larry Neinstein's notes say that he addressed the issue with <mask> by recommending that "if [Tyndall] was going to talk about pubic hair...to do this when the student was dressed...if he found someone who might have a good procedure that could be recommended to other students he would phrase it this way." Neinstein noted that "[Tyndall] understood." In October 2016, a complaint said that the "Practitioner repeatedly insinuated that I was promiscuous...and made me feel like a horrible person." In May 2016, internal notes of USC staff concerns regarding <mask>ll state "he continues to say inappropriate things to student/patients and staff...talks about nipples being perky, vaginal muscle tone" and ask if the patient is a runner. Allegations of racial harassment and discrimination
Over the years, USC Engemann Student Health Center received multiple reports of inappropriate racial comments from both students and staff. The concerns eventually were forwarded to the USC Office of Equity and Diversity in 2003.Reports include:

 Statements such as "Mexicans are taking over" and there would be a "reconquista." Statements such as "Hispanics have green thumbs so I like to ask them to care for my plant when I am off." Denial of an African-American student (with authorized access) to the Student Health Center after hours. A statement that "black women have too many children." A question to an African American colleague "Why do you speak so well?" and said something to the effect of "most blacks don't know proper English." A January 2016 student complaint states "Dr. <mask> is a racist.He treated me like a criminal and less than a person." Internal staff comments of Tyndall state that it "seems when [he] gets minorities (African) Dr. Tyndall [makes them] wait longer than Asian or White patients." Reports that Tyndall made comments that students "looked like [his] wife" and telling students about his "beautiful Filipina wife." Treatment of international students
External investigation by MDReview demonstrate that Tyndall had a preference for Asian patients and international students. Tyndall spoke during interviews of his particular interest in international students, especially those from China, saying he tried to empathize with the patients. There are accusations that Tyndall preferred international students because they were easier to victimize due to being unfamiliar with the culture, English language, and practice of American gynecology. Internal investigations by the University of Southern California
Concerns with <mask>'s conduct and behavior were primarily handled internally at the USC health centers by Larry Neinstein (then executive director), William Leavitt (Tyndall's supervisor), and the ESHC director of Quality and Safety.In June 2013, Neinstein contacted the USC Office of Equity and Diversity (OED) regarding student and staff complaints. OED representatives investigated through interviews with USC ESHC staff and one student who had voiced a complaint. Interviews of staff yielded similar comments of Tyndall making patients feel uncomfortable and multiple students refusing to see Tyndall again. The OED reported that there was insufficient evidence of USC policy violation and no justification for continuing investigation. On June 2, 2016, <mask> again was reported to the USC Office of Equity and Diversity. ESHC staff were interviewed and made the following reports. While performing exams, Tyndall would comment on patients vaginal tone and make comments such as "are you a runner?"nearly every day on nearly every patient. <mask> would perform full body checks, citing that he was checking for skin cancer; this is not standard practice for gynecology and was not documented in patient medical records. Internal documents state that "Unfortunately the [Medical Assistants] have worked with this so long and feel our management has known about it, yet nothing has been done...At this point they do not keep track of specific names as it occurs every day." In October 2016, an ESHC staff member contacted the OED and said that "past experience has proven that going to HR about issues within ESHC result in [the staff making the report] being seen as the problem." In June 2016, ESHC staff reported Tyndall to USC's Relationship and Sexual Violence Prevention Services. They reported frustration that prior reports to the university had not led to meaningful consequence or change in Tyndall's behavior. In conjunction with the recent discovery of patient photographs stored in Tyndall's office, he was placed on paid administrative leave effective June 17, 2016.Additional concerns and violations

There were many reports of concerns about <mask>'s hygiene and cleanliness. In June 2016 a nurse reported that she had never seen Tyndall wash his hands before or after a patient visit. Staff reported at least two occasions during which Tyndall asked to keep a patient's intrauterine device (IUD) after it had been removed. In October 2007 and April 2016 multiple USC staff complained about the cleanliness of <mask>'s office including that it was a mess, filled with garbage and clutter, and "smell[ed] horrible." The unsanitary conditions of his office were what ultimately led to <mask>'s placement on administrative leave. While he was on vacation during June 2016, ESHC facilities staff noticed an infestation of flies and bugs and the source was determined to be <mask>'s office. While cleaning his office, a locked file cabinet filled with pictures of patients, some including names and identification numbers, was discovered.The following day he was placed on administrative leave for violation of Engemann policies of office maintenance and protection of patient health information. External investigation November 2016: MDReview
On November 15 and 16, external MDReview consultants visited USC to conduct an investigation of <mask>. More than 17 USC staff were interviewed (including <mask>). MDReview concluded that "significant concern exists that many of Dr. <mask>'s practices are not within the current standard of care... he repeatedly exhibits behavior that is unprofessional, inappropriate, and/or unusual." It was discovered that his procedures for breast and pelvic exams were not within standards of care, and did not qualify as informed consent with regard to patient's rights. The report stated that some of Tyndall's behaviors were "potentially indicative of underlying psychopathy" and raised significant concerns about the physical and psychological safety of patients. According to the MDReview investigation, the following are direct quotes taken from ESHC personnel:

 Described as a hoarder
 Never washes hands
 Uses a rag in his pocket to open door
 Prefers Asian and/or international patients
 One finger and then two fingers [prior to speculum examination]
 "At your age you won't have breast cancer"
 "Ask your boyfriend.""Your husband will be happy." Aftermath and University of Southern California response
On January 31, 2017 the Office of Equity and Diversity presented <mask> and ESHC administration with the findings of investigations regarding the multiple allegations. His actions were not deemed a violation of USC's sexual harassment policy, and were referred back to USC Engemann Student Health Center. It was determined that Tyndall violated the USC policies against race harassment and the issue was forwarded to human resources. In May 2017 after the conclusion of the investigation, <mask> was told that he faced termination. As an alternative to termination, <mask> was offered a severance package if he agreed to resign. He resigned effective June 30, 2017 with a severance package of an undisclosed amount.According to the Los Angeles Times, USC stated that they were under no legal obligation to report <mask> to the Medical Board because it is not governed by the rules of hospitals and clinics. Ultimately, the university reported Tyndall after he asked to be reinstated in March 2018. On May 25, 2018 USC President C. L. Max Nikias resigned due to pressure from the USC community. Professors and students were unhappy with the university's handling of the Tyndall situation, particularly after the July 2017 scandal of USC Keck School of Medicine Dean Carmen Puliafito. Criminal investigation, class action settlement, and civil lawsuits

Criminal investigation by Los Angeles Police Department
The accusations of <mask> have become the largest investigation of sexual abuse performed by LAPD against a single perpetrator. After the discovery of illicit photos in Tyndall's office, LAPD obtained half a dozen search warrants for his personal property including Tyndall's home and storage units. Findings included hundreds more images of unclothed women, some taken in clinic settings.Dozens of hard drives were also discovered and are still undergoing review. Since the searches of <mask>'s belongings it has been discovered that he was selling "homemade sex tapes" and photos in the Philippines. Class action settlement: $215 million

In June 2019, USC agreed to a $215 million class-action settlement for tens of thousands of women treated by Tyndall from August 14, 1989 to June 21, 2016. Amounts vary from $2,500 to $250,000 and will be compensated based on the severity of misconduct and the patient's willingness to provide written statements or interviews with mental health professionals. 2021 settlement
On March 25, 2021, USC and a group of 710 women suing the school announced that they had reached an $852 million settlement, the largest sexual abuse settlement against any university. This brought the total value of the settlements to nearly $1.1 billion. Personal life
<mask> married Daisy Patricio, a Filipina woman from Mindanao.It is estimated that at the time, <mask> was approximately 20 years her senior. <mask> and his wife lived in the Lafayette Park neighborhood of Los Angeles and did not have any children. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American gynecologists
University of the East alumni
State University of New York at Plattsburgh alumni
Drexel University alumni
University of Southern California staff
American people of French descent

masks:
George Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tyndall
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George Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tynda
Tyndall
George Tyndall
George Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tyndall
George Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tyndall
Tyndall
George Tyndall
Tyndall
Tyndall


title: Ching He Huang

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (; born ), often known in English-language merely as <mask>, is a Taiwanese-born food writer and TV chef. She has appeared in a variety of television cooking programmes, and is the author of nine best-selling cookbooks. <mask> is recognised as a foodie entrepreneur, having created her own food businesses. She has become known for Chinese cookery internationally through her TV programmes, books, noodle range, tableware range, and involvement in many campaigns and causes. Early life
Born in Tainan, Taiwan, Free area of the Republic of China, <mask> spent most of her early childhood (up to age six) in South Africa, before her parents moved to London, England, when she was 11 years old. Educated at Queen Mary and Westfield College of the University of London, England, and Bocconi Business School in Milan, Italy, <mask> graduated with a first class economics degree and set up her own food businesses, Fuge Foods, which was dissolved in 2014 with final abbreviated accounts for the year ended 30 June 2008. Broadcasting career
<mask> is known for her appearances on various cookery programmes, including ITV's Saturday Cooks and Daily Cooks, and UKTV's Great Food Live..  She is a regular guest on the BBC's Saturday Kitchen hosted by Matt Tebbutt (and previously hosted by James Martin).<mask> has also hosted Saturday Kitchen in 2016. She makes regular guest appearances on ITV's This Morning and Lorraine. She has also appeared on  Food and Drink hosted by Tom Kerridge, ITV's John and Lisa's Weekend Kitchen, Channel 4's Sunday Brunch, CBBC's The Munch Box, BBC's Christmas Kitchen and Spring Kitchen, Channel 4's Weekend Kitchen with Waitrose, UK Food's Market Kitchen, as well as guest appearances on Ready Steady Cook and Cooking the Books. <mask> has cooked live for Melanie Sykes on Grand Designs Live. She appeared as an occasional guest on Sky Television food show Taste, hosted by Beverley Turner. In the US, <mask> is a regular guest on the NBC's The Today Show, as well as a guest on The Rachael Ray Show on CBS. She has been a judge on Iron Chef America on the Food Network primetime.She has also been a guest judge on Poland's Top Chef. <mask> has hosted eleven international television programmes. Her first being <mask>'s Kitchen, which was originally shown on UKTV Food in 2006. In 2008, <mask> hosted the thirteen part series Chinese Food Made Easy for BBC2. This television series was subsequently licensed into The Cooking Channel (USA), New Zealand, Germany, Iceland, Poland, Australia, and Belgium, and was also allocated to the BBC's Lifestyle channel for all its Asian feeds, including China, Hong Kong SAR, Republic of China, Singapore, and Korea. In 2010, <mask> hosted a new thirteen part cookery series on Five. The series Chinese Food in Minutes was based on her book '<mask>'s Chinese Food in Minutes', published by HarperCollins in September 2009.It included a branded microsite, with video, recipes, episode guides, and competitions, plus additional exclusive content websites. In 2011, her thirteen-episode series Easy Chinese San Francisco by <mask> <mask> debuted on the Cooking Channel. <mask> returned to BBC2 in 2012 for Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure, which showed her travelling and exploring China's culinary culture with Cantonese chef, Ken Hom. There is an accompanying book to the series. <mask> has described this as her most enjoyable television production. On 2 June 2012, Easy Chinese: New York and LA, another thirteen-part series premiered on the Cooking Channel. It was for this series that she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Awards for best culinary TV host (USA).Easy Chinese: New Year Special San Francisco, a one-hour special about the Ultimate Chinese Feast aired on 10 February 2013 on Cooking Channel. In autumn 2013, <mask> filmed her fourth television series in partnership with the Cooking Channel. This new series titled Restaurant Redemption saw, over the course of twenty-five (25) half-hour episodes, <mask> travelling across the US to meet failing restaurateurs who own Asian restaurants, and help them save the businesses they love. This TV series has been aired in the United States, United Kingdom, and across the Asian Food Channel, including Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Following the first series in autumn 2014, the second series of the Restaurant Redemption premiered in the United States. <mask> also appeared briefly in one episode of a six-episode documentary: Eat: The Story of Food, for National Geographic Channel in the United States, alongside unknown chefs in November 2014. <mask> hosted a ten times 30-minute series: The Big Eat, for the Food Network UK, which aired on 16 February 2015.In May 2015, <mask> filmed a new ten-part series <mask>'s Amazing Asia for Scripps Networks LLC. Produced by Sentient Films, and co-produced by <mask> and Jamie Cho, the ten times 30-minute series aired in over 100 countries around the world, and premiered primetime in EMEA, Asia, and USA in 2016. <mask> <mask> was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to the culinary arts. Publications
<mask> <mask> launched Click & Cook, an online video recipe library, offering exclusive step-by-step nutritious Chinese fusion recipes for people to cook themselves at home. In 2006, she published her first recipe book, China Modern: 100 cutting-edge, fusion-style recipes for the 21st century (pub: Kyle Cathie), which contained a variety of Chinese influenced recipes. In 2008, she published a second recipe book to accompany a six-part peak time television series Chinese Food Made Easy, commissioned and shown by BBC Two and BBC HD. Chinese Food Made Easy aired in June 2008, and was an instant success, attracting millions of viewers.Her book, also called Chinese Food Made Easy, was published alongside the series, and was a number one best-seller for six weeks. <mask>s's third book, <mask>'s Chinese Food in Minutes, was published on 3 September 2009. In 2011, <mask>'s Fast Food (UK edition), and the US version <mask>'s Everyday Easy Chinese were released featuring her most memorable childhood experiences, intertwined with Chinese superstition, etiquette, and original suggestions for exciting variations on classic recipes. In 2012, Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure was published. The book accompanied the BBC TV series, following <mask> and 'godfather' of Cantonese cooking, Ken Hom, as they travelled and explored China's culinary culture. In March 2015, <mask> released Eat Clean: Wok Yourself to Health for Harper Thorsons, promising simple, nutritious dishes that will detoxify and nourish your body. In September 2017, <mask> released Stir Crazy: 100 deliciously healthy wok recipes for Kyle Books.Promising simple, nutritious dishes, it won best UK Chinese Cookery Book at the Gourmand Awards 2018. In September 2019, <mask> released Wok On: deliciously balanced Asian meals in 30 minutes or less for Kyle Books, containing delicious balanced Asian meals in 30 minutes or less. Again winning best UK Chinese Cookery book at the Gourmand Awards 2020. In January 2021, <mask> is due to release her tenth book, Asian Green for Kyle Books. The book contains everyday plant-based recipes inspired from across Asia to create delicious simple, healthy, vegan dishes that everyone can enjoy. Other writing

<mask> has also written for several food magazines; such as Olive, and Delicious. Her magazine contributions include a red carpet report from the Emmy's for Grazia, BBC Good Food, Women's Health, BA Highlife, Jamie, OK!, Hello!, Sainsbury’s, Stella at The Sunday Telegraph, The Sun TV, Metropolitan Global Times, Chinese Weekly, Vegetarian Living, Which?, Healthy Living Magazine, and The Mayfair Times.<mask> has also contributed to online publications including; BBC World Service (Chinese), LoveFood.com, BA digital, Sous Chef, Bloomberg.com, Business World, as well as websites such as Good Food Channel and Food Network. Notable appearances
In 2015, she was asked to demonstrate to the HRH Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall the art of dumpling making on their royal visit to Chinatown in London in celebration of Chinese New Year on 19 February 2015. In 2007, she was also asked to conduct the food tour of Chinatown, London, for the Duke and Duchess's first visit together. Also passionate about her charity work, <mask> regularly supports a number of organisations, including: Mothers' Bridge of Love – Help Chinese Children, the international charity Tzu Chi, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), British Lung Foundation, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Macmillan Cancer Support, and Sense a charity for deaf-blind children. <mask> is also an Ambassador for Centrepoint. Awards
Chinese Food Made Easy won the award for Second Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2009. Chinese Food in Minutes won the award for 3rd Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2010.Chinese Food Made Easy 2011 NAMIC Vision Awards Winner - Lifestyle Category
Best Food Broadcast Award for BBC 2's Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure at the 2013 Guild of Food Writers Awards. Best Culinary Host nominee for Cooking Channel's Easy Chinese in Daytime Emmy Awards 2013. Gourmand Award 2013 for BBC 2's Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure. Stir Crazy won the award for the Best Chinese cuisine book in the UK at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2018. Wok On won the award for Best Chinese cuisine book in the UK at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2020. Guinness World Record for participation for an online sandwich making relay by Al Roker and friends on NBC's Today Show on 6th August 2020. In the 2020 Birthday Honours, Queen Elizabeth II made <mask> a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE), for services to the Culinary Arts.Personal life
<mask> <mask> lives with her husband, actor Jamie Cho, in Surrey. She is also an avid supporter of Traditional Chinese Medicine. On 5 October 2010, she signed an online petition against the impending European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, adding the comment: "This is absurd! I grew up using herbal medicine. More money into research and let the people decide." Published works

Books

Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure. London.BBC Books. 7 Jun 2012.  .

E-book

Video

See also
BBC Food
List of cooking shows

References

External links

www.ChingHeHuang.com — official personal website
Chinese Food In Minutes — official website at five.tv (Channel 5 Broadcasting Ltd. 2013), via archive.is
<mask> <mask> profile — at VisibleChinese.com, via Archive.org

1978 births
Living people
People from Tainan
Taiwanese emigrants to the United Kingdom
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
British broadcasters
British food writers
British publishers (people)
British television chefs
British television personalities
British television presenters
British women television presenters
Cookbook writers
People from Cricklewood
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Women cookbook writers
Taiwanese women television presenters
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Taiwanese television chefs
Women chefs

masks:
Ching He Huang
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching He
Huang
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching He
Huang
Ching He
Huang
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching He
Huang
Ching He
Huang


title: Lucius Veturius Philo (consul 206 BC)

texts:
<mask> (before 236 BC – after 203 BC) was a curule aedile in 210 BC, praetor of Cisalpine Gaul in 209 BC, propraetor of the same province in 208 BC, consular legate in 207 BC, consul in 206 BC, and magister equitum in 205 BC. He was renowned for having been the first to announce to the Roman Senate the news of the great victory won over Hannibal Barca at the Battle of Zama, which ended the Second Punic War. He served in the army of Gaius Claudius Nero as a consular legate, fighting at the Battle of the Metaurus, and was a close companion to his co-consul of 206 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus. He is different from another <mask>us <mask>, his father, who served as consul in 220 BC and dictator in 217 BC. Family Background
Veturius <mask> belonged to the Veturii Philones, an offshoot of the ancient patrician gens Veturia, a powerful patrician family of the Roman Republic. He the son of the previously mentioned L. Veturius <mask> who died during his censorship in 210 BC. Considering his birth had occurred at some point before 236 BC, he was most likely not the father of Tiberius Veturius <mask>, the flamen martialis from 204 BC.Early career
In 210 BC, <mask> <mask> was elected curule aedile, at which time, according to Roman law, he would have had to have been at least twenty-seven years old, indicating that he was born at the very least in 237 BC. In 209 BC, with Quintus Fabius Maximus returning as consul for the fifth time, and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus doing so for the fourth time, the elections of praetors quickly followed, <mask> <mask> being elected alongside Titus Quinctius Crispinus, Gaius Hostilius Tubulus and Gaius Aurunculeius. He was assigned the jurisdictio peregrina, or, the jurisdiction over the foreigners in Rome, as well as command over the province of Cisalpine Gaul. Upon the completion of his praetorship in Gaul, during which he had held command over two legions, <mask> made the logical continuation into the propraetorship of Cisalpine Gaul, retaining command over his two legions and serving in that capacity during the year 208 BC. Rise to Prominence during the Second Punic War
Following the completion of his time in Gaul, Veturius <mask> served as a consular legate alongside the up-and-coming Quintus Caecilius Metellus in the campaign against of 207 BC against Hasdrubal Barca, which culminated in the smashing Roman victory at the Battle of the Metaurus, in which <mask> would presumably have fought. <mask>, along with Metellus and Publius Licinius Varussent, was sent back to Rome to announce the victory and death of the Carthaginian commander. Making their way into the Forum, the three emissaries were forced to push their way through jubilant masses and into the senate, where Veturius read out the news, to the shouted approval of the senate, which declared a three day's thanksgiving.Horsemen under Gaius Claudius Nero's command praised Caecilius Metellus and <mask> <mask> highly for their actions during the campaign, and exhorted the commons to create the two as consuls for the next year. This opinion was seconded by the two consuls of 207 BC, Gaius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator, the consuls sighting the "courage and fidelity" with which their legates had served them. Salinator, serving as dictator with the purpose of holding the comitia in 207, therefore made Caecilius Metellus his magister equitum, as well as consul for the upcoming year 206 BC, alongside <mask>, declaring that the two would become so at the previously mentioned comitia. Both new consuls were appointed to the province of Bruttium, "to carry on the war with Hannibal". Nothing much of note is said to have taken place in the area during <mask>'s consulship, although Livy does recount some happenings. Before leaving Rome, the two new consuls were instructed by the senate to return to their lands plebeians who had been displaced during earlier years of the war in the ravaged and desolated province. The senate also commanded this due to complaints they had received from inhabitants of the province concerning neighboring Gauls, who, taking advantage of the wartime confusion, laid waste to many areas therein.The two consuls preemptively, before heading to Bruttium, published an edict that required the citizens of Cremona and Placentia to return to their homes, giving a deadline for them to do so. Heading to Bruttium, <mask> received his army from a certain proprietor named Quintus Claudius, which he then proceeded to fill with newly raised soldiers, who he had enlisted on his own initiative. The consuls found that many had returned to their homes upon their arrival in the province at the beginning of that spring, and, presumably to drive away the roving Gauls and still-present Carthaginian-aligned forces that yet held control in parts of Bruttium traitorous to Rome, ravaged the district of Consentia, taking much loot with them. Despite being ambushed on their way towards Lucania after the looting by Bruttians and Numidian javelin-men, there was more confusion than real danger, and the plunder, as well as most of the men, were saved. Lucania thereafter returned its allegiance to Rome without resistance. Later career and Zama
The next year, 205 BC, upon Scipio Africanus' victorious return to Rome from Spain, Veturius <mask>, in his capacity as outgoing consul, having returned from Bruttium, proceeded to hold the consular elections, wherein "all the centuries voted amidst much enthusiasm for Scipio", Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, the Pontifex Maximus, being elected as his colleague. Later in 205 BC, after having stayed outside of Rome sometime longer to further clean up in Bruttium, Metellus saw his consular army disbanded as he was appointed dictator by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, the consul serving in Bruttium that year, with the stated purpose of holding the 204 BC consular elections, Philo having done so for the 205 BC consulships earlier that year.Metellus made Veturius <mask>, with whom he seemingly would have been close after years of service together, his magister equitum, before successfully overseeing the election of Marcus Cornelius Cethegus and Publius Sempronius Tuditanus to the consulships of 204 BC. Metellus duly abdicated his office as dictator upon the conclusion of the elections, thus concluding <mask>'s period of service as magister equitum. In 202 BC, Veturius <mask> accompanied the previously mentioned Scipio on his campaign into Africa. As armistice negotiations were dragged on by the delaying Carthaginians, hoping for Hannibal's return, <mask> was sent back to Rome, alongside Carthaginian envoys, alongside M. Marcius Ralla and L. Scipio, the commander-in-chief's brother, to report the news of the three-month armistice that had been agreed upon. This news was quickly superseded by reports that the Carthaginians, Hannibal having returned, had broken the armistice and resumed hostilities, upon which point Veturius <mask> quickly returned to Scipio's side in Africa. Most likely witnessing the momentous final Carthaginian defeat at the Battle of Zama, <mask> was sent with the news of the glorious victory to Rome, approaching the Senate, which had gathered at the Temple of Bellona, in a move reminiscent of that which he had performed after the victory at the Metaurus, some five years earlier. According to Livy, "L. Veturius Philo reported that Carthage had made her last effort, a battle had been fought with Hannibal and an end had at last been put to this disastrous war.This announcement was received by the senators with huge delight, and Veturius reported a further success though comparatively an unimportant one, namely the defeat of Vermina, the son of Syphax. He was ordered to go to the Assembly and make the people sharers in the good news. Amidst universal congratulations all the temples in the City were thrown open and public thanksgivings were ordered for three days." References

3rd-century BC births
3rd-century BC Roman consuls
2nd-century BC Romans
Curule aediles
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Lucius Veturius Philo
Lucius Veturi
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Veturius
Philo
Veturius
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Veturius
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
Philo
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Philo


title: Alice Wheeldon

texts:
<mask> (27 January 1866 – 21 February 1919) was a British supporter of universal and women's suffrage and anti-war campaigner. She was convicted in 1917, along with her daughter, Winnie, and son-in-law, Alfred Mason, of conspiracy to murder the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. Some of the evidence given in the case against them appears to have been fabricated on behalf of "a government eager to disgrace the anti-war movement". Early life
<mask> was born in Derby, England, the daughter of an engine driver who had worked as a house servant when young. In 1886 she married <mask>, who was a widowed train driver and later a commercial traveller. They had three daughters, Nellie (born 1888), Harriette Ann (Hettie) (born 1891) and Winnie (born 1893), and a son, William Marshall (Willie, born 1892). Willie's application for exemption from military service as a conscientious objector was rejected in 1916.Political activism
Wheeldon was a socialist. She was a friend of members of the Socialist Labour Party, especially John Smith Clarke although a source of membership is not known. On arrest, police reported finding copies of Socialist and The Tribunal in her house. She and her children, who shared her feminist political views and were active campaigners until Britain joined in the First World War. Wheeldon disagreed with the Women's Social and Political Union's (WSPU) strong support for the War and conscription. With her family, including her daughters Hettie and Winnie and son Willie, Wheeldon expressed her opposition to the War, joining the No-Conscription Fellowship. The <mask> family supported young men opposing conscription in Derby where <mask> supported the family by selling secondhand clothes in her shop at 12 Pear Tree Road, where she and her family lived - incorrectly reported as number 29.Arrest and trial

It was known that the Wheeldon family was sheltering young men "on the run" from conscription. In December 1916 'Alex Gordon', an undercover agent from P.M.S.2, arrived at the Wheeldon home, claiming to be a conscientious objector on the run. <mask> took him in for the night and confided in him. He invented the fiction that the work camps for conscientious objectors provided under the Home Office Scheme were guarded by dogs. Gordon called his immediate superior, Herbert Booth, introducing him to <mask> as an army deserter. A package containing two vials of curare and two of strychnine was sent to her. The package was intercepted and it was claimed that these chemicals were intended to kill guard dogs at a work camp.This claim formed the basis of the case against the family when the family were arrested on 30 January 1917. <mask>, Hettie, Winnie and Winnie's husband, Alfred Mason, were all charged with conspiracy to murder the Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Labour Party cabinet minister Arthur Henderson. The Attorney-General, F. E. Smith, himself, led the prosecution held in Derby Guildhall. The trial was moved to the Old Bailey, London, where he prosecuted the case in person. The trial began on 6 March 1917; Smith refused to call Gordon as a witness or divulge his name or whereabouts, thus preventing his being cross-examined. <mask> was sentenced to ten years' penal servitude, Alfred Mason (aged 24) was sentenced to seven years and Winnie (aged 23) to five years, even though the jury recommended mercy on account of their youth. Hettie was acquitted.<mask> was sent to Aylesbury Prison, where she went on intermittent hunger strike; she was later moved to Holloway. Three days after the conviction, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers published an open letter to the Home Secretary that included the following: "We demand that the Police Spies, on whose evidence the Wheeldon family is being tried, be put in the Witness Box, believing that in the event of this being done fresh evidence will be forthcoming which will put a different complexion on the case." Review of the Wheeldon case
In January 2012 the BBC reported on a campaign to clear Wheeldon's name, quoting Dr Nicholas Hiley of the University of Kent, who said the case against her was "shaky". Hiley said that during the First World War MI5 had become "very fixated on political opposition to the war" and that the Wheeldons' unusual combination of beliefs (Marxists, atheists, vegetarians, supporters of the suffragettes and conscientious objectors), had drawn MI5's attention. Hiley described Alex Gordon (in reality William Rickard) as an "unbalanced fantasist" who was "spectacularly unreliable": a convicted blackmailer, he had twice been declared criminally insane and was released from the high-security psychiatric Broadmoor Hospital only two years before being employed by MI5. Hiley went on to suggest that Rickard's department of MI5 was facing closure at the time of Mrs <mask>'s arrest and the case against her and her family was fabricated to justify the department's being kept open. Death
Wheeldon was released from prison on licence on 31 December 1917 at the request of Lloyd George.Her health permanently weakened, she died of influenza during the pandemic a little over a year later in 1919. At her funeral,  Willie (possibly William Land, her nephew also a CO) placed a red flag over his mother's coffin and her friend John Smith Clarke, still evading police as a conscientious objector on the run, was the only speaker. Her daughters, Winnie and Hettie, were too ill to attend the funeral. Wheeldon's grave was not marked as there was concern it would be defaced. Hettie died in 1920; in that year she had married Arthur MacManus, first chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1921 <mask> joined a Friends Emergency Victims of War Relief mission going to Buzuluk Russia, married in Russia, took Soviet Union citizenship and became a translator for the Comintern. During the Stalinist purges, he was arrested on 5 October 1937 and shot on Christmas Day of that year.Memorial

In 2013 Derby City Council and Derby Civic Society erected a Blue Plaque as a memorial at 12 Pear Tree Road, Normanton, Derby. Bibliography
 "<mask>, <mask>", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 Jackson, John (2007) "Losing the plot", History Today, May 2007
 Rippon, Nicola, (2009) The Plot to Kill Lloyd George: The Story of <mask>don and the Peartree Conspiracy,
 Rowbotham,Sheila,  Friends of Alice Wheeldon (Pluto Press, 1986)
 Rowbotham, Sheila, Friends of Alice Wheeldon - 2nd Edition, The Anti-War Activist Accused of Plotting to Kill Lloyd George (Pluto Press, 2015)
 Wood, Val and Whitehead, Bill (2013) "Alice Wheeldon" Derby, UCU

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Derby Catacombs - tunnel used for transport of prisoners

References

External links
 www.alicewheeldon.org/ Website of Deirdre and Chloë Mason, great-granddaughters of <mask>. spartacus-educational.com/CRIwheeldonA.htm Website Edited by John Simpkin. 1866 births
1919 deaths
People from Derby
British anti-war activists
British suffragists
Crime in Derby
Conscientious objectors

masks:
Alice Ann Wheeldon
Alice Ann Marshall
William Augustus Wheeldon
Wheeldon
Alice
Alice Wheeldon
Alice
Alice
Alice
Alice
Wheeldon
Willie Wheeldon
Wheeldon
Alice Ann
Alice Wheel
Alice Wheeldon


title: Conrad Hilton

texts:
<mask>. (December 25, 1887 – January 3, 1979) was an American businessman known as the founder of the Hilton Hotels chain. Early life
<mask> was born in San Antonio, in what was then the New Mexico Territory, to Norwegian-born <mask> (1854–1919) and Mary Genevieve Laufersweiler. He attended the Goss Military Academy (since renamed as the New Mexico Military Institute) and St. Michael's College (now Santa Fe University of Art and Design), and the New Mexico School of Mines (now New Mexico Tech). From 1912 to 1916 <mask> was a Republican representative in the first New Mexico Legislature, when the state was newly-formed. <mask> became frustrated with the "bureaucracy, slowness, cheating, lying, and inside deals of politics", and in 1916 he refused to run for a fourth term, instead endorsing his longtime political ally, Quianu Robinson. He served two years in the United States Army during World War I. After completing Officer Training School, he became a second lieutenant and served in Paris in the Quartermaster Corps.While <mask> was in France with the army after the war, his father was killed in a car accident. The most enduring influence to shape <mask>'s philanthropic philosophy beyond that of his parents was the Catholic Church and his sisters. He credited his mother with guiding him to prayer and the church whenever he was troubled or dismayed—from the boyhood loss of a beloved pony to severe financial losses during the Great Depression. His mother continually told him that prayer was the best investment he would ever make. Career
As a young boy, <mask> developed entrepreneurial skills working at his father's general store in Socorro County, New Mexico, which was partially converted into a 10-room hotel. This was followed by varied experiences, including a stint as a representative in New Mexico's first State Legislature and a career decision to become a banker. It was with the intention of buying a bank that he arrived in Texas at the height of the oil boom.He bought his first hotel instead, the 40-room Mobley Hotel in Cisco, Texas, in 1919, when a bank purchase fell through. The hotel did such brisk business that rooms changed hands as often as three times a day, and the dining room was converted into additional rooms to meet the demand. He went on to buy and build hotels throughout Texas, including the highrise Dallas Hilton, opened in 1925; the Abilene Hilton in 1927; Waco Hilton in 1928; and El Paso Hilton in 1930. The first hotel outside of Texas that Hilton built was in 1939 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Today it is known as the Hotel Andaluz. During the Great Depression, <mask> was nearly forced into bankruptcy and lost several of his hotels. Nevertheless, he was retained as manager of a combined chain, and eventually regained control of his remaining eight hotels.Over the next decade, he expanded west to California and east to Chicago and New York, crowning his expansions with such acquisitions as the Stevens Hotel in Chicago (then the world's largest hotel, it was renamed the Conrad Hilton), and the fabled Waldorf-Astoria in New York. He formed the Hilton Hotels Corporation in 1946, and Hilton International Company in 1948. During the 1950s and 1960s, Hilton Hotels' worldwide expansion facilitated both American tourism and overseas business by American corporations. It was the world's first international hotel chain, at the same time establishing a certain worldwide standard for hotel accommodations. In 1954, Hilton Hotels bought The Hotels Statler Company, Inc., for $111 million, then the world's largest real estate transaction. In all, <mask> eventually owned 188 hotels in 38 cities in the U.S., including the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C., the Palmer House in Chicago, and the Plaza Hotel and Waldorf-Astoria in New York City, along with 54 hotels abroad. He later purchased the Carte Blanche Credit Company and an interest in the American Crystal Sugar Company, as well as other enterprises.<mask> received honorary degrees from the University of Detroit (1953), DePaul University (1954), Barat College (1955), Adelphi College (1957), Sophia University, Tokyo (1963), and the University of Albuquerque (1975). <mask>'s autobiography, Be My Guest, was published in 1958 by Prentice Hall. In 1966, <mask> was succeeded as president by his son Barron and was elected chairman of the board. Personal life
In 1925, <mask> married Mary Adelaide Barron (1906–1966). They had three children, <mask> Jr., <mask> and <mask>, before divorcing in 1934. In 1942, <mask> married actress Zsa Zsa Gabor. They had one child, <mask>, before divorcing in 1947.Gabor wrote in her 1991 autobiography One Lifetime Is Not Enough that she became pregnant by <mask> only after he raped her during their marriage. Their daughter Francesca died in 2015, at age 67, from a stroke. In 1976, <mask> married Mary Frances Kelly. Their marriage lasted until his death three years later in 1979. <mask> bought Casa Encantada on 10644 Bellagio Road in Bel Air, Los Angeles, in 1950 and occupied the house until his death in 1979. <mask> described his enchantment with the house as "...a case of love at first sight...I couldn't resist it, one of the fabulous houses of the world". He renamed the property the Casa Encantada ("enchanted  house").On January 3, 1979, <mask> died of natural causes at the age of 91. He was interred at Calvary Hill Cemetery, a Catholic cemetery in Dallas, Texas. He left US$500,000 () to his two surviving sons, US$100,000 () to his daughter Francesca, and US$10,000 () to each of his nieces and nephews. <mask> family fortune
In 1969, James C. Taylor presented plans to build a hospitality college on the campus of the University of Houston to Barron Hilton. Barron then presented the plans to <mask>, who donated US$1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for the completion of the project. The Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management opened to students in September 1969. The bulk of his estate was left to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, which he established in 1944.His son, <mask>, who spent much of his career helping build the Hilton Hotels Corporation, contested the will, despite having left the company as acting President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board of Directors. A settlement was reached and, as a result, Barron Hilton received 4 million shares of the hotel enterprise, the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation received 3.5 million shares, and the remaining 6 million shares were placed in the W. Barron Hilton Charitable Remainder Unitrust. Upon Barron Hilton's death, Unitrust assets were transferred to the Hilton Foundation, of which Barron previously served on the Board of Directors as Chairman. In 1983, the Hilton Foundation donated US$21.3 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to expand facilities and increase endowment. That gift led to the construction of the South Wing, which opened in 1989 and added  of education and meeting space to Hilton College. On December 25, 2007, <mask> announced that he would leave about 97% of his fortune, then estimated at US$2.36 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ), to a charitable unitrust that would eventually be merged with the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. By leaving his estate to the Foundation, Barron not only donated the fortune he had amassed on his own, but also returned to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation the Hilton family fortune amassed by his father, which otherwise would have gone to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation 30 years earlier, had Barron not contested his father's will.Legacy

 The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation was established in 1944 by <mask> N. <mask>. Its mission is the alleviation of human suffering worldwide. Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize created in 1996 by The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. The Conrad N. Hilton College is a hospitality school of the University of Houston named after <mask>. The Conrad N. Hilton Library at the Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America. The <mask> N. <mask> Chair in Business Ethics, The Hilton Distinguished Entrepreneur Award, and the <mask> N. <mask> Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship at the College of Business Administration Loyola Marymount University. In 2009, actor Chelcie Ross played the role of <mask> "Connie" <mask> in the television show Mad Men for 6 episodes.Autobiographies
 Be My Guest, Autobiography of <mask> (Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1958)
 Inspirations of an Innkeeper (privately printed, 1963)

Citations

General sources
 Alef, Daniel. <mask><mask>: Reveled in Hotel Deals (Titans of Fortune Publishing, 2009)
 Bolton, Whitney. The Silver Spade; the Conrad Hilton Story. with a foreword by <mask> (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1954)
 Comfort, Mildred Houghton. <mask><mask>, Hotelier (Minneapolis: T.S. Denison & Company, Inc., 1965)
 Dabney, Thomas Ewing. The Man Who Bought the Waldorf: The Life of <mask>. <mask> (Duell Sloan & Pearce, 1950)
 Oppenheimer, Jerry.House of Hilton: From Conrad to Paris: A Drama of Wealth, Power, and Privilege (Three Rivers Press. 2007)
 Hilton, Conrad N. Be My Guest (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958)

External links
 Biography: <mask>, The Innkeeper to The World (Video)
 Conrad N. Hilton College at University of Houston
 Conrad Hilton's Secret of Success
 <mask>, Collector of Hotels (New York Times Magazine, 1949)
 Innkeeper to the World (Time, 1963)
 The Key Man (Time, 1949)
 Waldorf-Astoria as Hotels No. 16 (Time, 1949)
 Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
 San Angelo's Heartbreak Hotel History of second Hilton hotel built in San Angelo, TX in 1928, and Conrad Hilton's bankruptcy (San Angelo Live!, 2007)
 Mad Men: See the Real <mask> Hilton– image slideshow by Life
 <mask> N. <mask> early life in New Mexico

|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| Husband of a Gabor sister

1887 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
American autobiographers
American hoteliers
American people of German descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American real estate businesspeople
American socialites
Catholics from New Mexico
Conrad Hilton family
Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels
Hilton Worldwide
Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology alumni
New Mexico Military Institute alumni
New Mexico Republicans
People from Socorro, New Mexico
Royal Canadian Geographical Society fellows
Santa Fe University of Art and Design alumni
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I

masks:
Conrad Nicholson Hilton Sr
Hilton
Augustus Halvorsen Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Barron Hilton
Eric Hilton
Hilton
Francesca Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Hilton
Barron Hilton
Barron Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad N
. Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad N
. Hilton
Conrad N
Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad Hilton
Conrad
Conrad
Hilton


title: Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio

texts:
<mask>, (5th) <mask>, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, DL, JP, G.C.J.J., K.R.E. (26 February 1799 – 24 December 1870) was a mercenary soldier and landowner in Middlesex and the Irish counties Limerick and Armagh. He was Bailiff of the English Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and Grand Prior of the Irish one. He was also an hereditary Knight of the Golden Spur/Eques Auratus and Papal Count Palatine of the Lateran. Petrus Johannes, Pierre Jean, was born in Marylebone, Westminster 26 February 1799 and died at Acton 24 December 1870 (age 71). Eldest son of Jerome, Count <mask>is by his first wife Sophia Drake. <mask> was a younger half-brother.Wives and Children

Peter, <mask> Salis-Soglio, married twice:
firstly: 9 February 1821, Henrietta Charlotte (d.10.1822), daughter of Colonel <mask>clens <mask>. Denys (Baron <mask>cy);
and secondly: 16 July 1824, Cecile Henrietta Marguerite (1802–1892) daughter of David Bourgeoise of Neuchâtel. She was niece of Henry, Comte <mask>, Lt. Colonel and Chamberlain to the King of Prussia (as at 1824). Children by his second wife:
John Francis <mask> Salis, diplomat and numismatist. Peter (22 November 1827 – 27 March 1919), in the Austrian Service and then curator of Neuchâtel's art museum. Peter's only surviving child, Elisabeth Sophie (1880–1967), married <mask> <mask>, and became known as Baronne <mask>. George Alois (1 December 1829 – 22 October 1866), was a captain in the 3rd (Archduke Charles) Lancer Regiment.Mortally wounded (one of 5,650 casualties) at the Battle of Custoza (1866) he was buried in Verona. Anna Sophia Elisabeth, Anna Grafin v. Salis-Soglio, (Neufchatel 28.7.1832–1916). She married (24.9.1858), a cousin, <mask> Dietegan (Freiherr) v. Salis-Seewis (Chur 5.12.1825–27.3.1886) of Bothmar, Malans. Son of Johann-Jacob, Fhr. v. Salis-Seewis (Zurich 24.5.1800-Chur 17.7.1881) married (Malans, 6.1.1822) Anna Barbara v. Jenatsch (1800-1856). Life
After education in London, Edinburgh and Lausanne he was chef-de-Bataillon in the capitulated service of Switzerland (in the Swiss Guards of Louis XVIII and Charles X), in the service of the King of Naples (3eme Régiment Suisse under Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies), a Colonel in the Prussian Service, in the Uxbridge Volunteer Infantry, and a major in the Armagh Militia (1854). 1817 The Fleur de Lys, Paris.1820 (Knight commander of the Princely) Chevalier de l'Ordre du Phoenix de Hohenlohe. 18xx Chevalier Grand Croix de l'Ordre Imperial Asiatique de Morale Universalle (it ran between 6 July 1835 – 1851, created by or for Mongol Sultan Alinea d'Eldir, possibly mythical). 18xx Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. 18xx Commandeur Baron de l'Ordre Noble d'Epire. 1823, 1826, 1832, 1834, & 1835: Landammann of Stalla/Bivio. 18xx Knight of the Royal and Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour of France (Bourbon creation). 1831 Knight Royal Order of the Red Eagle (Prussian) (third class).1832 Medal of the King of Prussia (for helping the suppression of the Insurrection of Neufchâtel). His father dies, Middlesex, October 1836. September 1837 'Count Peter De Salis, of Hillingdon' became Commandant of The Volunteer Infantry, of Uxbridge. 20 July 1844 (or 1843) admitted a Knight (Honour and Devotion/Croce d'Or Devozio) of St. John of Jerusalem, Roman branch. 1859, election into the English langue of the Sovereign Order of Malta. Capitular Bailiff of the English Langue and Grand Prior of Ireland of the Order by 1868. At that time the other two capitular bailiffs were his Tandragee neighbour Duke of Manchester, the Grand-Prior of England, and the 2nd Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, who was the Bailiff of Aquila.From 1832 he was Deputy Lieutenant of County Armagh. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of Limerick in 1849. Four years later, 1853, he was nominated High Sheriff of Armagh. JP for Middlesex & Westminster. 1855 resident at Ballyknock Cottage, near Tandragee, Co. Armagh (Burke's Peerage, 1855). 1861 census the Count was boarding in Acton, west London, and was described as magistrate and landowner. 1865: Peter John Fane <mask>, of Tandaragee, Co. Armagh, was listed as living at Tandragee and at Turnham Green, Middlesex (Walford's County Families, 1865).1868: Listed by Bigsby in 1868 as at Ballylisk House, near Tanderagee; St. John's Villa, Acton; and Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Ancestors

Notes

References
 Quadrennial di Fano Saliceorum, volume one, by R<mask> Salis, London, 2003. De Salis Family : English Branch, by Rachel Fane De Salis, Henley-on-Thames, 1934. Burke's Irish Family Records, ed. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Burke's Peerage Ltd, London, 1976. A genealogical and heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry, by Sir (John) Bernard Burke, CB, LLD, vol.2, London, 1895/1899 (pages 574–77). Burke's Peerage, Foreign Noblemen / Foreign Titles sections: 1851, 1936, 1956, etc. Debrett's Peerage, Foreign Titles section, 1920, etc. Der Grafliche Hauser, Band XI [volume 11], Genealogisches Handbuch Des Adels, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn, 1983 (pps 331–356). The Family and Heirs of Sir Francis Drake, by Lady Eliott-Drake, Smith, Elder & Co, 2 vols, London, 1911. Memoir of the Illustrious and Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, from the capitulation of Malta in 1798 to the present period...and presenting a more detailed account of its sixth or British Branch as re-organised in 1831, by Robert Bigsby, Derby, 1869. (Pages 152–155).Further reading
Mullavilly - Portrait of an Ulster Parish, by Brett Hannam, Lulu, 2010. 1799 births
1870 deaths
19th-century Irish landowners
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
British people of Swiss descent
Peter
Swiss nobility
Deputy Lieutenants of Armagh
High Sheriffs of Armagh
High Sheriffs of County Limerick
People from Marylebone
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Counts de Salis-Soglio and Comtes de Salis-Seewis
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Peter
Military personnel from London

masks:
Peter John Fane de Salis
Count de Salis Soglio
de Sal
William Fane de Salis
Count de
de Senar
de St
de Gran
de Meuron
William de
Godefroy
de Blonay
de Bay
Johann Gaudenz
de Salis
. de


title: Mikhail Botvinnik

texts:
<mask> ( – May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster. The sixth World Chess Champion, he also worked as an electrical engineer and computer scientist and was a pioneer in computer chess. Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union. He also played a major role in the organization of chess, making a significant contribution to the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II and becoming a leading member of the coaching system that enabled the Soviet Union to dominate top-class chess during that time. His pupils include World Champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik. Early years
Botvinnik was born on August 17, 1911, in what was then Kuokkala, Vyborg Governorate, Grand Duchy of Finland, now the district of Repino in Saint Petersburg. His parents were Russian Jews; his father, <mask> (1878–1931), was a dental technician and his mother, Shifra (Serafima) Rabinovich (1876–1952), a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the Pale of Settlement, to which most Jews in the Russian Empire were restricted at the time.As a result, Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's Nevsky Prospect. His father forbade the speaking of Yiddish at home, and <mask> and his older brother Isaak "Issy" attended Soviet schools. Botvinnik later recounted, "I was asked once, “What do you consider yourself to be from the point of view of nationality?” My reply was, “Yes, my position is 'complicated'. I am a Jew by blood, a Russian by culture, Soviet by upbringing.”" On his religious views, he called himself an atheist. In 1920, his mother became ill and his father left the family, but maintained contact with the children, even after his second marriage, to a Russian woman. At about the same time, Botvinnik started reading newspapers, and became a committed communist. In autumn 1923, at the age of twelve, Botvinnik was taught chess by a school friend of his older brother, using a home-made set, and instantly fell in love with the game.He finished in mid-table in the school championship, sought advice from another of his brother's friends, and concluded that for him it was better to think out "concrete concepts" and then derive general principles from these – and went on to beat his brother's friend quite easily. In winter 1924, <mask> won his school's championship, and exaggerated his age by three years in order to become a member of the Petrograd Chess Assembly – to which its president turned a blind eye. <mask> won his first two tournaments organized by the Assembly. Shortly afterwards, Nikolai Krylenko, a devoted chess player and leading member of the Soviet legal system who later organized Joseph Stalin's show trials, began building a huge nationwide chess organization, and the Assembly was replaced by a club in the city's Palace of Labour. To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Krylenko organized the Moscow 1925 chess tournament. On a rest day during the event, world champion José Raúl Capablanca gave a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad. Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won his game.In 1926, he reached the final stage of the Leningrad championship. Later that year, he was selected for Leningrad's team in a match against Stockholm, held in Sweden, and scored +1=1 against the future grandmaster Gösta Stoltz. On his return, he entertained his schoolmates with a vivid account of the rough sea journey back to Russia. <mask> was commissioned to annotate two games from the match, and the fact that his analyses were to be published made him aware of the need for objectivity. In December 1926, he became a candidate member of his school's Komsomol branch. Around this time his mother became concerned about his poor physique, and as a result he started a programme of daily exercise, which he maintained for most of his life. When Botvinnik finished the school curriculum, he was below the minimum age for the entrance examinations for higher education.While waiting, he qualified for his first USSR Championship final stage in 1927 as the youngest player ever at that time, tied for fifth and sixth places and gained the title of master. He wanted to study Electrical Technology at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and passed the entrance examination; however, there was a persistent excess of applications for this course and the Proletstud, which controlled admissions, had a policy of admitting only children of engineers and industrial workers. After an appeal by a local chess official, he was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department. In January 1929, Botvinnik played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow. Leningrad won and the team manager, who was also deputy chairman of the Proletstud, secured Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department, where he was one of only four students who entered straight from school. As a result, he had to do a whole year's work in five months, and failed one of the examinations. Early in the same year he placed joint third in the semi-final stage of the USSR Championship, and thus failed to reach the final stage.His early progress was fairly rapid, mostly under the training of Soviet Master and coach Abram Model, in Leningrad; Model taught <mask> the Winawer Variation of the French Defence, which was then regarded as inferior for Black, but which Model and Botvinnik analysed more deeply and then played with great success. <mask> won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930 with a score of 6½/8, following this up the next year by winning the championship of Leningrad by 2½ points over former Soviet champion Peter Romanovsky. In 1935, Botvinnik married Gayane Davidovna Ananova, of Armenian descent, who was the daughter of his algebra and geometry teacher. She was a student at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet in Leningrad and, later, a ballerina in the Bolshoi Theatre. They had one daughter, named Olga, who was born in 1942. Soviet champion

In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first Soviet Championship in Moscow, scoring 13½ out of 17. He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-Revolution masters were absent.In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering, after completing a practical assignment on temporary transmission lines at the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. He stayed on at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study for a Candidate of Sciences degree. In 1933, <mask> repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19, describing the results as evidence that Krylenko's plan to develop a new generation of Soviet masters had borne fruit. He and other young masters successfully requested the support of a senior Leningrad Communist Party official in arranging contests involving both Soviet and foreign players, as there had been none since the Moscow 1925 chess tournament. Soon afterwards, Botvinnik was informed that Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky, one of the older Soviet masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in Prague, had arranged a match between <mask>  and Salo Flohr, a Czech grandmaster who was then regarded as one of the most credible contenders for Alexander Alekhine's World Chess Championship title. The highest-level chess officials in the Soviet Union opposed this on the grounds that Botvinnik stood little chance against such a strong international opponent. In spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Krylenko insisted on staging the match, saying that "We have to know our real strength."Botvinnik used what he regarded as the first version of his method of preparing for a contest, but fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow. However, aided by his old friend Ragozin and coach Abram Model, he leveled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn. When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the foxtrot and Charleston to a professional standard. In his first tournament outside the USSR, the Hastings 1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th–6th places, with 5/9. He wrote that, in London after the tournament, Emanuel Lasker said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten days for acclimatization. Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again. Botvinnik placed first equal with Flohr, ½ point ahead of Lasker and one point ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, in Moscow's second International Tournament, held in 1935.After consulting Capablanca and Lasker, Krylenko proposed to award <mask> the title Grandmaster, but <mask> objected that "titles were not the point." However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study grant, both provided by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. He later reported to Krylenko that the 1935 tournament made it difficult to judge the strength of the top Soviet players, as it included a mixture of top-class and weaker players. Botvinnik advocated a double round-robin event featuring the top five Soviet players and the five strongest non-Soviet players available. Despite politicking over the Soviet choices, both Krylenko and the Central Committee of the Komsomol quickly authorised the tournament. This was played in Moscow in June 1936, and Botvinnik finished second, one point behind Capablanca and 2½ ahead of Flohr. However, he took consolation from the fact the Soviet Union's best had held their own against top-class competition.In early winter, 1936, <mask> was invited to play in a tournament at Nottingham, England. Krylenko authorised his participation and, to help <mask> play at his best, allowed Botvinnik's wife to accompany him – a privilege rarely extended to chess players at any time in Soviet history. Taking Lasker's advice, <mask> arrived ten days before play started. Although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him, he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6=8) with Capablanca, ½ point ahead of current World Champion Max Euwe and rising American stars Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky, and 1 point ahead of ex-champion Alexander Alekhine. This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country. When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin. On returning to Russia, <mask> discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".Three weeks later, <mask> began work on his dissertation for the Candidate's degree, obtaining this in June 1937, after his supervisor described the dissertation as "short and good", and the first work in its field. As a result of his efforts, he missed the 1937 Soviet championship, won by Grigory Levenfish, who was then nearly fifty. Later in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Levenfish. Botvinnik challenged Levenfish, writing that Krylenko, angered by Botvinnik's absence from the tournament, ordered the match. <mask> won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six. In 1945 he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17; however, in 1952 he tied with Mark Taimanov and won the play-off match. World title contender
In 1938, the world's top eight players met in the Netherlands to compete in the AVRO tournament, whose winner was supposed to get a title match with the World Champion, Alexander Alekhine.Botvinnik placed third, behind Paul Keres and Reuben Fine. According to Botvinnik, Alekhine was most interested in playing an opponent who could raise the funds. After consulting the nearest available Soviet officials, Botvinnik discreetly challenged Alekhine, who promptly accepted, subject to conditions that would enable him to acclimatize in Russia and get some high-quality competitive practice a few months before the match. In Botvinnik's opinion, Alekhine was partly motivated by the desire for a reconciliation with the Soviet authorities, so that he could again visit his homeland. The match, including funding, was authorised at the highest Soviet political level in January 1939; however, a letter of confirmation was only sent two months later – in Botvinnik's opinion, because of opposition by his Soviet rivals, especially those who had become prominent before the Russian Revolution – and the outbreak of World War II prevented a World Championship match. In spring 1939, Botvinnik won the USSR Championship, and his book on the tournament described the approach to preparation which he had been developing since 1933. One striking feature of this was emphasis on opening preparation in order to gain a permanent positional advantage in the middlegame, rather than seeking immediate tactical surprises that could only be used once.Botvinnik took an early lead in the 1940 USSR Championship, but faded badly in the later stages, eventually sharing fifth place. He attributed this to the unaccustomed difficulty of concentrating in a party-like atmosphere filled with noise and tobacco smoke. Botvinnik wrote to a friendly official, commenting that the champion was to be the winner of a match between Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal, who had tied for first place, but had no achievements in international competition. The official's efforts led to a tournament for the title of "Absolute Champion of the USSR", whose official aim was to identify a Soviet challenger for Alekhine's title. The contestants were the top six finishers in the Soviet Championship – Bondarevsky, Lilienthal, Paul Keres (whose home country, Estonia, had recently been annexed by the Soviet Union), future World Champion Vasily Smyslov, Isaac Boleslavsky and Botvinnik – who were to play a quadruple round-robin. Botvinnik's preparation with his second, Viacheslav Ragozin, included training matches in noisy, smoky rooms and he slept in the playing room, without opening the window. He won the tournament, 2½ points ahead of Keres and three ahead of Smyslov; moreover, with plus scores in the "mini-matches" against all his rivals.In June 1941 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. <mask>'s wife Gayane, a ballerina, told him that her colleagues at the Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre were being evacuated to the city of Perm, then known as Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. The

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title: Mikhail Botvinnik

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 family found an apartment there, and Botvinnik obtained a job with the local electricity supply organization – at the lowest pay rate and on condition that he did no research, as he had only a Candidate's degree. Botvinnik's only child, a daughter named Olya, was born in Perm in April 1942. In the evenings, Botvinnik wrote a book in which he annotated all the games of the "Absolute Championship of the USSR", in order to maintain his analytic skills in readiness for a match with Alekhine. His work included wood-cutting for fuel, which left him with insufficient energy for chess analysis. <mask> obtained from Molotov an order that he should be given three days off normal work in order to study chess.In 1943, after a two-year lay-off from competitive chess, Botvinnik won a tournament in Sverdlovsk, scoring 1½  out of 2 against each of his seven competitors – who included Smyslov, Vladimir Makogonov, Boleslavsky, and Ragozin. Chessbase regards this as one of the fifty strongest tournaments between 1851 and 1986. Shortly afterwards, <mask> was urged to return to Moscow by the People's Commissar for Power Stations, an admirer and subsequent good friend. On his return, <mask> suggested a match with Samuel Reshevsky in order to strengthen his claim for a title match with Alekhine, but this received no political support. In December 1943, he won the Moscow Championship, ahead of Smyslov. At the same time, opposition to his plan for a match with Alekhine re-surfaced, on the grounds that Alekhine was a political enemy and the only proper course was to demand that he be stripped of the title. The dispute ended in Botvinnik's favor, and in the dismissal of a senior chess official, one of those to have opposed Botvinnik's plan, who was also a KGB colonel.After <mask> won the 1944 and 1945 Soviet championships, most top Soviet players supported his desire for a World Championship match with Alekhine. However, the allegations that Alekhine had written anti-Semitic articles while in Nazi-occupied France made it difficult to host the match in the USSR. Botvinnik opened negotiations with the British Chess Federation to host the match in England, but these were cut short by Alekhine's death in 1946. When the Second World War ended, <mask> won the first high-level post-war tournament, at Groningen in 1946, with 14½ points from nineteen games, ½ point ahead of former World Champion Max Euwe and two ahead of Smyslov. He and Euwe both struggled in the last few rounds, and Botvinnik had a narrow escape against Euwe, who he acknowledged had always been a difficult opponent for him. This was Botvinnik's first outright victory in a tournament outside the Soviet Union. Botvinnik also won the very strong <mask> Memorial tournament held at Moscow 1947.World Champion
<mask> strongly influenced the design of the system which would be used for World Championship competition from 1948 to 1963. Viktor Baturinsky wrote: "Now came Botvinnik's turn to defend his title in accordance with the new qualifying system which he himself had outlined in 1946." (This statement referred to <mask>'s 1951 title defence.) On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II, <mask> was one of five players to contest the 1948 World Chess Championship, which was held at The Hague and Moscow. He won the 1948 tournament convincingly—with a score of 14/20, three points clear—becoming the sixth World Champion. While he was on vacation in Riga after the tournament, an eleven-year-old boy called <mask> paid a visit, hoping to play a game against the new champion. Tal was met by Botvinnik's wife, who said the champion was asleep, and that she had made him take a rest from chess.In 1950, <mask> was one of the inaugural recipients of the international grandmaster title from FIDE. <mask> held the world title, with two brief interruptions, for the next fifteen years, during which he played seven world championship matches. In 1951, he drew with David Bronstein over 24 games in Moscow, +5−5=14, keeping the world title, but it was a struggle for <mask>, who won the second-last game and drew the last in order to tie the match. In 1954, he drew with Vasily Smyslov over 24 games in Moscow, +7−7=10, again retaining the title. In 1957, he lost to Smyslov by 9½–12½ in Moscow, but the rules then in force allowed him a rematch without having to go through the Candidates' Tournament, and in 1958 he won the rematch in Moscow; Smyslov said his health was poor during the return match. In 1960, <mask> was convincingly beaten 8½–12½ at Moscow by Tal, now 23 years old, but again exercised his right to a rematch in 1961, and won by 13–8 in Moscow. Commentators agreed that Tal's play was weaker in the rematch, probably due to his health, but also that Botvinnik's play was better than in the 1960 match, largely due to thorough preparation.<mask> changed his style in the rematch, avoiding the tactical complications in which Tal excelled and aiming for closed positions and endgames, where Tal's technique was not outstanding. Finally, in 1963, he lost the title to Tigran Petrosian, by 9½–12½ in Moscow. FIDE had by then altered the rules, and he was not allowed a rematch. The rematch rule had been nicknamed the "Botvinnik rule" because he twice benefited from it. Though ranking as formal World Champion, <mask> had a relatively poor playing record in the early 1950s: he played no formal competitive games after winning the 1948 match tournament until he defended his title, then struggled to draw his 1951 championship match with Bronstein, placed only fifth in the 1951 Soviet Championship, and tied for third in the 1952 Géza Maróczy Memorial tournament in Budapest; and he had also performed poorly in Soviet training contests. However, he lost only five of over thirty games in the two tournaments; three of the four who finished ahead of him in the 1951 championship were future world champions Smyslov and Petrosian and a leading world championship contender (and winner in both tournaments) Paul Keres; and he finished ahead of Petrosian and even with Smyslov in 1952. <mask> did not play in the Soviet team that won the 1952 Chess Olympiad in Helsinki: the players voted for the line-up and placed <mask> on second board, with Keres on top board; Botvinnik protested and refused to play.Keres' playing record from 1950 to early 1952 had been outstanding. <mask> won the 1952 Soviet Championship (joint first with Mark Taimanov in the tournament, won the play-off match). He included several wins from that tournament over the 1952 Soviet team members in his book Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, writing "these games had a definite significance for me". In 1956, he tied for first place with Smyslov in the 1956 Alexander Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, despite a last-round loss to Keres. Team tournaments

<mask> was selected for the Soviet Olympiad team from 1954 to 1964 inclusively, and helped his team to gold medal finishes each of those six times. At Amsterdam 1954 he was on board one and won the gold medal with 8½/11. Then at home for Moscow 1956, he was again board one, and scored 9½/13 for the bronze medal.For Munich 1958, he scored 9/12 for the silver medal on board one. At Leipzig 1960, he played board two behind <mask>, having lost his title to Tal earlier that year, but he won the board two gold medal with 10½/13. He was back on board one for Varna 1962, scored 8/12, but failed to win a medal for the only time at an Olympiad. His final Olympiad was Tel Aviv 1964, where he won the bronze with 9/12, playing board 2 as he had lost his title to Petrosian. Overall, in six Olympiads, he scored 54½/73 for an outstanding
74.6 percent. <mask> also played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championship. At Oberhausen 1961, he scored 6/9 for the gold medal on board one.But at Hamburg 1965, he struggled on board two with only 3½/8. Both times the Soviet Union won the team gold medals. <mask> played one of the final events of his career at the Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World match in Belgrade 1970, scoring 2½/4 against Milan Matulović, as the USSR narrowly triumphed. Late career
After losing the world title for the final time, to Tigran Petrosian in Moscow in 1963, <mask> withdrew from the following World Championship cycle after FIDE declined, at its annual congress in 1965, to grant a losing champion the automatic right to a rematch. He remained involved with competitive chess, appearing in several highly rated tournaments and continuing to produce memorable games. He retired from competitive play in 1970, aged 59, preferring instead to occupy himself with the development of computer chess programs and to assist with the training of younger Soviet players, earning him the nickname of "Patriarch of the Soviet Chess School" (see below). Botvinnik's autobiography, K Dostizheniyu Tseli, was published in Russian in 1978, and in English translation as Achieving the Aim () in 1981.A staunch Communist, he was noticeably shaken by the collapse of the Soviet Union and lost some of his standing in Russian chess during the Boris Yeltsin era. In the 1980s <mask> proposed a computer program to manage the Soviet economy. However, his proposals did not receive significant attention from the Soviet government. During the last few years of his life he personally financed his economic computer project that he hoped would be used to manage the Russian economy. He kept actively working on the program until his death and financing the work from the money he made for the lectures and seminars he attended, despite prominent health problems. Botvinnik died of pancreatic cancer in May 1995. According to his daughter, Botvinnik remained active until the last few months of his life, and continued to go to work until March 1995 despite blindness in one of his eyes (and extremely poor vision in the other).Political controversies
The Soviet Union regarded chess as a symbol of Communist superiority, and hence the Soviet chess world was extremely politicized. As <mask> was the first world-class player produced by the Soviet Union, everything he said or did (or did not say or do) had political repercussions, and there were rumors that Soviet opponents were given hints that they should not beat him. David Bronstein wrote that Boris Verlinsky had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet Grandmaster title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (as distinct from the then-nonexistent FIDE grandmaster title). <mask> wrote that before the last round of the 1935 Moscow tournament, Soviet Commissar of Justice Nikolai Krylenko, who was also in charge of Soviet chess, proposed that Ilya Rabinovich should deliberately lose to Botvinnik, to ensure that Botvinnik took first place. Botvinnik refused, saying "... then I will myself put a piece en prise and resign". The game was drawn, and Botvinnik shared first place with Salo Flohr. Botvinnik sent an effusive telegram of thanks to Joseph Stalin after his victory at the great tournament in Nottingham in 1936.Botvinnik played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for fifth/sixth places, with 11½/19, two full points behind Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal. With World War II under way by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess practice for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation". This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. After a personal appeal to the defence minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, Botvinnik was exempted from war work for three days a week in order to concentrate on chess preparations. He won this tournament convincingly, and thus reclaimed his position as the USSR's top player. Bronstein claimed that at the end of the 1946 Groningen tournament, a few months after the death of reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine, Botvinnik personally invited Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, Max Euwe, Vasily Smyslov, and Paul Keres to join him in a tournament to decide the new world champion, but other evidence suggests that FIDE (the "governing body" of chess), had already proposed a World Championship tournament before the Groningen tournament began, and at this stage the Soviet Union was not a member and therefore took no part in framing that proposal. Since Keres lost his first four games against Botvinnik in the 1948 World Championship tournament, winning only in the final cycle after the outcome of the tournament had been decided, suspicions have sometimes been raised that Keres was forced to "throw" games to allow Botvinnik to win the Championship.Chess historian Taylor Kingston investigated all the available evidence and arguments, and concluded that: Soviet chess officials gave Keres strong hints that he should not hinder Botvinnik's attempt to win the World Championship; Botvinnik only discovered this about half-way through the tournament and protested so strongly that he angered Soviet officials; Keres probably did not deliberately lose games to Botvinnik or anyone else in the tournament. Bronstein insinuated that Soviet officials pressured him to lose in the 1951 world championship match so that Botvinnik would keep the title, but comments by Botvinnik's second, Salo Flohr, and Botvinnik's own annotations to the critical 23rd game indicate that Botvinnik knew of no such plot. In 1956, FIDE changed the world championship rules so that a defeated champion would have the right to a return match. Yuri Averbakh alleged that this was done at the urging of the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of Botvinnik. Averbakh also claims that Botvinnik's friends were behind FIDE's decision in 1956 to limit the number of players from the same country that could compete in the Candidates Tournament, and that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match. Botvinnik asked to be allowed to play in the 1956 Candidates Tournament, as he wanted to use the event as part

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