title: Panayiotis Vassilakis

texts:
<mask> (; 29 October 1925 – 9 August 2019), also known as Takis (), was a self-taught Greek artist known for his kinetic sculptures. He exhibited his artworks in Europe and the United States. Popular in France, his works can be found in public locations in and around Paris, as well as at the Athens-based Takis Foundation Research Center for the Arts and Sciences. Early life
Takis was born in 1925 in Athens. Because of the previous Greco-Turkish War, his family struggled financially. His childhood and teen years were also shadowed by war. World War II brought along the Axis Occupation of Greece which was in effect from 1941 until October 1944, and this was then followed by the Greek Civil War from 1946 to 1949.During these, Takis kept his focus on his artwork, although his family did not approve. Career
Takis' artistic career started when he was around 20 years old in a basement workshop. This is where he first became aware of the works of Picasso and Giacometti. He was intrigued by the long, exaggerated features that Giacometti would use in his sculptures. He created his first atelier with his childhood friends, and fellow artists, Minos Argyrakis and Raimondos, in Anakassa, Athens. His first sculptures were influenced by both Giacometti's elongated sculptures and the Greek sculptures that he grew up around. The first sculptures that he created were plaster busts and combinations of plaster and wrought iron.In 1952 he sculpted Quatre Soldats (The Four Soldiers). In 1954, Takis moved to Paris where he learned to forge, weld, and cast metal. While there, he created small sculptures inspired by early Greek Cycladic and Egyptian art. In Paris he also met artists like Yves Klein and Jean Tinguely who were experimenting with kinetic sculptures, which began to shift his interest from the static to the kinetic. Those two artists weren't the only influences on Takis' work in kinetics. Because of his nearly constant travel via train station, as well as his interest in the recently invented radar, Takis became fascinated with energies and things that cannot be seen, but are integral parts of our lives. In 1957, Takis was waiting at a train station and noticed how the lights and energies of the station melded together.This influenced the creation of a series of sculptures, Signaux (Signals). Signals are sculptures that are made of long thin metal rods that vibrate and bend as wind passes through them, similar to energy caught by radar transmitters. Takis saw these Signals as capturing the energies of the wind and sky. His first Signals were much more rigid than later creations in the same series. To show the distribution of energy, as well as provide a street show, Takis would put fireworks on the top of these sculptures. Later on, as the sculptures in the series gained more flexibility, the rods would bend and vibrate, and at times collide with each other, creating sounds that give the sense of chords and the melody of a harp. In the 21st century, the sculptures have sold for around €100,000.In 1958, Takis started to experiment with other energies not visible to the naked eye, particularly magnets. He explored the magnetic forces and energy of the magnetic fields, which became a foundation of his future works. He also had a child with English artist Sheila Fell in 1958. A year later, he created a piece that depicts a nail tied to a nylon string which is suspended in mid-air by the attraction of a magnet. This piece is the first of his télémagnétiques sculptures. It came to be known as Télésculpture. Takis also began a relationship with American artist Liliane Lijn this year.In 1960, Takis moved on from floating nails to a floating man. At the Iris Clert Gallery in Paris, Takis set up a series of magnets, and outfitted the South African poet, Sinclair Beiles, with a line of magnets on his belt. In the performance, Beiles read from his magnetic manifest: " I am a sculpture... There are more sculptures like me. The main difference is that they cannot talk... I would like to see all nuclear bombs on Earth turned into sculptures..." and he then "threw" himself into the air, and was briefly suspended by the magnetic field interacting between the different magnet sets. Takis continued to do experimental work with different energies in the world.Along with his work in magnetics, he also experimented with electricity, sound and light. With these new influences, he created Telepeintures (Telepaintings), Telelumieres (Telelights), Cadrans, and Musicals. While learning about these different energies and experimenting with them, he traveled often to the major artistic and metropolitan centers of the world. One such trip was in 1961, where he traveled to America and met his future friend, Marcel Duchamp. In 1966, Takis began to use his magnets to create art with sounds, as well as visuals. His installation Electro-Magnetic Musical is a series of white panels with guitar strings stretched across their width, and a long needle suspended in front of the strings. Each string is attached to an amplifier and an electro magnet is concealed behind each panel.The magnets cause the metal needles to sway back and forth, and at times hit a string which creates vibrations that are amplified and played through various speakers. These vibrations release sound waves that form mysterious and serene humming music. Takis likened the music to the sound of the natural forces of the cosmos. Two years later Takis moved to Massachusetts, where he received a researcher's scholarship at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Center of Advanced Visual Studies as a visiting researcher, and began creating the series of Sculptures électromagnétiques. He studied hydrodynamic energy here, and his invention, Sculpture hydromagnétique, is the result of his research at MIT. The liquid is suspended because of electromagnetic forces, and this energy inspired Sea Oscillation Hydrodynamics. Takis' second aspect in this work is inspired by "the perpetual moving bicycle wheel of Marcel Duchamp".In January 1969 during the exhibition The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age, at MOMA in New York City, Takis stormed into the museum and removed one of his Télésculptures which he claimed was being exhibited without his permission. The artist considered this action as a symbolic one, which would begin a better dialogue between museum directors, artists, and the public. Takis, along with other artists as well as art critics like Nicolas Calas, established the Art Workers Coalition group to defend the rights of artists. He inspired a group of people to start a chip company of the same name. In 1974, Takis returned to Paris and started creating his Erotic sculptures. He returned to Greece in 1986 where he established the Research Center for Art and the Sciences in Gerovouno, Attica, although its official inauguration wasn't until 1993. Even though he was known for his musical sculptures, they are not the only musical pieces made by Takis.Takis also provided musical curation for plays and performances, including when he collaborated with Costa Gavras for the film Section Spéciale (Special Court) in 1975, with Michael Cacoyannis for the play Electra of Sophocles in 1983, with Nam June Paik in 1979, with Joelle Léandre, with a dancer, Martha Zioga, for the performance titled "Ligne Paralléle Erotique" in 1986, and with Barbara Mayrothalassiti for "Isis Awakening" in 1990. He created scenery for these performances as well. In an interview published in the Tate catalogue, issued for the major retrospective held in Tate Modern in 2019, just one month before his death, Takis explains his role as one of demystification. "It’s only about revealing, in one way or another, the sensory vibrations or the interlacing potentials for energy that exist in the universe," he explains. "I think that’s the role of an artist, whether painter, sculptor or musician. ... I don’t think this energy should be considered as something abstract."Works

 1952 - Quatre Soldats
 1955 - Oedipus and Antigone, Sphinx and Eidolon
 1957 - Signaux
 1957 - Espaces Intérieurs, Plants
 1959 - Télésculpture
 1961 - Ballets Magnétiques, Télépeintures, Télélumieres
 1965 - First Sculptures Musicales
 1974 - First Espace Musical, Sculptures Erotiques
 1981 - 3 Totems - Espace Musical
 1990 - Signaux Lumineux

Performances and Exhibits

 1955 - First one-man show abroad: Figures of plaster and iron at the Hanover Gallery in London. 1956 - Participated in the First International Exhibition of the Plastic Arts. 1960 - Performance at the Iris Clert Gallery in Paris under the title The Impossible, A Man Within Space. 1961 - His Sculptures Télémagnétiques go on show at the Art Gallery of Alexandros Iolas in New York City
 1963: Takis created his first musical in collaboration with Earle Brown, entitled the "Sound of Void". It is exhibited one year later in Cordier-Ekstrom Gallery in New York City, in an exposition titled For Eyes and Ears. The Sound of Void is the predecessor of the Musical Sculpture. 1966: Cadrans.– Takis' Electro-musical relief at Indica Gallery in London. 1967: Participated in the Light and Motion exhibition at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. 1972: Retrospective at the Centre National d'Art Contemporain in Paris. 1973: Holland Festival Ballet: Takis's Light Signals and Sound Sculptures form the stage setting and inspire the choreography of Jaap Flier's dance group "Elkesis" of the Nederlands Dans Theater. – Théâtre de l'Odéon in Paris: Cacoyiannis directs the Vacantes while Takis composes the performance's music. 1974: The first Espace Musical goes on exhibition at the Kunstverein in Hanover. Takis composes the music for Costas Gavras' film Section spéciale.1977: Participates in Documenta VI at Kassel, exhibiting an Espace Musical
 1979: Performance with Charlemagne Palestine at the Musée Rath in Geneva. – Kölnischer Kunstverein, performance with Nam June Paik in Cologne inspired by Takis's Espace Musical. 1981: 3 totems – Espace Musical at the Forum of the Centre Georges Pompidou. 1983: Takis creates the music and the stage design for Sophocles' Electra directed by Michael Cacoyannis, in Epidaurus. 1984: Participates in the exhibition The Century of Kafka at the Centre Georges Pompidou. 1985: The Centre Georges Pompidou orders a Mur Magnétique for the entrance to the Galeries Contemporaines. – First prize at the Paris Biennale.1986: "Parallel Erotic Line": a performance with Joelle Leandre (musician) and Martha Zioga (dancer) at the Musée Rath, in Geneva. 1987: The defense public authority grants Takis the use of the largest space that has ever been given to any artist in the history of Paris: 3,500 m2 (26,840 sq ft) for a forest of 76 Signaux,  high. 1988: Wins the French Grand Prix for Sculpture. – Creates a signal for the Seoul Olympic park. – "Jocasta": performance and exhibition "Electra 88", in Stavros Mihalarias Art Center. Takis designs the costumes, composes the music, sets the scenery and directs the performance. 1990: Commissioned for Signaux lumineux for the Grande Arche de la Défense.– Takis's representative works at Galerie Xippas in Paris. – "Isidos Awakening": performance with Barbara Maurothalasiti. 1992: Transforms the Beauvais waterworks into a 65 m (211 feet) musical sculpture. 1993: Retrospective at the Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume. – Inauguration of K.E.T.E. in Athens. Five Aeolian Signals ornament UNESCO's garden.– The Minister of Greek Culture, Melina Mercouri, described them as "totems of the 21st century". – French Republic honors Takis with the special edition of a stamp depicting Takis' spiral. 1994: The Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume exhibition is shown at the School for Fine Arts in Athens. 1995: Takis is elected to represent Greece at the 46th Venice Biennale where he declares: "I am a citizen of the world" and "annuls" the Greek pavilion as a symbolic gesture of the annulment of frontiers in art; choosing to exhibit in the open space before the pavilion. 1999: The Attiko Metro authority commissions the creation of a work for the Syngrou Fix station in Athens. 2000: The Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art (MACBA) and the Hayward Gallery in London put Takis' artworks on show. – Takis exposes his "solar energy sculpture" in Delphi.2001: The European Parliament awards the "Research Center for the Art and the Sciences" an Honorary Plaque for its contribution to the field of renewable energy sources. – Takis donates three signals for the permanent collection of Centre Pompidou in Paris. The signals are placed in the terrace of the building in the 5th floor. Four years later, the picture of the three artworks is used for Centre Pompidou's Christmas card. – The Galerie Xippas exhibits Takis's artworks within the framework of manifestations for the Art Athina 2001 project. 2003: Takis participates in the exhibition Music Mirrors – History Conscience commissioned by the Company for the Creation of a New Building for the Greek Lyric Stage and Academy – "Maria Kallas". He offers a "musical" as a symbolic gesture for the New Greek Opera.– Takis's Ligne paralléle vibrative (1972) and Colonne magnétique (2003) are presented at Xippas gallery in Athens. – Exhibition at the European Cultural Center of Delphi: Takis participates with the Dedication to Apollo (study 1). 2004: The Musical Spheres are displayed in the Atomium's exposition en equilibre et en movement. – Takis new work the Music of Spheres: Musical Space 1 is shown in Larissa Contemporary Art Center in Greece. – Magnetic Walls, Aeolian Signals, Antigravity Spheres, and Musical Spheres are exhibited in one art show in Sicily (Galleria Credito Siciliano) and Milan (Galleria Gruppo). – The Olympic Games in Athens inspires Takis to exhibit his Olympic Spirals and Aeolian Signals in the National Glyptotheque as well as in the exhibition Athens by Art organized by the Athenian municipality. Takis's poster inspired by the Athens 2004 Games and commissioned by the Musée d'art contemporain du Val-de-Marne.– He puts out of use four of his Musicals exhibited in Athens by the Bonham's auction house. He arranges that these are not sold by auction in London. 2005: Solar Magnetic Fields exhibition at Stavros Mihalarias Art Center in Athens. 2015: "The Fourth Dimension" exhibition at The Menil Collection, Houston, TX – "Takis, Magnetic Fields", Solo exhibition at Palais de Tokyo, Paris, France
 2016: "The Signals and The Fourth Dimension" at Xippas Gallery, Geneva, Switzerland
2019: Takis retrospective at TATE Modern; the largest exhibition of Takis's work ever held in the UK, bringing together over 70 works. The exhibition, after Tate was presented in MACBA Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona and the Museum of Cycladic Art in Athens. 2020: Takis exhibition at White Cube in Hong Kong, marking the late artist's first exhibition in Asia. References

Notes

Other sources

Busch, Julia M.; A Decade of Sculpture: the New Media in the 1960s (The Art Alliance Press: Philadelphia)
Associated University Presses: London, (1974)

External links
 Update on his work

Greek contemporary artists
Greek sculptors
1925 births
2019 deaths
Artists from Athens


title: Helen Grant (politician)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (née Okuboye, 28 September 1961) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone and The Weald since 2010. A member of the Conservative Party, she succeeded Ann Widdecombe, who was first elected in 1997. <mask> was the first black woman of mixed heritage to be elected as a Conservative MP and selected as a candidate to stand for a Conservative-held parliamentary seat. She first served in government as jointly Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Women and Equalities (2012–2015) and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice (2012–2013). She also became Minister for Sport and Tourism in 2013, a post she held until after the 2015 general election. In January 2021, she was appointed as Special Envoy of UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson on Girls' Education. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Willesden, now in north London to an English mother and a Nigerian father, who was an orthopedic surgeon.She grew up in a single parent family after her parents separated and her father emigrated to the United States. She was raised in Carlisle where she lived on the city's Raffles council estate with her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother. In a 2010 interview she spoke fondly of her childhood, and the house in which she grew up. "I had happy memories in that house and it gave me a good start in life, [...] There was deprivation around, there was certainly need, there was some domestic violence and there were some fights. But my memory of the square where we lived is that there was pride in people." At St Aidan's County High School (since 2008 the Richard Rose Central Academy) she was captain of the school tennis and hockey teams, and represented Cumbria in hockey, tennis, athletics, and cross-country. She was also an under-16 judo champion for the north of England and southern Scotland.She studied law at the University of Hull, after which she planned to take specialist legal qualifications. When it appeared unlikely that her local education authority would fund a place at her preferred college, her local MP Willie Whitelaw championed her cause, and she took a place at the College of Law in Guildford. <mask> undertook her articles of clerkship at Cartmell, Mawson & Main solicitors in Carlisle, where she qualified as a solicitor. She then joined a legal practice in Wimbledon specialising in family law. She established her own practice, Grants Solicitors, in 1996, which also specialises in family law. She has subsequently said that as a practising lawyer she saw a 'huge amount' of domestic violence, and that it had a 'huge effect' on her subsequent Ministerial role. <mask> joined the Labour Party in 2004 and was asked by a senior local party figure to consider becoming a local councillor, but she rejected the idea.She offered the local party the use of her company's telephones in late 2004 prior to the 2005 general election. She claimed, however, they showed little interest, and that this left her feeling disillusioned with Labour. She joined the Conservatives in 2006, and later said of her membership of Labour: "It was almost looking in the biscuit barrel, not liking the look of the biscuits, and slamming the lid shut". <mask> was a non-executive director of the Croydon NHS Primary Care Trust from January 2005 to March 2007 before stepping down to concentrate on her political career. In 2006, <mask> worked with Iain Duncan Smith's Centre for Social Justice in the formation of Conservative policy to deal with family breakdown. <mask> was one of the authors of the Social Justice Policy Group Report 'State of the Nation – Fractured Families' published in December 2006, and the follow-up solutions report 'Breakthrough Britain' published in July 2007. Parliamentary career
<mask> applied to become a parliamentary candidate, and was approved as a candidate in May 2006.She was selected by the Conservative Party as the prospective candidate for Maidstone and The Weald in January 2008, as the candidate to succeed longstanding MP Ann Widdecombe who had announced that she would be stepping down at the next general election. She was the first black woman to be selected to defend a Conservative seat, which at the time had a majority of 15,000. She was selected as an A-List candidate and, although she was publicly supported by the sitting MP, Widdecombe criticised David Cameron's  policy of ensuring 50% of the Conservatives' A-list candidates were women—a policy thought to have helped <mask> win the nomination. This was quickly followed by revelations from a Sunday newspaper regarding her previous membership of Labour. <mask> was elected as the Conservative MP for Maidstone and The Weald at the 2010 general election on 6 May 2010, achieving a reduced majority of 5,889. Her election made her the Conservative Party's first black woman MP. In June 2010, she was elected to the Justice Select Committee, a House of Commons select committee which oversees the policy, administration, and spending of the UK's Ministry of Justice.On 4 September 2012, following a Government reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice, and Women and Equality. She has been described as the 'Minister for Victims' of crime, and states her role as to 'look after the interests of victims and witnesses of any crime, including domestic violence, sexual violence and rape.'. On 7 October 2013, <mask> was appointed Sports and Equalities minister succeeding Hugh Robertson. She is a former judo champion, and told The Independent newspaper that sport was "very much in my DNA". However, the following month when quizzed by her regional news television station ITV Meridian, she failed to answer a single question correctly on the subject. On 12 May 2015, following the general election, <mask> was removed from her position as Sports Minister and was replaced by her neighbouring MP and colleague Tracey Crouch. <mask> was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 EU membership  referendum.<mask> is the Parliamentary Chair for the Conservative Friends of the Commonwealth. Expenses controversy 2012
<mask> attracted controversy in November 2012 when an edition of the Channel 4 documentary series Dispatches  reported that she was according to published records claiming the full £1,666.67/month under MPs expenses – the maximum allowed within the IPSA rules – for a flat in London, when she has a home in Kingswood, Surrey, near Reigate. Kingswood  is located within a zone around London in which MPs cannot claim expenses for a London rental, but it is allowed in her case because she represents Maidstone and the Weald, which is outside the exclusion zone. At that time <mask> used a base bordering her constituency, where her mother lives and her son also lived while at school in Maidstone until 2013. IPSA confirmed that <mask> was entitled to a second-home allowance on Parliamentary expenses because her constituency was outside London, and her claim was within the rules. However, Labour MP John Mann, a long-standing campaigner on MPs' expenses, described the minister's actions as "outrageous" and a "farce":

However, Mann's comments were countered by the Reigate MP Crispin Blunt. He said: "<mask> has a substantial ministerial portfolio, constituents, a constituency and family responsibilities to manage.Her arrangements are not analogous to mine". "These are part of the trade-offs that MPs and ministers have to make all the time to try to meet all the competing demands on them. Frankly, I think this is a pretty cheap shot by Dispatches and I would hope you would be sympathetic to someone who has done a considerable public service, by moving from a successful professional service business into public service at significant expense to herself and her family". IPSA controversy
<mask> was also involved in controversy after the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority found that the standard employment contract template for the majority of her staff had been amended although her husband, who was also employed by her, remained on an unaltered contract. A member of staff requiring time off for a medical condition discovered their contract had been amended to offer only two weeks' sick pay rather than the IPSA contract standard of 26 weeks. <mask> initially refused to comment on the claim although the Ministry of Justice stated that the changes to contracts were an attempt to provide a "fairer deal" for taxpayers. IPSA stated that the contract should not have been changed.<mask>'s husband resigned from his position after it was revealed he remained on an unaltered contract, and had known about the discrepancy for two months without informing his wife. It was claimed that this was due to "oversight on his part rather than design" and he had not received any benefits from remaining on the unaltered contract. Personal life
<mask> met her husband, Simon, in 1990, and the couple, who married in 1991, have two sons, one of whom was serving in the Royal Marines in April 2013. They have a home in Kingswood, Surrey and in the constituency in Marden, Kent. References

External links
 <mask> Official website
 <mask> at Conservatives.com

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of The College of Law
Alumni of the University of Hull
Black British women politicians
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English people of Nigerian descent
English solicitors
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) people
Politicians from Carlisle, Cumbria
People from Willesden
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
21st-century British women politicians
People from Marden, Kent
People from Reigate and Banstead (district)
Black British MPs

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title: Shayne Graham

texts:
<mask> (born December 9, 1977) is an American football coach and former placekicker. <mask> played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech. He made his professional debut in May 2000 with the Richmond Speed of the Arena Football League's now-defunct developmental league, AF2. His first NFL contract was with the New Orleans Saints where he signed as an undrafted free agent in 2000. A journeyman most of his career, he played for 14 different NFL franchises over 9 seasons, excluding the 7 seasons he spent with the Cincinnati Bengals. With the Bengals, he made the Pro Bowl in 2005.In the latter part of his career, he was signed as an injury replacement or to provide competition during training camps for a number of teams. In 2018, <mask> was hired as a special teams intern at Michigan State University. Early years
<mask> attended Pulaski County High School in Dublin, Virginia, graduating in 1996. He holds many of the school's kicking records including most field goals in career (28, from 1992–1995), most field goals in a season (15, 1995), and longest field goal, a 54-yarder against Anacostia in 1995. College career
<mask> played college football at Virginia Tech and was named to the first-team All-Big East Conference in all four seasons. In 1999, as a senior, <mask> earned Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after leading the conference and breaking the school's single-season scoring record with 107 points on 56-of-57 extra points and 17-of-22 field goals. He was 68-of-93 (73.1%) in field goals for his Virginia Tech career and set a Virginia Tech and Big East record with 97 consecutive successful extra points.He left Virginia Tech as the all-time scoring leader in school history and Big East history with 371 points. His contributions at Tech led to his induction in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. Professional career

Richmond Speed
Following a tryout with the Cleveland Browns, it was announced in May 2000, that <mask> would play in two games for the Richmond Speed of the AF2, and that he would use the time to practice for a future NFL tryout with the Tennessee Titans. As it turned out <mask> played in only one game for the Speed, a 60 - 21 loss against the Arkansas Twisters on May 26, 2000. During the game, he missed two field goals, from 36 and 44-yards, and two of three extra points. After the game, <mask> told the Roanoke Times: "It was a big adjustment. In the arena game, the holder puts the ball down, then the kicker starts forward.I've always been accustomed to starting with the snap. My rhythm was all messed up." <mask> left the team and was replaced by special teams coach Dave DeArmas, who unretired and played in the following week's game against the Jacksonville Tomcats. New Orleans Saints
After going undrafted in the 2000 NFL Draft, <mask> signed with the New Orleans Saints on June 30, 2000. <mask> was 1-for-1 on extra points and did not attempt a field goal during the preseason. He was waived on August 22, 2000. Seattle Seahawks
<mask> was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on April 27, 2001.He was 6-for-6 on extra points in the preseason but had his only field goal attempt blocked. He was waived on September 2, 2001. On October 30, 2001, <mask> was invited back for a tryout after kicker Rian Lindell missed two field goals in a 24–20 loss to the Miami Dolphins. <mask> did not get a contract and Lindell was retained as the Seahawks' kicker for the remainder of the 2001 season. Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills signed <mask> on November 27, 2001 to replace rookie kicker Jake Arians; Arians had missed several key field goals and a crucial extra point over the course of the season. <mask> played in the Bills' final six games, going 6-for-8 on field goals. He was released on April 23, 2002 and replaced by Mike Hollis.Seattle Seahawks (second stint)
<mask> was re-signed by the Seahawks on May 13, 2002. He began training camp with Seattle before being waived on August 13, 2002. Carolina Panthers
<mask> signed with the Carolina Panthers on September 28, 2002, after an injury to veteran John Kasay. Originally, Jon Hilbert replaced Kasay; however, after missing two field goals during the Week 3 game versus the Minnesota Vikings, Hilbert was replaced by <mask>. The following week, in a game against the Green Bay Packers and after being on the team for only two days, <mask> missed a 24-yard field goal inches to the right with 13 seconds remaining that would have tied the score. The Panthers ended up losing the game 17–14. In total he played in 11 of the Panthers' final 13 games, leading the team in scoring with 60 points.He was 13-of-18 on field goals and averaged 66 yards on his five kickoffs. After spending the 2003 preseason with Carolina, <mask> was waived on August 31, right before the season began. Cincinnati Bengals
The Cincinnati Bengals claimed <mask> off waivers on September 1, 2003. With the Bengals in 2003, <mask> played in all 16 games and set a franchise record by making 88% (22-of-25) of his field goals. In the following offseason, <mask> was tendered a restricted free agent offer sheet by the Jacksonville Jaguars, but the offer was matched by the Bengals. In 2004, <mask> narrowly missed matching his previous season's accuracy mark, finishing the year 27-of-31 (87.1%) on field goals. In 2005, <mask> made 28-of-32 field goals (87.5%), scored a franchise record 131 points, was selected to be the kicker for the AFC Pro Bowl squad, and helped the Bengals record their first winning season since 1990.<mask> was the first kicker in franchise history ever to be selected to play in a Pro Bowl. In 2005, <mask> set the NFL record for tackles by a kicker with 11 combined (7 plus 4 assists.) In 2006, <mask> finished fourth in the AFC with 115 points and was 25-of-30 (83.3%) on field goals on the season. In 2007, <mask> missed his first field goal attempt of the season (a 53-yard attempt). But after that, he set a Bengals record by kicking 21 consecutive field goals without a miss over the season's first 10 games. This included a game against the Baltimore Ravens where he set a franchise record by kicking 7 field goals (the second highest total in NFL history). His streak came to an end when he missed a 26-yard attempt in Week 12.By the end of the season, <mask> set new franchise records for field goals in a season (31) and field goal percentage (91.2). <mask> finished the 2008 season with an 87.5 field goal percentage, going 21-of-24. In 2009, <mask> went 23-of-28 in the regular season, his lowest percentage — 82.1 — in his Bengals career. In the Wild Card playoffs on January 9, 2010, <mask> missed two field goals in the Bengals' 24–14 loss to the New York Jets, including a 28-yard attempt that would have cut the score to 24–17 late in the fourth quarter. After the game, Marvin Lewis commented on <mask>'s missed field goals stating "It is a shame, and it killed us. Unfortunately kicking is mostly a one-man operation. I know Shayne feels worse about it than anyone.Those points obviously make a big difference." He was not re-signed as an unrestricted free agent following the 2009 season. Baltimore Ravens
In June 2010, <mask> signed a 1-year-deal with the Baltimore Ravens worth up to $2.5 million. <mask> was released during final cuts before the season started in favor of Billy Cundiff. New York Giants
On October 16, 2010, the New York Giants signed <mask> due to an injury to kicker Lawrence Tynes. <mask> only played in one game for the Giants and did not attempt a field goal. He did, however, make all four of his extra point attempts.On October 18, 2010, just two days after being signed, the Giants released <mask>. New England Patriots
On November 10, 2010, the New England Patriots signed <mask> after an injury to kicker Stephen Gostkowski. In his first game, in Week 10 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> was 2-for-2 on field goals but missed one of four extra point attempts on the night. In eight games, <mask> finished the 2010 season 12-for-12 on field goals, and 35-for-37 on extra points. In the playoffs, <mask> was 2-for-2 in the Patriots loss to the Jets. Washington Redskins
On August 1, 2011, the Washington Redskins signed <mask> to provide training camp competition for <mask>. After missing two field goals in a pre-season game, <mask> was released.Dallas Cowboys
On August 23, 2011, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> due to a hip injury to David Buehler, but did not make the roster after being passed on the depth chart by rookie Dan Bailey. Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed <mask> on November 19, 2011, after an injury to Dan Carpenter. <mask> was waived November 30. Baltimore Ravens (second stint)
The Baltimore Ravens signed <mask> on December 21, 2011 to back up Billy Cundiff, who had a calf injury throughout most of December. He made both field goal attempts and both extra point attempts in his short stint with the team. <mask> was released on January 3. Houston Texans
The Texans signed <mask> on May 7, 2012, to battle rookie Randy Bullock for the position.In August, <mask> was named the team's kicker after Bullock went on injured reserve. On January 13, 2013, <mask> set his career longest field goal after he made a 55-yard field goal against the New England Patriots in the divisional round of the playoffs. Cleveland Browns
On April 15, 2013, the Cleveland Browns signed <mask> to replace Phil Dawson who left as a free agent. On August 31, 2013, he was surprisingly released, even after making all of his pre-season attempts, leaving the Browns with no kicker on the roster days before the season began. Pittsburgh Steelers
On September 9, 2013, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> due to a hamstring injury to Shaun Suisham. <mask> was on the roster for one game, but was inactive due to Suisham's ability to play through his injury. Since he was not needed, <mask> was released by the Steelers on September 17.New Orleans Saints (second stint)
<mask> was re-signed by the Saints on December 17, 2013 to replace Garrett Hartley. Hartley had been cut from the Saints after he had struggled in the 2012 and 2013 seasons and the final straw came when he missed two close range field goals in a game against the St. Louis Rams. On January 4, 2014 <mask> went 4 for 4 including a 32-yard game winner as time expired to propel the Saints past the Philadelphia Eagles in the Wild Card round of the 2014 playoffs. However, the following week during the Divisional Round game he missed two field goals versus the Seattle Seahawks. On his first miss, from 45-yards, holder (and backup quarterback) Luke McCown had the laces facing the wrong way. Strong winds also contributed to his poor performance. On February 14, 2014, the Saints re-signed <mask> to a new one-year contract with a base salary of $955,000.In a surprise move, <mask> along with kicker Derek Dimke were released as part of the final roster cuts on August 30, 2014, leaving the Saints with no kickers on their roster after the reduction to 53-players. A few days later on September 2, 2014, it was announced that the Saints had waived quarterback Ryan Griffin to make room for the re-signing of <mask> to their 53-man roster. <mask> was selected as NFC special teams player of the month for October 2014, for making all nine field goals and all nine extra points he tried during the month. He also scored 14 points during the October 26, 2014 victory over the Packers. After <mask> missed a 42-yard field goal during the Saints' loss to the Carolina Panthers on  December 7, 2014, the Saints tried out kickers Garrett Hartley, Derek Dimke and Zach Hocker on December 10, 2014. However, in the end the Saints decided to stick with <mask> as their kicker. On February 12, 2015, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year deal with the Saints.He was released on May 19, 2015. Atlanta Falcons
On November 26, 2015, <mask> signed with the Atlanta Falcons as a replacement kicker, after Matt Bryant injured his leg. On August 20, 2016, <mask> was re-signed by the Falcons. On September 3, 2016, <mask> was released by the Falcons. Retirement
On February 6, 2017, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 39 to pursue jobs as a special teams coach. <mask> signed an unofficial ceremonial contract on February 21, 2017 to retire as a Bengal. Coaching career

Central Michigan
In March 2017, <mask> was hired as a special teams coach at Central Michigan University

Michigan State
In June 2018, <mask> was hired at Michigan State University as a special teams intern.Florida
<mask> was hired at the University of Florida in 2020 as a special teams quality control coach. NFL career statistics

Bengals franchise records
 Most field goals in a season (31)
 Most field goals in a game (7)
 Highest field goal percentage in a season (91.2)
 Highest field goal percentage in a career (86.8)

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
Cincinnati Bengals bio
Houston Texans bio
New Orleans Saints bio

1977 births
Living people
People from Blacksburg, Virginia
People from Dublin, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
American football placekickers
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Richmond Speed players
New Orleans Saints players
Seattle Seahawks players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Baltimore Ravens players
New York Giants players
New England Patriots players
Washington Redskins players
Dallas Cowboys players
Miami Dolphins players
Houston Texans players
Cleveland Browns players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Atlanta Falcons players
People from Radford, Virginia
Michigan State Spartans football coaches

masks:
Michael Shayne Graham
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title: Bob Henriques

texts:
<mask> (1930–2011) was an American photojournalist who was active in the 1950s and early 1960s. He was an Associate of Magnum Photos, and a free-lance photographer for Life Magazine. He is best known for his photos of movie stars, particularly Marilyn Monroe, the civil rights movement of the early 1960s, and the Cuban Revolution. Photojournalism career
As early as 1950, when he was only 20 years old, <mask> began selling pictures of New York City street scenes, and Coney Island amusements. On Election Day 1952 he photographed Dwight D. Eisenhower as he won the U.S. Presidency from Adlai Stevenson. In this early commercial work he was associated with PIX Publishing, a photo agency. These photos are still available for sale from Getty Images.He affiliated with Magnum Photos in 1954. Movie photography
In 1954 <mask> began working on the set of The Seven Year Itch which was filming in New York City. He developed a relationship with Marilyn Monroe who allowed him to photograph her in both formal and casual settings. Due to Monroe's worldwide popularity, these photos are among the most recognizable images that Henriques ever captured. <mask> not only photographed her on location, but also at Yankee Stadium, Ebbets Field, at social functions, and in her apartment in New York. The relationship lasted well beyond the filming, and <mask> photographed Monroe as late as the premier of Some Like It Hot in 1959. In September 1959 Henriques covered Nikita Khrushchev's visit to the United States.This included a trip to Hollywood, where Khrushchev visited the set of Can-Can. <mask> captured an image of Shirley MacLaine caressing Khrushchev on the forehead. <mask> was also accredited to cover Khrushchev's visit with President Eisenhower at Camp David and he captured images of the two leaders in vigorous conversation. In 1961 <mask> worked on the set of Long Day's Journey Into Night which was filming in New York City. This effort produced a number of notable pictures of Katharine Hepburn, including her portrait in Life magazine. Civil rights photography

On May 17, 1957 Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke to a crowd of more than 22,000 people from the front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. This event was known as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom.<mask> was on the podium, behind King, as he delivered his "Give Us The Ballot" speech to what was then the largest civil rights audience ever assembled in America. The images he captured at this event are among his most widely published. One of them was chosen for the inside front cover of Life Magazine's fiftieth anniversary tribute to King in 2018. In 2020 Magnum produced "Solidarity", a special print sale to benefit the NAACP and one of <mask>' photos from the Prayer Pilgrimage was part of the collection. <mask> photographed Malcolm X during a civil rights protest in New York City in 1963. One of these photos was published by Essence in a 2020 reconsideration of Malcolm X's legacy on the fifty-fifth anniversary of his assassination. Cuban revolution

<mask> and fellow Magnum photographer Burt Glinn arrived in Cuba just as Fidel Castro's forces closed in on Havana in January 1959.They shared a car out of Havana to make contact with the approaching rebels and documented their rise to power. Henriques captured images of a cigar-chomping Castro, his first press conference as prime minister, and pitching at a baseball game. His photo of Castro and his supporters led a 1963 New York Times Magazine essay on Cuba by Senator George McGovern. <mask> returned to Cuba in 1961 to cover the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion. He captured several images of Fidel Castro inspecting wreckage on the battlefield. He also reported on the Castro government's literacy program. He maintained relations with sources in Cuba and was interviewed by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1964 regarding the Movimiento Democrata Cristiano, an anti-Castro organization on the island.Other projects
<mask> is credited with several record album cover photos:

 Soliloquy by Erroll Garner released in 1957
 Drums of Passion by Olatunji! released in 1960
 The Brothers Four by The Brothers Four released in 1960
 Brubeck on Campus by The Dave Brubeck Quartet released in 1972
 Bossa Nova U.S.A. by The Dave Brubeck Quartet released in 1963. <mask>' cover art is a shot from above of Dave Brubeck lying across the front seat of a convertible. His photos have appeared in several books including:

 Marilyn by Magnum, by Gerry Badger
 The Fifties: Photographs of America, by Eve Arnold
 Marilyn: A Biography, by Norman Mailer
Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and those Who Died in the Struggle, by Sara Bullard
All The People: Since 1945, by Joy Hakim
Dance For Export, by Naima Prevots
Che Guevara, by David Sandison

<mask>' photographed a number of important political figures. His portrait of Senator Robert F. Kennedy appeared on the inside front cover of Life Magazine's Robert F. Kennedy, An American Legacy published in 2018 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the assassination. He photographed then Senator John F. Kennedy campaigning for the presidency in 1960. His work for Life Magazine included photos for articles on corruption in New York State, gangs in New York City, an abortive effort by the Cuban government to overthrow dictator Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and organized crime in the United States.He photographed a number of other notables for other projects including authors Margaret Case Harriman, Jay Richard Kennedy, and Cameron Hawley, evangelist Billy Graham, Mohawk activist Kahn-Tineta Horn, and  Marian Javits. Fine-art shows
While his focus was photojournalism, <mask>' work has been recognized as fine art and been exhibited in a number of museum shows. Among those were:

 "Life as Legend" a Marilyn Monroe retrospective that appeared at the Boca Raton Museum of Art and the Dayton Art Institute in 2007
 "Marilyn: Legende, Mythos und Ikone" at the Kunsthaus in Hamburg, Germany in 2006
"50 años sin Marilyn" at the University of Huelva, in Huelva, Spain in 2012
"I Wanna be Loved by You: Photographs of Marilyn Monroe" at the Bass Museum of Art in Miami Beach in 2006
 "Protest!" a selection of Magnum photographs of protest at the Milk Gallery in New York in 2017
 "Magnum Style" at the Staley-Wise Gallery in 2004
 In 2009 his work was included in an exhibition at the Magnum Print Room in London to consider the fiftieth anniversary of the Cuban revolution
"Planet Football" at the Cinémathèque québécoise in Montreal
A box of <mask>' photos is part of the Magnum Photos, Inc. archive housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Personal life
<mask> was born in New York City, New York on February 1, 1930. He was the only child of Granville and <mask>, who were immigrants from Jamaica. During his years as a photojournalist he lived in New York City.He was married to Marjorie Eulalee <mask> in 1965. She was born on January 24, 1935 in Jamaica and naturalized as an American citizen in 1990. She died on June 4, 2008 in Homestead, Florida. <mask> gave up photojournalism in the mid-1960s. He went on to run a candle manufacturing business in Jamaica, but lived in Homestead, Florida. He died there in 2011. He was the godfather of American author Kyle Roderick.References

External links
Henriques interviewed about Marilyn Monroe

1930 births
2011 deaths
American photojournalists
Magnum photographers
People from Homestead, Florida

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title: Gene Deitch

texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1924 – April 16, 2020) was an American illustrator, animator, comics artist, and film director who was based in Prague from the 1960s until his death in 2020. <mask> was known for creating animated cartoons such as Munro, Tom Terrific, and Nudnik, as well as his work on the Popeye and Tom and Jerry series. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago on August 8, 1924, the son of salesman <mask> and <mask>. In 1929, the family moved to California, and <mask> attended school in Hollywood. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1942. Early career
After graduating, <mask> began working for North American Aviation, drawing aircraft blueprints. In 1943, he was drafted and underwent pilot training before catching pneumonia and was honorably discharged in May of the following year.From 1940 to 1951, <mask> contributed covers and interior art to the jazz magazine The Record Changer. In the 1950s, <mask> was an early supporter and audio engineer for Connie Converse, one of the first American singer-songwriters. Converse appeared once on CBS television due in part to <mask>'s connections with the network, but otherwise found little success and eventually abandoned music only to be rediscovered decades later, through recordings <mask> had made of her music in 1954. Animation career
In 1955, <mask> took an apprenticeship at the animation studio United Productions of America (UPA), and later became the creative director of Terrytoons, creating such characters as Sidney the Elephant, Gaston Le Crayon, Tom Terrific, and Clint Clobber. Beginning in 1955, while working at UPA, <mask> wrote and drew the United Feature Syndicate comic strip The Real-Great Adventures of Terr’ble Thompson!, Hero of History, starring a courageous child in fantastical adventures. A skit about Terr'ble Thompson had been recorded by Little Golden Records, with actor Art Carney and bandleader Mitch Miller participating. That led to the daily strip, which ran from Sunday, October 16, 1955, to April 14, 1956.In early 1958, his theatrical cartoon Sidney's Family Tree was nominated for an Academy Award. In August 1958, he was fired from Terrytoons and set up his own studio in New York called Gene Deitch Associates, Inc., which primarily produced television commercials. When client Rembrandt Films promised to fund Munro, an animated theatrical short <mask> wanted to create, <mask> relocated to the company's base in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in October 1959. He originally planned to spend only ten days in Prague, but after meeting his future wife, Zdenka, decided to settle permanently in the city. Munro premiered in Czechoslovakia in September 1960 and in the U.S. on October 5, 1961, as a short preceding Breakfast at Tiffany's. It won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1961, the first short created outside of the United States to be so honored. Munro was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2004.From 1960 to 1963, <mask> collaborated with Rembrandt to direct Popeye cartoons for television with King Features, and from 1961 to 1962 he directed 13 new Tom and Jerry shorts for MGM. Being a "UPA man", <mask> had misgivings about the latter property, thinking they were "needlessly violent". However, after being assigned to work on the series, he quickly realized that "nobody took [the violence] seriously", and it was merely "a parody of exaggerated human emotions". He also came to see what he perceived as the "biblical roots" in Tom and Jerry's conflict, similar to David and Goliath, stating "That's where we feel a connection to these cartoons: the little guy can win (or at least survive) to fight another day." Contemporary critics often regarded <mask>'s shorts as the worst in the Tom and Jerry series; <mask> said some fans wrote positive letters to him, stating that his Tom and Jerry shorts were their personal favorites. With producer William L. Snyder, <mask> co-produced and directed a series of TV shorts of Krazy Kat for King Features from 1962 to 1964. The Bluffers, which was based on one of <mask>'s ideas, was also co-produced by him.He directed the 1966 film Alice of Wonderland in Paris. In 1966, he worked with Czech animator Jiří Trnka on a feature-length animated film adaptation of The Hobbit. However, producer William L. Snyder couldn't secure the funds, and in order to not let the rights for the novel expire, he asked <mask> to produce a short film adaptation in 30 days. <mask> and illustrator Adolf Born made a 13-minute animated film never intended for distribution; the film was long considered lost until it was rediscovered by Snyder's son and released on YouTube in 2012. Also in 1966, <mask> created a young girl adventurer in Terr'ble Tessie. From 1969 until his retirement in 2008, <mask> was the leading animation director for the Connecticut organization Weston Woods Studios, adapting children's picture books. <mask> Hoff in 1969 to Voyage to the Bunny Planet in 2008.His studio was located in Prague near the Barrandov Studios, where many major films were shot. In 2003, <mask>ay Award by ASIFA-Hollywood for a lifetime contribution to the art of animation. Personal life and death
<mask> met his first wife, Marie, when they both worked at North American Aviation, and they married in 1943. Their three sons, Kim, Simon, and <mask>, are artists and writers for underground and alternative comics. Several days after arriving in Prague in October 1959, <mask> met Zdenka Najmanová, the production manager at the studio Bratři v triku where he worked. They married in 1964. <mask>'s memoir, For the Love of Prague, is based on his experience of being what he called "the only free American living and working in Prague during 30 years of the Communist Party dictatorship".According to <mask>, although he was followed by the StB and his phone was tapped, he was never aware of their presence and was never interrogated nor arrested. <mask> died in Prague on April 16, 2020, at the age of 95. Shortly before his death, <mask> had noted intestinal problems. References

Further reading
 Kevin Scott Collier. The Amazing Transformations of Tom Terrific. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017 Abc Marker manager. External links
  Archived from the original on August 1, 2015,
 <mask> Credits (additional official site) Archived from the original on September 22, 2015.Includes biographical sidebar by <mask>. (Online instructional course)

1924 births
2020 deaths
Animators from Illinois
Film producers from Illinois
Artists from Chicago
Terrytoons people
American expatriates in the Czech Republic
Artists from Prague
Entertainers from Prague
American expatriates in Czechoslovakia
Film directors from Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
Jewish American artists
Inkpot Award winners
Rembrandt Films
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
21st-century American Jews

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title: Rui Penha

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<mask> (Porto, October 16, 1981 - Porto, is a Portuguese musician, composer, and conductor. Life
<mask> received his first musical education at the age of six, studying piano and harpsichord. In 2006, he graduated in Music Education and Composition from the University of Aveiro, where he studied under Sara Carvalho and João Pedro Oliveira. He has also studied with Emmanuel Nunes, Pedro Amaral, Brian Ferneyhough, Helmut Lachenmann, Louis Andriessen, Martijn Padding, Flo Menezes and Mary Finsterer, among others, participating actively in several Workshops and Master Classes. In 2007, he began his doctoral research under João Pedro Oliveira, with a scholarship from the University of Aveiro. Studies

<mask> studied conducting with Ralph Allwood, Mike Brewer, Péter Erdei and Jean-Sébastien Béreau, among others. He was the conductor of the contemporary ensemble Momentum Ensemble, with whom he premièred and recorded works of some of Portugal’s foremost composers.As a performer, he is now mainly an interpreter of live electroacoustic music, both as a soloist and in chamber music. Career

<mask> was awarded some prizes, including the 1st prize in the Prémio Nacional de Composição Jorge Peixinho, in 2003, and an honorable mention in the Concurso de Composição Música Viva, in 2004. He was selected for the Workshop Orquestra Gulbenkian para Jovens Compositores Portugueses, in 2004 and 2005, and for the Young Composers’ Meeting 2007, in the Netherlands. <mask> has composed music for cinema, institutional television, radio and interactive installations. He has been invited as a speaker in several conferences and as active participant in some international symposiums, being also a programmer of musical software. He was awarded a mention for the whole of the pedagogical work in the Lomus 2008 – International Music Software Contest. His works have been played in several countries, by some foremost groups, as the Arditti Quartet, Orquestra Gulbenkian and Orkest ‘de ereprijs’, and soloists, as Pedro Carneiro and Adam Wodnicki, in some important festivals, as Música Viva (Lisbon), Archipel (Geneve) and Musincanto (Turin).Some of his works have been published, both in scores and CDs. He teaches at the Department of Communication and Art of the University of Aveiro and he is also a consultant of the Education Service at Casa da Música (Porto). Publications

Discography

<mask>, R. (2010) «obra com título longo*» (performed by Performa Ensemble), Momentum, Phonedition: track 6

<mask>, R. (2010) «Perspective» (performed by Arditti Quartet and Pedro Carneiro), Spiral of Light: Portuguese Music for Strings and Marimba, etcetera records: tracks 6-9

<mask>, R. (2008) «Calcinatio» (performed by Momentum Ensemble), Música Contemporânea, Numérica: track 4

<mask>, R. (2005) «Calcinatio» (performed by Momentum Ensemble), Águas furtadas – Literatura, Música e Artes Visuais, 8: track 4

Scores

<mask>, R. (2005) «Calcinatio», Águas furtadas – Literatura, Música e Artes Visuais, 8: 290-305

Penha, R. (2003) dhamara agni. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro

Magazine Articles

<mask>, R. (2009) “Digitópia @ Future Places 2008″, I am a Future Place, Future Places 2008 Festival Proceedings, Porto. <mask>, R. (2008) “Narrativas Sonoras | Políssonos | Digitópia”, EASI – Revista Annual de Som e Imagem, Escola de Artes da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto. Papers in Conferences

Penha, R. and Rodrigues, P. (2011) “Live electroacoustic music performance in the contemporary classical realm”, Proceedings of Performa 2011, Aveiro. Gehlhaar, R., Rodrigues, P., Girão, L. and Penha, R. (2010) “Instruments for Everyone”, Proceedings of Digital Resources for the Humanities and Arts 2010, London.<mask>, R. (2009) “Towards a free, open source and cross-platform software suite for approaching music and sound design”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. <mask>, R., Lopes, F., Peixoto, N., Miguel, D., Branco, J., Gomes, J. A. and Rodrigues, P. M. (2009) “Developing musical skills at Digitópia”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. Rodrigues, P. M., Lopes, F., Almeida, A. P., Peixoto, N., Mónica, M., Branco, J., Neto, P. J., Gomes, J. A., and <mask>, R. (2009) “How Computers shape Educational Activities at Casa da Música”, Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education, Lisboa. <mask>, R., Rodrigues, P. M., Gouyon, F., Martins, L. G., Guedes, C. and Barbosa, A. (2008) “Digitópia – Platform for the Development of Digital Music Communities”, Proceedings of Digital Resources for the Humanities and Arts 2008, Cambridge.<mask>, R. (2008) “Distance encoding in Ambisonics using three angular coordinates”, Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference 2008, Berlin. <mask>, R., Rodrigues, P. M., Gouyon, F., Martins, L. G., Guedes, C. and Barbosa, A. (2008) “Studio Report: Digitópia at Casa da Música”, Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 2008, Belfast. Pereira, F., Reis, J., <mask>, R., Leal, N. & Ramos, I. (2006) Criatividade Musical e Novas Tecnologias. In: Pereira, M., Alegre, M. & Pereira, M. (eds.).Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada 2005/2006 – Encontro de Formação, Troca de Experiências. Centro Integrado de Formação de Professores, Aveiro.

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title: Sophia of Prussia

texts:
<mask> of Prussia (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice, ; 14 June 1870 – 13 January 1932) was Queen consort of the Hellenes during 1913–1917 and 1920–1922. A member of the House of Hohenzollern and child of Frederick III, German Emperor, <mask> received a liberal and anglophile education, under the supervision of her mother Victoria, Princess Royal. In 1889, less than a year after the death of her father, she married her third cousin Constantine, heir apparent to the Greek throne. After a difficult period of adaptation in her new country, <mask> gave birth to six children and became involved in the assistance to the poor, following in the footsteps of her mother-in-law, Queen Olga. However, it was during the wars which Greece faced during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that <mask> showed the most social activity: she founded field hospitals, oversaw the training of Greek nurses, and treated wounded soldiers. However, <mask> was hardly rewarded for her actions, even after her grandmother Queen Victoria decorated her with the Royal Red Cross after the Thirty Days' War: the Greeks criticized her links with Germany. Her brother Emperor William II was indeed an ally of the Ottoman Empire and openly opposed the construction of the Megali Idea, which could establish a Greek state that would encompass all ethnic Greek-inhabited areas.During World War I, the blood ties between <mask> and the German Emperor also aroused the suspicion of the Triple Entente, which criticized Constantine I for his neutrality in the conflict. After imposing a blockade of Greece and supporting the rebel government of Eleftherios Venizelos, causing the National Schism, France and its allies deposed Constantine I in June 1917. <mask> and her family then went into exile in Switzerland, while the second son of the royal couple replaced his father on the throne under the name of Alexander I. At the same time, Greece entered the war alongside the Triple Entente, which allowed it to grow considerably. After the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in 1919 and the untimely death of Alexander I the following year, the Venizelists abandoned power, allowing the royal family's return to Athens. The defeat of the Greek army against the Turkish troops of Mustafa Kemal, however, forced Constantine I to abdicate in favor of his eldest son George II in 1922. <mask> and her family then were forced to a new exile, and settled in Italy, where Constantine died one year later (1923).With the proclamation of the Republic in Athens (1924), she spent her last years alongside her family and died of cancer in Germany in 1932. Life

Princess of Prussia and Germany

Birth in a difficult context

Princess Sophie was born in the Neues Palais in Potsdam, Prussia on 14 June 1870. Her father, Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, and her mother, Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (herself the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort) were already the parents of a large family and as the penultimate child, Sophie was eleven years younger than her eldest brother, the future Emperor William II of Germany. Frederick William and Victoria were a close couple, both on sentimental and political levels. Being staunch liberals, they lived away from the Berlin court and suffered the intrigues of a very conservative Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and members of the House of Hohenzollern. A week after Sophie's birth, a case relating to succession to the throne of Spain damaged the Franco-Prussian relations. The tone between Paris and Berlin worsened even further after Bismarck published the humiliating Ems Telegram on 13 July 1870.Six days later, the government of Napoleon III declared war on Prussia and the states of the German Confederation offered support to Prussia, which then appeared as the victim of French imperialism. It was in this difficult context that Sophie was christened the following month, though all the men present were in uniform, as France had declared war on Prussia. Sophie's mother described the event to Queen Victoria: "The Christening went off well, but was sad and serious; anxious faces and tearful eyes, and a gloom and foreshadowing of all the misery in store spread a cloud over the ceremony, which should have been one of gladness and thanksgiving". However, the conflict lasted only a few months and even led to a brilliant German victory, leading to the proclamation of Sophie's grandfather King William I of Prussia as the first German Emperor on 18 January 1871. Anglophile education

Sophie was known as "Sossy" during her childhood (the name was thought to have been picked because it rhymed with "Mossy", the nickname of her younger sister Margaret). The children of the Crown Princely couple became grouped into two by age: William, Charlotte, and Henry who were favored by their paternal grandparents, while Viktoria, Sophie and Margaret were largely ignored by them. Sophie's two other brothers, Sigismund and Waldemar, died at a young age (Sigismund died before she was born, and Waldemar when he was 11 and she was 8); this drew the Crown Princess and her three younger daughters closer together, calling them "my three sweet girls" and "my trio".The Crown Princess, believing in the superiority of all things English, had her children's nurseries modeled on her childhood. Sophie was raised with a great love for England and all things associated with it as a result, and had frequent trips to visit her grandmother Queen Victoria, whom she loved. Sophie often stayed in England for long periods, especially on the Isle of Wight, where she liked to collect shells with her older siblings. Because she was generally avoided by her paternal grandparents, Sophie's formative years were mainly shaped by her parents and her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria. As a little girl she was so deeply attached to the old British sovereign that the Crown Princess did not hesitate to leave her daughter for long periods under the care of her grandmother. In Germany, Sophie largely stayed with her parents at two main residences: the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin, and the Neues Palais in Potsdam. Like her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she was particularly close to her parents and their relationship became even closer after the death, in 1879, of Waldemar, the favorite son of the Crown Princely couple.Meeting and engagement with Constantine

In 1884, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece ("Tino") was sixteen and his majority was declared by the government. He then received the title of Duke of Sparta and Diadochos (διάδοχος / diádokhos, which means, "heir to the throne"). Soon after, the young man completed his military training in Germany, where he spent two full years in the company of a tutor, Dr. Lüders. He served in the Prussian Guard, took lessons of riding in Hanover and studied Political science at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig. After a long stay in England celebrating her grandmother's Golden Jubilee, Sophie became better acquainted with Constantine in the summer of 1887. The Queen watched their growing relationship, writing "Is there a chance of Sophie's marrying Tino? It would be very nice for her, for he is very good".The crown princess also hoped that Sophie would make a good marriage, considering her the most attractive among her daughters. During his stay at the Hohenzollern court in Berlin representing the Kingdom of Greece at the funeral of Emperor William I in March 1888, Constantine saw Sophie again. Quickly, the two fell in love and got officially engaged on 3 September 1888. However, their relationship was viewed with suspicion by Sophie's older brother William, by now the new Kaiser, and his wife Augusta Victoria. This betrothal was not completely supported in the Hellenic royal family, either: Queen Olga showed some reluctance to the projected union because Sophie was Lutheran and she would have preferred that the heir to the throne marry an Orthodox. Despite the difficulties, Tino and Sophie's wedding was scheduled for October 1889, in Athens. Death of Emperor Frederick III
This period fell on an unhappy time for Sophie's family however, as her father Emperor Frederick III was dying an agonizing death of throat cancer.His wife and children kept vigil with him at the Neues Palais, even celebrating Sophie's birthday and offering her a bouquet of flowers as a gift. The Emperor died the next day. Sophie's eldest brother William, now German Emperor, quickly ransacked his father's things in the hopes of finding "incriminating evidence" of "liberal plots". Knowing that her three youngest daughters were more dependent on her than ever for emotional support, the now-Dowager Empress Frederick remained close to them: "I have my three sweet girls - he loved so much - that are my consolation". Already shocked by the attitude of her eldest son, the Dowager Empress was deeply saddened by Sophie's upcoming marriage and move to Athens. Nevertheless, she welcomed the happiness of her daughter and consoled herself in a voluminous correspondence with Sophie. Between 1889 and 1901, the two women exchanged no less than 2,000 letters.On several occasions, they were also found in each other's homes, in Athens and Kronberg. The preparations of Sophie's wedding were "hardly a surprising development considering the funeral atmosphere that prevailed at the home of her widowed mother". Crown Princess of Greece

Auspicious marriage to the Greeks
On 27 October 1889, Sophie married Constantine in Athens, Greece in two religious ceremonies, one public and Orthodox and another private and Protestant. They were third cousins in descent from Paul I of Russia, and second cousins once removed through Frederick William III of Prussia. Sophie's witnesses were her brother Henry and her cousins Princes Albert Victor and George of Wales; for Constantine's side, the witnesses were his brothers Princes George and Nicholas and his cousin the Tsarevich of Russia. The marriage (the first major international event held in Athens) was very popular among the Greeks. The names of the couple were reminiscent to the public of an old legend which suggested that when a King Constantine and a Queen <mask> ascended the Greek throne, Constantinople the Hagia Sophia would fall to Greek hands.Immediately after the marriage of the Diadochos, hopes arose for the Greek populace of the Megali Idea, i.e. the union of all Greeks in the same state. Abroad, the marriage of Constantine and Sophie raised much less enthusiasm. In France, it was feared that the arrival of a Prussian princess in Athens would switch the Kingdom of Greece to the side of the Triple Alliance. In Berlin, the union was also unpopular: German interests were indeed important in the Ottoman Empire and the Emperor did not intend to help Greece simply because the Diadochos was his new brother-in-law. Nevertheless, in Athens, the marriage ceremony was celebrated with pomp and gave rise to an especially significant pyrotechnic spectacle on the Acropolis and the Champ de Mars. Platforms were also built on the Syntagma Square so the public could better admire the procession between the Royal Palace and the Cathedral.The newlyweds were related to most of the European dynasties, so representatives of all the royal houses of the continent were part of the festivities: Christian IX of Denmark (grandfather of the groom), Emperor William II of Germany (brother of the bride), the Prince of Wales (uncle of both groom and bride) and the Tsarevich of Russia (groom's cousin) were among the guests of honor. Naturally, Sophie's mother and sisters were also present at the ceremony. In fact, the hosts and their retinues were so many in the small Hellenic Capital that George I could not receive all of them in his palace. He had to ask some members of the Greek high society to receive part of the guests in their mansions. Similarly, the sovereign was obliged to borrow the horses and carriages of his subjects in order to transport all visitors during the festivities. In addition, the king was forced to hastily buy dozens of additional liveries for the lackeys at the service of the guests. Installation in Athens

In Athens, Constantine and <mask> settled in a small villa of French style located on Kifisias Avenue, while waiting for the Greek state to build a new home for them, the Diadochos Palace, located near the Royal Palace.The couple also ordered the building of another house on the royal estate of Tatoi because King George I refused to allow work to be undertaken in the main palace. In Athens, Constantine and his wife lived a relatively simple life far removed from the protocol of other European courts but life in Greece was often monotonous and <mask> lamented for any company, save only for the wives of the tobacco sellers. <mask> had difficulties adjusting to her new life. However, she took up learning Modern Greek (and managed to become almost perfectly fluent in a few years) and used her many trips abroad to furnish and decorate her new home. Less than nine months after her marriage, on 19 July 1890, the Crown Princess gave birth to her first child, a slightly premature son who was named George after his paternal grandfather, but the birth went wrong and the umbilical cord was wrapped around the baby's neck, almost choking him. Fortunately for the mother and child, the German midwife sent by the Dowager Empress Victoria to help her daughter in childbirth managed to resolve the situation and no tragic consequences occurred. Conversion to Orthodoxy
After the birth of her eldest son, <mask> decided to embrace the faith of her subjects and convert to the Orthodox faith.Having requested and received the blessing of her mother and grandmother, the Crown Princess informed her in-laws of her intention and asked Queen Olga for instruction in orthodoxy. The Greek royal family was delighted by the news, because the announcement of the conversion would be popular among the Greeks but George I insisted that Germanus II, Metropolitan of Athens and Head of the Autocephalous Greek Church, would instruct Sophie in the Orthodoxy, rather than his wife. Of Russian origin, Queen Olga was indeed considered by some Greek nationalists as an "agent of the Pan-Slavism" and George I therefore preferred that Germanus II would guarantee the task that could otherwise create difficulties for the Crown. Though the news of her conversion was greeted calmly by most members of her family, <mask> feared the reaction of Emperor William II, who took his status as Head of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces very seriously and hated disobedience more than anything. <mask> took a trip to Germany with her husband for the occasion of the wedding of her sister Viktoria to Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, in November 1890, and personally announced to her brother her intentions to change her religion. As expected, the news strongly displeased the Emperor and his wife, the very pious Empress Augusta Victoria. The latter even tried to dissuade her sister-in-law to convert, triggering a heated argument between the two women.The Empress later claimed that this caused her to go into premature labor, and deliver her sixth child, Prince Joachim, too early. William II, meanwhile, was so angry that he threatened <mask> with excluding her from the Prussian royal family. Pressed by her mother to appear conciliatory, <mask> ended up writing a letter to her brother explaining the reasons for her conversion but the Emperor would not listen, and for three years he forbade his sister to enter Germany. Upon receiving his reply Sophie sent a telegram to her mother: "Received answer. Keeps to what he said in Berlin. Fixes it to

masks: Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia Sophia


title: Sophia of Prussia

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 three years. Mad.Never mind." <mask> officially converted on 2 May 1891; however, the imperial sentence was ultimately never implemented. Nevertheless, relations between William II and his sister were permanently marked by <mask>'s decision. Indeed, the Emperor was an extremely resentful man and he never stopped making his younger sister pay for her disobedience. Social work
Throughout her life in Greece, <mask> was actively involved in social work and helping the underprivileged. Following in the footsteps of Queen Olga, she led various initiatives in the field of education, soup kitchens and development of hospitals and orphanages. In 1896, the Crown Princess also founded the Union of Greek Women, a particularly active organization in the field of assistance to refugees from the Ottoman Empire.Fascinated by arboriculture and concerned by the fires that regularly ravaged the country, <mask> was also interested in the reforestation. In addition, she was one of the founders of the Greek Animal Protection Society. However, it was during wartime that Sophie showed the most resilience. In 1897, when the Thirty Days' War broke out, <mask> and other female members of the royal family actively worked with the Greek Red Cross in order to help wounded soldiers. On the Thessalian front, the Crown Princess founded field hospitals, visited the wounded and even directly administered care for victims of the fighting. <mask> also facilitated the arrival of English nurses in Greece and even participated in the training of young women volunteers to provide assistance to wounded soldiers. The involvement of <mask> and her mother-in-law in the aid to the victims of fighting (either of Greek or Turkish origin) was so active that it elicited admiration from other European courts.As a reward for their work, both women were decorated with the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria, in December 1897. Unfortunately for the Crown Princess, her help for the wounded soldiers was less appreciated in Greece, where the population blamed the royal family, and especially Diadochos Constantine, for the loss against the Ottomans. Consequences of the War of Thirty Days
After the Thirty Days' War, a powerful anti-monarchical movement developed in Greece and <mask> herself was not immune to criticism. Always eager to punish his sister for her disobedience, Emperor William II of Germany openly supported the Ottoman Empire during the conflict and agreed to offer his mediation after being begged by his sister, his mother and his grandmother. He demanded that Greece agree to humiliating conditions in exchange for his intervention and the population believed that he did so with the consent of his sister. However <mask> was not the only victim of popular condemnation. In fact, it was openly discussed in Athens that the Diadochos should be sent before a military court to punish him for the national defeat and depose George I as was previously done with his predecessor Otto I.Several weeks after the signing of the Peace Treaty between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, the situation became so tense that the sovereign was a subject of an assassination attempt when he traveled in an open carriage with his daughter, Princess Maria, but George I defended himself so bravely that he recovered at least some estimation from his subjects. In these difficult conditions, Constantine and <mask> choose to live some time abroad. In 1898, they were established in Kronberg, and then in Berlin. There the Diadochos resumed his military training with General Colmar von der Goltz and for a year, he received the command of a Prussian division. To mark their reconciliation, Emperor William II also appointed <mask> as Honorary Commander of the 3rd regiment of the Imperial Guard. The couple returned to Greece in 1899 and the government of Georgios Theotokis appointed Constantine as the head of the Hellenic Staff. This promotion, however, caused some controversy among the army, which still considered the Diadochos as the main person responsible for the defeat in 1897.Family deaths

Back in Greece with her husband, the Crown Princess resumed her charity work. However, the health of both her mother and English grandmother deeply concerned her. The Empress Dowager of Germany was indeed suffering from breast cancer, which caused her extreme suffering. As for the Queen of the United Kingdom, she was approaching the age of eighty and her family knew that the end was close but the last years of her reign were marked by the Second Boer War, during which the United Kingdom suffered terrible losses facing the Afrikaner resistance. <mask> was concerned that the difficulties suffered by the British in South Africa would undermine the already fragile health of her grandmother. Queen Victoria finally died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 22 January 1901 in Osborne House. Very affected by the death of the sovereign, <mask> traveled to the United Kingdom for her funeral and attended a religious ceremony in her honor in Athens with the rest of the Greek royal family.A few months later, in the summer of 1901, Sophie went to Friedrichshof to look after her mother, whose health continued to decline. Five months pregnant, the Crown Princess knew that the Dowager Empress was dying and, with her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she accompanied her until her last breath on 5 August. In the space of seven months <mask> lost two of her closest relatives. However, her new maternity helped keep her from feeling sorry for herself. Goudi coup and its consequences

In Greece, political life remained volatile throughout the first years of the 20th century and the Megali Idea ( Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") continued to be a central concern of the population. In 1908, the Cretan authorities unilaterally proclaimed the attachment of their island to the Kingdom of Greece but for fear of Turkish reprisals, the Greek government refused to recognize the annexation. In Athens, the pusillanimity of the King and government was shocking, particularly to the military.On 15 August 1909, a group of officers gathered in the "Military League" (, Stratioticos Syndesmos) and organized the so-called Goudi coup. While declaring to be monarchists, members of the League, led by Nikolaos Zorbas, asked, among other things, for the sovereign to expel his son from the army. Officially, this was to protect the Crown Prince from the jealousies that could arise from his friendship with some soldiers but the reality was quite different: officers continued to hold the Diadochos responsible for the 1897 defeat. The situation became so tense that George I's sons had to resign from their military posts to save their father the shame of having to expelled them. In September, the Diadochos, his wife and their children also chose to leave Greece and seek refuge in Germany at Friedrichshof, now owned by the Princess Margaret of Prussia. Meanwhile, in Athens, discussions began about dethroning the House of Glücksburg to establishing a republic or replacing the sovereign with either a bastard son of Otto I, a foreign prince or with Prince George, with <mask> as regent. In December 1909, Colonel Zorbas, head of the Military League, pressured George I to appoint him as the head of the government in place of Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis.The sovereign refused but the government underwent reforms which favored the military. The staff was reorganized and supporters of the Diadochos, including Ioannis Metaxas, were expelled. At the same time, a French army mission was called to reorganize the Greek army, which threatened both <mask> and her husband, as they helped develop republican ideas within the military. Despite these reforms, some members of the Military League continued to oppose the government in order to take power. They then traveled to Crete to meet the government head of the island, Eleftherios Venizelos, and offered him the post of Prime Minister of Greece. However the Cretan leader did not want to appear in Greece to be supported by the army and convinced them to arrange for new elections. In March 1910, the king eventually called for elections and Venizelos and his supporters came to power.For the royal family, this was a difficult time. However, Venizelos did not want to weaken the Crown. To show that he did not obey the army, he restored the members of the royal family to their military duties and the Diadochos thus again became Chief of the Staff. Back in Greece on 21 October 1910, after over a year of exile, <mask> nevertheless remained very suspicious of the new government and the militia. She refused any contact with Venizelos, blaming him as partly responsible for the humiliation suffered by the royal family. The Princess also had problems with her father-in-law, whom she accused of having been weak during the crisis. Nurse during the First Balkan War

After the arrival of Venizelos in power and under the supervision of Diadochos Constantine, the Greek army was modernized and equipped with the support of French and British officers.New warships were also controlled by the Navy. The aim of the modernization was to make the country ready for a new war against the Ottoman Empire but to defeat the enemy and achieve the Megali Idea, Greece needed allies. That was why, under the Prime Minister, Greece signed alliances with its neighbors and participated in the creation of the Balkan League in June 1912. Thus, when Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912, they were joined less than ten days later by Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. This was the beginning of the First Balkan War. While the Diadochos and his brothers took command of Greek troops, Queen Olga, <mask>, and her sisters-in-law (Marie Bonaparte, Elena Vladimirovna of Russia and Alice of Battenberg) took in charge the aid to wounded soldiers and refugees. In one month, the princesses collected 80,000 garments for the military and gathered around them doctors, nurses and medical equipment.The Queen and Crown Princess also opened a public subscription in order to create new hospitals in Athens and on the front. Very active, the princesses did not just stay in the back but also went to the center of the military operations. Queen Olga and <mask> visited Larissa and Elassona, while Alice made long stays in Epirus and Macedonia. Meanwhile, Elena directed an ambulance-train and Marie Bonaparte set up a hospital ship that connected Thessaloniki to the capital. The war was an opportunity for the princesses to prove themselves useful to their adopted country but it also exacerbated rivalries within the royal family. Conflict began due to <mask>'s jealousy of her cousin and sister-in-law Alice. In fact, a heated argument between the two young women erupted after Alice sent, without requesting permission from <mask>, nurses dependent on the Crown Princess to Thessaloniki.One seemingly innocuous event provoked a real discomfort within the family and Queen Olga was shocked when <mask>'s attitude was supported by her husband. Marital problems and private life

<mask> and Constantine's marriage was harmonious during the first years. However, faithfulness was not the greatest quality of the Diadochos and his wife soon had to deal with his numerous extramarital affairs. Initially shocked by his betrayal, <mask> soon followed the example of her mother-in-law and condoned the behavior of her husband. From 1912, however, the couple became noticeably separated. At that time, Constantine began an affair with Countess Paola von Ostheim (née Wanda Paola Lottero), an Italian stage actress who had recently divorced from Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach; this relationship lasted until Constantine's death. When <mask> gave birth to her sixth and last child, a daughter named Katherine on 4 May 1913, a persistent gossip stated that the child was the result of her own affairs.The rumors, true or false, did not affect Constantine, who easily recognized his paternity. In private, the Crown Princely couple communicated in English and it was mainly in this language that they raised their children, who grew up in a loving and warm atmosphere in the middle of a cohort of tutors and British nannies. Like her mother, <mask> inculcated in her offspring the love for the United Kingdom and for several weeks every year, the family spent time in Great Britain, where she visited the beaches of Seaford and Eastbourne. However, the summer vacations of the family were spent not only in Friedrichshof with the Empress Dowager, but also in Corfu and Venice, where the Greek royal family went aboard the yacht Amphitrite. Queen of the Hellenes: 1st tenure

Assassination of George I and Second Balkan War

The First Balkan War ended in 1913 with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin coalition. The Kingdom of Greece was greatly expanded after the conflict but disagreements soon arose between the Allied powers: Greece and Bulgaria competed for possession of Thessaloniki and its surrounding region. To affirm the sovereignty of the Greeks over the main city of Macedonia, George I moved to the city soon after its conquest by the Diadochos, on 8 December 1912.During his long stay in the city, the King went out every day to walk unescorted in the streets, as he had become accustomed to doing in Athens. On 18 March 1913 a Greek anarchist named Alexandros Schinas shot him in the back from a distance of two paces while he was walking in Thessaloniki near the White Tower. <mask> was in Athens when she learned of the murder of her father-in-law, the king. Now, as Queen Consort of the Hellenes, the responsibility fell upon her to break the news of the murder to her mother-in-law. Together with her eldest daughter, Princess Helen, both comforted the now Dowager Queen, who received the news stoically. The next day, members of the royal family who were present in the capital went to Thessaloniki. Arriving in the Macedonian city, they visited the scene of the murder and collected the remains of the King to escort them back to Athens, where he was buried at Tatoi.In this difficult context, the death of George I sealed the possession of Thessaloniki to Greece. Still, the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913 over the division of Macedonia between the former allies of the first conflict. Victorious again, Greece came out of this war considerably enlarged, with the prestige of King Constantine I and Queen <mask> also increased. Private life
After their accession to the throne, Constantine and <mask> continued to lead the simple lifestyle that they had enjoyed during their time as heirs. They spent their free time practising botany, which was their common passion, and transformed the gardens of the New Royal Palace on the English model. The couple was very close to other members of the royal family, especially Prince Nicholas. Every Tuesday, the King and Queen dined with him and his wife Elena, and on Thursdays, they returned the visit with the royal couple at the Royal Palace.Outbreak of World War I

At the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 <mask> was in England at Eastbourne with several of her children while her husband and their daughter Helen were the only representatives of the dynasty still present in Athens. However, given the gravity of the events, the Queen quickly returned to Greece, where she was soon joined by the rest of the royal family. While the greater European states entered into the conflict one by one, Greece officially proclaimed its neutrality. Being grandchildren of the so-called "Father-in-law and Grandmother of Europe" (as Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Victoria respectively were known), Constantine and <mask> were

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