title: Lawrence Kohlberg

texts:
<mask> (; October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He served as a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's moral development from twenty-five years earlier. In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an article based on his views. <mask>'s work reflected and extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin. At the same time he was creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". In an empirical study using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, <mask> was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.Early life
<mask> was born in Bronxville, New York. He was the youngest of four children of <mask>, a Jewish German entrepreneur, and of his second wife, Charlotte Albrecht, a Christian German chemist. His parents separated when he was four years old and divorced finally when he was fourteen. From 1933 to 1938, <mask> and his three other siblings rotated between their mother and father for six months at a time. In 1938 this rotating custody of the <mask> children was ended, allowing the children to choose the parent with whom they wanted to live. <mask> attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, an elite preparatory school. Kohlberg served in the Merchant Marine at the end of World War II.He worked for a time with the Haganah on a ship smuggling Jewish refugees from Romania through the British Blockade, into Palestine. Captured by the British and held at an internment camp on Cyprus, <mask> escaped with fellow crew members. <mask> was in Palestine during the fighting in 1948 to establish the state of Israel, but refused to participate and focused on nonviolent forms of activism. He also lived in an Israeli kibbutz during this time, until he was able to return to America in 1948. In the same year he enrolled at the University of Chicago. At this time at Chicago it was possible to gain credit for courses by examination, and <mask> earned his bachelor's degree in one year, 1948. He then began study for his doctoral degree in psychology, which he completed at Chicago in 1958.In 1955 while beginning his dissertation, he married Lucille Stigberg, and the couple had two sons, David and Steven. In those early years he read Piaget's work. <mask> found a scholarly approach that gave a central place to the individual's reasoning in moral decision making. At the time this contrasted with the current psychological approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis that explained morality as simple internalization of external cultural or parental rules, through teaching using reinforcement and punishment or identification with a parental authority. Career

<mask>'s first academic appointment was at Yale University, as an assistant professor of psychology, 1958–1961. <mask> spent a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, in Palo Alto, California, 1961–1962, and then joined the Psychology Department of the University of Chicago as assistant, then associate professor of psychology and human development, 1962–1967. He held a visiting appointment at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1967–68, and then was appointed Professor of Education and Social Psychology there, beginning 1968, where he remained until his death.Stages of moral development

In his unpublished 1958 dissertation, <mask> wrote what are now known as <mask>'s stages of moral development. These stages are planes of moral adequacy conceived to explain the development of moral reasoning. Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination with children's reactions to moral dilemmas. <mask> proposed a form of "Socratic" moral education and reaffirmed John Dewey's idea that development should be the aim of education. He also outlined how educators can influence moral development without indoctrination and how public school can be engaged in moral education consistent with the United States Constitution. <mask>'s approach begins with the assumption that humans are intrinsically motivated to explore, and become competent at functioning in their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our and others' actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. <mask> also held that there are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Endeavoring to become competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures exhibit similar patterns of action and thought concerning the relations of self, others, and social world. Furthermore, the more one is prompted to imagine how others experience things and imaginatively to take their roles, the more quickly one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. The sequence of stages of moral development thus corresponds to a sequence of progressively more inclusive social circles (family, peers, community, etc. ), within which humans seek to operate competently. When those groups function well, oriented by reciprocity and mutual care and respect, growing humans adapt to larger and larger circles of justice, care, and respect.Each stage of moral cognitive development is the realization in conscious thought of the relations of justice, care, and respect exhibited in a wider circle of social relations, including narrower circles within the wider. <mask>'s theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages – each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. Kohlberg suggested that the higher stages of moral development provide the person with greater capacities/abilities in terms of decision making and so these stages allow people to handle more complex dilemmas. In studying these, <mask> followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages originally studied earlier by Piaget, who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages. Expanding considerably upon this groundwork, it was determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span, even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research. His model "is based on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the basis of justice and fairness." Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and have been utilized by others like James Rest in making the Defining Issues Test in 1979. Moral education
<mask> is most well known among psychologists for his research in moral psychology, but among educators he is known for his applied work of moral education in schools. The three major contributions <mask> made to moral education were the use of Moral Exemplars, Dilemma Discussions, and Just Community Schools. <mask>'s first method of moral education was to examine the lives of moral exemplars who practiced principled morals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln. He believed that moral exemplars' words and deeds increased the moral reasoning of those who watched and listened to them.Kohlberg never tested to see if examining the lives of moral exemplars did in fact increase moral reasoning. Recent research in moral psychology has brought back the value of witnessing moral exemplars in action or learning about their stories. Witnessing the virtuous acts of moral exemplars may not increase moral reasoning, but it has been shown to elicit an emotion known as moral elevation that can increase an individual's desire to be a better person and even has the potential to increase prosocial and moral behavior. Although <mask>'s hypothesis that moral exemplars could increase moral reasoning might be unfounded, his understanding that moral exemplars have an important place in moral education has growing support. Dilemma discussions in schools was another method proposed by Kohlberg to increase moral reasoning. Unlike moral exemplars, Kohlberg tested this method by integrating moral dilemma discussion into the curricula of school classes in humanities and social studies. Results of this and other studies using similar methods found that moral discussion does increase moral reasoning and works best if the individual in question is in discussion with a person who is using reasoning that is just one stage above their own.The final method Kohlberg used for moral education was known as "just communities". In 1974, <mask> worked with schools to set up democracy-based programs, where both students and teachers were given one vote to decide on school policies. The purpose of these programs were to build a sense of community in schools in order to promote democratic values and increase moral reasoning. <mask>'s idea and development of "just communities" were greatly influenced by his time living in an Israeli kibbutz when he was a young adult in 1948 and when he was doing longitudinal cross-cultural research of moral development in another Israeli kibbutz. Writing
Some of <mask>'s most important publications were collected in his Essays on Moral Development, Vols. I and II, The Philosophy of Moral Development (1981) and The Psychology of Moral Development (1984), published by Harper & Row. Other works published by Kohlgainz or about Kohlberg's theories and research include Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, <mask>'s Approach to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive Developmental View.Critiques
Carol Gilligan, a fellow researcher of <mask>'s in the studies of moral reasoning that led to <mask>'s developmental stage theory, suggested that to make moral judgments based on optimizing concrete human relations is not necessarily a lower stage of moral judgment than to consider objective principles. Postulating that women may develop an empathy-based ethic with a different, but not lower structure than that Kohlberg had described, Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book that founded a new movement of care-based ethics that initially found strong resonance among feminists and later achieved wider recognition. <mask>'s response to Carol Gilligan's criticism was that he agreed with her that there is a care moral orientation that is distinct from a justice moral orientation, but he disagreed with her claim that women scored lower than men on measures of moral developmental stages because they are more inclined to use care orientation rather than a justice orientation. <mask> disagreed with Gilligan's position on two grounds. First, many studies measuring moral development of males and females found no difference between men and women and when differences were found it was attributable to differences in education, work experiences, and role-taking opportunities, but not gender. Second, longitudinal studies of females found the same invariant sequence of moral development as previous studies that were of just males. In other words, Gilligan's criticism of <mask>'s moral development theory was centered on differences between males and females that did not exist.<mask>'s detailed responses to numerous critics can be read in his book Essays on Moral Development: Vol.II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Another criticism against <mask>'s theory was that it focused too much on reason at the expense of other factors. One problem with <mask>'s focus on reason was that little empirical evidence found a relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. <mask> recognized this lack of a relationship between his moral stages and moral behavior. In an attempt to understand this, he proposed two sub-stages within each stage, to explain individual differences within each stage. He then proposed a model of the relationship between moral judgments and moral action.According to Kohlberg, an individual first interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is influenced by their moral stage and sub-stage. After interpretation individuals make a deontic choice and a judgment of responsibility, which are both influenced by the stage and sub-stage of the individual. If the individual does decide on a moral action and their obligation to do it, they still need the non-moral skills to carry out a moral behavior. If this model is true then it would explain why research was having a hard time finding a direct relationship between moral reason and moral behavior. Another problem with <mask>'s emphasis on moral reasoning is growing empirical support that individuals are more likely to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions than use reason-based thought. The high use of intuition directly challenges the place of reason in moral experience. This expanding of the moral domain from reason has raised questions that perhaps morality research is entering areas of inquiry that are not considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg when he first started his research.Scholars such as Elliot Turiel and James Rest have responded to <mask>'s work with their own significant contributions. Death
While doing cross-cultural research in Belize in 1971, <mask> contracted a parasitic infection. Due to this, he suffered from extreme abdominal pain. The long-term effects of the infection and the medications took their toll, and <mask>'s health declined as he also engaged in increasingly demanding professional work, including "Just Community" prison and school moral education programs. <mask> sometimes experienced depression as well. On January 19, 1987, <mask> parked at the end of a dead end street in Winthrop, Massachusetts, across from Boston's Logan Airport. He left his wallet with identification on the front seat of his unlocked car and apparently walked into the icy Boston Harbor.His car and wallet were found within a couple of weeks, and his body was recovered some time later, with the late winter thaw, in a tidal marsh across the harbor near the end of a Logan Airport runway. After <mask>'s body was recovered and his death confirmed, former students and colleagues published special issues of scholarly journals to commemorate his contribution to developmental psychology. See also
Heinz dilemma

References

American social psychologists
American educational psychologists
American developmental psychologists
Moral philosophers
American moral psychologists
20th-century psychologists
Harvard University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Phillips Academy alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Haganah members
Jewish philosophers
American people of German-Jewish descent
People from Bronxville, New York
Suicides in Massachusetts
Suicides by drowning in the United States
1927 births
1987 suicides
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II

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title: Sam Russell (footballer, born 1982)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 4 October 1982) is an English football coach and former footballer who works as a goalkeeping coach for Grimsby Town. As a player he was a goalkeeper from 2000 until 2021. He began his career in the Premier League with Middlesbrough although he failed to make a first team appearance but would notably go on to have three spells with Darlington between 2002 and 2012. He also played for Gateshead, Scunthorpe United, Rochdale, Wrexham and Forest Green Rovers before joining Grimsby in 2018 where he combined playing duties as James McKeown's number two with coaching the clubs goalkeepers. Playing career

Middlesbrough
<mask> was born in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire and signed as a professional on 7 July 2000 for his hometown team after progressing through their youth system. He had a successful loan spell at Gateshead during the tail end of the 2001–02 season, followed by a brief period at Darlington on loan in 2002 after Mick Tait brought him in during a keeping crisis. He played in only one game, a 1–1 draw against Torquay United.In August 2003 he was sent to Scunthorpe United on loan where he stayed for three months and made 10 appearances. He finally left Middlesbrough in the summer of 2004, moving to Darlington on a permanent basis. He never appeared in Middlesbrough's first team. Darlington
He was brought to Darlington by David Hodgson in August 2004. With the retirement of goalkeeping legend Andy Collett, the club only had two goalkeepers on their books in Michael Price and youth team player Jack Norton. <mask> was a target for Hodgson after he heard that Middlesbrough were releasing the youngster. Initially it was thought <mask> would be number two to Price, but performances during pre-season meant that <mask> got the nod.Assistant manager Mark Proctor said that both Price and <mask> were of virtual equal quality but Russsell's distribution was slightly better. In the opening game of the 2004–05 season <mask> made his mark with a superb performance which earned him the man of the match. His superb saves kept Darlington in the game and meant Darlington hung on to an opening day victory. He was ever-present in the first team in the 2004–05 season, and signed a new two-year contract in July 2005. He seemed to have established himself as the number one until just before the start of the 2007–08 season until failed to agree terms with then manager Dave Penny and <mask> left to go to Rochdale and left Darlington in June 2007 after three years in which he made 107 league appearances. Rochdale
In July 2007 he signed for Rochdale, making his first start for the club in the Football League Trophy second round tie against Bury in October 2007. Following an injury to regular keeper James Spencer, <mask> was next called upon in the FA Cup defeat at Southend United.He retained his place in the side and in December 2007, signed a contract until the end of the season having been on non-contract terms. He broke a finger in the 2–1 defeat at Lincoln City in February 2008 and was expected to be out of action until April. In the 2008–09 season <mask> was handed the number one shirt for Rochdale. He had made some important saves for Rochdale that season, however he made the occasional mistake, such as scoring an own goal in the Rochdale–Bury derby, and slipping in a late equaliser by Jamie Ward against Chesterfield despite a Tom Kennedy late winner. In February he was replaced by Blackburn loanee Frank Fielding after Spencer was loaned out to Chester City. Wrexham
After being released by Rochdale at the end of the season, <mask> signed for Conference National side Wrexham after impressing on trial. Return to Darlington
In May 2010 he agreed to rejoin Darlington on a one-year contract.He became their regular goalkeeper, and played at Wembley as they beat Mansfield Town to win the FA Trophy. He signed a one-year contract extension, but when the club suffered financial difficulties and failed to pay the players, he submitted his 14-day notice at the end of December and left the club for fellow Conference club Forest Green Rovers in January 2012. Forest Green Rovers
<mask> made his Forest Green debut on 21 January 2012 in a 0–0 draw against Newport County. In his first eight Forest Green performances he saved four consecutive penalty kicks. He made his hundredth league appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Grimsby Town on 18 March 2014. In March 2014, he signed a contract extension to remain with the club. A run of 144 consecutive league appearances for Forest Green was brought to an end on 21 February 2015 when he was replaced by Steve Arnold for a 3–0 win over AFC Telford United.On 4 May 2015, it was announced that he was leaving Forest Green after his contract had come to an end. Gateshead
In June 2015, <mask> joined National League side Gateshead, returning to a club where over a decade earlier he had spent time on loan. Return to Forest Green Rovers
On 1 July 2016, it was announced that <mask> had returned to former club Forest Green Rovers on a two-year deal. He made his 150th league appearance for the club in a 4–1 away win over Maidstone United on 27 August 2016. Between 17 September 2016 and 29 October 2016, he kept a run of seven National League clean sheets, until Oliver Hawkins header in a 1–1 draw with Dagenham & Redbridge saw him concede and narrowly miss out on the league record of eight consecutive clean sheets set by Alan Julian for Stevenage. <mask> appeared in every single of minute of Forest Green's 2016-17 campaign, as he helped the club secure promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history with a 3-1 National League play-off final win against Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium. He was rewarded with a new one-year contract in June 2017 for Forest Green's first season in League Two.He was released by Forest Green at the end of the 2017–18 season. Coaching career

Grimsby Town
On 9 July 2018 he joined Grimsby Town as the club's new player / goalkeeper coach. <mask> retired from playing at the end of the 2020–21 season but remained Paul Hurst's first team goalkeeping coach. Career statistics

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Middlesbrough
English footballers
Association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C.players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Samuel Ian Russell
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title: Ernst Busch (field marshal)

texts:
<mask> (6 July 1885 – 17 July 1945) was a German Generalfeldmarschall during World War II who commanded the 16th Army (as a Generaloberst) and later the massive Army Group Centre. During World War I, <mask> served as an infantry officer and was retained in the postwar army of the Weimar Republic. He steadily rose in seniority and by 1936 was a general and commander of the 23rd Infantry Division. During the invasion of Poland, he commanded VIII Army Corps. In 1940, he was appointed commander of the 16th Army; he led it during the 1940 Battle of France and Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. By October 1943, <mask> was a field marshal and commander of Army Group Centre. He was dismissed in June 1944 after the collapse of his command during the Red Army's Operation Bagration.He was later the commander of Army Group Northwest in the final months of the war and died as a prisoner of war in England. Early life and World War I
<mask> was born on 6 July 1885 at Essen in the Ruhr district of Germany. In 1904, having graduated from the Gross Lichterfelde Cadet Academy, he joined the Imperial Army as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet). He was initially posted to the Westphalian 13th Infantry Regiment but was later assigned to the 57th Infantry Regiment, in which he was commissioned a Leutnant (second lieutenant). In 1913, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and received further training at the War Academy. During World War I, <mask> served mostly on the Western Front, initially as a company commander. Within months of the beginning of the war, he had been awarded both the first and second classes of the Iron Cross.In 1915, he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) and then appointed a battalion commander in the 56th Infantry Regiment. He fought in several battles across the Artois, Flanders, and Champagne sectors of the front. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords in 1917 and the following year received the Pour le Mérite. Interwar period
After the war, <mask> was retained in the postwar Reichsheer. He mostly served in a series of staff positions for the next several years, including a period as Inspector of Transport Troops and as a battalion commander in the 9th Infantry Regiment. An ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler, he received a series of rapid promotions from 1933. He soon held the rank of oberst (colonel) and was commander of 9th Infantry Regiment, which was based at Potsdam, and in 1935 was promoted to generalmajor and given command of the 23rd Infantry Division.During the tensions of 1938 between Hitler and the two senior officers in the Wehrmacht, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg and Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch, <mask> sided with Hitler. At this stage of his career, <mask> was a General der Infanterie (General of Infantry) and was commander of [[Wehrkreis|Wehrkreis VIII]]. World War II

Invasion of Poland and France
On the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, <mask> was commander of the VIII Army Corps which participated in the invasion of Poland as part of the 14th Army. It captured the city of Krakow, reached the Vistula River and advanced as far as Lviv. During the campaign in Poland, he was twice awarded the Clasp to the Iron Cross. The following year <mask> led the 16th Army, which consisted of 13 infantry divisions, during the Battle of France and covered the left flank of General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps. During the later stages of the fighting in France, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross  and this was followed by a promotion to Generaloberst on 19 July 1940.Once the campaign in France was completed, <mask>'s 16th Army remained in the country until early 1941, when it was transferred to Poland. Invasion of the Soviet Union
When Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, commenced in late June 1941, the 16th Army controlled seven infantry divisions. Assigned to Army Group North, and operating on its southern flank during the advance into the Baltic States and Russia, it captured Staraya Russa in August. By December, the 16th Army had been considerably expanded, and <mask> now had nine infantry divisions along with two motorised divisions, with one more in reserve, under his command. When the Red Army began its winter offensive in January 1942, several parts of his army became encircled and Staraya Russa was nearly lost. <mask> had to resort to his reserve to ensure his forces could hold onto the city. The commander of Army Group North, Generaloberst Georg von Küchler, became dissatisfied with <mask>'s performance and wanted to relieve him of command.Permission to do so was denied. The Red Army offensive shifted focus towards Army Group Centre which relieved the pressure on the 16th Army. <mask> was able to relieve his encircled troops although it took several months and required his army to be reinforced. For the remainder of 1942 and into 1943 the 16th Army's sector was relatively quiet, with the Red Army directing its offensive operations against the 18th Army, which was besieging Leningrad. On 1 February 1943, <mask> was promoted to Field Marshal but this owed more to Hitler's patronage than to his leadership of the 16th Army. Six months later, he received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross he had been awarded during the campaign in France. On 28 October 1943, Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge, the commander of Army Group Centre, was injured in a vehicle accident and <mask> was named as his replacement.Army Group Centre controlled 76 divisions across four field armies. Fifty-four of these divisions were infantry, which included six from Hungary, and there were also five Panzer divisions. However, few divisions were at full strength and over the coming months <mask> amalgamated several of them. Others were low quality, particularly the Hungarian divisions and also the eight Luftwaffe Field Divisions that were also part of two of his armies. By June 1944, his command numbered 38 infantry divisions. <mask> had to contend with several attacks when the Red Army commenced its winter operations in late 1943. He showed little independence in exercising his command and often deferred to Hitler's orders without protest.When fighting around Vitebsk threatened to cut off one of the divisions of Generaloberst Georg-Hans Reinhardt's 3rd Panzer Army, he had to seek Hitler's permission to allow it to withdraw. Hitler declined and the division was only saved when Reinhardt, on his own initiative, ordered it to retreat. In May 1944, <mask> also conceded to Hitler's instructions to transfer his LVI Panzer Corps to Army Group North Ukraine despite this leaving his own command with minimal tanks. An increased build-up of Soviet forces opposite Army Group Centre was largely ignored by <mask>. Despite some of his subordinate's efforts to reduce their frontage, he refused to let them do so and blindly reiterated Hitler's orders that there be no retreat. In particular, the towns of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, and Bobruisk were to be held in force. <mask> had attempted to query this with Hitler but was rebuffed and ridiculed.This only strengthened <mask>'s resolve to follow Hitler's directives without question. By mid-June, the 700,000 troops of Army Group Centre were outnumbered by 2,500,000 Soviet soldiers. When the Soviet summer offensive of 1944, Operation Bagration, began on 22 June, Army Group Centre's 34 divisions were overwhelmed by nearly 120 Red Army divisions. His army commanders immediately sought permission to withdraw to the Dnieper River but this was denied by <mask>, who insisted their positions be held. Within two days, most of his divisions were effectively destroyed. Having overseen the loss of 250,000-300,000 men (25 full divisions), the biggest defeat for Germany on the Eastern Front, <mask> was relieved of his command by Hitler on 28 June. He was replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model who managed to stop the advance of the Red Army, but not until it reached the Vistula.In the meantime, <mask> became depressed after his sacking which effectively came about because of his adherence to Hitler's orders. Army Group Northwest
Having gradually returned to favour with Hitler, <mask> was recalled to duty on 20 March 1945 when he became head of Army Group Northwest. Tasked with defending the portion of German coastline along the North Sea, he had few resources and lacked the respect of many men under his command. <mask> surrendered to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery on 4 May 1945. He died in a prisoner of war camp in Aldershot, England, on 17 July 1945, and was initially buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery before his remains were later re-interred at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery. References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1885 births
1945 deaths
Military personnel from Essen
People from the Rhine Province
Field marshals of Nazi Germany
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with a Star
German military personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Prisoners who died in British military detention
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Burials at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery
German people who died in prison custody

masks:
Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch
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title: Henry Lau

texts:
<mask> (; ; born October 11, 1989), often mononymously referred to as <mask>, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor based in South Korea and China. He debuted in 2008 as a member of Super Junior-M and launched his solo career in 2013 with Trap. His original soundtrack "It's You" released in 2017 became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, <mask> left SM Entertainment following the expiration of his contract, and subsequently joined Monster Entertainment Group. <mask> made his Hollywood debut in 2019 with the film A Dog's Journey produced by Amblin Entertainment. In 2020, he starred in the action-fantasy movie Double World. The film was released on Netflix and the Chinese streaming service iQIYI, becoming the first movie produced in Mainland China to have a simultaneous global release.<mask> is also known for his television work in the programs Real Man and I Live Alone, for which he received the Best Newcomer Award (2014) and Excellence Male Award (2017) respectively at the MBC Entertainment Awards. Early life
<mask> was born on October 11, 1989, in Toronto, Ontario. His father is from Hong Kong with Teochew ancestry and his mother is from Pingtung, Taiwan. He was raised in the neighbourhood of Willowdale located in the district of North York. His father works in real estate while his mother was a stay-at-home mom. He has a younger sister, Whitney (born in 1993), and an older brother, Clinton (born in 1988), who also serves as the CEO of his current label, Monster Entertainment Group. He attended Zion Heights Junior High School, then North Toronto Collegiate Institute for grade 9 and A.Y.Jackson Secondary School for the rest of his high school years. In his last year of high school, <mask> was chosen at the 2006 SM Entertainment Global Audition in Toronto; he was one of two out of three thousand applicants who were recruited. He was accepted by the University of Toronto for both music education and violin performance programs, but chose not to attend after accepting SM's offer. <mask> started learning how to play the piano from his mother at the age of four, and began taking violin lessons at the age of five. His teacher was Arkady Yanivker, a soloist and former violinist of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He later learned to play the electric violin in 2005. He received the Canadian Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) Regional Gold Medal for Level 10 in violin, and has also achieved Level 10 in piano.In high school, he learned a hip hop dance style called boogaloo popping. He was heads of both the after-school violin club and popping club, where he came up with the idea of simultaneously doing both after the two clubs had conflicting meeting times. He never expected to become a singer and did not know anything about K-pop before his friends suggested him to audition for SM. For his audition, <mask> performed a Vivaldi piece on the violin while incorporating popping during the piece's fast passages, as well as a cappella singing; he received an offer from the company the following week. At the time, he applied for colleges for classical music, but ultimately decided to go "down the K-pop road", as he explains, "I'll be dancing and singing, but that doesn't mean I won't be able to play the violin anymore or piano. I decided that I had to go down this road because that was the only way I could do pretty much everything." He initially declined the offer because his father wanted him to go to university.After his mother was impressed during a visit to the company in South Korea, she convinced his father for him to accept the offer. <mask> is able to speak four languages. Aside from speaking native English, he is fluent in Mandarin and Korean and can speak conversational Cantonese. Career

2007–2012: Career beginnings and Super Junior-M

<mask> appeared as a violinist in South Korean group Super Junior's music video for "Don't Don" in September 2007. The song features a violin part, which is performed by <mask>. In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that he would debut as a member of a Super Junior China sub-group, Super Junior-M, the following year. The announcement caused controversy among Super Junior fans due to rumours that SM wanted to add <mask> as the fourteenth member of Super Junior, which led fans to form an "Only 13" campaign.<mask> described the situation as "if Backstreet Boys wanted a new Boy," and the backlash led to him "being on the sidelines for years." Super Junior-M debuted by releasing a promotional single "U", a Mandarin remake of Super Junior's 2006 best-selling Korean single on April 8, 2008. They also debuted in China on the same day at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards. Their debut album, Me was released on April 23, 2008. Together with the Super Junior-M members, <mask> made a cameo appearance in the CCTV2 drama Stage of Youth in 2009. A year and a half after debut, Super Junior-M made their sophomore release with the mini-album, Super Girl, on September 23, 2009. The mini-album won many awards and even earned the group a nomination for 'Best Vocal Group' at the 21st Golden Melody Awards, the Chinese equivalent of the Grammy Awards.He featured on the track "Love Me" () from label-mate Zhang Liyin's first single album, Moving On, which was released on October 29, 2009. He performed on Super Junior's second Asian tour, Super Show 2, as part of Super Junior-M, and also performed a self-composed English solo song, "Sick of Love", which remains unreleased. In 2010, he took a brief hiatus to study music composition at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he learned to sing and produce music. At Berklee, he became friends with fellow student Gen Neo, and convinced him to go to Korea to work with him. He composed a song with Super Junior's leader Leeteuk called "All My Heart" (; Revised Romanization: Jinsim) for Super Junior's fourth repackaged album, Bonamana, released on June 28, 2010. He was featured on Jonghyun and Jinho's duet titled "Don't Lie" from SM the Ballad's first album Miss You, released on November 29, 2010. <mask> joined Super Junior on the Super Show 3 Tour.<mask>'s solo song "Off My Mind" () was included in Super Junior-M's second EP Perfection which was released on February 25, 2011. The lyrics to the song were written with Geo Neo while studying at Berklee. He worked with Leeteuk again on a song called "Andante" (; Revised Romanization: Andante) for Super Junior's fifth repackaged album, A-CHa, released on September 19, 2011. He toured with Super Junior as a member of Super Junior-M for their fourth tour, Super Show 4. Together with fellow Super Junior-M member Zhou Mi, he performed "Santa U Are the One" on SM Town's eighth winter album, 2011 SMTown Winter – The Warmest Gift, released on December 13, 2011. In March 2012, he featured on BoA's single "One Dream" alongside Key which served as the opening song for SBS's audition program K-pop Star. The single was included in BoA's seventh Korean studio album, Only One, released on July 22, 2012.He became a member of the project group Younique Unit with Eunhyuk, Taemin, Kai, Luhan, and Hyoyeon, for a collaboration between SM Entertainment and Hyundai. Their single "Maxstep" was released on October 31, 2012. The same year, <mask> was cast as the lead in his film debut, Final Recipe, alongside Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh. The film tells the story of young aspiring chef Mark, played by <mask>, who participates in an international cooking contest to save his grandfather's restaurant from going out of business. In preparation for the role, <mask> studied under chef  and practised cooking 3–4 hours a day for several months. 2013–2014: Debut as a soloist and variety shows

Super Junior-M's second studio album, Break Down, was released on January 7, 2013, along with the title track. The album includes two songs, "Go" and "It's You", that were produced by <mask>'s production team, NoizeBank.NoizeBank is a music production team comprising <mask> and his Berklee classmates Gen Neo, Neil Nallas, and Isaac Han. On February 6, he was confirmed to be a contestant in MasterChef Korea Celebrity, the celebrity version of MasterChef Korea. On May 30, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would make his solo debut. He was SM Entertainment's first male solo artist in 13 years since Kangta. His first solo extended play, Trap was released on June 7, 2013. The title track featured Super Junior's Kyuhyun and Shinee's Taemin. The Chinese version of the Trap EP was released on August 14.Follow-up promotions for the second single, "1-4-3 (I Love You)", which featured label-mate Amber of f(x), commenced on August 23. In February 2014, <mask> joined the cast of the Korean military-variety show Real Man with fellow celebrities Chun Jung-myung, Park Gun-hyung, K.Will. He quickly became the break-out star and variety favourite because of his natural optimism and eagerness to learn Korean culture, despite being Canadian-born and completely unfamiliar with the Korean military. In addition, his appearance in Star King along with his appearance in Real Man propelled his rising popularity. This led to more variety show and CF work, such as being chosen as the first guest in JTBC's Crime Scene, and solo endorsements with KFC Korea and Sprite Korea. After almost seven months of production, his second EP, Fantastic was released on July 14, 2014. <mask> made his Japanese debut with the single album Fantastic on October 8, which included Japanese versions of the songs "Fantastic" and "Trap".In December, he appeared in tvN's classical music variety show Always Cantare. 2015–2017: Television work and single releases
In January 2015, <mask> made his Korean acting debut in Mnet's music drama . He released two songs, "The Way#Lies" and "Love +" for the drama's original soundtrack, the latter being a duet with co-star Yoo Sung-eun. <mask> teased his upcoming album in February 2015 but the project was delayed for an unknown reason. In March 2015, it was confirmed that <mask> had joined We Got Married and was partnered with

masks:
Henry Lau
Henry
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Henry


title: Henry Lau

texts:
 Yewon. In June, he appeared in the second season of Always Cantare. In November, he played a supporting role in the drama Oh My Venus acting alongside So Ji-sub and Sung Hoon.Throughout 2016, <mask> became more active in China appearing in a slew of reality shows including Sisters Over Flowers 2 and , the latter of which he hosted with He Jiong. <mask> co-composed the lead single of Se7en's I Am Seven, titled "Give It To Me", which was released on October 13, 2016. Next, he collaborated with Sistar's Soyou on the song "Runnin'" which was released on October 14 through SM Station. On October 26, 2016, <mask> and Mark released "I Want To Enter Your Heart" for the OST of Sweet Stranger and Me; the track was written and composed by <mask>. <mask> appeared on the Chinese reality show Back to Field, which aired in January 2017, as one of the three fixed cast members alongside He Jiong and Huang Lei. The same month, he guested on the popular South-Korean reality show I Live Alone which shows the single lifestyles of celebrities. His appearance led to an increase in the show's ratings and he attracted attention for using live loops to reinterpret "Uptown Funk".Subsequently, <mask> became a fixed cast member. During his appearance on the show, he composed a brief passage of a song which was then informally titled as "What should I do?". The song continued to garner attention through his appearance on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook for its beautiful melody and its eccentric "revolutionary" lyrics. The finished track, titled "Girlfriend" (; Revised Romanization: Geuriwoyo) was officially released on March 18, 2017, and peaked at number one on multiple South Korean daily digital charts and number three on the Gaon Download Chart. The track is a soulful R&B piece that incorporates the sound of strings and piano. The lyrics expresses the heartfelt sadness and longing for a past lover, which correlates with the Korean title of the song "그리워요" (lit. Missing you).On April 29, 2017, he released the single "Real Love" (; Revised Romanization: Sarang jom hago sipeo) and its acoustic version on May 10. On June 23, he released the single "I'm Good" featuring rapper Nafla. In July 2017, <mask> joined the Naver TV variety show Snowball Project, a collaboration between artists from SM Entertainment and Mystic Entertainment. He co-produced the song "Lemonade Love" with Yoon Jong Shin, which was released by Mark and Parc Jae Jung. He also rearranged Yoon Jong Shin's 1996 song, "Rebirth", for Red Velvet and released the collaboration single "U&I" with Sunny on the show. On August 30, he released "That One". In October, he released "It's You", which he co-composed for the original soundtrack of the drama While You Were Sleeping (2017).The song became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In December, he appeared on the fourth season of the Chinese reality show Perhaps Love. 2018–present: Independent label, acting roles, and Journey
In January 2018, it was announced that <mask> will arrange and perform a new version of the 1986 song "Daughter's Love" () for the soundtrack of the film The Monkey King 3. In February, he released the soulful R&B single "Monster" in three languages - English, Chinese, Korean. On April 30, 2018, it was announced that <mask> had completed his contract with SM Entertainment and had decided to leave the agency. He then set up his own studio in China. <mask> joined second season of the busking variety show Begin Again, which aired in May 2018.He returned for the second season of Chinese variety show Back to Field, which aired from April to June 2018. The same year, he was cast in the lead role in the Chinese film adaptation of the popular video game, Zhengtu. The film, under its English title Double World, was released globally on Netflix in July 2020. In August 2018, <mask> was cast as Trent in A Dog's Journey, which was released in May 2019 and marks his American film debut. He was suggested to the filmmakers by Alibaba Pictures, which co-produced the film. On October 27, <mask> held his first fan-meeting at Sangmyung Art Center in Seoul. In November 2018, <mask> announced that he had joined Monster Entertainment Group, an agency based in South Korea that he founded with his brother, Clinton, to help build his brand globally.Later that month, he briefly signed with AXIS, a music label founded by former YG creative director SINXITY. In December, <mask> became a judge on the Chinese reality show for bel canto and classical singers Super-Vocal; the show earned high ratings. On December 26, 2018, South-Korean band g.o.d announced they would be releasing a special 20th anniversary album titled Then & Now, which will feature a remake of the group's 2001 song "Road," rearranged by MeloMance's Jung Dong-hwan and sung by <mask>, IU, Urban Zakapa's Jo Hyun Ah, and Yang Da-il. He returned as part of the cast of Begin Again for its third season, which was broadcast in July 2019. On May 9, 2019, he released "Untitled Love Song" (; Revised Romanization: Jemok eomneun Love Song), his first release under his new label Monster. He previously teased the song in April during an appearance in Idol Room. In August, he released the R&B ballad "I LUV U" which he performed live for the first time in Amalfi, Italy during the filming of Begin Again.He released the single "Don't Forget" (; Revised Romanization: Hangangui bam) in October which was co-written by and features indie duo Rocoberry. He released the Chinese version of his single "I LUV U" titled "But, I Love You" () in December. He also appeared as a judge on the Chinese reality shows  and Miss Voice in the last quarter of the year. In February 2020, <mask> released the single "Thinking of You" and its accompanying music video in collaboration with Atelier Cologne. The same month, he featured alongside AlunaGeorge on the electropop track "Nice Things" produced by Far East Movement. In May, he was announced to participate in the fourth season of Begin Again (the first season to be held in Korea due to the pandemic), which aired from June to September. In August, he was selected by Forbes Korea as a '2020 Korea Power YouTuber' for spreading "positive influence" through his YouTube series 'Henry Together' where he collaborates with young musical prodigies.On September 17, 2020, <mask> featured in "Take Over", the official song of the 2020 League of Legends World Championship, alongside Jeremy McKinnon and MAX. In October, he was confirmed to play the male lead in the second season of the American series Dramaworld, which was released on Lifetime in April 2021. On November 18, 2020, <mask> released his third EP, Journey, alongside its lead single "Radio". The album peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart. SeoulBeats described the album as "captivating" in their review and noted that it "[gives] nods to his complicated musical past", being a multi-instrumentalist and idol turned singer-songwriter. The writer notes <mask>'s "penchant for interesting instrument choices, loop , and electronic mixing" that makes Journey "[stand] out from most other solo releases as of late". <mask> was awarded the '2020 Art Patron of the Year' in December by the Arts Council Korea in recognition of his furtherance of arts through his original YouTube series 'Henry Together' and his role as the ambassador of Orchestra of Dream.In August 2021, he joined the fourth season of  as one of the four team captains alongside Wang Yibo, Lay Zhang, and Han Geng. The same month, he released the collaboration song "Home" with Roy Wang, a track he co-composed for Wang's album Summer Time. Musicianship
<mask> is a multi-instrumentalist and plays the violin, piano, drums, and guitar. He is known for his performance style which often involves the use of multiple instruments and loop pedals during live performances. He has been nicknamed "one-man band" by Chinese netizens after a viral performance at the Zhejiang TV Autumn Festival in 2019, during which he performed using live looping and played drum pads, a glass bottle, kick drum, marimba, piano, and electric violin while singing. Other ventures
In May 2018, <mask> opened Xiao Zhan, a Taiwanese cuisine restaurant in Sinsa-dong, Gangnam. He has since opened a second branch in Secho-dong.In October 2021, <mask>'s artwork was featured at the START Art Fair held at London's Saatchi Gallery as part of a special exhibit recognising K-pop's global influence. Ambassadorships
Since 2019, he has been a Goodwill Ambassador for the nonprofit organizations International Vaccine Institute and Save the Children charity. In May 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism named <mask> as the promotional ambassador for El Sistema Korea, also known as Orchestra of Dream, which supports the musical education of children and young people including those who are underprivileged. <mask> performed with members of the orchestra at their 10th Anniversary Concert in November 2020. In June 2021, <mask> was appointed ambassador for Seoul Metropolitan Government's 2021 Instrument Donation and Sharing Campaign which aims to distribute used musical instruments to institutions and individuals in need. Discography

Extended plays
 Trap (2013)
 Fantastic (2014)
 Journey (2020)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> at Monster Entertainment Group

1989 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Canadian contemporary R&B singers
Canadian expatriates in China
Canadian expatriates in South Korea
Canadian male dancers
Canadian male drummers
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male pianists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
Canadian multi-instrumentalists
Canadian musicians of Chinese descent
Canadian musicians of Hong Kong descent
Canadian musicians of Taiwanese descent
Canadian pop singers
Canadian record producers
Korean-language singers of Canada
K-pop singers
Mandopop singers
Musicians from Toronto
People from Willowdale, Toronto
Super Junior-M

masks:
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title: Emm Gryner

texts:
<mask> (born 8 June 1975 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian singer-songwriter best known for her 1998 indie hits "Summerlong" and "Acid". Early life
Gryner's childhood was spent in Forest, Lambton County, Ontario. Her father was of half Irish heritage and her mother was Filipina. Gryner's brother is record producer and musician <mask>. Education
Gryner graduated from Fanshawe College's Music Industry Arts program in 1995. Career
Gryner started her music career in Toronto, working office jobs during the day while honing her live show in small, local clubs by night. Gryner entered her original song "Wisdom Bus" in a nationwide songwriting contest sponsored by Standard Broadcasting, and won.With the money from this prize, she recorded an album called The Original Leap Year and released it on her own Dead Daisy Records. The album attracted the attention of Violent Femmes producer, Warren Bruleigh. Bruleigh passed the album onto an exec at Mercury Records who signed Gryner. The result was Public, a Britpop-inspired album that yielded a hit in Canada called "Summerlong." Several tours followed, with Ron Sexsmith, Bernard Butler, Rufus Wainwright and others. After Universal Music took over Mercury Records, Gryner was dropped from the label and returned to her own Dead Daisy Records. She released several albums, two of which went on to be nominated for Best Pop Album of the Year at the Juno Awards.During this time, Gryner moved to New Paltz, NY and Los Angeles to write and tour. She also took a job singing and playing keyboards in David Bowie’s band. The gig saw Gryner performing with Bowie at Glastonbury Festival, on Later with Jools Holland and other venues around America and Europe. She appears on the live albums Glastonbury 2000 and Bowie at the Beeb, as well as Toy. After leaving Bowie's band, Gryner moved to Montreal and released an album called Songs of Love and Death which was made up of cover versions of Irish songs by The Undertones, The Virgin Prunes, Horslips, Thin Lizzy, The Thrills and others. Recorded in a house she shared with Kate McGarrigle, the album attracted the attention of Irish media. Gryner found a champion in Pat Egan, a legendary promoter and manager based in Dublin, and he set up her first shows.In 2005, Gryner signed Atlantic Canadian indie band In-Flight Safety. The band went on to receive national acclaim, capture several awards and receive a Juno nomination for Best Video of the Year in 2007. Gryner subsequently signed Toronto songwriter Royal Wood and released his album, A Good Enough Day through Dead Daisy. In 2006, Gryner released  The Summer of High Hopes produced by Nathan Larson. The album was released in Canada and later in Ireland on the heels of a performance at Oxegen Festival. Collaborations
Gryner also collaborated with Larson in the band Hot One, which released an album that year. She is also a member of the collective The Cake Sale, along with Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol, Bell X1, Josh Ritter and Glen Hansard.The collective is featured on The Cake Sale, a multi-platinum-selling Irish album with proceeds to Oxfam’s Make Trade Fair. In 2011 <mask> formed Trent Severn with Dayna Manning and Laura C. Bates. Their debut self-titled album was released on Gryner's Dead Daisy Records label in 2012, followed by Trillium (2015) and Portage (2017). In May 2013, she arranged and performed piano on astronaut Chris Hadfield's cover version of David Bowie's "Space Oddity". The music video for the song features Hadfield on the International Space Station and is considered the first ever filmed in space. In 2014, Gryner put together the band Trapper with Sean Kelly (on guitar), brother <mask> (on guitar), Jordan Kern (on bass) and Tim Timleck (ex-Universal Honey on drums), playing "1980s-style melodic hard rock." In May 2015, Trapper opened for Brit-rockers Def Leppard on 3 Canadian tour dates in Montréal, Ottawa and London, Ontario.Gryner had met and become friends with Def Leppard lead singer Joe Elliott when she toured as a backing singer with David Bowie. On May 29, 2015, Trapper played the Great Hall in Toronto with special guest Chris Hadfield singing two songs with the band. Other work
Gryner played the angel in the music videos of "The Grace" and "Age of Consent" by Neverending White Lights, and had a small but important role in One Week, a film by director Michael McGowan. In the summers of 2007 and 2008, Gryner and Danny Michel co-hosted the radio show Under the Covers, a show about cover songs, on CBC Radio One. In September 2021 ECW Press released Gryner's book The Healing Power of Singing: Raise Your Voice, Change Your Life (What Touring with David Bowie, Single Parenting and Ditching the Music Business Taught Me in 25 Easy Steps), described as "part study in the art of singing, part guide to finding one's voice, and part memoir." The book became an Amazon bestseller in 2022. Recognition by other musicians
Nelly Furtado named <mask>'s album Science Fair one of her desert island discs in a VH1 interview, and David Bowie named Gryner and Godspeed You!Black Emperor his two favourite Canadian acts during a promotional interview for his Reality album. In the November 2006 issue of Q, celebrating the magazine's 20th anniversary, U2 frontman Bono recognized the track "Almighty Love" from Gryner's album The Summer of High Hopes as one of six songs that he wished he had written from the last twenty years of music. The American indie band +/- covered the song "Summerlong" on the Japanese edition of their EP, Holding Patterns. The song "Angel" by Matt Nathanson is written about her. Discography
 And Distrust It (1995)
 The Original Leap Year (1997)
 Public (1998)
 Science Fair (1999)
 Dead Relatives (2000)
 Girl Versions (2001)
 The Winter (EP) (2002)
 Asianblue (2002)
 Songs of Love and Death (2005)
 The Great Lakes (2005)
 The Summer of High Hopes (2006)
 PVT (2006) (originally issued as a bonus disc with The Summer of High Hopes, later sold separately)
 Goddess (2009)
 Stray Bullets EP (2010)
 Gem and I (2010)
 Northern Gospel (2011)
 She's Gone: A Hall & Oates Tribute EP (2012)
 The Best of Emm Gryner (2012)
 FrostPop (EP) (2013)
 Torrential (2014)
 21st Century Ballads (2015)
 Calmphonic (2016)
 Aonarán (2016)
 Slant (EP) (2017)
 Only of Earth: Days of Games (2017)
 Just for You (2020)

References

External links
Emm Gryner

1975 births
Living people
Canadian pop guitarists
Canadian pop pianists
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian women guitarists
Canadian people of Irish descent
Musicians from Ontario
People from Sarnia
Fanshawe College alumni
Canadian musicians of Filipino descent
Women bass guitarists
Canadian women pop singers
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian pianists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists
Second Motion Records artists

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Emm Gryner
Frank Gryner
Gryner
Frank Gryner
Gryner


title: Hermila Galindo

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>) (2June 188618August 1954) was a Mexican feminist and a writer. She was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce. She was one of the first feminists to state that Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts, and was the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. Early life
<mask> was born in Lerdo Mexico, Durango, on 2 June 1886 to <mask> and <mask>. She began her education in Villa Lerdo and then attended an Industrial School in Chihuahua learning accounting, shorthand, telegraphy, typing, as well as English and Spanish. At the age of 13, she returned home and gave private lessons in shorthand and typing to children. In 1911, she moved to Mexico City.Biography
Arriving in Mexico City, <mask> joined a liberal club and became a public supporter of Venustiano Carranza, lobbying against Porfirio Díaz. She was discovered by Venustiano Carranza while giving a speech to welcome him upon his return to the capital. He then offered her the opportunity to work with him in Veracruz. She became his private secretary and continued rallying support for the rights of Mexican women and liberal ideologies. Carranza supported her efforts, permitting her to distribute feminist propaganda in the southern Mexican states of Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatán, and in the traditionally liberal state of Veracruz, as well as Carranza's home state of Coahuila, and San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León. Carranza also appointed her as his representative in Cuba and Colombia, to publicize his policies in surrounding Latin America. In 1915, she created a magazine called La Mujer Moderna ("The Modern Woman").Along with essays discussing feminist ideas, it served as propaganda to support Carranza. Almost all of her works helped the political campaign of Carranza in some way. The magazine also featured articles which expressed her disapproval of the Catholic Church and its methods of control. She was one of the first feminists to speak out about the church and its view of women. <mask> collaborated with many other journalists and feminists, with the majority of these women being from Spain who were fighting for the same issues as <mask>. The most famous women that stand out from her magazine and articles are María Luisa de la Torre de Otero, Clarisa P. de Torres, Julia D. Febles Cantón Vda. de Palomeque, Micaela Rosado de P., Bolivia M. de Rivas, Rosario Rivas Hernández, María Pacheco, Artemisa N. Sanz Royo, and Luz Calva.Although the magazine was titled La Mujer Moderna, she still included male journalists in her works. She eventually wrote Carranza's biography in addition to at least five other books. One of her books, Un presidenciable: el general Don Pablo Gonzalez, was written about the general Pablo González Garza who was a general during the Mexican Revolution under President Carranza. Her support for Carranza was incredibly obvious because out of all her works were related to him; even the feminist magazine. At the time her views of sex education and women's sexuality were considered to be extremely radical. Her approach seeking equality and women's rights were seen as controversial. During the Feminist Congress of 1916, which Galindo did not attend, César González, an education administrator for Carranza, read a statement in which Galindo attacked the male double standard in Mexico.After these statements were read, conservative women's groups went on the defensive and came back with a statement which supported the traditional role of women and opposed women's education. Carranza allowed <mask> to submit a proposal for women's equality to the Constituent Congress of 1917, but the item was stricken from the final agenda. Her strong support for Carranza was evident in her writings, which expressed her faith in him and his potential to create a social revolution. Through him she believed that women could get the vote and that there was hope for social reform. In the end, Carranza failed to create the change he promised. Instead, because of corruption, he was seen as an enemy of the Revolution, which left <mask> disillusioned. On 2 March 1917, she took matters into her own hands and filed as a candidate for Deputy of 5th constituency of Mexico City.Gabriela Cano, historian, reported that "it was the first time that, in Mexico, a woman contended as an electoral choice". Though some records show <mask> won a majority of the votes, the Electoral College rejected her  results, claiming that they were only complying with the law forbidding women. She accepted the rejection but made it clear that her purpose had been to show publicly that women could be elected and should be allowed to hold public office. In 1923, <mask> attended a Feminist Congress in the State of Tabasco and organized several revolutionary clubs in Campeche, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatán. She married later that year and ended her political involvement. She died 18 August 1954 in Mexico City. Tribute
On 2 June 2018, <mask> was honored by a Google Doodle in Mexico, on her 132nd birthday.On 20 Nov 2020 <mask> was added to the new Mexican 1000 peso note. Selected works
La Mujer moderna (1915–1919) (in Spanish)
Estudio de la Srita. <mask> <mask> : con motivo de los temas que han de absolverse en el Segundo Congreso Feminista de Yucatán, Noviembre 20 de 1916 (1916) (in Spanish)
 La doctrina Carranza y el acercamiento indo-latino (1919) (in Spanish)
Un presidenciable: el general Don Pablo Gonzalez (1919) (in Spanish)
"Mi grano de arena en esa hermosa labor." in La doctrina Carranza y el acercamiento indolatino, pp. 159–67. Mexico 1919. See also
Venustiano Carranza
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Dolores Jiménez y Muro
Women in Mexico

Further reading
Morton, Ward M. Woman Suffrage in Mexico.Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1962,
Orellana Trinidad, Laura. <mask> <mask>: Una mujer moderna. Mexico City: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura de Artes 2001. Valles Ruiz, Rosa Maria. Sol de libertad: <mask> <mask>: Feminista, constitutionalista y primera censora legislativa en México. Lerdo, Mexico: Instituto del Estado de Durango 2010. References

1886 births
1954 deaths
Mexican feminist writers
20th-century Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican writers
Mexican non-fiction writers
People of the Mexican Revolution
20th-century non-fiction writers
Mexican suffragists

masks:
Hermila Galindo Acosta
Hermila Galindo de Topete
Hermila Galindo Acosta
Rosario Galindo
Hermila Acosta
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title: Nick Berg

texts:
<mask> (April 2, 1978 – May 7, 2004) was an American freelance radio-tower repairman who went to Iraq after the United States' invasion of Iraq. He was abducted and beheaded according to a video released in May 2004 by Islamist militants in response to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse involving the United States Army and Iraqi prisoners. The CIA claimed <mask> was murdered by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The decapitation video was released on the internet, reportedly from London to a Malaysian-hosted homepage by the Islamist organization Muntada al-Ansar. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in West Whiteland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. He was referred to as a "religious Jew." <mask> graduated from Henderson High School in West Chester in 1996.In 1996, he was a student at Cornell University but later dropped out. He took classes at Drexel University in 1998, and in 1999, <mask> attended summer sessions on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. At some point, <mask> took a class at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. He never earned a college degree. In 2002, with family members, created Prometheus Methods Tower Service. He inspected and rebuilt communication antennas, and had previously visited Kenya and Uganda on similar projects. <mask> set up a subsidiary of his company, Prometheus Tower Services, Inc., in Kenya.Travels and detention
<mask> first arrived in Iraq on December 21, 2003, and made arrangements to secure contract work for his company. He also went to the northern city of Mosul, visiting an Iraqi man whose brother had been married to <mask>'s late aunt. Leaving on February 1, 2004, he returned to Iraq on March 14, 2004, only to find that the work he was promised was unavailable. Throughout his time in Iraq, he maintained frequent contact with his family in the United States by telephone and email. <mask> had intended to return to the United States on March 30, 2004, but he was detained in Mosul on March 24. His family claims that he was turned over to U.S. officials and held for 13 days without access to legal counsel. FBI agents visited his parents to confirm his identity on March 31, 2004, but he was not immediately released.After his parents filed suit in federal court in Philadelphia on April 5, 2004, claiming that he was being held illegally, he was released from custody. He said that he had not been mistreated during his confinement. The U.S. maintains that at no time was <mask> in coalition custody, but rather that he was held by Iraqi forces. The Mosul police deny they ever arrested <mask>, and <mask>'s family has turned over an email from the U.S. consul stating "I have confirmed that your son, <mask>, is being detained by the U.S. military in Mosul." According to the Associated Press, <mask> was released from custody on April 6, 2004 and advised by U.S. officials to take a flight out of Iraq, with their assistance. <mask> is said to have refused this offer and traveled to Baghdad, where he stayed at the Al-Fanar Hotel. His family last heard from him on April 9, 2004.<mask> had his last contact with U.S. officials on April 10, 2004 and did not return again to his hotel after that date. He was interviewed for filmmaker Michael Moore's film Fahrenheit 9/11. Moore chose not to use the footage of his interview with <mask>, but instead shared it with <mask>'s family following his death. Disappearance
<mask>'s family became concerned after not hearing from him for several days. Although a U.S. State Department investigator looked into <mask>'s disappearance, official government inquiries produced no leads. His family, frustrated with what they say was a lack of action by the U.S. government, also hired a private investigator and contacted both their Congressional delegation and the Red Cross in search of information. According to The Guardian it is unclear how <mask> came to be kidnapped.Death
<mask>'s body was found decapitated on May 8, 2004, on a Baghdad overpass by a U.S. military patrol. <mask>'s family was informed of his death two days later. Military sources stated publicly at the time that <mask>'s body showed "signs of trauma", but did not disclose that he had been decapitated. On May 11, 2004, the website of the militant jihadist group Muntada al-Ansar posted a video with the opening title of "Abu Musab al-Zarqawi slaughters an American", which shows <mask> being decapitated. The video is about five and a half minutes long. The video shows <mask>, seated, facing the camera and his captors standing behind him also facing the camera. <mask> is wearing an orange jumpsuit, similar to ones worn by prisoners in U.S. custody.His captors are all masked, their identities concealed. He identifies himself: "My name is <mask>, my father's name is Michael, my mother's name is Suzanne. I have a brother and sister, David and Sarah. I live in West Chester, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia." A lengthy statement is read aloud. The masked men then converge on <mask>. Two of them hold him down, while one decapitates him with a knife.The video title claims the decapitator was Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, but this can't be determined as all the men are masked. A scream can be heard as men shout "Allahu Akbar". After the head is severed, one of the men displays the head to the camera, then lays it down on the decapitated body. During the video, the masked man reading the statement said the killing was in revenge for the abuse at Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse. The man says Muslims should seek vengeance for Abu Ghraib, and that the Muslim clergy had been complacent. The man also threatens further deaths, and makes specific threats to U.S. President George W. Bush and Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. Media in the United States and around the world grappled with the question of how much graphics to print.The Dallas Morning News showed an image in which the killer holds <mask>'s severed head, while Seattle Times only displayed the image of the killer. British newspaper The Independent urged restraint, arguing the video was propaganda and publishing images from it "plays into the hands" of terrorists. Reactions
The death of  <mask> provoked condemnation in the United States, and the Arab World. <mask>'s killing was condemned by the Arab League, and United Nations, as well as by the United States, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the UAE, and Hezbollah. Many others in the Muslim world also condemned the killing, and BBC journalist Paul Wood found that the "Arab street" condemned the killing of <mask>, saw it as contrary to Islam, and saw it as a reaction to US prison abuses. Encounter with Zacarias Moussaoui
On May 14, 2004, it was revealed that <mask> had been investigated during the U.S. government's investigation of Zacarias Moussaoui, a 9/11 conspirator. <mask>'s email address had been used by Moussaoui prior to the September 11, 2001, attacks.According to <mask>'s father, <mask> had a chance encounter with an acquaintance of Moussaoui on a bus in Norman, Oklahoma. This person had asked to borrow <mask>'s laptop computer to send an email. <mask> gave the details of his own email account and password, which were later used by Moussaoui. The FBI found that <mask> had no direct terrorism connections or direct link with Moussaoui. Arrests and confessions
On May 14, 2004, citing "Iraq sources", Sky News reported that four people had been arrested for the murder. Two were later released. Alternatively, on July 5, 2004, Sky News reported that four men were arrested in connection with the <mask> decapitation.On August 5, 2004, Le Nouvel Observateur published a feature story by Sara Daniel detailing her meeting with one Abu Rashid, a leader of the mujahadeen council in Fallujah. He claims that he killed <mask>, Kim Sun-il and Iraqis who collaborated with U.S. forces. He also states that they attempted a prisoner exchange with <mask> and were rebuffed by the U.S. officials. See also

 Alan Henning
 Beheading in Islam
 Daniel Pearl
 Eugene Armstrong
 Steven Joel Sotloff
 Jack Hensley
 James Foley (photojournalist)
 John Dawson Dewhirst
 List of kidnappings
 List of solved missing person cases
 Kenneth Bigley
 Kim Sun-il
 Margaret Hassan
 Seif Adnan Kanaan
 Shosei Koda
 Paul Marshall Johnson, Jr.
 Piotr Stańczak

References

Further reading
 Hayes, Jonathan. "Second Opinion." New York Magazine. "A New York City medical examiner watches the video of <mask>’s beheading and wishes he’d looked away."External links

 <mask> Memorial and Nick Berg Initiative, Inc.

1978 births
2000s missing person cases
2000s murders in Iraq
2004 deaths
2004 crimes in Iraq
2004 murders in Asia
American construction businesspeople
American expatriates in Iraq
American people murdered abroad
American people taken hostage
American terrorism victims
Burials in Pennsylvania
Cornell University alumni
Drexel University alumni
Foreign hostages in Iraq
Formerly missing people
Iraq–United States relations
Islamism-related beheadings
Kidnapped American people
Kidnappings in Iraq
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in Iraq
Murdered American Jews
People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
People from West Chester, Pennsylvania
People murdered in Iraq
Terrorism deaths in Iraq

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Nicholas Evan Berg
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title: Harmanpreet Kaur

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<mask> ( ; born 8 March 1989) is an Indian cricketer who serves as the captain of the Indian team in T20Is. She plays as an all-rounder for the Indian women's cricket team and was awarded the Arjuna Award for Cricket in the year 2017 by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. In November 2018, she became the first woman for India to score a century in a Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) match. In October 2019, during the series against South Africa, she became the first cricketer for India, male or female, to play in 100 international Twenty20 matches. Early life
<mask> was born on 8 March 1989 in Moga, Punjab, to Harmandar Singh Bhullar, a Volleyball and Basketball player and Satwinder Kaur. Her parents are baptised Sikhs. Her younger sister Hemjeet, is post-graduate in English and works as an assistant professor at Guru Nanak College in Moga.She took to cricket after joining the Gian Jyoti School Academy,  away from her residence in Moga, where she trained under Kamaldeesh Singh Sodhi. Harman used to play with men in the formative days of her career. She moved to Mumbai in 2014 where she began working for the Indian Railways. Harmanpreet was inspired by Virender Sehwag. Her father, who now is a clerk at a judicial court, was once an aspiring cricketer. He was the first coach of Harman when she had begun playing the sport. Career
She made her ODI debut at age of 20 against arch-rivals Pakistan women's in March 2009 in the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup played at Bradman Oval, Bowral.In the match, she bowled 4 overs conceding 10 runs and also caught Armaan Khan off Amita Sharma. In June 2009, she made her Twenty20 International debut in the 2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20 against England women's at County Ground, Taunton where she scored 8 runs off 7 balls. Her ability to hit the ball a long way was seen when she played quick-fire innings of 33 against England women's in a T20I game played in Mumbai in 2010. She was named as Indian women's captain for the 2012 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup final, as captain Mithali Raj and vice-captain Jhulan Goswami were out because of injuries. She made her debut as captain against Pakistan women's as India defended 81 runs thus won Asia Cup. In March 2013, she was named ODI captain of India women's when Bangladesh women's toured in India. In the series, Kaur scored her second ODI century in 2nd ODI.Kaur finished the series 195 runs at average of 97.50 with a century and a fifty along with 2 wickets. In August 2014, she one of the eight debut that played against England women cricket team in a Test match at Sir Paul Getty's Ground, Wormsley in which she scored 9 and a duck in a match. In November 2014, she took 9 wickets in a Test match South Africa women cricket team played at Gangothri Glades Cricket Ground, Mysore and helped India to win the match by an innings and 34 runs. In January 2016, she helped India to win series in Australia as well as scored a 31-ball 46 runs in India's highest ever chase in T20 internationals. She continued her form in the 2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20 where she scored 89 runs and took seven wickets in four matches. In June 2016, she became the first Indian cricketer to be signed by an overseas Twenty20 franchise. Sydney Thunder, the Women's Big Bash League champions, signed her for the 2016–17 season.On 20 July 2017 she scored 171*(115) against Australia in the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup semi-final in Derby. <mask>'s 171* is currently the second-highest score by an Indian batter in women's one-day internationals, behind Deepti Sharma's 188 runs. Kaur also holds the record for the highest individual score for India in Women's cricket World Cup history. Kaur now holds the record for registering the highest ever individual score in a knockout stage of a Women's World Cup match (171*) surpassing the previous record of 107* by Karen Rolton. <mask> was part of the Indian team to reach the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs. In July 2017, Harman became second India batter to feature in the top-10 of ICC Women's ODI Player Rankings after Mithali Raj. In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's T20I Team of the Year.In October 2018, she was named as the captain of India's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. Ahead of the tournament, she was named as one of the players to watch. In the opening match of the tournament, against New Zealand, she became the first woman for India to score a century in WT20Is, when she made 103 runs from 51 balls. She was the leading run-scorer for India in the tournament, with 183 runs in five matches. In November 2018, she was named in Sydney Thunder's squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In January 2020, she was named as the captain of India's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia. In March 2021 against South Africa, she became fifth Indian woman cricketer to represent the country in 100 ODIs.In May 2021, she was named as the vice-captain of India's Test squad for their one-off match against the England women's cricket team. In January 2022, she was named in India's team for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup in New Zealand. International centuries

One Day International centuries

T20 International centuries

Personal life
Kaur admits to being "... not at all good at cooking." Her favourite meal is dal, or anything gravy-based, and she eats non-vegetarian food only when eating out. During overseas tours, she is often served sandwiches, which she finds "challenging". Prior to matches, she eats light; after them, she has a heavy meal, "... to make up for lost calories." Since about 2019, she has avoided eating glutens, even though foods containing such proteins are traditionally popular in Punjab.In 2021, she told ESPNcricinfo:

References

Further reading

External links

1989 births
Living people
Indian women cricketers
India women One Day International cricketers
India women Twenty20 International cricketers
India women Test cricketers
Indian women cricket captains
People from Moga, Punjab
Punjabi people
Punjab, India women cricketers
Sydney Thunder (WBBL) cricketers
Lancashire Thunder cricketers
IPL Supernovas cricketers
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Manchester Originals cricketers
Melbourne Renegades (WBBL) cricketers

masks:
Harmanpreet Kaur
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title: Viatcheslav Ekimov

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<mask> (Russian Вячеслав Владимирович Екимов; born 4 February 1966 in Vyborg), nicknamed Eki, is a Russian former professional racing cyclist. A triple Olympic gold medalist, he was awarded the title of Russian Cyclist of the Century in 2001. Biography
<mask> started training as a cyclist at age 12 with a bicycle school affiliated with the famous centre of Aleksandr Kuznetsov. He trained in Leningrad at Lokomotiv and later Armed Forces sports society during the Soviet era. <mask> won three Olympic gold medals: in the track team pursuit in Seoul (1988) for the USSR, and in an upset, in the road time trial in Sydney (2000) for Russia. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, <mask> won the silver medal for Russia in the men's road individual time trial, losing to American Tyler Hamilton. Hamilton was later admitted to doping and <mask> was promoted to gold.<mask> joined the USPS team in 1997 as its first key international signing, briefly retiring in 2001 before rejoining the team the following year. In the 2003 Tour de France <mask> placed 10th in the prologue. He was a key force in the winning team time trial effort in stage four and was important to Lance Armstrong's fifth Tour victory both on the flats and in the mountains. He missed the 2005 Tour de France due to injuries received in a training ride with Armstrong in Texas. During the final stage of the 2006 Tour de France, now racing for the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team, he announced that the 2006 Tour would be his last. He was honored by the peloton on the final stage, who allowed him to lead them over the line on the first of the eight laps of the Champs-Élysées. <mask> started and finished 15 Tours de France, tying him with Lucien Van Impe for the second most Tour finishes, behind Joop Zoetemelk and Sylvain Chavanel.In September 2006 he finished riding for Discovery, but stayed with the team as Assistant Directeur Sportif to Johan Bruyneel. He helped guide the Discovery riders during the U.S. Pro Cycling Championships in 2006 as well as the Tour of California and the Tour de Georgia. On 9 September 2009, it was announced he would join  as Directeur Sportif. In October 2012, he was announced as the general manager of the Russian . The UCI, in a letter written to Katusha Team, denied them entrance into the 2013 World Tour. Among the many ethical violations the UCI cited, the appointment of <mask> was among them for reasons unspecified.After the end of 2016 season <mask> stepped down from the role.

masks:
Viatcheslav Vladimirovich Ekimov
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