title: Michael Irwin

texts:
<mask> (born 5 June 1931) is a British doctor, formerly a GP and a Medical Director with the United Nations. He is a humanist and secular activist, campaigning in particular for Voluntary Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide. Career
<mask> was trained at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London (graduating in 1955), and at Columbia University, New York. He was awarded a master's degree in public health from the latter in 1960. He worked at Prince of Wales Hospital, London, from 1955 to 1956. In 1957 he became Medical Officer at the United Nations. In 1961 he worked with the UN in Pakistan, returning to his Medical Officer post in 1963 and rising to become Medical Director of the United Nations in 1969.He became Director of Personnel at the United Nations Development Programme in 1973. In 1977, he was the UNICEF Representative in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 1982, <mask> was the UNICEF Senior Adviser on Childhood Disabilities. In 1982, he returned to the United Nations to become Medical Director again. In 1989 and 1990, he was the Medical Director for the World Bank and the IMF. He was struck off by the UK General Medical Council in 2005 after openly admitting travelling to the Isle of Man in October 2003 to assist fellow campaigner Patrick Kneen to end his life. <mask> was arrested by the Isle of Man police for this activity in December 2003, but he was never charged.In April 1990 <mask> resigned from the World Bank. He wrote an article for The Wall Street Journal which detailed his complaints about the Bank. He cited in particular "the Bank's bloated, overpaid bureaucracy, its wasteful practices, and its generally poor management." Returning to the UK in 1993, <mask> became the Vice-Chairman of the United Nations Association in 1995, and its chairman from 1996 to 1998. Campaigning
<mask> is an active supporter of euthanasia, humanism and secularism. He was interviewed by Ritula Shah about such matters in the BBC Radio 4 series One to One on 21 May 2013. Voluntary Euthanasia
From 1995 to 2003, <mask> was either the vice-chairman or the Chairman of the Voluntary Euthanasia Society (now, renamed Dignity in Dying).In November 1999 <mask> stood as a "Campaign for Living Will Legislation" candidate in the Kensington and Chelsea parliamentary by-election occasioned by the death of MP Alan Clark. Polling took place on 25 November, and <mask> gained 97 votes, putting him 9th out of 18 candidates. <mask> was elected. <mask> was President of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies from 2002 to 2004, and a Director of that organisation from 2004 to 2006. In December 2009, <mask> established the Society for Old Age Rational Suicide (SOARS) which is promoting a discussion on the possibility of elderly, competent individuals, who are suffering from various medical problems, having a doctor legally end their lives, if this is their persistent request. From 2009 to August 2015 he was the Coordinator of this organisation. In October 2015 he was made a Patron of SOARS.Since 2005 <mask> has accompanied four individuals from the UK to Switzerland to witness their doctor-assisted suicides there. In 2009 he was arrested for partially financing the trip of Raymond Cutkelvin to Dignitas, but after a year on bail, he was not charged. Secularism and Humanism
<mask> is a Patron of Humanists UK and an honorary associate of the National Secular Society. Since 2005 <mask> has sponsored the National Secular Society's £5000 Secularist of the Year award, which is known as the Irwin Prize. In 2006 he founded the Secular Medical Forum  and was its Coordinator for three years. On 15 September 2010, <mask>, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK. Personal life
<mask>'s father was William Knox <mask> FRCS, a surgeon and author of medical textbooks.<mask> married Elizabeth Naumann in 1958; the marriage was dissolved in 1982. He married Frederica Harlow in 1983. He later married Patricia Walters in 1994 – they divorced in 2000. His current partner is Angela Farmer. He has three daughters. Publications

Collected Essays (Editor)
"I'll See Myself Out, Thank You": Thirty personal views in support of assisted suicide. Skyscraper Publications, 2015

"Family Doctor" Booklets
Travelling Without Tears.London: British Medical Association, 1964. pp. 30. The Truth About Cancer. London: British Medical Association, 1969. pp. 31. Public Affairs Pamphlets
Check-ups: safeguarding your health. no.314.New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1961. pp. 18. Overweight: a problem for millions. no.364. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1964. pp. 20. Blood: new uses for saving lives.no.377. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1965. pp. 28. Viruses, Colds, and Flu. no.395. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1966. pp. 20.What Do We Know About Allergies? no. 486. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1972. pp. 28. Overweight: a problem for millions. Revised edition.no.364a. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1973. pp. 24. Aspirin: current knowledge about an old medication. no. 614. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1983. pp.24. Can We Survive Nuclear War? no.625. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1984. pp. 28. Nuclear Energy, Good or Bad? no.629.New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1984. pp. 29. Risks to Health and Safety on the Job. no. 644. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1986. pp. 28.Criticism of the World Bank
Banking on Poverty: An Insider's Look at the World Bank, Cato Foreign Policy Briefing 3, 20 September 1990..  Reprinted as Chapter 31 of Danaher, Kevin (1994). 50 Years is Enough: the case against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Boston, MA: South End Press. pp. 152–160. References

Life
New York Times coverage of <mask>'s marriage to Frederica Harlow, 10 April 1983

Voluntary Euthanasia
In praise of... Dr <mask>, Guardian, 4 October 2005
Euthanasia doctor is struck off, BBC news, 27 September 2005
Euthanasia campaigner to stand in byelection, British Medical Journal, 30 October 1999

Secularism and Humanism
BHA profile of Dr <mask>

British activists
1931 births
Living people
Euthanasia in the United Kingdom
Euthanasia activists
Medical doctors struck off by the General Medical Council

masks:
Michael Henry Knox Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
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Michael Portillo
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Michael Irwin
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Michael Irwin
Michael Irwin


title: Tom Pendergast

type: original

texts:
<mask> (July 22, 1872 – January 26, 1945), also known as T. J<mask>, was an American political boss who controlled Kansas City and Jackson County, Missouri, from 1925 to 1939. Pendergast only briefly held elected office, as an alderman, but his capacity as chairman of the Jackson County Democratic Party allowed him to use his large network of family and friends to help the election of politicians, in some cases by voter fraud, and to hand out government contracts and patronage jobs. He became wealthy in the process, but his addiction to gambling, especially horse racing, later led to a large accumulation of personal debts. In 1939, he was convicted of income tax evasion and served 15 months in a federal prison. The Pendergast organization helped to launch the political career of future US President Harry S. Truman, which caused Truman's early enemies to dub him "the senator from Pendergast". Early years
<mask>, also known to close friends as "TJ", was born in St. Joseph, Missouri. Raised as a Catholic, he had nine brothers and sisters.The family's name is misspelled as Pendergest in the 1880 census and is listed accordingly. It has been claimed that Pendergast attended St. Mary's College, a boarding school for boys as young as nine and as old as eighteen, conducted by the Jesuits in St. Marys, Kansas, but records of the school, which are kept in the Jesuit archives in St. Louis, disprove that claim. (St. Mary's College was not connected in any way to the girls' school of the same name in Leavenworth, Kansas, conducted by the Sisters of Charity.) It is sometimes claimed that he earned a football scholarship to St. Mary's College, but that is also untrue. There were then no athletic scholarships awarded, and there were no intramural games. In the 1890s, the young <mask>t worked in his older brother <mask>'s West Bottoms tavern. The West Bottoms were then an immigrant section of town located at the "bottom" of the bluffs overlooking the Missouri River above which spread the more prosperous sections of Kansas City.<mask>, an alderman in Kansas City's city council, tutored him in the diversities of the city's political ways and systems and in the strategic advantages of controlling blocs of voters. James retired in 1910 and died the next year after he had named <mask> as his successor. After his brother's death, <mask>t served in the city council until he stepped down in 1916 to focus on consolidating the factions of the Jackson County Democratic Party. After a new city charter was passed in 1925 that placed the city under the auspices of a city manager picked by a smaller council, Pendergast easily gained control of the government. Pendergast married Caroline Snyder in February 1911 and raised three children (two girls and a boy) at their home on 5650 Ward Parkway. He was a member of the Knight of Columbus, which used his connection to reach Truman during the 1930s persecution of Catholics and others in Mexico. Chairman of Jackson County Democratic Club

Pendergast ruled from a simple two-story yellow brick building at 1908 Main Street.Messages marked with his red scrawl were used to secure all manner of favors. He was unquestionably corrupt, and there were regularly shootouts and beatings on election days during his watch. However, the permissive go-go days also gave rise to the golden era of Kansas City jazz (now commemorated at the American Jazz Museum at 18th and Vine) as well as a golden era of building in Kansas City. Pendergast tried to portray a "common touch" and made attention-grabbing displays of helping pay medical bills, providing "jobs", and hosting famous Thanksgiving and Christmas dinners for the poor. Fraud and intimidation often caused Kansas City voter turnout to be close to 100 percent in the Pendergast days. Despite Prohibition, Pendergast's machine and a bribed police force allowed alcohol and gambling. Additionally, many elections were fixed to keep political friends in power.In return, Pendergast's companies like Ready-Mixed Concrete were awarded government contracts. Under a $40 million bond program, the city constructed many civic buildings during the Depression. Among the projects were the Jackson County Courthouse, in Downtown Kansas City, and the concrete "paving" of Brush Creek, near the Country Club Plaza. (A local urban legend in which bodies of Pendergast opponents were buried under the Brush Creek concrete was finally put to rest when the concrete was torn up for a renewal project in the 1980s.) Pendergast also had a hand in other projects like the Power and Light Building, Fidelity Bank and Trust Building, Municipal Auditorium, and the construction of inner-city high schools. Pendergast placed many of his associates in positions of authority throughout Jackson County and exercised strong influence in determining the Democratic candidates for statewide office. For example, he picked Guy Brasfield Park as Democratic candidate for Missouri governor in 1932 after the previous candidate, Francis Wilson, died two weeks before the election.Pendergast also extended his rule into neighboring cities such as Omaha, Nebraska, and Wichita, Kansas, where members of his family had set up branches of the Ready-Mixed Concrete company. The Pendergast stamp was to be found in the packing plant industries, local politics, bogus construction contracts, and the jazz scene in those cities as well. Downfall and later years
Pendergast's downfall was related to a falling out with Missouri Governor Lloyd C. Stark. Pendergast had endorsed Stark, the heir to an agricultural fortune and known for promoting the Golden Delicious variety of apples, for governor in 1936. Pendergast was out of the country during the election, and his followers were even more obvious and corrupt than usual in Stark's successful election. With Mafia-related shootings and election violence underway in Jackson County, US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., went after a Mafia boss, Charles Carrollo, and Pendergast as part of Morgenthau's crackdown on corruption and organized crime. Despite Pendergast's history of delivering votes for Roosevelt and other leading Democrats, Morgenthau directed his subordinates to "let the chips fall where they may".With investigations looming, Stark turned against Pendergast, which prompted federal investigations and the pulling of federal funds from Pendergast's control. In 1939 Edward L. Schneider, the secretary-treasurer of eight of the Pendergast businesses, took his own life. Another factor in the downfall was Pendergast's failing health. Shortly after attending the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 1936, he was taken ill and later diagnosed with colon cancer and was in poor health for the remainder of his life. In 1939, Pendergast was arraigned for failing to pay taxes on a bribe received to pay off gambling debts. After serving 15 months in prison at the nearby United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, he lived quietly at his home, 5650 Ward Parkway, until his death in 1945. Pentergast's headquarters at 1908 Main are listed on the Kansas City Register of Historic Places but not on the National Register of Historic Places.Truman connection

During his military service during World War I, Harry Truman had become close friends with <mask>, T. J. 's nephew. When Truman's attempt at a clothing business failed in 1922, Jim Pendergast suggested that he run for a "judgeship" in eastern Jackson County (actually an administrative, rather than a judicial position). With the help of the Pendergast organization, Truman was elected to that and later to a similar county-wide position. In 1934, after several other potential candidates turned him down, T. J. was persuaded to support Truman, whom he considered something of a lightweight, for the Democratic nomination for a US Senate seat. Truman prevailed in a close primary and went on to win in the general election.Although Truman was derisively named "the senator from Pendergast" by his opponents, he does not appear to have had a close personal relationship with Pendergast himself. Both men met on only a handful of occasions and were photographed together only once, at the 1936 Democratic Party convention. After Pendergast was convicted of income tax evasion, Missouri Governor Lloyd C. Stark sought to unseat Truman in the 1940 US Senate election. It was a very bitter campaign, which made both men lifelong enemies. Truman was re-elected after US Attorney Maurice Milligan, who had prosecuted Pendergast, also entered the race, which caused Milligan and Stark to split the anti-Pendergast vote. In his second term as Senator, with Pendergast out of power and World War II underway, Truman was finally able to shake his association with the Pendergast machine and build a national reputation as a military spending reformer. In 1945, Vice President Truman shocked many when he attended the Pendergast funeral.He was reportedly the only elected official who attended the funeral. Truman brushed aside the criticism and said simply: "He was always my friend and I have always been his." Legacy

Two of his biographers have summed up Pendergast's uniqueness as a political boss:
Pendergast may bear comparison to various big-city bosses, but his open alliance with hardened criminals, his cynical subversion of the democratic process, his monarchistic style of living, his increasingly insatiable gambling habit, his grasping for a business empire, and his promotion of Kansas City as a wide-open town with every kind of vice imaginable, combined with his professed compassion for the poor and very real role as city builder, made him bigger than life, difficult to characterize. Pendergast's legacy is evident in Kansas City. See also
Alcohol laws of Missouri
Byrd Organization

References

Further reading
 Dorsett, Lyle W. The Pendergast Machine (1968). Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston, "Criminal Aspects Of The Pendergast Machine", Missouri Historical Review (91#2) (1997) pp. 168–180.Matlin, John S. "Political party machines of the 1920s and 1930s: <mask> and The Kansas City Democratic machine". (PhD Dissertation, University of Birmingham, UK, 2009) online; Bibliography on pp. 277–292. Milligan, Maurice M. Missouri Waltz: The Inside Story of the Pendergast Machine by the Man Who Smashed It (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948). Roe, Jason (2018). "Thomas Joseph Pendergast", Biography from The Pendergast Years: Kansas City in the Jazz Age & Great Depression. Kansas City Public Library.External links
 Missouri's Most Important Politician – history essay at Secretary of State office; includes photos and cartoons
 Kansas City Police Memorial on Pendergast
 Kansas City Public Library biography on Pendergast
 Men Who Made Kansas City: Thomas J. Pendergast

 Byte Out of History – FBI Involvement in Early Election Fraud Case in Kansas City (FBI)

1873 births
1945 deaths
American people convicted of tax crimes
American political bosses
Kansas City crime family
Leaders of political parties in the United States
Missouri Democrats
Missouri local politicians
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Missouri politicians convicted of crimes
American politicians of Italian descent

masks:
Thomas Joseph Pendergast
. Pendergast
Thomas Joseph Pendergast
Tom Pendergas
James Pendergast
James Pendergast
Tom
Tom Pendergas
Jim Pendergast
Tom Pendergast


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
Count <mask> de Sárvár-Felsővidék (Széchenyi István, sárvár-felsővidéki gróf Széchenyi István , archaically English: Stephen Széchenyi; 21 September 1791 – 8 April 1860) was a Hungarian politician, political theorist, and writer. Widely considered one of the greatest statesmen in his nation's history, within Hungary he is still known to many as "the Greatest Hungarian". Family and early life
Széchenyi was born in Vienna to Count Ferenc Széchényi and Countess Juliána Festetics de Tolna; he was the youngest of their two daughters and three sons. The Széchenyis were an old and influential noble family of Hungary. Traditionally loyal to the House of Habsburg, they were linked with noble families, such as the Liechtenstein, the House of Esterházy and the House of Lobkowicz. <mask>'s father was an enlightened aristocrat who founded the Hungarian National Museum and the Hungarian National Library. The boy spent his childhood both in Vienna and on the family estate of Nagycenk, Hungary.Military service in the Napoleonic Wars
After his private education, the young Széchenyi joined the Austrian army and participated in the Napoleonic Wars. He was seventeen years old when he entered the army. He fought with distinction at the battle of Raab (14 June 1809) and on 19 July brought about the subsequent junction of the two Austrian armies by conveying a message across the Danube to General Chasteler at the risk of his life. Equally memorable was his famous ride, through the enemy's lines on the night of 16–17 October 1813, to convey to Blücher and Bernadotte the wishes of the two emperors that they should participate in the battle of Leipzig on the following day, at a given time and place. In May 1815 he was transferred to Italy, and at the battle of Tolentino scattered Murat's bodyguards by a dashing cavalry charge. He left the service as a captain in 1826 (after his promotion to major was turned down) and turned his interest towards politics. Political career
From September 1815 to 1821, Széchenyi traveled extensively in Europe, visiting France, England, Italy, Greece and the Levant, and studying their institutions.He also established important personal connections. The rapid modernization of Britain fascinated him the most, and strongly influenced his thinking. He was also impressed with the Canal du Midi in France, and began to envision ways to improve navigation on the lower Danube and Tisza. The Count quickly became aware of the growing gap between the modern world and his native Hungary. For the rest of his life, he was a determined reformer and promoted development. Széchenyi found early political support from his friend, Count Miklós Wesselényi, a noble from Transylvania; however, their relation later weakened. The great reformer

Széchenyi gained a wider reputation in 1825, by supporting the proposal of the representative of Sopron county, Pál Nagy, to establish the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Széchenyi donated the full annual income of his estates that year, 60,000 forints, towards it.His example brought donations of 58,000 forint from three other wealthy nobles, and they gained Royal approval for the academy. He wanted to promote the use of the Hungarian language in this effort. This was an important milestone in his life and for the reform movement. In 1827, he organized the Nemzeti Kaszinó, or National Casino, a forum for the patriotic Hungarian nobility. The Casino had an important role in the reform movement by providing an institute for political dialogues. To reach a wider public, <mask> decided to publish his ideas. His series of political writings, the Hitel (Credit, 1830), the Világ, (World/Light, 1831), and the Stádium (1833), addressed the Hungarian nobility.He condemned their conservatism and encouraged them to give up feudal privileges (e.g. free of taxation status), and act as the driving elite for modernization. <mask> (with the help of Austrian ship's company Erste Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft (DDSG) ), established the Óbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian Hajógyári Island in 1835, which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire. <mask> envisioned his program for Hungary within the framework of the Habsburg Monarchy. He was convinced that Hungary initially needed a gradual economic, social and cultural development; he opposed both undue radicalism and nationalism. The latter he found particularly dangerous within the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary, where people were divided by ethnicity, language and religion. Besides his comprehensive political ideas, he concentrated on the development of transportation infrastructure, as he understood its importance for development and communication.Part of this program was the regulation of the flow of waters of the lower Danube to improve navigation, in order to open it to commercial shipping and trade from Buda to the Black Sea. He became the leading figure of the Danube Navigation Committee by the early 1830s, which completed its work in ten years. Previously the river had been dangerous for ships and was not efficient as an international trading route. Széchenyi was the first to promote steamboats on the Danube, the Tisza (Theiss), and Lake Balaton, also measures to open up Hungary to trade and development. Recognizing the potential for the project for the region, <mask> successfully lobbied in Vienna to gain Austrian financial and political support. He was appointed as high commissioner and supervised the works for years. During this period, he traveled to Constantinople and built up relations in the Balkan area.He wanted to develop Buda and Pest as a major political, economic and cultural center of Hungary. He supported the construction of the first permanent bridge between the two cities, the Chain Bridge. Besides its improving transportation connections, the Chain Bridge was a symbolic structure, foreshadowing the later unification of the two cities as Budapest, connected across rather than divided by the river. Marriage and family
In 1836 at the age of 45, Széchenyi married Countess Crescencia von Seilern und Aspang in Buda. They had three children:
 Júlia <mask>, who died at the age of three months
 , who traveled to Eastern countries several times
 Ödön <mask>, who died as a Turkish pasha

Béla <mask> became known for his wide travels and explorations in the East Indies, Japan, China, Java, Borneo, western Mongolia, and the frontiers of Tibet. In 1893, he published an account of his experiences, written in German. Political rivalry with Kossuth
His relations with Lajos Kossuth were not good: he always thought Kossuth was a political agitator who overplayed his popularity.<mask>, although in a minority, continued to counsel for caution in the Diet and other meetings. In March 1848, he accepted the portfolio of ways and communications "in the first responsible Magyar administration" under Lajos Batthyány, but he feared the disruption of revolution. "Long debate" of reformers in the press (1841–1848)
In his 1841 pamphlet People of the East (Kelet Népe), Count <mask> responded to Kossuth's reform proposals. <mask> believed that economic, political and social reforms should proceed slowly and with care, in order to avoid the potentially disastrous prospect of violent interference from the Habsburg dynasty. <mask> was aware of the spread of Kossuth's ideas in Hungarian society, which he took to overlook the need for a good relationship with the Habsburg dynasty. Kossuth, for his part, rejected the role of the aristocracy, and questioned established norms of social status. In contrast to Széchenyi, Kossuth believed that in the process of social reform it would be impossible to restrain civil society in a passive role.He warned against attempting to exclude wider social movements from political life, and supported democracy, rejecting the primacy of elites and the government. In 1885, he labeled Széchenyi a liberal elitist aristocrat, while Széchenyi considered Kossuth to be a democrat. Széchenyi was an isolationist politician, while Kossuth saw strong relations and collaboration with international liberal and progressive movements as essential for the success of liberty. <mask> based his economic policy on the laissez-faire principles practiced by the British Empire, while Kossuth supported protective tariffs due to the comparatively weak Hungarian industrial sector. While Kossuth envisioned the construction of a rapidly industrialized country, Széchenyi wanted to preserve the traditionally strong agricultural sector as the main characteristic of the economy. Retreat from politics
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 developed in the direction of Hungary attempting to break away from Habsburg rule, an attempt eventually crushed with severe repression by the Austrian authorities – both of which very much contrary to Széchenyi's way of thinking and his vision for Hungary's future. In early September 1848, <mask>'s nervous state brought depression and a breakdown; his doctor ordered him to the private Asylum of Dr. Gustav Görgen in Oberdöbling.With his wife's care, he gradually recovered enough to resume writing but did not return to politics. He wrote the book Önismeret (Self awareness) about children, education and pedagogy. He also wrote Ein Blick (One Look), a study of the deep political problems of Hungary at the beginning of the 1850s. Death
Still suffering from depression, <mask> committed suicide by a gunshot to his head on 8 April 1860, in his 68th year. (April 8 was the anniversary of the death of the Hungarian national hero Francis II Rákóczi, a century earlier). All Hungary mourned Széchenyi's death. The academy was in official mourning, along with the most prominent persons of the leading political and cultural associations (including counts József Eötvös, János Arany, and Károly Szász).His rival Kossuth said he was "the greatest of the Magyars". Writings
 Hitel (Credit, 1830)
 Világ, (World/Light, 1831)
 Stádium (1833)
 Önismeret (Self awareness)
 Ein Blick (One Look)
 Most of his numerous writings on political and economic subjects were translated into German for wider appreciation in Europe. From 1884 to 1896, the Hungarian Academy published a nine-volume edition of his writings in Pest. Legacy and honors

 A statue of him was unveiled on 23 May 1880 in Budapest. Also in 1880, a statue commemorating him was unveiled in Sopron. In 1898, the chain bridge over the Danube was named Széchenyi Lánchíd "Széchenyi Chain Bridge" in his honour. In a survey by Median and Elemér Hankiss at the end of 2007, the Hungarian public considered him the "best fit statesman" among Hungarian historical figures.In 2008, the <mask> <mask> Chair in International Economics was privately endowed at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut, United States. In collaboration with Mathias Corvinus Collegium and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transilvania, the Chair oversees and develops three major academic programs to strengthen relations with Central Eastern Europe, especially Hungary: the Hungarian American Business Leaders (HABL), the QU executive MBA Trip in Hungary, and the Foreign Lecture Series. Since 1990, <mask>'s portrait has been featured on the 5000 Hungarian forint banknote, with a new design in 1999. 2002, a Hungarian made-for-TV movie portrayed his life from 1820 to 1860; it is entitled  (The Bridgeman) (in Hungarian). István Széchenyi Postage stamp was issued by Hungary on 1 July 1932 by honoring him in Famous Hungarians series of stamps. Another stamp in his honor was issued by Hungary on 3 May 1966; it shows the Chain Bridge in the backdrop of his portrait. A stamp of the face of <mask> <mask> superimposed on the island of the Danube was issued by Hungary on 8 April 2016.Asteroid 91024 Széchenyi, discovered by astronomers Krisztián Sárneczky and László Kiss at the Piszkéstető Station in 1998, was named in his memory. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 January 2008 (). References

Attribution

External links

 His picture on the Hungarian 5000 forint banknote
 A Hídember (The Bridgeman) (2002), Hungarian made-for-TV movie, IMDB (in Magyar). 1791 births
1860 deaths
Politicians from Vienna
Istvan
Hungarian nobility
Austrian Empire military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Public Works and Transport ministers of Hungary
Hungarian writers
19th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian politicians who committed suicide
Hungarian national conservatives
1860s suicides

masks:
István Széchenyi
István Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
István
Széchenyi
Széchenyi
István
Széchenyi


title: Jean-Luc Mélenchon

texts:
Jean-<mask> (; born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who presided over the La France Insoumise group in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021. He has been the member of the National Assembly for the 4th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône since 2017. After joining the Socialist Party in 1976, he was successively elected a municipal councillor of Massy (1983) and general councillor of Essonne (1985). In 1986, he entered the Senate, to which he was reelected in 1995 and 2004. He also served as Minister for Vocational Education between 2000 and 2002, under Minister of National Education Jack Lang, in the cohabitation government of Lionel Jospin. He was part of the radical wing of the Socialist Party until the Reims Congress of 2008, at the outcome of which he left the party to found the Left Party with Marc Dolez, a member of the National Assembly. Mélenchon first served as party president before becoming party co-president alongside Martine Billard, a position he held until 2014.As co-president of the Left Party, he joined the electoral coalition of the Left Front before the 2009 European election; he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the South-West constituency and reelected in 2014. He was the coalition's candidate in the 2012 presidential election, in which he came in fourth, receiving 11.1% of the first-round vote. Mélenchon founded the movement La France Insoumise (FI, "France Unbowed" or “France in Revolt”) in February 2016. He stood as a candidate in the 2017 presidential election "outside the frame of political parties", again coming in fourth, with 19.6% of the first-round vote. He became a member of the National Assembly for La France Insoumise following the 2017 legislative election, receiving 59.9% in the second round in Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency, located in Marseille, the country's second largest city. Biography

Early life (1951–1976)
Jean-Luc Mélenchon was born in Tangier (Tangier International Zone), Morocco. His father, Georges, was a postmaster of Spanish descent, and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and Sicilian descent.He grew up in Morocco, until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, a state secondary school in Rouen, Normandy. With a degree in philosophy from the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and having gained the CAPES (a professional teaching qualification), he became a teacher before entering politics. Socialist Mitterrandist leader (1976–1986)
Jean-Luc Mélenchon left Besançon to enter professional life in Lons-le-Saunier (Jura), and joined the Socialist Party (PS) in September 1976. He soon assumed local and departmental responsibilities (deputy section secretary of Montaigu), and developed a federal newspaper that fought for a union between PS and the French Communist Party (PCF). It was at this time that the latter broke the agreements of the union of the left on a joint program of government. He then came to the attention of Claude Germon, mayor of Massy (Essonne) and member of the executive office of the PS responsible for the business section.Without stable work after his application was rejected at the Croix du Jura newspaper, he was hired by Claude Germon to become his private secretary. He became one of the leading Mitterrandist leaders of the Essonne federation, which led him to the position of first secretary of this federation at the Valence Congress in 1981; he remained in this position until 1986. He positioned himself both against the "Second left" of Michel Rocard and the "Centre of socialist studies, research, and education" (CERES) of Jean-Pierre Chevènement. He was elected senator during the senatorials of 1986. Socialist Party (1986–2008)

Departure from the Socialists and foundation of the Left Party (2008–2012)
At the Reims Congress, in September 2008, the political current "Trait d'union", created after the victory of the "No" in the French European Constitution referendum of 2005, Mélenchon made a new contribution. On the eve of the filing of the motions, an agreement was reached between the seven contributions of the left wing of the PS, and Jean-Luc Mélenchon was one of the signatories of the motion C entitled "A world of advance", led by Benoît Hamon. He described this gathering as a "historic event": For the first time, this motion brought together all the sensibilities of the left wing of the PS, with emblematic personalities like Gérard Filoche, Marie-Noëlle Lienemann, and Paul Quilès.On 6 November 2008, the Socialist militants voted to decide between 6 motions. The motion supported by Ségolène Royal led with about 29% of the votes cast, while the one led by Benoît Hamon came in fourth with 18.5%. For Jean-Luc Mélenchon, it is a victory of the outgoing majority, which carries 80% of the votes (with the three firsts motions) and, among them, the motion advocating the alliance in the center. Believing themselves too far from this trend to the point that it would not be useful to take part in the congress, Jean-Luc <mask> and Marc Dolez announced on 7 November their decision, "by fidelity to their commitments", and for their independence of action, to leave the Socialist Party, and to create a new movement "without concession facing the right". They announced "the construction of a new left-wing party", simply called the "Left Party" (on the German model of Die Linke), and called for "the constitution of a left-wing front for the European elections". On 18 November, in a meeting with the French Communist Party, the two parties announced their alliance in the form of a "partnership", within the framework of a "left front for another democratic and social Europe, against the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and the current European Treaties". The launch meeting of the Left Party is held on 29 November in Saint-Ouen, in the presence of Die Linke's co-chairman, Oskar Lafontaine.First presidential candidacy (2012)

Mélenchon was the candidate representing the Left Front (Communist Party of France, Left Party, Unitarian Left) in the 2012 French presidential election. He took fourth place and achieved 11.10% of the vote, trailing behind François Hollande, Nicolas Sarkozy, and Marine Le Pen (and their respective parties, the Socialist Party, Union for a Popular Movement, and National Front). In comparison, the winner, François Hollande, received 28.63% of the vote. Presidency of François Hollande (2012–2017)

Mélenchon represented the Left Front in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency against his rival Marine Le Pen, where she had over 31% in the presidential election. He received third place with 21.46% of the vote, narrowly edged out for second by Socialist Party member Phillip Kemel. Mélenchon decided not to stand in the second round of the election after this result. During the presidency of François Hollande, Mélenchon became one of the most critical voices in the left against his centrist free-market policy.He denounced a betrayal to the culture and ideas of the French Left. Second presidential candidacy (2017)

On 10 February 2016, Melenchon launched the left-wing political platform La France Insoumise ("Unbowed France") during an interview on the French television channel TF1. La France Insoumise was subsequently endorsed by several parties, such as the Left Party and French Communist Party, in addition to members of the Europe Écologie Les Verts such as Sergio Coronado, a gay assembly member for the 2nd Overseas Constituency, and the mayor of Grenoble, Éric Piolle. On 12 January 2017, Mélenchon secured the 500 elected sponsors required to be validated by the Constitutional Council. After Benoît Hamon won the nomination for the Parti Socialiste on a left-wing platform, beating former Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, 58–41, Hamon announced on TF1 on 27 February that he and Melenchon had been in talks to form an alliance, but their stances on the European Union separated them, as Melenchon's platform was to renegotiate EU treaties or hold a referendum. France 24 reported following this that, "Adding their scores would place a candidate in first or second place"

Jean-Luc Mélenchon held at a consistent 12% for most of the campaign, until a late upwards surge which put him just behind third place Francois Fillon at 18%. This late surge is mainly due to Mélenchon's performance within the second presidential debate hosted by BFM TV and CNews, where, according to an Elabe poll, he was found the most convincing candidate by 25%.However, he did not qualify for the second round of voting, winning 19% of the vote in the first round, placing fourth. After the first round, Mélenchon refused to endorse Macron, told his voters that "no vote should go to the National Front", as he had done in 2002. Following constant criticism for this choice, Mélenchon invited members of La France Insoumise to vote on who he will endorse with the choices being "Vote for Emmanuel Macron", "Blank Vote", or "Abstain", with the result being announced on 2 May. 36.12% submitted a blank vote, 34.83% chose to endorse Macron, and 29.05% abstained. His campaign positions included the intent to establish a Sixth Republic and preserve the environment. According to the NGOs for the development aid Action Against Hunger, Action santé mondiale, CARE France, and ONE Campaign, Jean-Luc Mélenchon is the candidate in the presidential election who is the most engaged regarding international solidarity. Together with other French intellectuals, he vigorously denounces free trade between France and the United States as an example of global exploitation.Member of the National Assembly (since 2017)

In June 2017, Mélenchon became a member of the National Assembly for La France Insoumise following his win in the legislative election in the 4th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône, which covers parts of the centre of Marseille. He won 59.9% of the vote in the second round against En Marche! candidate Corrine Versini. He defeated sitting member Patrick Mennucci in the first round, a notable member of the Socialist Party in Marseille. His election to the National Assembly drew national media attention. During the examination of the 2017 Labour Law bill, he was remarked in the National Assembly for his multiple interventions, defending the Labour Code status quo along with fellow La France Insoumise members, arguing that flexibilisation would be harmful to workers. He drew attention from the media once more when he came in Parliament with a five euros food shopping bag to denounce a student benefits cut planned by the government.In December 2019, Mélenchon received a suspended prison sentence of three months for rebellion and provocation following an altercation with police officers who had come to serve a warrant at the La France Insoumise headquarters in Paris. Political positions
Jean-Luc Mélenchon is a socialist republican and historical materialist, inspired primarily by Jean Jaurès (the founder of French republican socialism). He is a proponent of increased labour rights and the expansion of French welfare programmes. Mélenchon has also called for the mass redistribution of wealth to rectify existing socioeconomic inequalities. Domestic policies proposed by Mélenchon include a 100% income tax on earnings over €360,000 a year, full state reimbursement for health care costs, a reduction in presidential powers in favour of the legislature, and the easing of immigration laws. Mélenchon supports same-sex marriage and women's right to abortion. He also supports the legalisation of cannabis.Mélenchon is an outspoken critic of the European Union (EU), which he claims has been corrupted through neoliberalism. During his 2012 campaign, Mélenchon positioned himself against the trend towards economic globalisation, which he denounced as disproportionately profiting the financial industry and "high income earners" at the expense of the poor. He insisted international organisations such as the EU threatened to "strangle the voice of the people". He supports a renegotiation of European treaties. Mélenchon opposes the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which he perceives as an affront to France's national sovereignty. He has repeatedly called for France to withdraw from NATO. Mélenchon has been labelled a "populist" by numerous diverse people, with the PS senator Luc Carvounas saying he goes to "the summits of demagoguery and populism", and the magazine Slate, stating that Mélenchon's rhetoric is "shocking" and implying his entire political life is based around pleasing the people.He has been compared to Marine Le Pen in terms of debating style; political scientist Dominique Reynié even went as far as to say he "flirts with xenophobia when it helps him". Mélenchon has himself his vision of populism, which he sees as positive if it comes with a left ideology. He is inspired by the philosopher Chantal Mouffe, who sought to theorise and rehabilitate the term "left populism". This theory argues that neoliberalism and austerity only made the far-right stronger and that the word "people" has to be reintroduced into the political sphere in a civic sense rather than an ethnic way (creating a "right populism" to fight). Mélenchon has voiced his support for Rattachism. The Sixth Republic and the French Constitution

Jean-Luc Mélenchon advocates for the holding of a constitutional convention to create a Sixth Republic. In 2017, in La France Insoumise's manifesto titled L'Avenir En Commun, it states in the first chapter: "The new constitution that France needs must be radically different".On 14 September 2014, Mélenchon wrote in Le Monde, "France must protect itself from the powers of finance. They devour the real economy." He goes on, "To this end, the definition of the constitutional rights of private ownership of capital should change", he continues by stating, "Again, it is inclusion in the Constitution that will fix this and make it a common rule." Mélenchon is also endorsed by the "Movement for the 6th Republic", and has spoken positively of them before. A spokesman for La France Insoumise affirmed that Mélenchon was very welcoming of a Sixth Republic run by the people that welcomes democracy, ecology, and challenges social issues. The constitutional convention members must not have ever been elected representatives, and they will not be able to present themselves thereafter. Agriculture and animal treatment
Jean-Luc Mélenchon is very much in favour of better treatment of animals.He stated during an interview with the magazine Gala that he changed his diet to "reduce consumption of meat and relieve animal suffering". The association L214, which is a non-profit for animal protection, stated that he was the only candidate "for animals" during its evaluation of the candidates' programmes, giving him a score of 15.7/20, placing him at the head of 11 candidates. European Parliament
Jean-Luc Mélenchon's attendance before the 2012 presidential election was at 63%, and after this, his average is often compiled with pre-2012, so it is compiled at 71.40% Mélenchon justified his relatively low attendance with how active he is within France itself, and has posted a list of other reasons on his blog. He increased his attendance after that, with the website votewatch.eu reporting it in 2017 at 85.1%

Foreign policy

Germany
Mélanchon is critical of German policies. After writing a pamphlet against German

masks:
Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon
Mélenchon


title: George Gipp

texts:
<mask> (February 18, 1895 – December 14, 1920), nicknamed "The Gipper", was a  college football player at the University of Notre Dame under head coach Knute Rockne. <mask> was selected as Notre Dame's first Walter Camp All-American, and played several positions, particularly halfback, quarterback, and punter. <mask> died at age 25 of a streptococcal throat infection and pneumonia, three weeks after a victory over Northwestern in his senior season, and was the subject of Rockne's "Win just one for the Gipper" speech. In the 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American, he was portrayed by Ronald Reagan. College career
Born and raised in Laurium, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula, <mask> entered Notre Dame intending to play baseball for the Fighting Irish. While on campus, he was recruited by Rockne for the football team, despite having no experience in organized football. During his Notre Dame career, <mask> led the Irish in rushing and passing each of his last three seasons (1918, 1919, and 1920).His career mark of 2,341 rushing yards lasted over fifty years, until Jerome Heavens broke it  <mask> was also an ideal handler of the forward  and threw for 1,789  He scored 21 career touchdowns, averaged 38 yards a punt, and gathered five interceptions as well as 14 yards per punt return and 22 yards per kick return in four seasons  Gipp is still Notre Dame's all-time leader in average yards per rush for a season (8.1), career average yards per play of total offense (9.37), and career average yards per game of total offense (128.4). Death

Gipp died December 14, 1920, two weeks after being elected Notre Dame's first All-American by Walter Camp, and second consensus All-American  (after Gus Dorais). A frequently told but probably apocryphal story of <mask>'s death begins when he returned to Notre Dame's campus after curfew from a night out. Unable to gain entrance to his residence, <mask> went to the rear door of Washington Hall, the campus' theatre building. He was a steward for the building and knew the rear door was often unlocked. He usually spent such nights in the hall. On that night, however, the door was locked, and Gipp was forced to sleep outside.By the morning, he had contracted pneumonia and eventually died from a related infection. It is more likely that <mask> contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, November 20 against Northwestern. Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited. <mask>'s hometown of Laurium built a memorial in his honor; he is buried in Lake View Cemetery near West Tamarack, Michigan. "Win just one for the Gipper"
It was on his hospital bed that he is said to have delivered the "win just one for the Gipper" line. He apparently said this line to  the full quotation from which the line is derived is:
"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right.I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy." Rockne used the story of <mask>, along with this deathbed line that he attributed to Gipp, to rally his team to a  upset of the previously undefeated Army team in 1928, with Jack Chevigny scoring the "that's one for the Gipper" tying touchdown at Yankee Stadium. Chevigny was later killed in action in World War II at Iwo Jima. The phrase "Win one for the Gipper" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed <mask> in Knute Rockne, All American and was often referred to as "The Gipper".At the Republican National Convention in 1988 in New Orleans, he told Vice President Bush, "<mask>, go out there and win one for the Gipper." The term was also used by President <mask>. Bush at the 2004 convention in New York City, when he honored the recently deceased President Reagan by stating, "this time we can truly win one for the Gipper." The Republicans won both presidential elections. Exhumation

On October 4, 2007, <mask>'s body was exhumed for DNA testing to determine if he had fathered a child out of wedlock with an 18-year-old high school student. The right femur was removed and the rest of the remains were reburied the same day. A sports author who was present at the exhumation said it was requested by Rick Frueh, the grandson of one of Gipp's sisters. The tests showed that he was not the father of the child who was born within days of Gipp's  Other Gipp relatives claimed in a subsequent lawsuit that the exhumation was conducted in an improper manner and under questionable circumstances.The lawsuit was subsequently

<mask> was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame (located in Atlanta, GA) on December 14, 1951, at 3:27 a.m., in memory of the time and date of his death. <mask> Gipp Memorial Park was dedicated on August 3, 1935, in his hometown. A plaque kept in the park lists former George Gipp Award-winners, given to outstanding senior, male athletes from Calumet High School. He was ranked #22 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list. Statistics
In 2002, the NCAA published "NCAA Football's Finest," researched and compiled by the NCAA Statistics Service. For Gipp they published the following statistics:

References

Further reading
 One For The Gipper-<mask>, Knute Rockne and Notre Dame", Patrick Chelland. Panoply Publications, 298 pp., 2008.<mask> at Notre Dame-The Untold Story, Emil Klosinski. Publish America, 278 pp., 2003. The Life and Times of <mask>, <mask>s. And Books, 219pp., April 1988. The Gipper: <mask>, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football'', Jack Cavanaugh. Skyhorse Publishing, 320 pages., September 2010. External links

 Village of Laurium – <mask>p

1895 births
1920 deaths
American football drop kickers
American football halfbacks
American football punters
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Laurium, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
American men's basketball players
Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana
Deaths from streptococcus infection

masks:
George Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
George
George W
Gipp
Honors Gipp
George
George Gipp
Gipp
George Gipp
George Geka
George Gipp
George Gip


title: Grandpa Elliott

texts:
<mask>, born Elliot Small in 1944, also known as Uncle Remus, is a veteran street-musician in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. He plays the harmonica, sings, and is a street icon in New Orleans. Early life
Growing up in the Lafitte Housing Projects, Small developed a love of music as a young boy, in part to deal with the pains of an unhappy home life. Small's uncle was a professional musician who worked with Lloyd Washington of the Ink Spots, and often let his nephew come to the Dew Drop Inn to hear them play. One day when his uncle left for work without his harmonica, Small picked it up and put it to his mouth. "Oooh, it was awful," he said, laughing. "He chewed tobacco.I had to sterilize that thing." The uncle gave young <mask> a harmonica, and he fell in love with the sound of the mouth harp, teaching himself by playing along with the music on his mama's radio. At home, Small's mother favored classical music, giving the youngster diverse tastes at an early age. Teaching himself to dance from watching Fred Astaire movies on television, Small began performing on street corners for change, dancing while singing and playing his harmonica. "They brought me to New York to tap on Broadway when I was 6 or 7, and my mama got killed up there," he said. The man they lived with beat them both and ended up killing his mother. After it happened, his grandmother brought Small back to New Orleans and gave him and his older sister Frances a good life."She was a sweet old lady," he said. "My stepfather was a man who did not love his child," he said. "But my uncle would come to the house, and play the harmonica to me." Early career

As a young man, Small then made the rounds as a soul singer in local clubs. He recorded singles with arranger Wardell Quezergue, some of which are available on Malaco and Tuff City Records compilations of New Orleans funk. In the early '60s, Small's family relocated to New York City, where he took his first steps as a professional entertainer. Small once again played on the streets in between regular gigs, which included a role in a stage revival of Show Boat, helped the Louisiana vocal group The Dixie Cups go up to New York, opened on tour with The Temptations, and cut a few of his own R&B singles.One was entitled "I'm a Devil,"  recorded for Bang! Records. and Small promoted the record with live appearances while wearing what some fans remember as a red devil's suit complete with horns and pitchfork. "Well, it wasn't called a devil suit," he said. "It was a pretty, silk red suit, that looked good. It was a nice show." At the time, Small remembers, he was billed as "The Harmonica King."He also recorded his own "Girls Are Made for Lovin'" in 1969, a Wardell Quezergue (“Big Q”) production which has the feel of something by Curtis Mayfield, maybe, or Smokey Robinson. It’s not an identifiably New Orleans record, although it was made there, originally released on the New Sound label and picked up by Bang. Small recorded the funk song "E-Ni-Me-Ni-Mi-Ni-Mo" at Sea-Saint Studios in New Orleans, probably in 1975. Small produced the session and co-wrote the song along with Quezergue and guitarist Teddy Royal. Malaco purchased the master in 1976 and released it as a two-part single, which was a commercial failure. By the '80s, Small had become dissatisfied with life in New York, the grueling schedule of performing in local clubs and on the road, and the music business in general. Bad decisions and unfair contracts had soured him on the industry.When the sight in his good eye started to go and everything got fuzzy, he signed away the rights to one of his songs. "It was to a guy I had taken a liking to, a guy I trusted," he said. Small moved back to New Orleans and took his music to the streets, where it would belong only to him and to the passersby who heard it. Small developed the persona of <mask>, an old man dressed in blue denim overalls, a bright red shirt, Santa beard, and a floppy hat who played blues harp and sang for the street traffic on his corner at Royal and Toulouse streets in the French Quarter, right where he started out. He often teams with guitarist Michael “Stoney B” Stone and they have become an institution in New Orleans for the people who stop to listen to them and throw change in their bucket. His act was even written up in The New York Times in 1995. He arrives here most mornings by taxi and spends his days singing his soulful songs and playing his harmonica.It's the place where everybody knows his name. "When I feel sick, I come out here to feel better," he said. "The French Quarter is my medicine." Small said he doesn’t even know what beer tastes like and he’s never touched drugs and the only thing he smokes is the exhaust from the cars that pass Royal and Toulouse. His listeners reward him with dollar bills and treasures, like the gold wedding band he wears on his finger. "A lot of people walk around with plastic now instead of cash, so they throw what they can," he said. "Some of the rings I get out of my bucket even have diamonds on them."Playing for Change
Small did not completely lose his sight to glaucoma until 2005. It was in that year that recording engineer and producer Mark Johnson launched a project called Playing for Change, dedicated to promoting international unity through music. He began recording performances by street performers from around the world. Johnson heard Small sing the Ben E. King hit "Stand by Me" and immediately recorded him singing the tune on Royal Street, making his performance the centerpiece of a video featuring performances of the number by a handful of artists. In 2009, after the "Stand by Me" video was posted online, it racked up 159,380,589 plays on YouTube (14 February 2021), and suddenly Small had an international audience. Small signed on for a tour with a band of musicians affiliated with the Playing for Change project. He has also been on The Tonight Show and The Colbert Report.He performed to a crowd of more than 40,000 at Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, California, on June 30, 2009, playing the "Star Spangled Banner" on harmonica and singing "God Bless America." Later that same year, the Playing for Change Band came to New Orleans to accompany Small on his debut CD Sugar Sweet, released November 3, 2009, an eclectic collection that includes gospel, blues, soul and what Small calls "some strong love songs." Keb Mo' also accompanied on the album. Small is the first artist to be signed to Playing for Change Records/Concord Music Group. The whole experience taught him to trust people again. "Mark Johnson changed my life," he said. "He made me lift my head up."Small has been featured on Playing for Change in several episodes. References

External links
 New York Times article on <mask> and Michael Stone

1945 births
Living people
American street performers
Street performance
Musicians from New Orleans

masks:
Grandpa Elliott Small
Elliott
Grandpa Elliott
Elliott Small


title: Gérard Souzay

texts:
<mask> (8 December 1918 – 17 August 2004) was a French baritone, regarded as one of the very finest interpreters of mélodie (French art song) in the generation after Charles Panzéra and Pierre Bernac. Background and education
He was born <mask>, but later adopted the stage name of Souzay from a village on the river Loire, now part of the commune Souzay-Champigny. He came from a musical family in Angers, France. His parents had met at one of the first performances of Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902; his mother and two brothers were singers, and his sister, 15 years older, was the soprano Geneviève Touraine, who gave the first performance of Poulenc's Fiançailles pour rire in 1942. After his schooling at the Collège Rabelais in Chinon, he went to the Sorbonne in Paris to study philosophy, and while there he met the singer Pierre Bernac, who encouraged him to study singing. Souzay entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1940, studying with Claire Croiza and Jean-Emil Vanni-Marcoux. He actually began singing as a tenor, but in 1943, with advice from the leading operatic singer Henri Etcheverry, he became a baritone.He graduated from the Conservatoire in 1945 with two first prizes, the Prix de chant and the Prix de vocalise. While at the Conservatoire, he also tried his hand at composition and in 1942 three of his settings of poems by Paul Valéry were given a performance by Pierre Bernac. He went on to study voice with Bernac, although he subsequently expressed some differences with the latter's methods and ideas on pronunciation. He was eager not to limit himself to being a specialist in the French repertoire, and he made a detailed study of German lieder with Lotte Lehmann. Career
<mask> <mask>'s public appearances began in 1945 with recitals and concerts, including a performance of Fauré's Requiem in a centenary tribute to the composer at the Royal Albert Hall in London. He rapidly established an international career as a recitalist, admired not only in French music but also for his command of the German repertoire, especially Schubert and Schumann. In recital, his first accompanist was Jacqueline Bonneau (who had been his contemporary at the Paris Conservatoire), but she was reluctant to travel and from 1954 onwards he formed a close musical and romantic partnership with the American pianist Dalton Baldwin which continued for the rest of his career.The two completed three tours of Southern Africa (1958–1973) to wildly enthusiastic audiences

<mask>'s exceptional linguistic gifts enabled him to sing convincingly in 13 different languages including Hebrew, Portuguese and Russian. In contemporary music he performed in Honegger's La danse des morts and in the world première of Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum. The composer Jacques Leguerney (1906–1997) wrote many songs for Souzay and for his sister. Souzay also sang Jocelyne Binet's Cycle de Mélodies on seven poems by Paul Éluard in a 1955 recital program. His operatic career began in 1947 in Cimarosa's Il matrimonio segreto at the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, but it was not until the late 1950s that he extended his stage work – though even then it did not take precedence over his recitals. His roles included Monteverdi's Orfeo, Mozart's Don Giovanni and Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Lescaut in Massenet's Manon, and Méphistophélès in Berlioz's La Damnation de Faust. One of his favorite and most successful roles was Golaud in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.He did little operatic work after the 1960s, but continued his recital career, finally retiring from performance in the late 1980s. He spent the last years of his life giving master classes in the United States, Europe, and Japan: he was an inspiring teacher, preferring to work on phrasing and the mood of a song rather than French diction. He was a keen abstract painter, and in 1983 he published a book Sur mon chemin: pensées et dessins in which a selection of his paintings was accompanied by his written commentary, on art and life. He died at his home in Antibes in the south of France on 17 August 2004. Recordings
<mask> <mask>'s first recordings were made in 1944 with the sopranos Germaine Lubin and Geneviève Touraine. (These and some later ones with Elly Ameling were his only recorded duets.) He made other recordings in the 1940s for the small French company Boîte à Musique, and then signed a contract with English Decca.He subsequently recorded for Philips and EMI. A discography of his recordings has been published, listing over 750 titles He participated in complete recordings of the songs of Fauré and Poulenc. On three occasions he won the prestigious Grand Prix du Disque, including one for his recording of the songs of Ravel. Later in his career, he sought to disown his early recordings and to veto the radio from broadcasting them, preferring his later versions of some of the same works. Much to the relief of admirers of the smooth and beautiful quality of his younger voice, he was not widely heeded, and many of his early recordings have been re-released to considerable acclaim. Reputation
While critics agree the size of the voice was often found wanting, Souzay's musicianship, perfect diction, sense of style (particularly of the French mélodie) and detailed interpretation were never questioned, and found a perfect niche on the recital platform. When <mask> Souzay died he had only been a connoisseur's delight, being somewhat forgotten by audiences and younger singers.On the other hand, the obituary notices were quick in recognising the importance of his contribution to 20th century singing. The Daily Telegraph said that he "rivalled Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau for the title of the greatest lyrical baritone of his age." The New York Times described his voice as "not huge, but rich in color and tone, supple and sensual and lovely." Souzay was "a sensualist, reacting viscerally to the music and allowing it to carry him in new directions in a given concert." The Guardian judged that "the basis of his popularity in recital lay in his easily produced, vibrant, warm baritone. It was used by its owner with an innate sensibility and an unfaltering sense of style. His attractive art was founded, above all, on a very French approach, at once balanced and urbane, yet inwardly poetic."In the 1950s, <mask>'s style of singing became the object of some unexpected criticism when it was cited by Roland Barthes in one of his essays in Mythologies, "L'art vocal bourgeois". Referring to a recording of Fauré songs, Barthes complained that Souzay invested particular words with superfluous emotion by means of an exaggerated phonetic dramatisation, and that by imposing his own "signs" of emotion he stifled the meaning of the words and music. Not everyone has agreed with Barthes's description of the style, let alone with the force of his argument, but these are strictures which would attach to many other singers besides Souzay and go to the heart of how vocal performance should be approached. (Indeed, some years later, Barthes made similar criticisms against the singing of Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau.) Souzay regarded himself as a romantic. Never analytical or detached in his performances, he said: "For me music is limpid and speaks for itself. I can only offer my emotions when I sing".See also
 Debussy Mélodies (1980 recording)

References

Further reading
 J.B. Steane. The Grand Tradition. (London, Duckworth,1974), pp. 487–90. A. Blyth, ed. Song on Record 2. (Cambridge University Press, 1988).External links
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Souzay-Gerard.htm A short biography with some photographs. Some programs, introductions and photos from his 3 highly successful Southern Africa tours, 1958–73
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBrM1l290MY A recording of his masterclass given at the University of Texas at Austin, 1988. 1918 births
2004 deaths
People from Angers
French operatic baritones
20th-century French  male opera singers

masks:
Gérard Souzay
Gérard Marcel Trand
Gérard
Souzay
Souzay
Gérard
Souzay
Gérard
Souzay


title: Princess Claude of Orléans

texts:
Princess <mask> of Orléans (<mask>gnès Catherine; born 11 December 1943) is a French princess of the House of Orléans. She is the former wife of Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, a disputed head of the House of Savoy. Biography

Family
<mask> was born on 11 December 1943 in Larache, Morocco as the ninth child and fifth daughter of Henri, Count of Paris, Orléanist claimant to the French throne, and his wife Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza. One of eleven siblings, <mask>’s eldest brother was Henri, Count of Paris, who succeeded their father as head of the Orléans family, and two of her sisters also became consorts of pretenders to abolished thrones; Anne, Duchess of Calabria and Diane, Duchess of Württemberg. Upon repatriation to France after the law of banishment against her father was repealed in 1950, her family moved from Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera to France, where they grew up at the Manoir Cœur-Volant in the Louveciennes suburb of Paris. Education
She began school in Portugal, at Lisbon's Saint-Louis-des-Français. She then spent some time at the Mayfield School in East Sussex, England.In France, she and her sisters received private instruction, and she completed her studies at the Institut Sainte-Marie in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Marriage and issue
On 22 July 1964 in Sintra, Princess <mask> married her second cousin, Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta. He was the only son of Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, second cousin-once-removed of Italy's last king, Umberto II. Aimone was briefly made nominal head of an Italian puppet state during World War II as King Tomislav II of Croatia. <mask> was the third Orleanist princess to hold the title Duchess of Aosta by marriage. At the time of their wedding, Amedeo was a student at the Morosini Naval College in Venice, which his father had also attended. The couple met while attending the wedding of Infante Juan Carlos of Spain and Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark in May 1962 in Athens.They announced their engagement on 4 October 1963. The couple married in São-Pedro de Penaferrim, a parish church twelve miles from Lisbon. The wedding had been planned for earlier in the month, but was rescheduled when King Umberto (godfather of the groom) was hospitalized for an abdominal operation. A Savoy family council having met at King Umberto's residence in exile at Cimiez, France in the summer of 1963, another was held in London secretly at the king's hospital bedside to discuss the prospect of the king's only son Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, choosing to marry a commoner, Marina Doria, which had become the subject of much media speculation. In view of his illness, Amedeo's imminent marriage to a suitable princess, and his son's ongoing relationship with Doria, Umberto contemplated publicly abdicating (having left Italy for exile in 1946 pursuant to an anti-monarchy plebiscite, he had not formally renounced) and recognizing Amedeo as the successor to his claim to Italy's abolished throne. Present at this meeting, along with the princes Vittorio Emanuele and Amedeo, was Umberto's estranged consort, Queen Marie-José, whose objections dissuaded the king from issuing a declaration. Instead, Amedeo announced that he would postpone his wedding for the duration of Umberto's convalescence to ensure his presence at the nuptials, while Vittorio Emanuele issued a statement affirming that he remained his father's rightful heir and had no intention of marrying Marina Doria (nonetheless, he would do so, without his father's declared consent, in 1970).The wedding was attended by 300 guests, including King Umberto and the Prince and Princess of Spain. Two days later the newlyweds received a nuptial blessing during an audience with Pope Paul VI in the Vatican. After the duke completed his duties as a naval officer, the couple were given the Borro by Aimone's mother, a large estate in the Tuscan village of San Giustino Valdarno, near Fiesole, Italy, where they cultivated vineyards. Occasionally they undertook dynastic responsibilities as representatives in Italy of King Umberto, but largely raised their children in the countryside. They had issue:
 Princess Bianca of Savoy-Aosta (b. Florence, 2 April 1966), married on 11 September 1988 in San Giustino Valdarno, Giberto, Count Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Rome, 5 July 1961), son of Leonardo, Count Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga and Maria delle Grazie Brandolini d'Adda, and they have issue:
 Viola Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Rome, 31 May 1991)
 Vera Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Samedan, 18 August 1993)
 Mafalda Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Conegliano Veneto, 27 December 1997)
 Maddalena Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Conegliano Veneto, 24 April 2000)
 Leonardo Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (b. Conegliano Veneto, 5 October 2001)
 Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta (b. Florence, 13 October 1967); married in a civil ceremony on 16 September 2008, Princess Olga of Greece (b. Athens, 17 November 1971). The religious marriage took place on 27 September 2008 at Patmos, Greece, and they have issue:
 Prince Umberto of Savoy-Aosta (b. Paris, 7 March 2009)
 Prince Amedeo of Savoy-Aosta (b. Paris, 24 May 2011)
 Princess Isabella of Savoy-Aosta (b. Paris, 14 December 2012)
Princess Mafalda Giovanna Shams Maria Fiorenza Isabella (b. 20 September 1969); married, firstly 1994, Don Alessandro Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau dei principi di Palazzolo (nephew of Queen Paola of Belgium), divorced without issue.Mafalda married, secondly, Francesco Ferrante Carlo Napoleone, 10th Baron Lombardo di San Chirico and they have issue:
 Nob. Anna Lombardo di San Chirico (b. Milan, 11 April 2002)
 Nob. Carlo Lombardo di San Chirico (b. Milan, 28 January 2003)
 Nob. Elena Lombardo di San Chirico (b. Milan, 10 March 2004)

Divorce
Amedeo and <mask> officially separated 20 July 1976, obtained a civil divorce 26 April 1982, and received an ecclesiastical annulment from the Roman Rota 8 January 1987. Amedeo was remarried later that year to Silvia Paternò di Spedalotto. <mask> remarried twice: civilly on 27 April 1982 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti with Luigi Arnaldo La Cagnina (divorced in 1996), a television journalist in the United States and Canada, and both civilly and religiously with Enrico Gandolfi in 2006 in Oreno, Milan). Gandolfi died on 27 October 2015 in Laterina.Activities
During her second marriage <mask> lived in the United States (Colebrook, Connecticut, Charleston, West Virginia and New York), in The  Bahamas, and returned to Europe (Alsace and the Principality of Andorra). Beginning in 1992 their restaurant in Brussels, "Brook's Bar", became a popular gathering place for European Parliament officials, but closed in 1995. During her third marriage, she lived largely in Italy. Professionally, she has managed public relations for the Italian couture studio, Liolà, and her efforts in macrophotography have been displayed in several exhibits. Ancestors

References

1943 births
House of Orléans
Princesses of France (Orléans)
Duchesses of Aosta
Living people
People from Larache
Princesses of Savoy

masks:
Claude
Claude Marie A
Claude
Claude
Claude
Claude
Claude
Claude
Claude


title: Tim Supple

texts:
<mask> (born 24 September 1962) is a British born, award-winning international theatre director. He is the son of the academic <mask>. Career
Supple has directed and adapted theatre in London and the UK as well as across the world in a wide range of languages - including in Europe, India, North Africa and the near East, Iran, Turkey, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Russia and the post Soviet States, and North and South America. In the UK he has worked regularly at the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company and was Artistic Director of the Young Vic from 1993-2000 and founding co-Artistic Director of Dash Arts from 2005-2019, creating theatre with artists internationally. He launched his new company, Supple Productions, in 2020. UK Theatre work
At the Young Vic he directed A Servant to Two Masters (RSC co-production: national & international tour & West End), As I Lay Dying, Twelfth Night, Blood Wedding, The Jungle Book, Grimm Tales (& international tour), More Grimm Tales (& Broadway), The Slab Boys Trilogy, Oedipus; for the National Theatre: Haroun and the Sea of Stories, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Billy Liar (national tour), Accidental Death of an Anarchist (national tour), Whale, Romeo and Juliet, The Villains Opera; for the RSC: Midnight's Children(Barbican, national tour & Apollo Theatre, New York), Love in a Wood, Tales from Ovid (Young Vic), The Comedy of Errors (national/international tour & Young Vic), Spring Awakening; for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance Theatre Company: Coriolanus (with Branagh, Judi Dench, Richard Briers and Iain Glenn) and Traveling Tales; The Cosmonauts Last Message... (Donmar Wharehouse); Oh, What a Lovely War!, Guys and Dolls (Haymarket Theatre, Leicester); Billy Budd (Crucible Theatre, Sheffield). As associate director at the Theatre Royal, York, Supple directed work by Kroetz, Arthur Miller, Willy Russell and Brecht.<mask> has worked outside the theatre on several occasions: his Opera includes Hansel and Gretel, The Magic Flute (Opera North); John Browne's Babette's Feast (Linbury Studio, ROH); Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Grange Festival) and his film work includes: Twelfth Night (Projector/Channel 4), Rockabye (IWC/Channel 4). He is the recipient of a NESTA Invention and Innovation Award for experiments in film. In 2017, Supple created Freedom on the Tyne in collaboration with artists, organisations and citizens of Newcastle-Gateshead. With text by Roy Williams and Katie Ebner-Landy, the unique event took place on Sunday 29 October on the Tyne Bridge and in venues and streets across the city centre. Celebrating the Fiftieth anniversary of Dr Martin Luther King’s visit to Tyneside to receive an honorary degree from Newcastle University, Freedom on the Tyne dramatized epic narratives of historic civil rights battles in USA, India, South Africa and UK and was performed by hundreds of local participants. Supple's adaptations for the theatre include: Accidental Death of an Anarchist (with Dario Fo & Alan Cumming); Billy Budd (with David Holman); The Epic of Gilgamesh; Grimm Tales and More Grimm Tales (with Carol Ann Duffy); The Jungle Book; Haroun and the Sea of Stories (with Salman Rushdie & David Tushingham); Midnight's Children (with Rushdie & Simon Reade); Tales from Ovid (with Ted Hughes & Simon Reade); Beasts and Beauties (with Duffy & Melly Still); and One Thousand and One Nights (with Hanan Al Shaykh). International Theatre work
Includes: Beasts and Beauties, Too Clever By Half (Norwegian National Theatre, Bergen); Much Ado About Nothing (Maxim Gorki Theatre, Berlin); The Comedy of Errors (BBT, Istanbul); The Tempest (NCPA, Beijing)

In 2005, he launched Dash Arts with Josephine Burton to create new performance in collaboration with artists from abroad.His work for Dash Arts includes What We Did to Weinstein (Menier Chocolate Factory, 2005), As You Like It (Leicester Curve, 2009) and A Midsummer Night's Dream, commissioned by the British Council and created in India (2006-2008): an international success known widely as The Indian Dream, the production subsequently completed two tours of India, extensive tours of the UK, Australia and North America, two seasons at Stratford-upon-Avon and a season at the Roundhouse in London. The Guardian hailed it as "the most life-enhancing production of Shakespeare's play since Peter Brook's." In 2008 <mask> started work on a new theatrical adaptation of One Thousand and One Nights with the celebrated Lebanese author Hanan al Shaykh. Commissioned by Luminato Festival, Toronto, and produced by Dash Arts, the production was developed over two years of research and rehearsal in North Africa and the Middle East. Created with a cast and creative team drawn from the Arabic speaking world and performed in three languages over six hours, One Thousand and One Nights opened in June 2011 in Toronto and had its European premier at Edinburgh International Festival in August where the Independent hailed it as "an instant classic of engaged storytelling… a rediscovered literary masterpiece". Research Projects include: Peter Pan, international project on the classic tale researched with London’s Roundhouse in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, India and China; Shahanmeh, the great Iranian epic with text translated by Dick Davis researched at National Theatre London and in Tehran; 1917, the Soviet and post-Soviet experience researched in Russia and across the post-Soviet States;  King Lear – International Theatre Laboratory, launched in 2015, a research and production process investigating the world’s great theatre traditions, so far in Japan, South Korea, Mexico and UK; The Devils Are Not Sleeping , exploring the ancient, historical and political story of European union with text by Katie Ebner-Landy and artists across Europe. Awards and Nominations
Awards: Time Out (Grimm Tales), TMA (A Midsummer Night's Dream), Herald Angel - EIF (One Thousand and One Nights), Dora- Toronto (A Midsummer Night's Dream), Yapi Krede Afifi - Istanbul (Comedy of Errors).Nominations: Olivier (Accidental Death of an Anarchist), BAFTA (Twelfth Night), Evening Standard (Grimm Tales, A Midsummer Night's Dream). External links
<mask> biography; accessed 24 August 2015. English theatre directors
English musical theatre directors
British opera directors
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
1962 births

masks:
Timothy Supple
Barry Supple
Supple
Supple
Tim Supple


title: Marius Lyle

texts:
<mask> was the pseudonym of <mask> (10 July 1872 – 14 July 1964), a British novelist and short story writer. Early life
Born in Crabwall Hall, in the village of Mollington, Cheshire, she was the third of eleven children of <mask> (a wealthy grain merchant and a JP who was appointed High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1895) and Eliza Smyth. She was christened 7 August at Backford. According to the Auckland Star, she ran away from home at the age of sixteen rather than enter a hated factory at Whitchurch, in Wales. Career
She married her cousin <mask>, (B. june 29 1867 in Caen Normandie France) at St. John's Anglican Cathedral in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1900. Their residence was Drumahoe, Londonderry. She won the 1916 Melrose prize for her debut novel Unhappy in Thy Daring.Set in Ireland, it tells of a husband and wife's growing estrangement which is being nurtured by the wife's sister. H. G. Wells, one of the competition adjudicators, said of it: "The book has real strength and a remarkable sense of character. Power of imagination and originality; the writer has borrowed from no one." Her book met with mixed reviews. A reviewer in The Bookman praised the novel for its realism but found it vulgar. "Here is your risky and almost fatal experiment of marriage, your linking of unequal natures, your development of the inevitable triangle, your cool but ruthlessly explicit presentment of sex in action. No blinking facts for us, or sentimentalising them: this is how men and women are made, and the only way we can get ahead is to admit it! .. . There are passages which violate,I do not say morals, but taste: they present ignoble things in a vulgar way." One reviewer felt the work had merits but was uneven. "It is a strange production, with all the signs of a first novel except an autobiographical strain. The title has practically no connection with the story, and the author's name is from the third page a transparent pretence, for the whole style is feminine! The story reflects the mournful side of the Irish character." Another contemporary review commented: "Her sense of character is remarkable—likewise distorted—and the book leaves one with a nasty taste in the mouth.  . . . the doings of Rupert Standish surely stand out as among the most despicable ever imagined by a young author."A New Zealand review concurred: "The husband is a pitifully weak, indeed quite contemptible character, and however a woman like Shelagh Lynch could have married—and forgiven—such a man passes my comprehension. Some of the minor characters, however, are more pleasing creations and the author’s style is so fresh and attractive that his (or her) future works will be looked forward to with pleasurable anticipation. A review in The Nation and Athenaeum was critical of her handling of psychology, commenting: “'<mask>'s' workmanship is too lazy and slipshod to carry out its adventurous and difficult task". <mask>'s second novel was Sins of the Mothers (Andrew Melrose, London, 1918). A review in The Spectator states: "This novel chiefly deals with the mental procurement of a family of children who are left motherless—though by no means fatherless.The clash of temperaments inherited respectively from the father and mother is the chief motive of the book." In his review, Stopford Brooke wrote: ". . . "Unhappy in Thy Daring" has gone on selling steadily, and finding its way into all corners of the British Empire and India.The new book is again a psychological study of temperament, of passion, and of tragedy, and is no less distinctive than the first, which brought the author a substantial money reward and no little literary fame." <mask>'s third novel was The Education of a Young Man: In Twelve Lessons (published by L.& V. Woolf at the Hogarth Press, 1926). A review in The Spectator described this as "A cleverly written story about a peculiar county family of great charm but considerable eccentricity and even unpleasantness. The tale is told in the first person and somewhat pretentiously. One will soon cease to believe in sinister families of high degree, so many have been described since Mr. Michael Sadleir paved the way." Her following novel was Out of Drawing (Gerald Howe, London,1928). The Spectator reviewer wrote: "Mr. <mask> presents us with a three-sided study of a young American artist of genius.We see Aloys Staine through her own eyes, and also through those of her Spanish husband and an Englishman who constitutes himself her sponsor when she visits this country. Many of the incidental scenes, ranging from London and Paris to Tangier and the Argentine, are vivid and piquant, and the story displays considerable powers of analysis. But Mr. <mask> is too diffuse and leisurely, and the total effect is consequently a little blurred." In 1932, she published a slim (46-page) hand-printed volume titled The Virgin: A Tale of Woe (designed by Christopher Sandford with a frontispiece engraved on wood by Lettice Sandford and printed at the Boar's Head Press, Manaton, Devon in an edition of 200 copies,1932). The story, originally titled "The Jewess", is a modern retelling of the story of Mary, mother of Jesus. Also published in 1932 was her short story "The Letter". <mask>'s final novel was That Child  (Fortune Press, London,1938)."This story of an unconventional middle-aged woman is rich in substance and implications, and the author's swift almost cinematic technique helps in present Amy Speer's life through the impact of many significant episodes and impressions. It is a vital and provocative book and marks a new and interesting stage in the development of a very interesting writer." <mask> was a contributor to transition, an experimental literary journal founded in 1927 by Eugene Jolas. Her contributions included "Feeling Out" (June 1929),  "How I Dreamed" (June 1930), "Second Draft of Fear" (March 1932), and "Scheme For Physical Improvement of Writers' Medium" (March 1932). In 1930, she contributed a poem "The Word Age" to the small magazine The Quarter, edited by Ernest Walsh. One critic has cited <mask>, along with Edouard Roditi, Charles Henri Ford and Harry Crosby, as a representative writer of the prose poem-dreamscape, which "displays a strong oratorical strain as well as a tendency to dwell on apocalyptic visions and various psychopathological states". Her transition essay Scheme for Physical Improvement of Writers' Medium ”succinctly summarizes the typographical effects and possibilities of the most analytical aspects of cubist literature".Death and legacy
Una Maud <mask> died in 1964. Her address was given as Oakpark, Ballymaleel, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal. The State Library of Victoria, Australia, holds two travel diaries dated 1905 to 1912 and 1927 belonging to Una Maud <mask>. References

External links
 Una Maud Smyth at Ancestry.com

1872 births
1964 deaths
British women novelists
People from Chester
Pseudonymous women writers
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Marius Lyle
Una Maud Lyle Smyth
Hugh Lyle Smyth
Hugh Lyle Waring Smyth
Marius Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle
Lyle Smyth
Lyle Smyth