title: Littleton Waller

texts:
<mask> "Tony" <mask> (September 26, 1856 – July 13, 1926) was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps, who served in the Spanish–American War, the Caribbean and Asia. He was court martialled and acquitted for actions during the Philippine–American War where he led an ill-fated expedition across the island of Samar. He retired from the Marines holding the rank of major general. Early life and career
<mask>") <mask> was born in York County, Virginia on 26 September 1856. He was appointed as a second lieutenant of Marines on 24 June 1880 at the age of 23 and served initial tours of successive shore duty at the Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Ancestors
Both of <mask>'s ancestral families enjoyed wealth and political distinction in England and America. The <mask>s were high sheriffs of Kent, where the family owned Groombridge Place, and judiciaries in Buckinghamshire.<mask> <mask>'s ancestor Col. <mask> came to Virginia about 1635. He trained as an attorney at the College of William and Mary and founded a family that included several members of the Virginia House of Burgesses, a justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, and a member of Virginia's delegation to the committee that adopted the Declaration of Independence. <mask> <mask>'s ancestor <mask> was a noted colonial attorney of Williamsburg, Virginia. The Tazewells of Dorset county were churchmen and scholars of the law. William Tazewell, attorney, born in 1691, emigrated to Virginia in 1715. His descendants include members of the House of Burgesses, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Senates of both Virginia and the United States, and the Virginia Supreme Court. <mask>'s maternal grandfather <mask> <mask> was, in turn, a U.S.Congressman, a U.S. Senator, and Governor of Virginia. He built the family home, Wishing Oak, on Granby Street in Norfolk in 1802 and died there on May 6, 1860. The general's mother, <mask> Tazewell, was born at Wishing Oak in 1822. In 1848, she married Matthew Page <mask>, her third cousin four times removed. Their children included a daughter and two sons older than Tony, and three sons younger. <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on September 26, 1856.His father, who was a doctor, died of typhoid during an epidemic on December 11, 1861. Mary remained a widow until her death on December 20, 1889. She is buried with her husband in Elmwood Cemetery in Norfolk, Virginia. The family's extensive public service is exclusively civilian. In 1920, when <mask> Jr.  joined the Sons of the American Revolution, his application was based on his ancestor's participation in the Committee of Independence. The <mask> family website says little about the Civil War years, and the associated Tazewell website says even less. The <mask>s and Tazewells seem to have had no military members prior to Tony's commissioning.His decision to become an officer must have surprised his family, but they were supportive of his ambition. In his teens, Tony was a corporal in the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, a local militia unit. Turned down for a commission in the cavalry (at 5' 4" he was too short), he was accepted into the Marines. Early years
<mask> was bright, but indifferent to education. He was an outdoorsman, fond of hunting, fishing and riding, and uncomfortable in the classroom. Historian David McCulloch noted that, in the nineteenth century, every literate person in the English-speaking world was familiar with three books – the King James Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. <mask>'s writing shows the influence of all three.His report from Peking compares the condition of the Marines to Falstaff's army, in reference to Shakespeare's Henry IV. He uses the Biblical phrase "the peace of God which passeth all understanding" in his letter to the Marines in France in 1918. In reporting the death in action of one of his officers in China, <mask> expressed confidence that "all the trumpets will sound for him upon the other side", a phrase taken from Bunyan's description of the death of Faithful. In their ghostwritten memoirs Smedley Butler and Frederick C. Wise remember him as an eloquent speaker and fascinating storyteller. Yet he apparently never considered the study of law or a career in politics. Early Marine career

<mask> first went to sea as the Executive Officer of the Marine Detachment aboard the sloop-of-war , the flagship of the European Squadron and a veteran of the Civil War, in 1881. The Commanding Officer of the Detachment, also a veteran of the Civil War, was the legendary Captain Henry Clay Cochrane.The following year, <mask> was present at the British Naval bombardment of Alexandria, Egypt during a serious local uprising in the summer of 1882. He participated in the landing of a mixed bluejacket and Marine force during the operation. The Naval landing force of sixty-nine sailors and sixty-three Marines was formed, with Lieutenant Commander Charles Goodrich in command and Captain Cochrane as executive officer. The force comprised two companies, the sailors under Navy Lieutenant Frank L. Denny and the Marines under <mask>. The timely arrival of the ships of the European Squadron and their landing force gave protection to the American consulate and to American citizens and interests caught up in the fighting, and also afforded a refuge for the citizens of other nations, who had been displaced from their homes or businesses. Advancing cautiously through the burning and rubble strewn streets, the Americans reached the Grand Square of Mehmet Ali, at the heart of the city. The American Consulate was there, and it became the headquarters of the force.Although the French troops had abandoned the city and cautiously returned to their ships, the Marines secured the Grand Square and began to patrol the streets of the European Quarter, as the international business and consular area was named. Cochrane, <mask> and their Marines were assigned to Lord Charles Beresford's British force for the protection of the European Quarter. The anticipated rebel counterattack never came, and a ten-day standoff ended with the arrival of the four thousand-man British relief force. According to the Times of London:

Lord Charles Beresford states that without the assistance of the American Marines he would have been unable to discharge the numerous duties of suppressing fires, preventing looting, burying the dead, and clearing the streets. As there was no wireless radio in those days, and the telegraphic cable office in Alexandria was not functioning, the Squadron Commander had approval to land the naval force, but once ashore Goodrich had been on his own. It was he who made the decision to stay with the British rather than leave with the French. <mask>, as one of only four officers in the landing force, would have been present when the decisions were made.He learned, as a 24-year-old lieutenant, the habits of independence in command that he would exercise throughout his career. The Spanish–American War

Following tours of shore duty at Norfolk and Washington; and at sea in , , and Lancaster — Captain <mask> served in the battleship , lead ship of the new   during the Spanish–American War and was in that vessel as Commander of its Marine detachment during the Battle of Santiago on 3 July 1898. During this naval engagement, Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet was chased down and totally destroyed by the American fleet waiting just outside the harbor. Due to her position at the extreme eastern end of the blockade, the Indiana could not participate in the initial chase after the enemy cruisers made their sortie without cutting across the bow of the , which Captain Taylor, the ship's commander, wisely decided not to do. The battleship and the Marines manning her secondary batteries were, however, able to engage and aid in the destruction of the Furor and the Pluton, the fifth and sixth ships bringing up the rear of Spanish line, as they left the bay. Still too close to his squadron to risk using his big guns, Taylor called on <mask> and his Marines to take the destroyers under fire with the six-inch batteries. Captain <mask> ran from gun to gun, shouting orders and encouragement, as his Leathernecks pulverized the Spanish ships."The only trouble experienced at that time was the difficulty in keeping the men not actually engaged under cover", <mask> Oquendo. The bombardment disabled many of the Spanish cruiser's guns and triggered the detonation of some of its shells. Wreathed in flame, Oquendo ran aground. By now the rest of the Spanish ships had also fallen to American fire.The fighting was over, and it was one of the most lopsided victories in naval history. Every Spanish ship was destroyed and no American vessel had suffered more than token damage. <mask>'s gun crews reportedly fired 500 rounds from their 6-inch guns during the 61-minute melee. In their moment of triumph, the Americans now performed an act of mercy. Captain Taylor directed <mask> to launch the Indiana's whaleboats and pick up as many of the shipwrecked Spanish sailors as possible. With sailors at the oars and Marines in bow and stern to haul the swimmers aboard, <mask>'s detail worked all day. Men who were already weary from passing ammunition, now sunburned and with hands swollen and cracked from salt water, saved their enemies from death.Admiral Sampson  described the service of <mask> and his men in his after-action report to the Secretary of the Navy:

<mask> himself later remembered it:

After the destruction of the three largest ships and two torpedo-boat destroyers, I was sent to pick up the wounded and bring off prisoners from the beaches where they were huddled and in constant danger from the exploding magazines. ... After working for hours with the wounded, we took the prisoners on board ship; there were on board my ship, two hundred and forty-three in all. We issued clothes to the naked men, and the officers gave up their clothes and beds to the Spanish officers. Only a few months ago I received a letter from the widow of one of the officers of Admiral Cervera's staff, telling me of her husband's death, and saying that it was his wish that she should thank me for all that I had done for him; and I have received many tokens and letters besides this in grateful acknowledgement of the mercy shown. Formal recognition of that action at Santiago would come to <mask> sometime later. <mask>'s was one of only ninety-three known awards of this medal, and is believed to be the only one awarded to a U.S. Marine. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct combat, the Specially Meritorious Service Medal can be considered a predecessor of today's Navy and Marine Corps Medal.Boxer Rebellion

While stationed at the naval station at Cavite early in 1900, <mask>, now a major, was ordered to command a detachment of Marines, assigned to take part in the expedition mounted to relieve the siege of Peking, the Imperial Capital of China. This city, with its enclave of foreign Legations, was besieged by a mixed force of "Boxers" and Chinese Imperial troops supporting them. Accordingly, <mask> and his men arrived at Taku, China, on 19 June 1900, soon moved inland, and linked up with a Russian column of 400 men. At 02:00 on June 21, this small combined force set out for Tientsin, a large enemy held city along the route to Peking, arrayed against a Chinese contingent of some 1,500 to 2,000 men. Outnumbered from the start, the column came under heavy enemy fire and was forced to retreat, with the Russians in the lead. In a desperate rearguard action, <mask> and his marines—leaving their dead behind and dragging their wounded with them—fought off the numerically superior (but less aggressive) Chinese forces and reached safety. <mask>'s detachment immediately returned to duty, attached to a British column led by Commander Christopher Craddock.At 04:00 on June 24, an international army—consisting of Italian, German, Japanese, Russian, British, and American forces—set out again for Tientsin. After participating in the final fighting for the city of Peking on July 13–14, <mask> and his men took possession of the American sector and brought order out of the havoc caused by the Chinese retreat. Promoted by brevet to lieutenant colonel and advanced two numbers in grade for his performance of duty at Tientsin and Peking, <mask> <mask> was commended in 1903 by Brigadier General Aaron S. Daggett, U.S. Army, Ret., in his book, America in the China Relief Expedition. He recalled that the marine had

"... participated willingly and energetically ..." with the Allies "... in all movements against the enemy ..." and that "... he and his officers and men ... reflected credit upon American valor. ..."

For his service, Major <mask> received a brevet promotion, along with several of his fellow officers, who had also distinguished themselves, to lieutenant colonel. He would later become one of only 20 Marines to be awarded the USMC Brevet Medal when the decoration was created in 1921. During his service in China, <mask> also began a long-running friendship with then Lt. Smedley Butler.<mask> served as Best Man at Butlers' wedding in June 1905 and the two remained close for the rest of <mask>s' life. Philippine–American War and war crimes acquittal

After the Balangiga massacre, U.S. Army Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith asked for Marine Corps assistance to help subdue the Philippine population on the island of Samar. Major <mask> and his Marine Battalion were given this assignment. Prior to proceeding, Major <mask> had had this conversation with General Smith:

<mask> largely ignored these illegal orders. <mask> and his battalion of 315 Marines departed Cavite on 22 October 1901 and landed at Catbalogan, Samar, on 24 October. In the southern half of Samar, <mask> ran patrols, amphibious operations, and led a detachment of marines which defeated Philippine insurgents in a battle at Sohoton cliffs on 5 November 1901. He was having some success in registering the inhabitants and pacifying the Philippine towns.General Smith ordered <mask> to scout a possible telegraph route across the island from Lanang on the east coast to Basey on the west coast – straight across trackless, uninhabited jungle. <mask>'s March across Samar began from Lanang on 28 December 1901 with 60 Marines, including Sgt. John H. Quick, two Philippine scouts and 33 Philippine porters. In terrible physical conditions, most of the men were soon sick and running out of food. To stave off disaster, Major <mask> divided his force on 3 January 1902. Leaving Marine Captain David D. Porter in charge of a group remaining in the jungle, <mask> and 14 others went for help at Basey, arriving there on 6 January. On 7 January, <mask> led a relief operation back to Porter, but for nine days could not find them.Growing more desperate for food, Captain Porter left the sick and dying behind, under the command of Marine Lieutenant A.S. Williams, and set out with 7 Marines and 6 porters to Lanang. Having arrived at Lanang on 11 January, Cpt. Porter then sent out a relief column to pick up his own stragglers and rescue Lt. William's command. By 18 January, when Williams was rescued, 10 marines had died, one had gone insane and the porters had mutinied. Williams later testified that their mutinous behavior left the Marines in daily fear of their lives; the porters were hiding food and supplies from the Marines and keeping themselves nourished from the jungle while the Marines starved; then three porters attacked and wounded Williams with a bolo knife. The other 11 porters were placed under arrest when Williams' command reached Lanang. After an investigation, <mask> ordered the summary execution, without trial, of the eleven Filipino porters for treason, theft, disobedience and general mutiny.Ten were shot in groups of three (one had been gunned down in the water attempting to escape) The bodies were left in the square as an example, until one evening under cover of darkness, some townspeople carried them off for a Christian burial. <mask>'s Marine Battalion on Samar was relieved by U.S. Army units on 26 February 1902. He and his Battalion left Samar on 28 February, returning to Cavite on 2 March 1902. <mask> reported the executions to Smith, as he had reported every other event. "It became necessary to expend eleven prisoners. Ten who were implicated in the attack on Lieutenant Williams and one who plotted against me." Smith passed <mask>'s report to General Adna Chaffee.For some reason, Chaffee decided to investigate these executions, despite General J. Franklin Bell and Colonel Jacob H. Smith having carried out similar executions on a much larger scale months before with no subsequent investigations. <mask> was tried for murder in ordering the execution of the eleven Filipino porters. A court martial began on March 17, 1902. The court-martial board consisted of 7 Army officers and 6 Marine Corps officers, led by U.S. Army General William H. Bisbee. Major Henry P. Kingsbury, USA, the prosecutor, read the charge and specification. <mask>'s attorneys, Commander Adolph Marix, USN, and Major Edwin Glenn, USA, first argued, unsuccessfully, that the Army had no jurisdiction over him, as he was still under Marine Corps command. From the court martial transcript:

General Bisbee decided that the court was without jurisdiction in the case, but left open the possibility of reversing himself if instructions were received from the office of the Adjutant General of the Army.On 21 March, the instructions arrived. The Assistant Adjutant General noted that the Commanding General of the Philippine Department (General Arthur MacArthur) had ordered a preliminary examination of the case, with a view to legal action, before <mask> was relieved of duty with the Army. <mask> assisted in Major Getty's investigation, and was questioned by him, so he had to know that he was a party to the proceedings. Besides, a "brief lapse of jurisdiction" cannot mitigate a murder charge. General Bisbee "now decides that (the court) has jurisdiction and directs that the case proceed to trial." <mask> enters his plea:

To the specification – Guilty, except to the words "willfully and feloniously and with malice aforethought, murder and" – to those words, not guilty. To the charge – Not Guilty

<mask> did not use Smith's orders "I want all persons killed" to justify his deed, instead relying on the rules of war and provisions of a Civil War General Order

masks:
Littleton Tazewell
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title: Littleton Waller

type: original

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 Number 100 that authorized "exceeding force", much as J. Franklin Bell had successfully done months before.<mask>'s counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution then decided to call General Smith as a rebuttal witness. On April 7, 1902, in sworn testimony, Smith denied that he had given any special verbal orders to <mask>. <mask> then produced three officers, who corroborated <mask>'s version of the <mask> conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith, <mask> informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over age 10. During the trial, American newspapers, including his hometown newspaper in Philadelphia, nicknamed <mask> the "Butcher of Samar". The court martial board voted 11–2 for acquittal of <mask>. Later, the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General dismissed the entire case, agreeing that a Marine Corps officer was not subject to an Army court.As a result of evidence introduced at the <mask> trial, General Smith was then court martialed, convicted, and admonished; President Roosevelt personally ordered his dismissal from the army. Return to America, military excursions into Central America
Returning to the United States soon thereafter, <mask> served in charge of recruiting in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and western New Jersey into 1903 and commanded, in succession, the Provisional Regiment of Marines on the Isthmus of Panama in 1904; the expeditionary forces on the island of Cuba from 1906 and rose to command the Provisional Brigade in Cuba by 1911. He later commanded the Marine Barracks at the Mare Island Navy Yard from 1911 to 1914 and the First Brigade of Marines during action at Veracruz in Mexico in 1914, before being appointed to command marines in Haiti in 1915. Under Colonel <mask>'s command, his troops successfully crushed most armed resistance to the American occupation of the country and restored Pax Americana in Haiti. Later years
Conventional wisdom holds that the Manila court-martial cost <mask> the post of Commandant of the Marine Corps. Most sources claim that his career was stunted, but an extract from his Officer's Qualification Record tells a different story. <mask>'s acquittal is dated April 28, 1902.He had been "promoted MAJOR August 28, 1899, to take rank from July 25, 1899". He is "promoted LIEUTENANT COLONEL, U.S.M.C., by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 23, 1903, to rank as such from March 3, 1903", and then "promoted COLONEL, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 21, 1905, to rank from March 11, 1905". On March 28, 1901, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel by brevet, in the Marine Corps of the United States, for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China, from the 13th day of July, 1900. On March 28, 1901, advanced two (2) numbers in rank on the list of Majors, in the Marine Corps, for eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle on June 21, & 23, and July 3, and 9, 1900, at Tientsin, China, from March 8, 1901. Under suspension for ten days (10) from September 18, 1901, for being under the influence of liquor, and thereby unfit for the proper performance of duty. Suspended from duty for being drunk, with an official entry made of the event, <mask> was still promoted from captain to full colonel in less than six years. This is hardly indicative of a stalled career, especially in the early twentieth century.It becomes hard to believe that the court-martial prevented <mask>'s appointment to the commandancy, especially since he is promoted less than a year afterward. But if it was not  the reason, it may have been the excuse. Captain Archibald Butt, U.S. Army, military aide to Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, recalls a White House meeting in March 1910. The subject was the next Marine Commandant. Secretary of the Navy George Meyer had the necessary papers to appoint <mask>, and President Taft agreed. Then, according to Butt:

(<mask>'s) name was practically written, when Senator Penrose of Pennsylvania called on the President, and in five minutes <mask> was sidetracked and Biddle elevated to the place in command. (Biddle) happened to be a cousin of the junior Senator from Pennsylvania, George T. Oliver.With no love for the Marines and no reason to care who their Commandant was, Butt had no reason to lie. Nor is he alone in giving this version of events. In the Proceedings of the U. S. Naval Institute, November 1986, Lieutenant Colonel Merrill L. Bartlett, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired), discusses the career of <mask>'s protege Smedley D. Butler. Like <mask>, Butler was the choice for Commandant among the rank-and-file of the Corps. Butler, too, was denied the position, because of the influence of politics. Col. Bartlett writes:

In 1910, following a spate of in-house acrimony between the CMC, Major General George F. Elliott, and the Adjutant and Inspector, the colorful Colonel Charles H.  Lauchheimer, Elliott opted for retirement. Most observers -- including Butler -- assumed that the venerable <mask> would  gain the Corps' highest post.However, in a private meeting with Secretary of the Navy  George von Meyer, President William H. Taft bowed to pressure from the powerful Pennsylvania Senator Boies Penrose and appointed his constituent, Philadelphia's  William A. Biddle, to the post. Political influence was even more pronounced in the selection of the next Commandant. Col. Bartlett continues:

The passage of legislation in 1913 that  limited the tenure of each CMC to four years -- unless reappointed -- ended the traditional system of appointment until retirement, which had  been in effect since 1798. Instead Josephus Daniels, the new Secretary of the Navy . . .[sent] Biddle into retirement and began the search for a new CMC. Excitedly, Butler assumed that <mask> would win this time. He generated a flurry of correspondence knowing full well that every letter would be read by his congressman father ... Much to Butler's dismay -- and despite whatever political leverage his father  applied -- stronger forces determined the selection of a new CMC in 1913-14.Biddle had hoped to slide in the veteran campaigner, Colonel Lincoln Karmany, before sufficient political forces could be organized to oppose this handpicked successor. But Secretary Daniels eliminated Karmany from the running when he learned of his messy divorce in order to marry another woman. <mask> had  the endorsement of all 21 Democrats in the Senate, but carried the unacceptable baggage of  Samar  with him. Secretary Daniels reasoned that it made no sense to appoint an officer with a reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of  the Filipino people, just when the Wilson Administration promised a more enlightened and humane government of the Philippines. Several key points are evident here. <mask> had the endorsement of  "all 21 Democrats in the Senate", but in 1913 the U.S. had forty-eight states, for a total of  ninety-six senators. The Democrats were not only a minority, they were all Southerners.<mask>'s chances were hardly helped by the small number of Democratic senators or by the fact that his grandfather L.W. Tazewell was the former Democratic governor of Virginia. Col. Bartlett speaks of "the unacceptable baggage of Samar", but as we have seen this did not seem to hamper <mask>'s rise from captain to colonel. <mask>'s "reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of the Filipino people" was based almost entirely on the editorials in the anti-imperialist press, but these views had been rejected by the public long before. The elections of Roosevelt in 1904 and Taft in 1908 came long after the courts-martial not only of <mask> and Day, but also of the Army officers Smith and Glenn. <mask> was also frustrated at being sidelined, as he saw it, from the fighting in France. Relatively few senior Marine officers saw active duty in France, all of them a generation younger than <mask>.On March 22, 1920, <mask> appeared before the Retirement Board at Marine Corps Headquarters. The board found that he was "incapacitated for active service by reason of arterial sclerosis, general, and that his incapacity is the result of an incident of the service." On March 27 the finding was made official:

THE WHITE HOUSE

WOODROW WILSON

The last entry in his Officer's Qualification Record reads:

Continued on active duty at Headquarters, Advanced Base Force until June 16, 1920, on which date relieved from all active duty. Three of <mask>'s sons would go on to serve their country as Officers in the Marines and Navy. <mask> W. T<mask> Jr. served as a major in the Marine Corps during World War I and saw extensive action on the Western Front. <mask>. alternately commanded the 81st Company, First Machine Gun Battalion;  the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, Second Division, the Eighth Machine Gun Battalion, Third Division; and served as the Division Machine Gun Officer of the Second Division. During his service he participated in the following operations: the Toulon-Troyon Sector; in action with 47th French Infantry at Julgonne; in action on the Marne River; in action at Belleau Wood; in action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; Marbache Sector; St. Mihiel Sector; and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.<mask>. later participated in the march to the Rhine and served with the Army of Occupation. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for action in the Champagne Sector; made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; and was cited in General Orders, No. 88, Headquarters, Second Division, dated December 31, 1918. He also received letters of commendation from the Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment, Commanding General, Fourth Brigade and Commanding General, Second Division. <mask>. was also awarded the Navy Cross by the Secretary of the Navy and would go on to serve a full career in the Corps, eventually rising to the rank of major general just as his Father had. Having been promoted to brigadier general on 29 August 1916 and to major general on 29 August 1918, <mask> W. T<mask> Sr. closed out his active duty in the Marine Corps as Commander of the Advanced Base Force at Philadelphia Navy Yard from 8 January 1917 until his retirement in June 1920. According to the entry in Webster's American Military Biographies,  L.W.T.<mask> was "reputed to have taken part in more actions than any other Marine officer of the period." Major General <mask> lived in retirement in Philadelphia until his death on 13 July 1926 at the age of 69. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 1942, the destroyer  (DD-466) was named in his honor. <mask> Drive in Huntingdon Valley, PA is named after him. A residential cul-de-sac, the street and all of the properties along it were originally part of the estate surrounding the house he had built in 1916, in suburban Philadelphia. Memberships
General <mask> was a member of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, Military Order of the Dragon and the Military Order of the Carabao.The decorations and medals of General <mask>
General <mask> was one of the very few recipients, possibly the only, of both the Brevet Medal and Specially Meritorious Service Medal. With only 23 and 93 total awards respectively, they are two of the rarest decorations in American military history. (By way of comparison, there have been over 3,000 awards of the Medal of Honor and over 600 of the Gold Lifesaving Medal.) Marine Corps Brevet Medal
<mask> was one of only twenty living Marine officers whose gallantry in action during the Civil War, Spanish–American War, Philippine Campaign and the Boxer Rebellion had been recognized by a brevet commission. <mask>'s medal recognized his promotion to the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel, "for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China", on 13 July 1900. He had retired prior to the creation of the medal, but went to Washington to receive it. Specially Meritorious Service Medal
The letter of August 3, 1904, awarding this medal to <mask>  "in recognition of your gallant conduct in assisting in rescuing crews from the burning Spanish ships after the battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898"  is reproduced above.This is one of only 93 known awards of the decoration, given for "specially meritorious service, otherwise than in battle, during the Spanish–American War". It was not awarded before the war with Spain, nor since. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct contact with the enemy, it may be considered a forerunner to the present-day Navy and Marine Corps Medal. The decoration is a bronze cross pattee, with an anchor in its center encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel and the inscription "U.S. Naval Campaign West Indies". The arms of the cross are inscribed "Specially Meritorious Service 1898", and it is suspended from a bright red ribbon. Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal
Originally authorized in 1919 as a ribbon-only award.The medal was authorized in 1929, three years after <mask>'s death. It is not known if his survivors received the medal posthumously. At the time, numerals were worn on the ribbon to show total awards. <mask> was authorized the ribbon with numeral "4" in recognition of the following service:
Egypt, 1882
Panama, 1903–04
Cuba, 1911–12
Haiti, 1916–17

Sampson Medal
Properly speaking, the "Commemorative Medal for Naval Engagements in the West Indies", it took its popular name from the fact that its obverse shows a portrait of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. The ribbon, red with a wide central blue stripe, is suspended from a bronze pin bearing the name of the ship on which the individual served. Bronze bars are pinned to the front of the ribbon for each engagement with the enemy. No attachments were worn on the ribbon bar.<mask>'s medal had a ship's pin inscribed "USS Indiana", and four engagement bars - "San Juan Porto Rico", for the occupation of that city, and three bars inscribed "Santiago", for the siege, for the great battle of July 3, 1898, and for the occupation of the city. It was awarded in 1901. Spanish Campaign Medal
Awarded to all members of the Navy and Marine Corps who served between 20 April and 10 December 1898. Philippine Campaign Medal
For service ashore in the Philippine Islands between 4 February 1899 and 4 July 1902. China Relief Expedition Medal
For service ashore in China between 24 May 1900 and 27 May 1901. Cuban Pacification Medal
For service ashore in Cuba between 12 September 1906 and 1 April 1909. Mexican Service Medal
For service at Vera Cruz from 21 April to 23 April 1914.Haitian Campaign Medal
For service ashore in Haiti between 9 July and 6 December 1915. World War I Victory Medal
For service during the period 6 April 1917 to 11 November 1918, both dates inclusive. Photos of <mask>, and other Marine officers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, also show the wearing of numerous unofficial medals awarded by fraternal and patriotic societies. The Freemasons, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the Cincinnati, Grand Army of the Republic and United Spanish War Veterans were some of the more common ones. As military decorations and medals were uncommon prior the First World War, military regulations permitted the wearing of the insignia of societies and organizations composed of service members and/or their descendants. There are photographs of <mask> wearing the distinct triangular medal which represents the Military Order of the Carabao, an association of officers with service in the Philippines which was founded in 1900 as well as the insignia of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, which was founded in 1894 as a military society of officers and their descendants and the Military Order of the Dragon, a military society of officers who served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. See also

Jacob H. Smith
John H. Quick
Smedley Butler

Notes

  Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Stuart Creighton Miller, (Yale University Press, 1982).p. 220; PBS documentary "Crucible of Empire";  Philippine NewsLink interview with Bob Couttie author of "Hang the Dogs, The True and Tragic History of the Balangiga Massacre"  Ten days after President McKinley's death, the residents of Balangiga, a tiny village 400 miles southeast of Manila, attacked the local U.S. garrison. While U.S. soldiers ate breakfast, the church bells rang a signal. Filipinos brandishing machetes emerged from their hiding places. Forty-eight Americans, two-thirds of the garrison, were butchered, in what is called the Balangiga massacre. On the orders of General Jacob H. Smith, U.S. troops retaliated against the entire island (600 square miles) of Samar where Balangiga is located. The exchange is known because of two courts-martial: one was of <mask> who was later court-martialed for ordering or allowing the execution of a dozen Filipino bearers, and the court-martial of Gen. Jacob H. Smith who was actually court-martialed for giving that order. They jury is out to the extent that order was carried out, because <mask> <mask> actually countermanded it to his own men and said "[Captain David] Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old.But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive." Undoubtedly, some men did atrocities regardless of <mask>'s commands. Miller, pp. 226–8
  Miller, p. 228; Philadelphia North American, March 16 and 17, 1902
  Miller, p. 230–232; Before the "Howling Wilderness": The Military Career of Jacob Hurd Smith, 1862–1902 David L. Fritz Military Affairs Vol. 43, No. 4 (December, 1979), p. 187; "Most of the material for this article is derived from The Adjutant General's Office (AGO) 1890–1917, National Archives (NA), record group (RG) 94, File 309120 "Considerable older material is filed under the same numerical file number, but has the additional designation of S293CB1867."References

External links

1856 births
1926 deaths
American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel who were court-martialed
United States Distinguished Marksman
Sons of the American Revolution
People from York County, Virginia
Burials at Arlington National

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title: Roland Renne

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<mask><mask> (December 12, 1905 – August 30, 1989), an Agricultural Economics Professor, served as President of Montana State College from 1943 to 1964. Dr. <mask> was also active in Washington D.C. and United States overseas agricultural economics work. He was the 1964 Democratic candidate for governor of Montana. Biography
<mask>, born on December 12, 1905, was the third of five children born to <mask> and Caroline Augusta (Young<mask>. <mask> grew up on the family's truck and dairy farm in the remote Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey. As a boy, <mask> helped his father on the farm and attended country schools. With the financial help of his father, he attended Rutgers University and graduated summa cum laud in 1927.He continued his education and obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from University of Wisconsin in 1930. Rutgers University and University of Wisconsin are both land-grant schools and each influenced the development of <mask>'s educational philosophy and championing of public education. There were two economists who heavily influenced Dr. Renne; the economist Richard T. Ely, who in 1892 was a founder of the Wisconsin University School of Economics, Political Science and History, and the economist John R. Commons, who was Ely's assistant and a pioneering historian on the U.S. Labor Movement. Following his graduation in 1930, <mask> arrived in Bozeman, Montana to start his teaching at Montana State College as Assistant Professor of Agriculture Economics. On August 19, 1932 he married Mary Polly Kneeland Wisner with whom he had four children. Dr. <mask><mask> died in Bozeman, Montana on August 30, 1989. Professional life

Professor and College President
Dr. <mask><mask> came to Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana in 1930 to work as Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics.Dr. <mask> was an Agricultural Economics Professor and Agriculture Department Head from 1930 to 1943 and President of Montana State College from 1943 - 1964. During the U.S. Depression years and World War II years, Renne devoted much of his time to educational outreach with small farmers and agricultural labor in support of both the WPA and World War II war efforts. As the Agricultural Economics Department head and chairman of the Bozeman city school board, Dr. Renne worked closely with the WPA to obtain New Deal educational funds for the construction of three new Bozeman, Montana elementary schools: Hawthorne, Irving and Longfellow. In 1942, Dr. <mask> accepted a position in Montana's Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply (OPA), but in the following year, 1943, Renne left OPA and was appointed Acting President of MSC. In 1944 Renne was appointed President of Montana State College. At the close of WWII, Renne recognized the G.I.Bill (Servicemen's readjustment Act) of 1944 passed by Congress was quickly increasing the demand for classrooms, additional faculty and increased student housing by new student G.I.s and their families. Because of the G.I.Bill, MSC's student body almost doubled from 1,155 in 1945 to 2,014 in 1946, and doubled again in 1947 to 3,591. With qualifying veterans returning to college at the end of the WW II, Renne provided active leadership to make the necessary changes on campus to accommodate those men and women who used the G.I. Bill to get a higher education degree at MSC. With a huge growth in students came an increase in faculty with the faculty almost doubling from 132 in 1945 to 257 in 1950. To meet the immediate needs of G.I. student and faculty housing and expanded classrooms, Renne quickly installed recycled wooden buildings from a chrome mining project in Columbus, Montana to serve as classrooms for physics, chemistry lab, nursing, education, engineering, agriculture wool lab, psychology and music. To accommodate student and new faculty housing, Renne found prefab war-surplus wooden frame building, quonset huts, barracks, and over 100 small trailers.Then he went to the state capitol, Helena, Montana, and worked with the legislature to use some of the $4.5 million war surplus monies to fund a new brick library, update older buildings, and upgrade the physical plant. Renne also recognized that immediately following the end of WWII, only 16.9% of all instructional budget was spent on humanities and social sciences and called for substantial budgetary increases for liberal arts, citing a need for "a more realistic appreciation of the values of humanistic-social science subjects ... in the interests of serving the general welfare." During this post WWII growth, Renne took on the added responsibility of educational outreach initiatives, speaking to various assemblies across the state in: Billings, Butte, Great Falls, Hamilton, Miles City, Three Forks, Eden, Joliet, Circle, Forsyth, Glendive, Helena, Hardin, Whitehall, Judith Gap, Ekalaka, Baker, Lodge Grass, Fort Peck, Sidney, and many more communities. He also expanded his outreach to conferences in: Wyoming, Washington, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, California, Missouri and others. Dr. Renne's presentations covered topics on: water resources, water conservation, river basin development, banking, farm economics, land management, Indian affairs, Christian stewardship, and the value of land-grant college education. In recognition of Dr. <mask><mask>'s service to Montana State College, the Montana State University named Renne Library in his memory. United States Government Service
From 1950 to 1951 Dr<mask> <mask> was the president of the Water Resources Policy Commission and in 1951 to 1953 he acted as chief of the Mutual Security Agency's Special Technological and Economic Mission to the Philippines.In 1958, he accepted the role of Chief of the Agricultural Survey Mission to Peru for the Joint International Bank for Reconstruction of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In 1960, Renne became a consultant regarding land development for the U.S. Operations Mission to Ethiopia, and in 1961 he became a member of the National Advisory Council for Health Research Facilities, HEW. Dr. <mask> was the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs in Washington D.C. and through an appointment issued by then U.S. President John F. Kennedy, he also served as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs from 1963 to 1964. <mask> also became one of the original board of trustees of the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement. By 1964 up to 1969, he was Director of Office of Interior Water Resources Research, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington D.C. After leaving the Water Resources Research Office in 1969, he was chief of the Agricultural University Development in Illinois/USAID Team for India until 1972. In 1974, <mask> was Director of the Foreign Trade Study at Montana State University. Political career
In February 1964, Dr. <mask> resigned as president of Montana State College to run for Governor of Montana in 1964.He defeated Mike Kuchera in the Democratic primary, and advanced to the general election, where he ran against incumbent Governor Tim M. Babcock. <mask>, who was fifty-eight years old, had been associated with Montana State College for thirty-three years, was a respected Agricultural Economist, and had served in 1963 as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs. Babcock was running for re-election following his ascension to the Governorship in 1962 when the previous Governor, Donald Grant Nutter, died in a plane crash. In the Montana gubernatorial election, Renne placed emphasis on economic development in response to the 1964 sluggish economy, a need of greater support for education, relief for property taxes, and tax programs based upon ability to pay tax to fund his educational programs. Democrats also asserted that a Republican administration would adopt a sales tax and the institution of right-to-work law. Republicans and Babcock denied any plans for a sales-tax or right-to-work law and placed their emphasis on Governor Babcock's business-like administration of reduced deficit and balanced budget without new taxes, current support for education and custodial institutions, and that agriculture was the only area of Montana's economy not prospering. The election results had Democrat <mask> receiving 136,682 votes, and incumbent Republican Governor Tim Babcock receiving 144,113 votes.Memberships
Dr<mask> <mask> was a member of:
 Rotary
 American Economic Association
 American Academy of Political and Social Science
 Phi Beta Kappa
 Phi Kappa Phi
 Alpha Zeta

Publications
Roland Roger Renne publications:
 <mask> <mask> (1928). The relation of the Federal Reserve Banking System to the agricultural depression beginning in 1920. Madison, University of Wisconsin
 <mask> <mask> (1932). The economics of bean production and marketing in Montana. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1933). The tariff on dairy products. Madison, WI Tariff Research Committee
 <mask> <mask> (1933).The flaxseed market and the tariff.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask>,  Bushrod W Allin (1934). Montana farm taxes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1935).Montana county organization, services, and costs: a study in county government with suggestions for its improvement. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural experiment station
 <mask> Roger Renne (1935). Financing Montana schools: a summary of an analysis of the system of financing elementary and secondary education with suggested changes
 <mask> <mask> (1935). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - I The need and basis for readjustment. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1935).Significance of the ownership pattern to land use planning. Bozeman, MT MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1936). Organization and costs of Montana schools: an analysis of the system of financing elementary and secondary education with suggested changes. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Montana land ownership: an analysis of the ownership pattern and its significance in land use planning. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936).Readjusting Montana's agriculture - III Population resources and prospects. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - IV Land ownership and tenure. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - VIII Tax delinquency and mortgage foreclosures. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Montana land ownership an analysis of the ownership pattern and its significance in land use planning.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Organization and Costs of Montana Schools - an Analysis of the System of Financing Elementary and Secondary Education With Suggested Changes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1937). Assessment of Montana farm lands a study of the inequalities resulting from present methods of assessing dry farm and range lands and some suggestions for improvement. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1938). Montana farm bankruptcies: a study of the number, characteristics, and causes of farm bankruptcies over a forty-year period with some suggestions for preventing them in the future.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1938). Montana farm taxes: the significance of farm taxes to Montana agriculture. Bozeman, Montana Extension Service in Agriculture and Home Economics, Montana State College and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
 <mask> <mask>, Howard H. Lord (1938). Montana farm price variations: the economic significance of fluctuating farm prices to Montana agricultural stability. Bozeman, Montana Extension Service in Agriculture and Home Economics
 <mask> <mask> (1939). Montana farm foreclosures: number, characteristics, and causes of farm mortgage foreclosures over a seventy-year period, with some suggestions for reducing them in the future.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1939). Butte, Montana: a preliminary report of an economic survey showing population characteristics and trends, industrial development, employment, labor conditions, incomes, living costs and standards, costs of government, and related information for the Butte community . Butte, MT McKee Print. Co.
 <mask> <mask> (1940). Montana farm real estate mortgage indebtedness: amount, distribution, characteristics and trend of Montana farm mortgage debt. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1940). Montana income tax studies.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask>,  O H Brownlee (1940). Uncollected property taxes in Montana: an analysis of the amount, growth, causes, and means of reducing Montana property tax delinquency with special emphasis on rural property. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1942). Montana population changes and prospects: an analysis of Montana population trends, recent changes accompanying movement into the Armed Forces and war industries, and prospective further changes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1947). Land economics; principles, problems, and policies in utilizing land resources.New York, Harper
 <mask> <mask> (1947). Montana nonresident motor vehicle travel survey: Summer, 1975. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics Dept. <mask><mask> (1950). The President's Water Resources Policy Commission
 <mask> <mask> (1952). P.I. entering period of expansion.Manila
 <mask> <mask> (1952). A master plan of P.I. industrialization. Manila
 Jonathan Forman,  <mask> <mask>,  G B MacDonald (1953). Report on the problem of mining claims on the national forests. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service
 <mask> <mask> (1958).The government and administration of Montana. New York, Crowell
 <mask> <mask> (1958). Cost of county government in Montana. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1958). Land economics: Principles, problems, and policies in utilizing land resources. New York, Harper & Brothers Publ. Charles M Hardin (1960).Agricultural policy, politics, and the public interest. Philadelphia (Chapter 9 by R.R<mask>. Land-Grant Institutions, the Public, and the Public Interestl)
 <mask> <mask> (1960). Montana civic index: a voter's guide. Great Falls, Montana Republican Club
 <mask> <mask>,  J Wesley Hoffmann (1960). The Montana citizen.Helena, MT State Pub. Co.
 <mask> <mask> (1963). Trade and aid in a troubled world: remarks at the University of Nebraska Conference on Trade and Aid
 Roland <mask> (1974). Agricultural universities in India. Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois
 <mask> <mask> (1974). Alberta and Montana agriculture, trade, and tourism. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept.<mask> <mask> (1976). The role of agricultural economists:  the next 100 years or Less. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1977). A survey of Montana manufacturing exporters. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. Resources

External links
 <mask>. <mask> 1964 Gubernatorial Campaign Papers

1905 births
1989 deaths
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
Montana politicians
People from Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey
United States Department of Agriculture officials
Presidents of Montana State University
People from Bozeman, Montana

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title: Jim Everett

texts:
<mask> (born January 3, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, primarily with the Los Angeles Rams. He played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers and was selected as the third pick in the first round of the 1986 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Unable to work out a contract agreement with <mask>, the Oilers traded his rights to the Rams, with whom <mask> played from 1986 to 1993. <mask> then played with the New Orleans Saints from 1994 to 1996 and ended his career with a stint with the San Diego Chargers in 1997. College career
Purdue University recruited <mask> out of Eldorado High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, <mask> led his high school team to the State Championship game in 1979 against the Demons of Santa Fe High School. The Demons' stifling defense (held opponents to 100 points) and record-setting offense (547 points scored) handed the <mask> and his Eagle teammates their second loss of the season, and avenged a loss the Demons suffered earlier in the year. In 1980 they finally won the school's only state championship.In addition to quarterbacking the team, he played defense as a safety. Recruited to play either safety or quarterback, he was soon slotted into the quarterback role where he narrowly missed out on being a four-year starter at Purdue, as a game-day decision before his first game as a freshman led to Scott Campbell getting the nod over <mask>. Campbell held off <mask> for three years, one of which <mask> was able to redshirt to gain an extra year of eligibility. Upon Campbell's graduation to a seven-year career in the NFL, <mask> took over the reins of the pass-oriented Boilermakers offense. As a junior, <mask> led the Boilermakers to the 1984 Peach Bowl, where he passed for 253 yards and three touchdowns. Purdue lost the game to Virginia, quarterbacked by future Green Bay Packer Don Majkowski, 27–24. <mask> is also the only Purdue quarterback to ever beat Michigan, Notre Dame, and Ohio State all in the same season.During the 1985 season, <mask> led the NCAA in total offense (3,589 yards), at the time a school record (since broken by fellow Purdue alum Drew Brees). He finished sixth in balloting for the 1985 Heisman Trophy. <mask> earned regular membership on the Distinguished Students list at Purdue, and graduated with a degree in industrial management. During his time at Purdue, <mask> regularly tutored fellow Purdue athletes in courses such as calculus and statistical analysis. He was also initiated into the Sigma Chi fraternity as an undergraduate. During his senior year, he was awarded the Big Ten Medal of Honor in recognition of his athletic and academic achievements. 1984: 3,256 yards with 18 TD vs 16 INT in 11 games
 1985: 3,651 yards with 23 TD vs 11 INT in 11 games

NFL career

<mask> had a productive NFL career, especially with the Rams, where he was a statistical leader in several passing categories.His Rams teams were successful early in his career, earning playoff berths in 1986, 1988, and 1989, despite never reaching the Super Bowl. <mask> continued to produce fine statistics, and was rewarded with a trip to the 1991 Pro Bowl game in Honolulu, Hawaii. Despite productive years with the Rams, 1989 marked <mask>'s final playoff season in his NFL career. Starting in 1990, the Rams began to trade or release players due to financial concerns. (For example, LeRoy Irvin spent his final season with the Lions. Meanwhile, Greg Bell, who had been the team's starting running back, spent 1990 across town.) After winning 13 games in 1989 (including 2 playoff wins), the Rams won 19 games from 1990-93 combined (5 in 1990, 3 in 1991, 6 in 1992, 5 in 1993).The 1993 season was a low point in <mask>'s career. He played in only 10 games but managed to throw 12 interceptions. He threw only eight touchdown passes, tying the lowest yearly total of his career and matching his rookie total when he only played in six games. Around mid-season, Rams coach Chuck Knox benched him for T. J. Rubley. The Rams traded <mask> to the Saints in March 1994. In return, the Los Angeles Times reported, Los Angeles received "a seventh-round pick in the 1995 draft". In three years with the Saints, benefitting from receivers such as Quinn Early and former Falcon receiver Michael Haynes and former Bear fullback Brad Muster in the backfield, <mask> threw 22, 26, and 12 touchdowns.But the team finished 7–9, 7–9, and 3–13 in those three years, respectively. The Saints, like many other NFL teams, released or traded core players when the NFL's salary cap took effect around the time <mask> arrived in New Orleans. The Dome Patrol defense had largely been dismantled by 1994. Only Sam Mills remained on the Saints' roster by 1994, and that was Mills's final season, as he departed for the expansion Carolina Panthers the following year. Running backs Dalton Hilliard and Craig Heyward had also both left the Saints by 1994. <mask> signed with the Chargers in June 1997. In his first start for San Diego, he defeated the Saints, 20–6, in his return to the Superdome.1997 was his final NFL season. Over his career, <mask> performed well enough to be among league leaders in several passing categories. His 203 touchdown passes rank 25th all-time, and his 34,837 passing yards are 14th all-time. He also ranks 15th all-time in completions and 16th all-time in pass attempts. On a year-to-year basis, he was among the top ten league leaders in pass attempts (seven times), completions (eight times), pass yards (seven times), and passing touchdowns (six, including leading the league twice). <mask>'s two postseason victories (both in 1989) tied him with Vince Ferragamo, James Harris, and Norm Van Brocklin for second-most playoff victories during the Rams' first stint in Los Angeles (as of 2018, it is now the third-most). Only Ferragamo had more wins (three) during the Rams' 49-year stint in Los Angeles.Kurt Warner's five playoff victories during the Rams' years in St. Louis have since superseded Ferragamo's record. <mask> altercation
Following the 1989 regular season, <mask> was reportedly "shellshocked" from the numerous times he was sacked and hit in the NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers (the 49ers won, 30–3). At one point in the game, <mask> was so rattled that he collapsed to the ground in the pocket in anticipation of a sack, even though the 49ers' defensive players had not yet reached him, a play now known as <mask>'s "phantom sack". His struggle eventually led to a 1994 confrontation with then Talk2 host <mask>. Rome had regularly mocked <mask>'s aversion to taking hits on the field, mockingly referring to him as "Chris" <mask> (a reference to female tennis player, Chris Evert). When <mask> appeared as a guest on Talk2, Rome wasted no time, calling him "Chris". <mask> dared Rome to repeat it to his face again, implying that a physical confrontation would ensue were Rome to do so.When Rome did it anyway, <mask> overturned the table between them and shoved Rome to the floor while still on the air. Rome was not injured and no legal action was taken following the confrontation. In a 2012 interview with Deadspin, <mask> stated that "a large burger franchise" wanted to use the footage in an ad. <mask> agreed, but Rome did not, blocking the deal. Post-NFL
After his NFL career ended, <mask> received an MBA degree from Pepperdine University and started an asset management business. Eventually, he settled in Dana Point, California. See also
 List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Los Angeles Rams players
Purdue Boilermakers football players
New Orleans Saints players
San Diego Chargers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pepperdine University alumni
Players of American football from Albuquerque, New Mexico
People from Emporia, Kansas

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title: Sharrif Floyd

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<mask> (born May 28, 1991) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was recognized as an All-American in 2012. <mask> was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft. Early years
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended George Washington High School in Philadelphia, where he started playing basketball, which led to football. He totaled over 50 tackles, two sacks and seven tackles for losses during his junior season while tearing his ACL during a semifinal playoff game. He received an invitation to the annual U.S. Army National Combine in January 2009, but initially could not afford the travel costs to San Antonio, Texas.With help from special-education students and counselor, Dawn Seeger, <mask> baked brownies and sold them at school for weeks to raise the money. He was able to make the trip and earned first-team all-combine honors. After his senior season at Washington High School, he was named a high school All-American by USA Today, Parade magazine, and EA Sports. He ended his high school career at the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. College recruiting
Regarded as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the No. 1 defensive tackle prospect in the class of 2010. He chose Florida over eight other major Division I FBS college football programs, including Miami, Ohio State and USC.College career

<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer and coach Will Muschamp's Florida Gators football teams from 2010 to 2012. Arriving in Gainesville as the highest-rated football recruit since wide receiver Percy Harvin in 2006, <mask> was one of seven true freshmen to make a start for the Florida Gators in 2010. After three seasons for the Gators, <mask> totalled 115 tackles (26 of them for loss), 9.5 sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defended and blocked three field goals. Freshman season (2010)

As a freshman in 2010, <mask> earned a starting spot and contributed with two tackles, including one for loss, in the Gators' win over Penn State in the 2011 Outback Bowl. For the season, he had 23 tackles (13 assisted and 10 solo) with 6.5 of them for loss. Sophomore season (2011)

As a sophomore in 2011, <mask> started the final 11 games of the season at defensive end, and totaled 46 tackles, including 6.5 tackles for a loss, 1.5 quarterback sacks, a pass breakup and a blocked kick. He also tied for the team lead with four quarterback hurries.He registered his first career sack in the 2012 Gator Bowl against Ohio State, and followed it with an assisted sack on the very next play for a total loss of five yards. Junior season (2012)

During his 2012 junior season, <mask> moved back to his natural defensive tackle position, and had 31 tackles (including 19 solo). He also had a team-high 8.5 tackles for a loss, and was second with four quarterback hurries. After the season, he was recognized as first-team All-American by The Sporting News and received third-team honors from the Associated Press. He was also a first-team All-Southeastern Conference selection. After Florida's loss in the 2013 Sugar Bowl, <mask> announced his decision to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL Draft. Professional career
As of late January 2013, <mask> was projected to be a late-first round selection, and the fourth defensive tackle off the board, according to Sports Illustrated.After the combine, SI moved <mask> up to the No. 3 selection overall, and No. 1 among defensive tackles. In early April, CBSSports.com's Pete Prisco projected <mask> to go second overall, calling him "the best player in this draft". <mask> was listed as a defensive tackle, but was considered to be best fit as a defensive end in a 3–4 defensive alignment. <mask> was chosen by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (23rd overall pick) of the 2013 NFL Draft, becoming the first defensive tackle selected by the Vikings in the 1st round since 2003 when the team drafted Kevin Williams 9th overall. He was also the first of three players drafted by the Vikings in the first round, marking only the second time in team history the team had three picks in the first round and the first time for an NFL team since the Rams in 2001.He signed a four-year, $8,076,200 contract with the Vikings, including a $4,253,600 signing bonus, $6,569,900 guaranteed, and an average annual salary of $2,019,050. On September 29, <mask> recorded the first sack of his career when he and Jared Allen combined to sack Pittsburgh's Ben Roethlisberger during the NFL International Series in London. He ended his rookie season with 19 combined tackles, 2.5 sacks, one forced fumble, and two pass deflections. He switched his jersey to #73 for the 2014 season, going back to his high school and college number after wearing #95 for his rookie season. In 2014, <mask> finished the season with the most quarterback hurries among Vikings defensive tackles with 20, per Pro Football Focus, despite playing just 587 snaps. He recorded 42 total tackles, 4.5 sacks and one pass deflection. <mask> was a starting defensive tackle next to Linval Joseph in the 2015 season.<mask> recorded a half a sack in Week 3 against the San Diego Chargers, and half a sack in Week 6 against the Kansas City Chiefs. He did not play in Week 7 against the Detroit Lions due to a knee/ankle injury. He was still hampered by the injury and was listed inactive for the Week 8 match-up against the Chicago Bears. On May 2, 2016, the Vikings announced that they picked up the fifth-year option of <mask>'s contract. <mask> only played in the first game of the season before being inactive for the next 12 games dealing with a knee injury. He was placed on injured reserve on December 12, 2016. On March 30, 2017, it was revealed that <mask> was diagnosed with nerve damage in his knee following meniscus surgery in September 2016.With the lingering nerve damage, some projected that it could be career threatening. He was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list on September 2, 2017. Career statistics

College

NFL

See also

 2012 College Football All-America Team
 List of Florida Gators football All-Americans
 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
 List of Minnesota Vikings first-round draft picks

References

External links
  <mask> <mask> – Florida Gators athlete profile

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Philadelphia
American football defensive tackles
Florida Gators football players
Minnesota Vikings players

masks:
Sharrif Kalil Floyd
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title: Jan van der Heyden

texts:
<mask> (5 March 1637, Gorinchem – 28 March 1712, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker. <mask>den was one of the first Dutch painters to specialize in townscapes and became one of the leading architectural painters of the Dutch Golden Age. He painted a number of still lifes in the beginning and at the end of his career. <mask> was also an engineer and inventor who made significant contributions to contemporary firefighting technology. Together  with his brother Nicolaes, who was a hydraulic engineer, he invented an improvement of the fire hose in 1672,. He modified the manual fire engine, reorganised the volunteer fire brigade (1685) and wrote and illustrated the first firefighting manual (Brandspuiten-boek). A comprehensive street lighting scheme for Amsterdam, designed and implemented by <mask>den, remained in operation from 1669 until 1840 and was adopted as a model by many other towns and abroad.Life
<mask> <mask> was born in Gorinchem, the son of a mennonite father and the third of eight children. His father was by turns an oil mill owner, a grain merchant and a broker. The family moved to Amsterdam in 1646 and <mask> <mask>’s father acquired local citizenship. <mask> <mask> himself would never acquire Amsterdam citizenship. <mask> <mask> may have received his initial artistic training in the studio of a relative, perhaps his eldest brother, Goris <mask> <mask>, who made and sold mirrors. He had joined his brother Goris in his mirror producing and selling business. He may also have learned drawing from a glass painter.It is possible that his teacher may have been one of the most admired glass painters of the time, <mask> <mask>t, who was also originally from <mask> <mask>'s hometown. Several examples of <mask> <mask>’s paintings on glass (verre eglomisé) have survived and probably date from this early part of his career. He married Sara ter Hiel of Utrecht on 26 June 1661 in Amsterdam. At the time of his marriage, he lived on the most fashionable canal in Amsterdam, Herengracht. He was then already a practising artist. His earliest dated works are two drawn portraits of his brother-in-law Samuel ter Hiel and his bride, Jacquemijntje <mask> Passe date 1659. His earliest dated painting is from 1663.As a young man he witnessed the fire in the old town hall which made a deep impression on him. He later would describe or draw 80 fires in almost any neighborhood of Amsterdam. In 1668 Cosimo III de' Medici bought one of his paintings, a view of the townhall with a manipulated perspective. Painting was not the sole occupation and interest of <mask> Heyden. In fact he never joined Amsterdam's painters' guild. Even while his work was in great demand, he did not rely on his art to make a living. His principal source of income was, in fact, not painting.Rather he was employed as engineer, inventor and municipal official. He was clearly greatly preoccupied with the problem of how to fight fires effectively, and, with his brother Nicolaes, devoted much time between 1668 and 1671 to inventing a new, highly successful water pumping mechanism. He devised a street-lighting system for Amsterdam and was in 1669 appointed director of street lighting. In 1673 the two brothers received  official appointments to manage the city’s fire-fighting equipment and organisation. The two officials appointments were sufficient to ensure the prosperity of the artist. <mask> <mask> moved in 1680 to the Koestraat near the St. Anthonismarkt. Here he built a new family home and a factory for producing fire equipment.In collaboration with his eldest son <mask>, he published in 1690 an illustrated book on fire-fighting, entitled 'Beschrijving der nieuwlijks uitgevonden en geoctrojeerde Slangbrandspuiten' ('Description of the recently invented and patented hose fire engines'). <mask> <mask> died a wealthy man in 1712. His wife survived her husband by only a month. The inventory of the estate made soon after her death include more than 70 of his own paintings. His only known pupil is his son <mask>.

Work

General

<mask> <mask> was one of the first Dutch painters to dedicate most of his output to cityscapes and other depictions of groups of buildings. In addition, he also painted approximately 40 pure landscapes, of which two on glass. At the end of his career he painted still lifes in indoor settings.Architectural paintings

His most frequent subject were various views of Amsterdam. In addition, he painted vistas of other Dutch, Flemish and German cities (in particular the region near the Dutch–German border), country houses and estates and landscapes. It is believed that he visited these places personally. A painting of an Italian scene is believed to have been based on a drawing by Daniël Schellinks. Other foreign scenes may have been based on drawings of other artists. <mask> Heyden often painted country estates. Several views exist of a country estate owned by Joan Huydecoper II, the Amsterdam burgomaster.A set of 14 paintings depicting scenes in and around the village of Maarssen were likely also made on commission for Joan Huydecoper II, who had developed real estate around that village. <mask> Heyden also created completely imaginary architectural fantasies, so-called capricci. An example is An Architectural Fantasy (c. 1670, National Gallery of Art), which appears to be a product of pure imagination. Italian influences are visible in the classical structure recalling the buildings of Palladio and the decorative sculptural elements. The figures, probably painted by Adriaen <mask> Velde, on the other hand, are unmistakably Dutch. While the great house with its sunlit formal gardens evokes an idealized world, at the elaborate gateway of the brick walls surrounding the gardens, an elegant gentleman encounters a beggar with her baby. The inclusion of these discordant elements undermining the country idyll set <mask> Heyden apart from his contemporary Gerrit Berckheyde.Various of his compositions include out-of-place statuary, stray farm animals or even urban shepherdesses, which add a feeling of anomaly and contradiction. These elements contribute to the feeling of modernity typical for his works. Only one painting known as the Triumph of Mordecai (Staatliches Museum Schwerin), depicts a history scene. It is probably an early work, which, as behoves an architectural painter, gives much prominence to the buildings in the composition. Despite the apparently naturalistic style, which was so detailed that every single brick was visible, the artist did not strive for topographical accuracy in his city views. Even in his depictions of recognizable sites he regularly adapted and rearranged the architecture and setting to fit his overall compositional goals. Topographical accuracy was clearly not his primary objective.Rather he strove to present an idealized vision of the world around him. Despite the attention to detail, <mask> <mask>'s primary aim was to achieve an overall harmony in his compositions. It is possible that <mask> Heyden achieved the details in his paintings with the aid of a magnifying glass or even a camera obscura, lenses and mirrors. <mask> Heyden's scenes are usually bathed in a brilliant, crisp light of almost unnatural clarity. <mask> <mask>'s skill in distributing areas of light and shade and his mastery of subtle atmospheric effects contribute to the sense of coherence and unity of his works. The staffage in his paintings was often added by other artists such as Johannes Lingelbach, Adriaen <mask> Velde and Eglon <mask> Neer. He most often collaborated with the accomplished painter of figures and animals Adriaen <mask> Velde.The two artists had an especially successful partnership built on their complementary skills: Adriaen <mask> Velde contributed his lively and well-characterised figures to <mask> Heyden's exquisitely painted architectural settings. A fine example of their collaboration is The Dam and Damrak (c. 1663, Fogg Museum). The composition depicts the Dam and Damrak bathed in a late afternoon sun, which casts long shadows on the cobblestones of the Dam. The Damrak, the waterway that linked the Dam to Amsterdam's harbor, terminates at the far left of the composition. Still lifes
<mask> <mask> painted still lifes in the beginning and at the end of his career. Nine of his still lifes survive. One of his earliest dated still lifes is a Still life with a bible (signed and dated 1664, Mauritshuis).This and other early still lifes typically depict a bible and other objects on a table with a carpet. An example of his early works in this genre is the Still Life with Globe, Books, Sculpture, and Other Objects (c. 1670, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna). This painting stands in a long tradition of Dutch still life paintings depicting vanitas symbols. These symbols include not only hourglasses, skulls and smoking candles but also attributes of scholarship and intellectual inquiry assembled in an amateur collector's cabinet or the study of a humanist scholar. This tradition is also found in the Dutch painter Gerard Dou's rare still lifes, which are considered an important influence on <mask> Heyden's still lifes. Dou's Allegorical Self-Portrait in a Studio, which includes still life elements, has been identified as an important influence on this composition. In particular, like in Dou's composition, <mask> Heyden's still life scene depicts a wide range of objects of an artistic as well as a scientific nature.These objects reference the passion of contemporary scholars for putting together collections of miscellaneous objects. The objects in <mask> Heyden's Still Life with Globe, Books, Sculpture, and Other Objects were apparently selected to evoke the two intellectual attributes of the active and contemplative life. The contemplative life is the life of art, philosophy and theology while the active life is characterised by curiosity about the outside world and, in particular, the commerce with the New World in which the home country of <mask> Heyden was actively involved. This world of trade is represented in the globe and atlas, as well as the imported products such as the Chinese silk cloth on the table, the Japanese lacquered box and the exotic animal (a South American iguana) suspended at the back of the composition. The map on which the atlas is open is a plan of the fortifications of Bergen-op-Zoom. These fortifications had been built during the Eighty Years War with Spain and had played an important role in achieving the first victories against the Spanish troops. They thus referenced the founding myths of the nation.<mask> Heyden may also have selected this map as a reference to the recent hostilities with France. The same map is also included in two of his later still lifes. In the lower right of the painting is a large Protestant Bible opened to the end of Het Boeck der Psalmen (Book of Psalms) at the chapter entitled PROVERBIA / Spreuken / SALOMONIS (Solomon's Proverbs). It is likely that the artist intended to reference the messages in Solomon's Proverbs about wisdom, self-discipline and justice as well as the vanitas message, as one of the Proverbs states that only righteousness can deliver from death. <mask> Heyden stopped painting still lifes around 1670 only to return to the subject in the last two years of his life. The motifs, designs and themes in his later still lifes are the same as those of his early still lifes but their execution is very different, much drier. <mask> Heyden painted his still life masterpiece Room Corner with Curiosities at the age of seventy-five in 1712, the year he died.Now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest the composition reprises the themes of his earlier still lifes with special attention given to the vanitas symbolism. The Bible in the foreground is opened at the well-known line from Ecclesiastes: 'Vanity of vanities, all is vanity'. This message may have resonated particularly with the artist who was nearing the end of his life. The objects present in the composition point to the various aspects of worldly culture, not just wealth but also noble intellectual aspirations. The atlas is again opened on the page showing the fortifications of Bergen-op-Zoom. Other exotic objects reference all the routes plowed by the Dutch merchant fleets: a Turkish carpet, Chinese silk and porcelain, Japanese weapons and a stuffed armadillo from South America. Classical culture, the cradle of European civilization, is represented in the picture above the fireplace, which depicts the tragedy of Dido, and the German cabinet, which is decorated with an image of Minerva.Terrestrial and celestial globes introduce a universal dimension into the mix of symbols. Museums with <mask> <mask>'s works

The National Gallery, London, England
Amsterdams Historisch Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Musée du Louvre, Paris, France
Mauritshuis, Royal Cabinet of Paintings, The Hague
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York
Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas
National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

Nazi-looted art
In 2019, <mask> <mask>'s Picture of a Dutch Square which had been confiscated by the Gestapo after the Jewish owners Gottlieb and Mathilde Kraus fled Nazi persecution, was restituted to the family. The history of the painting caused a scandal when it was learned that after the war it was returned not to the Kraus family but to Nazis. References

External links

1637 births
1712 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch engineers
17th-century Dutch inventors
18th-century Dutch inventors
History of firefighting
Dutch landscape painters
People from Gorinchem
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam

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title: Herbert Kutscha

texts:
<mask> (24 April 1917  – 19 September 2003 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. He was one of few Luftwaffe pilots to survive the whole war, serving from 1939 until 1945. During his career he was credited with 47 aerial victories in more than 900 missions. <mask> was born on 24 April 1917 in Ratibor, present-day Racibórz in southern Poland, at the time in the Province of Silesia of the Kingdom of Prussia. He began his military career as an Unteroffizier within 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing).He claimed his first victory during the "Phoney War" by shooting down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Vickers Wellington bomber on 14 December 1939. The bombers from No. 99 Squadron were on a mission to attack the Kriegsmarine cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig which were returning to port after they were hit by torpedoes fired from the Royal Navy submarine  the day before. This was followed by a Lockheed Hudson on 24 February 1940. In March 1940, <mask> was transferred to 5./Zerstörergeschwader 1. With this unit he took part in the  campaign in the West. This unit was changed to 8./ZG 1 on 26 June 1940.With this unit he participated in Battle of Britain. The unit was finally transformed on 24 April 1941 to Schnellkampfgeschwader 210. With this unit <mask> entered the war on the Eastern Front and received the German Cross in Gold () on 14 February 1942 and Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 24 September 1942. With Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet"
In 1943, the Luftwaffe planned to expand the authorized strength of every Jagdgeschwader from three to four Gruppen. On 1 June 1943, Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) was among the first units expanded. At Neubiberg Airfield near Munich, VI. Gruppe of JG 3, under the command of Hauptmann Franz Beyer, was created by spawning elements of I., II.and III. Gruppe of JG 3. The three Staffeln of VI. Gruppe were headed by Oberleutnant Franz Daspelgruber, as commander of 10. Staffel, Oberleutnant Gustav Frielinghaus, commanding 11. Staffel, and <mask>, who was given command of 12. Staffel.The Gruppe was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 and was sent to southern Italy to fight in the Mediterranean front. In early July 1943, all elements of VI. Gruppe were based at Lecce Airfield until they were transferred to Sicily on 11 July. Defense of the Reich
On 24 September, VI. Gruppe was ordered back to Germany, where the unit was initially based at Neubiberg Airfield again. The increasing success of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive had forced the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL—High Command of the Air Force) to relocate its forces. In total, five Gruppen were withdrawn from other theaters of operations and redeployed to Defense of the Reich in August and September 1943.At Neubiberg, the Gruppe received a new complement of Bf 109 G-6 aircraft while the pilots were trained in formation flying and tactics in fighting the combat box, a tactical formation used by heavy bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). On 18 December, the Gruppe was ordered to Grimbergen. Before this order was executed, on 19 December, the Fifteenth Air Force attacked railroading targets at Innsbruck and the Messerschmitt factories at Augsburg. Defending against this attack, <mask> claimed the destruction of a B-24 bomber. On 24 February 1944, during Big Week, <mask> was shot down in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 411048—factory number) by a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in aerial combat near Quakenbrück. The following day, Hauptmann Eberhard von Boremski succeeded <mask> as command of 12. Staffel.In July 1944, he returned to the front in Normandy and succeeded Leutnant Franz Ruhl as Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of JG 3, a squadron of II. Gruppe. Ruhl was hospitalized due to physical and mental exhaustion. On 20 July, <mask> became Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of JG 3, succeeding Hauptmann Hans-Ekkehard Bob in this command position. Command of 4.Staffel returned to Ruhl after his return from the hospital. On 25 November 1944, II. Gruppe was detached from JG 3. The Gruppe was converted to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 "Stormbird" jet fighter and became the I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first operational jet fighter wing. With Jagdgeschwader 27 and 11
<mask> did not convert to the Me 262, he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) and appointed Staffelkapitän of the 15. Staffel of JG 27 on 14 December 1944. He replaced Hauptmann Ernst Laube who was transferred.On 17 December 1944, Hauptmann Fritz Keller, the Gruppenkommandeur of II. Gruppe of JG 27, was shot down and wounded in combat. In consequence, <mask> was transferred and tasked with the leadership of II. Gruppe. On 25 December 1944, during the Ardennes offensive, <mask> claimed two North American P-51 Mustang fighters shot down west of the Nürburgring. The mission was to provide ground support for German troops fighting around St. Vith. <mask> led his fighters from Hopsten to the Schnee Eifel area where they were intercepted by USAAF fighters returning from a fighter escort mission near Adenau and the Nürburgring.In this encounter, German fighters claimed four aerial victories for the loss of eight Bf 109s. <mask> was shot down and slightly wounded   west of Bad Neuenahr in his Bf 109 G-10 (Werknummer 490664). His victor may have been Captain Bertrum Edwin Ellingson from the 356th Fighter Group. On 23 February 1945, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of the III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), succeeding Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne, who was transferred. <mask> flew more than 900 missions. He was credited with 47 victories in air combat—44 of which were on the Western Front (at least six were four-engine bombers)—plus at least 44 aircraft destroyed on the ground.He successfully targeted dozens of different objectives, including 41 tanks, 15 locomotives, 11 artillery positions, and 157 vehicles. <mask> died 19 September 2003 in Kempten at the age of 86. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 47 aerial victories claimed in over 900 combat missions. This figure includes 18 claims on the Eastern Front, and 29 on the Western Front, including six four-engine bombers. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he claimed at least 39 aerial victories, potentially 45 claims. He claimed approximately 18 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and 21 on the Western Front which includes six four-engine bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 14 Ost 51331".The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "500"
 Wound Badge in Black (25 December 1944)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 3 November 1941 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 14 February 1942 as Oberfeldwebel in the 5./Kampfgeschwader 210 (S)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 September 1942 as Leutnant of the Reserves and pilot in the II./Schnellkampfgeschwader 210

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1917 births
2003 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
People from the Province of Silesia
People from Racibórz
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

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