title: Caterina Sforza

texts:
 continued to resist, fighting with weapons in hand until she was taken prisoner. Among the gentlemen who were caught together with her, was her secretary, Marcantonio Baldraccani. Immediately she surrendered herself to Antoine Bissey (the bailli of Dijon) as a prisoner of the French, as she knew there was a law that prevented French forces from holding women as prisoners of war. According to Machiavelli, the defense operations were misdirected by Giovanni da Casale:  "The poorly built fortress and the scant prudence of the defender, therefore, brought disgrace to the magnanimous enterprise of the Countess ...". Rome
Cesare obtained custody of <mask> from the French general, Yves d'Allègre, promising that he would treat her not as a prisoner but as a guest. <mask> and her entourage were therefore forced to go with the army that was preparing to conquer Pesaro. The conquest had to be postponed because on 5 February Ludovico il Moro returned to Milan, forcing French troops to turn back.Cesare departed alone with the Papal army for Rome, where he took <mask>. In Rome, she was held in the Belvedere Palace. Towards the end of March, <mask> tried to escape but she was discovered and immediately imprisoned at Castel Sant'Angelo. In the prison of Castel Sant'Angelo
To justify Caterina's imprisonment, Pope Alexander VI accused her of trying to kill him in November 1499 with letters impregnated with poison, as a response to the Papal bull which had deprived the countess of her fiefdoms. Even today it is not known if the accusation was founded or not. Machiavelli believed that <mask> had tried to poison the Pope, while other historians, such as Jacob Burckhardt and Ferdinand Gregorovius, are not certain. An inconclusive and unfinished trial took place, and <mask> remained imprisoned until 30 June 1501, when she was released by Yves d'Allègre, who had come to Rome with the army of Louis XII for the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples.Alexander VI alleged that <mask> signed documents renouncing all of her fiefs, because in the meantime his son Cesare, with the acquisition of Pesaro, Rimini, and Faenza, was appointed Duke of Romagna. After a brief stay in the residence of Cardinal Riario, <mask> embarked from Livorno to Florence, where her children were waiting for her. Florence
In Florence, <mask> lived in the villas which had belonged to her third husband Giovanni de' Medici, often staying at the Villa Medici di Castello. Soon, she complained of being mistreated and living in a strained financial situation. For many years she conducted a legal battle against her brother-in-law Lorenzo de' Medici for the custody of her son Giovanni, who was entrusted to him during her detention. In 1504, her son was finally returned to her, because the judge recognized that her confinement as a prisoner of war was not comparable to the detention of a criminal. With the death of Pope Alexander VI on 18 August 1503, Cesare Borgia lost all his power.This reopened the possibility of restoring to power all the old feudal lords of the Romagna who had been deposed. <mask> lost no time in sending letters to adherents, and pleaded her case to Pope Julius II in her own name and that of her son Ottaviano Riario. The new Pope was favourable to restoring the lordships of Imola and Forlì to the Riarios, but the populace of both cities declared that a majority of the people opposed the return of the Countess, so that the domain passed instead to Antonio Maria Ordelaffi on 22 October 1503. After having lost her last chance to return to her former power, <mask> spent the last years of her life dedicated to her children, in particular to her youngest son Giovanni (her favourite and the most like her in personality and character). She also conducted a series of experiments in alchemy, the results of which were recorded in a manuscript titled "Gli Experimenti de la Ex.ma S.r Caterina da Furlj Matre de lo inllux.mo S.r Giouanni de Medici", or "Gli Experimenti". The book, dating back to 1500, contains a total of 454 recipes, roughly 66 of which are cosmetic related, 358 medicinal, and 38 alchemical. Her experimental activities situate her at the origins of a Medici interest that stretched well into the seventeenth century.Death and burial
In April 1509 <mask> was stricken by a severe case of pneumonia. She appeared to have recovered, but had a relapse of the disease, after which she made her will and arranged her burial. At the age of forty-six years, "The Tiger of Forlì", who had "frightened all of Romagna", died on 28 May 1509. Her body was placed in a small tomb in the chapel of Le Murate in Florence, a convent of nuns whom <mask> had befriended during her time in that city, and where she had kept a cell as a spiritual retreat. During the 1830s the nuns were forced to leave the property, and in 1845 it was redesigned as a prison. Sometime during this renovation, <mask>'s bones disappeared. Appearance and personality
This is how the Florentine historian Bartolomeo Cerretani describes her:

"She was wise, animose, great: complex, beautiful face, she spoke little; he wore a satin robe with two arms of trawl, a black velvet caper on the French, a man's girdle, and scarsella full of golden ducats; a sickle for the use of retort next to it, and among the soldiers at the foot, and on horseback was feared much, because that Woman with weapons in hand was proud and cruel.She was the non-legitimate daughter of Count Francesco Sforza, the first captain of his time and to whom he was very similar in soul and daring, and he did not lack, being adorned with singular virtue, of some vice not small nor vulgar". Marin Sanudo called her "female almost virago, cruelest", in relation to the massacre she made of the children and pregnant women of the conspirators, following the death of her second husband Giacomo Feo. The leader  says she is "cunning", ready to change parties on the occasion, but specifies that "to be a woman she is not without fear of her own things". The future cardinal Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena, in a letter in which he narrates to Piero de' Medici the "strange takeover" of Caterina with the Duke of Calabria Ferrandino d'Aragona (which took place on September 23, 1494), described her ugly in the face, bringing back in this the impressions of Ferrandino himself. In fact, although <mask> had a reputation among posterity as a woman of great beauty, the medals of the time depict a woman with masculine traits and somewhat corpulent. Around 1502, according to an informant of Isabella d'Este, <mask> was "so fat that I could not make the comparison". Corpulence was, moreover, very common within the Sforza family: <mask>'s father Galeazzo Maria himself, to whom <mask> was very similar, did not wear the cuirass that would perhaps have saved him from death - which he went to meet - "so as not to seem too fat".He had also inherited from the Sforza the typical important nose, slightly bead, and the protruding chin. Her hair had to be wavy and it seems that she kept it gathered behind her head, but it is not known for sure if she was blonde and clear in natural complexion or if she obtained these results through her own mixtures. This does not alter the fact that the blond was very frequent among members of the Sforza family. Issue
From her first marriage with Girolamo Riario, <mask> had six children:
 Bianca (b. Rome, March 1478 – d. after 1522), married firstly in 1494, Astorre III Manfredi, Lord of Faenza (d. 1502), and secondly in 1503, Troilo I de' Rossi (d. 1521), the first Marchese di San Secondo From her second marriage, she had nine children. Ottaviano (b. Rome, 31 August 1479 – d. Bologna, 6 October 1523), Lord of Imola and Forlì (1488–99), later Bishop of Volterra and Viterbo
 Cesare (b. Rome, 24 August 1480 – d. Rome, 18 December 1540), Archbishop of Pisa and Patriarch of Alexandria
 Giovanni Livio (b. Forlì, 30 October 1484 – d. 1496)
 Galeazzo Maria (b. Forlì, 4 December 1485 – d. Bologna, 1557), married in 1504, Maria Giovanna della Rovere (b. Senigallia, 1486 – d. Bologna 1538), Dowager Lady of Camerino, and eldest sister of Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. They had a daughter, Giulia, and a son, Giulio (d. 1565). Their descendants, who later received a ducal title, became extinct in the male line with Francesco Maria Riario della Rovere in 1676.Francesco, called "Sforzino" (b. Imola, 17 August 1487 – d. after 1509), Bishop of Lucca

From her second marriage with Giacomo Feo, <mask> had one son:
 Bernardino (later Carlo) (b. April 1489 – d. 1509)

From her third marriage to Giovanni de' Medici, <mask> had one son:
 Ludovico (b. Forlì, 6 April 1498 – d. Mantua, 30 November 1526), renamed Giovanni after the death of his father, one of the greatest condottieri of his time and a national hero, known as "Giovanni delle Bande Nere". He married Maria Salviati (17 July 1499 – 29 December 1543), the daughter of Jacopo Salviati and Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1519–1574) was their son. In June 1537, 28 years after <mask>'s death, her grandson Cosimo de' Medici, the only son of her own son Giovanni, became the Duke of Florence and in 1569, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Through him, <mask> was the direct ancestress of the later Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the Dukes of Modena and Reggio, and the Kings of Spain and France. Legacy
In her book The Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot, British historian Antonia Fraser presents <mask> Sforza as a contrasting figure to her contemporary Isabella I of Castile. Fraser points out that whilst the murders ordered by <mask> were no worse than the massacres ordered by Isabella, historians have been much harsher in their judgment of the former.Fraser accounts for this by pointing out that Isabella's actions were sanctioned by the Church, as they were carried out in the name of Catholicism, whilst <mask>'s were motivated by the personal, secular desire to preserve her property and rights. In fiction
<mask> serves as the supposed inspiration for Catalina, a countryside criminal in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, who later rises to drug underworld ranks in the events of Grand Theft Auto III, which released before San Andreas. <mask> is the subject of the 2010 historical novel Scarlet Contessa, by Jeanne Kalogridis. In the 2011 Showtime series The Borgias she is portrayed by Gina McKee; the show takes significant dramatic liberties with the details surrounding the siege undertaken in the name of Alexander VI. Her capture by Cesare Borgia is the final episode of Season 3, which was also the last-ever episode due to the show's cancellation. In the series Borgia, also known as Borgia: Faith and Fear, she is portrayed by Valentina Cervi. In the third season of Medici (TV Series), she appears as a young woman, married to her first husband, the major antagonist Girolamo Riario.She is portrayed by Rose Williams. <mask> <mask> appears as a minor character in the 2009 historically set video game Assassin's Creed II and its novelization, Assassin's Creed: Renaissance. She plays a larger role in "The Battle of Forlì" downloadable content pack, wherein she is aided in the titular battle by the game's protagonist Ezio Auditore. <mask> also appears in the 2010 sequel game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood and its novelization, as a sometime love interest to Ezio Auditore. Three missions are dedicated to Ezio rescuing her from her imprisonment in the Castel Sant'Angelo. A fictionalised account of <mask> <mask>'s capture by Cesare Borgia features in Sarah Dunant's 2013 novel Blood & Beauty. In Machiavelli
<mask> is one of the few women discussed by Machiavelli at length.The incident of her having shown her genitalia in regaining the fortress of Ravaldino was recounted at some length by him in his Discourses on Livy, and his Florentine Histories, while being only briefly mentioned in his Prince. Elizabeth Lev wrote on the matter in her biography of <mask> Sforza, The Tigress of Forli. Lev took the position that Machiavelli's account on the matter, being quite vulgar, may in fact have been more a reflection of his own dislike of <mask>. Indeed, Machiavelli had met the countess as a young diplomat and had not fared well. Various historical records tells us instead that <mask> claimed that even if they killed her children, she had everything that was needed to make another one and to prove that, she lifted up her skirts and showed her genitalia, thereby neutralising the conspirators' power in holding her children hostage. See also
 House of Sforza

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Machiavelli: The Discourses, English translation by Fr Leslie J. Walker, S.J. (1929).The countess is featured in Bk III, Ch 6 in relating examples of dangers that can arise subsequent to a successful conspiracy. Elizabeth Lev: The Tigress of Forli: Renaissance Italy's Most Courageous And Notorious Countess, <mask> Riario Sforza De' Medici. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011. .
 Antonio Perria: I terribili Sforza. Trionfo e fine di una grande dinastia, Milano, Sugar Co Edizioni Srl, 1981. Cinzia Demi: <mask> Sforza, Fara, 2010. Frédérique Verrier: <mask> Sforza et Machiavel ou l'origine du monde, Vecchiarelli, 2010. Cesare Marchi: Giovanni delle Bande Nere, Milano, 1981.External links
 The Identification of Caterina Sforza in Renaissance Paintings through Symbolism. 1463 births
1509 deaths
Women in 15th-century warfare
16th-century Italian women
Nobility from Milan
Lords of Forlì
People of Tuscan descent
Caterina
15th-century women rulers
15th-century Italian nobility
16th-century Italian nobility
Italian countesses
Women in medieval European warfare
Renaissance women
Women in war in Italy
Deaths from pneumonia

masks: Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Sforza Caterina Caterina Sforza Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina Caterina


title: Luis Recasens

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1903, in Guatemala City – 1977) was a Spanish politician and a legal philosopher. A professor at the universities of Santiago, Salamanca, Valladolid, and Madrid, he held major positions in the Spanish government in the 1930s. After the victory of Franco in the Spanish Civil War, he went into exile in Mexico, where he was a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and at El Colegio de México. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Guatemala City on June 19, 1903, the son of Pedro Recaséns Girol and Concepción Siches Gils, both originally from Spain. After two years he was taken to Spain, where from 1908 to 1912 he attended the Primary School of Barcelona. He then studied at the General and Technical Institute of Barcelona, from which he received a baccalaureate in July 1918, and at the University of Barcelona, which in 1924 awarded him both a law degree and a Bachelor of Arts and Philosophy degree. In 1924-25 he studied for a doctoral degree at the Faculty of Law at the Central University of Madrid, and wrote a dissertation about the influence of Catholic thought on legal philosophy, with special reference to the work of Francisco Suárez.From June to August 1925, on a scholarship from the Spanish government, he studied the philosophy of law at the University of Rome under the direction of Professor Giorgio del Vecchio. From November 1925 to November 1926, also on a Spanish government scholarship, he studied the philosophy of law and related subjects at the University of Berlin under Rudolf Stammler, Rudolf Smend, Heinrich Maier, and Romano Guardini. From November 1926 to April 1927 he continued his scholarship-funded studies in law, philosophy, and sociology at the University of Vienna, under the direction of professors Hans Kelsen, Fritz Schreier, Felix Kaufmann and R. Reininger. Philosophy of law
In his philosophy of law, he was a disciple of Jose Ortega y Gasset. He described the role of the judiciary as creative, in that it applies the abstractions of law, as formulated by the legislative branch, to specific situations involving “the living and authentic man, with his strengths and weaknesses, with his joys and his sufferings, with his good and his evil.” Recaséns Siches agreed with Francesco Carnelutti that for this reason “the judge is more important than the legislator.” In his view it was “fundamental to make an adequate integration between the theory of values and the sphere of human existence so that they do not have the character of abstract principles.” For him, the fundamental rights of the individual are founded in the idea of human dignity. For him, law, like tools and scientific theories and musical compositions, is a part of “objectified human life,” a product of culture in which the dimensions of value, norm, and fact are indissolubly linked. He argued that judges must always interpret laws in a reasonable way, so as to result in the “fairer individualization of the general norm.” He criticized the juridical theory and practice of the nineteenth century for its focus on traditional logic, which he considered invalid for the treatment of “practical problems of human behavior.” Traditional mathematical logic, he argued, did not constitute the totality of the logos, which aside from embracing logic also embraced the logos of human affairs, i.e.the logic of reasonableness. In this regard, his legal thinking was largely consistent with that of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Benjamin Cardozo, John Dewey, and others. He was also preoccupied with the issue of unjust law under totalitarian systems. He denied categorically that the law under such systems could be considered legitimate. Proper law, he wrote, treats human beings “as subjects intrinsically endowed with dignity” and “with autonomy or freedom.” Hence, laws that are not founded on such a view of humanity are not “legal norms but control techniques similar to those used for dressage or animal training. If they do not recognize the dignity of people, they are not legal norms and therefore they are unfair.“

Academic career in Spain
On December 20, 1927, he was named a tenured professor in the Philosophy of Law at the University of Santiago. In 1930, after the official acceptance of his dissertation, he was appointed a full Professor in the Philosophy of Law at the University of Salamanca, but he held this position only briefly before taking up a full professorship at the University of Valladolid, where he stayed from June 1930 to April 1931.From April to October 1931 he served as General Director of Local Administration of the Spanish Republic. He was First Vice-President of the Superior Council for the Protection of Children, appointed by the Ministry of the Interior on August 10, 1931. On October 15, 1931, he was appointed President of the Court of Appeal of the Juvenile Courts. In April 1932 he was appointed Professor of the Philosophy of Law at the Law School of the Central University of Madrid. He began working at the university on May 10, 1932, and remained there, directing a seminar on the Philosophy of Law, for several years. until February 4, 1939. In 1933 and 1934 he presented lectures at the International Summer University of Santander, and he also he gave a number of lectures at the Academy of Jurisprudence in Madrid, at the Ateneo de Madrid.In October 1935, he participated in the Second International Congress of Philosophy of Law and Legal Sociology, held in Paris and organized by the Institut International de Philosophie du Droit et de Sociologie Juridique. He left Spain during the Spanish Civil War but retained his title at the University of Madrid until 1939. Political activities in Spain
He was elected to serve as a deputy in the Spanish legislature from 1931 to 1933, representing the Lugo district and with the support of the Liberal Republican Right and the Republican Galician Federation. He was re-elected to serve in the legislature from 1933 to 1935. He was permitted to continue teaching at the university while serving as a deputy. He served as an attorney in Madrid, from April 1932 to July 1936. On February 21, 1936 he was appointed undersecretary of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce.His resignation was accepted on September 9 of that year. France
Moving to France in October 1936, he served as attorney and consultant to the Consulate General of the Spanish Republic in Paris. While in Paris, he worked with the Institut de Droit Comparé, the Faculty of Law of Paris, the Institut de Sociologie of the Faculty of Letters of Paris, and the Institut International of Philosophie du Droit et Sociologie Juridique. From Paris, on May 18, 1937, he wrote to Spain’s Ministry of Public Instruction to report that he had received an invitation to teach at the National University of Mexico. In the letter he declared his “absolute loyalty and devotion to the Republic” and his opposition to Franco. Two months later, the Ministry of Public Instruction replied with a letter permitting him to accept the offer. Recaséns had already traveled to Mexico arriving in Nuevo Laredo on June 28, 1937.Mexico
At the National University of Mexico, he taught at the National School of Jurisprudence, the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, and the National School of Economics. At the National School of Jurisprudence he served as professor of Philosophy of Law beginning on July 1, 1937, and taught General Theory of the State and Sociology. At the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, he taught Philosophy of Law and Sociology, and at the National School of Economics he taught Sociology. In 1939 he became a corresponding member of the Mexican Academy of Legislation and Jurisprudence. He also worked at the Hispano Mexicano Ruiz de Alarcón Institute, in which he taught an Introduction to Philosophy course in 1940. On December 10, 1945, he was appointed Career Professor at the highest level in the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In 1946 he was appointed director of the Seminar on Philosophy of Law at the National School of Jurisprudence of the UNAM and technical director of the Journal of the National School of Jurisprudence.On December 8, 1954 he was appointed Full Time Researcher, first category, at the Institute of Philosophical Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. United States
In 1948 he moved to the United States, where he served as High Official of the Secretariat of the United Nations in the divisions of Human Rights and Social Welfare from February 1949 to December 1954. He also served as an expert in legal philosophy and participating in the formulation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. During the years 1949 to 1954, he taught at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research, New York; in 1953 and 1954 he taught in the Graduate Division of the New York City School of Law; in 1953, he was a visiting professor of Comparative Philosophy of Law at the Comparative Law Institute of the Tulane Law School at the University of New Orleans. Mexico and other international sojourns
Recaséns became a naturalized Mexican citizen on September 8, 1955. From October to November 1964 he made a study trip to the Federal Republic of Germany, invited by his government. Over the years he also taught courses and delivered lectures at a number of universities in Mexico, as well as in pre-Castro Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.He was an honorary professor of the National University of El Salvador (1947), at the University of Santiago de Chile (1956), and at the University of San Marcos of Lima (1957). He was also a visiting professor in Puerto Rico in 1953 and in Texas in 1962 and 1969, and a guest lecturer at universities in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, West Germany, France, and Italy. Beginning in 1964, he also held visiting professorships at various institutions in Spain: the University of Madrid, 1964; the Institute of Social and Cooperative Studies of Madrid, 1965–70; the University of Barcelona, 1965–67; the universities of Valencia and Seville, 1965; the universities of Santiago, Bilbao, and La Laguna, 1966; the University of Valladolid, 1967; the University of Navarra, 1969; and the universities of Granada and Segovia, 1970. In 1960 he headed the Seminar on Sociological Readings at the National School of Political and Social Sciences; was named Academician of the American Society for Legal and Political Philosophy; and appointed to the Academy of Scientific Research of Mexico. In 1964 he was named co-editor of the Berlin-based journal Sociologia Internationalis. On December 11, 1970, he was appointed Professor Emeritus Immovable of the Faculty of Law of the National University of Mexico. He also attended conferences in Morelia (1955), Durango (1957), Zacatecas (1958), Ciudad Victoria (1959), Toluca (1960), Mexico, D.F.(1960, 1963, 1965, 1968). In other countries: New York (1949, 1960, 1962, 1965), Havana (1953), Santiago de Chile (1956), Washington, D.C. (1957, 1962), San José de Costa Rica (1961), Bonn, West Berlin and Heidelberg (1961), Münster (1961 and 1967), Barcelona (1966, 1967), Coimbra, Portugal (1967), and Buenos Aires (1968). He contributed to professional journals in Mexico, Spain, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Italy, France, and West Germany. Honors and awards
He was awarded the Mauricio Serrahima scholarship, founded by the Bar Association of Barcelona, during the academic years 1922-1923 and 1923-1924. The University of San Carlos, Guatemala, awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1943 and he was appointed Honorary Member of Guatemala’s El Derecho University Association in 1943. Memberships
Named a member of the Berlin Honor Society of Legal Philosophy in 1928, he resigned in 1933. In 1930-31 he was a member of the Magistrate of the Provincial Court of Administrative Litigation at the Audiencia of Valladolid, as a representative of the Faculty of Law.From 1931 to 1936, he was an executive member of the Francisco de Vitoria Association in Madrid. In 1940 he was named a corresponding member of the Argentine Institute of Legal and Social Philosophy. He belonged to the Eastern Sociological Society (1949); the American Sociological Association (1949); the American Philosophical Association (1956); the Academy of the Philosophy of Law and Sociology of the Faculty of Law of the UNAM (1971); the Association of Full Time Professors and Researchers at the UNAM; the Board of Directors of the National Association of Lawyers (1940); the Mexican Section of the International Law Association (1970) and the Instituto Cultural Hispano-Mexicano (1965).In 1966 he was appointed corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Puerto Rico. From 1967 he was a member of the Steering Committee of the International Vereinigung für Rechtsphilosophie, in the Latin American section of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was also a member of the Argentine Institute of Legal and Social Philosophy and a member of the Governing Council of the Santander International Summer University (1934). He was president of the Philosophy section of the Ateneo de Madrid (1934-1936) and Vice President of the Institut International of Philosophie du Droit et Sociologie Juridique, based in Paris (1935-1940). Selected works
El sistema filosófico-jurídico expuesto por Platón en su “República.” Barcelona, 1920.La filosofía del derecho de Francisco Suárez. Madrid, 1927. El actual viraje del socialismo germánico, Madrid, 1928. El sentimiento y la idea de lo justo. Psicologismo y objetivismo en la Filosofía del Derecho, Conferencia, Madrid, 1929. Estudios de Filosofía el Derecho Internacional. La unidad de la construcción jurídica y el primado del Derecho Internacional, Barcelona, 1930.El poder constituyente. Su teoría aplicada al momento español, Madrid, 1931. Las teorías políticas de Francisco de Vitoria. Con un estudio sobre el desarrollo de la idea del contrato social, Madrid, 1931. Los temas de la filosofía del Derecho. En perspectiva histórica y visión de futuro, Barcelona, 1934. Estudios de Filosofía del Derecho, Barcelona, 1936.Axiología jurídica: Bases para la estimativa jurídica, Havana, 1939. Vida humana, sociedad y derecho. Fundamentación de la Filosofía del Derecho, México, 1939. La Filosofía del Derecho en el siglo XX, Mexico City, 1941. Lecciones de sociología, Mexico City, 1948. Latin-American Legal Philosophy, with Carlos Cossio, Llambías de Azevedo, and Eduardo García Máynez, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1948. Nueva filosofía de la interpretación del derecho, Mexico City, 1956.Tratado general de sociología, Mexico City, 1956. Tratado general de filosofía del derecho, Mexico City, 1959. Panorama del pensamiento jurídico en el siglo XX, Mexico City, 1963. El pensamiento jurídico anglosajón y el europeo, Madrid, 1965. Introducción al Estudio del Derecho, Mexico City, 1970. La naturaleza del pensamiento jurídico, Madrid, 1971. Translations
Recaséns also translated books by Alois Fischer and Raul Richter, Hans Kelsen, Giorgio Vecchio, Paul Barth, Josef L. Kunz, Emil Brunner, and others.Death
<mask> Siches died in Mexico City on July 4, 1977, of a myocardial infarction complicated by non-traumatic respiratory failure. He is buried in the Pantheon Garden. After his death, the Spanish jurist Joaquín Ruiz Giménez said of him: "His humanism was radically personalist, liberal in the deepest sense, but his human sensibility led him to be repelled by socio-economic injustices and he longed for an authentic democracy that increasing combined freedom and equality.”

Personal life
He spoke French, English, German and Italian. He first married Juana María Casielles Pañeda, a Spaniard, from whom he was later divorced without issue. On March 27, 1943, he married Martha Díaz de León Hernández, a native of Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, with whom he had two children: Sebastián, who died young, and <mask> Recaséns Díaz de León, who was born in Mexico City, on February 23, 1944. <mask>a married Dr. Pedro B. Crevenna Horney, with whom she had three children, Andrea, Claudia and Matías; after divorcing Crevenna, she wed Arnoldo Martínez Verdugo, a Mexican politician. References

1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Guatemala City
Liberal Republican Right politicians
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
20th-century Spanish philosophers

masks:
Luis Pedro Alejandro Recasens Siches
Luis Pedro Alejandro Recaséns Siches
Luis Recaséns
Martha Luisa
Martha Luis


title: Huo Guang

texts:
<mask> (; died 68 BC), courtesy name Zimeng (子孟), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Western Han dynasty who was a rare example in Chinese history of a powerful official who deposed an emperor for the good of the state rather than to usurp the throne. He was the half-brother of renowned Han dynasty general <mask>ng, and one of the most powerful consort kin in Chinese imperial history. Service under Emperor Wu

<mask> was born to <mask>ru and he had a half-brother named <mask>ubing, a renowned general. His step-aunt was Empress Wei Zifu, the second Empress of Emperor Wu of Han. <mask>'s early career in Han government was not well documented, but it is known that as of 88 BC—near the end of Emperor Wu's reign, he was already a high-ranked official with dual titles of Fengche Duwei (奉車都尉) and Guanglu Dafu (光祿大夫). When Emperor Wu, near the end of his life, chose his youngest son Liu Fuling (later Emperor Zhao) as heir, he commissioned <mask>, ethnically-Xiongnu official Jin Midi, and imperial guard commander Shangguan Jie (上官桀) as coregents, but with <mask> effectively in command of the government, with the titles of dasima (大司馬) and dajiangjun (大將軍). When Emperor Wu died in 87 BC, Emperor Zhao, then eight years old, was left in the tutelage of <mask>, Jin, and Shangguan.Emperor Wu's will created the three of them as marquesses, but all three declined. Service under Emperor Zhao and Control of power as regent

As Emperor Zhao was the youngest son of Emperor Wu, this created conflict and ill will with his older brothers, and in his reign there were multiple conspiracies. In 86 BC, a conspiracy involving Liu Dan (劉旦), Prince of Yan, and an elder son of Emperor Wu, was discovered, but the prince was not punished, presumably under <mask>'s decision, even though the other conspirators were executed. In 85 BC, <mask> was created the Marquess of Bolu (博陆侯). In the same year, Jin, a moderating influence in the co-regency, died. After Jin's death, Shangguan became increasingly jealous of <mask>'s powers, even though the two had been great friends, and <mask> had given his daughter in marriage to Shangguan's son Shangguan An (上官安). In 84 BC, as a ploy to further strengthen his powers, Shangguan Jie gave his granddaughter (also <mask>'s granddaughter), then age five, in marriage to the emperor, then age 11, and she was made empress in 83 BC.In 80 BC, the growing conflict between <mask> and Shangguan came to a head. Shangguan formed a conspiracy with Liu Dan, the Prince of Yan, the Princess Eyi (鄂邑公主) (who, as the emperor's sister, had served as his guardian), and another important official Sang Hongyang (桑弘羊) to make false allegations of treason against <mask>. However, Emperor Zhao, who trusted <mask>, did not act on the allegations. The conspirators then planned a coup d'etat, but were discovered. Most of the conspirators, including Shangguan, were executed, and Liu Dan and the Princess Eyi were forced to commit suicide. The Prince He Incident and the installation of Emperor Xuan

In 74 BC, Emperor Zhao died at age 21 without issue. Even though Emperor Zhao had living older brothers, <mask> considered them incompetent and unfit for the throne.After some investigation, he settled on making Liu He, Emperor Zhao's nephew and the Prince of Changyi the new emperor. Once the Prince of Changyi was installed as the emperor, however, he began to spend incessantly and otherwise act inappropriately during the period of mourning for Emperor Zhao. In response, <mask> decided to depose the new emperor, an unprecedented action in Chinese history. Under an edict issued by Empress Dowager Shangguan (<mask>'s granddaughter), Prince He was deposed after just 28 days as emperor and exiled to his old principality of Changyi, but without a princely title. There was no imperial heir who met <mask>'s standard of a diligent and skilled emperor. At the suggestion of another senior official Bing Ji (丙吉), <mask> made a great-grandson of Emperor Wu, Liu Bingyi (later Liu Xun 劉詢) emperor, taking the name Emperor Xuan.. Liu Bingyi's grandfather Liu Ju had been Emperor Wu's crown prince by Empress Wei but subsequently had fallen out of favour and been killed, with his issue being removed from the imperial household. Service under Emperor Xuan

In 73 BC, <mask> offered to return all authority to Emperor Xuan, but the emperor declined and reaffirmed that all important matters were to be presented to <mask> before <mask> would present them to the emperor.The emperor also made <mask>'s son <mask> Yu (霍禹) and his grandnephews <mask> Yun (霍雲) and <mask> Shan (霍山) (<mask> Qubing's grandsons) key officials in his administration. <mask> <mask>'s sons-in-law Fan Mingyou (范明友) and Deng <mask> (鄧廣漢) were made high military commanders. During the next few years, <mask> and the emperor effectively shared imperial powers. In 71 BC, <mask> <mask>'s wife, Lady Xian (顯), in order to make her daughter <mask> Chengjun (霍成君) empress, poisoned Emperor Xuan's wife Empress Xu Pingjun by bribing her doctor. In 70 BC, <mask> Chengjun was created empress. Despite Emperor Xuan's outward respect towards <mask> <mask>, it was recorded that he feared <mask>, and regarded him as "a thorn in (his) back" (芒刺在背, "mang ci zai bei"). This, combined with <mask> <mask>'s unwillingness to rein in his clansmen, would prove disastrous to the Huo clan.Death and subsequent destruction of the Huo clan

In 68 BC, <mask> <mask> became ill and died. Emperor Xuan and Empress Dowager Shangguan made the nearly-unprecedented act of personally attending <mask>'s wake and built an impressive mausoleum for <mask>. After <mask>'s death, his sons, sons-in-law, and grandnephews remained in important posts and were made marquesses. His wife, after a period of mourning, formed a passionate relationship with <mask> <mask>'s slave master, Feng Zidu, himself a former lover of <mask> Guang. The Huo family lived luxurious lives similar to the imperial household. Emperor Xuan, unhappy about the Huos' perceived arrogance, began to gradually strip their actual powers while letting them keep their formal titles. In 67 BC, Emperor Xuan made his son Liu Shi (劉奭, later Emperor Yuan), by the deceased Empress Xu, crown prince, an act that greatly angered Lady Xian, who instructed her daughter to murder the crown prince.Allegedly, Empress <mask> did make multiple attempts to do so, but failed each time. Around this time, the emperor also heard rumours that the Huos had murdered Empress Xu, which led him to further strip the Huos of actual power. In 66 BC, Lady Xian revealed to her son and grandnephews that she had, indeed, murdered Empress Xu. In fear of what the emperor might do if he had actual proof, Lady Xian, her son, her grandnephews, and her sons-in-law formed a conspiracy to depose the emperor. The conspiracy was discovered, and the entire Huo clan was executed by Emperor Xuan. This act later drew heavy criticism from historians, such as Sima <mask> in his Zizhi Tongjian, for its ungratefulness to <mask> Guang. Empress <mask> was deposed.Twelve years later she was exiled and, in response, she committed suicide. Despite the destruction of the Huo clan, Emperor Xuan continued to honour <mask> <mask> posthumously. In 51 BC, when he painted the portrait of 11 great statesmen of his administration in the great hall of his palace, <mask>, alone among the 11, was referred to by title and family name only, which was considered an even greater honour than the honour given to the other ten. Impact on Chinese history

<mask> was treated somewhat paradoxically by posterity. On one hand, he was greatly admired for his skilful administration of the empire and his selflessness in putting himself in great danger in deposing an unfit emperor. On the other hand, he was also criticized for his dictatorial governing style, alleged nepotism and failure to rein in the behaviour of his clansmen, traits that some historians claim eventually led to his clan's destruction after his death. Many later conspirators in Chinese history would often claim that they were acting in the empire's best interest, like <mask>, even though few actually did.Conversely, when emperors wanted to accuse (and execute) officials of treason, they often euphemistically refer to them as "wanting to act like <mask> Guang." Effectively, <mask> set a standard of decisiveness and strength that was rarely matched and even more rarely used for the benefit of the state. Notes

68 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Han dynasty generals from Shanxi
Han dynasty politicians from Shanxi
Politicians from Linfen
Regents of China
LGBT people from China
Ancient LGBT people

masks:
Huo Guang
Huo Qubi
Huo Guang
Huo Zhong
Huo Q
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Guang
Guanghan
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Huo
Guang
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo
Huo


title: Leonid Brailovsky

texts:
<mask> (Brailovskii) (23 May 1867, Kharkiv, now Ukraine – July 7, 1937, Rome, Italy) was a Russian architect, artist, designer, decorator, teacher and a member of Russian apostolate in the Diaspora. Biography

Born in 1867 in Kharkiv in an Orthodox family. His father was mayor, his mother came from a noble family Sedlyarevskih. <mask> was educated in the classical school. He graduated from the department of architecture of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1894 with the rank of class artist of architecture degree. During training, repeatedly awarded for academic success: in 1890 a small silver medal, in 1892 a large silver medal, in 1893 a small gold medal for the program "Hotel for visitors to the capital." After graduating from the Academy in 1895–1898 he served in the pensioner's trip to Paris and Rome.From 1898 he taught architecture at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1899, he joined a teacher at the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry and Served as professor of the School, and in 1906 was a member of the Education Committee. <mask> worked as an architect, but was best known as the artist-akvalerist creating watercolors of ancient ruins, monuments, the interiors of temples and palaces. In the 1900s he studied and copied fresco paintings in the churches of Yaroslavl, Rostov and Novgorod. He participated in the exhibitions of the Society of Russian watercolors, the Moscow Association of Artists, New Society of Artists, a member of the Society of Architects and Artists,  and the Moscow Architectural Society (MAO). He was a member of the Editorial Board of "Yearbook of Mao." He worked as a decorator: doing interior design, performed sketches of furniture and articles of bronze. From 1909, he worked primarily as a set designer.In this capacity ofrmlyal performances Lesser and Greater theaters. In 1916, <mask> was awarded the title of Academician. After the October Revolution in 1917, with his wife Rimma, emigrated first to Latvia, and later lived in Constantinople, Belgrade, and in 1925 he moved to Rome. In Belgrade, the designer worked the Theatre Royal, was a member of the Union of Employees of Russian art. In 1933 he founded the Vatican Museum of Russian religious architecture in the Congregation of Eastern Churches. In exile, created in the style of painting and graphics. In the 1920 – 1930 created a series of paintings "Visions of Old Russia."Exhibited in many cities, and his wife had two solo exhibitions in Paris (1930) and the Vatican (1932). He died in 1937 in Rome. His works are in museum collections of the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Museum of the Sorbonne in Paris, the Vatican Museums and others. Conversion to Catholicism

Contact with the world's center of Christianity, of course was reflected in the Brailovskys'life. <mask> and his wife Rima come to realize the unity of the church, they are reunited with the Catholic Church and it makes them even more to love their homeland, its holy places, historical and spiritual culture. In 1932, an exhibition of 40 paintings by Brailovsky depicting monuments of Russian religious art. This collection was donated by Pope Pius XI and the latter has decided to organize a special unit of Russian painting.Secretary Pacelli and other dignitaries, as well as four Brailovsky was opened section of monuments of church art in Russia, in quantity of 100 paintings and 20 plans depicting the monuments of Russian ecclesiastical art and architecture. One of those places where you could take a sip of his native air was Russicum with the Russian church, with family icons and expensive Slavic rites. Brailovsky were parishioners of the church. Years later, Archpriest Alexander Sipyagin who knew <mask> Mikhailovich wrote in his obituary: "Here, and especially in the Church of St. Anthony, the late felt like at home". In 1933, the artist <mask> and his wife Rimma <mask> staged creative exhibition in Rome. Information about this event was placed in the press. Namely: "Messadzhero" published an article, a small article appeared in the "Tribune" and the "Osservatore Romano" has been placed an illustrated essay.Memorial feedback on the <mask> <mask> left his friend and confessor of. Alexander Sipiagin:

"Far from home, went out the artist's life, patriot, Christian. His ashes taken to the cemetery of Campo Verano. "Mortal remains ... Russian Catholics – <mask> Mikhailovich Brailovsky known artist" rest in the grave "on a site donated by a pious cardinal to bury foreigners dying in Rome". Making plays

"Woe from Wit" by Alexander Griboyedov (1911, Little Theatre)

"Glass of Water" OE Scribe (1911, Little Theatre)

"The Duchess of Padua" O. Wilde (1912, Little Theatre)

"Assembly" Pyotr Gnedich (1912, Alexandrinsky theater costumes)

"Merchant of Venice" by William Shakespeare (1916, Little Theatre)

"Don Giovanni" WA Mozart (1916, Bolshoi Theatre)

Projects and construction

Competition project apartment building Pertsova PN (1905 – 1906, Moscow, Prechistenskaya embankment)

The project's own villa (1906, Crimea)

Contest project of the new building MUZHVZ (1906 – 1907, Moscow)

Private Villa (1907, Tuapse)

Tombstone of Anton Chekhov, with Fyodor Schechtel (1907 – 1908, Moscow Cemetery)

Headstone composer Vasily Kalinnikov (1908, Yalta)

The theater building, together with Ivan Zholtovsky (1900s, Dnepropetrovsk)

Workshop building and rebuilding his own mansion (1911, Moscow)

References

Nashokin, M. B. Architects Moscow Art Nouveau. Creative portraits .– Publication of the third. – M .: Giraffe, 2005 . – S. 97–98. – 2500 copies. –

Architects Moscow time eclectic, modern and neoclassical (1830–1917): ill. Biographical. Dictionary / State. Scientific-issled.Museum of Architecture. Shchusev etc. – M .: crab, 1998. – S. 40–410. – 320. –

Rigotti, G. (a cura di) "Leonid e Rimma Brailovskij. Visioni della vecchia Russia | Леонид и Римма Браиловскиe.Видения Cтарой Руси", Congregazione per le Chiese Orientali, Musei Vaticani, Valore Italiano Editore. Città del Vaticano, 2021. ISBN 978-88-97789-92-5. (www.valoreitalianobookstore.com)

External links
 http://www.procatholic.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1609:2009-05-19-08-25-03&catid=69:2008-02-26-13-17-45&Itemid=59
 https://www.webcitation.org/67dmvf77I?url=http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=12911
 https://www.webcitation.org/67dmw9eru?url=http://artinvestment.ru/auctions/1670/biography.html

1867 births
1937 deaths
Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Russian Orthodox Christians
Catholics of the Russian Empire
Art Nouveau architects
White Russian emigrants to Latvia
White Russian emigrants to Bulgaria
White Russian emigrants to Italy

masks:
Leonid Brailovsky
Brailovsky
Brailovsky
Brailovsky
Leonid
Leonid
Leonid
Brailovsky
Leonid
Brailovsky
Leonid


title: Bernie Bickerstaff

texts:
<mask> (born February 11, 1944) is an American basketball coach and front office executive, currently serving as the Senior Basketball Advisor for the Cleveland Cavaliers. As a coach, he previously worked as the head coach for the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics, Denver Nuggets, Washington Bullets/Wizards, Charlotte Bobcats, and Los Angeles Lakers. He has also been an assistant for the Portland Trail Blazers, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers, and Cavaliers. He has served in numerous other NBA front office positions, and has been a consultant for the Harlem Globetrotters. Early years
<mask> was born in Benham, Kentucky, where his father and grandfather worked in the coal mines. He often had to endure open racism. He attended East Benham High School, where he was the starting point guard of the basketball team.After graduating in 1961, <mask> moved to Cleveland where he had relatives, with the idea of joining the Army, but he instead accepted a basketball scholarship to play for Rio Grande College. The racial tension he experienced during his time playing there made him leave school early and head back to Cleveland to work in a steel mill. However, the difficult working conditions prompted him to accept a second opportunity to play college basketball at the University of San Diego from 1964 to 1966. As a senior, he was named team captain and MVP, when the Toreros finished 17–11 and went on to play at the Small College Regional Playoffs. He is a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Professional career
After finishing his college eligibility, <mask> was hired by his coach Phil Woolpert to serve as an assistant for the 1968–69 season. After three seasons at 25 years old, he was named the head coach of the University of San Diego after Woolpert's abrupt resignation, keeping this position for the next four years.In 1972–1973 his team finished 19–9 and his four-year overall record was 54–49. In 1973, <mask> was hired as an assistant for the Washington Bullets by then coach K. C. Jones and was a part of the 1978 Bullets NBA Championship. He left the team after 12 seasons, when Lenny Wilkens hired him for the head coaching position with the Seattle SuperSonics (1985–1990), reaching the Western Conference Finals in 1987. <mask> was the Denver Nuggets' president and general manager from 1990 to 1997, also coaching the team from 1994 to 1996. In 1997, Wes Unseld hired <mask> to coach the Bullets, making the playoffs for the first time since 1988 and becoming the league's all-time 34th-winningest coach. After parting ways with the team in 1999, he had a two-year stint with the International Basketball League's St. Louis Swarm. <mask> was twice named IBL Coach of the Year.In 2003, <mask> was hired by Ed Tapscott to become the expansion Charlotte Bobcats' first head coach and general manager. <mask> was hired by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2012–13 as an assistant coach to Mike Brown. On November 9, 2012, <mask> was named interim head coach of the Lakers after Brown was fired. Three days later, the Lakers signed former Knicks coach Mike D'Antoni as their official head coach, although D'Antoni's on-court debut was delayed as he recovered from knee-replacement surgery. <mask> continued to coach the Lakers in D'Antoni's absence, ending his stint with a 4–1 record, the highest winning percentage in Lakers' history, albeit in only five games. He continued with the team as an assistant coach, but was fired after the season. In the summer of 2013, <mask> became an assistant coach with the Cleveland Cavaliers.The following year, he moved up to the Cavaliers' front office, serving as a senior advisor. As a member of the Cavaliers front office, he was part of Cleveland's  2016 NBA Championship team. Head coaching record

NBA

|-
| align="left" |Seattle
| align="left" |
|82||31||51||.378|| align="center" |5th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Seattle
| align="left" |
|82||39||43||.476|| align="center" |4th in Pacific||14||7||7||.500
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
| align="left" |Seattle
| align="left" |
|82||44||38||.537|| align="center" |3rd in Pacific||5||2||3||.400
| align="center" |Lost in First Round
|-
| align="left" |Seattle
| align="left" |
|82||47||35||.573|| align="center" |3rd in Pacific||8||3||5||.375
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Lakers
| align="left" |
|5||4||1||.800|| align="center" |(interim)||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||937||419||518||.447|| ||33||12||21||.364

Awards and accolades
 In 1987, he received the Horace Mann Award for Leadership and was also named the 1987 Sports Person of the Year, presented by the New York Pro-Am Basketball Association. In 1995, he was inducted into the University of San Diego's Hall of Fame. Inducted into the West Coast Conference's inaugural Hall of Honor.In 2010, he was inducted into the John McClendon Minority Athletics Administrators Hall of Fame. In 2011, he was named a Kappa Legend and Icon in Sports. In 2012, he was inducted into the Breitbard Hall of Fame. His hometown of Benham, Kentucky, named a street – <mask> Boulevard – in his honor. In 2014, he was awarded the NBA's Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award. Personal
Bickerstaff also worked as a TV and radio analyst with the Washington Wizards, San Antonio Spurs, NBA.com and the Sporting News Radio. His son, J.B<mask>, is the current head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers. His wife is a 4th grade teacher in Wyckoff, New Jersey. He has another son, Bernard Jr., who is his eldest. References

External links

 BasketballReference.com: <mask>ff
 NBA bio

1944 births
Living people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
African-American sports executives and administrators
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky
BSN coaches
Charlotte Bobcats head coaches
Charlotte Hornets executives
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches
Denver Nuggets head coaches
International Basketball League (1999–2001) coaches
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
National Basketball Association executives
People from Harlan County, Kentucky
Portland Trail Blazers assistant coaches
San Diego Toreros men's basketball coaches
San Diego Toreros men's basketball players
Seattle SuperSonics head coaches
University of Rio Grande alumni
Washington Bullets assistant coaches
Washington Bullets head coaches
Point guards
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Bernard Tyrone Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bickerstaff
Bernard Bickerstaff
. Bickerstaff
Bernie Bsta


title: Joe Harris (basketball)

texts:
<mask> (born September 6, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Virginia Cavaliers, before being selected with the 33rd overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers. He was signed by the Nets in 2016, and is one of three players to make 200 three-pointers in one season in the history of the Nets franchise. The longest-tenured Net as of 2021, <mask> led the NBA in three-point shooting accuracy in 2018–19 and repeated the feat in 2020–21. Also in 2021, <mask> surpassed Drazen Petrovic as the Nets' all-time leader in three-point field goal percentage. <mask> is the all time three point field goals made scorer for the Nets surpassing Jason Kidd on 27th October, 2021. He currently ranks third in NBA history in career three-point field goal percentage.Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Chelan, Washington to Joseph "<mask><mask> Sr., who coached the boys' basketball team at Bridgeport High for six years and then Chelan High for 25 years, and was inducted into the Washington Interscholastic Basketball Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2011, and <mask>, who grew up playing softball, volleyball, and basketball, and is a broker and director of sales at Coldwell Banker Lake Chelan Properties. <mask> has three sisters: his older sister, Kaiti, and his younger sisters, Jaicee and Mackenzie. Kaiti played college basketball at Yakima Valley College and Warner Pacific College, Jaicee played volleyball at Washington State, and Mackenzie played volleyball at Chelan High. <mask> started going to his father's basketball practices when he was just four years old. He then volunteered to be the team manager from third to eighth grade. As a child, <mask> wrote personal goals and quotes from NBA legends on his bedroom walls and ceiling. One of his goals was to take at least 1,000 shots a day.High school career
<mask> played all four years for the Mountain Goats at Chelan High, where he was coached by his father, <mask>. In his junior year, he averaged 24.7 points, 8.5 rebounds, 4.3 assists and 2.7 steals a game, and led the Mountain Goats to the Class 1A state tournament with a 24–6 record. He was named AP Class 1A Player of the Year and was selected to the Class 1A All-Tournament first team. In his senior year, <mask> led his team to fifth place in the Class 1A state tournament after leading them to a 26–2 record. He averaged 26.6 points, 8.0 rebounds, 4.6 assists, 4.4 steals and 1.6 blocks a game, while shooting 59.2% from the field and 76.5% from the free throw line. He was named Washington Mr. Basketball by the Washington State Coaches Association, and named the Gatorade Washington Player of the Year. For the second straight year, <mask> was named the AP Class 1A Player of the Year and selected to the Class 1A All-Tournament first team.He finished off his high school career with 452 assists, 699 rebounds, 282 steals, and a Class 1A state record 2,399 points. College career

<mask> was recruited by head coach Tony Bennett, while Bennett was the head coach at Washington State. When Bennett moved to Virginia, <mask> switched his commitment to join him there. Freshman season
In <mask>’ collegiate debut for the Virginia Cavaliers, he recorded 2 points, 4 rebounds and 3 assists in a 76–52 win over the William & Mary Tribe. On November 18, <mask> had his first career start for the Cavaliers and scored 12 points in an 81–60 loss against Stanford. At the Maui Invitational Tournament, he scored 19 points on 8-of-13 field goals and 7 rebounds in a 106–63 loss against the Washington Huskies. In 35 minutes of playing time, <mask> scored a then career-high 24 points on 8-of-12 field goals and grabbed 5 rebounds against the Minnesota Golden Gophers at the 2010 ACC–Big Ten Challenge, winning by 87–79.On January 2, he had a season-high 2 blocks in a 64–50 victory against the LSU Tigers. Two days later, <mask> scored 16 points with a career-high 5 three-pointers made on 5-of-6 attempts in an 84–63 win against Howard. On February 5, <mask> played for a career-high 41 minutes and recorded 18 points, 3 rebounds, 2 assists and 3 steals in a 68–70 overtime loss against the Miami Hurricanes. On February 26, he grabbed a career-high 10 rebounds against Boston College in a 44–63 loss. On March 1, <mask> recorded an ACC career-high 19 points on 4-of-7 three-point attempts, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals, leading the Cavaliers to a 69–58 victory against NC State. The Cavaliers lost to the Hurricanes in the first round of the 2011 ACC Tournament 69-62 in overtime. The Cavaliers finished the season with a 7–9 conference record and a 16–15 overall record.<mask> averaged 29.4 minutes, 4.4 rebounds and 10.4 points per game, and averaged 32.0 minutes, 5.1 rebounds and 11.2 points in the sixteen regular season ACC games. He shot 41.8% from the field, and 41.7% from three-point range (the most by an ACC freshmen since 2000). Sophomore season
In the season-opening game against South Carolina State, <mask> recorded 13 points, 6 rebounds and 4 assists in a 75–38 win. At the Cavaliers’ first of three Paradise Jam Tournament games, <mask> scored 13 points, grabbed 6 rebounds and gave 3 assists in a 55–57 losing effort against TCU. However, the Cavaliers defeated the Drexel Dragons and the Drake Bulldogs on their second and third games, by 49–35 and 60–52, respectively. <mask> scored 12 points against the Dragons and 18 points against the Bulldogs. At the 2011 ACC–Big Ten Challenge, he scored 18 points, grabbed 7 rebounds and had a season-high 4 steals against the Michigan Wolverines, winning by 70–58.<mask> tied his ACC career-high 19 points and his career-high 5 three-pointers in 65–61 win against the Clemson Tigers. On February 25, <mask> recorded 12 points, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and a career-high 3 blocks against North Carolina in a 51–54 losing effort. The Cavaliers were defeated by NC State, 64–67, in the quarterfinals of the 2012 ACC Tournament. <mask> helped lead the Cavaliers to the 2012 NCAA Tournament, the program's first tournament bid under Bennett and first since 2007. However, they were eliminated by the Florida Gators, 45–71, in the second round. The Cavaliers ended their season with a 9–7 conference record and a 22–10 overall record. <mask> fractured a bone in his left hand during a game against North Carolina on February 11.He still played in all of the remaining games of the season, but with a padded wrap wrapped around his hand. He also suffered a concussion in a game against Florida State on March 1, when an opposing player, Bernard James, accidentally elbowed the side of his head. Both men were fighting for the rebound, and both fell to the ground after the aforementioned hit. He was also unintentionally kicked in the stomach when James moved to get up, causing himself to be ejected. <mask> was cleared to play in the next game. <mask> upped his scoring to 11.3 per game - second on the team to All-American Mike Scott. He also averaged 30.3 minutes and 3.9 rebounds per game.He shot 44.2% from the field, 38.0% from the three-point range and 77.2% from the free throw line, and was named to the All-State second team. Junior season
In the 2012–13 season, <mask> became one of the top players in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). He started out the season scoring 19 points, handing out 3 assists and grabbing a season-high 8 rebounds in a 59–63 defeat against George Mason. In the first round of the 2012 NIT Season Tip-Off tournament, <mask> recorded 15 points, 3 assists and 7 rebounds in a 54–45 victory against the Fairfield Stags. However, Virginia would lose in the second round to Delaware, 53–59. <mask> scored 20 points in the losing effort. At the 2012 ACC–Big Ten Challenge, he recorded a game-high 22 points, 5 assists and 5 rebounds in a 60–54 victory against the Wisconsin Badgers.On December 8, <mask> gave a career-high 6 assists in a 67–39 win over Mississippi Valley State. At the Governor's Invitational game, he recorded 18 points, 2 assists, 3 rebounds and 2 steals in a 61–63 loss against the Old Dominion Monarchs. On February 12, he tied his career-high 5 three-pointers and finished with 26 points and 4 rebounds in a 73–55 victory over Virginia Tech. On February 28, <mask> scored a career-high 36 points against Coach K's Duke Blue Devils in a 73–68 victory. He led the Cavaliers to an 11–7 conference record and a 23–12 overall record, scoring 16.3 points and collecting 4.0 rebounds per game. He was named first team All-ACC at the conclusion of the season. Senior season
Going into his senior season in 2013–14, <mask> received significant preseason recognition.He was a member of the preseason All-ACC team and was named to the preseason watch list for the Wooden Award as national player of the year. <mask> led the Cavaliers to their first outright ACC regular season title since 1981, their first ACC tournament title since 1976, and their first Sweet Sixteen appearance since 1995. <mask> subsequently earned ACC Tournament MVP honors, and was named to the All-Tournament team and All-ACC third team. Professional career

Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2016)

On June 26, 2014, <mask> was selected with the 3rd pick of the second round (33rd overall) by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2014 NBA draft at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, NY. On July 24, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Cavaliers after averaging 7.8 points, 1.5 rebounds and 1.5 assists during the 2014 NBA Summer League. On November 15, <mask> recorded 12 points, 4 assists, 4 rebounds and a steal in a 127–94 win against the Atlanta Hawks. He topped his scoring against the Hawks on December 30, scoring 13 points on 4-of-7 shooting in a 101–109 defeat.<mask> received his first career start on January 5, scoring a then career-high 16 points against the Philadelphia 76ers, losing by 92–95. Due to LeBron James's return and Kevin Love's acquisition, <mask> rarely saw minutes and was assigned to the Canton Charge of the NBA Development League on January 20. The following day, <mask> posted 18 points and 6 rebounds in his D-League debut in a 107–109 double overtime loss to the Delaware 87ers. <mask> scored a career-high 26 points against the Maine Red Claws in a 92–104 defeat. On February 6, he scored a game-high 23 points on 6-of-15 field goals including 4 three-pointers in a 102–84 victory over the Sioux Falls Skyforce. In his rookie season, the Cavaliers made it to the 2015 NBA Finals, but they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games. On January 5, 2016, <mask> underwent season-ending surgery to remove an extra bone in his right foot.A week later, he was traded, along with a 2017 second-round pick and cash considerations, to the Orlando Magic in exchange for a 2020 second-round pick. He was immediately waived by the Magic upon acquisition. Brooklyn Nets (2016–present)

On July 19, 2016, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets. He made his debut for the Nets in their season opener on October 26, 2016, against the Boston Celtics. In 25 minutes off the bench, he scored 16 points on 6-of-15 shooting in a 122–117 loss. On December 18, 2016, he tied his then career high with 19 points in a 108–107 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On April 2, 2017, he was ruled out for the rest of the season with a sprained left shoulder.On December 29, 2017, <mask> scored a then career-high 21 points in a 111–87 win over the Miami Heat. On January 6, 2018, he recorded his first career double-double with 10 points and 12 rebounds in an 87–85 loss to the Boston Celtics. On March 25, 2018, he set a new career high with 30 points in a 121–114 loss to his former team the Cleveland Cavaliers. On July 24, 2018, <mask> re-signed with the Nets. On October 19, 2018, in a 107–105 win over the New York Knicks, <mask>' first three-pointer was his 237th as a Net, moving him into 10th place on the franchise's career list. On November 4, in a 122–97 win over the 76ers, <mask> made a three-pointer in his 25th straight game, moving into sole possession of fourth place on the Nets' career list. On December 23, in a 111–103 win over the Phoenix Suns, <mask> made 3 three-pointers, making him the first player in franchise history to make three or more in six straight games.On December 26, he scored a season-high 27 points and made a game-winning layup with 3.4 seconds left in the second overtime to lift the Nets to a 134–132 win over the Charlotte Hornets. On February 11, 2019, he scored 24 points and made a career-best 7 three-pointers in a 127–125 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On February 16, he won the Three-Point Contest during All-Star weekend. In the playoffs, he shot 4-of-21 from 3-point range over five games. On November 23, 2020, <mask> re-signed with the Nets. On January 31, 2021, <mask> made a career-high 8 three-pointers in a 149–146 loss to the Washington Wizards. On February 19, <mask> set a franchise record as the fastest player to knock down 100 3-pointers in a season with 31 games played, surpassing the previous record accomplished by four players with 41 games.The Nets won the first series of the playoffs against the Boston Celtics, but were beaten in seven by the Milwaukee Bucks. Against the Miami Heat on October 27, 2021, <mask> became the franchise leader in career three-pointers, surpassing the 813 made by Jason Kidd for the Nets. <mask> wears a fluorescent green band around his left wrist in memory of his late cousin, Tricia Haerling. Since 2015, <mask> has held the <mask> Harris Basketball Camp for kindergartners to eighth graders every summer at Chelan High School. <mask> is a member of the "Starting Five", along with Malcolm Brogdon, Justin Anderson, Anthony Tolliver, and Garrett Temple. Their goal was to raise $225,000 through Hoops2O, founded by Brogdon, to fund five wells in East Africa by the end of the 2018–19 season. <mask> traveled with Brogdon and Anderson to Tanzania to witness the opening of the first well they funded in July 2019, and by November, Hoops2O had raised nearly $400,000.By February 2020, the charity had funded the construction of ten wells in Tanzania and Kenya, bringing water to over 52,000 citizens. References

External links

 Virginia Cavaliers bio

1991 births
Living people
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Washington (state)
Brooklyn Nets players
Canton Charge players
Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks
Cleveland Cavaliers players
People from Chelan, Washington
Shooting guards
Small forwards
United States men's national basketball team players
Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players

masks:
Joseph Malcolm Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Joe
" Harris
Alice Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Joe
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Joe
Harris
Harris


title: Charles G. Atherton

texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1804November 15, 1853)  was an American politician and lawyer from New Hampshire. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from 1837 to 1843. He was elected to the United States Senate from 1843 to 1849 and then again in 1853. He was a Democrat. Early life and education
He was the son of <mask> and Mary Ann Toppan, the daughter of Christopher Toppan, of Hampton, New Hampshire. His mother taught him at home. Atherton received a classical education, learning Latin from a young age.He went to the academy in Lancaster, Massachusetts, under the charge of Jared Sparks from 1815 to 1817, returning home upon the death of his mother, completing his preparation for college in his father's office, under the direction of Joseph Willard. He was tutored in the classics by the inventor Samuel Abbot, and went on to study law under the tutelage of his father, a former Federalist politician and one of the most distinguished attorneys in the state. In 1818 he entered Harvard University, where he studied law, and graduated in 1822. After graduation, he was admitted to the bar in 1825 and commenced practice in Dunstable, New Hampshire. His grandfather was Joshua Atherton, an early anti-slavery campaigner in Massachusetts. His middle name <mask>, was in memory of his parents and grandparents family friend <mask>. His mother, Mary, died when he was thirteen years old.He had six other siblings, many did not reach adulthood. Like all males in New Hampshire between the ages of 18 and 45, Atherton was a member of the state militia serving in the Lafayette Riflemen 5th Regiment as a lieutenant in 1827,
and as captain in 1828. Career

<mask> was a States-rights Democrat from a northern state of New England. He engaged early on in politics and identified himself with the Democratic Party, which he remained loyal to all his life. He and his father were opposed in politics: his father taking the same position as Abraham Lincoln that as a free country, no extension of slavery should be tolerated. New Hampshire House of Representatives
<mask> was elected at the age of 26, as a member of the State House of Representatives in 1830. He was Speaker of the House from 1833 to 1835.U.S House
<mask> is best known for his staunch stance on states-rights issues. He was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth United States Congress and the two succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843) and did not seek reelection in 1842, having become a candidate for senator. His circle of friends included Congressman Jonathan Cilley, who died in a duel in Bladensburg, Maryland in February 1838. Atherton wore a crape (a black band worn on his sleeve) for thirty days in his memory. Atherton was appointed to a committee by President Martin Van Buren to investigate the causes which led to his death. One of the committee's recommendations resulted in a law signed by President Van Buren on February 20, 1839, prohibiting the giving or accepting of challenges to duel within the District of Columbia. <mask> Gag

He was responsible for composing the gag rule in 1838, known as the "Atherton Gag", which stifled any petitions relating to bringing an end to slavery, at the behest of slave barons.A curious position for the grandson of <mask> who, so many years earlier had been ready to oppose the Ratification of the Federal Constitution because of its acknowledgment of slavery. From that moment he became known as <mask> <mask>. During his first term in Congress in 1838 he presented five resolutions which were adopted, and which created a new resolution that barred Congress from discussing petitions which mentioned bringing slavery to an end. He presented his five resolutions on December 11, 1838. Congress approved them on December 12, 1838. Several similar resolutions and eventually a standing House rule were approved by Congress from 1835 to 1840, but the "Atherton Gag" was the only one of them to be named after its creator. Of the five resolutions, the last one is most indicative of his desires since it contains the vital stipulations.Atherton wrote:
5. Resolved, therefore, That all attempts, on the part of Congress, to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or to prohibit the removal of slaves from State to State, or to discriminate between the institutions of one portion of the country and another, with the views aforesaid, are in violation of the constitution, destructive of the fundamental principles on which the Union of these States rests, and beyond the jurisdiction of Congress; and that every petition, memorial, resolution, proposition, or paper, touching or relating in any way or to any extent whatever to slavery, as aforesaid, or the abolition thereof, shall, on the presentation thereof, without any further action thereon, be laid on the table without being debated, printed, or referred. Atherton was responsible for composing the gag rule of December 1838, which stifled any petitions relating to slavery. The previous year abolitionists mainly from northern states sent thousands of petitions to Congress for the abolition of slavery. <mask> Whittier,
poet and advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States referred to him as vile and shifty  and wrote poems making reference to both Atherton and the gag, which frustrated Whittier and all the other abolitionists, as it curtailed any open debate in Congress on the subject. Atherton delivered a speech on the twelve million loan bill in the House of Representatives, on Monday, July 12, 1841. During the third session of the twenty-fifth United States Congress, Atherton lodged with a Mrs S.A. Hill in Alexandria, Virginia which was almost opposite to the Gadsby's Tavern, which housed ten representatives, all from pro-slavery states, who would have looked for any opportunity to lobby their cause.The gag rule was deeply controversial as it curtailed progressive debate and was extremely unpopular in northern states and frustrated the abolitionists cause; however it still won enough votes in Congress; and this rule remained in place for over 8 years, due to heavy pressure and lobbying from Southern pro-slavery states. It was not until 1844 the House rescinded this gag rule on a motion made by John Quincy Adams. A brave act rescind and recommence debate, however this polarisation proved to be one of the building blocks taking the country towards breaking point and civil war. In 1844, the House rescinded this gag rule on a motion made by John Quincy Adams. Whatever Atherton's reasons, his late grandfather, <mask>, as an early ardent anti-slavery campaigner, would have vehemently objected to the creation of a gag rule. United States Senate

After winning his election bid, <mask> was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat in 1843, replacing Leonard Wilcox, and served from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849. While in the Senate, Atherton served as chairman of the Committee on Printing (Twenty-ninth Congress), the Committee on Roads and Canals (Twenty-ninth United States Congress), and the Committee on Finance (Thirtieth United States Congress).<mask> and Samuel S. Phelps were the only New England Democratic and Whig Senators, respectively, to vote in favor of the Clayton Compromise bill. <mask> remained active politically for the Democratic Party, even when not serving in office. As an example of his political influence, a regional newspaper, “The Boston Pilot” of August 28, 1852 reported: “At the Democratic Barbecue in Hillsborough, the Hon. <mask> <mask> presided. Spirited speeches were made by Colonel John Houston Savage of Tennessee, John Van Buren of New York, John B. Weller of California, Maj. Stevens of the U.S Army, Jeremiah Clemens of Alabama, <mask> of New York, Willis A<mask> of Indiana, Capt. Rynders, and others. The same gentlemen addressed the Democratic Meeting in Faneuil Hall on Friday night, which was kept up until after midnight.It was a spirited affair; and the speakers were all in good tune.”

After serving out his term <mask> was not then re-elected, resuming the practice of law in Nashua. However, in November 1852, he was chosen to take the seat left vacant by John P. Hale and returned to the Senate after he took the oath of office for the term beginning March 4, 1853. <mask> was in the inner circle of Franklin Pierce, at the time he was elected as the 14th president in 1853. Pierce had anticipated making Atherton his spokesman in the Senate at the start of his presidency, however <mask> had died unexpectedly. <mask> was known to be a heavy whiskey drinker, and he did not attend the Presidential Inauguration of Franklin Pierce, most likely for health reasons, since he had traveled nationwide, campaigning heavily for Franklin Pierce to report first hand on his virtues, his sobriety, his affinity for immigrants, and his valor on the field of battle. Personal life
He married Ann (Nancy) Barnard Clark, a granddaughter of the Reverend Jeremiah Barnard, Minister for Amherst in 1828. They had no children.<mask> was a close friend to the novelist, Nathaniel Hawthorne. <mask> died suddenly from pulmonary tuberculosis in Manchester, New Hampshire, on November 15, 1853. His unexpected death left a serious vacuum in the Senate. He was buried in Nashua Cemetery, New Hampshire on November 20, 1853. To mark the occasion of his death, as a senator from the State of New Hampshire, an obituary was delivered in the United States Senate and in the House of Representatives, December 19, 1853. Ancestry
He is a direct descendant of <mask>, one of the First Settlers of New England; who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts in the 1630s. His great-grandfather was Colonel <mask>, who served in the French and Indian War of the 18th century.His maternal first cousin was Nathaniel Thayer Jr.

See also

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
U.S. Archives
Keyword: "Tuesday, December 11, 1838" Search at 25th Congress, 3rd session, United States House of Representatives

References

1804 births
1853 deaths
People from Amherst, New Hampshire
American people of English descent
New Hampshire Democrats
New Hampshire Jacksonians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
United States senators from New Hampshire
Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors
19th-century American politicians
New Hampshire lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in New Hampshire
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire

masks:
Charles Gordon Atherton
Charles Humphrey Atherton
Gordon
William Gordon
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Joshua Atherton
Gag
Law Atherton
John Greenleaf
Joshua Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Charles G
Atherton
General Dix
. Gorman
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
James Atherton
Peter Atherton


title: Win Stracke

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" J<mask> (February 20, 1908 – June 29, 1991) was an American folk musician and co-founder of the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, Illinois. Stracke was a Chicago fixture in music, theater, and television in the 1940s and was known for his booming bass voice. Nationally he was known as "<mask>" to viewers of his syndicated children's television show on NBC until it was canceled in the wake of the 1950s blacklist. Early life

<mask> was born in Lorraine, Kansas but grew up in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood, and had ties to the area his entire life. He was the son of German immigrants and his father was a preacher. He discovered his singing talent while still in high school. Stracke had some operatic training, but his interests in the labor movement and American frontier history would draw him towards American folk music.He began his folk singing career in Chicago in 1931, when WLS hired him as a bass singer on their National Barn Dance program. He appeared with the Cumberland Ridge Runners and Smoky Mountain Singers. Chicago Artist

Thespian
In 1938 as a member of the Chicago Repertory Theater, a topically progressive theater group in Chicago (they regularly put on plays of pro-union and anti-war topics), Stracke met and began
working with his soon to be lifelong friend Studs Terkel. <mask> and Terkel shared common ideas about the way music could be used to promote and assist the labor movement of the mid-20th century. During the 1940s <mask> left to serve in Europe and Africa during World War II; drafted towards the end of the war, he served in an anti-aircraft division. Terkel would later interview Stracke about his experiences in The Good War. I Come for to Sing
After returning to Chicago he again joined up with Studs Terkel.As well as an interest in American folk music and the labor movement the two also shared an appreciation for music of different cultures, Stracke was particularly fond of the German folk songs of his heritage. Terkel and Stracke had met the blues singer Big Bill Broonzy through Pete Seeger's labor songs organization, People's Songs. Drawing from these areas and along with fellow musician Lawrence Lane (a classically trained singer who later sang the National Anthem before Chicago Blackhawks games) the group formed I Come for to Sing, a touring folk review. The review played at colleges around the country in the late 1940s and 1950s. The program was set up around a theme with Terkel narrating and Stracke and the other performers singing songs to support that narration. Songs You Can See
Another touring show, Songs You Can See, consisted of Stracke and artist Peggy Lipschutz. Stracke would sing songs and ballads and Lipschutz would draw along with them on a large paper canvas as the songs were being sung.The drawings would correspond topically with the song being sung and be complete at the end of the song. The program toured the country mostly in the Midwest, several of their programs dealt with the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Television
Stracke was a figure in the Chicago School of Television, a style of early TV shows in the 1950s characterized by improvisational dialog and a variety show-like atmosphere. Along with Studs Terkel, <mask> was a cast member on Studs' Place. He played on one of the first sitcoms, Hawkins Falls, and gained national fame as <mask> on his children's program Animal Playtime (on NBC) and Time For Uncle Win. It was notable as one of the first children's programs that treated children's programming as an educational opportunity and not merely entertainment. This program also toured local schools.Blacklist Era
Caught up in the Hollywood blacklist, Animal Playtime was canceled from NBC, but was revived on local Chicago television after several parents protested its cancellation. Stracke was sympathetic to labor and progressive causes throughout his life, but was never a member of the Communist Party. He described himself as a progressive, but did not identify with the organized party. At the time, however, any empathy to these causes was enough to get a performer blacklisted. Stracke would find work in this period in commercial work that wasn't scrutinized as heavily. He lent his voice in commercials for products like Pie Oh-My, Dean's Milk, and carpets. Old Town School of Folk Music

In 1956 musician Frank Hamilton met Stracke at the Gate of Horn nightclub in Chicago.Together they founded the Old Town School and developed a teaching method with an emphasis on group learning. The school attempted to teach students popular folk songs of the day – songs by performers like Big Bill Broonzy, Josh White, and Odetta – and introduce students to the wealth of songs from other countries and less well known American folk songs. The school began as a series of lessons at Dawn Greening's home in Oak Park and later moved into a small storefront at 333 W. North Avenue in Old Town. Stracke wanted the classes to end with a jam session called Second Half so all levels of players could have fun playing together. Stracke served as the first director of the School. Hamilton and Stracke would be musical partners for decades putting on several shows in Chicago and beyond. A program entitled From Bull Run to Birmingham tried to encompass several songs of struggle from history and tie these to the civil rights movement happening in the American south at the time.<mask> continued to perform and be involved with Chicago music and the Old Town School until his death in 1991. Discography
<mask>'s Song Kit vol 1 & 2, 1955
A Golden Treasury of Songs America Sings, Golden Records 1958
Folk Songs for the Young, Golden Records 1962
Songs of the Civil War, Golden Records 1965
Freedom Country, <mask>e and Norman Luboff, Walton Records 1967
Songs of Old Town, Flair Records 1968
Americana, Bally Records 1957

Footnotes

External links
Dink's Song – A recording of Stracke singing "Dink's Song"
Big Rock Candy Mountain – A recording of Stracke singing "Big Rock Candy Mountain"
Studs' Place – Video of Stracke on an early Studs Terkel TV show
Early Days at The Old Town – audio interview with <mask>, Stracke's daughter, about the early days of the Old Town School and her father
Video Interview – A video interview of Studs Terkel discussing Stracke
Win Stracke Is Dead; Folk Singer Was 83 – New York Times obituary

1908 births
1991 deaths
American folk musicians
American folk singers
American folk-song collectors
Folk musicians from Chicago
Hollywood blacklist
Singers from Chicago
Old Town School of Folk musicians
20th-century American singers

masks:
Winfred
Win
. Stracke
Uncle Win
Stracke
Stracke
Stracke
Stracke
Uncle Win
Stracke
Uncle Win
Win Strack
Jane Stracke


title: Haley Joel Osment

texts:
<mask> (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor. Beginning his career as a child actor, Osment's role in the comedy-drama film Forrest Gump (1994) won him a Young Artist Award. His breakthrough came with the psychological thriller film The Sixth Sense (1999), which won him a Saturn Award and earned him nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. He achieved further success with the drama film Pay It Forward (2000), the science fiction film A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) which won him a second Saturn Award, and the comedy film Secondhand Lions (2003), which won him a Critics Choice Award. <mask> has voiced a multitude of characters in the Kingdom Hearts franchise, most notably  Sora (2002–present) and Vanitas (2010–present). He has sporadically appeared on-screen since his Secondhand Lions role, recognizably appearing in Sex Ed (2014) and The Spoils of Babylon (2014).He made his Broadway debut in 2008 in a short-lived revival of David Mamet's play American Buffalo, starring John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer. Early life
Osment was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Theresa (née Seifert), a teacher, and Michael Eugene <mask>, a theater and film actor, both natives of Birmingham, Alabama. Osment was raised Roman Catholic. He has one sibling, actress <mask>, who is almost four years younger. Osment's parents have described his childhood as a "good old-fashioned Southern upbringing". His father said that when Osment was learning to speak, he deliberately avoided using baby talk when communicating with his son. Osment was a student at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada Flintridge, California.As a child, he wrestled and played basketball, football, and golf. Career
Visiting a store at age four, Osment signed up with a talent scout. Called back for an audition, he was asked to describe the biggest thing he had ever seen; his description of an IMAX theater screen helped win him a part in a Pizza Hut TV commercial. The commercial launched his career, and later that year he starred in the ABC TV sitcom Thunder Alley, his first role in series television. His first feature film role was as Forrest Gump's son, also named Forrest Gump, in the 1994 film of the same name. He also had a small part in another 1994 film, Mixed Nuts. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, Osment played regular or recurring roles in various TV series; including The Jeff Foxworthy Show and the final season of Murphy Brown, where he replaced Dyllan Christopher as Murphy's son, Avery.In addition, he made numerous guest appearances on shows, including The Larry Sanders Show, Walker, Texas Ranger, Touched by an Angel, Chicago Hope, The Pretender, and Ally McBeal. He appeared in the 1996 film Bogus, alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Gérard Depardieu and the 1998 made-for-TV movie The Lake, as well as I'll Remember April (1999), with future The Sixth Sense co-star Trevor Morgan. <mask> first achieved stardom in 1999, when he appeared in The Sixth Sense, co-starring Bruce Willis. For his portrayal of Cole Sear, a psychic child, Osment won the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second-youngest performer ever to receive an Academy nomination for a supporting role, but lost the final Oscar vote to Michael Caine (with whom he would later work, appearing together in Secondhand Lions). One of Osment's lines in The Sixth Sense, "I see dead people," became a popular catchphrase and is often repeated or parodied on television programs and in other media. The phrase is #44 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes.He made three minor (voice-only) guest appearances on the animated TV series Family Guy in 2000 and 2001. The 2000 Academy Awards ceremony honored another future co-star, Kevin Spacey, who, along with Helen Hunt, appeared in <mask>'s next film, Pay It Forward (2000). The following year, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence, cementing his stature as one of the leading young actors in Hollywood. This role earned him his second Saturn Award for Best Younger Actor, and further critical acclaim. In reviewing the movie, critic Roger Ebert claimed that: "<mask>, who is onscreen in almost every scene, is one of the best actors now working". In 2001, Osment starred in the Polish film, Edges of the Lord, as Romek.The movie was never released theatrically in the United States. Between 2002 and 2003, <mask> lent his voice to films such as The Country Bears, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II and The Jungle Book 2, all from Walt Disney Pictures. He returned to live action with the 2003 film, Secondhand Lions. <mask> lent his voice to the video game series Kingdom Hearts, providing the voice of Sora, the series' main character, and also Vanitas, a villain from the same series. <mask> also voiced the character of Takeshi Jin in the English version of the Immortal Grand Prix anime television series. He appeared in Home of the Giants, playing a high school journalist opposite Ryan Merriman and Danielle Panabaker. He subsequently worked on Montana Amazon as both an actor and executive producer.The film starred Olympia Dukakis and debuted at the Orlando and Big Apple Film Festivals in November 2010, winning Best Feature Film at the latter. <mask> made his Broadway debut at the Belasco Theatre in November 2008 playing the role of Bobby, a young heroin addict, in a revival of David Mamet's American Buffalo; co-starring with John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer. The show opened to mixed reviews, and a provisional statement was made on November 20, 2008, that it would close after the first week. In 2010, <mask> signed for a leading role in the comedy film Sex Ed from MPCA, to play a college graduate who wants to teach geometry, but ends up as a sex education teacher while inexperienced himself. In January 2011, Entertainment Weekly reported that Osment had joined the cast of Sassy Pants, a comedy about a homeschooler with an over-bearing mother. Variety reported on June 27, 2011, that Osment would star in Wake the Dead, a modern-day retelling of the Frankenstein story, with production to begin the last quarter of 2011. As of mid-2014, no published status was available.In 2013, he appeared in a series of episodes of Amazon's Alpha House. He also co-starred in the Will Ferrell and Adam McKay-produced comedy melodrama miniseries The Spoils of Babylon and The Spoils Before Dying for IFC. Kevin Smith has further added to Osment's career resurgence with roles in the first two films of his True North Trilogy, first as Teddy Craft in Tusk and next as a fictionalized version of Canadian journalist Adrien Arcand in Yoga Hosers. In 2017, Osment held a recurring role in season 4 of HBO's Silicon Valley as VR expert and tech financier Keenan Feldspar. Also in 2017, Osment made an appearance on BBC America's Top Gear America as one of the guests in the fourth episode of season 1. In 2019, Osment had a supporting role in the Netflix film Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, starring alongside Lily Collins whose character Liz follows the prosecution of Ted Bundy, played by Zac Efron. Osment also appeared as the character Mesmer in the Amazon series The Boys, and as Dr. Stu Camillo in the Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg produced Hulu series Future Man.Personal life

<mask> is an avid golfer who began playing at the age of 7. He played for the U.S. team in the All-Star Cup 2005, under team leader Mark O'Meara, and has participated in the Annual Michael Douglas & Friends Celebrity Golf Tournament. In 2006, Osment suffered a broken rib and fractured shoulder blade in an auto accident. Osment pleaded no contest to driving under the influence of alcohol and misdemeanor drug possession and was sentenced to three years' probation, 60 hours in an alcohol rehabilitation and education program, a fine of $1,500, and attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous. Osment plays the guitar and piano. He currently lives in New York City and graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 2011. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1988 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Tisch School of the Arts alumni

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Haley Joel Osment
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