title: Stephen Markman

texts:
<mask><mask> (born June 4, 1949) is a former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. He was appointed by Republican Governor John Engler on October 1, 1999, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice James H. Brickley. Education
<mask> received his Bachelor of Arts from Duke University in 1971, and he graduated from University of Cincinnati Law School in 1974. Career
<mask> served as Chief Counsel of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution and as Deputy Chief Counsel of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary from 1978 to 1985. He was then nominated to be a United States Assistant Attorney General, heading the Justice Department's Office of Legal Policy, by President Ronald Reagan and confirmed by the Senate. While serving as Assistant Attorney General, his office wrote a recommendation regarding the issue of possible reconsideration of the Miranda v. Arizona decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. When the Chicago Tribune criticized the recommendation, Markman responded with an opinion piece which the paper published entitled In Defense of Reconsidering Miranda; in this op-ed column, Markman argued for a more flexible interpretation of Miranda to bolster fair treatment of suspects in custody.He wrote:

After being nominated by George H. W. Bush and approved by the United States Senate, <mask> served as a United States Attorney in Michigan from 1989–1993. He joined the private sector firm of Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone in Detroit, where he practiced until he was appointed to the 4th District Michigan Court of Appeals by Governor John Engler in 1995. He held that position until 1999, when Governor Engler appointed him to the Michigan Supreme Court. Michigan voters elected him to the position in 2000. Since 1993, <mask> has taught constitutional law at Hillsdale College, where he holds the title of Distinguished Visiting Professor of Politics. <mask> has contributed to numerous legal publications and was a contributing editor at National Review. He is a Fellow of the Michigan Bar Foundation, a Master of the Bench of the Inns of Court.<mask> was sent to Ukraine by the State Department to assist in developing the country's post-Soviet constitution. <mask> was re-elected as Supreme Court judge in 2004 and 2012. <mask> served as Chief Justice in 2017 and 2018. He did not seek another two years in 2019, and was replaced by Bridget Mary McCormack. <mask>'s term on the Supreme Court was up for re-election in 2020. However, <mask> was ineligible to run due to Michigan's Constitution prohibiting judges that are 70 or older running for office. <mask> was 71 in November 2020.Judicial philosophy
Markman has argued against an increased role by the judiciary in matters of public policy and suggested that unless citizens engage in a constitutional debate, public matters will be increasingly decided by judges. In 2008, <mask> wrote a piece for the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy saying, "[T]he Michigan Supreme Court has set as its priority the proper exercise of the 'judicial power,' to read the law evenhandedly and give it meaning by assessing its words, its grammar and syntax, its context, and its legislative purpose. The court's dominant premise has been on 'getting the law right'—moving toward the best and most faithful interpretation of the law—rather than reflexively acquiescing in prior case law that essentially reflected little more than the personal preferences of predecessor justices." In April 2010, Markman published an essay in Hillsdale College's monthly publication, Imprimis, in which he argued against a living constitution with expanded input from judicial governance. Markman prefers an interpretation closer to the 1787 Constitution, and predicts that unless citizens act, justices making under-the-radar decisions on "forgettable and mundane disputes" (as opposed to high–profile decisions such as Roe v. Wade) will steer public policy in directions of their choosing in such areas as "racial quotas, social services funding, and immigration policy." Markman prefers that public policy decisions be made by legislators instead of judges. Notable Supreme Court decisions

Domestic partner benefits
In Pride at work v. Governor of Michigan, the Michigan Supreme Court, in a 5–2 ruling, ruled that Michigan's 2004 gay marriage ban also bars same-sex domestic partners of public employees from receiving health insurance benefits.<mask> wrote the majority opinion for the Court where he said that while "marriages and domestic partnerships aren't identical, they are similar." Ballot petition signatures
In Michigan Civil Rights Initiative v. Board of State Canvassers, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative should be placed on the November 2008 ballot, even if some petition signers signed the petition under the belief that it was in support of affirmative action. In his opinion, Markman wrote, "The signers of these petitions did not sign the oral representations made to them by circulators; rather they signed written petitions that contained the actual language of the MCRI. ... In carrying out the responsibilities of self-government, 'we the people' of Michigan are responsible for our own actions. In particular, when the citizen acts in what is essentially a legislative capacity by facilitating the enactment of a constitutional amendment, he cannot blame others when he signs a petition without knowing what it says. It is not to excuse misrepresentations, when they occur, to recognize nonetheless that it is the citizen's duty to inform himself about the substance of a petition before signing it, precisely in order to combat potential misrepresentations."Emergency powers of the Michigan executive
In re Certified Questions (Midwest Institute Of Health, PLLC v Governor), contrary to his prior advocacy of judicial restraint, Markman ruled for a fragmented court that Michigan's Emergency Management Act of 1976 (EMA) and the Emergency Powers of the Governor Act of 1945 (EPGA) were an "unlawful delegation of legislative power to the executive branch in violation of the Michigan Constitution." The decision was "handed down by a narrow majority of Republican justices." Michigan became an outlier. At this time, every state and the Federal government had declared an emergency due to the CoViD-19 pandemic. Michigan's lower courts had previously ruled against the Republican-controlled legislature. This decision was an advisory opinion via a Federal lawsuit by outpatient medical providers over an order by Democratic Governor Gretchen Whitmer that barred nonessential medical procedures during the pandemic. Personal life
<mask> lives in Mason, Michigan with his wife, Mary Kathleen, and their sons Charles and James.See also
List of justices of the Michigan Supreme Court

References

External links
 Markman for Justice official campaign site
 Profile at the Michigan Supreme Court

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1949 births
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
Chief Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court
Duke University alumni
Hillsdale College faculty
Jewish American attorneys
Living people
Michigan Court of Appeals judges
Michigan Republicans
Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court
Lawyers from Detroit
People from Mason, Michigan
Reagan administration personnel
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Michigan
University of Cincinnati alumni

masks:
Stephen J
. Markman
Markman
Markman
Markman
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Markman


title: Hal Colebatch

type: original

texts:
<mask>MG (29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953) was a long-serving and occasionally controversial figure in Western Australian politics. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for nearly 20 years, the twelfth Premier of Western Australia for a month in 1919, agent-general in London for five years, and a federal senator for four years. Early life
<mask> was born in Wolferlow in Herefordshire, England, on 29 March 1872. His family migrated to Australia in 1878, settling at Goolwa in South Australia. Colebatch left school in 1883 at the age of 11, because his father could not afford to continue his education. He then found work as an office boy and junior reporter for a local newspaper, the Norwood Free Press. When this paper collapsed, he worked for a series of short-lived papers on the South Australian goldfields.He worked for the Petersburg Times and the Laura Standard. In 1888, he moved to Broken Hill, New South Wales, where he worked for six years as reporter for the Silver Age. There, he reported on a number of strike meetings in 1892, and was subsequently summoned as a Crown witness in the prosecution of some strike leaders. In 1894, Colebatch migrated to Western Australia to take up a position as reporter on the Coolgardie newspaper Golden Age. After the collapse of the Golden Age the following year, he moved to Kalgoorlie to report on the Kalgoorlie Miner. In 1896, he moved to Perth to join the Morning Herald as mining editor and chess editor. Colebatch was a keen chess player at this time and, in 1898, he won the state title, thereby becoming Western Australia's third chess champion.On 29 April 1896, Colebatch married Mary Maude Saunders in Perth. The press gallery ban
In 1898, <mask> telegraphed to the Kalgoorlie Miner a report on a fist-fight in the state parliament between two members. Information on the fight had been provided by a police inspector who had been on duty in the House, and had been instructed to brief reporters. The information was greatly exaggerated. However, by the time Colebatch discovered this fact, the telegraph office was closed. The Kalgoorlie Miner ran the story on the front page. The premier, Sir John Forrest, was furious about the report because of its potential effect on investment in the state.The government subsequently sued the proprietors of the Kalgoorlie Miner for publishing a libel, but the case was unsuccessful. Forrest then ordered Colebatch to be barred from the press gallery. On 19 October, the sergeant-at-arms forcibly ejected Colebatch and, the following day, the latter indicated his intention to sue for assault. Colebatch subsequently received plenty of support in the House from members who felt that he had been unfairly treated; and, shortly afterwards, his suspension was lifted. In Northam
In 1904, Colebatch moved to Northam, where he bought the Northam Advertiser. He ran the paper until 1923, when he gave it to his sons as a reward for their war service. He would continue contributing to the paper for the rest of his life.In Northam, Colebatch met and became friends with James Mitchell. Colebatch encouraged Mitchell to stand for parliament and, in 1905, he managed Mitchell's successful campaign for election to the Legislative Assembly seat of Northam. Mitchell would hold the seat until 1933, and this would later prevent Colebatch from contesting the lower house seat himself. From 1909 to 1912, Colebatch was the mayor of Northam. In February 1912, he formed a Northam branch of the Liberal League. In Western Australian politics

In 1910, Colebatch unsuccessfully contested a by-election for the then upper-house rural seat of East Province. The following year, he contested the Legislative Assembly seat of Avon but was again unsuccessful.On 14 May 1912, he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of East Province in a by-election. There, he played a key role in the Legislative Council's persistent opposition to much of the more radical legislation put forward by John Scaddan's Labor government. When Scaddan's government fell in 1916, Colebatch was appointed Colonial Secretary and minister for education in Frank Wilson's government. The following year, he became deputy premier under Henry Lefroy. That year also, he oversaw the establishment of the first high schools in regional Western Australia. The Spanish flu crises
In the latter half of 1918, Spanish flu was sweeping the world but had not yet broken out in Western Australia. As minister for health, Colebatch was responsible for quarantine.This presented a series of challenges. Late in 1918, with Lefroy absent and Colebatch acting as premier as well as health minister, the troopship Boonah returned to Western Australia carrying soldiers infected with the Spanish flu. Colebatch was required to maintain a balance between the conflicting requirements of maintaining an effective quarantine while treating and repatriating the returned troops. Once the Boonah crisis was over, Colebatch was widely seen to have handled it responsibly and effectively. Early in the new year, another crisis eventuated when the Spanish flu broke out in Victoria and South Australia. Both states initially declined to declare infection and close their borders, so Colebatch closed Western Australia's borders unilaterally. His decision greatly angered the acting prime minister William Watt, but he was strongly supported in Western Australia.Premiership
On 17 April 1919, Lefroy resigned as premier, and <mask> succeeded him. He remains the only premier of Western Australia to have governed from the Legislative Council, having done so on the understanding that an Assembly seat would be found for him. Colebatch continued as colonial secretary and minister for education, and also took on the treasury and railways portfolios. He brought Mitchell into the ministry as minister for lands. Within two weeks, Colebatch had yet another crisis to deal with: the Fremantle wharf crisis of 1919. The labour crisis dragged on for almost a month, culminating in one of the most violent confrontations in Western Australian history. Lumpers objected to goods being unloaded by non-union labour from the ship Dimboola.Colebatch was the target of a barrage of projectiles when he personally confronted the unionists. One of the unionists, Tom Edwards, was killed by police. Unlike previous crises, Colebatch was not seen to have handled the crisis well, and he sustained heavy criticism during and after it. On 17 May, Colebatch resigned, having been premier for exactly one month. It remains the state's shortest premiership term on record. His decision to resign was influenced by the stress of the wharf crisis and extensive subsequent criticism. However his health was an issue, and he had been unable to find a Legislative Assembly seat in a country electorate as desired.H.G.P<mask> (2004) also asserts that Colebatch resigned as premier because he was not ambitious and had not wanted the job in the first place. Colebatch handed over the premiership to his friend Mitchell. He retained the public health and education portfolios, and added that of agriculture. He continued as deputy premier and leader of the government in the Legislative Council. He was responsible for the creation of a North West department and became its minister a month later. In April 1921, he relinquished agriculture and public health portfolios, instead taking on the justice portfolio.After the 1921 election, Colebatch was the only government minister in the Legislative Council, thus assuming a substantial workload. Agent-general for Western Australia
Colebatch was appointed a Commander (CMG) of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Year's Honours of 1923 and, shortly afterwards, resigned his seat to take up appointment as the state's agent-general in London, in which role he attracted this praise from a Perth newspaper: . . . the Agent-General (Mr H.P. Colebatch) is regarded in England as one of the most able representatives this country has ever had in London. He was due to finish his term in November 1926, but an election was due in Western Australia at that time, and neither <mask> nor the incumbent Labor government wished Colebatch to return during the election campaign. Colebatch's term was therefore extended into 1927, in which year he was made Knight bachelor and travelled widely in Europe, having a meeting with Benito Mussolini. When Colebatch returned to Western Australia in 1927, the premier Philip Collier commissioned him to produce a book commemorating the state's centenary.A Story of a Hundred Years: Western Australia 1829–1929, edited by <mask>, was published in 1929. In federal politics

While he was working on A Story of a Hundred Years, Colebatch was asked by prime minister Stanley Bruce to sit on a royal commission into the Constitution of Australia. The commission travelled throughout Australia and held 198 sittings but its conclusions were of little or no consequence. In 1928, Colebatch was elected as a federal senator. He took his seat on 1 July 1929, holding it until 20 March 1933, when he was again offered the position of agent-general for Western Australia in London. Colebatch's time as a senator was a frustrating period for him, as his advocacy of free trade as a means of international co-operation and peace was extremely unpopular at the time. His most important contribution was the establishment of the Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances, whose purpose is to vet government regulations made by executive action without reference to parliament, to ensure that they do not adversely affect the rights of citizens.Later, he became heavily involved in the Western Australian secession campaign and, after becoming agent-general for the second time, he was asked to lead a delegation which unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament for secession. Later years
Colebatch's second term as agent-general for Western Australia was from 1933 until 1939. During this time, he again travelled widely throughout Europe. In 1934 the Western Australian Secession Delegation arrive in London, Colebatch made many speeches and argued for the cause. His focus was on the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in particular the word "indissoluble" questioning as to whether the British Parliament could bind a person to a country for all time. According to his memoirs, he made contact with anti-Nazi Germans who were trying to forestall the rise of Adolf Hitler. After returning to Western Australia, he worked tirelessly to awaken Australia to the necessity of preparing for war.He was widowed early in 1940. On 11 May 1940 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Metropolitan Province. In 1944 he married Marion Frances Gibson. He held his Legislative Council seat until the election of 1948 when the Liberal Party failed to dissuade him from nominating, and then endorsed both him and its preferred candidate, Harry Hearn, who won comfortably. In his final years, Colebatch applied himself to writing an autobiography, which has never been published. He died on 12 February 1953 after a brief illness and was honoured with a state funeral the following day. His second wife and three sons survived him.The third son, also named <mask>, was a poet, novelist, solicitor and writer on legal and political subjects. <mask> wrote a biography of <mask>. Notes

References

 De Garis, Brian K. (1962). A Political Biography of Sir <mask>. Masters Thesis, University of Western Australia. 1872 births
1953 deaths
Agents-General for Western Australia
Journalists from Western Australia
Mayors of places in Western Australia
Colonial Secretaries of Western Australia
English politicians
English emigrants to Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Premiers of Western Australia
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Treasurers of Western Australia
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Australian monarchists

masks:
Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch C
Hal Colebatch
Hal Colebatch
Colebatch
. Colebatch
Colebatch
Hal Colebatch
Hal Colebatch
Hal Junior
Hal Senior
Hal Colebatch


title: Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general)

texts:
<mask> (4 March 1898 – 2 May 1945) was a German Army general of infantry who served during World War II. A career soldier, he served in the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht. He served as the last Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) during the final phase of the war (1 April to 1 May  1945). <mask> tried to open surrender negotiations with the Red Army; he committed suicide in the Führerbunker during the early hours of 2 May 1945, two days after Adolf Hitler died. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Helmstedt. He volunteered for service in the Imperial German Army in 1914, becoming an officer in 1915. <mask> spoke fluent Russian.Career
In 1931, <mask> worked in the Defence Ministry, where he maintained contacts with the Red Army in the context of joint military exercises conducted by the two countries. <mask> held strong antisemitic and anti-Communist views, as evidenced by his description of the members of the Soviet military delegation that visited Berlin in 1932: "a sly and cunning Jew,... [and] a Jewish half-breed ... insincere, with a suspicious and treacherous nature, apparently a fanatic Communist." In 1936, Krebs was posted to the German embassy in Moscow as acting military attaché; he held this position up to the invasion of the Soviet Union. As such, he played a role in the Wehrmacht's faulty intelligence into the capabilities of the Red Army. World War II
During World War II, <mask> reached the position of chief of staff of various army groups. While serving on the Eastern Front, Krebs was promoted to the rank of Generalmajor when Chief of Staff of the 9th Army in February 1942. In March 1943, he was made Chief of Staff of Army Group Centre.In April 1943, he was promoted to Generalleutnant and became a General of Infantry in August 1944. <mask> served as Chief of Staff of Army Group B on the Western Front from September 1944 to February 1945, when he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army General Staff. Berlin, 1945
On 1 April 1945, <mask> was appointed Chief of the Army General Staff (OKH). <mask> was in the Führerbunker below the Reich Chancellery garden during the Battle of Berlin. On 28 April 1945, <mask> made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker. He called Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the new Supreme Command Headquarters in Fürstenberg. He told Keitel that if relief did not arrive within 48 hours, all was lost.Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on General Walther Wenck, who commanded the German 12th Army, and General Theodor Busse, who commanded the German 9th Army. The 12th Army was attacking towards Berlin from the west and the 9th Army was attacking from the south. Adolf Hitler had ordered both armies to link up and to come to the relief of Berlin. In addition, forces under General Rudolf Holste were to attack towards Berlin from the north. Later on 28 April, when it was discovered that Heinrich Himmler was trying to negotiate a backdoor surrender to the western Allies via Count Folke Bernadotte, Krebs became part of a military tribunal ordered by Hitler to court-martial Himmler's SS liaison officer Hermann Fegelein. Fegelein was by that time Eva Braun's brother-in-law. SS-General Wilhelm Mohnke presided over the tribunal which, in addition to Krebs and Mohnke, included SS-General Johann Rattenhuber and General Wilhelm Burgdorf.However, Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying, vomiting and unable to stand up; he even urinated on the floor. It was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial. Therefore, Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned Fegelein over to Rattenhuber and his security squad instead. On 29 April, Krebs, Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann witnessed and signed the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler. Hitler dictated the document to his personal private secretary, Traudl Junge. Bormann was head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Hitler. Late that evening, Krebs contacted General Alfred Jodl (Supreme Army Command) by radio and made the following demands: "Request immediate report.Firstly, of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly, of time intended to attack. Thirdly, of the location of the 9th Army. Fourthly, of the precise place in which the 9th Army will break through. Fifthly, of the whereabouts of General Holste's spearhead." In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, 12th Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin.Thirdly, bulk of 9th Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." Later that afternoon, Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide. Surrender and suicide
On 1 May, after Hitler's suicide on 30 April, Goebbels sent Krebs and Colonel Theodor von Dufving, under a white flag, to deliver a letter he had written to General Vasily Chuikov. Dufving was Helmuth Weidling's Chief of Staff. The letter contained surrender terms acceptable to Goebbels. Chuikov, as commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin.Krebs arrived shortly before 4:00 a.m. <mask>, who spoke Russian, informed Chuikov that Hitler and Eva Braun, his wife, had killed themselves in the Führerbunker. Chuikov, who was not aware that there was a bunker complex under the Reich Chancellery or that Hitler was married, calmly said that he already knew all that. Chuikov was not, however, prepared to accept the terms in Goebbels' letter or to negotiate with Krebs. The Soviets were unwilling to accept anything other than unconditional surrender, as had been agreed with the other Allies. <mask> was not authorized by Goebbels to agree to such terms and so the meeting ended with no agreement. According to Traudl Junge, Krebs returned to the bunker looking "worn out, exhausted". Krebs' surrender of Berlin was thus impeded as long as Goebbels was alive.At around 8:30 p.m. on 1 May, Goebbels removed this impediment by committing suicide. After Goebbels' death, Krebs himself became suicidal. The responsibility for surrendering the city fell to General Helmuth Weidling, the commander of the Berlin Defense Area. On 2 May, with Krebs in no condition to do it himself, Weidling contacted Chuikov to again discuss surrender. Weidling and Chuikov met and had the following conversation in which Chuikov asked about Krebs:

Chuikov: "You are the commander of the Berlin garrison?" Weidling: "Yes, I am the commander of the LVI Panzer Corps." Chuikov: "Where is Krebs?"Weidling: "I saw him yesterday in the Reich Chancellery. I thought he would commit suicide. At first he (Krebs) criticized me because unofficial capitulation started yesterday. The order regarding capitulation has been issued today." As the Soviets advanced on the Reich Chancellery, Krebs was last seen by others, including Junge, in the Führerbunker when they left to attempt to escape. Junge relates how she approached Krebs to say goodbye and how he straightened up and smoothed his uniform before greeting her for the last time. Krebs and General Wilhelm Burgdorf, along with SS-Obersturmbannführer Franz Schädle of the Führerbegleitkommando, stayed behind with the intention of committing suicide.Sometime in the early morning hours of 2 May, Krebs and Burgdorf committed suicide together by gunshot to the head. Their bodies were later found when Soviet personnel entered the bunker complex. Schädle also committed suicide by gunshot on 2 May 1945. Thereafter, the corpses of Krebs, the Goebbels family along with the remains of Hitler's dogs were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. The last burial was at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg on 21 February 1946. In 1970, KGB chief Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to destroy the remains. On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team with detailed burial charts secretly exhumed five wooden boxes.The remains from the boxes were thoroughly burned and crushed, with the ashes then thrown into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.

masks:
Hans Krebs
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title: Edward R. Dewey

texts:
<mask> (1895–1978) was an economist who studied cycles in economics and other fields. <mask>'s cycles work
<mask> first became interested in cycles while Chief Economic Analyst of the Department of Commerce in 1930 or 1931 because President Hoover wanted to know the cause of the Great Depression. <mask> reported that each economist to whom he spoke gave him a different answer and he lost faith in the current economic methods. He received and took advice to study how business behaviour occurred rather than why. Therefore, his views are generally regarded as inconsistent with mainstream economics. <mask> devoted his life to the study of cycles, claiming that "everything that has been studied has been found to have cycles present." He carried out extensive studies of cyclicity in economics, geology, biology, sociology, and other disciplines.In 1940, <mask><mask> learned of a 1931 Canadian conference on biological cycles held at Matamek. Under the guidance of <mask> and the conference leader, Copley Amory, the conference’s Permanent Committee was reorganized into the Foundation for the Study of Cycles in 1941, and its scope was enlarged to encompass all disciplines. The foundation was set up with a board that included distinguished scientists and industrialists to act as a central clearing house of cycles studies from diverse areas. The Foundation made studies of natural and social sciences as well as business and economics, and new methods were devised for isolating significant cycles present in time series. A magazine called Cycles was published from June 1950, and the foundation also published a four-volume collection of reports on cycles including some of <mask>'s selected writings on cycles named "Cycles Classic Library Collection". Together with author Og Mandino, <mask> published a book entitled Cycles: The Mysterious Forces That Trigger Events. As a result of his research, <mask> asserted that seemingly unrelated time series often had similar cycles periods present and that when they did the phase of these cycles was mostly very similar (cycle synchrony).He also said that there were many cycles with periods that were related by powers or products of 2 and 3. This is illustrated in the table below. To construct this table starting from the period 17.75 years, multiply by three as you proceed along diagonals from lower left to upper right, and multiply by two as you proceed along diagonals from lower right to upper left. <mask> reported that the underlined numbers are commonly occurring periods (in years):

 142.0  213.9  319.5  479.3
 -----
     71.0  106.5  159.8
           -----
         35.5   53.3
         ----   ----
            17.75
            -----
          5.92   8.88
          ----   ----
     1.97    2.96   4.44
     ----    ----   ----
   0.66   0.99   1.48   2.22
   ----   ----   ----
 0.22  0.33  0.49   0.74  1.11
       ----  ----   ----  ----

Volume IV of the Cycles Classic Library Collection contains 1380 reports of cycles period determinations by scientists, doctors, economists and cycles researchers. In these reports there is a tendency for certain periods of cycles to be reported more commonly. These common periods include the underlined periods above and some other periods such as 9.6 years, found in the 9.6 year cycle of lynx abundance and 3.39 years (40.68 months), found in the US stock market, which <mask> says is the most commonly found period. <mask> further said that:
More than 500 different phenomena in 36 different areas of knowledge have been found to fluctuate in rhythmic cycles.Criticism

Cycles: The Science of Prediction

In 1947, <mask> and Edwin Franden Dakin published their book Cycles: The Science of Prediction which argued the United States economy was driven by four cycles of different length. <mask> Woolbert
wrote that they "adduce interesting second-hand statistics to the effect that cyclical tendencies have been observed in industrial, biological and solar phenomena." Milton Friedman dismissed their theory as pseudoscience:
[Cycles: The Science of Prediction] is not a scientific book: the evidence underlying the stated conclusions is not presented in full; data graphed are not identified so that someone else could reproduce them; the techniques employed are nowhere described in detail. [...] Its closest analogue is the modern high-power advertisement—here of book length and designed to sell an esoteric and supposedly scientific product. Like most modern advertising, the book seeks to sell its product by making exaggerated claims for it [...], showing it in association with other valued objects which really don't have anything to do with it [...], keeping discreetly silent about its defeats or mentioning them in only the vaguest form [...], and citing authorities who think highly of the product. Joseph Schumpeter also put forward the idea that there were four economic cycles: Kitchin, Juglar, Kuznets and Kondratieff. Business cycles
John Brookes describes <mask>'s attitude to the business cycle:
I asked <mask> whether the cycles he was interested in had anything to do with the business cycle that economists were always talking about.Nothing at all, he replied. Although many of the cycles that the Foundation studies occur in economics and business affairs, what is usually called the business cycle is recurrent but not rhythmic – that is, its crests and bottoms do not necessarily occur at regular intervals and so, in the view of the Foundation, it isn't a true cycle. <mask> critiques Schumpeter’s and <mask>'s approach in Man, Economy, and State:
Any such “multicyclic” approach must be set down as a mystical adoption of the fallacy of conceptual realism. There is no reality or meaning to the allegedly independent sets of “cycles.” The market is one interdependent unit, and the more developed it is, the greater the interrelations among market elements. It is therefore impossible for several or numerous independent cycles to coexist as self-contained units. It is precisely the characteristic of a business cycle that it permeates all market activities. and in America's Great Depression:
Some economists—such as Warren and Pearson or <mask> and Dakin —have believed that there are no such things as general business fluctuations—that general movements are but the results of different cycles that take place, at different specific time-lengths, in the various economic activities.To the extent that such varying cycles (such as the 20-year "building cycle" or the seventeen-year cicada cycle) may exist, however, they are irrelevant to a study of business cycles in general or to business depressions in particular. What we are trying to explain are general booms and busts in business. The Foundation for the Study of Cycles
The Foundation for the Study of Cycles (FSC) is an international non-profit research organization for the study of cycles of events. It was incorporated in the State of Connecticut by <mask><mask> in 1941 and is currently under the directorship of Dr. <mask>. See also
Business cycle
Econophysics
Nikolai Kondratiev proposed medium and 50-year cycles in the 1920s. Joseph Schumpeter (claimed in the 1940s that there were a least three business cycles, one short term, one of 7–11 years and one of about 50 years.) References

Further reading
 on-line abstract from Springer-Verlag.1895 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American economists

masks:
Edward Russel Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Edward R
. Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey
Robert Gale
Dewey
Dewey
Murray Rothbard
Dewey
Dewey
Edward R
. Dewey
Richard Smith


title: John Webster (minister)

texts:
<mask> (1610–1682), also known as Johannes Hyphastes, was an English cleric, physician and chemist with occult interests, a proponent of astrology and a sceptic about witchcraft. He is known for controversial works. Life

<mask> was born at Thornton in Craven in Yorkshire. He claimed education at the University of Cambridge. Although there is no evidence for this, his writing displays a learned style. <mask> studied under the Hungarian alchemist Johannes Huniades (János Bánfi-Hunyadi), who is known to have lectured at Gresham College. <mask> became a curate in Kildwick in 1634.He has been linked to Roger Brearley, the Grindletonian leader active at this period in Kildwick (three years earlier); and classified as an Antinomian. During the First English Civil War, <mask> left his position as a teacher in Clitheroe and became a surgeon and army chaplain in the Parliamentarian forces. At a later point he was with the forces of Colonel Richard Shuttleworth. In 1648 he became vicar at Mitton. From a Grindeltonian convert, he moved closer to Quaker views. He has been called a Seeker. <mask> preached with William Erbery on 12 October 1653 in a dispute with two London ministers at All Hallows, Lombard Street.Disorder resulted after Erbery took a particularly aggressive line against the established clergy. <mask> had preached at All Hallows in 1652. In the late 1650s <mask> was again in Clitheroe. In 1658 he was arrested and had papers seized. He gave up the ministry, and practiced as a physician. He died at Clitheroe

Works on education

In The Saints Guide (1653) he rejected the worldly wisdom taught in schools as of no spiritual value. He made the case against any kind of university-educated clergy.Austin Woolrych considers this pamphlet, dated April 1653, was probably a response to the dissolution of the Rump Parliament. The Academiarum Examen of 1654 made detailed proposals for the reform of the university curriculum; it was dedicated to General <mask>, a highly placed officer of the New Model Army. While arguing as a Baconian, <mask> wanted to combine ideas from the experimental philosophy of the time with those of astrology and alchemy. <mask> was interested in some of the ideas of Comenius, for example the idea of a "real character"; he connected this with Egyptian hieroglyphs.<ref>Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution, revisited (1997), note 112 on p. 96</ref> Behind this is the conception of an Adamic language, and the recovery of Adam's knowledge from before the fall. He also advocated for the teaching of the works of Robert Fludd, and others such as Paracelsus. He was satisfied with neither the theological nor the medical training on offer. When the Royal Society was set up, after the Restoration, <mask> welcomed it.Authors mentioned in the Academiarum Examen

The Examen has 11 chapters, and builds up to the discussion in Chapter X of what in Aristotle’s teaching should be retained, and how amended. On the way, <mask> introduces and marshals many modern authors, and a few scholastic and other medieval names, to illustrate his version of a new curriculum. Ward and Wilkins put the case that <mask> was ignorant of recent changes, and inconsistent in championing both Bacon and Fludd, whose methods were incompatible. Wilkins suggested <mask> might be well matched with Alexander Ross: Ross was a most conservative supporter of Aristotle, who with Galen was <mask>'s main target in the classical authorities, and Wilkins had defended the Copernican system against Ross in a long controversy running from the late 1630s to the mid-1640s. Ward and Wilkins used the same publication to argue against others (William Dell and Thomas Hobbes) who had been attacking the old universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Other opponents of the Examen were Thomas Hall and George Wither.Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England, 1640–1660 (1994), p. 198. The long-running Hobbes-Wallis controversy was a by-product of this debate.It has also been taken as symptomatic of a developing split separating on academic issues the circle of Samuel Hartlib, close in views and sympathies to <mask>, from those in the universities who in religious terms would be allies, on the issues of practical applications, and also the status of astrology, chemistry after Paracelsus and van Helmont, and pansophism. Other works

He edited William Erbery's works and wrote his biography in 1658, as The Testimony of William Erbery. Metallographia (1671) was a chemical work. It attributed to minerals the property of growth. He had a corpuscle theory of matter, described as intermediate between those of Kenelm Digby and Herman Boerhaave. It also drew on the work of Robert Boyle; but the strong influence was that of Jan Baptist van Helmont;Joseph Stewart Fruton, Methods and Styles in the Development of Chemistry (2002), p. 14. this book was one that Isaac Newton used in his own alchemical work. Daniel Georg Morhof criticised it as largely a compilation from German authors (Boyle was not mentioned); the views of Johann Pharamund Rhumelius were given at length.His The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft (1677) was a critical and sceptical review of evidence for witchcraft. According to Hugh Trevor-Roper, this is not an innovative work, but at the level of that of Johann Weyer. He opposed Henry More and Joseph Glanvill, who were arguing for the reality of witches. <mask> went as far as suggesting that the Bible had been mistranslated to support that belief. It was translated into German, being published in 1719 at Halle where Christian Thomasius had made his scepticism an academic point of view. In the same year he defended the reputation of <mask> against Meric Casaubon. He had recommended Dee in the Examen, and was a proponent of natural magic.More edited Glanvill's earlier works on witchcraft, attacked by <mask>, together with material of his own, as a reply, which appeared under Glanvill's name but after his death as the influential Saducismus Triumphatus. References

Further reading
Thomas Harmon Jobe, The Devil in Restoration Science: the Glanvill-Webster Witchcraft Debate, Isis 72:3 1981
Peter Elmer, The Library of Dr. John <mask>: The Making of a Seventeenth Century Radical'' (London, 1986). External links
http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1471
  Brief Biographical Information & Webster's book entitled: The Judgment Set & the Books Opened, 1654

1610 births
1682 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English medical doctors
Witchcraft in Germany
Demonologists

masks:
John Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
John Lambert
Webster
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title: Abner Louima

texts:
<mask> (born November 24, 1966 in Thomassin, Haiti) is a Haitian American man who, in 1997, was physically attacked, brutalized, and raped by officers of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) after he was arrested outside a Brooklyn nightclub. His injuries were so severe that he required three major surgeries. At first the police attempted to cover up the attack. Officers responsible for the attack were charged and convicted in federal court, and one is still in federal prison serving a 30-year sentence. In 2001, <mask> received a  settlement (equivalent to about $M in ) in his civil suit against the city for police brutality, the largest civil settlement at that time for such abuse. He has set up the Abner Louima Foundation to establish a hospital and community centers in Haiti, Florida, and New York for Haitian residents, immigrants, and others in need. Background
<mask> was born and grew up in Thomassin, a small community in Haiti.He immigrated to the United States in 1991, where he married and had one child. In 1997, he was living in Brooklyn with his family. He had been trained as an electrical engineer in Haiti, but in New York, <mask> was unable to get a position related to his education. He worked as a security guard in a water and sewage plant in the Flatlands area of Brooklyn. By 1997, he was a naturalized citizen of the United States. Incident
On the night of August 9, 1997, the police were called and several officers from the 70th Precinct were dispatched to the scene where <mask> <mask> and other men had been involved in a fight between two women in Club Rendez-Vous, a popular nightclub in East Flatbush, Brooklyn. Police, supporters, and various people all became involved in the fight outside the club.Police officers Justin Volpe, Charles Schwarz, Thomas Bruder, and Thomas Wiese, and others responded to the scene. In the ongoing altercation, Volpe said that Louima had attacked him. <mask> was charged with disorderly conduct, obstructing government administration, and resisting arrest. Later, Volpe admitted his accusation about Louima being his assailant was a lie. On the ride to the station, the arresting officers beat Louima with their fists, nightsticks, and hand-held police radios. On arriving at the station house, they had Louima strip-searched and put in a holding cell. The beating continued later, culminating with Louima being raped in a bathroom at the 70th Precinct station house in Brooklyn.Volpe kicked <mask> in the testicles, and while <mask>'s hands were cuffed behind his back, he first grabbed onto and squeezed his testicles and then forced a broken broomstick up his rectum. According to trial testimony, Volpe walked through the precinct holding the bloody, excrement-stained instrument in his hand, bragging to a police sergeant that he "took a man down tonight." <mask>'s teeth were also badly damaged in the attack when the broom handle was jammed into his mouth. He testified that a second officer in the bathroom helped Volpe in the assault but could not positively identify him. The identity of the second attacker became a point of serious contention during the trial and appeals. <mask> also initially claimed that the officers involved in the attack called him a racial slur and shouted, "This is Giuliani-time" during the beating. <mask> later recanted that claim.The reversal was used by police defense lawyers to cast doubt on the entirety of his testimony. The day after the incident, police took <mask> to the emergency department at Coney Island Hospital. Escorting officers explained away his serious injuries, saying they were the result of "abnormal homosexual activities." An Emergency Department (ED) nurse, Magalie Laurent, suspecting that <mask>'s extreme injuries were not the result of consensual sex, notified <mask>'s family and the Police Department's Internal Affairs Bureau of the likelihood that he had been raped and beaten in custody. <mask> suffered severe internal damage to his colon and bladder in the attack, which required three major operations to repair. He was hospitalized for two months after the incident. Public reaction
Reports of the incident and the severity of <mask>'s injuries provoked national outrage.On August 29, 1997, an estimated 7,000 demonstrators marched to the New York City Hall and the 70th Precinct station house at 154 Lawrence Avenue where the attack took place. The march was dubbed "Day of Outrage Against Police Brutality and Harassment." The case was mentioned in the 1998 Amnesty International report on the United States, among several other cases of police brutality, torture, and abuse. Amnesty International also uses the incident as a case study on a treatise in the campaign against torture. Mike McAlary, a New York Daily News journalist, investigated and reported an exposé of the brutalization of Louima by NYPD officers. He won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for distinguished commentary for this reporting. Criminal trials
Volpe was charged with several counts in federal court of violating Louima's civil rights, obstruction of justice, and making false statements to police; he pleaded "not guilty".Midway through the trial, Volpe changed his plea to guilty, confessing to having sodomized Louima. Although <mask> had suffered several broken teeth, Volpe denied that he ever struck Louima in the mouth with the stick and claimed that he only put it very close to Louima's mouth. Volpe also admitted that he had threatened Louima's life. Volpe was convicted of the charges. On December 13, 1999, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, as well as a $525 fine and restitution in the amount of $277,495. Charles Schwarz was convicted on June 27, 2000 for helping Volpe assault <mask> in the bathroom, and he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. At the time of his conviction, numerous questions were raised about whether he could receive a fair trial in the highly charged atmosphere.Volpe identified Wiese, not Schwarz, as the second man in the bathroom, in a recorded interview on news show 60 Minutes, a fact not brought up in the trial. The conviction was overturned by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which found that Schwarz was denied a fair trial. However, in 2002, Schwarz pleaded guilty to a perjury charge for testifying that he did not lead Louima to the bathroom, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. His request for leniency was rejected on March 30, 2006. He was released to a halfway house in February 2007, and as of 2019 works in New York City as a carpenter. Three other NYPD officers (Bruder, Wiese, and Sergeant Michael Bellomo) were indicted for trying to cover up the assault. On March 9, 2000, Wiese and Bruder, along with Schwarz, were convicted on the charge of conspiracy to obstruct a federal investigation into the assault on Louima, but their convictions were reversed by a federal appeals court in February 2002 for insufficient evidence.Bellomo was found not guilty of trying to cover up the beating of <mask> and that of another Haitian immigrant by Volpe earlier that evening. Volpe is serving his 30-year sentence at a minimum security facility at the Federal Correctional Institution, Beaumont in Texas; he is scheduled for release on January 9, 2025. He was assigned BOP Inmate #49477-053. In February 2021, Volpe's request for a COVID-related compassionate release was denied. Aftermath
<mask> was represented by attorney Sanford Rubenstein in a subsequent civil suit against the City of New York; this was settled for $8.75 million on July 30, 2001, the largest police brutality settlement in New York City history. After legal fees, <mask> collected approximately $5.8 million. In February 2003, <mask> Louima Foundation, a nonprofit organization to raise additional money to build a community center and hospital in Haiti. <mask> indicated he had plans to use his own money and donations to open community centers in Haiti, New York, and Florida for Haitians and others seeking legal, financial or other aid. <mask> paid the school tuition for 14 poor children in Thomassin, the small community where he grew up. During his visit to Haiti, he met with the President of Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a former priest whom Louima knew from his school days. In a rare interview, <mask> said he is convinced that he can make a difference in his impoverished homeland: "Maybe God saved my life for a reason, I believe in doing the right thing." In 2007, <mask> was residing in Miami Lakes, Florida. He owns homes in suburban Miami and Port-au-Prince, and several investment properties in Florida.<mask> has since participated in anti-police brutality protests with Al Sharpton, notably over the shooting of Sean Bell in November 2006, and on August 9, 2007, exactly 10 years after his attack. On the latter date, <mask> was honored in New York City by the National Action Network (an organization founded by Al Sharpton), at the House of Justice, for his resolve and for helping others who have suffered from police brutality. See also

 Joseph Gray (police officer)
 Frank Lino
 NYPD subway sodomy incident
 Police brutality in the United States

References

External links
 Duke Law Journal (48 Duke L. J. 1157) Prosecuting race by Anthony V. Alfieri
 McAlary, M. (1997.) They Saw Louima's Terror, The New York Daily News – 1998 Pulitzer Prize winner for distinguished commentary. Original police incident reports, interviews, and other documents at The Smoking Gun.1966 births
Living people
American torture victims
New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
Haitian emigrants to the United States
Crimes in New York City
People from Brooklyn
People from Miami Lakes, Florida
Activists from New York (state)
Victims of police brutality in the United States

masks:
Abner Louima
Louima
Abner Louima
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title: Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet

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<mask>, 3rd Baronet, ARCM (b. 28 June 1935), is a biblical scholar, unitarian Christian theologian, author and professor on the faculty of Atlanta Bible College. Early life
<mask> was born on 28 June 1935 in Surrey, England, the son of prominent Royal Navy officer and Director of Naval Intelligence <mask>, and grandson of the Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard. He succeeded to the title of Baronet of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming, co. Surrey on the death of his father in 1972, and has a younger brother Tim and younger sister Gill. Education

Buzzard was educated at Charterhouse, and served in the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant in the secretarial branch between 1954 and 1956. In 1960 he graduated in Modern Languages in French and German from the University of Oxford. <mask> was a 1963 graduate of Ambassador College, part of the Worldwide Church of God founded by Herbert W. Armstrong.Upon graduation in Pasadena, California, Buzzard then transferred to teach music at its campus in Bricket Wood, England. In the early 1970s, Buzzard left the Worldwide Church of God and published theological views refuting those of Armstrong. He became a close associate of Charles F. Hunting, an American evangelist who had been an official of the Bricket Wood campus. Education and teaching
Buzzard gained a Diploma in Biblical Hebrew from the University of Jerusalem in 1970. He attended the University of London. He gained a Masters in Theology from Bethany Theological Seminary, Chicago, in 1990. Buzzard taught French and German at The American School in London and taught theology and Biblical languages for 24 years at Atlanta Bible College, McDonough, Georgia (formerly Oregon [IL] Bible College).Restoration Fellowship
Following his break with Armstrong, in 1981 Buzzard, founded with the help of Charles F. Hunting, the Restoration Fellowship, a Christian group dedicated to missionary and teaching work all over the world. It is affiliated with the Church of God General Conference, a group founded in 1921, holding Adventist and Unitarian beliefs, similar to the Church of the Blessed Hope and Christadelphians. Buzzard publishes a monthly newsletter Focus on the Kingdom, and is co-editor of A Journal from the Radical Reformation, which explores continuity between the beliefs of Reformation groups - such as some Anabaptists, Socinians, early Unitarians and "Biblical Unitarian" groups today. Buzzard has been noted as one of the principal writers seeking a revival of early Unitarian beliefs. Music
Apart from excelling in languages and biblical studies, <mask> also has a love of classical music. He studied at the Royal College of Music, London, where he gained Diplomas in oboe in 1959 and piano in 1961. Theological views
Buzzard shares the following beliefs, as expressed on his Restoration Fellowship website:
 There is one God, the Father (1 Cor.8:6), the one God of the creed of Israel affirmed by Jesus Christ (Mark 12:28ff). The Father is "the only true God" (John 17:3). There is one Lord Messiah, Jesus (1 Cor. 8:6), who was supernaturally conceived as the Son of God (Luke 1:35), and foreordained from the foundation of the world (1 Pet. 1:20). The Holy Spirit is the personal, operational presence and power of God extended through the risen Christ to believers (Ps. 51:11).The Bible, consisting of the Hebrew canon (Luke 24:44) and the Greek New Testament Scriptures, is the inspired and authoritative revelation of God (2 Tim. 3:16). In the atoning, substitutionary death of Jesus, his resurrection on the third day, and his ascension to the right hand of the Father (Ps. 110:1; Acts 2:34-36), where he is waiting until his enemies are subdued (Heb. 10:13). In the future visible return of Jesus Christ to raise to life the faithful dead (1 Cor. 15:23), establish the millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev.20:1-6, etc.) and bring about the restoration of the earth promised by the prophets (Acts 1:6; 3:21; 26:6, 7). In the regenerating power of the Gospel message about the Kingdom (Matt. 13:19; Luke 8:12; John 6:63), enabling the believer to understand divine revelation and live a life of holiness. In baptism by immersion upon reception of the Gospel of the Kingdom and the things concerning Jesus (Acts 8:12; Luke 24:27). In the future resurrection of the saved of all the ages to administer the renewed earth with the Messiah in the Kingdom of God (1 Cor. 6:2; 2 Tim.2:12; Rev. 2:26; 3:21; 5:10). In the existence of supernatural, cosmic evil headed by (the) Satan (Matt. 12:26) or Devil, as distinct from and in addition to human enemies and the natural evil of the human heart. Satan is the name of a wicked spirit personality, "the god of this age" (2 Cor. 4:4; cp. Eph.6:12). And in the existence of demons (daimonia) as non-human personalities whom Jesus addressed and they him (Luke 4:41; James 2:19). In the freedom "under grace" and not "under law," inaugurated at the cross in the New Covenant, in contrast to and replacing the Mosaic covenant enacted at Sinai (Gal. 3 and 4; 2 Cor. 3). Issues of physical circumcision and "the whole law" (Gal. 5:3) associated with circumcision, including calendar and food laws, are concerns of the old and not the new covenant.Compare Col. 2:16-17 where the temporary shadow is contrasted with the permanence and newness of Christ. Christians ought never to take up arms and kill their enemies and fellow believers in other nations (Matt. 26:52; John 15:19; 18:36; 1 Pet. 2:9-11; 1 Chron. 22:8). Books
 The Coming Kingdom of the Messiah: A Solution to the Riddle of the New Testament (1988)
 Our Fathers Who Aren’t in Heaven: The Forgotten Christianity of Jesus the Jew (1995)
 The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound (1998) – original edition with Charles F. Hunting
 The Law, the Sabbath and New Covenant Christianity (2005)
 The Amazing Aims and Claims of Jesus (2006)
 Jesus Was Not a Trinitarian (2007)

Booklets
 "Who Is Jesus? A Plea for a Return to Belief in Jesus the Messiah" (1984)
 "What Happens When We Die?A Biblical View of Death and Resurrection" (1986)

References

External links
Restoration Fellowship
Charles F. Hunting - initial partner after leaving Armstrong church organizations - details of conference with Hunting and others. 1935 births
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy officers
People educated at Charterhouse School
People from Surrey
English Unitarians
Living people

masks:
Sir Anthony Farquhar Buzzard
Anthony
Anthony Buzzard
Anthony Buzzard
Anthony


title: Paul Hausser

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<mask> (7 October 1880 – 21 December 1972) was a German general and then a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS who played a key role in the post-war efforts by former members of the Waffen-SS to achieve historical and legal rehabilitation. Hausser served as an officer in the Prussian Army during World War I and attained the rank of general in the inter-war Reichsheer. After retirement, he joined the SS and was instrumental in forming the Waffen-SS. During World War II, he rose to the level of army group commander. He led Waffen-SS troops in the Third Battle of Kharkov, the Battle of Kursk and the Normandy Campaign. Hausser was the highest-ranking officer in the Waffen-SS alongside Sepp Dietrich. Unlike Dietrich, Hausser was a trained staff officer before joining the SS.After the war he became a founding member and the first spokesperson of HIAG, a lobby group and a revisionist veterans' organisation, founded by former high-ranking Waffen-SS personnel in West Germany in 1951. It campaigned for the restoration of legal and economic rights of the Waffen-SS employing a multi-prong propaganda campaign to achieve its aims. Hausser wrote two books, published by right-wing imprints, arguing the purely military role of the Waffen-SS and advancing the notion that its troops were "soldiers like any other", according to the title of the second book. Under Hausser's leadership, HIAG reshaped the image of the Waffen-SS as a so-called pan-European force that fought honorably and had no part in war crimes or Nazi atrocities. These ahistorical notions have since been discredited by historians. Early life and military career
<mask> was born on 7 October 1880 in Brandenburg an der Havel into a Prussian military family and entered the army in 1892. In 1899, he graduated from a cadet academy and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 155th (7th West Prussian) Infantry Regiment.Hausser graduated from the Prussian Military Academy in Berlin in 1911. Hausser married Elisabeth Gerard in 1912; the couple had one daughter who was born in December 1913. During World War I he served in the German General Staff and in staff roles on the Eastern Front, primarily serving with the 109th Infantry Division between 1916 and 1918. He was promoted to major in 1918 and was retained in the postwar Reichswehr, reaching the rank of Oberst (colonel) by 1927. Hausser retired from the Reichswehr in 1932 with the rank of Generalleutnant, having filled various appointments including chief of staff of Wehrkreis II (Military District 2) in Stettin, commander of the 10th Infantry Regiment, and deputy commander of the 4th Infantry Division. Hausser joined the right-wing World War I veterans' organization Der Stahlhelm, becoming the head of its Brandenburg-Berlin chapter in 1933. Soon after, the Stahlhelm was incorporated into the Sturmabteilung (SA), and, with the SA's demise, into the SS.SS career
In November 1934 <mask> was transferred to the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS Dispositional Troops; SS-VT) and assigned to the SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz. He became the Inspector of the SS-VT in 1936. In this role, Hausser was in charge of the troop's military and ideological training but did not have command authority. The decision on deployment of the troops remained in Heinrich Himmler's hands. This aligned with Hitler's intentions to maintain these troops exclusively at his disposal, "neither [a part] of the army, nor of the police", according to Hitler's order of 17 August 1938. Hausser served during the 1939 invasion of Poland as an observer with the mixed Wehrmacht/SS Panzer Division Kempf. In October 1939 the SS-VT was formed as a motorized infantry division known as the SS-Verfügungs-Division with Hausser in command.He led the division, later renamed 2nd SS Division Das Reich, through the French campaign of 1940 and in the early stages of Operation Barbarossa. For his service in the Soviet Union, Hausser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in 1941 and the Oak Leaves in 1943 (he received the Swords for his service in Normandy). He was severely wounded, losing an eye. After recovering, he commanded the newly formed SS-Panzer Corps (renamed II SS Panzer Corps in June 1943) and against Hitler's explicit orders withdrew his troops from Kharkov to avoid encirclement. He led the 1st, 2nd and 3rd SS divisions during the Battle of Kursk. After Kursk, his Corps was reformed (substituting the 1st, 2nd and 3rd SS Panzer Divisions with the 9th and 10th SS divisions) and sent to Italy, then to France where he commanded them in the early stages of the Normandy Campaign. After the death of Friedrich Dollmann, commander of the Seventh Army, Hausser was promoted to its command.During the Falaise encirclement in 1944, Hausser was seriously wounded (shot through the jaw). Hausser was promoted to SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer in August 1944 and subsequently commanded Army Group Oberrhein and later Army Group G until 3 April 1945. On the day he was relieved, Joseph Goebbels wrote, "He has definitely not stood the test." He ended the war on the staff of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring. At the Nuremberg Trials, he claimed that the Waffen-SS only had a military role and denied that it was involved in war crimes and atrocities. Post-war activities

Work for U.S. Army Historical Division
Following the war, Hausser participated in the work of the U.S. Army Historical Division, where under the guidance of Franz Halder, German generals wrote World War II operational studies for the U.S. Army, first as POWs and then as employees. In the late 1940s, Hausser authored an operational study on the Seventh Army's response to the Allied Normandy breakout.The study, together with contributions from Rudolf Christoph von Gersdorff, Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz, Wilhelm Fahrmbacher and Heinrich Eberbach, was published in 2004 as Fighting the Breakout: The German Army in Normandy from COBRA to the Falaise Gap. Leader of Waffen-SS lobby group
From 1950, Hausser was active in HIAG, a revisionist organization and a lobby group of former Waffen-SS members. HIAG began in late 1950 as a loose association of local groups; by October 1951, however, it claimed to embrace 376 local branches across West Germany. In December 1951, Hausser became its first spokesperson. With the publication of its first periodical in late 1951, HIAG was beginning to draw attention to itself and generate public controversy, including speculation that it was a neo-Nazi organization. In response, Hausser wrote an open letter to the Bundestag denying these accusations and describing the HIAG as an advocacy organisation for former Waffen-SS troops. Hausser asserted that its members rejected all forms of radicalism and were "upstanding citizens".As part of its lobbying efforts, HIAG attempted to "manipulate historical record or simply to ignore it", according to the historian David C. Large, who studied HIAG in the 1980s. HIAG's rewriting of history included significant multi-prong propaganda efforts, including tendentious periodicals, books and public speeches, along with the publishing house of Munin Verlag, to serve as a platform for its publicity aims. The express aim of Munin Verlag was to publish the "war narratives" of former Waffen-SS members, in cooperation with HIAG. Memoirs
<mask>'s 1953 book Waffen-SS im Einsatz ("Waffen-SS in Action") was the first major work by one of the HIAG leaders. It was published by , owned by a right-wing politician and publisher . A foreword from the former Wehrmacht General Heinz Guderian provided an endorsement for the Waffen-SS troops and referred to them as "the first realization of the European idea". The book described the growth of Waffen-SS into a multinational force where foreign volunteers fought heroically as a "militant example of the great European idea".Historians have refuted this characterisation, arguing that it was largely Nazi propaganda employed to bolster the ranks of the Waffen-SS with foreign volunteers. The message was later repurposed by HIAG as it sought historical and legal rehabilitation of the force. Waffen-SS in Action was included in the index of objectionable war books maintained by West Germany's Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons. The index was created in the early 1960s to limit the sale of such works to minors due to their chauvinism and glorification of violence. Hausser later wrote another book, published in 1966 by HIAG's imprint , under the title Soldaten wie andere auch ("Soldiers Like Any Other"). According to the military historian S.P. MacKenzie, the work epitomised how HIAG leaders wanted the Waffen-SS to be remembered, while the historian Charles Sydnor described it as "equally tendentious".Hausser's books, along with those by other key HIAG members and former Waffen-SS Generals Felix Steiner and Kurt Meyer, have been characterised by the historian Charles Sydnor as the "most important works of [Waffen-SS] apologist literature." These works demanded rehabilitation of the military branch of the Nazi Party and presented Waffen-SS members as both victims and misunderstood heroes. Historical revisionism
By the mid-1950s, under Hausser's guidance, HIAG attempted to establish a position that separated the Waffen-SS from other SS formations and shifted responsibility for crimes that could not be denied to the Allgemeine-SS (security and police), the SS-Totenkopfverbände (concentration camp organisation, "Death's Head troops") and the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units). The Waffen-SS, according to this position, could thus be successfully integrated into the parallel myth of the clean Wehrmacht. Hausser continued to deny that there was any connection between the Waffen-SS and Nazi atrocities. In 1957, he wrote an open letter in Der Freiwillige, HIAG's official publication, to West Germany's minister of defence, stating that Death's Head troops "merely served as external guards in the concentration camps without the possibility of interfering with the internal procedure". He did not mention that the guards accompanied prisoners on external labor details and that commanders of concentration camps generally came from the Waffen-SS.This apologist position also ignored the fact that the organizational structure of the SS tied the Waffen-SS to the Nazi annihilation machine through transfer of personnel between various SS units and the shifting responsibilities of the units themselves, as they may perform frontline duties at one time and then be reassigned to "pacification actions", the Nazi term for punitive operations in the rear. The German historian Karsten Wilke, who wrote a book on HIAG, Die "Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit" (HIAG) 1950–1990: Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der Bundesrepublik ("HIAG 1950–1990: Waffen-SS veterans in the Federal Republic"), notes that, by the 1970s, HIAG attained a monopoly on the historical representation of the Waffen-SS. Its recipe was simple and contained just four ingredients:
The Waffen-SS was apolitical
It was elite
It was innocent of all war crimes or Nazi atrocities
It was a European army par excellence, the Army of Europe. Historians dismiss, and even ridicule, this characterisation. The French author <mask> Picaper labels it as a "self-panegyric", while David Clay Large uses the words "extravagant fantasies about [Waffen-SS's] past and future". The historian James M. Diehl describes HIAG's claims of the Waffen-SS being the "fourth branch of the Wehrmacht" as "false", and HIAG's insistence that the force was a precursor to NATO as "even more outrageous". Hausser's last project within HIAG was the five-hundred page SS picture tome under the nostalgic title Wenn alle Brüder schweigen ("When All Our Brothers Are Silent"); the project was spearheaded by Hausser, with Jochen Peiper, another prominent Waffen-SS figure, as a contributor.The publication was released in 1973. <mask> died at the age of 92, on 21 December 1972 at Ludwigsburg. Summary of his military and SS career

Dates of rank
 Leutnant: 20 March 1899
 Oberleutnant: 19 August 1909
 Hauptmann i.G. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1880 births
1972 deaths
People from Brandenburg an der Havel
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German military personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer
Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof
Lieutenant generals of the Reichswehr
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Waffen-SS personnel
Operation Overlord people
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Historical negationism

masks:
Paul Hausser
Hausser
Hausser
Paul Hausser
Jean Paul
Hausser


title: Steve Honoshowsky

texts:
<mask> is a professional musician raised in Basking Ridge, NJ. He began playing drums at the age of ten, inspired by the likes of Neil Peart, Bill Bruford, and Terry Bozzio. In 2008, Honoshowsky represented the United States at the YMCA Europe Festival in Prague, Czech Republic, giving two solo drum performances on the center stage. Honoshowsky studied briefly under Chris Pennie (Dillinger Escape Plan, Coheed and Cambria) and is currently studying under percussionist Billy Martin (Medeski Martin and Wood). He has performed with Cyro Baptista and Billy Martin's Student Bodies, with Billy's Mystery Riddim Band (featuring Kato Hidecki  and Shahzad Ismaily), as well as Billy's Fang Percussion Ensemble. He is also featured in Billy's DVD entitled "Life on Drums", which was released on October 8, 2010. Honoshowsky is most commonly known as the founder of No Use For Humans (NUFH), an avant-garde electronica band from New Jersey, and he's also the founder of the drumming collective Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick.Honoshowsky has performed and recorded with many metro New York City/ New Jersey bands, from hip-hop band Universal Rebel to world/avant-garde group In Petto, has toured the United States with hardcore band Hungry Housewives, and also performs solo sets under the name Soul Amputation. In addition to performing, Honoshowsky teaches private lessons, hosts drum workshops, and is a facilitator The Rhythmic Arts Project (TRAP) program for therapy and to increase coordination and motor skills for physically and mentally disabled people. In addition, Honoshowsky plays bass and a variety of keyboards/electronics/vocals. Background
<mask> was born on February 7, 1979, in Morristown, NJ. Growing up, he had aspirations to play the electric guitar, but was dissuaded  by his parents who informed him he could not play guitar in the high school concert band, which like his older brothers he intended on joining. Drums were the next best thing in his mind, so he picked up the sticks and began practicing his rudiment every day while listening to bands like Rush, Yes, and Frank Zappa. Beginning in middle school, <mask> performed with guitarist Jay Sorce  and bassist Rob Gorman in the band Pigs In Space.Pigs in Space gained a cult following in central New Jersey in the early 1990s until eventual breakup in 1995. He attended St. Thomas Aquinas College, graduating in 2001. Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick
In 2008, Honoshowsky founded the drumming collective Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick. Speak Softly has opened doors to what can be created in the medium of "percussion only music". Each guest drummer was asked to record a drum piece. They were given no parameters as to what to play. Upon receiving each recording, Honoshowsky would listen to them just once and then record a duet piece over top of it.The idea was to keep it sounding as "in the moment" as possible. On Valentine's Day 2008, <mask> and Amir Ziv performed their drum duets at the Issue Project Room  in Brooklyn, NY, as part of Billy Martin's Week of Drums and Percussion. This style was dubbed "experimental electronic math rock". "The music was based on a freewheeling style blending imrpov-centric electronics and ethnic motifs with a complex patchwork of oddly linked themes and shifting time signatures." Their debut self-titled EP was recorded in October 2003 and was often compared to the likings of a Frank Zappa or Mike Patton project, while much of the sound gives it the feel of an obscure Sci-Fi or video game soundtrack. "Almost entirely instrumental (only "Robots! (V. Brue)" contains some distorted vocals), the music is based on quickly rotating riffs, each seldom lasting more than a few bars."Lesson From A Dying Breed was their sophomore release. Its eight studio tracks were recorded in September 2004, followed by 6 tracks recorded live at the Brighton Bar on September 14, 2004 in Long Branch, NJ, during an opening act for the band Captured! By Robots. As read on jambands.com, Lesson's "...eight studio tracks careen cinematically through bizarre melodic percussion, hip-hop, metal, and other sonic chicanery...No Use For Humans is the virtual definition of what it means to be adventurous, to abandon received wisdom (and musical traditions) and just get loose." An uncovering of <mask>'s love for 1970s and 1980s music and soundtracks is exposed with covers of "99 Luftballons" by Nena, "The Imperial March" from Star Wars, and "Obituaries/Candyman" by Danny Elfman and Philip Glass, respectively. March 2005–September 2006

In March 2005, Alicia Testa joined the band and added a new dynamic with her powerful vocals, keyboards, flute, and the 1980s-esque omnichords. This trio went into the studio in March 2005 and recorded a full length, self-titled album.A common reaction to the album was an appreciation of the originality of its sound. High Times magazine described it as there being "no way to satisfactorily pigeonhole this music. Compositions will begin with fits of high energy, synthesized drumming, then dissipate and dissolve into a mellow and melodious groove then snap into something else...it is musical experimentation the mainstream frowns upon and its power is in keeping listeners on their toes." Music journalist Jesse Jarnow explained "they prove themselves steeped in the maximalist tradition — though not in a theatrical wanky way, and not in a jamband way, either. The music is almost all synthesized. If there's anything acoustic present, it just sounds like a really good imitation." Also in 2005, <mask> began performing as a solo act under the name "Soul Amputation".This project allowed <mask> to improvise on a drum kit while incorporating keyboards and other electronics. 2007–2010
This lineup of No Use For Humans includes Honoshowky, Mike Biskup on electric guitar, and Willy Carmona on trumpet, keyboards, and percussion. Biskup and Honoshowsky have history performing together, going back to the 1990s when they both performed in the NYC-based world/avant-garde band, In Petto. In June 2008, this lineup, including Sean Wegeler on keyboards, entered the studio and recorded the album An Index of Fecal-Oral Transmission. "The tracks of An Index of Fecal-Oral Transmission blend jazz-fusion and world-beat flourishes with soundtrack-style/ambient textures." According to the album's cover, "Since time existed, this planet's unseen organisms had wiped out billions of humans before they could earn their immunity to them. Bacteria is ever changing; ever evolving...This music was insipred by the little creatures humans infect each other with when they are affected by one another".Solo NUFH

2011 found <mask> shifting gears, moving from an evenly balanced acoustic and electronic mix to an almost all electronic presentation. "Live at Retromedia" serves as the debut release of this direction, and features a mostly solo <mask> with a few NUFH alumni sitting in for a song or two. A vast repertoire of synth, percussion, keyboard, reverb, echo, and wave manipulation make the electronic orchestration a strong suit of this album. Following the release of "Retromedia", <mask> was quick to enter the studio again, this time recruiting a core group of guests in a strictly collaborative effort. Not only does "Humanoids: A No Use For Humans Collective" contain some very deep electronic music, several tracks have him back behind the acoustic drums. Daughter Vision
Formed in the winter of 2013, <mask> and fellow NJ musician Brian Powell have teamed up to form the electro-pop power duo "Daughter Vision". Formed in late 2012, they released their self-titled debut under the NJ label Nacht Records.DV is known for having a visually stimulating live show as well as a mostly electronic, dance party sound. Equipment

Drums

 Pork Pie snare drum
 DW Soprano snare
 DW 6 piece Collector's Series
 Tama 5 piece Stagestar (depending on the gig)
 occasional original Tama Octobons

Cymbals

 18" Zildjian Custom K Ride
 16" Zildjian Trash China
 Hi-Hats= 14" Ziljian Field (top), 14" Ziljian Schimitar (bottom), 10" Zildjian Splash (top) 10" Sabian Neil Peart Paragon Splash (bottom)
 FX CYMBALS (various, interchangeable)
 Zildjian Trash Spiral
 Several 8" Stagg & LP cup chimes/icebells
 Zildjian Zilbells
 Sabian Will Calhoun Alien Disc
 various firebells and found objects

Other percussion

 Several hand made cowbells and gongs
 Zildjian gongs
 LP Talking Drum
 LP Udu
 kalimba
 bamboo, blocks, chains, caxixis, pandeiros,  animal calls etc. Electronics

 Boss Dr.

masks:
Steve Honoshowsky
Steve
Steve
Honoshowsky
Honoshowsky
Steve
Steve
Steve
Steve
Steve
Steve


title: Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander

texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1898 – November 1, 1989), was a pioneering Black professional and civil rights activist of the early-to-mid-Twentieth Century. <mask> was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in economics in the United States (1921). A few years later, she was first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1927), becoming the first Black woman to practice law in Pennsylvania. She was also the first national president of Delta Sigma Theta sorority, serving from 1919 to 1923. <mask> and her husband were active in civil rights, both in Philadelphia and nationally. In 1946 she was appointed to the President's Committee on Civil Rights established by Harry Truman. In 1952 she was appointed to the city's Commission on Human Relations, serving through 1968.She was a founding member of the national Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law (1963). She served on the board of the National Urban League for 25 years. U.S. President Jimmy Carter appointed her in 1979 to chair the decennial White House Conference on Aging, an honor later withdrawn by the Reagan administration. Biography

<mask> <mask> was born on January 2, 1898, in Philadelphia to Aaron Albert <mask> II and Mary Louisa <mask> (born 1867). <mask> attended high school in Washington, D.C., at the M Street School, now known as Dunbar High School, graduating in 1915. <mask> returned to Philadelphia to study at the School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1918. There, she faced numerous hardships, due to her race and gender, such as poor advising, false accusations of plagiarism, and other students stealing her intellectual property.She pursued graduate work in economics, also at Penn, earning her master's in 1919. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, she was able to continue her studies and in 1921 became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D from an American university. Finding it difficult to get professorship work in Philadelphia as an African-American even with her doctorate, <mask> decided to take an actuarial job with the black-owned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham, North Carolina, and worked there for two years. In 1919, <mask> <mask> was elected the first national President of Delta Sigma Theta. <mask> <mask> also served as the legal advisor to Delta Sigma Theta sorority for 35 years. She was in contact with the Alpha Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta since 1915 when she arrived at the University of Pennsylvania. However, she needed five students to charter a chapter of the sorority, which was not possible until 1918.In March 1918, the Gamma Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta was established with <mask> as its first President. At the request of the Alpha Chapter, the four existing chapters of Delta Sigma Theta were called to convene at Howard University in December 1919. The sorority planned to host their meetings in the women's dormitory on campus until Mossell's uncle Lewis Baxter Moore offered his office as a meeting place. At this convention, the Grand Chapter of the sorority was established, taking the sorority from a loose federation of chapters to a national body. Under, <mask>'s leadership the Sorority expanded to new locales in the West, the South, and further into the Midwest and Northeast. She also initiated Delta's first national program, May Week. In 1923, <mask> married Raymond Pace <mask> shortly after he was admitted to the bar, then returned with him to Philadelphia.Mossell received job offers from several Black colleges and universities, but none of them were located in Philadelphia, and she had no desire to leave her new family. So she stayed home for a year, did volunteer work, and eventually entered law school. She was the first African-American woman admitted to the University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1927, she was its first African-American woman graduate, and the first to be admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar. <mask> <mask> practiced law from 1927 until her retirement in 1982. Upon admission to the Bar, she joined her husband's law practice as partner, specializing in estate and family law. They both were active in civil rights law as well.In 1928 she was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia, serving to 1930. She was reappointed from 1934–1938. From 1943–1947, she was the first woman to serve as secretary of the National Bar Association. She was appointed to the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia, serving from 1952–1968. In 1959, when her husband was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, she opened her own law office. She continued to practice law independently until her husband's death in 1974. In 1976, she joined the firm of Atkinson, Myers, and Archie as a general counsel, where she remained until her retirement.<mask> <mask> died on November 1, 1989, at Cathedral Village in Andorra, Philadelphia, from pneumonia as a complication from Alzheimer's disease. She was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery. Family

Her maternal grandfather was Benjamin Tucker <mask> (1835–1923), a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and editor of the Christian Recorder. <mask> and his wife had seven children, including Henry Ossawa <mask> (1859–1937), who became a noted painter, and Hallie <mask>, the first female physician to practice medicine in Alabama and who established the Nurses' School and Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Her father, Aaron Albert <mask> II (1863-1951), was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and practiced as a lawyer in Philadelphia. In 1899, when his daughter <mask> was a one year old, he abandoned his family and moved to Wales. Her uncle, Nathan Francis <mask> (1856–1946) was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.<mask> <mask>'s siblings include Aaron Albert <mask> III (1893–1975), who became a pharmacist; and <mask> (1894–1975), who became a Dean of Women at Virginia State College, a historically black college. During her high school years, <mask> lived in Washington, DC, with her uncle, Lewis Baxter Moore, who was dean at Howard University. On November 29, 1923, <mask> <mask> married Raymond Pace <mask> (1897–1974) in her parents' home on Diamond Street in North Philadelphia, with the ceremony performed by her father. <mask>, the son of slaves, grew up in Philadelphia. He attended and graduated from Central High School (1917, valedictorian), Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (1920), and Harvard Law School (1923). At the time of this marriage, he had established a law practice in Philadelphia. <mask> and Raymond had four premature children, with only the last two surviving.They were able to raise two daughters: Mary Elizabeth <mask> (born 1934), who married Melvin Brown; and Rae Pace <mask> (born 1937), who earned a PhD. and married Archie C. Epps III. After her divorce with Epps, in 1971 Rae Pace <mask> married Thomas Minter, and they had two sons together. Views and activities

According to Nina Banks, <mask>'s opposition to racial oppression was within a tradition of 19th century scholars Frederick Douglass and T. Thomas Fortune, and with later scholars W.E.B. DuBois and A. Philip Randolph. <mask>'s focus was frequently on racial and economic justice for the working class, especially for working men and women. However, unlike Dubois or Randolph, <mask> never embraced socialism.<mask> also can be contrasted with Howard University radicals Ralph Bunche, E. Franklin Frazier, and fellow black economist Abram Harris. For example, Harris wrote that the fundamental problems facing blacks could be overcome through multi-racial labor organizing and did not support direct action for civil rights until blacks had achieved economic power. <mask>, on the other hand, was outspoken against white dominance in political, social, and economic spheres. <mask>'s work and views are recorded in speeches kept in the University of Pennsylvania archives. Among her earliest works are from the 1920s and discuss black workers in the US economy. In 1930, <mask> published an article, "Negro Women in Our Economic Life", which was published in Urban League's Opportunity magazine advocating black women's employment, particularly in industrial jobs. <mask> generally supported the Republican Party, suspicious of the control of conservative southern whites over the Democratic Party, although she also criticized Republican political appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven benefits of the New Deal which did not do enough to help blacks who were most hurt by the great depression.During World War II, <mask> saw similarities in a rise in racial violence and discrimination in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews in Germany. Near the end of the war, she supported integrating labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the war economy slowed and industrial employment moved toward pre-war levels. Her interest in labor economic issues extended to advocating for government regulation to smooth fluctuations in the business cycle, modification of tariffs, regulation of public utilities, and regulation of securities and securities markets. After the war she was appointed to Truman's Presidential Committee on Human Rights and shifted her focus to civil and human rights. Evidence in the archives suggests that her focus was in this direction for over a decade. In 1949, <mask> and six other Philadelphians formed the Citizens' Council on Democratic Rights to "protect and extend the enjoyment of human rights." In 1951, joined by Henry W. Sawyer, the Council became the Greater Philadelphia Branch of the American Civil Liberties Union; <mask> continued to serve on that organization's Board of Directors for many years.In 1963 she gave a speech to the Annual Conference of Commission on Human Rights and she returned to the topic of economic justice, advocating for universal employment. In a 1981 interview she did with the Geriatric Nursing journal about her position as chair of the WHCoA, <mask> expressed her disapproval of anti-abortion legislation. She advocated for better benefits for nurses and stressed their vitality to the healthcare system. She also expressed that everyone, no matter their age or educational level, can add value to the economy with the proper support. Legacy and honors

 In 1948, the National Urban League featured <mask> as "Woman of the Year" in its comic book of Negro Heroes. In 1970, <mask> was finally granted membership into Phi Beta Kappa, an honor she had been denied as an undergraduate at University of Pennsylvania. In 1974, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania, her first of seven such honors.She received the degree at University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1980, <mask> received the Distinguished Service Award from the University of Pennsylvania's Law School. An elementary school in West Philadelphia, the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School ("Penn Alexander"), is named after her. The public school was developed in partnership with the University, which supports the school financially and academically. The Raymond Pace and <mask> Mossell <mask> Professorship at the University of Pennsylvania is named in her honor. In 2018, The Sadie Collective, an organization for Black Women in quantitative fields was created in her honor. It hosted the first U.S. conference for Black Women in Economics in 2019, drawing attention from press outlets such as NPR, Forbes, Bloomberg, and Quartz as well as notable economists like Janet Yellen, former Chair of the Federal Reserve System, and James Poterba, current president and CEO of the NBER.The conference was attended by her daughter, Dr. Rae Pace <mask>er, and took place at Mathematica Policy Research's Washington, D.C., office. In 2018, Philadelphia City Councilwoman Cherelle Parker proposed a measure to erect a statue of <mask>. On February 24, 2021, <mask>'s life and accomplishments were the subject of an episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know

See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania

References

Further reading
 Mack, Kenneth W., (2012). Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer (2012). .
 Mack, Kenneth W., (2002) "A Social History of Everyday Practice: <mask>.M. <mask> and the Incorporation of Black Women into the American Legal Profession, 1925-60," Cornell Law Review, Vol. 87, p. 1405 A Social History of Everyday Practice: <mask>.M. <mask> and the Incorporation of Black Women into the American Legal Profession, 1925-60
 Nier, Charles Lewis.(1998) "Sweet are the Uses of Adversity: The Civil rights Activism of <mask> <mask> <mask>," Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 8. no.59
 Obituaries: New York Times and Philadelphia Inquirer, November 3, 1989. External links

 <mask> Mossell <mask> material in the <mask> family papers, 1817-2005 (bulk 1925-1983) at the University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center

1898 births
1989 deaths
Economists from Pennsylvania
American women economists
African-American economists
African-American women lawyers
African-American lawyers
<mask> family of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Delta Sigma Theta members
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
Mossell family
Pennsylvania Republicans
20th-century American economists
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
20th-century American women lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
Delta Sigma Theta presidents

masks:
Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander
Mossell Alexander
Mossell Alexander
Sadie Tanner
Mossell
Mossell
Tanner
Mossell
Mossell
Mossell
Sadie Tanner
Mossell
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
Mossell
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
Alexander
Tanner
Bishop Tanner
Tanner
Tanner Johnson
Mossell
Sadie
Mossell
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
Elizabeth Mossell
Mossell
Sadie Tanner
Mossell
Alexander
Alexander
Sadie
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Sadie Tanner
Alexander
Alexander Mint
Alexander
Alexander
Sadie T
Alexander
Sadie T
Alexander
Sadie Tanner
Mossell
Alexander
Sadie Tanner
Alexander
Alexander
Tanner