title: Jacques Martin (pacifist)

texts:
<mask> (1906–2001) was a French pacifist, one of the first conscientious objectors in France, and a Protestant pastor. His commitment to French Resistance and to the protection of persecuted Jews earned him the recognition of Yad Vashem as a "Righteous Among the Nations." He died in Die on 23 July 2001. Biography

Youth and formative years
<mask> was born on 24 June 1906 in Sainte-Colombe, Rhône where his father was teaching. His grandfather was a methodist minister. From 1923 to 1927, he studied at the Protestant Faculty of Theology in Paris. There he became friends with André Trocmé, who was a few years older than him.He also met another student, Henri Roser, whose militant pacifist and internationalist ideas shook French Protestant society of that time. <mask> then became a pacifist himself, and wished to contribute personally to international reconciliation, starting with France and Germany. He crisscrossed Germany walking through the 1925 summer. As a member of the French branch of the World Student Christian Federation (WSCF, which is casually referred to as the “Fédé”), he took part in the 1926 German gathering of the WSCF. The same year he took charge of the editing of  “Cahiers de la Réconciliation » (at the time a simple information bulletin which would be taken over and developed by Henri Roser from November 1927 on). In 1927, he took part in an "international reconciliation youth camp" in Vaumarcus, Switzerland, studied one semester in Berlin in 1929, where he got in touch with German pacifist Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze. In 1930, he welcomed Gandhi in Paris.From 1930 to 1932 he was the secretary of the WSCF. Conscientious objector
In spite of his pacifist convictions, <mask> performed military service in 1927-1928 - out of care for his father who had just been shaken by the loss of two sons. However, in December 1930, he returned his military papers, specifying that, as a Christian, he could not bear arms. In 1932, he refused to take part in a training session of the military reserve force and he was consequently arrested, tried and condemned to 12 months in prison on 11 October 1932. On 23 janvier 1934, <mask> married Jacqueline Élié in Alès. In the summer of 1934, the young couple was expecting its first child when a new call-in letter arrived for a new follow-up military training, which he again refused to attend. He is arrested in the midst of the “Fédé”’s summer camp, and condemned to another 18 months in prison in February 1935.He was released in January 1936  and again briefly imprisoned in 1937, 1938 and 1939. His only companions on this harsh road of conscience objection were at this stage a protestant theology student, Philippe Vernier and a protestant primary school teacher Camille Rombault. His failing health ensured his definitive exemption from military service before the start of WWII. <mask> turned each of his trials into a platform to advertise for conscience objection. His defence counsel was solicitor and socialist MP André Philip, who called upon leading intellectuals like Jean Guéhenno or Marc Sangnier and upon representatives of the French Human Rights League. As early as 1928, <mask> had temporarily given up on his career in church ministry because of the staunch opposition of institutional protestantism towards his pacifist and anti-militaristic positions. In 1938, still unable to become a pastor, he accepted a position of administrative and human resources director in a silk stockings manufacturing plant in Ganges, Hérault.War years

In the wake of the first Vichy anti-Jewish legislation by Marshall Pétain’s government on 3 October 1940,  <mask> decided jointly with Ganges’ pastor Élie Gounelle to call for a regional meeting of all Protestant pastors in the area, in order to pray and reflect on the new situation, including the apparent support apparently extended to the Vichy government by the church authorities – including, at that early stage, by the president of the Protestant Federation of France, pastor Marc Boegner. According to <mask>'s own account, the day was “dedicated to the problem of anti-Semitism or rather to anti-Semitism and the Bible”. A second such meeting, in November 1942, would be organised to respond to the new situation created by the roundups of 26 August 1942 in the southern zone of France. In both of these meetings, <mask> shared a very well-informed and accurate documentation which allowed pastors to prepare themselves for resistance to the anti-Semitic policy of the Vichy regime. At the same time, the Martins had joined the CIMADE in close cooperation with Madeleine Barot. They intervened in several ways: supplying packages with food or warm clothes for the Gurs internment camp internees, sheltering fleeing Jews and routing them towards safe caches or appropriate underground escape routes, forging identity cards and ration tickets for the hidden Jews. They also hid <mask>’ brother-in-law, pastor André Trocmé when he had to go underground in their family house in Drôme.On 22 June 1944, <mask> was reported to the police by his direct neighbour. He was arrested by the Milice and detained in Montpellier’s prison. Strangely, the local Resistance managed to negotiate his release in exchange for a flock of 1,000 sheep. He was freed three days before the liberation of his area. During the war years he became friends with historian Jules Isaac who had sought refuge in Ganges. Lay and clerical ministries
After the war, <mask> was back in touch with the « Social Christians », a mainly protestant movement seeking to join together evangelism and care for the poorer classes of society; after meeting with Élie Gounelle at “Musée Social “ (a Parisian think tank), he prepared the relaunching of the movement and of its magazine, the “Revue du Christianisme Social”. He also organised the 25th Christian Social Congress in Paris.In 1948, he participated in the creation of the French branch of the International Council of Christians and Jews, called les Amitiés judéo-chrétiennes (A.J.C. -  Jewish Christian Friendships) whose first president was catholic theologian Henri-Irénée Marrou, while <mask> was both the first vice-president and the AJC bulletin's editor. While continuing with its commitments with the CIMADE, A.J.C., and Social Christians, <mask> still didn't apply to become a pastor although the institutional opposition had then faded away. (Henri Roser was for instance now in charge of a parish.) He preferred to experience the position of a "committed layman". From 1947 to 1950, he ran a bookshop in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon where he also taught Latin at the Collège Cévenol, then from 1950 to 1966 he ran another bookshop in Lyon. On 29 March 1966, he welcomed <mask> King Jr. on his visit in Lyon.Finally he felt the need to "bind the sheaf" and was ordained on 9 January 1966 by the French Reformed Church (after a last hesitation from the institution, as the candidate is already 60!) and took a position with the Geneva state church. He is put in charge of the creation of a new parish in a newly built area of the greater Geneva. This parish is now known as the Centre Communautaire Protestant du Lignon. Having retired in 1973, he still performed pastoral tasks in Mens from 1973 to 1977, and finally took full retirement in the area of Die, still acting as a substitute pastor in case of vacancies). He died in Die on 23 July 2001. His wife had died 5 years earlier on 30 September 1996.They had had six children: André (1934-1934), Violaine (born 1937), Daniel (born 1937), Amy-Christiane (1939-1945), Jean-Marc (born 1941) et Ariane (born 1950). Distinctions
After WWII, he was awarded the Croix de guerre in tribute to his fight "to help Compulsory Work Service dodgers, les réfractaires, les maquisards and all victims of enemy repression."! On 22 June 1998, Yad Vashem awarded the recognition of « Righteous Among the Nations» both to pastor <mask> and to his wife Jacqueline. Contribution and legacy

Clear-sightedness over Nazism and anti-Semitism
Probably unique among pacifists, <mask> was "one of the very few" who rejected the "hopes of a nebulous French-German reconciliation" stemming from the Munich agreement and who therefore were immediately "in Resistance", according to <mask>'s own words in 1938: "I remain more than ever non-violent. But I do not harbour any confusion between non-violence and non-resistance. Non-violence means placing resistance on another level than the test of military forces. This resistance is necessary… »."In a context where justifications of anti-Semitism abound, sometimes even from protestants, <mask> published in August 1939 an article entitled « Pagan ... and Christian anti-Semitism” (L’Antisémitisme païen... et chrétien). In its first part, the article gives a detailed list, country by country, of anti-Semitic persecutions in Europe, while the second part deals with the Christians’ attitude and sometimes responsibility. Referring to the traditional Christian accusation of Jewish deicide, he asks : « Who does not reject Christ ? Does Christianity not bear the same responsibility than the Jews for the crucifixion of its Master ? Is our own so-called Christian civilisation not bearing more witness of a deeper and more serious rejection and blasphemy than the shouts of a versatile crowd or the calculations of a sanhedrin lost in its clericalism and its pride? ». Preparation for anti-Nazi resistance
With their two pastoral meeting held in Ganges, <mask> and Elie Gounelle prepared their colleagues to exert solidarity towards the persecuted Jews.« We had gathered all the pastors of this area of the Cevennes to study this question. These were necessary preliminaries. Caring for the Jews didn’t happen spontaneously, not even from the camisards’ memory ! A long preparation phase, a reflection were needed first, often in opposition with certain Protestant theological concepts, where Judaism was regarded as a mere preamble to Christianity, whereas  there was a real spiritual problem, alongside a humanitarian situation from 1942 onwards ». For these meetings, <mask> had gathered very significant documentation, first on the events on the ground which he had ample information about through the Cimade network and through other pastors operating on the ground like Henri Manen, then on the Vichy anti-Semitic laws through articles found in the Swiss Protestant Press and in internal French Protestant churches texts, like the Pomeyrol theses. Forerunner of conscientious objection in France
With a few of his fellow Protestant theology students, <mask> was a pionnier of pacifism in France ; in 1923, he was the first editor of the review of Mouvement international de la réconciliation (MIR), the French branch of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation. At his two trials, <mask> was defended by solicitor André Philip, who also defended Camille Rombault and Philippe Vernier.All these trials for draft dodging made big headlines in 1932 and 1933. André Philip used them as platforms for conscientious objectors, developing his arguments further at each trial. He called upon pastors such as Marc Boegner, Henri Nick, André Trocmé and Charles Westphal and leading intellectuals such as Marc Sangnier, Jean Guehenno and Julien Benda. These trials were a wake-up call for French society and foremost for the French Protestants who not only became more visible on the national scene at this occasion but whose internal opinion was also shifted at the same time. In 1948, the French Reformed Church officially adopted the position that conscientious objection was legitimate and requested the State to grant a legal status to conscientious objectors; the French Catholic Church will wait until 1965 to take the same position. See also
 List of peace activists

References

French Protestant ministers and clergy
Anti-war activists
Calvinist pacifists
French Calvinist and Reformed ministers
French Christian pacifists
French anti-war activists
French Righteous Among the Nations
1906 births
2001 deaths
People from Rhône (department)

masks:
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Martin Luther
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin
Jacques Martin


title: Richard F. Natonski

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is a retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant general whose last assignment was as the Commander of U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command. He assumed the post in August 2008, having previously served as the United States Marine Corps Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations from 2006. He retired at Marine Barracks 8th & I on 8 September 2010. Early life and education
Originally from Amsterdam, New York, <mask> grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut after his family moved there in April 1956. His parents were <mask><mask> and Sadie C<mask>. He graduated from the University of Louisville in 1973 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. Career

Upon completion of The Basic School in 1974, Natonski served as a platoon commander and executive officer with Company H, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines.There he participated in Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations in Cambodia (Operation Eagle Pull) and in South Vietnam (Operation Frequent Wind). Transferring to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in July 1975, Natonski was assigned as a series commander in Company A, 1st Recruit Training Battalion and subsequently as the battalion operations officer. In April 1978, Captain <mask> was transferred to Marine Barracks, 8th and I, where he served as executive and commanding officer of Company B. Upon completion of this tour in Washington, D.C. in 1981, he spent the summer as a platoon commander at Officer Candidates School prior to attending the Amphibious Warfare School in Quantico, Virginia. In July 1982, he was assigned as the operations officer for 1st Battalion, 5th Marines at Camp Pendleton, California. Subsequent to his tour in the 1st Marine Division, Major <mask> was transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps in July 1984, where he served in the Ground Combat Requirements Branch of the Plans, Policy, and Operations Department. From 1987 to 1988, he attended the Marine Corps Command and Staff College.Following his instruction at Quantico, he was assigned as an Observer to the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in the Middle East. Upon completion of this tour in June 1989, he was transferred to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at Cherry Point, North Carolina, where he was assigned as the G-3 plans officer. In July 1991, now a lieutenant colonel, Natonski was transferred to 2nd Marine Division, where he served as the executive officer of the 2nd Marine Regiment until assuming command of 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines in May 1992. As commanding officer, he participated in Operation GTMO, a humanitarian relief mission for Haitian migrants in Cuba and Operations Restore Hope and Operation Continue Hope in Somalia. He completed his tour in the Division as the deputy G-3. From 1994 to 1995 he attended the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy. Natonski as a colonel served in the II Marine Expeditionary Force Operations Section until assuming command of 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) in October 1995.Natonski as a colonel made two deployments as MEU commander supporting operations in Bosnia and Kuwait. In May 1998, he gave up command of the MEU and reported to the Joint Staff in The Pentagon where he was assigned duties as the chief of the Central Command Division, Joint Staff (J-3) Operations Directorate and subsequently the Deputy Director for Operations in the National Military Command Center. Following his tour on the Joint Staff, Brigadier General <mask> served first as the Director of the Strategy and Plans Division and then as the Director of the Operations Division in the Plans, Policies, and Operations Department of Headquarters Marine Corps. Brigadier General <mask> assumed command of 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) in June 2002. From January to June 2003 the MEB deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. During this operation 2nd MEB was redesignated as Task Force Tarawa and employed as the lead ground maneuver element under I Marine Expeditionary Force. They fought the Battle of Nasiriyah and participated in the rescue of Jessica Lynch.Major General <mask> assumed command of the 1st Marine Division in August 2004, while in Iraq. There he led the ground maneuver element under I MEF through counter insurgency operations, the Battle of Fallujah (Operation Al–Fajr), and the Iraqi National Elections in January 2005. On 12 June 2006, the Secretary of Defense announced that President George W. Bush had nominated Natonski for appointment to the rank of lieutenant general, to be assigned as the Deputy Commandant, Plans, Policies, and Operations. <mask> became Deputy Commandant on 7 November 2006 upon the retirement of LtGen. Jan Huly and received his third star. He served in this post until August 2008 when he assumed command of U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command. On 8 September 2010, Gen. James T. Conway, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, presented Lt. Gen. <mask> with a signed letter from President Barack Obama thanking him for his service during his retirement ceremony at Marine Barracks Washington.Natonski served in the Marine Corps for 37 years. He retired as the most decorated Marine on active duty. Battle of Wanat investigation
On 30 September 2009, US Central Command commander General David Petraeus appointed United States Marine Corps Lieutenant General <mask><mask> to lead a new inquiry into the Battle of Wanat which would look into related issues "beyond the tactical level." General <mask>'s review "focused on the totality of circumstances that included and affected actions at Wanat", including interviews of the officers involved, and reviews of previous investigations with the exception of the Fort Leavenworth Combat Studies Institute (CSI) narrative—stating that it had "not undergone pre-publication vetting and academic review in accordance with standing CSI research protocols". In June 2010, upon the conclusion of Natonski's investigation,  Army General Charles C. Campbell revoked the reprimands, citing that they would have a "chilling effect" on ground operations. The "Army said that the second look at the incident proved that the officers were 'neither negligent nor derelict' and that 'their actions were reasonable under the circumstances.'" Awards and decorations

See also

Notes

References

Living people
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
University of Louisville alumni
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
American people of Polish descent
1951 births

masks:
Richard F
. Natonski
Richard Natonski
Frank J
. Natonski
. Strenges Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Natonski
Richard F
. Natonski
Natonski


title: Claude Dallas

texts:
<mask>. (born March 11, 1950) was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the deaths of two game wardens in Idaho. Biography
Born in Winchester, Virginia, <mask>' father was a dairy farmer. When he was young, his family moved from the Shenandoah Valley to Michigan and <mask> spent most of his childhood in Luce County, later moving to rural Morrow County, Ohio, where he learned to trap and hunt game. As a boy, <mask> read many books about the old west and dreamed of someday living as the 19th century characters in the books he read. He graduated from Mount Gilead High School in 1967, then headed out west, hitchhiking most of the way across the United States, finally landing in Oregon where he earned a living as a ranch hand and trapper. Out of contact with his family back east, he claimed to be unaware of draft notices mailed to his parents' home ordering him to report for induction into the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. When <mask> failed to report for induction into the military on September 17, 1970, the government issued a warrant for his arrest.He was eventually tracked down more than three years later by the FBI and arrested for draft dodging on October 15, 1973, despite the fact that it had already been announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird earlier that same year that no further draft orders would be issued effectively ending conscription in the U.S. He was transported back to Ohio and released into the custody of his parents. At trial, the draft board could not prove that <mask>, who was working as a cowboy on the remote Alvord Ranch, a vast spread in southeastern Oregon, ever knew of the induction letters and the charges were dropped, but the experience led <mask> to deeply distrust the government. <mask> was charged with the murder of two state game wardens on January 5, 1981 in remote Owyhee County in southwestern Idaho. He eluded capture for over fifteen months, until he was arrested in northern Nevada by FBI Special Agent Franz Nenzel and SWAT officer Dave Gillan on April 18, 1982, north of Winnemucca, after he was shot and wounded in the leg during a car chase and shootout. Convicted that October and sentenced to 30 years, <mask> escaped from prison on March 30, 1986, and eluded law enforcement officials for nearly a year; he was finally apprehended outside a convenience store in the suburban southern California city of Riverside on March 8, 1987. Dallas attracted national media attention after both incidents, becoming a particularly controversial figure in Idaho, Oregon, and Northern Nevada.Some within the region regarded him as a folk hero, defying the government by defending his right to live off the land; while others, shocked and disgusted, saw him simply as a coldblooded cop killer. After manslaughter convictions in 1982, his prison escape trial ended in acquittal in 1987. <mask> served 22 years of a 30-year sentence and was released in February 2005. The incident

In the winter of 1981, <mask> had set up his trapping camp in the remote southwestern corner of Idaho,  from the Nevada border using a "home" address in nearby Paradise Hill, Nevada, twenty miles from Paradise Valley. The Bureau of Land Management had leased the area known as Bull Basin to Don Carlin's 45 Ranch as wintering ground for its cattle. Ten days before the murders, Don's son, Eddy Carlin, had stopped by the camp and checked Dallas out. He noted two illegal bobcat hides in Dallas' camp as well as poached deer.When Eddy Carlin mentioned to Dallas that Idaho Fish and Game would check the area out. <mask>  retorted, "I'll be ready for them." Eddy Carlin's meeting with <mask> had made him uneasy. <mask> had advised Carlin that he settled his business with a gun. Don and Eddy Carlin noted other trappers illegally poaching sage-grouse on the 45's leased land. They rode to a nearby Indian reservation to use the telephone and called Conservation Officer Bill Pogue of the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, at home and registered a complaint about the sage-grouse poachers on their land, but not <mask>. Pogue and officer Conley Elms responded to the complaint.When they were about to leave the Carlin ranch, Eddy Carlin's wife mentioned the guy at Bull Camp (<mask>). At that point Eddy advised the officers about Dallas. Carlin warned them to be careful and told them that he did not trust Dallas. Elms and Pogue looked into the sage-grouse poaching first, then approached Dallas regarding the alleged poaching infringements in his camp. During his murder trial, Dallas testified that while Elms was inside a tent containing poached bobcats, Pogue drew his weapon, although there was no evidence to support this claim. Dallas reacted by shooting Pogue with his own 4" .357 caliber Ruger Security-Six handgun, which he habitually wore concealed. When Elms exited the tent, Dallas shot him too.After the initial gunfire, <mask> used his .22 caliber lever action rifle to shoot both officers execution style, once each in the head. He then threw Elms' body in a nearby river and, with the reluctant assistance of a friend, Jim Stevens, transported Pogue's body to a distant location, where he hid it in a coyote's den. Stevens, who happened to be visiting the trapper's camp that day, witnessed the shootings and saw <mask> shoot Elms and Pogue in the head as they lay on the ground. The Ruger Security-Six handgun was recovered by a local Idaho man using a metal detector in December 2008. <mask> fled the scene of the killings and was found after a 15-month manhunt. The trial
<mask> was charged with two counts of first degree murder, but the trial in Caldwell quickly shifted focus to the alleged aggressiveness of one of the victims, Officer Pogue. The issue did sway the jury to convict Dallas in October of lesser charges of voluntary manslaughter and of using a firearm in the commission of a crime.At least one juror cited concern that <mask> was acting in self-defense when he shot Pogue. On January 4, 1983, Judge Edward Lodge sentenced Dallas to a total of 30 years, the maximum for the offenses for which he had been convicted. Dallas lost an appeal to the state supreme court in 1985. Prison and afterwards
<mask> escaped from the state prison east of Kuna on March 30, 1986, Easter Sunday, and was on the run for almost a year. His escape enlarged the legend that he was a nomadic trapper whose life conflicted with the government. <mask> was captured outside a 7-Eleven convenience store in Riverside, California, on March 8, 1987. Following his 1987 trial, he was placed in prisons in Nebraska and New Mexico and then in a high-security state prison in Kansas in July 1989.He completed the final three weeks of his sentence back in Idaho at Orofino in 2005. <mask> was released after serving 22 years in prison. His sentence was reduced by eight years for good behavior. He was released in February 2005, and since then he has been sighted living in Grouse Creek, Utah and in the Alaska wilderness. <mask> in popular culture
Ian Tyson's 1987 album, Cowboyography, includes a song entitled "Claude Dallas" telling the story of the incident; also recorded by Tom Russell
True crime author Jack Olsen described <mask> and the murders in his book Give a Boy a Gun. Another book-length treatment of this subject is Outlaw by Jeff Long. The 1986 TV movie Manhunt for <mask> is based on Long's book, it stars  Matt Salinger as <mask>, <mask> as Bill Pogue and Brent Spiner as Jim Stevens.City Confidential episode 45 (2001) is an hour-long documentary on the homicide. FBI: The Untold Stories episode "Claude Dallas" (1992) is a half-hour-long docudrama about the murders. <mask> is portrayed by actor Joe Unger. Wild Game (1995) by Frank Bergon presents a fictionalized account of these events. The FBI Files episode "Murdering Cowboy" chronicled the murder and the subsequent events. Featured in Cort Conley's book (pp. 201–262) published in 1994 titled Idaho Loners: Hermits, Solitaries, and Individualists.References

External links
Amazon.com's entry for Jeff Long's book on the incident
Amazon.com's entry for Jack Olsen's book on the incident
Another account of the incident from the Federal Wildlife Officer's Association. Lyrics to Tom Russell's 1986 song about <mask>. Internet Movie Database's entry for the made-for-TV movie, "Manhunt for <mask> (1986)

1950 births
American escapees
Escapees from Idaho detention
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
American people convicted of manslaughter
Living people
People from Owyhee County, Idaho
People from Mount Gilead, Ohio
People from Box Elder County, Utah
People from Luce County, Michigan
People from Winchester, Virginia

masks:
Claude Lafayette Dallas Jr
Dallas
Claude Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Claude Dallas
Claude Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Dallas
Claude Dallas
Dallas
Claude Dallas
Dallas
Claude Akins
Dallas
Claude Dallas
Claude Dallas


title: Taher Shekh Al Hokamaii

texts:
<mask> (Sheykh / Sheikh / Shaikh) olhokamaei, <mask>mei (Persian: طاهر شیخ الحکمایی, born 1954) is an Iranian contemporary sculptor. He was born in Kazeroon County, Fars Province of Iran. <mask> studied sculpture at Tehran University College of Fine Arts receiving his BFA degree in sculpture in 1988, and his Ph.D. equivalency  & 1st degree ranking in sculpture in 2005. <mask> was also awarded an honorary diploma from the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет культуры и искусств) on August 11, 2015

His notable contributions to the international sculpture symposium includes the design and implementation of Kindness (محبت) in Lebanon, Windward (بادگیر) in Bahrain, Bob Ol-Eshgh (باب العشق) in Dubai, Sanctuary  (محراب) in Kuwait, Safe Zone (مکان امن)]in Dubai and Commemoration of Victims of Chemical Weapons] in Hague, Netherlands to name a few. His works of art and monuments have been exhibited in 17 countries. Positions Held
<mask> is University of Tehran's Dean of Sculpture Faculty and one of the most senior instructors of fine arts. He is also a faculty member of Tehran University, College of Fine Arts and a member in good standing of the Supreme Council of Iranian Artists.He was the chairman of the Sculptor Artists Association of Iran up until 2010 and a Member of the Visual Arts Group from 1990 to 2006. Responsibilities
With reference to Al Hokamaii's most recent resume published in University of Tehran's official website, in addition to his academic positions, he has been in charge of numerous cultural and educational undertakings pertaining to his ongoing art and sculpting studies and endeavors since 1989 enumerated as follows. <mask> has been the Chairman of the board of Iran Sculptors Associations (since 2010). He has also been a member of several associations such as the Association of Iranian Sculptors' Board of Directors (1999 - 2001) and the Academy of Fine Arts (2003) in addition to being in charge of the Islamic Development Organization's Department of Art, Sculpting Group from 1989 to 1996. He was also the organizing member of several noteworthy Biennials for the past decade such as the 2nd Tehran Museum of Contemporary Sculpture Biennial (1999), the 3rd Tehran Museum of Contemporary Arts' Sculpture Biennial (2003), the 2nd Islamic Painting Biennial held at Academy of Fine Arts (2003), and the 4th Tehran Sculpture Biennial held at the Iran Academy of Arts (2005). <mask> has also served as secretary of the Sculpture's Department during the 1st Visual Festival's in 2006 titled "The Resistance", as well as Azadegan's Return to Iran Exhibition (Saba Gallery) in 2010. He has been the secretary of Qajar [dynasty] Sculpture Conference since 2008 to present date.His other responsibilities include advising Iran (Tehran) Sculptors Symposium (2006) and serving in talent selection team for the 2nd Contemporary Art Exhibition (Saba Gallery) in 2007. Papers in National Journals
Azami, Zahra, <mask> Sheikhol hokamaei, and <mask> Sheikh alhokmaei. "A Comparative Study of Stucco Design and plants Motifs in Ctesiphon Palace and Early Iranian Mosques." Honar-ha-ye-Ziba 18, no. 4 (2013): 15. Design and Implementation of Awards and Festival Statues

<mask> has designed and constructed awards presented at renowned film festivals, Biennials, and local art exhibitions since 1988 to present day so much so that he was invited to design and construct Kuwait Painting Biennial award (2008), the 1st Kuwait Symposium award (2009),  and Kuwait Visual Arts Association award (2009). He has completed well over 32 major projects since 1988 some of which are gilded (gold plated) works of art.His awards have been presented in International Children and Adolescents Film Festival (1988), 11th to 17th Periodic Fajr Theater Festival's (1993), the Photography Biennial (1993), the Graphic Design Biennial (1994), the Painting Biennial (1994), the International Youth Film Festival (1994), the 1st Press Biennial (1994), the Sculpting Biennial (1995–present), the Int Doll Festival (1996), Bushehr Golden Palm Youth Film Festival (1998), the Caricature Biennial (1999–present), the Miniature Biennial (1999–present), Disabled Musicians Pan-Iran Music Biennial (2000), the Landscape Design Biennial (2001), The 1st and 2nd Islamic World Biennial (2001–2002), the Music House of Iran Festival (2006), the 8th Iran Pottery Biennial (2006), the Razavi Theater Festival (2006), the Contemporary Art Exhibition (2007), and the International Radio Production Festival (2007). He has also designed and constructed the Iranian Contemporary Sculptor Biennial award (2000) The "Animation Award" for the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents Festival (2002), "The Art of Resistance" memorial statue for the Department of Art (2003), the gilded Golden Harp award for the 20th Fajr Music Festival (2004), the "Sacrifice Award" for the Research Training Center of Tehran University (2005–present),  the gilded award for the 36th Roshd Film Festival (2006–present), The 2nd Sculpture Biennial Urban Space Award (2010) and Dr Chamran's Innovation and Entrepreneurship Award (2010). Works
Shekholhokamaei's works are listed below.

masks:
Taher Shekh
Alhoka
Shekholhokamaei
Al Hokamaii
Taher Shekholhokamaei
Shekholhokamaei
Shekholhokamaei
Mohammad Ali
Taher
Shekhhokamaei


title: James F. Jones (educator)

texts:
<mask><mask>. (born April 9, 1947) is an American academic administrator and educator. He began his career as a professor of Romance languages and other humanities. His administrative posts have included being vice provost of Southern Methodist University and dean of its Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences; president of Kalamazoo College; president of Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut; and interim president of Sweet Briar College. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1947. He graduated from the Georgia Military Academy in 1965. He received degrees from the University of Virginia, Emory University, the Sorbonne, and Columbia University. While at the University of Virginia, he was assistant director of the Virginia Glee Club.Career

Early career
<mask> was professor and department chair of Romance languages and literature at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, and he was also director of the university's summer language institute in France. He later served as preceptor for the department of French and Romance Philology at Columbia University. In the early 1990s, he was vice provost of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas and dean of its Dedman School of Humanities and Sciences, and he was also a professor of humanities there. Kalamazoo College
<mask> was president of Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan from 1996 to 2004, and he taught humanities there as well. He nearly doubled the college's endowment, and supported study-abroad and internship programs. Trinity College
<mask> assumed the role of president of Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut on July 1, 2004. In 2007 he signed the Annapolis Group Presidents Letter, refusing to participate in or provide information to U.S. News & World Report or other college ranking organizations.In 2009, <mask> faced criticism for allegedly raiding Trinity's Shelby Cullom Davis endowment and using funds in contravention of the wishes of the original donor. The college petitioned the Attorney General's office to broaden the use of funds from the Davis Endowment to include student scholarships in Economics. Professor Gerald Gunderson, the Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of American Business and Economic Enterprise at Trinity College filed a complaint with the Connecticut Attorney General's office and a review revealed that the college had for some years been drawing on the Davis endowment without approval. The college agreed to adhere to the original conditions of the endowment in late 2013, when Prof. Gunderson objected to excess funds being used for student scholarships and commenced litigation. Details of the situation are reviewed in "Another Cautionary Tale: The Shelby Cullom Davis Professorship of American Business and Economic Enterprise at Trinity College" in The Intelligent Donor's Guide to College Giving and in "Games Universities Play: And How Donors Can Avoid Them". Commenting on the case, the donor's daughter, Diana Cullom Davis Spencer, noted: "If colleges like Trinity undermine donors' confidence that they will respect their wishes, they place at risk the generous support they receive from our foundation and so many others—and the benefits that inure to millions of students from this largesse." In the fall of 2012 he attempted to overhaul Trinity College's 160-year-old Greek system by, among other things, requiring all sororities and fraternities to become 50/50 male/female by 2016 or risk having their properties confiscated by the school and their members expelled.The plan received significant criticism; fraternity and sorority members said that going coed would effectively shut them down, some alumni threatened to withhold donations, and some alumni called for <mask>' resignation. Following the controversy over the sorority and fraternity plans, in 2013 he was asked to retire a year early, and he stepped down on June 30, 2014. Sweet Briar College

He served as interim president of Sweet Briar College in Sweet Briar, Virginia beginning in August 2014. On March 3, 2015, <mask> surprised students, faculty and alumnae by announcing that the 114-year-old institution would close permanently in August 2015. He stated that the Board of Directors had come to two conclusions after deliberation: "The declining number of students choosing to attend small, rural, private liberal arts colleges and even fewer young women willing to consider a single-sex education," and "the increase in the tuition discount rate that we have to extend to enroll each new class is financially unsustainable." Critics of the announcement questioned <mask>' claim that "to save Sweet Briar we would need $250 million into the permanent endowment tomorrow morning", pointing out that while the college had been running a deficit, it still had an endowment of $84 million and assets of $163.9 million, and that $250 million was the size of the endowment of the much larger University of Maryland. On March 30, 2015, the Amherst County attorney filed a lawsuit against <mask>, alleging that the administration had continued to collect charitable donations towards its educational mission as it prepared to close, in violation of the intentions of the donors, and that it had violated Virginia's Uniform Trust Code by acting against the will of its founding documents.A vote of no confidence in <mask> and the board of directors was issued at a faculty meeting and on April 24, 2015, the faculty of Sweet Briar College filed a lawsuit seeking more than $40 million in damages. The faculty case asserted that the college was not in dire financial distress; and noted that net assets rose from $126 million to $135 million, the endowment grew from $85 million to $95 million, and debt dropped from $42 million to $25 million in the past five years. Following a legal battle over the attempted closure of Sweet Briar, a mediation agreement to keep the college open required <mask> to resign as Sweet Briar College president seven business days after that agreement gained court approval, and he stepped down on July 2, 2015. References

Presidents of Kalamazoo College
Columbia University alumni
University of Paris alumni
Emory University alumni
Southern Methodist University faculty
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
University of Virginia alumni
Living people
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
1947 births
Woodward Academy alumni
Presidents of Trinity College (Connecticut)

masks:
James F
. Jones Jr
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Phineas Pratt

texts:
<mask> (c.1593 – April 19, 1680) (a.k.a. <mask> or <mask>), a joiner from London, was one of the first English settlers in New England and enrolled among the "First Comers" of Plymouth Colony. <mask> arrived as part of the company of Thomas Weston on the 1622 voyage of the ship Sparrow and was among the founders of the Wessagusset (Weymouth) settlement which failed in March 1623. In 1623, when it still numbered about 32 dwellings, <mask> joined the Plymouth Colony and later married Mary Priest, the daughter of Mayflower passenger Degory Priest. In 1662, he wrote an account of the early days of the Wessagusett colony as part of a petition to the General Court of Massachusetts for "First Comer" status, which he was granted. English origins
<mask> was born in London, Middlesex, England around 1593. He was the son of the Reverend <mask> and his wife Mary.<mask> was a Puritan Nonconformist minister who was imprisoned in England for preaching the gospel contrary to the rule of the Church of England. Family legend has it that Henry communicated with his family by writing letters penned in his own blood. According to the book Phinehas <mask> and Some of His Descendants, written by Eleazer <mask> and published posthumously in 1897: "Tradition relates that the father of Henry was John, and that either John or the father of John, was a Frenchman who bore the surname of Plat or Platt; having fled from France during some political excitement in that country, he became and "Armor-bearer" to the Monarch of England, and his name was subsequently changed to <mask>." However, according to more recent genealogists, his grandfather—John Henry <mask>—may have in fact been from Bishopworth, Somerset, England. Career
<mask> <mask> was by profession a joiner, or carpenter. The ill-fated Wessagusset settlement
Some time prior to 1622, at around the age of  29, <mask> <mask> and his brother <mask> joined the company of Thomas Weston, a London Merchant involved with the Leiden Separatists and Pilgrims who settled Plymouth Colony in 1620. Known to the Pilgrims as the "Strangers", this group of adventurers arrived in New England in 1622 on three ships: the Sparrow, Charity and Swan.<mask> <mask> was a passenger on the Sparrow, which was the first ship of the three to arrive. Poorly supplied, with inferior provisions and with many ill, Weston's total company comprised approximately 67 men, about ten of whom sailed on the Sparrow and (through some mis-navigation) put ashore in Damarill's Cove (Damariscove Islands), off the now State of Maine, to find a site for another plantation. Encountering some Native Americans, Weston's men thought it best to settle closer to the Plimoth plantation. Weston sent <mask> with a group of about seven men to scout out the area around Plymouth. Encountering the settlers there, who were in need of provisions, they brought some back to the Maine encampment to give them some supplies. Eventually, the group sailed to Plymouth to await the arrival of the Charity and Swan, and the Pilgrims supported them throughout the summer of 1622. In August, after the arrival of the Swan, the merchant's company built a trading post stockade in the abandoned native settlement of Wessaguscus, now Weymouth, Massachusetts, under the leadership of Weston's brother-in-law: Richard Greene.<mask>'s journey through the snow
According to the Pilgrim Hall Museum, the settlement at Wessagusset was problematic from the start. Greene soon died during a visit to Plymouth and was replaced by John Sanders. "They soon fell into difficulties through behaving, generally, in a very foolish and improvident fashion. They also severely angered the local Native Americans by stealing their corn." In his memoir of travels to the colony, Christopher Levett complains of company members, "They neither applied themselves to planting of corn, nor taking of fish, more than their present use, but went about to build castles in the aire, and making of forts, neglecting the plentiful time of fishing; when winter came, their forts would not keep out hunger, and they having no provision beforehand, and wanting both powder and shot to kill deer and fowl, many starved to death and the rest hardly escaped." (In their defense, Eleazer <mask> mentions that the company had settled their colony too late to plant food for the winter.) Members of the company stole both from the natives led by Pecksuot and from their own countrymen in Plimoth.According to Eleazer <mask>'s narrative, "The half-starved company of Weston had some among their number who could not resist the temptation of stealing and eating the inviting grain. The Plymouth people detected some of them trespassing thus, and had them severely whipped, for what an old chronicler termed 'a few caps of corn'." According to <mask>'s own narrative:"Some time after this their Sachem came suddenly upon us with a great number of armed men; but their spies seeing us in readiness, he & some of his chief men turned into one of their houses a quarter of an hour. Then we met them outside the pale of our plantation & brought them it. Then said I to a young man that could best speak their language, "Ask Pecksuot why they come thus armed.‟ He answered, "Our Sachem is angry with you.‟ I said, "Tell him if he be angry with us, we be angry with him.‟ Then said their Sachem, "English men, when you came into the country, we gave you gifts and you gave us gifts; we bought and sold with you and we were friends; and now tell me if I or any of my men have done you wrong.‟ We answered, "First tell us if we have done you any wrong.‟ He answered, "Some of you steal our corn & I have sent you word times without number & yet our corn is stolen. I come to see what you will do.‟ We answered, "It is one man which has done it. Your men have seen us whip him divers time, besides other manner of punishments, & now hear he is, bound.We give him unto you to do with him what you please.‟ He answered, "That is not just dealing. If my men wrong my neighbor Sachem or his men, he sends me word & I beat or kill my men, according to the offense. If his men wrong me or my men, I send him word & he beats or kills his men according to the offense. All Sachems do justice by their own men. If not, we say they are all agreed & then we fight, & now I say you all steal my corn. "The company did not turn over the man. Shortly thereafter, in March 1623, Massasoit, who was then sachem of the Wampanoags, informed the Plymouth colonists that there was a conspiracy among the natives of the Wessagusset area to massacre the Weston men.Just as Myles Standish was about to set out to rescue Weston's men on March 24, <mask> <mask> arrived in Plymouth "from the Massachusetts with a small pack at his back." According to <mask>'s own narrative, he had become uneasy and told his company that someone needed to warn the Plimoth settlement, lest they all be slain. No one else was willing to accompany him. Believing the natives were simply waiting for the snow to melt, <mask> pretended to go out gathering nuts and instead set out walking 25 miles in the snow, journeying for several days without food. <mask> famously walked backward through the snow on part of this journey, hoping to deceive anyone following him into thinking he journeyed in the opposite direction. Standish and his men journeyed to Wessagusett to protect the company there, killing several of the chiefs (Pecksuoth and another sachem called Wittawaumet) in the process of the journey. <mask> did not accompany them, as he was "faint".Instead he "asked that hee might there remaine until things were settled at the other plantation." When he was able, <mask> rejoined his company at Piscataqua, but soon thereafter Weston's group abandoned the stockade at Wessagusset. <mask> was involved in recorded conflicts with natives of Massachusetts in Wessgusett, Agawam (Ipswich) and Dorchester. According to <mask>, nine of the Wessagusett company died of famine, two were slain by natives of the area, and one died on his way to the fishing ships after the colony abandoned the town. Settlement in Plymouth
Sometime in late 1623, Weston ended his venture. Most of the remaining company returned home. <mask> <mask> and others joined the Plymouth settlement, where they were received with mixed feelings, and later listed as if they were passengers of the Anne.According to John Winslow, "I would not be understood to think there were no well-deserving persons among them". <mask> was included in a division of land in Plymouth in 1623, where he and <mask> were assigned, jointly, two acres of land. In 1624 when Plymouth was divided into twelve companies, <mask> and Joshua were assigned to Francis Cooke. At this time Plymouth comprised about 32 dwellings and was one half mile large. Marriage and later life
In 1630, <mask> <mask> married Mary Priest, daughter of Degory Priest and his wife Sarah (Allerton) Vincent. Mary was born in England around 1612. Degory Priest had left his wife and daughters Mary and Sarah behind in Leiden, intending to return for them, but died during the difficult first winter of the settlement.His widow married again in Holland (her third marriage) to Cuthbert Cuthbertson (aka Godbert Godbertson), and arrived with her daughters and baby son on the ship Anne, in 1623. Upon marrying Mary Priest (aka Marah Godbertson), Phineas became possessed of thirty acres of land on the high cliff, and they purchased thirty more at Winslow Stand near Phineas' land. On August 6, 1646, <mask> sold his estate in Plymouth to John Cooke and around May 20, 1648, <mask> purchased a house and garden in Charlestown, Massachusetts, purchased from George Bunker, somewhere between the "windmill hill and that way which goes into Elbow Lane." 1662 and 1668 petitions to the General Court
In 1662, at the age of about 69, <mask> presented to the General Court of Massachusetts a request for financial assistance and to establish his status as a "First Comer" entitled to the benefits the earliest settlers of Massachusetts were afforded by law. To support this claim, <mask> submitted an extraordinary narrative of his early days in the settlement titled A declaration of the affaires of the Einglish People, that first inhabited New Eingland. In response, the court granted him three hundred acres of land "laid out in the wilderness on the east of the Merrimack River, near the upper end of the 'Nacoke Brooke'." (This was in Dunstable, near present-day Litchfield, New Hampshire, though the value would not be able to be realized on this wild land for decades to come.)In October 1668, at age around 75, <mask> again petitioned the Court:"To the Honoured the Generall Court, holden at Boston this— October 1668

I acknowledg myself truly thankfull unto the Honoured Court for that they gave me at the time I presented an History called, A declaration of the affaires of the Einglish People, that first inhabited New Eingland. Yet my necessity causeth me farther to entreat you to consider what my service hath been unto my dread Soveraign Lord King James of famous memory. I am one of that litle number, ten men that arrived in the Massachusetts Bay for the setling of a Plantation, & am the remainder of the forlorn hope sixty men. We bought the south part of the Bay of Aberdecest their Sachem. Ten of our company died by famine. Then said ye Natives of the Countrey, "Let us kill them whist they are weak, or they will possesse our Countrey & drive us away." Three times we fought with them, thirty miles I was pursued for my life, in times of frost, wnd snow, as a deer chased with wolves.Two of our men were kill'd in warr, one shot in the shoulder. It was not by the wit of man nor by ye strength of the arme of flesh, that we prevailed against them. But God, that overrules all power, put fear in their hearts. And now, seeing God hath added a New England to Old Engl. and given both to our dread Soverig Lord King Charles the second, many thousand People enjoy the peace thereof; Now in times of prosperity, I beseech you consider the day of small things ; for I was almost frozen in time of our weak beginnings, and now I am lame. My humble request is for that may be for my subsistaunce, the remaining time of my life. "<mask>'s 1668 request was not granted.Death and burial
On April 19, 1680, <mask> <mask> died in Charlestown, Massachusetts. According to his gravestone, he was "about 90 years". The will of <mask> <mask> dates January 8, 1677. According to the records of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, the text is as follows:I, Phinias <mask> of Charlstown in the Countie of Midellsex Joyner being very aged and Crazye of body yett in my pfect memory and understanding doe make This my last will and Teastamoen. Item I give unto my belovid wife <mask> all my movabl goods and fortie Shillings a year to be payed oute of my land in Charlstowne and the use of the gardon for term of hir life: this fortie Shillings is to be payed by my sonn <mask> for and in consideration of the having of my land and my wif is to have a convenient room of my sonn Joseph with a chimny in it to hir content to lie in for term of hir life. Wthout molestation or trubl; but If my sonn Joseph doeth not perform this will that then my wif Mary Prat shall have the one half of the land to hir Dispossing for his vest comfort: it is to be understod that the one half wch the new hous standeth one is given to Joseph upon the condistion of providing of a convenient room for me and my wife for term of our lives and this other half for the paying of the fortie Shillings a year paying it quartterly that is to say ten shllig a quarter in mony and fier wood at mony price and If ther be any thing left at the death of my wife it shalbe equally devided a mung all my children. this eight of Jeneary 1677 Phinehas Pratt Sealed and deliverd in the presents of Use Walter alen, the marke of Rebeack AlenAmong Pratt's final possessions were:

 A parcel of land
 Woolen cloathes
 Linen Shirts
 8 Pillows and 5 Napkins
 5 Sheets
 4 Blankets and 2 Ruggs
 A bed bolster and pillows
 A Small bed
 2 Cupboards, 2 Chests, 1 Box
 Pewter
 2 brass Skillets 5s, a warming pan 5s
 2 Iron potts, 1 Skillet
 2 Iron Kettles
 A trammel and frying pan
 A small table, 2 Chairs
 A pais of Hose, 2 Baggs
 Earthen Ware, 5 Trenchers
 Wooden Ware
 To Hatchett, a holdfast, a froue
 Lumber
 Books

The total value of all Pratt's goods was 32 pounds, 16 shillings, 06 pence.His heirs were given as: John (deceased), Peter (deceased), Samuel, Daniel, and Mary (his other three living children, Mercy, Aaron and Joseph, having disposed of their shares). His wife, Mary Priest <mask>, survived him by about nine years. Further reading

 Robert C. Anderson. The Great Migration Begins. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995. Robert C. Anderson. The Pilgrim Migration.Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004. George Bowman. "<mask> <mask> of Charlestown." Mayflower Descendant 4(3): 129–140. 1902. Jayne P. Lovelace. The Pratt Directory.Rev. ed. Chandler, Ariz.: Ancestor House, 1995. Mayflower Families through Five Generations:Vol. 8: Degory Priest. Eugene A. Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691.Salt Lake City:Ancestry Publishing, 1986. Robert S. Wakefield, ed. Plymouth: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1994. References

External links & sources
Plimoth.com: <mask> <mask>
Pilgrim Hall Museum: <mask> <mask>s' narrative: A declaration of the affaires of the Einglish People, that first inhabited New Eingland, original English version
Phineas' narrative, modern English language version
Phineas Pratt Will and Inventory

Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
American settlers
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth, Massachusetts
1590s births
1680s deaths

masks:
Phineas Pratt
Phineaus Pratt
Phinehas Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Phineas Pratt
Henry Pratt
Henry Pratt
Pratt
Franklin Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Joshua Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Pratt
Joshua Pratt
Phineas
Phineas
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Pratt
Mary Pratt
Joseph Pratt
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt
Phineas
Pratt Phinea


title: Albert Gallo

texts:
<mask> "Kid Blast" <mask>, Jr. (born June 6, 1930) is a New York mobster of the Genovese crime family. Biography
<mask> was born on June 6, 1930, in Red Hook, Brooklyn. His parents were <mask> (Umberto) and <mask> (née Nunziata). His two older brothers were Lawrence "Larry" <mask> and Joe "Crazy Joey" <mask>. A bootlegger during Prohibition, <mask>. did not discourage his three sons from becoming criminals. <mask> joined his brothers Larry and Joey in a gang that controlled President street South Brooklyn. At one point, <mask> lived in the Greenwood section of Brooklyn.In the late 1970s, <mask> told the media that he owned a furniture company. It is unknown if <mask> is married or has a family. Profaci crime family
The three <mask> brothers became affiliated with capo Harry Fontana's crew in the Profaci crime family, then headed by  boss Joseph Profaci. In 1957, Profaci allegedly asked <mask> and his crew to murder <mask>, the boss of the Gambino crime family. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia was murdered by two disguised men in the barber shop of a Manhattan hotel. It is unknown if <mask> participated in the Anastasia killing. Some say it was Colombo mobster Carmine Persico, who participated in the shooting of Anastasia.Eventually, Larry and Joey both became inducted members of the Profaci family. However, <mask> never achieved this status in the family. Although Joey was the most explosive and strong-willed of the brothers, Larry was the organized thoughtful one who actually ran the crew. Younger brother <mask> tended to stay in the background. By the end of the 1950s, the <mask> brothers had become very dissatisfied with Profaci's leadership. Profaci was maintaining a lavish lifestyle by severely taxing everyone else in his crime family. In 1959, Profaci ordered the <mask>s to murder fellow crew member Frank Abbatemarco, who ran lucrative bookmaking and loan sharking operations.Abbatemarco owed Profaci $50,000 in unpaid tribute and refused to pay it out of protest. On November 4, 1959, Abbatemarco was shot inside a tavern in the Carroll Gardens section of Brooklyn. Some accounts state that <mask>, his brothers and Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioelli killed Abbatemarco. Other reports say that <mask> refused the assignment on behalf of the crew. After Abbatemarco's murder, Profaci took his rackets, leaving nothing for the <mask> crew. First Colombo War
<mask> and the <mask> crew now turned against Profaci. In February 1961, the Gallos kidnapped underboss Joseph Magliocco and capos Frank Profaci, John Scimone and Joseph Colombo.Profaci was a target also, but he managed to escape capture. To obtain their release, Profaci negotiated an agreement with the <mask>s. However, after the hostage were released, Profaci reneged on the agreement and went after the <mask> crew. On August 20, 1961, Scimone, now a Profaci loyalist, lured <mask> into meeting him at a lounge, where several men, including Persico, tried to kill him. This was the start of the First Colombo War. On December 21, 1961, <mask> was sentenced seven to fourteen years in prison, but the conflict continued. In June 1962, Profaci died of cancer and the family leadership passed to Magliocco.On January 29, 1962, <mask> and six other crew members rescued six small children from an apartment filled with smoke by a mattress fire. None of the children or mobsters were injured. In 1963, with the conviction of two more <mask> crew members, both sides accepted a peace agreement brokered by Patriarca crime family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca. The first war was over, with the Profaci crime family becoming the Colombo crime family. Peacetime
On January 8, 1965, <mask> and <mask>, along with 13 other crew members, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault and were sentenced to six months in prison. In 1966, New York City's Youth Board requested that <mask> and his brothers help them lower racial tensions between white and African-American youths in the East New York and Flatbush sections of Brooklyn.At one meeting with white youths, <mask> sent a teenager sprawling for using a racial epithet. Brooklyn District Attorney Aaron Koota protested the use of the <mask> brothers, but New York Mayor John V. Lindsay defended the Youth Board's actions. On October 24, 1967, <mask> was indicted on charges related to a ticket cashing racket at Roosevelt Raceway in Westbury, New York. In May 1968, <mask> died of cancer. <mask> took control of the <mask> crew from prison. Second Colombo War
In 1971, <mask> was released from prison. Later that year, boss Joseph Colombo was shot and paralyzed.Former Gallo crew member Carmine Persico now took control of the family through a series of front bosses. Convinced that the <mask>s had tried to kill Colombo, the Colombo leadership went after <mask>. On April 7, 1972, gunmen murdered <mask> in Umberto's Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy, starting the Second Colombo War. John "Mooney" Cutrone, a made man and close confidant of both Larry and Joey, was seen as Joey's logical successor. However, to maintain harmony in the crew, Cutrone supported <mask> for capo. The untested and less experienced <mask> now became boss of the Gallo crew. In August 1972, <mask> learned that several members of the Colombo leadership, including Alphonse Persico (Carmine Persico's brother) and Gennaro Langella would be meeting at the Neapolitan Noodle restaurant on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.The Gallo crew hired a hitman from Las Vegas to ambush and murder the Colombo leaders. However, at the restaurant, the confused hitman shot four innocent meat wholesalers instead of the mobsters. Two of his victims died. In the following months, an uneasy truce prevailed between the Colombos and the <mask>s. Cutrone defection
In 1974, the truce was shattered when Cutrone and his followers defected back to the Colombo family. Cutrone, Gerry Basciano, Sammy Zahralbam, and other Gallo members had become dissatisfied with their lack of income under <mask>'s leadership. Almost immediately, violence broke out between the <mask> and Cutrone factions.Gallo loyalist James Geritano wiretapped Basciano's phone, allowing them to plan an ambush. On July 1, 1974, Basciano and Zahralbam were shot and wounded on a Brooklyn sidewalk, but escaped serious injury. On August 1974, the Cutrone faction shot and killed <mask> loyalist Stevie Cirillo while he was playing craps at a charity benefit in a Brooklyn synagogue. On September 11, 1974, a sniper shot and seriously wounded <mask> loyalist Frank "Punchy" Illiano, <mask>'s lieutenant, near the <mask>/Cutrone conflict. The family bosses believed that the violence was interfering with business and bringing public attention to their activities. The Commission negotiated an agreement under which <mask> and his followers would join the crew of Vincent Gigante, then a powerful capo in the Genovese Family.Cutrone and his rebels would remain with the Colombo Family. Losing members, running out of money and virtually besieged in their President Street headquarters, the Gallo crew had no other choice. The Second Colombo War was over. In February 1976, the peace agreement was violated when a sniper fired two gunshots into the Gallo headquarters, slightly wounding crew member Steven Boriello. Now part of Genovese family, <mask> immediately filed a formal protest to the Colombo leadership. The Colombo bosses responded by summoning Cutrone and Basciano to a "sitdown" to explain their actions. Neither man attended the meeting; they also ignored attempts by the Colombo leadership.At this point, the mob families lost patience with Cutrone and Basciano. On June 16, 1976, a gunman shot and killed Basciano while he was eating at a luncheonette. Cutrone went into hiding, but the Colombos convinced him that Basciano's death ended the problem. On October 5, 1976, a gunman shot and killed Cutrone while he was eating breakfast at a diner. Revealingly, the Colombo family did not show any signs of displeasure at the killing of Cutrone, a made man. Genovese crime family
With all threats now extinguished, <mask> peacefully rose through the ranks of the Genovese family, most likely being officially inducted into the New York Mafia in 1976, when the books were open once again after roughly 20 years. <mask> is still listed as an acting captain.He is, however, retired, remaining a highly respected elder statesman. References

Further reading
 Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin's Press 2005. External links
 Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence

1930 births
American gangsters of Italian descent
Colombo crime family
Genovese crime family
Living people
People from Red Hook, Brooklyn

masks:
Albert
Gallo
Albert Gallo
Albert
Mary Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Albert Sr
Albert Gallo
Albert Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Joe Gallo
Albert Anastasia
Albert Gallo
Albert
Albert
Gallo
Gallo
Albert
Joey Gallo
Gallo
Albert
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Larry Gallo
Joey Gallo
Albert Gallo
Gallo
Albert
Larry Gallo
Albert Gallo
Albert Gallo
Gallo
Albert Gallo
Larry Gallo
Joe Gallo
Gallo
Joe Gallo
Gallo
Joey Gallo
Joey Gallo
Albert
Albert
Albert Gallo
Gallo
Albert
Gallo
Gallo
Gallo
Albert
Galloallo
Albert
Albert
Gallo
Gallo


title: Daniel Ludlow (banker)

texts:
<mask> (August 2, 1750 – September 26, 1840) was an American merchant and banker who served as the first president of the Manhattan Company, which, after a series of mergers became JPMorgan Chase. Early life
Ludlow was born on August 2, 1750 in New York City to a long-established and wealthy New York family. He was the son of <mask> (1704–1773), a merchant, and Elizabeth (née Crommelin) <mask> (1715–1760). His sister, <mask>, was the wife of Francis Lewis Jr. (brother of Gov. Morgan Lewis). From his father's first marriage to Frances Duncan, he had an elder half-brother, <mask>, who was appointed the first Chief Justice of New Brunswick in Canada in 1784. Another half-brother, <mask>, was the first mayor of Saint John, New Brunswick (and the grandfather of <mask>).The first Ludlow in America from his line was his grandfather, also named <mask> (1663–1736), who was born at Castle Cary and left Frome around 1694 to settle in New Amsterdam, and became a prominent and influential merchant, shipowner, landholder and longtime clerk of the New York General Assembly. He obtained a patent from King George II for a tract of 4,000 acres of land in what became Orange County, New York on the west bank of the Hudson River. His grandfather's grandfather, <mask>, was the brother of both <mask>, Receiver of the Duchy of Lancaster during the reign of King Charles I, and <mask>, Deputy Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Through his maternal aunt, Mary (née Crommelin) Verplanck, he was a first cousin of Gulian Verplanck, Speaker of the New York State Assembly who became president of the Bank of New York and in 1792 helped found the Tontine Association (a precursor of the New York Stock Exchange). The wealth and status of the Ludlow family gave <mask> and his elder half-brothers "several advantages, including education in a private school." Career
In 1765, his father sent him to Amsterdam in the Netherlands, to enter the counting house of Crommelin & Zoon, where his grandfather Charles Crommelin was a leader. During his five year tenure with the firm, Ludlow learned French, German, and Dutch in addition to learning the fundamentals of banking.After returning to New York around 1770, he joined his father’s mercantile business, which he took over after his father died in 1773. During the American Revolution, Ludlow was a Loyalist. Regarded as "arch-tory to the core," his older brothers apparently "had no choice but to leave New York when the revolution was over," though <mask>, remained and become a successful businessman. In 1783, following the end of the war, he joined the Chamber of Commerce. On January  1, 1784, he entered into a partnership with Edward Goold. In their first advertisement, a circular letter, they were vague about their line of business, but promised "to contribute to the Success of whatever Concerns may be entrusted to our Charge." The firm likely imported goods on commission and on their own account were involved in marine insurance.In 1790, <mask> dissolved the partnership to join his nephew, Gulian <mask>, under the firm name Daniel Ludlow & Company. The company which was in business for fifteen years, was a marine insurer and a major importer of East India goods. It suffered significant underwriting losses during the Quasi-War with France in 1798, but recovered with the assistance from the bank of the Manhattan Company. In 1799, <mask> became the first president of the Manhattan Company, which had been founded by Aaron Burr. Among the company's original stockholders were such men as Nicholas Fish, John Delafield, John Jacob Astor, Richard Varick, Stephen Van Rensselaer, Rev. John Rodgers, Joshua Sands, Peter Stuyvesant, George Clinton, Israel Disosway, John Slidell, Henry Rutgers, and <mask>. In July 1800, the Bank started paying dividends and, in 1808, the company sold its waterworks to the city, pocketing $1.9 million dollars, and turned completely to banking.The same year, Henry Remsen, succeeded Ludlow as president of the company. In 1810, Ludlow moved to Skaneateles, New York when he purchased an extensive estate from Jacobus Annis (later known as the Anson Lapham place). Personal life
On October 4, 1773, Ludlow married Arabella Duncan, a daughter of Thomas Duncan and Mary (née Ketcham) Duncan. In 1764, the Duncan home, a 3-storey house in Pearl Street (then known as Queen Street), caught fire and burned to the ground, killing her mother and seven siblings in the nursery on the third floor. Only Arabella, her father and her sister Frances escaped. Frances later married their cousin and <mask>'s elder half-brother, George Duncan <mask>, in 1758. Their daughter, Frances Duncan <mask>, was the second wife of Richard Harison, a law partner of Alexander Hamilton who served as the Recorder of New York City and the 1st U.S. Attorney for the District of New York.Together, the couple eleven children, five of whom lived to maturity, including:

 <mask> (b. 1774), who married Grove Wright, a New York merchant. <mask>dlow Jr. (1779–1827), who became a partner in Daniel Ludlow & Co. and who died unmarried. Robert Crommelin Ludlow (b. 1789), who married Mary Peters of Charleston, South Carolina. <mask> (b. 1790), a Lt. in the U.S. Navy, who died unmarried in Florence, Italy.Edward Greenleaf <mask> (1793–1877), a physician who married his cousin Mary Kennedy Lewis, a daughter of John Lewis and great-granddaughter of Francis Lewis, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, in 1828. After her death, he married Mrs. Van Horne. His wife Arabella died on December 7, 1803. <mask> died at his country home at Skaneateles, New York on September 26, 1814. Descendants
Through his eldest daughter Harriet, he was a grandfather of Henry Allen Wright, who married his cousin <mask> Auchmuty (1805–1896), a resident of Newport, Rhode Island for fifty years. Through his son Edward, he was a grandfather of Arabella <mask> (1844–1926), who married Edward Sherman Gould (1837–1905), a son of author Edward Sherman Gould. References

1750 births
1844 deaths
American bankers
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Skaneateles, New York

masks:
Daniel Ludlow
Gabriel Ludlow
Ludlow
Elizabeth Ludlow
George Duncan Ludlow
Gabriel George Ludlow
Edward Hunter Ludlow
Gabriel Ludlow
Thomas Ludlow
Gabriel Ludlow
Roger Ludlow
Daniel
Daniel
Ludlow
Ludlow
Ludlow
Daniel Phoenix
Daniel
Ludlow
Ludlow
Harriet Ludlow
Daniel Lu
Ferdinand Ludlow
Ludlow
Ludlow
Louisa Ludlow
Duncan Ludlow


title: Jeremy Hooker

texts:
<mask> (born 1941 in Warsash, Hampshire) is an English poet, critic, teacher, and broadcaster. Central to his work are a concern with the relationship between personal identity and place. <mask> taught at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, Bath College of Higher Education, Le Moyne College, New York State, and University of Glamorgan, from which he retired in 2008. Biography
<mask> grew up on the edge of the New Forest village of Pennington, about two miles north of Lymington. After studying at the University of Southampton, <mask> lectured at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. First living in Aberystwyth, but then in 1969 moving to the nearby Welsh-speaking parish of Llangwyryfon. <mask> left Llangwyrfron around 1980, when he spent two years as a creative writing fellow at Winchester School of Art.In 1984 he left the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Subsequently, he lived for a while in the Netherlands, teaching at the University of Groningen, before moving to Frome in 1989 and teaching creative writing at the Bath College of Higher Education. This later became Bath Spa University and he was the first director of its MA in Creative Writing. <mask> spent the academic year 1994/5 teaching at Le Moyne College in upstate New York. More recently he was a Professor at the University of Glamorgan, from where he retired in 2008, becoming Emeritus Professor of the University. <mask> remains active, and has continued to publish poetry and prose, including contributions to various periodicals, since retiring. Works
A concern with place and landscape, in relation to personal identity, is central to both <mask>'s poetry and to his critical writing, as is "the relation between poetry and the sacred".He has published eleven full length collections of poetry (including selected and collected works), critical studies of
John Cowper Powys and David Jones, as well as collections of literary essays. He has also edited works by Richard Jefferies, Edward Thomas, Frances Bellerby, Wilfred Owen. In addition <mask> has been involved with works for radio, including "A Map of David Jones". When asked, in an interview, about influences <mask> listed Richard Jeffries, Thomas Hardy, Edward Thomas and later David Jones, along with the American Objectivist poets William Carlos Williams and George Oppen. <mask> began reading Jefferies when he was twelve. Another important early influence was the fact that <mask>'s father was a landscape painter, who had a great love of Constable. The move to Wales in 1965 was important for <mask>'s development both as poet and as critic, and during the 1970s he established himself as an important critic of Welsh writing in English and was involved with teaching a course in this literature, which had been created by Ned Thomas at Aberytwyth.But the tension of being a "foreigner" in Wales led <mask> selling the house in Llangwyryfon, in 1980: "I owe no place more than Llangwyryfon, but it has taken eleven years of living there, in an agricultural and predominantly Welsh-speaking community, for us to realise that our particular kind of dislocation can't be mended by settling permanently where other people belong". While living there he published three books of poetry that deal with his earlier experience of life in Southern England: Soliloquies of a Chalk Giant (1974) (winner in 1974 of the Welsh Arts Council Literature Prize), Landscape of the Daylight Moon (1978), Solent Shore (1978), and a fourth collection that focussed more on his experience of living in Wales: Englishman's Road (1980). Bibliography

Poems
 Poetry Introduction, number 1. With John Cotton; John Daniel; Douglas Dunn; Elaine Feinstein; Ian Hamilton; David Harsent;  V.C Horwell; Bartholomew Quinn. London: Faber & Faber, 1969. The Elements  (Triskel Poets) (pamphlet). Davies 1972.Soliloquies of a Chalk Giant. London: Enitharmon, 1974. Landscape of the Daylight Moon. London: Enitharmon, 1978. Solent Shore. Manchester: Carcanet, 1978. Englishman's Road.Manchester: Carcanet, 1980. A view from the Source: Selected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet, 1982. Itchen Water. (pamphlet)  Winchester: Winchester School of Art Press, 1982. Their Silence a Language (with the artist Lee Grandjean). Ipswich: Ipswich Borough Council, 1990.Master of the Leaping Figures. Petersfield, Hampshire: Enitharmon, 1987. Groundwork  with Lee Grandjean (Illustrator) Nottingham: Djanogly Art Gallery, 1998. Adamah. London: Enitharmon, 2002
 Our Lady of Europe. London: Enitharmon, 1997. Arnolds Wood.Birmingham: Flarestack, 2005
 The Cut of the Light. Poems 1965–2005. London: Enitharmon, 2006. Scattered Light. London: Enitharmon, 2015

Literary studies and essays
 John Cowper Powys. Cardiff: University of Wales Press (for the Welsh Arts Council) 1973. David Jones : An Exploratory Study of the Writings.London: Enitharmon, 1975. John Cowper Powys and David Jones: A Comparative Study. London: Enitharmon, 1979. Poetry of Place : Essays and Reviews 1970–1981. London: Carcanet, 1982. The presence of the past : Essays on Modern British and American Poetry. Bridgend, Wales: Poetry Wales Press, c1987.Imagining Wales : A View of Modern Welsh Writing in  English. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001. Welsh Journal. Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 2001. Upstate: A North American Journal. Exeter,  Devon: Shearsman Books, 2007. Openings: A European Journal.Exeter, Devon: Shearsman Books, 2014
 Ditch Vision: Essays on Poetry, Nature, and Place. Stroud: Awen, 2017. Works edited by
 Alun Lewis,   Selected Poems. Selected by <mask> and Gweno Lewis; foreword by Robert Graves; afterword by <mask>. London: Unwin, 1981. Frances Bellerby, Selected Stories. Edited and introduced by <mask>,  London: Enitharmon  1997.Alun Lewis Inwards Where All the Battle is: A Selection of Alun Lewis's Writings from India. <mask>, ed., David Gentleman, Illustrations. Newtown: Gwasg Gregynog, 1997. Jefferies, Richard,   At Home on the Earth: A New Selection of the Later Writings of Richard Jeffries. Selected and introduced by <mask> ; with illustrations by Agnes Miller Parker. Totnes, Devon: Green Books,  2001. Edward Thomas,   The Ship of Swallows : A Selection of Short Stories, edited and introduced by <mask>; Preface by Myfanwy Thomas.London: Enitharmon,  2005. Richard Jefferies. The Story of My Heart: My Autobiography. Introduction by <mask>. Wilfred Owen, Mapping Golgotha : Letters & Poems. Selected, edited, and with an introduction by <mask>; illustrated by Harry Brockway. Newtown, Powys: Gwasg Gregynog, 2007.Essays in collections
 The Experience of Landscape, Paintings, Drawings and Photographs from The Arts council Collection (exhibition catalogue) London: South Bank Centre, 1987. Art of Edward Thomas. Jonathan Barker, ed.. Wales: Poetry Wales Press, 1987. Poetry in the British Isles: Non-Metropolitan Perspectives edited by Hans Werner Ludwig and Lothar Fietz. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1995. Word Play Place : Essays on the Poetry of John Matthias, ed. Robert Thomas Archambeau.Athens, USA: Swallow Press, 1998. Miscellaneous
 David T. Lloyd. "Interview", Writing on the Edge: Interviews with Writers and Editors of Wales. Amersterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1997. Christopher Meredith, ed. Moment of Earth: Poems and Essays in Honour of <mask>. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies, 2007.References

External links
 https://www.poetryarchive.org/poet/jeremy-hooker
 http://www.poetryfoundation.org
 https://m.soundcloud.com/jeremyhooker/sets/jeremy-hooker-live-at-the *

1941 births
Living people
English male poets
Anglo-Welsh poets
British poetry
Books of literary criticism
British literary critics

masks:
Jeremy Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker
Jeremy Hooker


title: Norman Granz

texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was an American jazz record producer and concert promoter. He founded the record labels Clef, Norgran, Down Home, Verve, and Pablo. <mask> was acknowledged as "the most successful impresario in the history of jazz". He was also a champion of racial equality, insisting, for example, on integrating audiences at concerts he promoted. Biography
Born in Los Angeles, <mask> was the son of Jewish immigrants from Tiraspol. After school, he began work as a stock clerk on the Los Angeles stock exchange. When America joined the Second World War, he was drafted into the U.S. Army Air Force.Subsequently, he was posted to the Morale branch, the department charged with troops' entertainment. He then emerged into the public view when he organised desegregated jam sessions at the Trouville Club in Los Angeles, which he later expanded when he staged a memorable concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles on Sunday, July 2, 1944, under the heading of "Jazz at the Philharmonic". The title of the concert, "A Jazz Concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium", had been shortened by the printer of the advertising supplements to "Jazz at the Philharmonic". Only one copy of the very first concert program is known to exist. <mask> had organised the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concert with about $300 of borrowed money. Later known as JATP, the ever-changing group recorded and toured extensively, with Granz producing some of the first live jam session recordings to be distributed to a wide market. After several JATP concerts in Los Angeles in 1944 and 1945, Granz began producing JATP concert tours, from late fall of 1945 to 1957 in USA and Canada, and from 1952 in Europe.They featured swing and bop musicians and were among the first high-profile performances to feature racially integrated bands. <mask> actually cancelled some bookings rather than have the musicians perform for segregated audiences. He recorded many of the JATP concerts, and from 1945 to 1947 sold/leased the recordings to Asch/Disc/Stinson Records (record producer Moses Asch's labels). In 1948, <mask> signed an agreement with Mercury Records for the promotion and the distribution of the JATP recordings and other recordings. After the agreement expired in 1953 he issued the JATP recordings and other recordings on Clef Records (founded 1946) and Norgran Records (founded 1953). Down Home Records was intended for traditional jazz works. Jazz at the Philharmonic ceased touring the United States and Canada, after the JATP concerts in the fall of 1957, apart from a North American Tour in 1967.Personal life
Granz married three times. In 1950, he married Loretta (née Snyder) Sullivan from Michigan; they had a daughter together, Stormont <mask>, who was disabled due to lack of oxygen during the birth. Loretta was previously married and had a child, Sydney Sullivan Hamed, whom Granz adopted. They separated in 1953 and divorced in 1955. In 1965, he married Hannelore <mask>, a former airline stewardess from Germany. In 1974, he married Grete Lyngby from Denmark. <mask> died of cancer on November 22, 2001, at the age of 83 in Geneva, Switzerland.Recordings
Many of the names that made history in jazz signed with one of <mask>'s labels, including Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Mort Sahl, Louie Bellson,  Benny Carter, Buck Clayton, Buddy DeFranco, Roy Eldridge, Herb Ellis, Tal Farlow, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton, Coleman Hawkins, Johnny Hodges, Billie Holiday, Illinois Jacquet, Hank Jones, Gene Krupa, Anita O'Day (the first artist to sign with Verve), Charlie Parker, Joe Pass, Oscar Peterson, Flip Phillips, Bud Powell, Buddy Rich, Sonny Stitt, Slim Gaillard, Art Tatum, Ben Webster and Lester Young. Granz saw to it that his musicians were well paid. In the segregated society of the 1940s, he insisted on equal pay and accommodation for white and black musicians. He refused to take his hugely popular concerts to places which were segregated, even if he had to cancel concerts, thereby sacrificing considerable sums of money. In 1944, <mask> and Gjon Mili produced the jazz film Jammin' the Blues, which starred Lester Young, Illinois Jacquet, Barney Kessel, Harry Edison, Jo Jones, Sidney Catlett, Marlowe Morris, and Marie Bryant, and was nominated for an Academy Award. It was in 1956 that the popular singer Ella Fitzgerald finally joined <mask>'s label. <mask> had been her manager for some time, and unified his activities under the common label of Verve Records.<mask> became Fitzgerald's manager, and remained so until the end of her career. Fitzgerald's memorable series of eight Songbooks, together with the duet series (notably Armstrong-Peterson, Fitzgerald-Basie, Fitzgerald-Pass and Getz-Peterson) achieved wide popularity and brought acclaim to the label and to the artists. <mask> was also the manager of Oscar Peterson,  another lifelong friend. In 1959, <mask> moved to Switzerland. In December 1960, Verve Records was sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. <mask> founded his last label, Pablo Records, in 1973; in 1987, he sold it to Fantasy Records. Opposing racism
<mask> opposed racism and fought many battles for his artists, many of whom were black.In 1955, in Houston, Texas, he removed signs that previously designated "White" and "Negro" restrooms, outside the auditorium where two concerts were to be performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Dizzy Gillespie. Between the two shows, Fitzgerald and Gillespie and Illinois Jacquet were shooting small-stakes dice in the dressing room to kill time, when the local police barged in and arrested them. After some negotiations, the artists were allowed to perform the second show and later were formally released on $50 bail. <mask>, incensed by the incident, insisted on successfully fighting the charges, which cost him over $2,000. Oscar Peterson recounted how <mask> once insisted that white cabdrivers take his black artists as customers, while a policeman pointed a loaded pistol at his stomach. Granz also was among the first to pay white and black artists the same salary, and to give them equal treatment even in minor details, such as dressing rooms. <mask> also spearheaded the fight to desegregate the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, arguing that it was unfair that black artists could perform on the stages, but could not stay or gamble at the hotels, or even enter through the front doors.<mask> was also interested in art, developing a friendship with Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1968. See also
 :Category:Albums produced by <mask>

References

External links
 The Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation
 Obituary at jazzhouse.org

1918 births
2001 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American music industry executives
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Record producers from California
Ella Fitzgerald
Impresarios
Jazz record producers
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Music promoters
Jewish jazz musicians
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

masks:
Norman Granz
Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
Granz
Norman Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Granz
Norman Granz


title: Martin Bauer

texts:
<mask><mask> is a Professor of social psychology. He directs the MSc in Social and Public Communication at the Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science at LSE. <mask> was a Research Fellow in 'Public Understanding of Science' at the Science Museum in London, an academic visitor to the Maison des Sciences de l'homme in Paris, and he teaches regularly in Brazil at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Biography
<mask> was educated at the University of Bern in Switzerland and trained at the London School of Economics. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics in 1993 with a thesis titled Resistance to change: a functional analysis of reponses to technical change in a Swiss bank. He joined the LSE’s Institute of Social Psychology and Department of Methodology (formerly Methodology Institute) in September 1994. Research and Intellectual Interests
Bauer’s research portfolio includes the theory of resistance in social processes, Social representations of and public attitudes to science and technology, in particular genomics and modern biotechnology.The key question with which he is concerned is: how does public opinion influence the techno-scientific developments? <mask> is known for developing the toblerone model of social representations with George Gaskell. He is also known for his edited handbook with George Gaskell, Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook (2000). Publications (selection)

Books
 Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy (Cambridge, CUP, 2002, with G Gaskell)
 Pesquisa qualitativa con texto, imagem e som (Petropolis Brazil, Editora VOZES, 2002, with G Gaskell)
 Biotechnology 1996-2000 - the years of controversy (London, Science Museum, 2001, with G Gaskell)
 Qualitative researching with text, image and sound - a practical handbook (London, Sage, 2000, with G Gaskell)
 Biotechnology in Public - A European source book (London, Science Museum, 1998; with J Durant & G Gaskell)
 Resistance to new Technology - nuclear power, information technology and biotechnology (Cambridge, CUP, 1995)

Papers and book chapters

<mask> (2005) The mass media and the biotechnology controversy, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17 (1), 5-22 [special issue]

<mask> MW (2005) Distinguishing GREEN from RED biotechnology - cultivation effects of the elite press, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17 (1), 63-89. <mask>, S Howard, V Hagenhoff, G Gasperoni & Maria Rusanen (2005) The BSE and CJD crisis in the press, in: C Dora (ed) Health, Hazard and Public Debate: Lessons for Risk Communication from the BSE/CJD saga, Geneva, WHO, 125-164 [chapter 6]. Dowler E, J Green, MW Bauer, G Gasperoni (2005) Assessing public perceptions: issues and methods, in: C Dora (ed) Health, Hazard and Public Debate: Lessons for Risk Communication from the BSE/CJD saga, Geneva, WHO, 40-60 [chapter 3]

Bauer MW (2004) Long-term trends in public sensitivities about genetic identification: 1973-2002, in: Gardar Árnason and Salvör Nordal (eds) Blood and Data - Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Human Genetic Databases, Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press 2004, p143-161 (chapter 16). Bauer MW (2004) The vicissitudes of 'public understanding of science': from 'literacy' to 'science in society', in: Science meets Society, Lisbon, Gulbenkian Foundation, p37-63.U Flick & M Bauer (2004) Teaching qualitative research, in: Flick U, E vonKardoff & I Steinke (eds) A Companion to Qualitative Research, London, Sage, 340-49 [translation from German 2000]. <mask> (2003) O dominio publico da DNA: tendencies a longo prazo, Ciencia & Ambiente, (UFSM, Rio Grande do Sul) Maio, 129-140. Gregory J & M W <mask> (2003) CPS INC: l'avenir de la communication de la science, in: B Schiele (ed) Les Nouveaux Territoires de la Culture Scientifique, Montreal, Canada, chapter 3, 41-65. <mask> (2002) Arenas, platforms and the biotechnology movement, Science Communication, 24, 144-161. <mask> (2002) Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis, Public Understanding of Science, 2, 11, 1-19. <mask> and G Gaskell (2002) The biotechnology movement, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy, Cambridge, CUP, 379-404. Bauer MW & H Bonfadelli (2002) Controversy, media coverage and public knowledge, in: <mask>, MW & G Gaskell (eds) Biotechnology - the making of a global controversy, Cambridge, CUP

With S Howard (2001) Psychology in the Press, 1988 to 1999, The Psychologist, 14 (12), 632-636 [BPS centenary 1901-2001, special media watch].<mask>, M Kohring, J Gutteling & A Allansdottir (2001) The dramatisation of biotechnology in the elite mass media, in: G Gaskell & <mask> (eds) Biotechnology 1996-2000 - the years of controversy, London, Science Museum, 35-52. <mask> (2001) Biotechnology: Ethical Framing in the Elite Press, Noticie di Politeia, 17 (63), 51-66 []. <mask> (2001) "Risiko oder Ethik? Vergleichendes zur Öffentlichkeit der Gentechnik." In: M Weber und P Hoyningen-Huene (Hg. ), Ethische Probleme in den Biowissenschaften. Heidelberg, Synchron Wissenschaftsverlag, 149-168.With Gaskell, N Allum, J Durant et al. (2000) Biotechnology and the European Public, Nature Biotechnology, Sept, Vol 18, 935-38. <mask>, Petkova K, P Boyadjjewa (2000) Public knowledge of and attitudes to science - alternative measures, Science, Technology and Human Values, 25, 1, 30-51. Bauer MW & B Aarts (2000) Corpus construction: a principle for qualitative data collection, in: Bauer M & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 19-37

<mask> (2000) Analysing noise and music as social data, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 263-280. <mask> (2000) Classic content analysis: a review, in: <mask> & G Gaskell (eds) Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: a practical handbook, London, Sage, 131-151. <mask> (2000) 'Science in the media' as cultural indicator: contextualising surveys with media analysis, in: Dierkes M and C von Grote (eds) Between understanding and trust: the public, science and technology, Reading, Harwood Academics Publisher, 157-178. <mask> M W and G Gaskell (1999) Towards a paradigm for research on social representations, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29 (2), 163-186.With G Gaskell, J Durant, NC Allum (1999) Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified food in Europe and the United States, Science, 285, July 15, 1-4 [retracted 9 June 2000]. <mask> M (1998) The medicalisation of science news: from the 'rocket-scalpel' to the 'gene-meteorite' complex, Social Science Information, 37, 731-751. []

<mask> M (1998) Die moderne Gentechnik und die oeffentliche Meinung, Civitas, 53, 3/4, 48-55

<mask> M (1998) La longue duree of popular science, 1830–present, In Deveze-Berthet D (ed) La promotion de la culture scientifique et technique: ses acteur et leurs logic, Actes du colloque des 12 et 13 decembre 1996, 75-92. Bauer M & J Durant (1997) Astrology in present-day Britain: an approach from the sociology of knowledge, Cosmos and Culture - Journal of the History of Astrology and Cultural Astronomy, 1, 1-17

With G Gaskell & J Durant et al. (1997) Europe ambivalent on biotechnology, Nature, 387, 345-347 (June)

Bauer M and H Joffe (1996) The `I don't know' response in social research - meanings of self-attributed ignorance, Social Science Information, 35,1, 6-13 [editorial to special issue]

Bauer M (1996) Socio-economic correlates of DK-responses in knowledge surveys, Social Science Information, 35,1, 39-68

Durant, J; A Hansen, and <mask> (1996) Public understanding of human genetics; in: T Marteau and M Richards (eds) The troubled helix: social and psychological implications of the new human genetics, Cambridge University Press, 235-248. Bauer, M (1995) Technophobia: a misleading conception of resistance to new technology; in: Bauer, M. (ed) Resistance to new technology - nuclear power, information technology, biotechnology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 97-124.<mask>, M (1995) Towards a functional analysis of resistance; in: <mask>, M. (ed) Resistance to new technology - nuclear power, information technology, biotechnology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 393-418. <mask> M, J Durant and G Evans (1994) European public perceptions of science, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 6, 2, 163-186

<mask> M (1994) Science and Technology in the British Press, 1946-1986, in: B Schiele, M Amyot and C Benoit (eds) When Science becomes Culture, Boucherville, University of Ottawa Press - vol II, . <mask>, M and I Schoon (1993a) Mapping variety in Public Understanding of Science, Public Understanding of Science, 2, 2, 141-155. <mask>, M. (1991) Resistance to change - a monitor of new technology, Systems Practice, 4, 3, 181-196

References

External links
 <mask>'s page at LSE

Social psychologists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Martin W
. Bauer
Martin Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer MW
MW Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
MW Bauer
Bauer MW
Bauer MW
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
M Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer
Bauer