title: Larry Fitzgerald

texts:
 paid player in the NFL at the time. <mask>'s first solid outing came against the Washington Redskins in Week 2, where he had seven receptions for 133 yards and a touchdown in a 22–21 loss. Two games later, he had eight receptions for 102 yards in a 31–27 loss to the New York Giants. On November 13, in Week 10, he had seven receptions for 146 yards and two touchdowns in a 21–17 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. His efforts against the Eagles garnered him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors. A few games later, he had seven receptions for 149 yards and a touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers in a 21–19 victory in Week 14.On Christmas Eve, he had six receptions for 105 yards and a touchdown against the Cincinnati Bengals in a 23–16 loss in Week 16. He closed out the regular season with nine receptions for 149 yards against the Seattle Seahawks in a 23–20 victory. The Cardinals finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs. Overall, <mask> had another stellar season, catching 80 passes for 1,411 yards and eight touchdowns and setting a personal record of 17.6 yards per catch. <mask>'s accomplishments were recognized by an All-Pro second team selection as well as his sixth Pro Bowl selection. He finished ranked as the seventh best player in the league among his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012 list. 2012 season

<mask> started the 2012 season with four receptions for 63 yards in a 20–16 victory over the Seattle Seahawks.Two weeks later, he had his first touchdown of the season in a 27–6 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. In the game, he had nine receptions for 114 yards to go with the touchdown and earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors. On November 4, he scored his last touchdown of the season against the Green Bay Packers in a six-catch, 74-yard performance in the 31–17 loss. In the penultimate game of the regular season against the Chicago Bears, he had eight receptions for 111 yards in the 28–13 loss. Overall, on the season, <mask> had 71 receptions for 798 yards and four touchdowns as the Cardinals went 5–11 and missed the playoffs. He was named to his sixth consecutive and seventh career Pro Bowl. He finished ranked 22nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013 list.Following the 2012 football season, <mask> was named as the Cardinals' Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year and was one of three finalists for the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award. 2013 season

In the offseason, <mask> turned 30. He started the 2013 season with eight receptions for 80 yards and two touchdowns against the St. Louis Rams. In the sixth game of the season, he recorded his first performance of the season topping 100 yards against the San Francisco 49ers. In the game, he had six receptions for 117 yards and a touchdown. On November 24, against the Indianapolis Colts, he had five receptions for 52 yards and two touchdowns. Two weeks later, <mask> caught all 12 of his targets for 96 yards and a touchdown in a 30–10 victory over the Rams.In the regular season finale against the 49ers, he had six receptions for 113 yards. Overall, on the season, <mask> had 82 receptions for 954 yards and ten touchdowns as the Cardinals improved to a 10–6 record from the previous season of 5–11. However, they still missed out on the playoffs. For his 2013 season, he was named to his seventh consecutive and eighth overall Pro Bowl. He finished ranked 38th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014 list. 2014 season

<mask> was a stable part of the Cardinals' offense in 2014. However, the lack of stability at the quarterback position put a hindrance on the team's overall performance as four different quarterbacks saw time for the Cardinals that year.He started his 11th professional season against the San Diego Chargers. In the game, he only had one reception for 22 yards. He did not have his first touchdown of the season until the fifth game of the season against the Washington Redskins, where he had six receptions for 98 yards. On October 26 against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had seven receptions for a season-high 160 yards and a touchdown, which was a career-high 80-yard reception, to earn his third career NFC Offensive Player of the Week award. Two weeks later, he had nine receptions for 112 yards against the St. Louis Rams. Overall, on the 2014 season, <mask> had 63 receptions for 784 yards and two touchdowns as the Cardinals went 11–5 and returned to the playoffs. In the Wild Card Round against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> had three receptions for 31 yards in the 27–16 defeat.He was ranked 68th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 list. 2015 season

On February 18, 2015, <mask> was signed to a new multi-year contract worth at least $11 million guaranteed over the next two seasons. In Week 2, in the 48–23 victory over Chicago Bears, <mask> had 112 receiving yards and caught three touchdown passes, the first time he accomplished the feat during the regular season in his career. For his performance, he was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for the fourth time in his career. In the next game, he had nine receptions for 134 yards and two touchdowns against the San Francisco 49ers. On November 15, he had ten receptions for 130 yards against the Seattle Seahawks. In Week 13, he became the youngest player to reach 1,000 career receptions; Dallas Cowboys tight end Jason Witten joined him the same day as the 11th and 12th players to reach this milestone.He closed out the 2015 regular season with a receiving touchdown in the last two games against the Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks. The Cardinals finished with a 13–3 record and won the NFC West. For the 2015 season, <mask> had 109 catches, which was tied for fifth in the NFL, for 1,215 yards and nine touchdowns. For his accomplishments during the 2015 season, <mask> was selected to the Pro Bowl for the ninth time. He was ranked 27th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. On January 16, 2016, <mask> helped his quarterback Carson Palmer record his first playoff win with eight catches for a franchise-record 176 yards in the NFC Divisional Round against the Green Bay Packers in a Week 16 rematch. <mask> was the Cardinals' entire offense in overtime, with a 75-yard reception to open overtime, and a five-yard touchdown reception from Palmer two plays later, which resulted in a 26–20 win.He was held to four receptions for 30 yards in the NFC Championship against the Carolina Panthers. The Cardinals' season ended with a 49–15 loss. 2016 season

On August 5, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year, $11 million contract extension with the Cardinals. On September 11, 2016, <mask> had eight receptions for 81 yards and two touchdowns, while becoming the 10th player to reach 100 career touchdowns, in the season-opening 23–21 loss to the New England Patriots on NBC Sunday Night Football. In the fifth game of the season, he had six receptions for 81 yards and two touchdowns in the 33–21 loss to the San Francisco 49ers. On November 13, he had 12 receptions for 132 yards in another strong outing against the 49ers in a 23–20 victory. In the regular season finale, 44–6 victory over the Los Angeles Rams, he had five receptions for 43 yards and scored his first receiving touchdown since the first meeting with the 49ers.The Cardinals finished with a 7–8–1 record and missed the playoffs. At the end of the 2016 season, <mask> led the NFL in receptions for the second time with 107, and had 1,023 receiving yards with six receiving touchdowns. He moved from 11th to 3rd on the all-time career reception list, and ended the season ninth all-time in receiving yards. He was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl. He was ranked 45th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017. 2017 season

With the retirements of Steve Smith and Anquan Boldin at the end of 2016, the 34-year-old <mask> entered the 2017 season as the career leader in receptions and receiving yards among active players. In Week 3, on Monday Night Football, <mask> had 149 receiving yards on 13 receptions, which tied his career high, and a touchdown in a 28–17 loss to the Dallas Cowboys, his highest output in almost three years.His 13 receptions tied Jarvis Landry's performance in Week 2 for the most receptions in a single game by any player in the 2017 season. The next week, he caught a 19-yard sudden death touchdown from Palmer with 0:31 left in overtime to defeat the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 18–15. In Week 6, <mask> had 10 receptions for 138 yards and a touchdown in a 38–33 victory over Tampa Bay, and 10 receptions for 113 yards in Week 10's Thursday Night Football 22–16 loss to Seattle, joining Antonio Brown as the only players with three games of 10+ receptions in 2017, and briefly passing Brown for the league lead in receptions. On November 17, 2017, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension with the Cardinals worth $11 million through the 2018 season. In Week 13, against the Los Angeles Rams, <mask> had 10 receptions, his fourth game in double digits, for 98 yards and his fifth touchdown in the 32–16 loss. In Week 16, against the New York Giants, he had nine receptions for 119 yards and a touchdown. In addition, he completed a 21-yard pass in the 23–0 victory.He tied his career-best with 109 receptions, finishing second to Jarvis Landry, and finished eighth in the NFL with 1,156 receiving yards. On December 19, 2017, <mask> was named to his 11th Pro Bowl. However, it was later announced that Doug Baldwin of the Seattle Seahawks would replace <mask>. The Cardinals finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs. He was ranked 27th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018. 2018 season

In Week 1, <mask> recorded seven receptions for 76 yards in a 24–6 loss to the Washington Redskins. Nursing a sore hamstring, he failed to reach 50 yards in any of his next six games, and did not record a touchdown reception until a Week 7 45–10 loss to the Denver Broncos on Thursday Night Football.In Week 8, he had eight receptions for 102 yards with a touchdown and a two-point conversion in the 18–15 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. In Week 10, in a 26–14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs after recording six receptions for 50 yards, <mask> reached 15,952 career receiving yards, passing Terrell Owens for second on the all-time list behind only Jerry Rice. In Week 11 against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> made two catches for 23 yards which were both touchdowns in the 23–21 loss. In Week 14, against the Detroit Lions, <mask> set an NFL record for most receptions with one team with 1,282. The gloves he used in that game and the ball he caught were sent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In Week 16, <mask> threw the first touchdown pass of his NFL career, a 32-yard pass to David Johnson for the first Cardinals score in the eventual 31–9 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. In addition, <mask> had six receptions for 53 yards.He finished the 3–13 season as the Cardinals leading receiver with 69 receptions for a career-low 734 yards with six receiving touchdowns. <mask> was ranked 60th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019. 2019 season

On January 23, 2019, <mask> announced he would return for the 2019 season, and signed a one-year contract extension with the Cardinals. In Week 1 against the Detroit Lions, <mask> caught eight passes for 113 yards and one touchdown from rookie quarterback Kyler Murray in the 27–27 tie. In Week 2, a 23–17 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, he had five receptions for 104 receiving yards for his first back-to-back games with over 100 receiving yards since Weeks 2–3 of the 2015 season. In a Week 4 27–10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks, he passed Tony Gonzalez for second-most career receptions in NFL history. In the 12 games from Weeks 3 to 17, <mask> averaged just 41.9 yards on 4.4 receptions for a total of three touchdowns, as Christian Kirk emerged as the team's first option in his second year.2020 season

On January 15, 2020, <mask> re-signed with the Cardinals on a one-year deal worth $11 million. On November 26, 2020, <mask> was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list after testing positive for the virus, and was activated on December 8. Overall, <mask> appeared in 13 games in  the 2020 season. He finished the season with a career-low 54 receptions for 409 receiving yards and one touchdown, which occurred in Week 15 against the Philadelphia Eagles. When he covered Super Bowl XLIII, he was believed to be the first reporter to cover his own son in a Super Bowl. <mask>'s mother, Carol, died of a brain hemorrhage while being treated for breast cancer in 2003. During the 2008 season, <mask> was accused of domestic violence against Angela Nazario, who filed for an order of protection against him.In 2016, <mask> completed his undergraduate degree with the University of Phoenix, fulfilling a promise that he made to his mother to finish his education. Since graduation he has become a paid spokesperson for the University of Phoenix. <mask> is an avid traveler and has visited nearly 100 countries. He has two sons. <mask> developed a friendship with Arizona politician John McCain, and spoke at the memorial service for the U.S. senator and Presidential candidate held in Phoenix on August 30, 2018. On January 22, 2020, <mask> bought a minority stake in the NBA's Phoenix Suns to become a partial team owner. <mask> is now the second active NFL player behind Aaron Rodgers to hold an ownership stake with a franchise in the NBA.He has developed a long-standing friendship with franchise owner Robert Sarver since 2005, with him getting more active and involved with the Suns since 2018. His role with the franchise involves him being an advisor and resource for the Suns' business and basketball staff, as well as be a player advisor for both the Suns and Phoenix Mercury, their WNBA franchise. <mask> is an active venture investor, having invested in 40 to 50 companies as of October 2019. <mask> turned his passion to see the world into a travel business that he operates, hosting trips in a number of areas around the world. Philanthropy
<mask> established the “<mask> Fitzgerald First Down Fund” to help kids and their families by funding positive activities for kids during the summer and throughout the year, supporting kids and families in crisis and supporting health-related organizations that work with families. One initiative the “First Down Fund” holds each summer are youth football camps in Arizona and Minnesota. In May 2014, Fitzgerald and Lenovo provided five schools in Minneapolis and four schools in Phoenix Lenovo tablets and equipment to enable the children to gain access to technology.The First Down Fund made a donation to the Minneapolis Park and Recreation to help refurbish a basketball court at Rev Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr Park. The court received new hoops, poles, backboards and benches. He partnered with Riddell to provide new helmets to 1,000 kids in the Minneapolis Parks and Recreation football program. <mask> established the “Carol Fitzgerald Memorial Fund” in honor of his mother, who died of breast cancer in 2003. The organization offers support to causes that <mask>'s mother held dear, including educating urban youth about HIV/AIDS and breast cancer issues. He has served as an NFL spokesman for the league-wide breast cancer awareness initiative “A Crucial Catch” for three years and every October makes donations to breast cancer organizations based on his touchdowns and receptions during the month. In August 2012, he was honored with the 14th annual Pro Football Weekly Arthur S. Arkush Humanitarian Award for his community and charitable contributions.<mask> has made five USO tours to visit soldiers overseas and has raised financial support for injured and critically ill members of the U.S. military. During the 2013 season, <mask> was honored with the NFL Players Association Georgetown Lombardi Award. The award was established to honor a leader in the sports industry whose life and family have been touched by cancer, and who encourages cancer research, prevention and treatment through awareness and philanthropy. In 2014, <mask> was selected as the 2014 Henry P. Iba Citizen Athlete Male Recipient, which was created in 1994 by the Rotary Club of Tulsa to recognize an influential male and female premiere athlete for their success in their sport and for being a positive role model who gives back to their communities. In 2017, <mask> received the Heritage Award from the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry due to his ongoing commitment to improving the lives of Arizonans. In the media

<mask> was featured on the cover of the EA Sports video game NCAA Football 2005. He was one of two players, along with Troy Polamalu, featured on the cover of Madden NFL 10, making them the first two players to be featured on a Madden NFL cover together.See also
 List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders
 List of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders
 List of National Football League career receptions leaders
 List of National Football League career all-purpose yards leaders
 List of National Football League annual receiving touchdowns leaders
 List of National Football League annual receptions leaders
 List of National Football League players with multiple 1,000-yard receiving seasons
 List of Arizona Cardinals first-round draft picks
 List of unanimous All-Americans in college football
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links

 <mask>'s First Down Fund
 Twitter
 Arizona Cardinals bio
 Pittsburgh Panthers bio

1983 births
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
Arizona Cardinals players
Living people
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Players of American football from Minneapolis
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Valley Forge Military Academy Trojans football players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
10,000 receiving yards

masks:
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Larry Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Larry
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald
Larry Fitzgerald


title: Arthur Bell Nicholls

type: original

texts:
<mask> (6 January 1819 – 2 December 1906) was the husband of the English novelist Charlotte Brontë. Between 1845 and 1861 Nicholls was one of Patrick Brontë's curates and was married to his eldest surviving child, Charlotte, for the last nine months of her life. He cared for Patrick Brontë after Charlotte Brontë's death and spent the rest of his life in the shadow of her reputation. He returned to  his native Ireland, remarried and left the ministry. Early years
Nicholls was one of ten children born to <mask>, a Presbyterian farmer and <mask>, a member of the Anglican Church of Ireland in Killead, County Antrim, in Ireland. He was educated at the Royal Free School in Banagher, County Offaly, whose headmaster was his uncle, <mask>. In 1836 Nicholls entered Trinity College, Dublin, from where he graduated in 1844.Vicar at Haworth
<mask> was ordained deacon in Lichfield in 1845 and became assistant curate to Patrick Brontë in June. Charlotte Brontë said of him that he appeared to be a respectable young man who read well, and she hoped that he would give satisfaction. Although he visited the poor of the parish practically every afternoon, he was considered to be strict and conventional, and in 1847 he carried out a campaign to prevent women from hanging their washing out to dry in the cemetery. Charlotte noted sadly that while he was away on holiday in Ireland many parishioners said that they hoped he would not return. He began to develop closer relations with Charlotte, who by that time had written  Jane Eyre, and they conducted a friendly exchange of letters. In December 1848, he conducted the funeral service of Emily Brontë. Marriage to Charlotte Brontë
On 13 December 1852 Nicholls asked Charlotte for her hand in marriage.Charlotte's father vehemently refused to approve the union on the grounds that a poor Irish pastor should never be bold enough to suggest marrying his famous daughter. In 1853 <mask> announced his intention to leave for Australia as a missionary, but he later changed his mind despite collecting references (including one from Patrick Brontë) and a farewell gift from the parishioners. He was re-deployed for several months to another parish, but he had several secret meetings with Charlotte in Haworth. Little by little Charlotte became persuaded by Nicholls, and in February 1854 her father finally gave his permission for the visits. <mask> and Charlotte Brontë were married on 29 June 1854 in her father's church at Haworth. Patrick Brontë decided on the day of the ceremony not to attend, so Charlotte was led to the altar by Margaret Wooler, her former schoolmistress at Roe Head School. They honeymooned in Wales and Ireland before returning to live with Charlotte's father at Haworth Parsonage.Following Charlotte's sudden death, nine months later in 1855, <mask> became the copyright holder of her works, making him an occasionally defensive and reluctant curator of her memory until the early twentieth century. Public interest in his wife, which began with the pseudonymously published Jane Eyre in 1847 and the public revelation of her true identity in 1850, rocketed in the months after the announcement of her death. As press speculation about Charlotte's private life became more intense and inaccurate Patrick Brontë requested the help of Charlotte's friend the novelist Elizabeth Gaskell to correct the distortions in the form of an authorised biography. <mask> was reluctant to participate, especially as it would require him granting Gaskell permission to quote directly from Charlotte's personal letters. He relented but soon after the publication of The Life of Charlotte Brontë in 1857 he became embroiled in its controversies, writing furious letters to newspapers to defend Gaskell's depiction of Charlotte Brontë's miserable school days against the very teachers who now felt slandered. Further allegations of slander and libel led to the biography being withdrawn and re-issued twice with corrections which only served to stoke the public's imagination. <mask> continued living at Haworth Parsonage as Patrick's assistant until Patrick's death in June 1861 and although he was expected to succeed him as the incumbent minister the church trustees voted against him and he resigned.He put the contents of Haworth Parsonage up for auction in October 1861, retaining the family's manuscripts and private effects and distributing keepsakes to the family's servants, and moved back to Ireland. Relations with Charlotte Brontë

Ellen Nussey, a friend of Charlotte's, accused <mask> of being "that wicked man who was the death of dear Charlotte". Another of Charlotte's friends, Mary Taylor, reproached Ellen Nussey for exerting pressure on Charlotte to "give up her choice in a matter so important". Elizabeth Gaskell judged him intransigent and bigoted, adding, however, that Charlotte  "would never have been happy but with an exacting, rigid, law-giving, passionate man". The two servants at the parsonage in Haworth, Tabitha Aykroyd and Martha Brown, believed that Charlotte and <mask> were happy together. During her honeymoon Charlotte wrote to Ellen Nussey:

However, on 26 December 1854 Charlotte wrote that <mask> "is certainly my dear boy, and he is dearer to me today than he was six months ago". Return to Ireland

After the deaths of Charlotte and Patrick Brontë, <mask> returned to Banagher in County Offaly, to live with his widowed aunt and her daughter, Mary Anna <mask> (1830-1915), whom he married in 1864.He left the curacy and managed a small farm, refusing to co-operate with would-be biographers who wanted to exploit his connection to the Brontës. By then they were internationally renowned as popular and significant novelists and the subjects of books and articles. He broke his silence briefly in 1876 in protest at some sections of T.W. Reid's biography of Charlotte - written in co-operation with Charlotte's oldest friend Ellen Nussey - which quoted her writings without his permission and eventually, in 1895, agreed to give Clement Shorter unlimited access to his Brontë archive. Shorter, a journalist and editor, had already convinced Ellen Nussey to sell her letters to one of his associates to safeguard them for posterity and managed to convince Nicholls to do the same. Within a year of obtaining Nicholls's collection of Brontë letters Shorter began re-selling them through auction houses. <mask> <mask>tës which <mask> brought from Haworth in 1861. Perhaps most significantly, these released likenesses of the Brontës that had been thought lost: the portrait of the three sisters by Branwell Brontë and the quarter of a destroyed group portrait, also by Branwell, that depicts Emily Brontë. Since then most of this collection has been returned to Haworth Parsonage, the Brontë family museum. See also

Brontë
Brontë Parsonage Museum

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

 Clooney, Pauline (2021). Charlotte & Arthur, Merdog Books. . Reimagining Charlotte Brontë' & <mask> Nicholls' honeymoon in Ireland & Wales. Fictionalised account of <mask> <mask>' relationship with Charlotte Brontë

 Charlotte Brontë and <mask> Nicholls' wedding trip and Irish Odyssey.External links
Bronte blog

Brontë family
1819 births
1906 deaths
19th-century Irish people
20th-century Irish people
People from County Antrim
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Deaths from bronchitis

masks:
Arthur Bell Nicholls
William Nicholls
Margaret Bell Nicholls
Alan Bell
Nicholls
Nicholls
Arthur Nicholls
Nicholls
Arthur Nicholls
Nicholls
Nicholls
Arthur
Arthur
Nicholls
Bell
Arthur Bell
Nichollsron
Arthur
Arthur Bell
Arthur Bell
Nicholls
Arthur Bell


title: James McMurtry

texts:
<mask> (born March 18, 1962, in Fort Worth, Texas) is an American rock and folk rock/americana singer, songwriter, guitarist, bandleader, and occasional actor (Daisy Miller, Lonesome Dove, and narrator of Ghost Town: 24 Hours in Terlingua). He performs with veteran bandmates Daren Hess, Cornbread and Tim Holt. His father, novelist <mask>, gave him his first guitar at age seven. His mother, an English professor, taught him how to play it: "My mother taught me three chords and the rest I just stole as I went along. I learned everything by ear or by watching people." Biography
<mask> spent his first seven years in Ft. Worth but was raised mostly in Leesburg, Virginia. He attended the Woodberry Forest School, Orange, Virginia.He began performing in his teens, writing bits and pieces. He started performing his own songs at a downtown beer garden while studying English and Spanish at the University of Arizona in Tucson. After traveling to Alaska and playing a few gigs, he returned to Texas and his father's  "little bitty ranch house crammed with 10,000 books". After a time, he left for San Antonio, where he worked as a house painter, actor, bartender, and sometimes singer, performing at writers' nights and open-mic events. In 1987, a friend in San Antonio suggested McMurtry enter the Kerrville Folk Festival New Folk songwriter contest; he became one of six winners that year. Also around this time John Mellencamp was starring in a film based on a script by McMurtry's father, which gave McMurtry the opportunity to send a demo tape to Mellencamp. Mellencamp subsequently served as co-producer on McMurtry's debut album, Too Long in the Wasteland (1989).McMurtry also appeared on the soundtrack of the film Falling from Grace, working with Mellencamp, John Prine, Joe Ely and Dwight Yoakam in a "supergroup" called Buzzin' Cousins. McMurtry released follow-up albums Candyland (1992) and Where'd You Hide the Body (1995). Walk Between the Raindrops followed in 1998 and 2002 brought St. Mary of the Woods. In April 2004, McMurtry released a tour album called Live in Aught-Three. "Choctaw Bingo", one of McMurtry's most popular songs, is featured on both St. Mary of the Woods and Live in Aught-Three. In 2005, McMurtry released his first studio album in three years. Childish Things again received high critical praise, winning the song and album of the year at the 5th Annual Americana Music Awards in Nashville, Tennessee.The album was perhaps McMurtry at his most political, as his working-class anthem "We Can't Make It Here" included direct criticism of George W. Bush, the Iraq War, and Wal-Mart. The music critic Robert Christgau ranked "We Can't Make It Here" as the best song of the 2000s. McMurtry released his follow-up album to Childish Things in April 2008. Just Us Kids continued with the previous album's political themes and included the song "Cheney's Toy," McMurtry's most direct criticism of George W. Bush so far. Like "We Can't Make It Here" from the previous album, "Cheney's Toy" was made available as a free Internet download. McMurtry's ninth album, Complicated Game was released on February 24, 2015 on an L.A. record label also named Complicated Game. The album achieved critical acclaim, scoring 87 on Metacritic.Lead single "How’m I Gonna Find You Now" and other tracks such as album opener "Copper Canteen" have become staples in the McMurtry canon. Cold and Bitter Tears: The Songs of Ted Hawkins, released in late 2015 on Austin-based Eight 30 Records, includes McMurtry's take on the late busker's song "Big Things". Additionally, Dreamer: A Tribute to Kent Finlay, released in early 2016 (also on Eight 30 Records), features McMurtry's version of Finlay's "Comfort's Just a Rifle Shot Away." McMurtry contributed his rendition of Adam Carroll's "Screen Door" to Highway Prayer: A Tribute to Adam Carroll (Eight 30 Records, 2016) as well as "Grandpa's Promise" to the satirical album Floater: A Tribute to the Tributes to Gary Floater (Eight 30 Records, 2018). Also in 2018 McMurtry performed at the Vancouver Folk Music Festival. During restrictions on touring and live music imposed by the Coronavirus pandemic McMurtry started streaming several live acoustic performances a week on Facebook and YouTube. After using this platform to premiere new songs including "If It Don't Bleed", a new album, The Horses and the Hounds, was announced on June 9, 2021 and released on August 20.Lead track "Canola Fields" was released to streaming services at the time of the announcement. The album, produced by longtime collaborator Russ Hogarth and recorded at Jackson Browne's Santa Monica Groove Masters studio, was reviewed positively, scoring an 81 on Metacritic. Pitchfork reviewer Stephen Deusner said of the record: "McMurtry sounds more engaged here, more focused, and more generous to his hard-luck characters." <mask> lives in Lockhart, Texas, 30 miles south of Austin, Texas, where he and The Heartless Bastards regularly play a midnight set at The Continental Club on Wednesday nights after Jon Dee Graham, another Austin roots rock musician. McMurtry's son, Curtis, is also a singer-songwriter and has performed with his father. Discography

Albums

Singles

Guest singles

Music videos

References

External links
 Official site
 One on One with <mask>ry
  Interview and Live Performance on Chicago TV show "Corporate Country Sucks"
 BBC News: Rocker Young wins Americana award
 Ron Rosenbaum, in Slate, on why McMurtry's "Choctaw Bingo" should be the new national anthem

Media
 Video of <mask>urtry
 Video of <mask>rtry. "Poor Lost Soul" from Too Long in the Wasteland

1962 births
American country singer-songwriters
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Living people
Writers from Austin, Texas
People from Fort Worth, Texas
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Place of birth missing (living people)
Woodberry Forest School alumni
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
People from Leesburg, Virginia
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Virginia
20th-century American male musicians
Singer-songwriters from Virginia

masks:
James McMurtry
Larry McMurtry
McMurtry
McMurtry
James McMurt
James MM
James Mcmu


title: Dick Gordon (sports writer)

texts:
<mask>, known as <mask>Scoop" <mask> (January 15, 1911 – December 8, 2008), was an American sports journalist whose works were a regular feature in venerable sports magazines like The Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, and Baseball Digest. After earning his nickname "Scoop" in 1930 by reporting for The Daily Princetonian that golfing legend Bobby Jones would be retiring from active competition, <mask> went on to a sports reporting career which ended in 2008. Childhood
<mask> grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota, the son of <mask>, the proprietor of the fur clothing manufacturer Gordon & Furguson, Inc.  His mother, <mask>, was a native of Connecticut. At the time of the 1920 United States Census, <mask> was living with his parents, an older sister (Virginia), and two servants at 378 Summit Avenue in St. Paul, in the home of his grandfather, <mask>, a deacon of the Episcopal Church and a board member of the new "St. Paul Institute" (now the Science Museum of Minnesota). The younger <mask> attended St. Paul Academy and wrote for the school newspaper Now and Then. The school's headmaster reportedly opined that <mask> was a better writer than F. Scott Fitzgerald, who had been a student at the St. Paul Academy from 1908 to 1911. Princeton and early career
<mask> later attended Princeton University, graduating in 1933.While attending Princeton, he was a reporter for The Daily Princetonian. He received the nickname "Scoop" in 1930 for being the first to report that professional golfer Bobby Jones was retiring from the sport. After graduating from Princeton, <mask> returned to Minnesota and became a sports writer for the St. Paul Pioneer Press. In January 1939, he joined the Chicago Daily News as a sports writer. World War II
During World War II, he served in the United States Marine Corps for 26 months. He served as a Marine Combat Correspondent in the Pacific Theater of Operations. In November 1943, his story about a U.S. Army baseball team that endured six months at Guadalcanal was published in The Sporting News.After over two years of combat action, Sergeant <mask> was returned to Minneapolis and worked for a time as a U.S. Marine recruiter. On April 26, 1945, <mask> married Adelaide Washburne, a Smith graduate who had been teaching at the University of Minnesota and worked in the American Red Cross during World War II. After the war ended, <mask> returned to his job as a sports reporter for the Chicago Daily News. Post-war career
From the late 1940s through the 1970s, <mask> was one of the leading sports writers in the United States. Between 1946 and 1976, almost 250 of <mask>'s works were published in The Sporting News, an American-based sports magazine established in 1886. From 1949 to 1970, <mask>'s baseball writings were a recurring feature in Baseball Digest, the oldest continuously-published baseball magazine in the United States. When Sports Illustrated magazine launched in the mid-1950s, <mask> was one of the budding journal's first writers.On a daily basis, <mask> worked the sports desk for the Minneapolis Star, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, and the Villager newspapers in the Twin Cities. He wrote articles about the Minnesota Twins baseball team, the Minnesota Golden Gophers, and the Minnesota Vikings. <mask> covered the 1960 Olympics in Squaw Valley, California where the U.S. men's ice hockey team won gold. He continued to write for the Villager until he retired after a long career in early 2008. Family and death
<mask> and his wife Adelaide spent 61 years together, their marriage producing three boys. Adelaide died in early 2007, and <mask> followed on December 8, 2008. Sports Illustrated, the Star Tribune and his college newspaper all reported the passing.Selected works
As an active sportswriter for almost eighty years, <mask> wrote thousands of articles on subjects ranging from baseball to hockey. The following are a small sampling of his works, listed chronologically:
Charles (The Man) Comiskey II Gets Sox Presidency as 21st Birthday Gift, The Sporting News, November 27, 1946
Little Brown Jug Series Good to the Last Drop, The Sporting News, October 22, 1947
Big Gopher Ekberg Stars in Studies Too, The Sporting News, January 5, 1949
Mickey Owen, Forgotten Man, Baseball Digest, February 1949
Four of 13 Survivors of Duluth Bus Crash Playing a Year Later, The Sporting News, August 3, 1949
Nomellini's the Monicker of Gophers' Lion of the Line, The Sporting News, October 19, 1949
Mariucci by Phone: ‘We Rose to Heights; Russia Too Good’, Minneapolis Star and Tribune, January 1956
Why He's Still Stan the Man, Baseball Digest, August 1957
Giel's Ready to Wheel, Baseball Digest, February 1958
Did Twin Cities Double Deals Selves Out of Big League Ball, Baseball Digest, March 1958
The Great Cepeda, Junior, Baseball Digest, April 1958
The Hottest Guy in Cold Storage, Baseball Digest, February 1959
"Can Jim Gentile Keep a Hot Bat and a Cool Head for Baltimore?

masks:
Charles Richards Gordon
Dick "
Gordon
Gordon
Charles Richards Gordon
Charles William Gordon
Charlotte Bishop Gordon
Gordon
Richards Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Dick Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


title: Satsvarupa dasa Goswami

texts:
<mask> (, Devanagari: ) (born Stephen Guarino on December 6, 1939) is a senior disciple of Bhaktivedanta Swami, who founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), better known in the West as the Hare Krishna movement. Serving as a writer, poet, and artist, <mask> is the author of Bhaktivedanta Swami's authorized biography, Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta. After Prabhupada]]'s death, Satsvarupa dasa Goswami was one of the eleven disciples selected to initiate future disciples. <mask>, (Sanskrit: ), is one of the first few Westerners ordained by Bhaktivedanta Swami in September 1966. He is a Vaishnava writer, poet, and lecturer, who published over a hundred books including poems, memoirs, essays, novels, and studies based on the Vaishnava scriptures. Honorifics
 His Holiness
 Srila Gurupada
 Paramahamsa
 Maharaja

Early years

He was born Stephen Guarino, the elder of two children, to Italian Roman Catholic parents in Staten Island, New York and attended  Brooklyn College. In July 1966 he met A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami who registered the ISKCON a month later.Bhaktivedanta Swami soon began assigning him typing tasks which Satsvarupa understood "to be yoga". On September 23, 1966 he was ordained in the new Gaudiya Vaishnava movement. After Bhaktivedanta died, he was one of eleven disciples selected to become an initiating guru in ISKCON. Writings
His writings were translated to over forty languages by the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust and Gita Nagari Press. He was also asked by Bhaktivedanta Book Trust to complete a number of works, started by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. Biographies
His books include Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta, a biography of Prabhupada., He Lives Forever (1978) (lectures on the significance of Bhaktivedanta'ss death) and five volumes of Prabhupada Nectar (1983–86) (collection of anecdotes told by Bhaktivedanta Swami's disciples and compiled by Satsvarupa dasa Goswami) and a number of other titles. His memoir With Srila Prabhupada in the Early Days (1991) covers the early years of 1966–1969, his book Life With the Perfect Master (1983) describes the seven-month period in 1974, when he served as Bhaktivedanta's personal servant.Status in ISKCON
He became the most senior member of the movement. He was appointed as a ritvik (representative) by his preceptor. He was also one of the original members appointed as (GBC) Governing Body Commission created by Bhaktivedanta Swami in 1970 to gradually take over the management of ISKCON and was a trustee in the will Bhaktivedanta for the management of ISKCON. History in ISKCON

Early days
After ISKCON's incorporation in July 1966 at 26 Second Avenue, Satsvarupa dasa was engaged as A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami's personal typist and ISKCON secretary for the first year. He was one of the few devotees who maintained outside jobs to support the ISKCON temple at the beginning. Later he managed ISKCON Boston, and ISKCON Press which was later registered as Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. After assuming duties of a GBC (Governing Body Commissioner) in 1970, Satsvarupa was asked by Bhaktivedanta Swami to accept the order of sannyasa in 1972.He accepted sannyasa along with other GBC members, all of whom were originally married men, such as Tamala Krishna Goswami and Hridayananda dasa Goswami. At the time A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami awarded him and other followers the title "Goswami" with the single line instruction: "Preach, preach, preach!" He is sometimes listed among active promoters of ahimsa among other Eastern religious teachers. Preaching and traveling
Main preaching activities by the means of traveling sankirtana parties were centered in United States. BBT (Bhaktivedanta Book Trust) Library Party headed by him in the mid-1970s was active in establishing distribution network mainly to the Universities of the United States, with some members of the team such as Bhakti Tirtha Swami and Suhotra Dasa traveling as far as Eastern Europe. In 1974, Satsvarupa dasa <mask> was requested by Bhaktivedanta Swami to join him as traveling GBC servant, replacing previous servant Srutakirti Dasa and travelled as a menial servant around the globe. Managing BTG
From the early days of ISKCON, the Back to Godhead was project required a lot of both contribution and supervision.Satsvarupa dasa Goswami was editor in chief and one of the main contributors to this magazine till 1991, when assisted editor Jayadvaita Swami took over as the editor in chief. Dealing with early "zonal acarya" days
In accordance with ISKCON GBC Governing Body Commission resolutions March 1978 Satsvarupa dasa Goswami along with other eleven Governing Body Commissioners assumed duties and services of initiating disciples in assigned zones after the death of Bhaktivedanta Swami. Initial preaching areas in the United States and Caribbean were expanded with an addition of Ireland in 1982 where he became a zonal acharya. The assumption of equal status to Bhaktivedanta Swami and the title of "Guru-Acarya" are still surrounded in a controversy. While following the direction of Governing Body Commission, Satsvarupa dasa Goswami was one of the pioneers who attempted to reform the system, by assuming more humble and appropriate role of a guru as per recorded instructions of the "Founder-Acarya." While imitation of Bhaktivedanta Swami was criticised, despite these warnings, specifically by Satsvarupa dasa Goswami, such imitation sometimes resulted in curious side-effects and many devotees adopted Bhaktivedanta Swami's mannerisms. This remained evident especially among the older American devotees who even now speak with an Indian accent and display many of Bhaktivedanta Swami's gestures like turning one's head or moving one's hand in a certain way.Later years
In years 1978–1985 he took part in a controversial zonal acarya system in a position of an Acharya while initiating reform of a high standard of worship. In 1986–1987 a number of senior members and newly appointed GBC members with the support of <mask> <mask> Goswami reformed ISKCON guru system, lowering unprecedented level of worship reserved to initiating gurus in ISKCON. He was called as the "most vocal in the cause of reform" in ISKCON. <mask> <mask> <mask> recorded this period in his book Guru Reform Notebook (1987). Throughout the years that followed, up until the end of the century, new ISKCON guru system was further developed. In 1999 Governing Body Commission confirmed GBC Emeritus status of his membership of the Governing Body of ISKCON. His extensive traveling in Europe in 1990s included areas of Scandinavia, Eastern, Central Europe and Italy, but mainly centered in preaching in Ireland and UK.In following years, his devotional life has included the creation of hundreds of paintings, drawings, and sculptures that capture and express the artist's vision of Krishna consciousness. His latest literary work is centered on his commentary on Bhagavata Purana known as A Poor Man Reads the Bhagavatam. In 2002, he suffered a physical and emotional collapse from chronic migraine headaches, a condition that required immediate medical intervention and treatment. In consultation with the official governing body of the Krishna consciousness society, he agreed to cease initiating disciples. With the GBC consultation, he retained his Goswami title and continued in the sannyasa order and as an ISKCON guru. Following a period of health recovery, at the age of 68, Satsvarupa dasa Goswami took residence in the East Coast United States where he is engaging in a number of preaching activities, such as regular lecturing and traveling to the holy . All of the associated preaching and traveling is complementing his main service of commenting and answering disciples' questions on the Bhaktivedanta Purports being published as the volumes of A Poor Man Reads the Bhagavatam and daily online journal.Select bibliography

See also

Gaudiya Vaishnavism
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
List of Hindu gurus and saints

Notable Disciples
Shaunaka Rishi Das – Director Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies
Yadunandana Swami – Principal Bhaktivedanta College

Notes

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
American male biographers
American Hare Krishnas
20th-century American novelists
American poets of Italian descent
American religious writers
Brooklyn College alumni
Converts to Hinduism from Christianity
English-language poets
Former Roman Catholics
Hindu poets
Hinduism in the United States
International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures
People from Staten Island
Writers from New York City
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American biographers
21st-century American biographers
American male novelists
American male poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)

masks:
Satsvarupa das Gowami
Satsvarupa dasa Gowami
Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
Goswami
Satsvarupa
dasa
Satsvarupa
dasa
Goswami


title: Harris Rosen

texts:
<mask> (born September 9, 1939 in Manhattan, New York) is an American businessman, investor and philanthropist. He founded Rosen Hotels & Resorts in 1974, and serves as the company's president and chief operating officer. <mask> is widely known in the Central Florida area for his philanthropy, and was named the Orlando Sentinels Central Floridian of the Year in 2011. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1939 in Manhattan to Jack and <mask>. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University School of Hotel Administration in 1961. He then served in the United States Army for three years in Germany and South Korea becoming a first lieutenant. <mask>, a descendant of Russian Jewish immigrants, has devoted significant resources to the local Jewish community, donating to and renaming the Jack and Lee Rosen Southwest Orlando Jewish Community Center in 2015.Career
<mask> began his career at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City as a convention salesman. He also worked at other hotels including various Hilton Hotels and the New Yorker Hotel. <mask> eventually joined the Walt Disney Company as director of hotel planning. During the height of the 1973 oil crisis, <mask> left Disney and purchased his first hotel, a Quality Inn on International Drive in Southwest Orlando (Orange County; now Rosen Inn International). To market his hotel during this period, <mask> hitchhiked to New England and met with several motor coach companies to gain their Central Florida business. (At the end of one trip, one company offered him a return trip ride with a couple traveling to Florida, if he would provide them accommodations there). That purchase marked the beginning of Rosen Hotels & Resorts.In 2006, <mask> opened the 1501-room Rosen Shingle Creek, an AAA Four Diamond hotel, his first resort. In October 2017, <mask> purchased the Clarion International Drive and the Red Roof Inn International Drive. The next year, he consolidated both hotels under the Midpointe Hotel name, bringing the total number of hotels owned to currently (2019) eight, all in Orlando. The company's other hotels include: the 1334-room Rosen Centre and the 800-room Rosen Plaza, both connected to the Orange County Convention Center's West Building, Rosen Inn closest to Universal, Rosen Inn at Pointe Orlando, and Rosen Inn International. All are located on International Drive. The Clarion Inn Lake Buena Vista is located next to Walt Disney World. Rosen Hotels & Resorts owns and operates eight hotels and resorts in the Orlando metropolitan area.The company administers 6,694 guestrooms, has 4,500 employees, and is valued at over $500 million. Philanthropy

<mask>'s philanthropic efforts began in 1993, when he created the Tangelo Park Program to benefit an impoverished Orlando community of the same name. The three-pronged program includes his promise of college scholarships (including room, board, books and tuition) for members of the community who are accepted to vocational school, college or university in the state of Florida. The program includes a parent resource center and ten neighborhood preschools. As of 2016, more than 200 college degrees have been awarded through this program. For more than ten years, <mask> has funded an alternative spring break for about a dozen Cornell students who wish to spend their vacation in Orlando, staying in one of his hotels and mentoring students who live in Tangelo Park. In the spring of 2016, <mask> announced a program similar to the Tangelo Park Program, albeit five times as large, to benefit the Parramore District near downtown Orlando.The program started with Parramore residents who graduated high school in 2016. In addition, <mask> funded the building and maintenance of a 24-room preschool housed at the Orange County Public Schools Academic Center for Excellence in Parramore which opened in August 2017. <mask> is funding 48 teachers' and aides' salaries, as well as the salaries of two directors. In November 2017, <mask> announced a partnership with Rollins College, a private, liberal arts college in Winter Park, to provide three annual scholarships to the school to be shared by Tangelo Park and Parramore high school graduates. In 2002, <mask> donated $18 million to the University of Central Florida to develop the Rosen College of Hospitality Management. He funds hundreds of scholarships annually to students attending the Rosen College. For years, <mask> has funded sending medical supplies and personal hygiene items to Haiti.In 2006, he hosted the Water for Haiti gala at Rosen Plaza which funded more than 200 water filtration devices. He has also committed to rebuilding hurricane damaged homes—more than 100—which were completed in December 2017. In 2016, <mask> was awarded the Bob Graham Center for Public Service Citizen of the Year award for his work with Tangelo Park. And was also named the most influential person in tourism in Orlando by Orlando magazine. In November 2017, <mask> was honored by the Orlando Business Journal as the Philanthropist of the Year. The International Drive Chamber of Commerce also named an award in <mask>'s name—The <mask> Philanthropy Award—which he received in November 2017. It is awarded annually to those exemplifying his passion for philanthropy.<mask> currently serves as a charter member of the University of Central Florida Board of Trustees. See also

 Rosen Jewish Community Center

References

External links
 Rosen Hotels & Resorts
 UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management
 The Tangelo Park Program

1939 births
Living people
Jewish American philanthropists
American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies
American hoteliers
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Manhattan
People from Orlando, Florida
Cornell University School of Hotel Administration alumni
University of Virginia alumni
United States Army officers
University of Central Florida faculty
University of Central Florida Trustees
Businesspeople from Florida
American chief operating officers
Philanthropists from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Harris Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Lee Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Rosen
Harris Rosen
Rosen


title: Yakov Dzhugashvili

texts:
<mask> ( – 14 April 1943) was the eldest of Joseph Stalin's three legitimate children, the son of Stalin's first wife, Kato Svanidze, who died nine months after his birth. His father, then a young revolutionary in his mid-20s, left the child to be raised by his late wife's family. In 1921, when <mask> had reached the age of fourteen, he was brought to Moscow, where his father had become a leading figure in the Bolshevik government, eventually becoming head of the Soviet Union. Disregarded by Stalin, <mask> was a shy, quiet child who appeared unhappy and tried to commit suicide several times as a youth. Married twice, <mask> had three children, two of whom reached adulthood. <mask> studied to become an engineer, then – on his father's insistence – he enrolled in training to be an artillery officer. He finished his studies weeks before Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.Sent to the front, he was imprisoned by the Germans and died at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1943 after his father refused to make a deal to secure his release. Early life

<mask> was born  in Baji, a village in the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Georgia). His mother, Kato Svanidze, was from Racha and a descendant of minor Georgian nobility. His father, Ioseb <mask>, was from Gori and was a Bolshevik revolutionary. After he was born Stalin nicknamed him "Patsana". A few months after <mask>'s birth, his father was involved in a high-profile Tiflis bank robbery, and the three of them fled to Baku to avoid arrest. They rented a "Tartar house with a low ceiling on the Bailov Peninsula" just outside the city right on the sea.They returned to Tiflis in October that year as Svanidze was quite ill. She died on , having likely contracted typhus on the trip back. Ioseb left Tiflis immediately after her death, abandoning 8-month-old Iakob to be raised by his Svanidze relatives. Ioseb, who later adopted the name Joseph Stalin, would not return to visit his son for several years, and Iakob would spend the next fourteen years being raised by his aunts. Moscow
In 1921, <mask> was brought to Moscow to live with his father. His half-siblings Svetlana and Vasily were born after he moved. This proved difficult for <mask> as he did not understand Russian and his father was hostile to him, even forbidding <mask> to adopt the name "Stalin." It is not clear why Stalin had hostility to his son, but it is believed that he reminded Stalin of Svanidze, which was one of the happier times in Stalin's life.Living in Stalin's apartments at the Amusement Palace in the Kremlin, <mask> slept in the dining room. A kind individual, Dzhughashvili was close to his half-siblings, as well as his step-mother Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who was only six years older than him. Though <mask> was interested in studying at a university, Stalin did not initially allow it, and it was not until 1930 when he was 23 that <mask> was admitted. He graduated from the Institute of Transport in 1935, and for the next couple years worked as a chimney-sweep engineer at an electric plant factory named after his father. In 1937, he entered the Artillery Academy, and graduated from there on 9 May 1941. Marriages and family
<mask>'s first serious relationship was with Zoya Gunina, the daughter of an Orthodox priest and a former classmate of his. In 1928, <mask> made it known that he wanted to marry Zoya, who was then sixteen.Stalin became enraged at the idea and in response <mask> attempted suicide, shooting himself in the chest and narrowly missing his heart. While Alliluyeva and Svetlana helped <mask>, Stalin is reported to have brushed off the attempt by saying "He can't even shoot straight." <mask> spent several months in the hospital recovering from this ordeal, though the couple did ultimately marry and moved to Leningrad. A daughter was born on 7 February 1929, but she died eight months later of pneumonia and <mask> and Gunina split up, although they did not officially divorce. After his return to Moscow, <mask> was rumoured to be marrying Ketevan Orakhelashvili, the daughter of Mamia Orakhelashvili, the First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. However, <mask> was shy around her so she instead married Evgeni Mikeladze, a prominent orchestra conductor, earning ridicule from Stalin. His next girlfriend was Olga Golysheva, who was also a student at the Moscow Aviation School.They became engaged but soon that ended and she returned to her home in the Stalingrad Oblast. A son, Yevgeny was born on 10 January 1936, after Golysheva returned home. Dzugashvili only learnt of his son in 1938 and ensured he took his surname, though Stalin never recognised Yevgeny as his grandson. <mask> married Yulia Meltzer, a well-known Jewish dancer from Odessa. After meeting Meltzer at a reception in a restaurant, <mask> fought with her second husband, an NKVD officer called Nikolai Bessarab, an aide to Stanislav Redens, the head of the Moscow Oblast NKVD and brother-in-law of Stalin. They soon were married. Historian Miklós Kun has suggested that Meltzer "must have been tempted to gain entry into Stalin’s court by means of her marriage," though this did not work due to the animosity between Stalin and <mask>.They soon moved into an apartment together, though were only legally married on 18 February 1938, the day before their only child, daughter Galina, was born. Second World War

Capture

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Stalin ensured that Dzughashvili and Artyom Sergeyev, his adopted son and fellow artillery officer, went to the front lines. Serving as a lieutenant with a battery of the 14th Howitzer Regiment of the 14th Tank Division near Vitebsk, <mask> was captured on 16 July during the Battle of Smolensk. The circumstances of his capture are disputed: Sergeyev later said that "the Germans surrounded <mask>’s battery. The order was given to retreat. But <mask> did not obey the order.I tried to persuade him... but <mask> answered: 'I am the son of Stalin and I do not permit the battery to retreat." Other sources, including Soviet prisoners interrogated, claimed that they willingly gave up <mask> as they hated the Soviet system. Material from the Russian archives also suggests that he surrendered willingly. The Germans announced the capture of Dzughashvili on 19 July. Stalin reacted negatively to the news: he had previously ordered that no soldiers were to surrender, so the idea that his own son had done so was seen as a disgrace. He was angry that Dzughashvili had not killed himself instead of being captured, and suspected that someone had betrayed him. Meltzer was not immediately told the news and, suspicious of her motives and the idea that Dzhugashvili surrendered, Stalin had her arrested.With Meltzer imprisoned, Svetlana took care of Galina. Prisoner of war
In an attempt to conceal his identity, <mask> apparently removed his officer's insignia and tried to pass as a soldier, though he was soon recognised and given to the Abwehr (German military intelligence) for interrogation. During the interrogation, Dzughashvili openly criticised his division and other units of the Red Army, saying they were unprepared for the war, and further commented that military commanders behaved poorly. He felt that the United Kingdom was weak and had "never helped anyone," while praising Germany, noting it was the only major empire left and that the "whole of Europe would be nothing" without it. Though his wife and her family were ethnically Jewish, Dzughashvili was also openly anti-Semitic, claiming Jews "trade, or aspire to careers in engineering, but they do not want to be workers, technicians, or peasant laborers. That’s why no one in our country respects the Jews." The Germans intended to use <mask> in their propaganda against the Soviets.He was pictured on leaflets dropped over Soviet soldiers, shown smiling with his captors. The back of the leaflet was part of a letter he wrote to Stalin shortly after his capture: "Dear Father! I have been taken prisoner. I am in good health. I will soon be sent to a camp for officers in Germany. I am being treated well. I wish you good health!Greetings to everyone. Yasha." The Soviet Union responded in kind via propaganda: Krasnaya Zvezda ("Red Star"), the official newspaper of the Red Army, announced on 15 August 1941 that <mask> would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his actions during the Battle of Smolensk. He was subsequently moved to a guarded villa in Berlin, where Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, hoped to use him on Russian-language radio broadcasts. When that failed to materialise, <mask> was moved to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. While interned there, <mask> was constantly frequented by visitors who wanted to meet and photograph the son of Stalin, meetings which began to distress him. He also quarrelled with the British prisoners, and would frequently get in physical altercations with them.After German Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered at the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, the Germans offered to exchange <mask> for him, although he specifically asked not be exchanged for a field marshal. This was outright refused by Stalin, who later stated "Just think how many sons ended in camps! Who would swap them for Paulus? Were they worse than <mask>?" According to Nikolai Tolstoy, there was another proposal as well, with Hitler wanting to exchange <mask> for Hitler's nephew Leo Raubal; but this was not accepted either. Death
On 14 April 1943, <mask> died at the Sachsenhausen camp. The details of his death are disputed: one account has him running into the electric fence surrounding the camp.However, it has also been suggested that he was shot by the Germans; Kun has noted that it is "conceivable that he committed suicide: he had suicidal tendencies in his youth." Upon hearing of his son's death, Stalin reportedly stared at his photograph; he would later soften his stance towards <mask>, saying he was "a real man" and that "fate treated him unjustly." Meltzer would be released in 1946 and re-united with Galina, though the years apart had made Galina distant from her mother. In 1977, <mask> was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, first class, although this was done secretly and the family was not allowed to collect the medal itself. After the war, British officers in charge of captured German archives came upon the papers depicting <mask>'s death at Sachsenhausen. The German records indicated that he was shot after he ran into an electric fence attempting to flee after an argument with the British prisoners; autopsy showed he died from electrocution before he was shot. The British Foreign Office briefly considered presenting these papers to Stalin at the Potsdam Conference as a gesture of condolence.They scrapped the idea because neither the British nor the Americans had informed the Soviets that they had captured key German archives, and sharing those papers with Stalin would have prompted the Soviets to inquire about the source of these records. See also
Mao Anying

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1907 births
1943 deaths
Executed people from Georgia (country)
Executed Soviet people from Georgia (country)
People executed by Germany by firearm
People from Imereti
People from Kutais Governorate
Children of Joseph Stalin
Military personnel who died in Nazi concentration camps
People from Georgia (country) executed in Nazi concentration camps
People of World War II from Georgia (country)
People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet military personnel killed in World War II
Soviet prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

masks:
Yakov Iosifovich Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Georgia Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Yakov
Yakov
Yakov
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Yakov
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili
Dzhugashvili


title: Chingiz Khalifa-zade

texts:
Professor <mask> (Azerbaijani: Xəlifəzadə Çingiz Müzəfər oğlu, born 17 February 1931 in Nukha, Soviet Union) is Azerbaijani and Soviet geologist and Professor of Geology and Mineralogy and Petrology; and Head of Department at Azerbaijan State Oil Academy; and President of the Sedimentological Society of Azerbaijan; and Academician at the International Eco-Energy Academy,; and Honorary foreign member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Khalifa-zade is married and has a son, three grandchildren and one great granddaughter. Career
In 1952, Khalifa-zade graduated from Baku State University (Department of Geology). In 1955, he prepared PhD thesis related the Mineralogy and Middle Jurassic Argullicies of the South-East Caucasus and received Candidate of Science degree (Ph.D). Later, he held positions as Senior Scientist, Head of Division and Acting Head of the Institute of Geology, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russian Federation, USSR. In 1972, Khalifa-zade obtained Doctor of Science degree on Geology and Mineralogy from the Institute of Geology (now GIN RAS), Moscow, Soviet (Russian) Academy of Science., In 1975, he received the rank of Professor of Geology and Mineral Deposits at Baku State University. In 1980-1981, he headed the Baku-based United Nation courses and training programs on Geology for professionals from Turkey, Nigeria, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Tanzania, Nepal, Burma, Yemen, Bangladesh, Egypt and other developing countries.He also was a scientific adviser for the Saatli Superdeep well (Saatli, Azerbaijan). In 1980, he was awarded a title of Honorable Geologist of Azerbaijan SSR. In 2000, he received Azerbaijan's Medal of Progress awarded by the President of Azerbaijan H.E. Heydar Aliyev in occasion with 80th Anniversary of Azerbaijan State Oil Academy. Since 1981, Khalifa-zade is Full Professor and Head of Department of Mineralogy and Petrology at Azerbaijan State Oil Academy. He also is a member of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), Houston (USA and President of the Sedimentological Society of Azerbaijan. Since 2008, Khalifa-zade is an honorary foreign member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.Khalifa-zade is a member of Editorial Board of the International Journal of Stratigraphy And Sedimentology Of Oil-Gas Basins, Baku, Azerbaijan National Academy of Science

Activities
In 1978, Khalifa-zade lectured at the University of London and Imperial College, United Kingdom. In 1992, he lectured at the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey; and within 1991-1992, he was a visiting professor at University of Cairo and University of Alexandria, Egypt. He was a member of Soviet and Azerbaijani delegations at DC, XI, XII, XIV and XVII International Congresses on Sedimentology (France, 1975, Canada 1982, Australia 1986, Bulgaria 1989 and Romania 1998) and chaired the Section on Sedimentology and Geochemistry. Publications
Khalifa-zade authored more than 270 articles, 4 text-books and 5 monographs (in Azerbaijani, English and Russian). He also authored Sideritovye zalezhi Dagestana (Siderit Deposits of Dagestan), book, in-Russian, Moscow, Nauka Publishing house, 1963; co-authored Srednei︠u︡rskie otlozhenii︠a︡ vostochnoĭ chasti Bolʹshogo Kavkaza (Middle Jurassic Deposits of the Eastern Part of the Greater Caucasus), book, in-Russian, Moscow, Nauka Publishing house, 1982 and co-authored Mineralogii︠a︡ i genezis boksitovykh porod Nakhichevanskoĭ ASSR (Mineralogy and Geneses of the Boksit Deposits of Nakhcivan ASSR), book, in-Russian, 1986, Elm publishing-house, Baku, Azerbaijan. Text-books

1- Khalifa-zade Ch.M, The Course of Lithology and Fascia, in-Azerbaijani, Maarif publishing house, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, 1982, pages 259

2- Khalifa-zade Ch.M., Secrets of the Moon, in-Azerbaijani, Azernesr publishing house, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, 1979, pages 77

Patents

1- Khalifa-zade and others, A Method to Estimate the Speed of Sedimentation in Sedimental Rocks, Moscow, The State Committee of Inventions and Discovers of the USSR (USSR Patent), Moscow, USSR, April 15, 1986, http://patentdb.su/patents/khalifazade

Articles

1- Khalifa-Zade, Ch. M., Gyrbanof, V., Mamedof.E.A., Sediek, K. N., Petrographical and petrophysical studies of Middle Triassic bearing oil rocks at Gebel Mangishlak, North Kazakhstan area. Oil and gas Journal, 1990, V.3, p. 1-11

2- Sediek, K.N, Khalifa-Zade, Ch.M, Catagenesis model of fragmental and carbonate collectors of Triassic and Upper Paleozoic rocks, at Gebel Mangishlak, North Kazakhstan area. Oil and gas Journal, 1990, V.3., p. 12-17

3- Khalifa-zade, Ch.M., and E.Q. Abbasov, The alteration of clay minerals in large depth, Azerbaijan Geologist, 1999, V. 1, p. 15-28

4- Khalifa-Zade Ch.M., Rustamova R.E. The new data on the paleogeographic model of productive series basin on the base dissemination of turbidity sandy system within the South Caspian depression, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences proceedings, The Science of Earth, 2001, №1. Prof <mask> Khalifa-zade, Azerbaijan State Oil Academy. VIAF ID: 6294260 (Personal).WorldCat Identities. Khalifa-zade <mask> Muzafar oglu, in-Azerbaijani, Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987, Vol X, page 77. The 80th anniversary of Professor <mask> Khalifa-zade's birthday and the 55th anniversary of his professional activity. Prominent Soviet and Azerbaijani scientist and geologist who carries researches in Sedimentology. Journal of Litology and Natural Deposits, in-Russian, Moscow, Nauka Publishing house, Russian Academy of Science, Russia, July–August 2011, page 443-444. 1931 births
Living people
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University faculty

masks:
Chingiz Muzafar oglu Khalifa zade
Chingiz
Chingiz
Chingiz


title: Dotty Attie

texts:
<mask> (born 1938, Pennsauken, New Jersey) is an acclaimed feminist painter, and the co-founder of the first all-female cooperative art gallery in America, A.I.R. Gallery. Her work has been widely exhibited and is in many major museum collections, including the Whitney, the Museum of Modern Art, and the National Gallery in London. She also has the rare distinction of having an all-female punk rock band named after her. <mask> currently resides in New York, New York

Education and early work
Attie discovered her interest in art at an early age, as she found that she was interested in drawing. She was heavily influenced by her father, who brought her to art classes in Philadelphia and provided her with art books, most notably ones with illustrations of works by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Although her favorite living artist happens to be Gerhard Richter.<mask> continued her education at the Philadelphia College of Art, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1959. While in college, <mask> was primarily an Abstract Expressionist painter, but often realistically recreated the likeness of photographs on her canvases. Following her time at the Philadelphia College of Art, <mask> continued her education through fellowships at the Brooklyn Museum of Art School in 1960, and the Art Students League in 1967. Feminism and A.I.R. Gallery

Attie's work in the 1960s received some attention, but gained far more recognition after her involvement in A.I.R. Gallery. In 1972, she co-founded A.I.R., a non-profit cooperative gallery and one of the first to exclusively feature the work of women artists.As an early artist-member, <mask> helped the group to choose a gallery space and recruit members. <mask> had her first solo show at the gallery in 1972. Shortly after, she felt the freedom to rediscover her early passion for drawing. Later, she was an integral part of the gallery's establishment of an international presence, and helped to secure shows in Paris, Israel, and Japan. While still a member of A.I.R., <mask> began to solidify her personal style, which remained fairly consistent throughout her career; she typically deconstructed existing images—such as Old Master paintings and early 20th Century black-and-white photographs—and her works often included text to create a narrative. Therefore, some of her works contain small pictures that were copied from other, sometimes famous, works by Caravaggio, Gustave Courbet, Thomas Eakins, and Ingres. Some of these pictures have been taken from the backgrounds of earlier works, bringing new perspectives to features which may have been formerly overshadowed.This produces a quality of differing scale, paired with short segments of text, which creates a cinematic quality throughout. The text and pictures are related, but do not contribute to a clear narrative, allowing the viewer to fill in the blanks left by the artist. Furthermore, her multi-panel paintings explore the depictions of the body in the history of art and critique the gender bias in the art world. By reanalyzing famous paintings, she emphasizes the hidden undertones within these works that degrade women previously unnoticed due to the male gaze with which they were originally painted. Because <mask>, at times, has meticulously repainted well-known works but presented them in fragments or with other modifications, her work has addressed the concepts of originality and reproduction. <mask>'s work is often characterized by her identification with feminism. She has explained, that feminism "means no barriers between what a woman chooses to do, and what is acceptable by societal and familial standards."These ideals are present in her work, which often contains manipulated images of women that accentuate their vulnerability, often featuring lewd acts of a sexual nature. Awards and recognition
<mask> <mask> received multiple grants for her artwork, one being the Creative Artist Public Service Grant in 1976-77 and another being the National Endowment for the Arts Grant, which she won in 1976-77 and 1983–84. Later career
Her most recent exhibitions have been at the P.P.O.W. Gallery in New York City. What Would Mother Say (2009) featured children engaging in actions which, while innocent, may be construed by adults as provocative or shameful; each work is accompanied by two panels of text. More recently, The Lone Ranger (2013) served as a follow up to What Would Mother Say and included a photo of a boy kissing a horse. According to Attie, that little boy grew up to be the Lone Ranger.<mask> expresses that “All of my (her) work is about our hidden selves, the part of us we don’t want to share with others”, and this was her inspiration for “The Lone Ranger”. The overarching idea of the show is that "If a little boy does something, he will grow up to be a hero. But the little girls, doing the same thing, they all become whores." In 2013 she was working on a series of painting called the “Worst Case Scenarios”. Attie's paintings are in the collections of The Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the National Gallery in London, and many others. In addition to numerous honors in the art world, such as her induction into the National Academy in 2013, <mask> has the unusual distinction of having a punk rock band named after her; the female-led indie quartet Dottie Attie, based in Portland, Oregon, formed in 2013. <mask> has been photographed wearing the band's t-shirts.Personal life
Attie's first life partner was <mask>, a prominent American commercial and fine art photographer with whom she had two sons, the widely-published mathematician <mask> and TV writer <mask>. Her current partner is David Olan, a classical composer. References

1938 births
Living people
People from Pennsauken Township, New Jersey
American women painters
Feminist artists
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
20th-century American painters
American women photographers
American women printmakers
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American printmakers
21st-century American painters
21st-century American printmakers
21st-century American women artists
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers
Painters from New Jersey
Photographers from New Jersey

masks:
Dotty Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
Dotty
Attie
Attie
Attie
Attie
David Attie
Oliver Attie
Eli Attie


title: Luitpold of Znojmo

texts:
<mask> of Znojmo (, , ; died 15 March 1112), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, ruled as Moravian duke of Znojmo for twenty years – from 1092 until his death. Family

He was the second son of Duke Conrad I of Bohemia (died 1092) and his consort, the Bavarian countess Wirpirk of Tengling. Luitpold's father ruled the Duchy of Bohemia only for a few months before his death, having succeeded his elder brother Vratislaus II. Both had wrangled over the newly implemented seniority principle with their eldest brother Duke Spytihněv II: not until Spytihněv's death in 1061 and the accession of Vratislaus II to the Bohemian throne, Conrad received his share, ruling over the Moravian lands of Znojmo and Brno for more than 30 years. Luitpold did not succeed his father as Duke of Bohemia; according to the principle of agnatic seniority, the ducal title passed to his eldest cousin Bretislav II, son of the late Vratislaus II. Instead, Luitpold ruled in half of Moravia (the western part) as his father Conrad I, though again divided into two principalities: Brno and Znojmo, and Luitpold was co-ruler (diarch) for all in this part with his elder brother Ulrich I. All Moravian lines of the Přemyslid dynasty as a whole were systematically associated by dynastic marriages with princesses of major royal and ducal dynasties, especially Árpád dynasty, Rurik dynasty, Piast dynasty, Nemanjić dynasty-senior line, Vukanović, the House of Babenberg and other dynasties of Bavarian dukes; as it was the other way around (vice versa).Members of the Moravian dynasty were fully predisposed to take over the central throne (for both countries – Bohemia and Moravia) in Prague, under the principles of agnatic seniority. Domestic policy

Luitpold ruled over southern Moravia as diarch in Znojmo for 20 years, once interrupted by the illegitimate regency of Duke Bretislav II in 1099–1100, when he and Ulrich were evicted. Both fell out with Bretislav when the duke tried to enforce the succession of his younger brother Bořivoj. He had Ulrich captured and arrested in Kladsko, while Luitpold fought against the forces of Bořivoj's father-in-law, the Babenberg margrave Leopold II of Austria. Upon Duke Bretislav's assassination in 1100, Emperor Henry IV confirmed the accession of Bořivoj to the Prague throne; nevertheless Luitpold and Ulrich enforced their return to Moravia and the restoration of the Brno duchy – with the help of Austrian and Bavarian armed forces as well as with indirect support by the emperor, whom the brothers visited in early February 1101 in Frankfurt. After they returned, they continued to reign in the two principalities of Brno and Znojmo in certain territorial union. Emperor Henry IV gave Ulrich insignia of rank and banner (vexillum) for their reign as Moravian dukes, while Luitpold's brother officially renounced all claims to the Prague throne.Luitpold himself, however, once again participated in the successful rebellion led by his Moravian cousin Svatopluk of Olomouc against Duke Bořivoj in 1107. About 1101, Luitpold and Ulrich together established the Benedictine abbey of Třebíč and prepared its St. Procopius Church as mausoleum for the Brno-Znojmo branch of the Přemyslid dynasty, where they were both were buried. Luitpold died in 1112, whereafter his Znojmo principality passed to Ulrich. Marriage and issue
By his marriage to Princess Ida of Babenberg, daughter of Margeve Leopold II of Austria and his consort Ida of Formbach, he had one son, the other children (if any) are unknown;

Conrad II, who legitimately succeeded his father as Duke of Moravia, Prince of Znojmo from 1123 to 1128 and again from 1134 until his death about 1161. Ancestry

Ancestry

See also
 History of Moravia
 Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine
 Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia
 Helen of Znojmo

Citations and notes

References

Bibliography
 COSMAS, (Canonicus Pragensis); Chronica Boëmorum. (Latin)
 COSMAS of Prague, (Canon of Prague),Translated by Lisa Wolverton (2009); Chronicle of the Czechs (Chronicle of Bohemias). The Catholic university of America Press.(English)
 Constinuatio Claustroneoburgensis prima. MHG SS IX, p. 612 (Latin)
 KRZEMIEŃSKA, Barbara; MERAHAUTOVÁ, Anežka; TŘEŠTÍK, Dušan (2000). Moravští Přemyslovci ve Znojemské rotundě. Praha: SetOut. 135 p.. . (in Czech)
 WOLVERTON, Lisa (2001). Hastening toward Prague. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.(English)
 REITINGER, Lukáš. Nekrologia kláštera Pegau. Pozapomenuté svědectví o Přemyslovcích (nejen) Kosmova věku. In: WIHODA, Martin; REITINGER, Lukáš (2010). Proměna středovýchodní Evropy raného a vrcholného středověku. Brno : Matice moravská, . . pp. 373–374 (in Czech)
 GROSMANNOVÁ, Dagmar (2010).Medieval Coinage in Moravia.In: GALUŠKA, Luděk; MITÁČEK, Jiří; NOVOTNÁ Lea. Treasures of Moravia. Brno:Moravian Museum Press. . pp. 371–374 (English)
 BRETHOLZ, Berthold (1910).Studien zu Cosmas von Prag V. Die Brunner Cosmas Handschrift, NA 35, 1910 pp. 692–702 (German)
 MOLECZ, P. (2003):Die Hanthaler-Fälschungen im Lilielnfelder Nekrolog am Beispiel der Schwestern des Heiligen Leopold. Eine Beitrag zur Barocken Wischenschaftsgeschichte und Babenbergergenealogie. MIÖG 111, pp.241–284, exact 360–365. (in German)
 SOMMER, Petr; TŘEŠTÍK, Dušan; ŽEMLIČKA, Josef, a kol. Přemyslovci. Budování českého státu. Praha : Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2009. 779 s. .
 WIHODA, Martin. Morava v době knížecí 906–1197.Praha : Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2010. 464 s. .
 ČERNÝ, Pavel. Zobrazení přemyslovské genealogie v rotundě sv. Kateřiny ve Znojmě a některé aspekty její interpretace, in: Znojemská rotunda ve světle vědeckého zkoumání. pp. 78–92 (in Czech)
 MĚCHUROVÁ, Zdeňka (2010). From the medieval history of Moravia.In: GALUŠKA, Luděk; MITÁČEK, Jiří; NOVOTNÁ Lea. Treasures of Moravia.Brno:Moravian Museum Press. . pp. 107–115 (English)
 ŽEMLIČKA, Josef (2005). Přemyslovci. Jak žili, vládli, umírali. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, . 497 s. . (in Czech)

External links
MORAVIA, dukes and margraves genealogy tables
The Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine web page
The Ducal Rotunda in Znojmo – A virtual tour
Moravia dukes – Ulrich of Brno part

Roman Catholic monarchs
People from Moravia
Přemyslid dynasty
Younger sons of dukes
1112 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Znojmo


title: Roger Owensby Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (March 27, 1971 – November 7, 2000) was an African American man who died November 7, 2000 after a foot chase and scuffle with the Cincinnati Police Department in the Roselawn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. Biography
<mask> was a United States Army sergeant in the Persian Gulf War, serving eight years. He had been an army cook and also served in Bosnia. He left behind a 9-year-old daughter at the time of his death and was survived by his parents and other siblings. He had no previous police record. On 21 May 2004, US District Court Judge Spieghel held that the Cincinnati's City Council had failed to protect the prisoner's health. On a second count he also held that the police were negligent in failing to follow procedure and Owensby died.On 14 June 2004, the family sued the Council for damages of US $4.5 million, citing police brutality as cause of death. In a landmark case decision, the court eventually decided after almost two years deliberations on 16 March 2006 to reach a settlement for US $6.5 million with the <mask> family. Death
At 8 pm on election day  November 7, 2000 in his home town, Owensby was leaving the Sunoco Mini-Mart in Bond Hill when two police officers stopped and searched him for approximately 15 minutes. He then fled and they gave chase. After the ensuing struggle Owensby was tackled by several officers, forced to the ground and handcuffed. He was put into the police car, where he subsequently died. The two main officers involved were Officer Robert 'Blaine' Jorg and Officer Patrick Caton.Several details came out during the investigation through independent media inquiries and contrary citizen testimony about what happened during the event. No officers who was involved in the incident was convicted of any criminal wrongdoing, but all were disciplined for various levels of dereliction of duty or violation of police procedures. The Hamilton County Cononer's Office found that <mask> died, "... either from a chokehold or from officers piling on top of him." <mask> Sr. (father of <mask>.) wrote to Cincinnati Mayor Charlie Luken advising that he had been contacted by witnesses who claimed to have been harassed and intimidated by police and investigators. The Hamilton County Prosecutor stated that he was unaware of the letter but that he had met with the <mask> family to keep them updated,

The individual civil (local) cases against the police officers Jorg and Caton began concurrently October 22, 2001. Both cases ended in November 2001, with Caton being acquitted and Jorg's case ending in a mistrial. On November 6, 2001 the <mask> family filed a federal lawsuit stating the police had violated <mask>'s civil rights, claiming he was "assaulted, tortured and killed" by police.The Owensby incident was a pivotal moment that fueled the racial tension becoming one of the causative factors of the 2001 Cincinnati Riots. <mask> was the twelfth black male who died in custody or confrontations with police since 1995. While the criminal trial was proceeding, an unarmed 19-year-old black man, Timothy Thomas, was shot by Cincinnati Police Department Officer Steven Roach during an on-foot pursuit. The combination of the rising tensions from the high-profile <mask> case and Thomas' death led to the 2001 Cincinnati Riots. Civil trial

Indictments
The charges of manslaughter and misdemeanor assault were filed against the officers Jorg and Caton on January 3, 2001 for <mask>'s death. A point of contention was which officer, Jorg or Caton, may have caused <mask>'s death through improper use of force. Jorg and Caton had individual trials often sharing the same evidence and witnesses, but neither officer was found to have caused his death.Testimony
In the trials of both Jorg and Caton there was a lack of consistent corroborating testimony by witnesses. A witness in the trial of Officer Jorg testified that he had used a choke hold on Owensby while Jorg testified that he only held the head to protect him. The Coroner testified that Owensby died from mechanical asphyxiation (suffocation) but could not confirm that the body showed bruises from punches as stated by witnesses. There was also conflicting evidence from police witnesses. The deputy coroner testified that forensic evidence showed that Owensby was dead when placed in the police cruiser, but officers stated that Owensby staggered as they led him to the car. Officer David Hunter stated that he saw Officer Caton punch Owensby as he lay on the ground handcuffed and swing at him in the cruiser but he was not supported by other officers testimony. Verdict and mistrial
Caton was found not guilty.Jorg's case ended in a mistrial with the jury deadlocked 10-2 for acquittal. The prosecutor decided not to retry Jorg. There had been 10 white and two black jurors which incited black activists and reinforced the views of the community, " ...   "In the black neighborhoods we knew what was going to happen because nobody else has been convicted," she said, referring to the September acquittal of Officer Stephen Roach in the death of Timothy Thomas." In 2005 the Hamilton County Prosecutor was asked to reopen the case by a Cincinnati Council Member but he refused saying there was no new evidence. Post trial
An article in Cincinnati CityBeat after the trial suggested that material which could have been presented at the trial was not presented. This included two witnesses seen in the video tape from the Suncorp Mini Mart who were not called to testify, discrepancies in testimony by two officers Hasse and Sellers regarding why they were present (Sellers has admitted that he lied under oath). In 2004 a lawsuit brought by the <mask> family was set to be heard on June 14.The city appealed to the U.S. District Court which granted a summary judgment in favor of the Owensbys allowing the trial to proceed. Judge Seigel wrote in his decision, "A reasonable jury, hearing all of the evidence, could only determine that (the officers) ... failed to satisfy their respective constitutional obligations to ensure Owensby was provided with the necessary medical care." On March 17, 2006, the city and Owensby family reached a $6.5 million settlement after a federal judge awarded a summary judgment, finding police had violated Owensby's civil rights by failing to provide medical care. The US Department of Justice continued to investigate whether any of the officers should face criminal charges under federal civil rights laws, although two local justice investigations reached no consensus on whether officers had acted improperly. Combined complaint alleging racial profiling
A group combined individual civil claims against Cincinnati, the police force, and individual police as private citizens, into the Federal lawsuit brought by Tyehimba, filed March 14, 2001, on behalf of the Black men and their surviving family that had died since 1995. They alleged racial profiling but made sure to emphasize a demand for behavioral change by the Cincinnati Police Department beyond or instead of punitive and restitution damages. A settlement approved by a federal judge was reached on 7 August 2002.It included a five-year effort to bring about reforms within the police department and residents were to be responsible for reducing crime in their neighbourhoods. It also brought to an end the racial-profiling lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Cincinnati Black United Front, which alleged that police harassed and targeted African-Americans for decades. Status of main officers involved
Internal hearings by Cincinnati  police began into whether seven officers involved in the Owensby death should be disciplined. The officers were accused of, "... improper use of force, failure of good behavior and neglect of duty." T

Caton later won his arbitration case against the decision to have him fired for "failure of good behavior" and was eligible to work for the police force again. He was promoted to lieutenant in early 2016. Jorg resigned from Cincinnati police force  just prior to questioning in a local investigation and started working for another nearby police force in Pierce Township until mid-2003.He later moved from Cincinnati and is currently a Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod pastor in Pennsylvania. Jorg wrote 13 Minutes, a book describing what happened from his own point of view. Documentary
In 2014 a documentary Cincinnati Goddamn directed by Paul Hill, April Martin was released. The documentary "is about police brutality, institutional racism, and the power of grassroots activism in Cincinnati, Ohio." References

People from Cincinnati
African-American history in Cincinnati
African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
History of racism in Ohio
1971 births
2000 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Ohio

masks:
Roger Owensby Jr
Owensby
Owensby
Owensby
Roger Owensby
Roger Jr
Owensby
Owensby
Roger
Owensby
Owensby
Owensby
Owensby
Owensby