title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
<mask> of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776, reigned 16 October 1724 – 22 April 1776) was the 21st king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the second son of King Sukjong. His mother was Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Choe clan. Before ascending to power, he held the title of Prince Yeoning. In 1720, a few months after the accession of his older brother, King Gyeongjong as the 20th King, Yeoning became the Crown Prince (wangseje, 왕세제). This induced a large controversy between political factions. Nevertheless, four years later, at the death of Gyeongjong, <mask> ascended the throne.<mask>'s reign lasted nearly 52 years and was marked by his persistent efforts to reform the taxation system of Joseon, rule by Confucian ethics, minimize and reconcile the factional fighting under his "Magnificent Harmony" Policy (Tangpyeong, 蕩平, 탕평). His reign was also marked by the highly controversial execution of his son, Prince Sado, in 1762. In spite of the controversy, <mask>'s reign has earned a positive reputation in Korean history due to his sincere efforts to rule by Confucian virtue. Biography

Succession to the throne
In 1720, his father King Sukjong died and Crown Prince Yi Yun, Sukjong's eldest son, ascended to the throne as King Gyeongjong, at the age of 33. When Sukjong died in 1720, he supposedly told Yi I-myeong to name Yeoning-gun as Gyeongjong's heir, but in the absence of a historiographer or scribe, there was no record. During his time there was infighting and resentment for his low-born origins. The Noron faction (노론, 老論) of the bureaucracy pressured King Gyeongjong to step down in favor of his half-brother Prince Yeoning (the future King <mask>).In 1720, two months after the King's enthronement, Prince Yeoning was installed as Royal Prince Successor Brother (wangseje, 왕세제, 王世弟). This aggravated the power struggle and led to a great massacre, namely the Shinim literati purges (신임사화, 辛壬士禍). The Norons sent messages to the king to no effect while the opposing Soron faction (소론, 少論) used this to their advantage – claiming the Noron were trying to usurp power and subsequently getting their rival faction removed from several offices. Members of the Soron faction then came up with an idea to assassinate the heir (Yeoning-gun) under the pretence of hunting for a white fox said to be haunting the palace, but Yeoning-gun sought shelter with his stepmother, Queen Dowager Inwon, who protected him and he was able to stay alive. Afterwards, he told his half-brother the king that he rather would go and live as a commoner. On 11 October 1724, King Gyeongjong died. Soron accused Prince Yeoning of having something to do with his brother's death due to the earlier attempt by the Noron faction to have him replace Gyeongjong on the throne.Many historians, however, now believe that he could have died of eating contaminated seafood, as he displayed symptoms of the illness before his death. Homer Hulbert described this in his book The History of Korea, where he said, "But we may well doubt the truth of the rumor, for nothing that is told of that brother indicates that he would commit such an act, and in the second place a man who will eat shrimps in mid-summer, that have been brought 30 miles from the sea without ice might expect to die". On 16 October 1724, Prince Yeoning ascended the throne as King <mask>, the 21st ruler of Joseon. Reign
King <mask> was a deeply Confucian monarch, and is said to have had a greater knowledge of the classics than his officials. During the reign of <mask> and his grandson Jeongjo, Confucianization was at its height, as well as the economic recovery from the wars of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His rulership has been called one of the most brilliant reigns of all the Joseon Dynasty. <mask> worried deeply for his people.Annals of the Joseon Dynasty record that one day in the 4th year of his reign, King <mask> woke up to the sound of early morning rain and said to his courtiers,

Oh dear! We have had flood, drought and famines for the past four years because of my lack of virtue, and this year we even went through an unprecedented revolt by a traitor named Yi In-jwa. How can my poor people manage their livelihood under such hardship? There is an old saying, 'War is always followed by a lean year.' Fortunately, however, we haven’t had a big famine for the past two years and we pin our hopes on a good harvest this year. Yet I am still nervous because, while the season for harvesting is around the corner, there is no way of knowing if there will be a flood or drought before then. Nobody knows whether a cold rain will pour suddenly and flood the fields awaiting harvest.My lack of goodness might bring upon us such awful things as I fail to win the sympathy of heaven. How can I earn the sympathy of heavens if I do not self-reflect and make efforts myself? I should start with reflecting on myself. <mask> worried that rain would ruin the harvest forcing his unfortunate people to starve. The King ordered his courtiers to reduce taxes on the people and decrease the number of dishes in his own meals. Reducing the range of foods he ate was a decision made out of concern for his starving people. One early morning 25 years later circa 1753, the continuous rain reminded <mask> of the flood during the 4th year of his reign, when he had eaten less food: "Oh!Floods and droughts really happen because I lack virtue. I am much older than that year, but how can my compassion for the people and will to work hard for them be less than back then?". Yet again, <mask> ordered a reduction in the number of dishes on his dining table. People around him described him as an articulate, bright, benevolent and kind King. He was penetrating in observation and quick of comprehension. Policies
<mask> realising the detrimental effect on state administration of factional strife during the latter half of the 17th century, attempted to end factional strife as soon as he ascended the throne. <mask> reinstated the short-lived universal military service tax, then he even went beyond the palace gate and solicited the opinion of officials, literati (scholars), soldiers and peasants.<mask> reduced the military service tax by half and ordered the variance be supplemented by taxes on fisheries, salt, vessels and an additional land tax. <mask> also regularized the financial system of state revenues and expenses by adopting an accounting system. His realistic policies allowed payment of taxes on grain from the remote mountainous areas Gyeongsang do province, to the nearby port, with payment in cotton or cash for grain. The circulation of currency was encouraged by increasing coin casting. <mask>'s concern for improvement of the peasant's life was manifest in his eagerness to educate the people by distributing important books in the Korean script (Hangul), including the Book of Agriculture. The pluviometre was again manufactured in quantity and distributed to local administration offices and extensive public work projects were undertaken. Yeongjo upgraded the status of posterity of the commoners, opening another possibility for upward social mobility and inevitable change.Yeongjo policies were intended to reassert the Confucian monarchy and a humanistic rule, but they couldn't stem the tide of social change that resulted. Mercantile activities rapidly increased in volume. The accumulation of capital through monopoly and wholesales expanded through guild organisations and many merchants were centred in Hanyang. The traditional division of government chartered shop, the license tribute goods suppliers and the small shopkeepers in the alley and streets were integrated and woven into a monopoly and wholesale system. Regardless of status, many yangban class aristocrats and commoners engaged in some kind of merchant activities. Thus Hanyang made great strides as a commercial and industrial city in the 18th century. The popular demand for handicrafts and goods such as knives, horse hair hats, dining table and brassware was ever-increasing.Restrictions on wearing the horse hair hat originally denoting a Yangban class status, virtually disappeared

Even bootlegging of books became commercialised as competition developed among the well-to-do Yanban engaged in publication of collected literary works of their renowned ancestors. This also led to printing popular fiction and poetry. The people especially appreciated satire and social criticism. One example is the Chunhyangjeon (Tales of Chunghyang) about the fidelity of the Gisaeng's (entertainer's) daughter was widely read as a satire aimed to expose the greed and snobbery of government officials. Anti-corruption
The King is also renowned for having treasured Park Mun-su, who he appointed as Amhaeng-eosa (암행어사), a secret government inspector for the King. Park, who had earned great merit in putting down Yi In-jwa's rebellion in 1728, went around the nation arresting corrupt local officers in the name of the King. Controversy
The only significantly dismal incident during <mask>'s reign was the death of his son, Crown Prince Sado.History indicates Sado suffered from mental illness; randomly killing people in the palace and raping palace maids. By court rules King <mask> could not kill his son by his own hands, so Sado was ordered to climb into a large wooden rice chest on a hot July day in 1762. After eight days, Sado died. During the 19th century, there were rumors that Prince Sado had not been mentally ill, but had been victimised by a court plot; however, this is contradicted by both the memoirs written by Sado's widow and Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. As a means to preserve the legitimacy of Sado's son as his own heir, <mask> decreed that the boy be registered as the son of the deceased Crown Prince Hyojang and Princess Consort Hyosun. Catholicism
<mask> was the first to take action against Roman Catholic activities in the country. By the 18th century, Catholicism was beginning to acquire a following especially in the Gangwon and Hwanghae provinces.In 1758, <mask> officially outlawed Catholicism as an evil practice. Death
Fourteen years after Crown Prince Sado's death, Sado's son, <mask>'s grandson Jeongjo, became king. The early part of the new King's years were marked by political intrigues and fear of court officials who were afraid that Jeongjo would seek revenge on them for petitioning the punishment that caused the death of his father, Crown Prince Sado. <mask> was buried in the dynastic tombs at Donggureung. <mask> is buried with his first and second wives in the royal tomb of Wonneung (원릉, 元陵) in the city of Guri. Queen Jeongsun of the Gyeongju Kim clan (2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805) (정순왕후 김씨) – No issue. Portrayed by Park Geun-hyung in the 1998 MBC TV series The King's Road.Portrayed by Choi Bool-am in the 1998 MBC TV series Hong Guk Young. Portrayed by Jo Min-ki in the 2002 MBC TV series Inspector Park Moon So. Portrayed by Lee Tae-ri in the 2002 KBS TV series Jang Hee Bin. Portrayed by Kim Sung-gyum in the 2007 CGV TV series Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo. Portrayed by Lee Soon-jae in the 2007 MBC TV series Lee San, Wind of the Palace. Portrayed by Lee Hyung-suk and Lee Seon-ho in the 2010 MBC TV series Dong Yi. Portrayed by Jeon Gook-hwan in the 2011 SBS TV series Warrior Baek Dong-soo.Portrayed by Han Suk-kyu in the 2014 SBS TV series Secret Door. Portrayed by Song Kang-ho in the 2015 film The Throne. Portrayed by Yeo Jin-goo in the 2016 SBS TV series The Royal Gambler. Portrayed by Ryu Tae-joon in the 2017 film The Age of Blood. Portrayed by Jung Il-Woo in the 2019 SBS TV series Haechi. Portrayed by Lee Deok-hwa in the 2021 MBC TV series The Red Sleeve. See also
History of Korea
Rulers of Korea
Joseon Dynasty
Dong Yi (TV series)

References

1694 births
1776 deaths
18th-century Korean monarchs

masks: Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo


title: Eufrosina Cruz

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1 January 1979 in Santa María Quiegolani, Oaxaca) is a Zapotec activist for gender equality and the rights of indigenous women and communities. In November 2010 she became the first indigenous woman in Oaxacan politics, assuming the position of deputy of the National Action Party and president of the board of the local congress. In December of the same year <mask> was appointed as coordinator of indigenous affairs of the National Executive Committee of the PAN. She is also the founder and director of the QUIEGO (Queremos Unir Integrando por Equidad y Género en Oaxaca) Asociación Civil, which promotes gender equality in Oaxaca. The starting-point for her fight for gender equality was that she was not permitted to participate in the municipal elections of her home town Santa María Quiegolani, for the single reason that she is a woman. This was a valid reason according to the usos y costumbres (local traditional laws). Because of <mask>’s fight, the constitution was later reformed to give women equal voting rights.On October 3, 2008 <mask> received the National Youth Award for her contribution to political culture, which was presented by President Felipe Calderón. On Saturday, June 30, 2018, she was expelled from the PAN due to her opposition of Ricardo Anaya's 2018 presidential candidacy. Background and context
<mask> <mask> comes from a tiny Zapotec village called Santa María Quiegolani in Oaxaca, Mexico, where Zapotec is the native language. Her life was as so many Zapotec women traditionally lived: getting up at 3 o’clock in the morning, gathering fuel, grinding maize, preparing tortillas, watching the children and cleaning the house. Most girls in such villages have little chance to complete grade school and are married at a young age to men chosen by their fathers. At the age of 11, <mask> <mask> decided that she didn’t want to live like this and left to study and learn Spanish. She wanted a better future and eventually to help the other women that were discriminated against and marginalized.She graduated from college with a degree in accounting and obtained a job teaching in indigent communities. Here she served as community instructor for education and founded three high schools in indigenous municipalities. After this she returned to her original village with the intention to change the lives of the women there. When she came back everything was still the same. Women were working hard but did not have equal rights. They were submissive to men and remained silent when men were around. Furthermore, women could not vote and did not have a voice in the law.Even so, <mask> ran for mayor of Santa María Quiegolani. This idea was revolutionary since the local political power was traditionally exclusively in the hands of men, and <mask> would have been the first female municipal president of Santa María Quiegoliani. It was a difficult struggle; most people didn’t want a woman in the government and spread rumors, ridiculed and threatened her. Usos y Costumbres Law
In 2007 she was eventually allowed in the election because the ruling family thought no one in town would dare to violate the tradition and vote for a woman. To everybody’s surprise <mask> <mask> won the elections (although the former authorities suggest otherwise). But this victory was not accepted and the election was annulled by the male authorities of the village. Votes for <mask> and her application for mayor were literally thrown into the trash bin.The former mayor of the municipality said “women do not exist here” and “women were created to serve men, to cook and care for children, but not to govern the former mayor also thought "a women for MAYOR??! !.”

The indigenous authority based their reason for this on oral traditions that said that women are not allowed in political positions in the community. This was in a way valid, since the usos y costumbres (uses and customs) law in the Oaxacan constitution states that indigenous communities can elect and form parties according to their own traditions and customs. Oaxaca is the only state with this law, which is meant to respect the democratic practices of indigenous communities and protect their traditions. The communal authority is in this case stronger than the overall state politics. 418 out of 570 indigenous municipal laws are based on the usos y costumbres law; in 95 of these communities women did not have a voice or vote and were not permitted to make decisions for their community. Successes of Eufrosina <mask> <mask> did not give up and addressed human rights organizations and state authorities.The matter was taken seriously and she gained national recognition. In consequence, a revolutionary event took place on the 18th of January, 2008. For the first time the former governor visited <mask> <mask>’s small community, to demand that women should be able to have better lives. In February 2008 <mask> filed a complaint to the Human Rights Commission. The Commission recognized the violation of her rights. As a result, the government introduced an initiative to amend Article 25 of the state constitution, which was approved by the state congress. March 2008: <mask> <mask> became founder and director of QUIEGO, AC (see below)
 October 3, 2008: <mask> <mask> received the Premio Nacional de la Juventud (National Youth Award) in the category of contribution to the political culture from the President of México.<mask> represented Mexico in the Iberoamerican conference on Gender and Development. <mask> represented Mexico in the conferences of female leaders in Iberoamerica. QUIEGO, A.C. In March 2008, Eufrosina <mask> founded the non-profit association QUIEGO (Queremos unir, integrando por la equidad y género, a Oaxaca). The goal of this nonprofit is bringing attention to the situation of indigenous women, and ensuring that injustice such as what <mask> went through will not happen again. QUIEGO stands for equality between indigenous men and women, and wants women to have equal rights in development, progress, and education. This will be done through promoting human rights, making the importance of freedom and being a woman clear, creating projects to improve women’s quality of life, and women’s rights workshops.It will not only affect Quiegolani but also other indigenous communities in Oaxaca. On December 6, 2008, QUIEGO organized the first forum in the history of the region to discuss the importance of women in community development and their right to access social programs. Shortly after the forum, the Secretariat of Agrarian Reform supported them with six exclusive productive projects for women, including a community pharmacy, a bakery, and a sewing project. In San Jose Quianitas, months later, women could vote and be candidates in their community. In November 2010 another successful forum for the freedom of indigenous women was held, organized by Eufrosina <mask> and QUIEGO. In 2009 <mask> was approached by several political parties to participate in elections for the federal Chamber of Deputies. The president of QUIEGO rejected the proposals and urged these same parties to the creation of mechanisms for the participation of women in municipalities governed by custom.In November 2010, <mask> <mask> was nominated as a candidate for deputy of the local congress for the PAN. When Gabino Cué Monteagudo (PAN) won the elections, <mask> was elected to the office of presidenta de la mesa directiva del congreso local (president of the board of the local congress), becoming the first indigenous woman to chair the state Congress of Oaxaca. On December 14 of the same year, <mask> was appointed as coordinator of indigenous affairs of the National Executive Committee of the PAN. References

Living people
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Congress of Oaxaca
Zapotec people
1979 births
People from Oaxaca
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Indigenous Mexican women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans

masks:
Eufrosina Cruz Mendoza
Eufrosina
Eufrosina Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Eufrosina
Eufrosina
Cruz
Cruz
Cruz Erosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Cruz
Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Eufrosina


title: June Jordan

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1936 – June 14, 2002) was an American poet, essayist, teacher, and activist. In her writing she explored issues of gender, race, immigration, and representation. <mask> was passionate about using Black English in her writing and poetry, teaching others to treat it as its own language and an important outlet for expressing Black culture. <mask> was inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument in 2019. Early life
<mask> was born in 1936 in Harlem, New York, as the only child of Jamaican immigrant parents, Granville Ivanhoe and <mask>. Her father was a postal worker for the USPS and her mother was a part-time nurse. When <mask> was five, the family moved to the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn, New York.<mask> credits her father with passing on his love of literature, and she began writing her own poetry at the age of seven. <mask> describes the complexities of her early childhood in her 2000 memoir, Soldier: A Poet's Childhood. She explores her complicated relationship with her father, who encouraged her to read broadly and memorize passages of classical texts, but who would also beat her for the slightest misstep and call her "damn black devil child". In her 1986 essay "For My American Family", <mask> explores the many conflicts in growing up as the child of Jamaican immigrant parents, whose visions of their daughter's future far exceeded the urban ghettos of her present. <mask>'s mother died by suicide, as is mentioned in On Call: Political Essays. <mask> recalls her father telling her: "There was a war against colored people, I had to become a soldier." After attending Brooklyn's Midwood High School for a year, <mask> enrolled in Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school in New England.Throughout her education, <mask> became "completely immersed in a white universe" by attending predominantly white schools; however, she was also able to construct and develop her identity as a black American and a writer. In 1953, <mask> graduated from high school and enrolled at Barnard College in New York City. <mask> later expressed how she felt about Barnard College in her 1981 book Civil Wars, writing:

No one ever presented me with a single Black author, poet, historian, personage, or idea for that matter. Nor was I ever assigned a single woman to study as a thinker, or writer, or poet, or life force. Nothing that I learned, here, lessened my feeling of pain or confusion and bitterness as related to my origins: my street, my family, my friends. Nothing showed me how I might try to alter the political and economic realities underlying our Black condition in white America. Due to this disconnect with the predominantly male, white curriculum, <mask> left Barnard without graduating.<mask> emerged as a poet and political activist when black female authors were beginning to be heard. Personal life
At Barnard College, <mask> met Columbia University student Michael Meyer, whom she married in 1955. She subsequently followed her husband to the University of Chicago, where she pursued graduate studies in anthropology. She also enrolled at the university but soon returned to Barnard, where she remained until 1957. In 1958, <mask> gave birth to the couple's only child, Christopher David Meyer. The couple divorced in 1965, and <mask> raised her son alone. After the Harlem Riots of 1964, <mask> found that she was, in her words, "filled with hatred for everything and everyone white."She wrote:

From that time on, <mask> wrote with love. She also identified as bisexual in her writing, which she refused to deny, even when this status was stigmatized. <mask>'s first published book, Who Look at Me (1969), was a collection of poems for children. It was followed by 27 more books in her lifetime, and one (Some of Us Did Not Die: Collected and New Essays) of which was in press when she died. Two more have been published posthumously: Directed By Desire: The Collected Poems of <mask> (Copper Canyon Press, 2005), and the 1970 poetry collection SoulScript, edited by <mask>, has been reissued. She was also an essayist, columnist for The Progressive, novelist, biographer, and librettist for the musical/opera I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, composed by John Adams and produced by Peter Sellars. When asked about the writing process for the libretto of the opera, <mask> said:

The composer, John [Adams], said he needed to have the whole libretto before he could begin, so I just sat down last spring and wrote it in six weeks, I mean, that's all I did.I didn't do laundry, anything. I put myself into it 100 percent. What I gave to John and Peter [Sellars] is basically what Scribner's has published now. <mask> began her teaching career in 1967 at the City College of New York. Between 1968 and 1978 she taught at Yale University, Sarah Lawrence College, and Connecticut College. She became the director of The Poetry Center at SUNY at Stony Brook and was an English professor there from 1978 to 1989. From 1989 to 2002 she was a full professor in the departments of English, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.<mask> was known as "the Poet of the People". At Berkeley, she founded the "Poetry for the People" program in 1991. Its aim was to inspire and empower students to use poetry as a means of artistic expression. Reflecting on how she began with the concept of the program, <mask> said:

I did not wake up one morning ablaze with a coherent vision of Poetry for the People! The natural intermingling of my ideas and my observations as an educator, a poet, and the African-American daughter of poorly documented immigrants did not lead me to any limiting ideological perspectives or resolve. Poetry for the People is the arduous and happy outcome of practical, day-by-day, classroom failure and success. <mask> composed three guideline points that embodied the program, which was published with a set of her students' writings in 1995, entitled <mask>'s Poetry for the People: A Revolutionary Blueprint.She was not only a political activist and a poet, but she wrote children's books as well. Literary topics and influences
<mask> felt strongly about using Black English as a legitimate expression of her culture, and she encouraged young black writers to use that idiom in their writing. She continued to influence young writers with her own published poetry, such as her collections, Dry Victories (1972), New Life (1975), and Kimako's Story (1981). <mask> was dedicated to respecting Black English (AAVE) and its usage (Jordan 1). In her piece "Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of <mask>," <mask> criticizes the world's quickness to degrade the usage of Black English, or any other form considered less than "standard". She denounced "white English" as standard English, saying that in stark contrast to other countries, where students are allowed to learn in their tribal language, "compulsory education in America compels accommodation to exclusively White forms of 'English.' White English, in America, is 'Standard English.'""Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of <mask>" opens On Call (1985), a collection of her essays. <mask> tells the story of working with her students to see the structure that exists within Black English, and respect it as its own language rather than a broken version of another language. Black English was spoken by most of the African-American students in her classes but was never understood as its own language. She presented it to them for the first time in a professional setting where they ordinarily expected work in English to be structured by "white standards." From this lesson, the students created guidelines for Black English. <mask>'s commitment to preserve Black English was evident in her work. She wrote: "There are three qualities of Black English— the presence of life, voice, and clarity—that intensify to a distinctive Black value system that we became excited about and self-consciously tried to maintain."In addition to her writing for young writers and children, <mask> dealt with complex issues in the political arena. She engaged topics "like race, class, sexuality, capitalism, single motherhood, and liberation struggles across the globe." Passionate about feminist and Black issues, <mask> "spent her life stitching together the personal and political so the seams didn't show." Her poetry, essays, plays, journalism, and children's literature integrated these issues with her own experience, offering commentary that was both insightful and instructive. When asked about the role of the poet in society in an interview before her death, <mask> replied: "The role of the poet, beginning with my own childhood experience, is to deserve the trust of people who know that what you do is work with words." Contributions to feminist theory

"Report from the Bahamas"
In her 1982 classic personal essay "Report from the Bahamas", <mask> reflects on her travel experiences, various interactions, and encounters while in The Bahamas. Writing in narrative form, she discusses both the possibilities and difficulties of coalition and self-identification on the basis of race, class, and gender identity.Although not widely recognized when first published in 1982, this essay has become central in the United States to women's and gender studies, sociology, and anthropology. <mask> reveals several issues as well as important terms regarding race, class, and gender identity. Privilege
<mask> repeatedly grapples with the issue of privilege in both her poems and essays, emphasizing the term when discussing issues of race, class, and gender identity. She refuses to privilege oppressors who are similar to or more like certain people than other oppressors might be. She says that there should be no thought of privilege because all oppression and oppressors should be viewed at an equal standpoint. Concepts of race, class, and gender
"[In 'Report from the Bahamas'] <mask> describes the challenges of translating languages of gender, sexuality, and blackness across diasporic space, through the story of a brief vacation in the Bahamas." Vacationing in the Bahamas, <mask> finds that the shared oppression under race, class, and/or gender is not a sufficient basis for solidarity.She notes:

"These factors of race and class and gender absolutely collapse.. .whenever you try to use them as automatic concepts of connection." They may serve well as indicators of commonly felt conflict, but as elements of connection they seem about as reliable as precipitation probability for the day after the night before the day. As <mask> reflects on her interactions with a series of black Bahamian women, from the hotel maid "Olive" to the old women street sellers hawking trinkets, she writes:

I notice the fixed relations between these other Black women and myself. They sell and I buy or I don't. They risk not eating. I risk going broke on my first vacation afternoon. We are not particularly women anymore; we are parties to a transaction designed to set us against each other.(41)

Interspersing reflections of her trip with examples her role as a teacher advising students, <mask> details how her own expectations are constantly surprised. For instance, she recounts how an Irish woman graduate student with a Bobby Sands bumper sticker on her car provided much needed assistance to a South African student who was suffering from domestic violence. Such compassion was at odds with <mask>'s experience in her neighborhood of being terrorized by ethnic Irish teenagers hurling racial epithets. <mask>'s concluding lines emphasize the imperative to forge connection actively rather than assuming it on the basis of shared histories:
I am saying that the ultimate connection cannot be the enemy. The ultimate connection must be the need that we find between us ... I must make the connection real between me and these strangers everywhere before those other clouds unify this ragged bunch of us, too late. Common identity vs. individual identity
<mask> explores that, as human beings, we possess two very contrasting identities.The first identity is the common identity, which is the one that has been imposed on us by a long history of societal standards, controlling images, pressure, a variety of stereotypes, and stratification. The second is the individual identity that we have chosen once we are given the chance and feel are ready to expose our true selves. Death and legacy
<mask> died of breast cancer at her home in Berkeley, California, on June 14, 2002, aged 65. Shortly before her death, she completed Some of Us Did Not Die, her seventh collection of political essays (and 27th book). It was published posthumously. In it she describes how her early marriage to a white student while at Barnard College immersed her in the racial turmoil of America in the 1950s, and set her on the path of social activism. In 2004, the June Jordan School for Equity (formerly known as the Small School for Equity) in San Francisco was named after her by its first ninth grade class.They selected her through a democratic process of research, debate, and voting. A conference room was named for her in the University of California, Berkeley's Eshleman Hall, which is used by the Associated Students of the University of California. In June 2019, <mask> was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City’s Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall’s unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Honors and awards
<mask> received numerous honors and awards, including a 1969–70 Rockefeller grant for creative writing, a Yaddo Fellowship in 1979, a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1982, and the Achievement Award for International Reporting from the National Association of Black Journalists in 1984. She also won the Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Writers Award from 1995 to 1998, as well as the Ground Breakers-Dream Makers Award from The Woman's Foundation in 1994. She was included in Who's Who in America from 1984 until her death.She received the Chancellor's Distinguished Lectureship from UC Berkeley and the PEN Center USA West Freedom to Write Award (1991). In 2005, Directed by Desire: Collected Poems, a posthumous collection of her work, had to compete (and won) in the category "Lesbian Poetry" at the Lambda Literary Awards, even though <mask> identified as bisexual. However, BiNet USA led the bisexual community in a multi-year campaign eventually resulting in the addition of a Bisexual category, starting with the 2006 Awards. Reception
Author Toni Morrison commented:

In political journalism that cuts like razors in essays that blast the darkness of confusion with relentless light; in poetry that looks as closely into lilac buds as into death's mouth ... [<mask>] has comforted, explained, described, wrestled with, taught and made us laugh out loud before we wept ... I am talking about a span of forty years of tireless activism coupled with and fueled by flawless art. Poet Adrienne Rich noted:

Whatever her theme or mode, <mask> continually delineates the conditions of survival—of the body, and mind, and the heart. Alice Walker stated:

<mask> makes us think of Akhmatova, of Neruda.She is among the bravest of us, the most outraged. She feels for all of us. She is the universal poet. Thulani Davis wrote:

In a borough that has landmarks for the writers Thomas Wolfe, W. H. Auden, and Henry Miller, to name just three, there ought to be a street in Bed-Stuy called June Jordan Place, and maybe a plaque reading, 'A Poet and Soldier for Humanity Was Born Here.' Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Audio collection of <mask>, 1970-2000. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.Jordan, June, 1936-2002. Videotape collection of <mask>, 1976-2002. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

masks:
June Millicent Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Mildred Maud Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Career Jordan
June Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Willie Jordan
Jordan
Willie Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
June Jordan


title: Safia Farkash

texts:
<mask> (, , (2 May 1952) is the widow of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, former First Lady of Libya, incumbent Representative of Sirte, and mother of seven of Gaddafi's eight biological children. Early life
There are two different stories about her origin. One is that Farkash is from a family from the Eastern Libyan Barasa tribe and that she was born in Bayda and was trained as a nurse. The other story is that Farkash is from Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she was born as "Zsófia Farkas" to Hungarian parents. Personal life
She met Gaddafi when he was hospitalised and treated for appendicitis in 1970. She became his second wife when they married in Tripoli during the same year. Farkash has seven biological children with Gaddafi and two adopted children:

 Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (born 25 June 1972), her eldest son, was an architect who was long-rumored to be Gaddafi's successor.He has been a spokesman to the Western world, and he has negotiated treaties with Italy and the United States. He was viewed as politically moderate, and in 2006, after criticizing his father's government, he briefly left Libya. In 2007, Gaddafi exchanged angry letters with his son regarding his son's statements admitting the Bulgarian nurses had been tortured. They later reconciled. Al-Saadi Gaddafi (born 25 May 1973), was a professional football player. On 22 August 2011, he was allegedly arrested by the National Liberation Army. This turned out to be incorrect.In the late evening of 22 August 2011, he spoke with members of the international press. On 30 August, a senior National Transitional Council official claimed that Al-Saadi Gaddafi had made contact to discuss the terms of his surrender, indicating also that he would wish to remain in Libya. Mutassim Gaddafi (18 December 1974 – 20 October 2011), Gaddafi's fourth son, was a lieutenant colonel in the Libyan Army. He later served as Libya's National Security Advisor. He was seen as a possible successor to his father, after Saif al-Islam. Mutassim was killed along with his father after the battle of Sirte. Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (born 20 September 1976), was an employee of the General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specialized in oil exports.He is most-known for his violent incidents in Europe, attacking police officers in Italy (2001), drunk driving (2004), and for assaulting his girlfriend in Paris (2005). In 2008, he was charged with assaulting two staff in Switzerland, and was imprisoned by Swiss police. The arrest created a strong standoff between Libya and Switzerland. Ayesha Gaddafi (born 1976), Farkash's only biological daughter, is a lawyer who joined the defense teams of executed former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi. In 2006, she married a cousin of her father's, Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi, with whom she has four children (as of 2011). Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982 – 30 April 2011) was appointed a military commander in the Libyan Army during the Libyan Civil War. Saif al-Arab and three of <mask>'s grandchildren were reported killed by a NATO bombing in April 2011.Like the death of Hanna, this is disputed by the organizations alleged to be responsible. Khamis Gaddafi (27 May 1983 – 29 August 2011), her sixth son, who was serving as the commander of the Libyan Army's elite Khamis Brigade. On 30 August 2011, a spokesman for the National Transitional Council said it was "almost certain" Khamis had been killed in Tarhuna during clashes with units of the National Liberation Army. She and Gaddafi are rumored to have adopted two children, Hanna and Milad. Hana Muammar Gaddafi (claimed by Gaddafi to be his adopted daughter, but most facts surrounding this claim are disputed) was apparently killed at the age of four, during the retaliatory US bombing raids in 1986. She may not have died; the adoption may have been posthumous; or he may have adopted a second daughter and given her the same name after the first one died. Following the taking by rebels of the family residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound in Tripoli, The New York Times both reported evidence (complete with photographs) of Hana's life after her declared death, when she became a doctor and worked in a Tripoli hospital.Her passport was reported as showing a birth date of 11 November 1985, making her six months old at the time of the US raid. However, a Libyan official told the Daily Telegraph that Gaddafi adopted a second daughter and named her Hana in honour of the first one who was killed. The family's main residence was in the Bab al-Azizia military barracks, located in the southern suburbs of Tripoli. Business and other interests
<mask> kept a low profile during the initial period of her marriage to Gaddafi; however, after the release on license of Lockerbie bomber Abdul Baset Ali al-Megrahi in 2009, she took a more public profile. She organised a party covered by the local media to celebrate the anniversary of the 1969 revolution that brought her husband to power, and in 2010 attended the graduation of female police students. In 2008, <mask> was elected vice president to the African First Ladies Organization in a meeting of African Union leaders in Sharm al-Sheikh, even though she was not present at the meeting, and has never taken part in activities related to it. Farkash owns airline Buraq Air, headquartered at Mittiga International Airport.Operated with the approval of her husband, even though it is a rival of the Libyan national carrier, it monopolizes the transfer of Libyan Hajj pilgrims to Mecca. Libyan Civil War

Farkash stayed with her husband and family through the Libyan Civil War, at their home in Tripoli. After a first round of United Nations sanctions froze the overseas assets of Libya and those personally held by Gaddafi, the governments of France and the United Kingdom enabled a second round of sanctions, which froze an estimated £18Bn of state and personal assets control by Farkash. In May 2011, she gave her first press interview to CNN reporter Nima Elbagir, via mobile telephone. As the Battle for Tripoli reached a climax in mid-August, the family were forced to abandon their fortified compound. On 27 August 2011, it was reported by the Egyptian news agency Mena that Libyan rebel fighters had seen six armoured Mercedes-Benz sedans, possibly carrying top Gaddafi regime figures, cross the border at the south-western Libyan town of Ghadames towards Algeria, which at the time was denied by the Algerian authorities. On 29 August, the Algerian government officially announced that <mask> together with daughter Ayesha and sons Muhammad and Hannibal, had crossed into Algeria early on 29 August.An Algerian Foreign Ministry official said all the people in the convoy were now in Algiers, and that none of them had been named in warrants issued by the International Criminal Court for possible war crimes charges. Mourad Benmehidi, the Algerian permanent representative to the United Nations, later confirmed the details of the statement. The family had arrived at a Sahara desert entry point, in a Mercedes and a bus at 08:45. The number of people in the party was unconfirmed, but there were "many children" and they did not include Gaddafi. Resultantly the group was allowed in on humanitarian grounds, and the Algerian government had since informed the head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, who had made no official request for their return. In October 2012 they left a hideaway in Algeria to go to Oman, where they were granted political asylum. Sanctions after Gaddafi
The central bank of the United Arab Emirates ordered in March 2012 all banks and financial institutions in the country to freeze the accounts of <mask> <mask> and other high-ranking officials of the Gaddafi regime.This order was declared in accordance with the UN Security Council's Resolution No. 1970 of 2011, addressing fifteen Libyans whose bank accounts had been frozen for their involvement in violence against the people of Libya. In April 2016, she was allowed to return to Libya by the government as part of their efforts to pacify Gaddafi loyalists. Notes

References

1952 births
Living people
Gaddafi family
First Ladies of Libya
Libyan nurses
Libyan people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Libyan people of Croatian descent
Libyan people of Hungarian descent
Libyan Muslims
Spouses of national leaders
Libyan emigrants to Oman
People of the First Libyan Civil War
Bayda, Libya
Libyan women in politics

masks:
Safia Farkash Gaddafi
Farkash
Farkash
Farkash
Safia
Safia
Farkash


title: Gianna Nannini

texts:
<mask> (; born 14 June 1954) is an Italian singer-songwriter and musician. Her most notable songs include "America" (1979), "Fotoromanza" (1984), I Maschi (1987) and "Bello e impossibile" (1986), the latter a European hit with success in Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Early life
Nannini was born in Siena on 14 June 1954. She is the elder sister of former Formula One racing driver <mask>. She studied piano and composition in Milan in the late 1970s and obtained a degree in Philosophy from the University of Siena in 1994. The following year she took part in a protest organized by Greenpeace at the French embassy in Rome against the decision of the French government to pursue nuclear experiments at Mururoa. Musical career

Nannini scored her first domestic hit in 1979 with the single "America" and the album California, which became a success in several European countries.Her international breakthrough happened in 1984 with the release of her sixth album, the Conny Plank-produced Puzzle, which peaked in the top 10 in the Italian, German, Austrian and Swiss charts. The first single from the album, "Fotoromanza", was supported by a music video directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, and went on to win many musical awards. Nannini embarked on a long European tour to support the album, culminating in a headlining gig at the Montreux Jazz Festival. In 1986, her song "Bello e impossibile" was a European hit in Italy, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Her 1987 compilation album Maschi e Altri sold over a million copies. In 2004, she released the greatest hits album Perle, where a number of her most renowned songs were rearrangemed with the support of musicians such as Christian Lohr on piano (who also had a co-producer credit), and a string quartet composed of Vincenzo di Donna (first violin), Luigi de Maio (second violin), Gerardo Morrone (viola) and Antonio di Franca (violoncello). With this orchestra Nannini went on a European tour from 2004 to 2005.The album Grazie was released in February 2006, and peaked at number one of the Italian hit-parade with the single "Sei nell'anima". In April 2007, Nannini released Pia come la canto io, a collection of songs produced by Wil Malone and originally intended for a rock opera based on the medieval Tuscan character Pia de' Tolomei (briefly mentioned in Dante's Purgatorio) that would eventually be performed in 2008 after eleven years of gestation. An acoustic version of her song Meravigliosa Creatura (from Perle) has been used in a 2008 advertisement commercial for the Fiat Bravo directed by Matthias Zentner. Fiat would later include another <mask> Nannini song, "Aria", in a subsequent Fiat Bravo ad. Duets
In 1987 she performed with Sting and Jack Bruce the "Three Penny Opera" by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill at the Schauspielhaus in Hamburg. In 1990, she and Edoardo Bennato sang "Un'estate italiana", the official song of the Football World Cup 1990 composed by Giorgio Moroder. In September 2006, she recorded the single "Ama Credi E Vai" with Andrea Bocelli.Nannini was also featured on Einstürzende Neubauten member Alexander Hacke's solo album Sanctuary, on the track "Per Sempre Butterfly". In 2008 she duetted with the Italian rapper Fabri Fibra in his videoclip version of the song "In Italia". She also sang the song "Aria" with the Macedonian vocalist Toše Proeski. Band current lineup
 <mask> <mask> – vocals, guitar, violin, piano
 Milton Mcdonald – guitar, backing vocals
 Davide Ferrario – keyboards, backing vocals
 Davide Tagliapietra – guitar, backing vocals
 Mylious Johnson – drums
 Alex Kilier – bass
 Will Malone – producer, musical director

Personal life
In August 2010, at the age of 56, Nannini announced that she was pregnant (the name of the father was not revealed). Nannini's pregnancy was prominently featured on the cover of Vanity Fair, where she was portraited wearing a T-shirt with the inscription "God is a Woman". On 26 November 2010, at 12 am, Nannini's daughter Penelope Jane Charlotte was born at the Madonnina Clinic in Milan. In 2017, Nannini decided to move to London with her partner, Carla.In her 2017 autobiography, entitled Cazzi miei, she revealed she was ready for a civil union with Carla, explaining she felt Italian laws could not give her any guarantee about Penelope's future in the case of her (Nannini's) death. Works

Discography
 <mask> Nannini (1976)
 Una radura (1977)
 California (1979)
 G. N. (1981)
 Sconcerto Rock (1981, soundtrack)
 Latin Lover (1982)
 Puzzle (1984)
 Tutto Live (1985, live)
 Profumo (1986)
 Maschi e Altri (1987, compilation)
 Malafemmina (1988)
 Scandalo (1990)
 Giannissima (1991, live)
 Maschi e altri / Chicos y otros (1992)
 X Forza e x amore (1993)
 Dispetto (1995) No. 1 Italy
 Bomboloni (1996, compilation; including a song about bombolone)
 Cuore (1998) No. 2 Italy (Platinum)
 Momo (2002, soundtrack)
 Aria (2002) No. 7 Italy, No. 29 Switzerland
 Perle (2004) No. 6 Italy, No.22 Switzerland
 Grazie (2006) No. 1 Italy (7× Platinum), No. 12 Switzerland, No. 32 Germany
 Pia come la canto io (2007) No. 5 Italy
 Giannabest (2007, compilation) No. 1 Italy (7× Platinum), No. 15 Portugal, No.23 Switzerland, No. 32 Germany
 Giannadream – Solo I Sogni Sono Veri (2009) No. 2 Italy (4× Platinum)
 Extradream – Solo I Sogni Sono Veri (2010)
 Io e te (2011) No. 1 Italy (4× Platinum)
 Inno (2013) No. 1 Italy (Platinum)
 Hitalia (2014) No. 1 Italy (3× Platinum)
 Hitstory (2015) No. 5 Italy (Gold), No.51 Switzerland
 Amore gigante (2017) No. 2 Italy (Gold), No. 14 Switzerland
 La differenza (2019) No. 4 Italy

Selected bibliography

References

External links

 Review of Giannadream (in English)

1954 births
Living people
People from Siena
Italian women singer-songwriters
Italian pop singers
Italian rock singers
20th-century Italian women singers
University of Siena alumni
LGBT singers from Italy
LGBT songwriters
Bisexual women
Bisexual musicians
21st-century Italian women singers

masks:
Gianna Nannini
Alessandro Nannini
Gianna
Gianna
Nannini
Gianna


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
<mask> (1845 – 1922) was a Belgian painter of genre scenes and animated landscapes. Over the years, his painting evolved from academic art to impressionism. Alongside Emile Claus, he is one of the earliest representatives of luminism in Belgium. Biography

Youth
<mask> was born into a modest family of farmers in Kuurne. He became a pupil at the Academy of Fine Arts of Courtrai in 1861, under the direction of Henri De Pratere. There, he obtained many distinctions. In 1864 he was admitted to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp where he received tuition from Nicaise de Keyser.He proved to be gifted in painting from life, and achieved the prize of excellence in 1865, which allowed him to obtain a private studio in the Academy the following year. Early career

In 1872, Carpentier established himself in Antwerp and acquired his own studio. It is there that he painted many commissioned works, which did not yet reflect his artistic personality. He began his career addressing religious topics, themes of antiquity and scenes inspired by the Dutch Golden Age painting of the 17th century, but it is in the field of historical painting that he became well known. The painting "Les premières nouvelles du désastre de la Grande Russie", exhibited at the Artistic Circle of Antwerp in 1872, is an example of this success. In response to the academic tastes of his time, he liked to paint farm animals and, more generally, the charms of rural life. At around this period, <mask> <mask> befriended some of his classmates from the Academy, including Emile Claus, Theodoor Verstraete, Frans Hens and Jan Van Beers.They met often at the exhibitions organised by the Artistic Circle of Antwerp. From 1874 to 1877, Émile Claus occupied a corner of Carpenter’s studio. In 1876, an old knee injury, caused in his youth, developed serious complications and threatened to require amputation. The pain prevented him from working. He left Antwerp to return to his hometown, where his sister provided him with care and treatment for the next three years. France

On the advice of his doctor, Carpentier left Kuurne in 1879 for the south of France, in order to speed up his recovery. The following year, on his return, he stopped in Paris, where he met his friend Jan Van Beers.He was persuaded to move to the French capital, where Van Beers would share his studio with him. <mask> began to produce realistic paintings of Parisian bourgeoisie. In 1881, he was finally able to get rid of his crutches permanently and settled in 71 Boulevard de Clichy. He then followed his passion of historical painting. Scenes of the French Revolution, as well as the episodes of the War in the Vendée, became his main sources of inspiration. Having always had a predilection for dramatic episodes, Carpentier refined his composition skills in the search of better ways to depict the pathetic character of minor historical facts, such as those in "Chouans en déroute" (1883) and "Madame Roland à la prison Sainte-Pélagie" (1886). His paintings became highly appreciated by the public.This success constituted, however, an obstacle from his discovery of "plein air" painting. In this regard, the year 1884 marked a turning point in his career. <mask> finally left the conventions of academism and found his true artistic voice. After discovering the works of Jules Bastien-Lepage, he began to dedicate himself to "plein air" painting, turning to nature through the Realism movement. He stayed for two seasons principally at Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, near the forest of Fontainebleau, but also at Le Tréport and at Saint-Malo. Return to Belgium

Although Carpentier only gave up his studio in Paris in 1892, he returned to Belgium in 1886. There, he witnessed the increasing popularity of impressionism among artists from Brussels, such as Les XX.During his long stay in France, he had already been exposed to impressionists, but he had been influenced to a greater extent by the naturalism of Jules Bastien-Lepage and Jules Breton. His initial outdoor paintings, which had been produced with darker, thicker strokes, gave way to a noticeably brighter palette and progressively lighter brushstrokes. Once established in Belgium, he continued to travel. From 1886 to 1896, he travelled through the Belgian and French countryside, seeking new landscapes. He frequently visited the Campine in Genk with his friends, the landscape artists Franz Courtens and Joseph Coosemans. He also visited Brittany, a region that had a particularly strong influence on him. In 1888, Carpentier married Jeanne Smaelen in Verviers.Five children were produced from this marriage. In 1890, the young couple moved to Belgian Brabant, at Overijse, where Carpentier painted "Washing Turnips", an important work that earned the artist a medal in Paris, and which was acquired by the MAMAC in Liège. In 1892, Carpentier moved again, this time to La Hulpe. During this period, the artist flourished and sought to find the truth of nature, according to his impressionist vision, parallel to that of his friend Emile Claus. He turned to delicate tones and atmospheric touches. Carpentier became one of the most active propagators of luminism. Professor and director
In January 1897, <mask> applied for the position of professor of painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Liège, which had been vacant since the death of Émile Delperée.While serious in his candidature, Carpentier had a disadvantage: he was not from Liège. This was a source of contention. Nevertheless, and despite the backlash from Walloons, he was eventually given the position and moved to Rue Mont Saint-Martin  in Liège. He was 51 years old. In 1904, <mask> succeeded Prosper Drion as the director of the Academy, a position which he held until 1910. In spite of the disputes caused by his promotion, which hurt him deeply, he carried out his task with the same dedication. From 1905 he lived in Rue Hors-château, still in Liège.By becoming a professor, <mask> <mask> helped reshape the evolution of Liège painting. He freed local painting from academic conventions, popularising the impressionist aesthetic. He taught many artists, some of whom did not try to imitate his style. Among the best known of his students who were significantly influenced by his approach were Armand Jamar, Albert Lemaître and José Wolff. Other Liège artists that passed through his class were Fernand Steven, Robert Crommelynck, Adrien Dupagne, Marcel Caron, Jean Donnay and Auguste Mambour. In addition, he provided guidance and advice to painters who did not attend his class, such as Xavier Wurth. The painter of the Ardennes, Richard Heintz, also benefitted from Carpentier’s encouragement.From 1906, <mask> spent his summer holidays in Vieuxville, at a house called L'Abbaye de Stavelot. During World War I, Carpentier witnessed the German Rape of Belgium, and depicted the execution of Belgian civilians in his work L'exécution des notables de Blégny, 1914. <mask> retired in 1919, and died in Liège on 12 September 1922, following a long illness. Artwork and legacy
During his life, Carpentier achieved a great success. Throughout his career, he won many prizes and awards at international exhibitions, both in Europe and in the United States, receiving the golden medals at Antwerp, Munich and Berlin for "Summer sun" (1896), Paris, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Nice. His work was practically forgotten shortly after his death. However, it was rediscovered towards the end of the 20th century.The importance of his work is now recognised for his contribution as a teacher in the Academy of Liège, where he taught a new way of painting, as well as for the whole of his work as an essential link in the development of modern Belgian painting. Ed. Mecenart/Galerij Depypere, 1994
 Sonia Jérôme, Liliane Sabatini, Louis Maraite et Gaëtane Warzée, À la recherche de… Évariste Carpentier. Cat. exp. Espace BBL Liège, 1997-1998
 Serge Goyens de Heusch, L’Impressionnisme et le Fauvisme en Belgique. Ed.Fonds Mercator, 1998, p. 144, 146, 278, 287, 288, 291
 Collectif (sous la direction de Joost De Geest), 500 chefs-d'œuvre de l'art belge du XVe siècle à nos jours. Ed. Racine, 2006, p. 72
 Vers la modernité, le XIXe siècle au Pays de Liège. Cat. exp. (Liège, 5 octobre 2001-20 janvier 2002), Liège, 2001
 Gaëtane Warzée, <mask> Carpentier et le renouveau de la peinture liégeoise à l’aube du XXe siècle. In: Actes I du XLVIIe congrès de la Fédération des cercles d'archéologie et d'histoire de Belgique, 2e congrès de l'Association des cercles francophones d'histoire et d'archéologie de Belgique, Nivelles 23–26 August 1984, p. 316-317
 Liliane Sabatini, Le Musée de l'Art wallon.Collection "Musea Nostra", Ministère de la Communauté française de Belgique & Crédit Communal de Belgique, Brussels, 1988
 Jules Bosmant, La peinture et la sculpture au Pays de Liège de 1793 à nos jours''. Ed. Mawet, 1930
 P. & V. Berko, "Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875", Knokke 1981, p. 89-90
 P. & V. Berko, "19th Century European Virtuoso Painters", Knokke 2011, p. 497, illustrations p. 33, 208, 400, 431. External links
 « À la recherche de... Évariste Carpentier », Espace BBL, Liège 1997-1998 (Courants d'art - RTBf 1998)

1845 births
1922 deaths
People from Kuurne
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
19th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian painters

masks:
Évariste Carpentier
Évariste Carpentier
Évariste
Carpentier
Carpentier
Carpentier
Carpentier
Carpentier
Évariste
Carpentier
Carpentier
Carpentier
Évariste


title: Oliver Nelson

texts:
<mask> (June 4, 1932 – October 28, 1975) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. His 1961 Impulse! album The Blues and the Abstract Truth (1961) is regarded as one of the most significant recordings of its era. The centerpiece of the album is the definitive version of <mask>'s composition, "Stolen Moments". Other important recordings from the early 1960s are More Blues and the Abstract Truth and Sound Pieces, both also on Impulse!. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born into a musical family in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. His brother was a saxophonist who played with Cootie Williams in the 1940s, and his sister sang and played piano.<mask> began learning to play the piano when he was six and started on the saxophone at eleven. Beginning in 1947 he played in "territory" bands in and around Saint Louis before joining the Louis Jordan band where he stayed from 1950 to 1951, playing alto saxophone and arranging charts for Jordan's band. In 1952, <mask> underwent military service in the United States Marines Corps playing woodwinds in the 3rd Marine Division band in Japan and Korea. It was in Japan that <mask> attended a concert by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and heard Maurice Ravel's Ma mere l'Oye and Paul Hindemith's Symphony in E Flat. <mask> later recalled that this "'was the first time that I had heard really modern music for back in St. Louis I hadn't even known that Negroes were allowed to go to concerts. I realized everything didn't have to sound like Beethoven or Brahms ... . It was then that I decided to become a composer'".<mask> returned to Missouri to study music composition and theory at Washington University in St. Louis and Lincoln University Universities, graduating with a master's degree in 1958. <mask> also studied with composers Elliott Carter, Robert Wykes and George Tremblay. While back in his hometown of St. Louis, he met and married Eileen Mitchell; the couple had a son, <mask> Jr., but soon divorced. After graduation, <mask> married St. Louis native Audrey McEwen, a union which lasted until his death and produced a son, Nyles. After completing his degree <mask> moved to New York City, playing with Erskine Hawkins and Wild Bill Davis, and working as the house arranger for the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He also played on the West Coast briefly with the Louie Bellson big band in 1959, and in the same year began recording for Prestige Records as the leader of various small groups. From 1960 to 1961, he briefly played with Count Basie and Duke Ellington, and then joined the Quincy Jones big band playing tenor saxophone, both in the U.S. and on tour in Europe.Breakthrough and afterwards
After six albums as leader between 1959 and 1961 for the Prestige Records label, <mask>'s big breakthrough came with The Blues and the Abstract Truth, an album recorded for Impulse! also featuring Eric Dolphy, Roy Haynes and Freddie Hubbard, which made his name as a composer and arranger. Subsequently, he recorded a number of notable big-band albums including Afro-American Sketches and Full Nelson. <mask> worked as an arranger on large ensemble albums for Thelonious Monk, Cannonball Adderley, Sonny Rollins, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Johnny Hodges, Wes Montgomery, Buddy Rich, Jimmy Smith, Billy Taylor, Stanley Turrentine, Irene Reid, and Gene Ammons. The music Sonny Rollins wrote for Alfie (1966), a film made in Great Britain,  was arranged by <mask> for Alfie of the same name. He also led all-star big bands in various live performances between 1966 and 1975. <mask> continued to perform as a soloist during this period, now focusing primarily on soprano saxophone.In 1967, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to be near the television and movie industry and began composing background music for television and films, for which he became highly sought after. Television projects included Ironside, Night Gallery, Columbo, The Six Million Dollar Man  and Longstreet. Films scored by <mask> include Death of a Gunfighter (1969), Skullduggery (1970), Dial Hot Line (1970), Zig Zag (1970) and The Alpha Caper (1973). He also arranged Gato Barbieri's music for Last Tango in Paris (1972). During this productive time he also arranged and produced albums for pop stars such as Nancy Wilson, James Brown, The Temptations, and Diana Ross. Along with his big-band appearances (in Berlin, Montreux, New York, and Los Angeles), he led a small group that included John Klemmer, Ernie Watts, Freddie Hill, and Frank Strozier in a United States Department of State-sponsored tour of West Africa in 1969. Less well-known is the fact that <mask> composed several symphonic works, and was also deeply involved in jazz education, returning to his alma mater, Washington University, in the summer of 1969 to lead a five-week-long clinic that also featured such guest performers as Phil Woods, Mel Lewis, Thad Jones, Sir Roland Hanna, and Ron Carter.Among the student participants at the Washington University Summer Jazz Institute were saxophonists Julius Hemphill, <mask>, and Hamiet Bluiett, who later co-founded the World Saxophone Quartet with David Murray. <mask>'s book of jazz practice exercises, Patterns for Improvisation, was published in 1966 and remains highly regarded to this day. <mask> died of a heart attack on October 28, 1975, at the age of 43. It is widely believed that <mask>'s commitment to his work resulted in lengthy periods of stress which contributed to his premature death. Discography

References

External links

[ <mask>] – AllMusic biography by Scott Yanow
<mask> – brief introduction from the Jazz Files
<mask> – introduction from Impulse! Records
<mask>: A Discography – Douglas Payne's site, including discographies of <mask>'s work in different genres, reviews, etc. <mask> Published Big Band Arrangements and Compositions

1932 births
1975 deaths
Musicians from St. Louis
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
American jazz clarinetists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American music arrangers
Big band bandleaders
Hard bop saxophonists
Mainstream jazz saxophonists
Post-bop saxophonists
Soul-jazz saxophonists
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Prestige Records artists
RCA Records artists
Verve Records artists
Impulse!Records artists
Inner City Records artists
Flying Dutchman Records artists
United States Marines
Jazz arrangers
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Missouri
American male jazz composers
American jazz composers
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Oliver Edward Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
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Oliver Lake
Nelson
Nelson
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Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson


title: Caroline Redman Lusher

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 17 April 1974) is an English singer and musician, best known for being the founder and director of Rock Choir, the world's largest amateur contemporary choir. She is considered to be "responsible for the contemporary choir movement in the UK", and "the businesswoman behind one of Britain's biggest brands". She has also enjoyed a successful career as a solo artist, performing on the Together album by vocal group Blake and several albums by The Soldiers, including  Coming Home, which reached double platinum status. <mask> has gained four gold and platinum certified sales awards from the British Phonographic Industry. On 17 October 2012 <mask> received the prestigious Gold Badge Award for her "special contribution to Britain's music industry", from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) in association with the Performing Right Society (PRS). Education and early career

<mask> was a pupil at Saint Martins Independent Day School for Girls, Solihull from 1985 – 1992, winning the Christine Tucker Music Scholarship at the age of 11. In honour of her success, St. Martins named a new Year 7 Scholarship after her in 2012, the <mask> Scholarship for the Performing Arts.It was awarded for the first time in 2013. <mask> <mask> went on to Salford University, where she gained a degree in popular music and recording. <mask> <mask> started performing professionally at the age of 15. She worked in London's West End as a singer, entertaining VIPs and celebrities in venues such as The Dorchester, Hyde Park and Lanesborough hotels. She also qualified as an A-level teacher in Performing Arts and Music. In 2001 <mask> <mask> was teaching A-level music and performing arts at the Sixth Form College, Farnborough, Hampshire, when she devised the concept of Rock Choir. Rock Choir

<mask> <mask> launched Rock Choir in 2005.Beginning with 70 members, it currently has more than 25,000 members across the UK. <mask> <mask> is widely considered to be the pioneer of the "no audition, no need to read music" amateur contemporary choir movement. An article in the Sunday Times Culture Magazine in 2009 called her "the key to the choir's success". "Others have attempted a similar formula, but none have turned an amateur group singing pop songs into a brand this powerful. She stands out for her rigorous classical training (Grade 8 piano and violin by 15; a degree in popular music from Salford; a thesis on Annie Lennox's songwriting style) and her insistence on a slick, professionally run outfit. Rock Choir works with a variety of people, from rights lawyers to web technicians to sound engineers. The selection and harmonising of the music – sometimes up to seven-part harmony, no mean feat – is done by <mask> herself."Awards and nominations

Gold Badge Award
<mask> <mask> was honoured with a Gold Badge Award by the British Association of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) in association with the Performing Rights Society (PRS). This award was given to <mask> <mask> in recognition of her exceptional contribution to British music. Only a handful of people receive it each year. Guild of Entrepreneurs
<mask> <mask> was invited to become one of the 100 founding members of the Guild of Entrepreneurs promoting excellence in the profession of Entrepreneurship. Freedom of the City of London
<mask> was awarded the Freedom of the City of London at a ceremony at the Guildhall, London. The Freedom of the City of London is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community. It is handed to a person who has achieved success in their chosen field and is recognition of the highest level of excellence and trust in the goods and services they provide.Power 100
<mask> <mask> was celebrated in the Power 100 of Inspiring Entrepreneurs. The Smith & Williamson Power 100 identifies those who use their experience or expertise to provide vital support to help inspire and professionalise the UK's up-and-coming businesses. Without these types of individuals, many brands that are household names today would simply not exist – they are critical to the wellbeing of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. 2016 saw names like Richard Branson, Baroness Karren Brady CBE and Baroness Martha Lane-Fox recognised for their contribution to championing the entrepreneurial cause

Honorary Doctor of Letters
In July 2017 <mask> <mask> received an Honorary Doctor of Letters from the London College of Music in association with The University of West London. This prestigious award is to honour <mask> for her magnanimous contribution to music education and for the innovation of Rock Choir which has inspired the nation's communities to sing and perform. <mask> became an honorary doctor of the university on 25 July 2017 at Wembley Stadium along with 350 music graduates at their annual ceremony. It is usual that after graduation <mask> will now be invited to be a ‘Visiting Professor’ which will include masterclass teaching at London College of Music.An honorary Doctor of Letters recognises <mask>'s outstanding achievements which will have had a long-term and significant impact on the country. She stands out at a national level as an example to others. Other community choirs inspired by Rock Choir will recognise <mask>'s contribution as inspirational and significant requiring unending commitment over a long period of time. After <mask> created Rock Choir in 2005, it has become a British success story and remains the trail-blazer at the forefront of contemporary community singing. It was the first of its kind, inspiring individuals and communities to join together and sing contemporary songs without the need for audition or to read music. Whilst others tried to replicate its success, <mask>'s reputation dramatically grew, attracting thousands of individuals to join Rock Choir to take part in its unique and exciting experience. Guest speaker and team-building workshops

<mask> <mask> is a popular speaker at corporate events, educational workshops and business conferences, for organisations such as British Telecom, the WI, the Welsh Women Mean Business Awards, the Yorkshire Countrywomen's Association, and the Red Ribbon Awards.She has also incorporated music and song into team-building workshops run for companies including Virgin Money, Procter & Gamble and Santander. Philanthropy

<mask> <mask> supports numerous local and national charities both personally and through Rock Choir. In 2012 Rock Choir helped raise over £1 million for charity through its performances and social events. <mask> <mask> has helped raise the profile of Rock Choir's two official charities, Missing People and Refuge, and agreed that Rock Choir should become official community sponsors of Missing People, regularly raising money through events and supporting the charity behind the scenes. In February 2013, Sir Trevor McDonald announced <mask> <mask>'s appointment as an ambassador for Missing People. Sir Trevor made the announcement at the charity's offices in Mortlake as he formally accepted a cheque from <mask> <mask> for £17,000, which was raised by Rock Choir's 16,000 members via fundraising events in their communities. Over the past two years, Rock Choir has raised over £50,000 to help the charity offer a lifeline to families when someone disappears."As Patron of the charity Missing People, I am truly delighted to welcome <mask> <mask> as Ambassador of the charity. If your child went missing wouldn't you want the world to stop and look for them? Thanks to <mask>, Rock Choir communities across the UK have already raised significant funds and awareness to aid the search. I know that she will be a truly formidable force as the charity seeks to bring more missing children and vulnerable adults to safety." – Sir Trevor McDonald
<mask> <mask> is also a patron of the charity W4W (Words for Wounded) alongside Louis de Bernières and Julian Fellowes. W4W supports the rehabilitation of wounded servicemen and women. Music career

<mask> <mask> gained a 2:1 BA Honours degree in Popular Music and Recording from Salford University, and has grade eight certificates in both violin and piano from the Royal School of Music.She has described a major early influence as Annie Lennox – <mask> <mask> based her university dissertation on Lennox's composition skills. Other early influences include Tina Turner, ELO, and Aretha Franklin. Rock Choir Vol. 1

<mask> <mask> composed the vocal arrangements and sang lead vocals on the first Rock Choir album, Rock Choir Vol. 1, released in 2010 by Universal/Decca Records. It reached number 18 in the UK album charts. Rock Choir Deluxe

Rock Choir's second album, Rock Choir Deluxe, also featured song arrangements and lead vocals by <mask> <mask>.It was released digitally to coincide with the airing of the three-part ITV1 documentary The Choir That Rocks. It reached number 17 in the UK digital downloads chart. Perfect Day (album) (Various Artists)

This double album compilation featured <mask> <mask> singing lead vocals on the Labi Siffre track (Something Inside) So Strong. The Soldiers (album) The Soldiers 2012

<mask> <mask> featured in a duet with Sergeant Gary Chiltern on the track Songbird by Fleetwood Mac. Message to You (album) The Soldiers 2011

This album reached gold status, selling over 100,000 copies. It featured <mask> <mask> in a duet with Corporal Ryan Idzi performing Wherever I Lay My Hat. Best Of (album) The Soldiers 2011

<mask> <mask> featured in Against All Odds.Love Songs (album) The Soldiers 2010

This album reached double platinum status and raised nearly £90,000 for the charity Help For Heroes. It featured <mask> <mask> in the duet Against All Odds. Unsung Hero (single) Blake 2009

<mask> <mask> featured on the track, which was released as a single from the popular album Together. Together (album) Blake 2009

<mask> <mask> featured on the track  Unsung Hero. Coming Home (album) The Soldiers 2009

One of the biggest selling albums of 2009, reaching sales of over 600,000 and achieving double platinum status. <mask> <mask> featured again in Against All Odds. Discography

Rock Choir Vol.1 Rock Choir (2010)
Perfect Day Various Artists (2010) 'Something Inside So Strong'
Rock Choir Deluxe Rock Choir (2011)
The Soldiers The Soldiers (2012) 'Songbird'
Message To You The Soldiers (2011) 'Wherever I Lay My Hat'
Best Of The Soldiers (2011) 'Against All Odds'
Love Songs  The Soldiers (2010) 'Against All Odds'
Together Blake (2009) 'Unsung Hero'
Unsung Hero Blake (2009) 'Unsung Hero'
Coming Home The Soldiers (2009) 'Against All Odds'

Personal life

On 2 August 2008 <mask> <mask> married pilot <mask>. They live in Farnham, Surrey. <mask> <mask>'s father (a.k.a. Captain Rock Choir) is former British Airways Chief Pilot <mask>, who is now Rock Choir's company secretary. Her sister <mask> is also British Airways cabin crew. In 2011 <mask> <mask> starred in the three-part ITV1 documentary The Choir that Rocks, which followed her and her team as they prepared for a mass performance by more than 8,000 Rock Choir members at Wembley Arena on 15 May 2011. After the first episode, 23,000 people logged onto their website, crashing the Rock Choir server, and 8,000 people emailed with membership enquiries.References

External links

 Official Rock Choir website

1974 births
Living people
English women singer-songwriters
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of the University of Salford
Musicians from the West Midlands (county)
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers

masks:
Caroline Redman Lusher
Caroline Anne Lusher
Redman Lusher
Redman Lusher
Redman Lusher
Caroline Redman Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
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Redman
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Caroline Redman
Lusher
Redman
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Redman
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Caroline
Caroline Redman
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Caroline Redman
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Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
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Caroline Redman
Lusher
Caroline
Redman
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Redman
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Redman
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Redman
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Redman
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Redman
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Stuart Redman
Redman
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Dave Lusher
Liz Lusher
Redman
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title: Geoffrey Street

texts:
<mask>,  (21 January 1894 – 13 August 1940) was an Australian army officer and politician. He was a member of the United Australia Party (UAP) and served as Minister for Defence (1938–1939), the Army (1939–1940) and Repatriation (1940) in the early years of Australia's involvement in the Second World War. <mask> enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on the outbreak of the First World War. He served in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front, winning the Military Cross and ending the war with the rank of major; he was later promoted to brigadier in the reserve of officers. <mask> subsequently farmed near Lismore, Victoria, entering politics with the support of Robert Menzies. He won the Division of Corangamite at the 1934 federal election and was promoted to cabinet in 1938 by Prime Minister Joseph Lyons. Following Lyons' death the following year, Menzies became prime minister and <mask> oversaw an expansion of the military.He was killed in the 1940 Canberra air disaster along with two cabinet colleagues and the head of the army. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 21 January 1894 in Woollahra, New South Wales. A member of the <mask> family, he was the second of four children born to Mary Veronica (née Austin) and John William <mask>. His father was a "prosperous city solicitor" and his mother was the niece of poet laureate Alfred Austin. His maternal grandfather Henry Austin was the chairman of the Perpetual Trustee Company, which was founded by his forebear John Rendell <mask>. He attended Sydney Grammar School, where he was captain of the school cricket team and also represented the school in rugby union, swimming and athletics. He passed his senior examinations in December 1912 and enrolled in law at the University of Sydney, initially studying towards a Bachelor of Arts degree.He had an "undistinguished academic record" but continued his involvement in sport, both as a player and in administrative capacities. First World War

In August 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, <mask> enlisted as a private in the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force. He was due to sail with the expeditionary force to German New Guinea, but instead transferred to the 1st Brigade of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in order to go to Europe. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 1st Battalion and left Sydney aboard HMAT Afric on 18 October 1914. <mask> arrived in Alexandria, Egypt, in early December. After further training his battalion sailed via Lemnos to participate in the Gallipoli campaign. He participated in the Landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 as platoon commander of "D" Company.He and his men reinforced a hill named Baby 700 and succeeded in holding the position for several days. <mask> received a "slight" wound to the head and was evacuated back to Egypt, where he was promoted to full lieutenant with effect from 26 April. He returned a month later and led a mission on 4 June to eliminate an Ottoman machine-gun, which ended in him "unexpectedly stumbling into Turkish troops in a supposedly unoccupied 'sniper’s trench'". His sergeant on the mission Harry Freame became a lifelong friend. <mask> was subsequently appointed acting adjutant of the 1st Battalion and in November was promoted to captain. He and the 1st Battalion were evacuated to Egypt the following month. In early 1916, <mask> went to France with the 1st Battalion.He was soon seconded to the 14th Battalion where served as staff captain during the Battle of Fromelles, in charge of the 4th Brigade's report centre. He was sent to Cambridge, England, for further training in February 1917. He returned to the front in July 1917 as brigade major to Brigadier General Harold "Pompey" Elliott; he was promoted major in October. Their working relationship was poor. While Elliott described <mask> as "a very decent boy" and "a very lovable lad", he regarded him as constantly needing direction and overinvolved with recreational activities. He also "resented having the charming and well-connected staff officer foisted upon him" in place of one of his own men of a lower social standing. <mask> was finally transferred away from Elliott's staff in April 1918 following an incident in which a poorly worded order placed three battalions in danger.In early 1918 <mask> learned that he had been awarded the Military Cross in the 1918 New Year Honours. After his marriage in June he rejoined the 1st Battalion at Pradelles and was appointed officer commanding of "A" Company. His unit saw action in the Second Battle of the Somme as well as skirmishes at Chuignolles and Hargicourt. <mask> was shot in the wrist by a machine gun bullet in September 1918, and after a period of sick leave joined the Demobilisation and Repatriation Branch in London. His AIF appointment was terminated on 2 August 1919. Three of his cousins were killed in the war, and his younger brother Anthony died in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic while on active duty. Post-war activities

<mask> and his wife returned to Australia in 1920 and settled on a property near Lismore in the Western District of Victoria, which had been part of his father-in-law's estate.There he raised and exhibited Polwarth sheep, becoming involved with the Australian Sheep Breeders' Association and the Lismore Agricultural and Pastoral Society. <mask> was elected to the Hampden Shire Council in 1924 and served as shire president from 1931 to 1932. He was a member of the reserve of officers and in December 1932 was promoted to lieutenant colonel as regimental commander of the 4th Light Horse Regiment. He would later be given command of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade in 1935 and promoted to temporary brigadier. <mask> was an early member of the Young Nationalists Organisation founded by Robert Menzies. He served as campaign secretary for Thomas Chester Manifold at the 1929 Victorian state election. In 1933, his public profile was raised when Menzies, the Victorian railways minister, appointed him to the Victorian Transport Regulation Board.He was the principal author of its report into transport regulation. Federal politics

At the request of Robert Menzies, <mask> stood for and won Corangamite in 1934. He became Minister of Defence in November 1938 and played a major role in the expansion of the military and munitions production prior to the outbreak of the Second World War and pushed the National Registration Act (1939) through parliament despite strong opposition. Following the outbreak of war he worked to put Australia on a war footing. From November 1939, Menzies abolished the position of Minister for Defence and appointed <mask> Minister for the Army and Minister for Repatriation. <mask> died in the Canberra air disaster, 1940, along with two other Cabinet ministers. His son, <mask>, was Member for Corangamite from 1966 to 1984, and a senior minister in Malcolm Fraser's government.Personal life
<mask> married Evora Frances "Gyp" Currie on 29 June 1918 at St Columba's Church, London. He first met his future wife when he played cricket against her brother in 1912. She had arrived in England in 1916 as a volunteer and served with a Voluntary Aid Detachment. <mask> had a lifelong love of cricket and had a collection of nearly 600 books on the sport. During the war he and Test cricketer Charlie Kelleway organised games on makeshift pitches. His post-war career was hampered by his wounded wrist but he played six years of first-grade cricket for the Melbourne Cricket Club, bowling leg spin. Other Test cricketers he played alongside included Warwick Armstrong, Bill Ponsford, Bill Woodfull and Jack Ryder, sometimes in charity matches.References

Further reading

1894 births
1940 deaths
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Corangamite
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Recipients of the Military Cross
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Australia
Accidental deaths in the Australian Capital Territory
Place of birth missing
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
<mask>
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1940
Australian military personnel of World War I

masks:
Geoffrey Austin Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
Street
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Tony Street
Street
Street
Geoffrey


title: Shane Reti

texts:
<mask>  (born 5 June 1963) is a New Zealand politician and a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, first elected at the 2014 general election. He is a member of the New Zealand National Party and served as its deputy leader from 10 November 2020 to 30 November 2021 including a period of five days as interim leader following the ousting of Judith Collins. Early life and family
Born in Hamilton in 1963, Reti is of Māori descent, and has tribal affiliations to Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Hine, Ngāti Wai, Te Kapotai and Ngāti Maniapoto. He was educated at Hamilton Boys' High School and Minidoka County High School in Idaho, United States. He then studied at the University of Waikato from 1981 to 1982 and the University of Auckland between 1982 and 1987 and in 1989, graduating from the latter with a Bachelor of Human Biology in 1985, MB ChB in 1987 and a Diploma in Obstetrics in 1989. He was also awarded a Diploma in Dermatological Science by the University of Wales, Cardiff in 1991. Reti served in the Territorial Force from 1983 to 1987.He played badminton for Waikato between 1978 and 1982. Professional career
<mask> worked as a general practitioner for 17 years. For seven years and three consecutive terms he served as a member of the Northland District Health Board. In the 2006 New Year Honours he was awarded a Queen's Service Medal for public services. In 2007 <mask> was awarded a NZ Harkness Fellowship to Harvard Medical School and moved to Massachusetts to work at Harvard University. <mask> remained in Boston for six years and resisted offers by Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital-Plymouth and Harvard Medical School to extend his stay. <mask> has continued to be a practising doctor during his time in parliament.In 2019 <mask> was one of a team who administered the meningococcal vaccine at Hikurangi primary school after the local community raised money to buy the vaccine. In 2021 <mask> travelled Northland administering Covid19 vaccinations. In 2021 Industry publication New Zealand Doctor indicated that having a doctor high up is important to the profession, announcing  "<mask> is the first GP, and first medical practitioner, to become leader of the National Party"

Political career

Fifth National Government, 2014–2017
Early in 2014, <mask> won the National Party nomination in the safe  electorate against sitting list MP Paul Foster-Bell for the . At the , he had a large margin over Labour's Kelly Ellis. During the Northland by-election, <mask> was accused of bullying Alex Wright of the Pipiwai Titoki Advocacy group, a group campaigning to seal the "dusty and dangerous foresty roads" in Northland. Wright claimed that <mask> rang her and told her to keep quiet until after the by-election or get nothing. <mask> responded that he was attempting to help the group.Sixth Labour Government, 2017–present
During the , <mask> was re-elected in Whangārei, defeating Labour candidate Tony John Savage by a margin of 10,967 votes. Following the formation of the Labour-led coalition government, <mask> became National's Associate Spokesperson for Health and Deputy Chaiperson of the Health Select Committee. He was later appointed as the party's spokesperson for "data and cybersecurity" and "disability issues." In January 2019, <mask> was designated as National's spokesperson for "tertiary education, skills, and employment." Between 25 March and 26 May 2020, <mask> was a member of the Epidemic Response Committee, a select committee that considered the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 2 July, <mask> was promoted to number 13 on the National Party's list ranking within Todd Muller's shadow cabinet and also given the associate drug reform portfolio. On 15 July 2020, Judith Collins, the new Leader of the Opposition, announced that <mask> was to be promoted to Spokesperson for Health for National.During the 2020 New Zealand general election held on 17 October, preliminary results had <mask> ahead of Labour candidate Emily Henderson in the Whangārei electorate by 162 votes. Following the publication of official results on 6 November, he lost the seat to Henderson by 431 votes. He returned to Parliament on the National Party list. On 10 November, <mask> was unanimously elected as the deputy leader of the National Party during a party caucus meeting. In mid November 2021, <mask> briefly served as interim leader of the National Party after Judith Collins lost a vote of no confidence. On 30 November, he was succeeded by Christopher Luxon, who became the party's new leader and the new Leader of the Opposition. In early February 2022, <mask> petitioned SpaceX CEO Elon Musk for assistance in providing Starlink satellite technology to Tonga following the island country's loss of internet connection due to the Hunga Tonga tsunami.In response, Musk had offered to provide Starlink's terminals to Tongan technology on Twitter. After the Tongan authorities accepted Musk's request, the Fijian Minister for Communications Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum subsequently confirmed that SpaceX engineers would establish and operate a temporary ground station in Fiji to assist with efforts to restore Internet access in Tonga. <mask> had informed the Tongan Consul and Minister for Pacific Peoples William Sio, who supported his efforts to secure help for Tonga. Views and positions

Medical Marijuana
<mask> authored a private members bill in 2018 that would have extended access to medical, but not recreational, marijuana. Euthanasia
<mask> voted against the End of Life Choice Act 2019. Abortion
Reti voted against the Abortion Legislation Act 2020. Obesity
In mid-November 2020, Reti supported National Party leader Judith Collins' earlier remarks about obesity being a matter of personal responsibility.<mask> said that National had a "good obesity framework" and that people could be trusted to make the right choice with the "right information." While acknowledging that socio-economic and genetics were factors in obesity, he added there were other reasons including medical factors for putting on weight. Cancer treatment access
<mask> authored a private members bill  to allow unfunded cancer medication to be administered in public hospitals. Under the bill patients would continue to pay the cost of unfunded medicines, but not for the administration of them. The bill was drawn from the ballow in 2021. Floridation
<mask> is a supporter of floridation, having self-sponsored work to implement it in Northland  but did not support removing floridation decisions from the local DHB. Conversion therapy ban
<mask> was one of only eight MPs to vote against the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022.The then-leader of the National Party Judith Collins instructed all National MPs to vote against the bill at its first reading, and as party deputy leader <mask> defended the party's position and sought to add an exemption to the bill for parents regarding bill. National's leadership changed to Christopher Luxon who allowed his MPs to vote according to their conscience; <mask> voted against the bill at its second reading, and at its third and final reading. <mask> says he abhors conversion therapy but "What is not clear in the bill is the protection of reasonable parents having reasonable conversations with their children." Personal life
<mask> has three adult children: two daughters and one son. <mask> was raised a Mormon but no longer attends church. References

|-

1963 births
Living people
Ngāpuhi
Ngāti Wai
Ngāti Hine
People from Hamilton, New Zealand
People educated at Hamilton Boys' High School
University of Waikato alumni
University of Auckland alumni
Alumni of Cardiff University
New Zealand Māori medical doctors
New Zealand National Party MPs
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Harkness Fellows
New Zealand male badminton players
Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal
New Zealand Māori sportspeople
21st-century New Zealand politicians
20th-century New Zealand medical doctors
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Māori politicians
Northland District Health Board members
New Zealand list MPs

masks:
Shane Raymond Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Shane Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
Reti
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