title: Maria Giese

texts:
<mask> is an American feature film director and screenwriter. A member of the Directors Guild of America, and an activist for parity for women directors in Hollywood, she writes and lectures about the under-representation of women filmmakers in the United States. Early life
She has an associate degree from Bard College at Simon's Rock, a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College and a Masters of Fine Arts in film directing from the University of California, Los Angeles's Graduate School of Film and Technology. While at UCLA, she wrote, directed, and produced the student film A Dry Heat, for which she won a CINE Golden Eagle Award. Career
Giese wrote and directed the 1996 British film When Saturday Comes, produced by Capitol Films, UK, starring Sean Bean, Pete Postlethwaite, and Emily Lloyd. She also wrote, directed, and co-produced Hunger, based on Knut Hamsun's 1890 existentialist novel of the same title. Hunger was the first digital film made based on a classic work of literature.It starred Joseph Culp and Robert Culp and received two Best Film Awards and a Best Underground Film award. <mask>'s other directing work includes the short doc A Lotta Lambada and the short film A Dry Heat, which won a UCLA Spotlight award, a Cine Golden Eagle, and was a finalist for the 1991 Student Academy Awards. She also directed the short film Take Your Seat (aka Jewish Water) which also won a Cine Golden Eagle, and an episode of the TV sitcom Solo En America for Columbia TriStar. She did uncredited rewrites on the 1996 film North Star. She has taught film & TV production at UCLA Extension, lectures regularly, and writes extensively. <mask> is an active member of the Directors Guild of America since 1999 and currently serves as the Women's DGA Director Category Rep.

Giese and her successful activism for women directors in US entertainment media are the subject of two feature documentary films. This Changes Everything (2019) , directed by Tom Donahue, starring Geena Davis and <mask>e, and featuring Meryl Streep, Shonda Rhimes, Natalie Portman, and Reese Witherspoon was released worldwide in 2019 after premiering at Toronto International Film Festival in 2018 .Half The Picture (2018), directed by Amy Adrion and featuring Giese along with Miranda July and Ava DuVernay, premiered with Giese in attendance at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. Awards
Giese is the recipient of numerous awards including 2016 Equity Award from Stanford University, two Golden Cine Eagles, a Kovler Writing Award, a Spotlight Award, First Prize at the American International Film Festival, a Charles Speroni Scholarship, and an MPAA Award of Excellence. Activism
Giese is an activist for women directors. She is a member of the Director's Guild of America where she is an active member of the Women's Steering Committee and where she served as the inaugural “Women Directors Category Representative” and the inaugural co-chair of the DGA-WSC Proposals Subcommittee, the first ever conduit between the Women's Steering Committee and the DGA National Board. On this committee, she and co-chair, Melanie Wagor, were able to move proposals for women DGA members into the 2014 DGA-studio Collective Bargaining Negotiations. She is also a member of the Alliance of Women Directors. She co-founded, and frequently writes for, the advocacy website Women Directors in Hollywood.Her articles have appeared in Ms., Elle, Film Inquiry, and IndieWIRE. Giese herself has recently been profiled in Bloomberg TV, ABC Live, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Forbes, Fortune, and The Hollywood Reporter, among others. Her writings have also appeared in Ms. magazine and Indiewire. In 2011 Giese turned her attention to the underrepresentation of women directors in United States media. She began researching and writing about viable legal strategies to remediate illegal discrimination against women in Hollywood, citing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Finally, in 2015 after four years of activism in the Directors Guild of America, Giese became the person who instigated the biggest industry-wide Federal investigation for women directors in Hollywood history, going on now. In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis referred to her work as “a veritable crusade.” And in 2016, Philadelphia Inquirer writer, Carrie Rickey, wrote, "So allow me to introduce real-life female crusader <mask>e, whose fact-finding led to the ACLU findings that prompted the current EEOC investigation.”  According to The Los Angeles Times in October 2016, the EEOC ”is now widening its circle of interview subjects to include studio executives, producers, agents, actors and male directors, according to multiple sources familiar with the investigation who declined to be identified because they were not authorized to speak publicly."In POV Magazine, Maya Gallous described Giese's work as portrayed in This Changes Everything as “...a Herculean effort (scratch that, an Amazonian effort) [...] making the industry accountable for what are, essentially, illegal discriminatory hiring practices." [32] Film Inquiry  referred to Giese in This Changes Everything as "the most striking subject [...] Giese sacrificed her directing career for this cause. She essentially banded the women directors together – since there was no change coming from within Hollywood, she decided to take the problem to the federal level. Because of her plea, the ACLU took on the case and has convinced the EEOC (who initially didn't want anything to do with it) to investigate the systemic discrimination in Hollywood.”

Personal life
Giese lives in Venice, CA and Stonington, CT with her husband and two children. Filmography
 A Dry Heat (1991)
 When Saturday Comes (1996)
 Hunger (2001)

References

External links

 On Many Fronts, Women Are Fighting for Better Opportunity in Hollywood, By MANOHLA DARGIS, 2015-01-21 The New York Times
 Hollywood's gender inertia: Why there are so few female directors, By Hayley Krischer, 2014-10-03, Salon.com

American film directors
American women film directors
Living people
American women screenwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

masks:
Maria Giese
Giese
Giese
Maria Gies
Maria Gies


title: W. A. Robotham

type: original

texts:
<mask> (26 November 1899 - 1980) was a Rolls-Royce executive involved in the development of Rolls-Royce cars, during World War II of tanks and tank engines, and post-war of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars complete with bodies and then of industrial petrol and diesel engines. Early career
<mask> "Rm" <mask> was born at Shardlow, Derby,   <mask> (1863-1943), his father, was a solicitor and twice Mayor of Derby. Robotham joined Rolls-Royce as a premium apprentice in 1919. In four years the apprentices went to every department of the factory; although they did not have to undertake any study at a technical college, Robotham went to night school two or three evenings a week studying mathematics and engineering drawing. They were paid 5s per week. He had an "old and slow" Rover motorcycle, and in weekends played golf, tennis  or went on Sunday motorcycle outings with other apprentices. Rolls-Royce cars
In 1923 after finishing his apprenticeship he became a junior technician in the Experimental Department at Derby under Ernest Hives: Hives was also in charge of production at the Derby Works.Designing was done at West Wittering, Sussex or Le Canadel in France, and at London were Sales (Conduit Street), the London Service and Repair Department (Cricklewood) and all the directors except Royce. Experience from 1933 on showed that sales averaged about 1,500 cars per year as Rolls-Royce or Bentley with the price about twice that of the best quantity-produced car, all with a 6-cylinder engine cars with 8 or 4-cylinder models were not required unless volume production of more than 10,000 cars a year was proposed. Most of their cars then had custom bodies by coachbuilders in London, the provinces or Paris. Up to 25 bodies were to the same specification. Some cars were built for foreign potentates under instruction for the Government. After an official visit from <mask> Khan, the King of Afghanistan, he was shown at the Derby works an open tourer with a body by Barker's which was sold to him. Robotham was disgusted when Barker's got the order, until hearing that they had "great problems" in collecting payment.Another foreign  buyer "which could not be refused" was for two limousines and a saloon; to be immune from a Mauser bullet fired at ten paces. The three Rolls-Royce Phantom IVs were for Generallisimo Franco of Spain. He recommended a body from Mulliner's of Chiswick who "had many satisfied customers among the more unpopular rulers of the world". A mission to Mulliner's of Army officers required glass one and three quarters of an inch thick, and armour plate. The large floor area required armour plate almost half an inch thick, and this would make the completed weight of the cars over three and a half tons which would overstress the wheels and gearbox on Spain's main roads. Some years later when holidaying there he inspected the cars; the brigadier in charge of the garage praised them and said they were used frequently. The speedometers only showed less than 2,000 km but "they were taken by train and only driven for the actual inspections and processions".Tanks and tank engines
In 1940 he was asked to concentrate on armoured fighting vehicles, and found the research facilities of the British motor-car industry "disappointingly meagre" apart from Vauxhall Motors (part of GM). In December 1940 Henry Spurrier of Leyland Motors and Robotham agreed British tanks were underpowered, and decided to develop at Belper a new tank engine based on the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine; to be called Meteor. The team at Clan Foundry, Belper included three of Spurrier's best designers, and also developed the Rolls-Royce B range engines. He wrote of the chaos in British armoured fighting vehicles as for twenty years between the wars as  "the design and development of British tanks had been shamefully neglected ... with ill-informed criticism of the politicians, the kaleidoscopic changes in policy by the General Staff, and the relentless pressure for output regardless of quality". In November 1941 he was appointed Chief Engineer of Tank Design in the Ministry of Supply by Beaverbrook despite his lack of experience in tank design. He continued to direct the Meteor design team at Belper. He found that the Tank Board had no experienced mechanical engineers and that the War Office General Staff had no clear conception of their requirements.Beaverbrook wanted output at any cost, and he once told the Beaver that they "had enough unreliable tanks to last the rest of the war!" He "stuck his toes in" and demanded sound products e.g. manganese steel castings for tank tracks as a broken track could be a death warrant for the crew. In the Ministry of Supply the answer to problems was to "shoot the messenger" and outsiders he was dealing with had the attitude that he would be gone tomorrow, so he resigned, leaving in August 1943 and returning to Belper. He thought (which turned out to be true) that any improvements would not reach the firing line before the end of the war. Postwar
By 1943 the Belper team had progressed a post-war range of 4, 6 and 8-cylinder car engines with parts in common. They had run many hundreds of thousands of miles in experimental cars, including the very fast but smooth Scalded Cat a Bentley with a 6-litre 8-cylinder engine and capable of over 100 mph, which <mask> liked for his commuting.The Duke of Edinburgh borrowed it for a week, and it was dismantled to avoid further requests. Major-General Charles Dunphie (later chairman of Vickers) agreed it would be an ideal engine for a post-war replacement for the Universal Carrier, though this project was dropped. But by 1948 it was clear that the Army would standardise on the Rolls-Royce B range engines for post-war combat vehicles. The eight-cylinder engine had too high fuel consumption for haulage work, but got a major market share where performance was important e.g. fire engines. Robotham realised that post-war complete Rolls-Royce cars including bodies would be needed and should cost 30% less than a coach-built body, with the same body shell for Rolls-Royce and Bentley. He doubted if enough experienced tradesmen would be available to restart custom body building firms.After discussions with <mask> of Rover on the course to be followed, he went to the Pressed Steel Company in 1944 and asked whether they could make the tools for a body shell and the cost per shell; they were nonplussed at the small number of bodies required even though he stretched it to 2000 per year or a third above the total pre-war average. The tooling would cost at least £250,000 and would require production of at least 5,000 bodies. Hives agreed with a "fully tooled" body but when <mask> heard of the cost he insisted on a full-scale mock-up for the Board. Some board members objected to sinking the headlamps into the wings, but changing the design might lose their place in the queue at Pressed Steel with perhaps twelve months delay. But the body shell would cost about half of what a post-war Park Ward body would cost, and as the surface of the pressings was so good less work would be required on them before painting. The body, used for the  Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn and Bentley Mark VI, stayed in production for nine years and 6,500 bodies; a further 3,200 were made with an alteration increasing the size of the boot (luggage compartment; the Bentley R Type or later Silver Dawn). After VE day in May 1945 the Crewe factory went from Merlins to motor cars, and a body production line was created "from nothing".The first post-was car went to the Gaekwar of Baroda on 23 October 1946. In 1945 he was disappointed when Dr Lewellen Smith who had been at the Glasgow factory was made managing director of the newly formed Motor Car Division and a member of the main board. Robotham was given the title of "Chief Engineer of Cars", his first title after 25 years. In 1949 he was appointed to the main board of Rolls-Royce Limited, to his surprise, and perhaps to convince Vickers they were giving top priority to supplying them with tractor diesel engines. Rolls-Royce Industrial engines

In 1947 a survey of the diesel market showed that there were no British lightweight engines in the 200 to 300 bhp range, a gap with the increasing size of trucks and the advent of diesel railcars which was to be filled by the new Rolls-Royce C range engines. The first engine ran in September 1948 and developed 190 bhp without supercharging, close to their target. Deciding most diesel engines were too heavy they (rashly) decided to use aluminium where possible, although the prototype light-alloy crank case had problems and they reverted to cast-iron.Then Hives became interested as Vickers-Armstrongs (the Vickers Viscount used Rolls-Royce engines) were proposing to enter the crawler tractor market in competition with Caterpillar; starting with the Vickers VR180 Vigor the largest machine in the range with a 190 bhp engine, and supercharged to give the optimum low speed "lugging" characteristics. So they had a customer, and by August 1949 parts were released for production. John Read was the division chief engineer at Belper. The Diesel or Oil Engine Division was a new field for Rolls-Royce, and for Vickers. Unlike Rolls-Royce cars sold on the “magic of a name”, an engine would not pay more than a 10% premium above competitors like Cummins, Caterpillar, Deutz, G.M., International Harvester or Allis Chalmers; and price largely depends on volume. Initially the Diesel Division headquarters was at Derby. Jack Olding was the largest Caterpillar dealer in England, which they had relinquished to be the sales and service organisation for the new tractor throughout the world.So "the heat was on". Production tractors were shipped out all over the world (Africa, Australia, Canada, Ceylon, New Zealand and South America) before all the faults (few in the engines; they fitted a device that prevented the clutch being slipped while the engine was running fast) had been fixed. Vickers had the expense of flying heavy replacement parts to remote corners of the earth. Like a tank the crawler tractor engine does not work hard all the time, and the need is to keep the dirt out. Robotham did not want to have only one customer for the division, although Hives thought he should have concentrated on Vickers. Other potential customers were Scammel, Petbow (generating sets), and Vospers and Trinity House (marine engines), but most of their production went to Vickers. Big engine components were made 200 miles away in Glasgow.By 1957 they were supplying parts to over 100 countries. Then Vickers decided to stop making tractors after making about a thousand tractors, and the Odling worldwide service organisation disappeared. Rolls-Royce diesel output was low, and of short runs of over 50 varieties of power unit. He discussed with Sir Percy Lister a merger with Listers, who had a quality product, with a complementary range of engines below 100 hp, some larger slow-speed engines and similar problems of service and spare parts worldwide. The chairman agreed, but the board were against further diversification or going into truck manufacture. So Robotham was left with the rail and marine fields. Rail was losing ground to road, and they were engineering railcar applications which required much design work for a small volume of orders.For marine generator applications shipbuilding firms favoured larger slow-speed engines. He eventually got, via John Vestey and his Blue Star Line, some higher-speed marine generating sets installed, although there were problem on one of their ships when the R-R engine was connected to the fuel lines of the heavy oil used for the main engines! Then Hives asked Robotham whether he wanted to move to the Motor Car Division at Crewe or develop diesel engines for Vickers. Belper was to close down as it was isolated from Crewe 50 miles away, and more factory floor space would be required. The (profitable) B range petrol engines were to be made at Crewe as they had much (e.g. major components) in common with the car engines. In 1958 the Sentinel Waggon Works at Shrewsbury was taken over by Rolls-Royce Limited for the manufacture of their range of diesel industrial engines, so that the factory at Derby could concentrate on aero engines.The factory which manufactured steam and later diesel locomotives had come on the market in 1956; a large factory employing 2,000 people and with room to spare for the Diesel (Oil Engine) Division. But he had not run a large works, and did not realise that the firm were losing money with steam locomotives and machine tools about which he knew nothing – so the firm "really had no viable product whatever". Their range of diesel engines suited the Sentinel range of diesel shunting locomotives, and after trying to reduce weight of the product, the problem in his last four years in the industry was to get enough weight in the available space to produce enough grip on the rails! Some equipment to machine large castings was moved from the Glasgow factory. He found the Sentinel staff were demoralised with frequent changes in policy and management since 1946, so put money into items like a new welfare hall on the sports ground and purchasing a stretch of salmon fishing river on the Severn a mile from the factory which had been rented by the works fishing club for several years; to improve the espirit de corps (he and directors played in the cricket team for interdepartmental matches!). In 1962 the Meteor was superseded for new tanks, but the British government enquired about spare parts.. As the Land Rover was so successful and Rover wanted more manufacturing capacity, they transferred the manufacture of Meteor spare parts back to Rolls-Royce, a welcome addition at Shrewsbury. By 1969 Rolls-Royce at Shrewsbury had a seven-figure unfulfilled order for Meteor spares from the British and other governments.His farewell retirement party was at Shrewsbury in January 1963. Personal
He was from Derby, where Rolls-Royce was a major employer, where his father and grandfather were solicitors and where his grandfather had built two streets of Victorian houses. From a remark he made about wine, Henry Royce referred to him as "the gentleman who likes wine" and usually produced something drinkable at lunch. His surname was generally pronounced as if it was spelt "Robottom", and he gave up trying to convince people otherwise. He was known at Rolls-Royce by the abbreviation "Rm". His parents paid £250 for him to be indentured as a "premium apprentice" to Rolls-Royce for four years. Most of them had joined direct from a public school, but Robotham had attended Repton School (where his form-master was Mr Snape) and then spent nine months in 1918 training for a commission in the artillery at Lydd Camp, Dungeness.Although he was not gazetted out of the Army for six months after Armistice Day, he got leave to look for a career. His brother went to Shrewsbury School. He married <mask>, a daughter of Henry Thompson (a Phantom I owner), in 1928/29. The couple's son and daughter were born in 1926 and 1929. His second marriage, in 1946, was to Jeanne Ekins a pianist, who had accompanied the famous tenor Gigli. While working at Derby they lived in nearby Etwall. He bought a farm of 300 acres in Engeham, Kent for a retirement career in June 1945, with advice from his brother-in-law Jack Thompson.He harvested corn, clover seed, potatoes, hops (hops were regulated and profitable), and fruit (apples, plums and greengages). By 1970 the annual fruit harvest (apples and pears) was over 100 tons. Notes

References

Further reading

1899 births
1980 deaths
Rolls-Royce people
20th-century English businesspeople
People from Derby
People educated at Repton School

masks:
William Arthur Robotham
William Arthur
Robotham
William Blews Robotham
Amanullah
Robotham
Spencer Wilks
Arthur Sidgreaves
Winred


title: Åke Parmerud

texts:
<mask> (born 24 July 1953) is a Swedish composer, musician, and multimedia artist noted for his acoustic and electronic works, which have been performed mostly in Europe, Mexico, and Canada. He is also noted for the design of stage and acoustics as well as interactive media and software. He has received recognition for his work from a number of festivals in Europe and has won two Swedish Grammis awards. He has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music since 1998. Biography

<mask> was born in Lidköping, Sweden. After working as a photographer from 1972 to 1974, <mask> began his music studies in 1978 at the Högskolan för Scen och Musik (Conservatory of Theatre and Music) at the University of Gothenburg, where his teachers included the electronic-music composer and visual artist Rune Lindblad. He also studied with electronic-music pioneer Lars Gunnar Bodin Electronic Music Studio (EMS) in Stockholm (Peterson 2001; Parmerud n.d.).Career
<mask> has been active since the 1970s in music (instrumental and electro-acoustic), multimedia and interactive art and music for videos, dance and cinema (Anon. 2011a). He has been commissioned to write works for institutions in Canada, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Norway and Denmark. His music represented Swedish radio at the Prix Italia on two occasions (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). As a stage performer, Parmerud does electro-acoustic music alone or with other artists, mostly in Europe, Mexico, and Canada (Parmerud n.d.). His performances includes music, video, and performance, with his narratives often ending without a conclusion, leaving that up to the audience (Anon 2011a; Parmerud n.d.).During the late 1980s and 1990s he worked extensively together with composer Anders Blomqvist, with whom he wrote the music for a two-hour documentary on Greta Garbo, which in turn produced Strings and Shadows, in which the harp's sounds are transformed electronically (Peterson 2001). Their live performances, sometimes including fireworks, toured several countries in Europe (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b)

Appearances in Mexico include participation in the Visiones Sonores event in Morelia in 2010 to present “Hyperspace, a presentation of new 3D sound software” and a composition called “Crystal Counterpoint.” He presented a piece called “BlowUp” in Mexico City, a piece commissioned by Espacio de Experimentación Sonora of the Museo Universitario de Arte Contempóraneo (Anon. 2010a; Anon. 2010b). His most recent performance in Mexico is at the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Guanajuato in 2011 (Anon. 2011a).<mask> has had some performances in the United States. In 1997, “Grains of Voices” was performed on United Nations Day at the organization's New York headquarters (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). At the Other Minds Festival he performed a piece called "La vie mécanique" ("The Mechanical Life") generated entirely from machine sounds which include  electronically generated sounds of planes taking off, humming refrigerators, clanking brakes and the release of steam from a train (Scheinin 2008). For the last decade, <mask> has been dedicated to acoustic design, designing facilities in Berlin, Paris, Mexico City and Reykjavík (Anon. 2011a). He has designed concerts and has been the artistic director of large indoor and outdoor audio-visual events (Parmerud n.d.; Anon.2011b). He founded AudioTechture with Olle Niklasson, a company which specializes in acoustic interior design from homes to public spaces. He has worked as a sound and software designer for interactive audio-visual installations. Works such as “The Fire Inside,” “The Living Room” and “Lost Angel”  have been shown in Berlin, Paris, Mexico City, Leon, Gothenburg and Reykjavík (Anon. 2011b). From 1999 to 2006, he worked with the Danish group Boxiganga to develop new interactive video installations and stage design. From 2000 to 2002, he worked with Canadian choreographer Pierre-Paul Savoi composing as well as designing software and sound.A work called the  “Seventh Sense” was developed with Canadian choreographer Mireille Leblanc (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). Musical style
Although he has written instrumental and multimedia music, he is most noted for his electro-acoustic music, which often combines tapes with instruments or voices. This characteristically results in processes of interaction and transformation between the different sound sources, as well as within one voice, instrument, or chord. Examples include Remain, for orchestra and tape, Alias (based on vocal sounds and quotations from John Dowland and Carlo Gesualdo), and Retur, for saxophone quartet and tape (Peterson 2001). One of his works, called Grains of Voices, is based on recordings made in various parts of the world, examining the human voice in various states. The texts of its various sections are based on the Biblical Creation story, nursery rhymes, prayers, and poems (Peterson 2001).This includes indigenous chants, opera, protests, improvisation, prayer and recordings from television, radio and other media, as well as poetry from Hemingway, Hesse, and Joyce. It focuses on language, the role of voice, and how it relates to music. The piece was first performed live at the United Nations headquarters due to its international nature (Anon 2011a). <mask> is one of Sweden's best-known musicians outside of the country. His first major recognition was in 1978 when his piece “Proximities” received first prize at the international music festival in Bourges, France, since then receiving twelve more from the same festival (Anon. 2011b). He has received honors from the Prix Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria, Metamorfosis  in Belgium, Electronic Arts Award  in Sweden, Noroit Prize in France, and the ICMA Prize for Composition.More recent awards include the Gigahertz Preis in Germany in 2008 and the Qwartz Pierre Shaeffer Prize in France in 2009 (Anon. 2011b). He has received two Swedish Grammis awards for best classical album of the year (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). He has been a member of The Swedish Royal Academy of Music since 1998 (Parmerud n.d.). Recordings
His work has been issued on two vinyl albums and two CDs, appearing on many more as a contributor (Anon. 2011b).2010a. (press release, 1 November). Swedish Embassy in Mexico (Accessed 13 September 2011). Anon. 2010b. "Continúa Festival Internacional de Música y Nuevas Tecnologías" (press release). Mexico City: Notimex (6 November), 2010.(Press release)
 Anon. 2011a. "Domingo 10 de julio de 2011: <mask> <mask>: Una transformación de impulsos, frecuencias y tonalidades" (Press release). Cervantino 2011 festival website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Anon. 2011b. "Invitados de honor Cervantino 2011: Música electroacústica de <mask> <mask>".Países nórdicos • Dinamarca • Finlandia • Noruega • Suecia website. (Accessed 13 September 2011). [<mask>, <mask>]. n.d. "<mask> <mask>" (biography). <mask> <mask> website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Copyedited reprint: "<mask> Parmerud ", London Sinfonietta website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Peterson, Hans-Gunnar.2001. "<mask>, <mask>". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Scheinin, Rich. 2008. "Inventive Cellist Captures Festival's Spirit".San Jose Mercury (March 8). Further reading
 Bergendal, Göran. 2001. 33 nya svenska komponister. Stockholm: Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien. .
 Brech, Martha. 1993. Analyse elektroakustischer Musik mit Hilfe von Sonagrammen (PhD diss., Technische Universität Berlin).Europäische Hochschulschriften, XXXVI: Musikwissenschaft, no. 118. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. . Reviewed by Pascal Decroupet, in Die Musikforschung 53, no. 3 (July–September 2000): 352–53. Brech, Martha. 1995."Möglichkeiten und Grenzen sonagraphischer Partituren für die Hörinterpretation". In Der Hörer als Interpret, 195–210. Schriften zur Musikpsychologie und Musikästhetik, no. 7. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. .
 Emmerfors, Fredrik. 2008. "<mask> Parmerud".Nutida Musik 51, no. 3:77–81. Kothman, Keith. 1992. "Dealing with Rock: How the Contemporary Composer Deals with Cultural Background". In Proceedings of the Bowling Green State University New Music & Art Festival. XIII, edited by William Eastman Lake, 17–26.Contemporary Music Forum 4. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University. Reimers, Lennart. 1979. "Neue Musik in Schweden". Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 140, no. 1: 28–30.Thoresen, Lasse, and Andreas Hedman. 2009. "Sound-Objects, Values and Characters in <mask> <mask>'s Les objets obscurs, 3rd Section". Organised Sound 14, no. 3 (December): 310–20. Thoresen, Lasse. 2010."Form-Building Patterns and Metaphorical Meaning". Organised Sound 15, no. 2 (August): 82–95. Westman, Lennart. 1997. "Beyond the Machine". Nordic Sounds, no.1: 19–22. External links
 Composer's website
 Composer's website

Living people
Electroacoustic music composers
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
1953 births

masks:
Åke Parmerud
Education Parmerud
Parmerud
Parmerud
Parmerud
Parmerud
Honours Parmerud
Åke
Parmerud
Åke
Parmerud
Parmerud
Åke
Åke
Parmerud
Åke
Parmerud
Åke
Parmerud
Åke
Åke
Åke
Parmerud


title: Justin II

texts:
<mask> or <mask> the Younger (; ; died 5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 until 578. He was the nephew of <mask> I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian dynasty. <mask> II inherited a greatly enlarged but overextended empire, with far less resources at his disposal compared to <mask> I. Despite this, he strived to match his formidable uncle's reputation by abandoning the payment of tributes to the Empire's neighbors. This miscalculated move resulted in rekindling of war with the Sassanid Empire and an invasion of Italy by the Lombards which was in short time largely lost to the Empire. Family
He was a son of Vigilantia and Dulcidio (sometimes rendered as Dulcissimus), respectively the sister and brother-in-law of <mask>ian. His siblings included Marcellus and Praejecta.With Sophia he had a daughter Arabia and possibly a son, Justus, who died young. He also had a niece named Helena. Reign

Accession

<mask> I died childless on 14 November 565. , the praepositus sacri cubiculi, seems to have been the only witness to his dying moments, and later claimed that <mask> had designated "<mask>, Vigilantia's son" as his heir in a deathbed decision. The clarification was needed because there was another nephew and candidate for the throne, <mask>, son of Germanus. Modern historians suspect Callinicus may have fabricated the last words of <mask>ian to secure the succession for his political ally. As historian Robert Browning observed: "Did <mask> really bring himself in the end to make a choice, or did Callinicus make it for him? Only Callinicus knew."In any case, Callinicus started alerting those most interested in the succession, originally various members of the Byzantine Senate. Then they jointly informed <mask> and Vigilantia, offering the throne. <mask> accepted after the traditional token show of reluctance, and with his wife Sophia, he was escorted to the Great Palace of Constantinople. The Excubitors blocked the palace entrances during the night, and early in the morning, John Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople, crowned the new Augustus. Only then was the death of <mask> and the succession of <mask> publicly announced in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Both the Patriarch and Tiberius, commander of the Excubitors, had been recently appointed, with <mask> having played a part in their respective appointments, in his role as <mask>ian's curopalates. Their willingness to elevate their patron and ally to the throne was hardly surprising.In the first few days of his reign <mask> paid his uncle's debts, administered justice in person, and proclaimed universal religious toleration. On 1 January 566, he became a consul, thereby reviving a post <mask>ian had discontinued since 541. <mask> and Sophia initially promised to make peace with <mask>'s cousin and rival to the throne, <mask> (son of Germanus), but had him assassinated in Alexandria not long after. According to a hostile source, the imperial couple kicked his severed head. Foreign policy
Faced with an empty treasury, he discontinued <mask>'s practice of buying off potential enemies. Immediately after his accession, <mask> halted the payment of subsidies to the Avars, ending a truce that had existed since 558. This move upset the delicate balance of power in the Pannonian Basin, since the Avar elite were forced to seek new sources of wealth to maintain their position and client networks.After the Avars and the neighbouring tribe of the Lombards had combined to destroy the Gepids, from whom <mask> had obtained the Danube fortress of Sirmium, Avar pressure caused the Lombards to migrate West, and in 568 they invaded Italy under their king Alboin. They quickly overran the Po valley, and within a few years they had made themselves masters of nearly the entire country. The Avars themselves crossed the Danube in 573 or 574, when the Empire's attention was distracted by troubles on the Persian frontier. They were only placated by the payment of a subsidy of 60,000 silver pieces by <mask>'s successor Tiberius. The North and East frontiers were the main focus of <mask>'s attention. In 572 his refusal to pay tribute to the Persians in combination with overtures to the Turks led to a war with the Sassanid Empire. After two disastrous campaigns, in which the Persians under Khosrow I overran Syria and captured the strategically important fortress of Dara, <mask> lost his mind.Shortly after the smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire from China by Nestorian Christian monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian Menander Protector writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese silk with the Byzantine Empire. After forming an alliance with the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, Istämi, the Göktürk ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines. Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned to death. Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to <mask>, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. <mask> agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians. In 1937, the historian Previte-Orton described <mask> as "a rigid man, dazzled by his predecessor's glories, to whom fell the task of guiding an exhausted, ill-defended Empire through a crisis of the first magnitude and a new movement of peoples". Previte-Orton continues,

Succession and death

After 572, <mask> was reported to have fits of insanity.John of Ephesus, whose Monophysite sect suffered persecutions under <mask>, offered a vivid description of <mask>'s madness, in which he behaved like a wild animal, was wheeled about on a mobile throne and required organ music to be played day and night. In 574, at Sophia's suggestion, he adopted the general Tiberius as his son and heir, and then retired in his favor. On 7 December, according to Theophylact Simocatta, <mask> remained sufficiently clear-minded to make an eloquent speech as he passed the crown:

Four years later, on 26 September 578, he elevated Tiberius as Augustus. <mask> died only nine days later, on 5 October 578. Footnotes

References

Sources

Primary sources
Edward Walford, translator (1846) The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, . Secondary sources

External links

 DIR: De Imperatoribus Romanis: <mask> II

6th-century births
578 deaths
6th-century Byzantine emperors
6th-century Roman consuls
Flavii
Imperial Roman consuls
Justinian dynasty
Kouropalatai
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Royalty and nobility with disabilities

masks:
Justin II
Justin
Justinian
Justin
Justinian
Justin
Justinian
Justinian
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justinian
Justin
Justin
Justinian
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justinian
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin
Justin


title: Elizabeth Nourse

texts:
<mask>  (October 26, 1859 – October 8, 1938) was a realist-style genre, portrait, and landscape painter born in Mt. Healthy, Ohio, in the Cincinnati area. She also worked in decorative painting and sculpture. Described by her contemporaries as "the first woman painter of America" and "the dean of American woman painters in France and one of the most eminent contemporary artists of her sex," Nourse was the first American woman to be voted into the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. She also had the honor of having one of her paintings purchased by the French government and included in the Luxembourg Museum's permanent collection. Nourse's style was described by Los Angeles critic Henry J. Seldis as a "forerunner of social realist painting." Some of Nourse's works are displayed at the Cincinnati Art Museum.Biography

Early life

Born to the Catholic household of Caleb Elijah <mask> and <mask> <mask> on October 26, 1859, <mask> and her twin sister, Adelaide, were the youngest of 10 children. She attended the McMicken School of Design in Cincinnati (now the Art Academy of Cincinnati) at age 15, and was one of the first women admitted to the women's life class offered there taught by Thomas Satterwhite Noble. She also studied watercolor painting while there. She studied at the school for seven years and was even offered a teaching position, which she declined in order to focus on her painting. In 1882, both of her parents died, and with the assistance of an art patron, she went to New York City to continue her studies, briefly in the Art Students League. Here, she met William Merritt Chase and visited him in his studio. In 1883, she had returned to Cincinnati and made her living decorating home interiors and painting portraits.From 1884 – 1886, she spent most of her summers in Tennessee in the Appalachian Mountains doing watercolor landscapes. Paris
In 1887, she moved to Paris, France along with her older sister, Louise, who was to be her lifelong companion, business manager, housekeeper and hostess. In Paris, she attended Académie Julian, studying under Gustave Boulanger and Jules Lefebvre. While studying in Paris Nourse became acquainted with fellow painter Caroline Augusta Lord. Already having advanced skill when she arrived and having developed her style while in Cincinnati, she quickly finished with her studies and opened her own studio. In 1888, her work was featured in her first major exhibition at the Société des Artistes Français. Her subjects were often women, mostly peasants, and depictions of France's rural countryside.Though continuing to live and work mainly in Paris, Nourse travelled extensively around Europe, Russia, and North Africa painting the people she met. New Woman
She was one of the "New Women" of the 19th century successful, highly trained women artists who never married, like Ellen Day Hale, Mary Cassatt, <mask> and Cecilia Beaux. Hale, Nourse, and Coffin "created compelling self-portraits in which they fearlessly presented themselves as individuals willing to flout social codes and challenge accepted ideas regarding women's place in society. Indeed, the New Women portraits of the 1880s and 1890s are unforgettable interpretations of energetic, self-confident and accomplished women." Later life and World War I activism
During the first world war, Nourse defied the tendency of most American emigres to return home and remained in Paris, where she worked to assist the war's refugees and solicited donations from her friends in the United States and Canada for the benefit of people whose lives were disrupted by the war. In 1921, she was awarded the Laetare Medal for "distinguished service to humanity" by a Catholic layperson, an annual award from Notre Dame University in Indiana. Nourse retired and when her sister died in 1927, she became ill and depressed.In 1920, she was operated on for breast cancer, and, in 1937, the cancer returned. She died on October 8, 1938. Gallery

Selected works

Paintings

 Two Children Seated 1880, watercolor and gouache on paper, 16 3/4 x 11 1/2 in. La mère (Pleasant Dreams) 1888, oil on canvas, 45 15/16 x 32 1/16 in. Fisher Girl of Picardy 1889, oil on canvas, 46 3/4 x 32 3/8 in. Fisher Woman and Child 1889, watercolor on paper, 19 x 12 in. The Three Ages (Three Generations) 1890, oil on canvas, 40 x 30 in.The Bargello, Florence 1890, watercolor, 12 x 8 in. Italian Peasant Girl 1891, oil on wood panel, 19 3/4 x 8 11/16 in. The Kiss (Mother and Child) 1892, oil on canvas, 22 5/8 x 20 3/8 in. Le Goûter (Mother and Children) 1893, oil on canvas, 51 1/2 x 31 in. Mère et fillette hollandaise (The Sewing Lesson) 1895, oil on canvas, 46 x 30 in. L'heures d' été (Summer Hours) c. 1895, oil on canvas, 53 1/4 x 41 1/4 in. L'enfant endormi c. 1901, watercolor on paper, 24 x 18 in.Meditation 1902, oil on canvas, 26 1/2 x 27 1/2 in. Paysanne de Penmarc'h c. 1903, oil on canvas 18 x 11 in. Mother with Baby in Carriage c. 1905–07, pastel on paper, 15 x 23 1/2 in. L'enfant qui dort c. 1912, oil on canvas
 Jardin du Luxembourg, le printemps c. 1920, watercolor on paper, 8 x 23 1/4 in. Sculpture
 Bust of Caleb Nourse c. 1881, plaster, 3 1/4 x 7 x 3 1/4 in. Louise Nourse 1899, plaster bas-relief, diameter 5 in., bronze cast, diameter 5 in. Le Père et la Mère Léthias 1899, plaster bas-relief, diameter 7 1/4 in.

masks:
Elizabeth Nourse
Nourse
Elizabeth LeBreton
Rogers Nourse
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Coffin


title: Chris Carter (screenwriter)

texts:
<mask> (born October 13, 1956) is an American television and film producer, director and writer who gained fame in the 1990s as the creator of the Fox science fiction supernatural drama series The X-Files. Born in Bellflower, California, <mask> graduated with a degree in journalism from California State University, Long Beach before spending thirteen years working for Surfing Magazine. After beginning his television career working on television films for Walt Disney Studios, <mask> rose to fame in 1993 for creating The X-Files. The show earned high viewership ratings, and eventually led to <mask>'s being able to negotiate the creation of future series. <mask> has his own television production company, Ten Thirteen Productions, wherein he went on to create three more series for the network—Millennium, a doomsday-themed series which met with critical approval and low viewer numbers; Harsh Realm, which was canceled after three episodes had aired; and The Lone Gunmen, a spin-off of The X-Files which lasted for a single season. <mask>'s film roles include writing both of The X-Files cinematic spin-offs—1998's successful The X-Files and the poorly received 2008 follow-up The X-Files: I Want to Believe, the latter of which he also directed—while his television credits have earned him several accolades including eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Early life
<mask> was born on October 13, 1956 in Bellflower, California.His father worked in the construction industry. <mask> has described his childhood as "fairly normal", and was fond of both Little League Baseball and surfing; his surfing stance is goofy footed. He attended California State University, Long Beach in Long Beach, graduated with a journalism degree in 1979. An avid surfer, he began writing for Surfing Magazine, a San Clemente-based journal, eventually becoming its editor at the age of 28. <mask> would work for the magazine for thirteen years, and credits his tenure there for teaching him how to run a business. It was also at this time that <mask> began taking an interest in pottery, making "hundreds of thousands of pieces" of dinnerware as a hobby. He has compared the process of making pottery to Zen meditations, although he has since thrown out most of his work.Personal life

In 1983, <mask> began dating Dori Pierson, whom he had met through a cousin of hers who worked with him at Surfing Magazine. The couple were married in 1987, and live in Santa Barbara. Career

Starting in television
Pierson's connections at Walt Disney Studios led to chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg hiring <mask> on a standard contract. <mask> began writing television films for the studio, penning The B.R.A.T. Patrol in 1986 and Meet the Munceys in 1988. These scripts led to <mask> being associated with contemporary youth comedy at the studio, and although he enjoyed the work he felt that his real strengths and interests lay in serious drama instead. <mask> met the then-president of NBC, Brandon Tartikoff, at a company softball game in Brentwood, California.Tartikoff and <mask> began talking between innings, and when Tartikoff eventually read some of <mask>'s script work, he brought him over to write for the network. There, <mask> developed a number of unproduced television pilots—Cameo By Night, featuring Sela Ward; Brand New Life, which has been described as being similar to The Brady Bunch; Copter Cop, a science fiction series that was hampered by Tartikoff's injuries after a car accident; and Cool Culture, influenced by <mask>'s passion for surfing and experience with Surfing Magazine. During this time <mask> would also work as a producer on Rags to Riches, a job he accepted in order to learn more about producing a series. Peter Roth, at that time the president of Stephen J. Cannell Productions, obtained a copy of <mask>'s pilot script for Cool Culture, and although the series was never picked up, Roth was interested in hiring <mask> to work on the CBS series Palace Guard. However, Roth would soon leave CBS to work for Fox as the head of its television production wing. <mask> was among the first wave of new staff hired by Roth in 1992 to develop material for the network, and he began work on a series based on his own childhood fondness for The Twilight Zone and Kolchak: The Night Stalker. The X-Files and success

<mask>'s new series would take its stylistic inspiration from Kolchak, while thematically reflecting his experiences growing up during the Watergate scandal.<mask> also drew inspiration from his friend John E. Mack's survey of American beliefs in ufology, which indicated that  of the population believed they had been abducted by aliens. Roth warmed to the idea upon hearing of the influence of Kolchak, believing that vampires—one of the central antagonists of the original series—would be popular with audiences given the interest being shown in the upcoming film Interview with the Vampire, although <mask> insisted on an extraterrestrial-focused series. However, <mask> had never been interested in science fiction before this point, professing to have briefly read one novel each by Ursula K. Le Guin and Robert A. Heinlein. Basing his characters instead on those found in the English television series The Avengers, <mask> took an eighteen-page treatment for his new project—by now titled The X-Files—to a pitch meeting at Fox, where it was soon rejected. With the help of Roth, <mask> was able to arrange a second pitch meeting, at which the network reluctantly agreed to greenlight a pilot for the series. After finding the series' two starring leads in Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny, <mask> was given a budget of  to produce a pilot episode. The series aired on Friday nights on the Fox network, being broadcast in tandem with The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. in what was perceived to be an unpopular timeslot.The series earned relatively impressive Nielsen ratings for its Friday timeslot, and was given a full twenty-four episode order. The series' popularity and critical acclaim built over the course of its second and third seasons, and saw it earning its first Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama and breaking the record for highest price paid by a network for rights to air re-runs, fetching $600,000 per episode from Fox's sister network FX. After <mask>'s initial three-year signing for Fox had ended, the success of the series allowed him to negotiate a five-year contract with several additional perks, including the guarantee of a feature film adaptation to be produced by the parent company's film studio, and the greenlighting of <mask>'s next television project. In March 2015, it was confirmed that <mask> was set to executive produce and write for the revival of The X-Files, which was set for a six-episode event series. In 2017 it was announced that The X-Files would return to Fox with a ten-episode season 11, with <mask> set to executive produce and write. Both Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny returned, as well as veteran writers Glen Morgan, Darin Morgan, and Jim Wong, and newcomers Gabe Rotter, Benjamin Van Allen, and Brad Follmer. The eleventh season has received generally positive if somewhat lukewarm reviews from critics, but ratings fell dramatically, and Gillian Anderson has stated she will not play Scully again.<mask> began work on a new series, Millennium. The genesis of this new project stemmed from "Irresistible", a second-season episode of The X-Files which <mask> had written, which focused on a sexually motivated serial killer with none of that series' usual supernatural trappings. <mask> fleshed out the basis of the new show's protagonist, Frank Black, and travelled to Seattle for inspiration for a new setting. Influence was also drawn from the works of Nostradamus, and the increasing popular interest in eschatology ahead of the coming millennium. The central role of Black was eventually filled by Lance Henriksen, and the series began airing in the Friday timeslot formerly occupied by The X-Files. "Pilot", the début episode, was heavily promoted by Fox, and brought in over a quarter of the total audience during its broadcast. The series also attracted a high degree of critical appraisal, earning a People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Dramatic Series" in its first year.At the beginning of the second season, <mask> handed over control of the series to Glen Morgan and James Wong, with whom he had previously worked on both Millennium first season and several seasons of The X-Files. Despite its promising start, however, ratings for Millennium after the pilot remained consistently low, and it was cancelled after three seasons. Feature films
During the production of the fourth season of The X-Files, work on the first feature film adaptation of the series began. Also titled The X-Files, <mask> initially began a treatment for the script over Christmas holidays in Hawaii in 1996. Series producer Frank Spotnitz collaborated on the story outline at this time. <mask> would later return to Hawaii for a ten-day stint in 1997 to begin fleshing out the finished script. <mask> appointed frequent series director Rob Bowman as director of the film, which went on to feature many of the series' regular cast, including Duchovny, Anderson, Mitch Pileggi and William B. Davis.The X-Files premiered on June 19, 1998, eventually making a worldwide gross of  $189 million, and received mixed reviews. Ten years after the success of the first film, and six years after The X-Files final season had finished, <mask> would both write and direct a second feature film, titled The X-Files: I Want to Believe. Filmed in British Columbia, I Want To Believe was released on July 25, 2008; eventually grossing $68,369,434 worldwide. The film was received generally negative reviews from critics. Other work
<mask> has made several brief cameo roles as an actor—first appearing in The X-Files "Anasazi" as an FBI agent; before portraying a member of a film audience in "Hollywood A.D.", a later episode of the same series. <mask> also made a brief appearance in "Three Men and a Smoking Diaper", an episode of The Lone Gunmen. In 1999, <mask> began adapting the comic book series Harsh Realm as a television show.<mask>'s friend and frequent collaborator Daniel Sackheim had optioned the comics for adaptation in 1996. However, when the series first aired on October 8, 1999, the comics' writers Andrew Paquette and James Hudnall were given no writing credits for the work; the two then filed suit against Fox to be credited for their work. Harsh Realm received disappointing viewing figures, and was cancelled after only three episodes had been broadcast. Two years later, <mask> launched a spin-off of The X-Files titled The Lone Gunmen, a  series centred on three minor characters from the former series. The Lone Gunmen was cancelled after thirteen episodes, later receiving a coda in the form of a crossover episode with The X-Files. <mask> has since been involved with writing and directing the as-yet unreleased film Fencewalker, set to feature Natalie Dormer and Katie Cassidy. In 2011, he began working to develop Unique, a police thriller television series; the project was eventually dropped before completion.<mask> next began work on the Amazon Studios television series The After. The pilot episode was made available for viewing on February 6, 2014; the series was green-lit the following month, but finally cancelled on January 5, 2015, without another episode beyond the pilot being shot. Accolades
<mask>'s work has earned him several accolades over his career, including eight nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards. <mask> has also received award nominations for the Directors Guild of America Awards, the Edgar Awards, and the British Academy Television Awards. Filmography

Film

Television

Footnotes

References

External links

 Joiner, James (March 24, 2015). "'The X-Files' Creator <mask> on Scully and Mulder's Return". The Daily Beast

1956 births
American male screenwriters
American television directors
American television writers
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Film directors from California
Film producers from California
Science fiction film directors
Living people
People from Bellflower, California
Television producers from California
Showrunners
American male television writers
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers

masks:
Christopher Carl Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Chris Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Millennium Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Chris Carter


title: Marc Brown (author)

texts:
<mask> (born November 25, 1946) is an American author and illustrator of children's books. <mask> writes as well as illustrates the Arthur book series and is best known for creating that series and its numerous spin-offs. The names of his two sons, Tolon Adam and Tucker Eliot, have been hidden in all of the Arthur books except for one. He also has a daughter named Eliza, whose name appears hidden in at least two books. He is a three-time Emmy award winner; the Arthur TV series adapted from the books was named number one on PBS for three years (1997, 2000, 2001). He also served as an executive producer on the show during seasons ten through twenty-five. He currently lives in Hingham, Massachusetts.Early life and education
While growing up in Erie, Pennsylvania, with his three sisters, <mask> was told many stories by his grandmother Thora. This inspired <mask> to write stories of his own in the later years of his life. An example of this was the "borrowing" of his 7th grade algebra teacher's name Mr. Rathbun for the character Mr. Ratburn. It was Grandma Thora who also fueled <mask>'s penchant for drawing, which was discovered at the age of six. While attending McDowell Senior High School, his art teacher, Nancy Bryan, introduced him to watercolors, which he now uses for the majority of his illustrations. <mask> was inspired by other artists like <mask>. Maurice Sendak, the author of the children's book Where the Wild Things Are, also influenced <mask> in deciding on a career choice.With the help of his Grandma Thora, <mask> was able to major in graphic design at the Cleveland Institute of Art. Even with the opposition from his colleagues, <mask> continued with his dream to be a children's book illustrator. After graduating, <mask> presented a sample of his drawings to the publishing company Houghton Mifflin, in Boston, Massachusetts, who offered him a USD$5,000 deal. This offer allowed <mask> to confirm his decision of making professional illustrating his career. In 1969, he began part-time teaching at Garland Junior College in Boston and illustrated textbooks. Career
He had many different jobs before focusing solely on his writing career. He was a truck driver, a short-order cook, a TV art director, and finally a college professor.<mask> said his professorship was short-lived as the college went bankrupt one semester into his hiring. Bibliography

Arthur Adventure Series
1976 - Arthur's Nose
1979 - Arthur's Eyes
1980 - Arthur's Valentine
1981 - The True Francine
1982 - Arthur Goes to Camp
1982 - Arthur's Halloween
1983 - Arthur's April Fool
1983 - Arthur's Thanksgiving
1984 - Arthur's Christmas
1985 - Arthur's Tooth
1986 - Arthur's Teacher Trouble
1987 - Arthur's Baby
1988 - D.W. All Wet
1989 - Arthur's Birthday
1990 - Arthur's Pet Business
1991 - Arthur Meets the President (Early Moments)
1992 - Arthur Babysits
1993 - D.W. Thinks Big
1993 - D.W. 2000 - Arthur's Teacher Moves In (Early Moments)
2001 - D.W.'s Library Card
2002 - Arthur's Animal Adventure (Early Moments)
2006 - D.W. Goes to Preschool
2008 - D.W. Says Please and Thank You

Chapter books
Arthur's Mystery Envelope
Arthur and the Scare-Your-Pants-Off Club
Arthur Makes the Team
Arthur and the Crunch Cereal Contest
Arthur Accused! Locked in the Library! Buster's Dino Dilemma
The Mystery of the Stolen Bike
Arthur and the Lost Diary
Who's in Love with Arthur?by Isaac Asimov
The Gulps by Rosemary Wells
Read-Aloud Rhymes For the Very Young by Jack Prelutsky
The Banza: A Haitian Story by Diane Wolkstein

Books by Laurene Krasny <mask> and <mask>
Dino Life Guides for Families
Dinosaurs Travel
Dinosaurs Alive and Well! : A Guide to Good Health
How to Be a Friend: A Guide to Making Friends and Keeping Them
When Dinosaurs Die: A Guide to Understanding Death
Dinosaurs Divorce
Other
What's the Big Secret? : Talking about Sex with Girls and Boys

Arthur 8x8 paperbacks
Arthur's Birthday Surprise
Arthur's Heart Mix-Up
Arthur's Jelly Beans
Arthur and the Big Snow
Arthur Helps Out
Arthur to the Rescue
Arthur and the Dog Show
Arthur Jumps into Fall
Arthur's Tree House
Arthur Off to School
Good Night D.W.
Arthur's Homework
D.W.'s Perfect Present
Arthur's Mystery Babysitter
D.W. The Big Boss
Arthur Tells a Story

References

External links
 Official website

1946 births
Living people
American children's writers
Daytime Emmy Award winners
American children's book illustrators
Writers from Erie, Pennsylvania
Artists from Erie, Pennsylvania
Cleveland Institute of Art alumni

masks:
Marc Tolon Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Marc Chagall
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Marc Brown


title: David Ervine

texts:
<mask> (21 July 1953 – 8 January 2007) was a Northern Irish  Unionist politician from Belfast and the leader of the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP). During his youth Ervine was a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and was imprisoned for possessing bomb-making equipment. Whilst in jail he became convinced of the benefits of a more political approach for Ulster loyalism and became involved with the PUP. As a leading PUP figure, Ervine helped to deliver the loyalist ceasefire of 1994. Biography
<mask> was the youngest of five children born to Walter and <mask>, and raised in a Protestant working-class area of east Belfast between the Albertbridge and Newtownards roads. His household was not loyalist at all, his father Walter described himself as a socialist, had no time for Ian Paisley and didn't attend church. When Ervine joined the Orange Order aged 18, he said he was the first member of his family to ever be a member.His membership however didn't last long. Like many in his situation, he grew up closely identifying with his community and absorbed the Ulster Unionism ideals and opinions that go along with this identity. He left Orangefield High School (Orangefield Boys Secondary School) at 14, and at the age of 19 Ervine joined the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), believing this to be the only way to ensure the defence of the Protestant community after the events of Bloody Friday. A neighbour of Ervine's who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) William Irvine, had died in one of the bomb blasts on Bloody Friday. Before joining the UVF Ervine had attempted to join the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), but due to a misdemeanour in his childhood involving a stolen bicycle, he was refused entry. Arrest and imprisonment
Ervine was arrested in November 1974, while an active member of the UVF. He was driving a stolen car containing five pounds of commercial explosives, a detonator and fuse wire.After 7 months on remand in Crumlin Road Gaol he was found guilty of possession of explosives with intent to endanger life. He was sentenced to 11 years and imprisoned in The Maze. While in prison, Ervine came under the influence of Gusty Spence who made him question what his struggle was about. Spence's influence unquestionably changed Ervine's direction: after much study and self-analysis, Ervine emerged with the view that change through politics was the only option. He also became friends with Billy Hutchinson while in prison. Release
Ervine was released from prison in 1980. He owned a newsagents' in Belfast for several years before taking up full-time politics.He stood in local council elections as a Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) candidate in 1985. In 1998, he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East and was re-elected in 2003. He was also a member of Belfast City Council from 1997. Loyalist ceasefire
Ervine is said to have played a pivotal role in bringing about the loyalist ceasefire of October 1994. He was part of a delegation to Downing Street in June 1996 that met then British Prime Minister John Major to discuss the loyalist ceasefire. Forum
In 1996 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from the regional list, having been an unsuccessful candidate in the East Belfast constituency. Progressive
Ervine was considered to be one of the most progressive unionists in Northern Ireland politics.He had been a strong supporter of the Good Friday Agreement and was one of the few unionist politicians to actively support the Agreement. At a Labour Party meeting in 2001, then Northern Ireland Secretary, John Reid, described him as "one of the most eloquent politicians in Northern Ireland". Some of his opponents made references to him having swallowed a dictionary. Some saw Ervine as one of the few politicians actively engaged with conflict resolution. In the Northern Ireland Assembly, he was seen as a Unionist sympathetic to the short term demands of Sinn Féin. He abstained against attempts by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to exclude Sinn Féin from office in July 2000 and October 2001. In April 2001, he provoked a direct political attack from the DUP over him being the only Unionist to vote against a motion condemning the display of lilies commemorating the 1916 Easter Rising at Parliament Buildings.He also expressed support for the right of Sinn Féin members to make speeches in Irish (Gaelic) on the floor of the Assembly. Later, political commentators noted how he sat next to Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness at the funeral of Northern Ireland football legend George Best in December 2005 as a sign of how Northern Ireland had moved on. The PUP, however, had close ties to the loyalist paramilitary organisation UVF, of which he was a past member, throughout his involvement in democratic politics. Controversy
In May 2005, the Independent Monitoring Commission recommended a continuation of the financial sanctions on his Assembly salary imposed following its report of April 2004. The IMC was of the opinion that the UVF and the PUP maintain strong links while the UVF is heavily involved in criminality such as drug dealing and tobacco and fuel smuggling. It further noted that the UVF was responsible for a number of acts of violence including murder and was actively maintaining its capacity to wage a terrorist campaign. It concluded that 12 months after the sanctions were originally imposed, the PUP leadership was still not doing enough to address the UVF's criminal and paramilitary activities.Ervine appealed against the IMC's recommendation to newly appointed Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain on the basis that he could not be held directly responsible for the UVF's actions and thus it was wrong to penalise him personally. Hain accepted his representations and his Assembly salary was fully restored. The IMC again recommended financial sanctions against him and the PUP in its special report of September 2005 on the violent feud that erupted between the UVF and the Loyalist Volunteer Force that summer in which a number of murders and attempted murders had been committed. It argued that the PUP leadership was still in a position to significantly influence the UVF and as such, the party could not have it both ways by associating with an active paramilitary organisation and not face any political consequences. In its final regular reports of Ervine's life in April and October 2006, the IMC concluded that it was satisfied the PUP leadership had taken appropriate action to de-escalate UVF's violence and criminality and withdrew its punitive recommendations. Links with the Ulster Unionists
On 13 May 2006, it was announced that when the Northern Ireland Assembly reconvened, Ervine would join the Ulster Unionist assembly group, while remaining leader of the Progressive Unionists. Under the D'Hondt method used for allocating places on the Northern Ireland Executive, this would entitle the Ulster Unionists to an additional place.The Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the Assembly, Ms Eileen Bell, MLA indicated at the first meeting of the 'shadow' Assembly (15 May 2006) that she would take legal advice before ruling on whether Mr Ervine could be treated as a member of the UUP group. On 11 September 2006 Ms Bell announced that the Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group did not have a headquarters, at least one party leader and a scheme for financial support; thus it did not qualify as a political party. This meant that the UUPAG could not sit in the Assembly, so the alliance was deemed as invalid. Identity
Ervine was a Protestant and identified himself as both Irish and British. An Ulster unionist, he once exclaimed "why can't I be an Irish citizen of the UK?". Ervine remarked “I am profoundly both British and Irish and those who have to deal with me have to take me on those terms." Illness and death

Ervine was reported as having suffered two massive heart attacks and a stroke after attending a football match between Glentoran and Armagh City at The Oval in Belfast on Saturday 6 January 2007.It was later confirmed that he had one heart attack, a stroke and brain haemorrhage. He was taken to the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald and was later admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast. Ervine did not die until Monday 8 January 2007, however it was reported by RTÉ News at 9pm and on their website on the previous evening Sunday 7 January, that he had died that day. RTÉ's Northern Editor, Tommie Gorman, later apologised for his wrongly reported story of the death of Ervine in a radio interview. Ervine's body was cremated at Roselawn Crematorium after a funeral service on 12 January in East Belfast attended by Mark Durkan, Gerry Adams, Peter Hain, Dermot Ahern, Hugh Orde and <mask> among others. Tributes
Brian Ervine, Ervine's elder brother: "He had the guts and the courage to climb out of the traditional trenches, meet the enemy in no-man's land and play ball with him." Bertie Ahern (Taoiseach): "(Ervine) was a courageous politician who sought to channel the energies of loyalism in a positive political direction."Reg Empey MLA: "Northern Ireland has today lost a unique, charismatic and uncharacteristically spin-free politician." Gerry Adams MLA/MP: "He made a valuable and important contribution to moving our society away from conflict." George Mitchell (Former US Senator): "His legacy is that he has led loyalism out of the Dark Ages." Mark Durkan MLA/MP: ""<mask> emerged from a paramilitary past to pursue a peaceful future. Throughout the talks he played a positive role and worked always to keep loyalism onboard for the Good Friday Agreement." (...) "He also championed a more constructive unionism and argued that we can all gain from political accommodation." Trevor Sargent TD: "His death leaves a major vacuum in terms of the quality of political representatives in Northern Ireland.I hope that the legacy of Mr Ervine's bravery will be taken up by others after him. "Tony Blair (British Prime Minister): "<mask> was a man who, whatever his past, played a major part in this last 10 years in trying to bring peace to Ulster. "See also
Unionism (Ireland)
Progressive Unionist Party
Ulster Volunteer Force
Ulster Loyalist

References

BibliographyDavid Ervine: Uncharted Waters by Henry Sinnerton (2003), Loyalists'' by Peter Taylor (1999),

External links
PUP Website
obituary from The Belfast Telegraph
  Ervine Foundation http://davidervine.com/

1953 births
2007 deaths
Northern Ireland politicians convicted of crimes
Leaders of political parties in Northern Ireland
Members of Belfast City Council
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Northern Ireland MLAs 2003–2007
Politicians from Belfast
Progressive Unionist Party MLAs
Ulster Volunteer Force members
Ulster loyalists imprisoned on charges of terrorism

masks:
David Ervine
David Ervine
Elizabeth Ervine
David Trimble
David
David


title: David Floyd Lambertson

texts:
<mask> (born June 30, 1940) of Kansas served as United States Ambassador to Thailand from September 1991 until August 1995. <mask> entered the U.S. Foreign Service in February 1963. He was assigned to Saigon from 1965 to 1968 as a member of the embassy’s political section, to Medan, Indonesia from 1969 to 1971, and to Paris as a liaison officer and press spokesman for the U.S. Delegation to the Paris Peace Accords, 1971-1973, on ending the Vietnam War. <mask> returned to the State Department in Washington in 1973, first to the Office of East Asian Regional Affairs and then, in 1975, to the Office of Japanese Affairs as its Deputy Director. He was posted to Tokyo in 1977 as Deputy Chief of the political section, responsible for working with the Japanese Foreign Ministry on U.S.-Japan bilateral issues and cooperative US-Japanese approaches to multilateral questions. In 1980-1981 <mask> attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in London, after which he returned to Washington as Director of the Office of Korean Affairs, 1982-84. He was Deputy Chief of Mission in the U.S. Embassies in Canberra, 1984–86, and Seoul, 1986-87.In 1987 <mask> was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of State with responsibility for the ten countries of Southeast Asia. His work during his three years in that position focused on negotiations to end the war in Cambodia, support for the newly established democracy in the Philippines, and efforts to achieve the fullest possible accounting for Americans missing in action in Indochina. During the 1990-91 academic year, <mask> was Diplomat-in-Residence at the University of Kansas, teaching in the Political Science department. While at KU he was named by President George H.W. Bush in early 1991 as Ambassador to Thailand. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in July and arrived in Bangkok in September of that year. As Ambassador to Thailand, <mask> led one of America’s largest embassies (500-plus U.S. employees, 26 USG agencies, more than 1500 Thai employees).He was responsible for all aspects of U.S. relations with Thailand during a period of significant political upheaval and change, burgeoning growth in US-Thai economic relations, intensified efforts to combat drug production and trafficking, and major refugee and displaced persons issues along Thailand’s borders with Cambodia, Laos and Burma. He also had oversight responsibility for U.S. government activities in Vietnam and Cambodia prior to the end of the Cambodia war and normalization of relations with Vietnam. <mask> left Thailand in August 1995 and retired from the Foreign Service shortly thereafter. During his career, <mask> was a member of numerous U.S. delegations to international conferences, beginning with the Paris Peace Talks, and including, inter alia, bilateral planning conferences with Japan, Korea and Australia, a United Nations conference on refugees in 1988 in Geneva, the 1989 Paris Conference on Cambodia (in which he led the U.S. delegation), and several conferences of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. He was a member of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 1980. <mask> traveled to Hanoi three times, prior to normalization, as a member of delegations seeking progress on the POW/MIA issue. <mask> had extensive experience in the foreign policy process in Washington, including Oval Office meetings during the Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations, chairmanship of inter-agency committees and more than 35 appearances before Congressional committees.He also had considerable media exposure, including appearances on the Today Show, Good Morning America, Nightline and NPR’s Morning Edition. He spoke on aspects of U.S. policy in many forums, including the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, the Asia Society in New York and Washington, the Aspen Institute and numerous business organizations nationwide. During his Foreign Service career, <mask> earned the State Department’s Meritorious, Superior and Distinguished Honor Awards as well as several Presidential awards. From 1996 through 1998, <mask> was Director of International Development at KU, organizing business seminars and doing outreach for the University. <mask> has taught in the Honors Program at KU and in the graduate-level International Studies program (MAIS), and has been a guest lecturer in the Anthropology, History and Political Science departments. At KU, <mask> is also a member of the International Programs Advisory Board, the Honors Program Advisory Board, and the Advisory Board of the Biodiversity Institute/Natural History Museum, chairing the latter. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the Business School’s Center for International Business Education and Research, and for a time was co-Director of that center.<mask> was active in the early years of  the Dole Institute of Politics, as a member of planning groups and as a moderator in conferences on China MFN and the future of NATO, and has participated in a number of more recent programs. In 2007-2008, <mask> established and was the first Director of the KU-Ft. Leavenworth Program (now the Office of Professional Military Graduate Education). In 2002, <mask> was the Freeman Foundation Visiting Professor of Asian Affairs at Claremont McKenna College in California. Beginning in November 2000, and continuing through December 2005, he was American representative of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization in North Korea. In that capacity, he made eleven visits to North Korea, totaling nearly eighteen months in duration. <mask> is a member of the International Relations Council of Kansas City, and the American Foreign Service Association. He is a past member of the Kansas International Trade Coordinating Council.He was a founding member of the Board of Trustees of the Command and General Staff College Foundation, and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Simons Center for the Study of Interagency Cooperation. He was awarded the Department of the Army’s Outstanding Civilian Service Medal in 2008. <mask> was raised in Fairview, Kansas and received a BA degree from the University of Redlands in California. He is married to the former Sacie Hooper. They live in Lawrence, Kansas. References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080314214120/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10404.htm
 List of U.S. Ambassadors to Thailand 1882 to present (with picture.)1940 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand
People from Brown County, Kansas
United States Foreign Service personnel

masks:
David Floyd Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson
Lambertson


title: Howie Mandel

texts:
<mask> (born November 29, 1955) is a Canadian comedian, television personality, screenwriter, actor, producer, director, entrepreneur, game show host, and author. He hosted the American CNBC (originally NBC) game show Deal or No Deal, as well as the show's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts. <mask> voiced the character Gizmo in the 1984 film Gremlins and the 1990 sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch. In 1987, <mask> starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man. From 1982 to 1988, <mask> played the rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St. Elsewhere. He also created, voiced, and starred in the FOX children's cartoon Bobby's World, and has been a judge on NBC's America's Got Talent since 2010.Early life
<mask> was born and raised in the Willowdale area of North York, Ontario. He is Jewish, and his ancestors emigrated from Romania and Poland. <mask> is a distant cousin of Israeli violinist Itzhak Perlman. His father was a lighting manufacturer and a real estate agent. Mandel attended William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute, where he was expelled for impersonating a school official and hiring a construction company to build an addition to the school. Afterwards, Mandel worked as a carpet salesman. He was a stand-up comedian at Yuk Yuk's in Toronto, and by September 1978, he had a week-long booking as a featured act, which was billed as "a wild and crazy borderline psychotic."His repertoire included placing a latex glove over his head and inflating it by blowing through his nose, the fingers of the glove extending above his head like a cockscomb. When the audience reacted uproariously to that and similar antics, his trademark response was to extend his arms palms up, look incredulous, and say, "It's you." On a trip to Los Angeles, <mask> performed a set at The Comedy Store, which resulted in his being hired as a regular performer. A producer for the syndicated comedy game show Make Me Laugh saw him there and booked <mask> for several appearances during the show's run in 1979 and 1980. He was booked to open for David Letterman at shows in the summer of 1979. CBC-TV's head of variety programming saw his performance in October 1979 and immediately signed him for a TV special. In 1980, he won the lead role in the Canadian movie Gas, co-starring Susan Anspach and Donald Sutherland.<mask> was one of the first "VeeJays" to appear on Nickelodeon's music video series Pop Clips. TV and film career

<mask> came to national attention in the United States during a six-year run on St. Elsewhere, starting in 1982 and playing the role of Dr. Wayne Fiscus, opposite Ed Flanders and Norman Lloyd. He also appeared on a week's worth of episodes of the short-lived NBC game show Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour in March 1984. While working as Dr. Fiscus and continuing to work as a comedian, <mask> also did movies, including providing the voice of Gizmo in the 1984 hit Gremlins and its 1990 sequel, Gremlins 2: The New Batch. In 1985, <mask> made a cameo in the Michael J. Fox directed short "The Iceman Hummeth," which was subsequently broadcast on Late Night with David Letterman in November 1985.In 1986, he starred in A Fine Mess alongside Ted Danson. He performed his stand-up comedy act in several cities (the Watusi Tour), which was followed by his Watusi music video in 1987. For the first two seasons of Muppet Babies, he voiced Bunsen Honeydew, Animal, and Skeeter. He starred alongside Amy Steel in the 1987 comedy film Walk Like a Man. He was also "Maurice" in the 1989 movie Little Monsters. In 1990, he starred in the short-lived sitcom Good Grief on Fox. He was also the creator and executive producer of the Emmy-nominated children's animated series Bobby's World (1990–1998) to which he supplied the voices of the title character and his father.Bobby's World ran for seven seasons on Fox and was later syndicated. 1992 saw the weekly airing of his self-titled comedy show Howie, with multiple guest stars such as Gilbert Gottfried and Little Richard and Lita Ford as the in-house band guitarist. His character Bobby made a regular appearance on the show. In 1994, <mask> voiced the lead character, <mask>, of the video game Tuneland. He starred in the sketch comedy series <mask> <mask>'s Sunny Skies in 1995 on Showtime. <mask> appeared in the 1995 Clint Black music video "Summer's Comin'." He played the lead role of the professor in the short-lived TV series The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys, and he guest-starred on a 1996 episode of the ABC TV series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as DC Comics supervillain Mister Mxyzptlk.In 1998, he hosted his own syndicated talk show, The <mask> <mask> Show, which was canceled after one season. In 1999 to 2000, he played Jason in the film Apocalypse III: Tribulation, was the voice of Jack in the movie The Tangerine Bear in 2000, and in 2002 he played the Sand Man in the movie Hansel and Gretel. In 2006, he appeared as himself as a guest host in a parody of Deal or No Deal in the show-within-a-show of the TV series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. In 2007, he guest-starred as himself in an episode of NBC's Medium and made a dream cameo of himself on Deal or No Deal. In that episode, he booted the nighttime drama's protagonist off for "cheating" since in the show, he is a psychic medium and appeared to "know" the contents of the cases. <mask> plays his alter ego, Phil Skorjanc, in most of his comedy shows, which are a fan favorite. Bobby also made a cameo appearance in a February 2007 episode of Deal or No Deal.On a special two-hour Christmas episode, first aired on December 25, 2007, <mask> delivered one line with Bobby's voice, as requested by the contestant. <mask>'s signature stunt as a stand-up comedian (besides his Bobby alter ego) was stretching a latex glove over his head, inflating it with his nostrils, and filling it until it suddenly propelled itself off his head. That trick also lent itself to the title and cover photo of his comedy album Fits Like a Glove (1986). He eventually gave up the routine under doctor's orders after being diagnosed with a perforated sinus. However, in a cameo role as himself on My Name is Earl, he did the routine. He guest-starred in two episodes of Monk ("Mr. Monk Joins a Cult" and "Mr. Monk's 100th Case"). Later work

<mask> is known for his frequent appearances as a comedian and for his hidden camera segments on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.He has appeared in many television commercials for Boston Pizza as their hired spokesperson. In April 2004, he was selected as number 82 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time. In October 2005, he was named to be the host of the US version of Deal or No Deal, which debuted on December 19, 2005, on NBC and became a popular program in early 2006. <mask> also hosts Deal or No Deal Canada; originating from Toronto, Deal or No Deal Canada debuted in January 2007 on Global, which made him one of the few game show hosts (Weakest Link's Anne Robinson, The Chairs John McEnroe, Pyramids Donny Osmond, The Singing Bees Joey Fatone, and Minute to Win Its Darren McMullen being others) to host both a domestic and an international version of the same game show. <mask> joins Alex Trebek, Jim Perry, and Geoff Edwards on the list of game show hosts who emceed one game show simultaneously in Canada and the United States. In 2007, <mask> made an appearance in an episode of Sesame Street’s 38th season. That same year, he was parodied on the show as <mask> Eatswell, the Muppet host of Sesames game show segment "Meal or No Meal."<mask> has hosted the DVD game version of Deal or No Deal, "Fact or Crap Beat Da Bomb" and "Would You Rather" for Imagination Games. <mask> had a cameo appearance as himself on the NBC show My Name is Earl in the episode where Earl's roommates robbed an Indian casino at which Mandel was performing. While stealing money, they also kidnapped <mask>. In the episode, Mandel performed his old routine of inflating a rubber glove over his head with his nostrils. <mask> is a notable alumnus of Beth David B'nai Israel Beth Am's Hebrew School located in Toronto, as well as three other Toronto high schools. Mandel is currently performing a variety/comedy act at the MGM Grand Hotel-Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. Starting in 2007, Mandel became a spokesperson for Internet retailer buy.com.He is sometimes featured in a section called "What's Shakin'?" with <mask>. On September 8, 2008, <mask> began hosting a five-day-a-week syndicated daytime version of Deal or No Deal, with a top prize of $500,000. On January 9, 2009, <mask>'s reality show Howie Do It premiered on NBC. On March 31, 2011, <mask> premiered a flash-mob show on Fox called Mobbed. Originally a presentation pilot, the ratings after American Idol prompted Fox to pick up the show for eight to ten episodes. On November 30, 2012, he hosted the NASCAR Sprint Cup Awards Ceremony.On December 10, 2012, his six-night special game show Take It All premiered. He appeared in one episode of the animated series Fugget About It as the voice of FBI Agent Rick Chickmagnet in 2013. Since 2013, <mask> has executive-produced the TBS hidden-camera show Deal with It. He also regularly makes appearances and co-hosts the show along with main host Theo Von. Deal or No Deal
In 2003, while <mask> was deciding whether or not to quit show business, the executive producers at NBC asked him to host the show, but he declined many times. They then mailed him a tape of the overseas version and he finally accepted. In 2007, he hosted a five-episode run of the Canadian-English version Deal or No Deal Canada.The show then went to daytime with <mask> remaining as host, although Arsenio Hall was originally intended to host the show. In a January 2009 interview on Anytime with Bob Kushell, <mask> expressed mild, jovial frustration over how some of his contestants hold out during the game show, despite the fact that the grand prize is many times what they would make in a year. On March 12, 2018, it was announced that <mask> would host the 2018 CNBC revival of the game show and also become an executive producer. The show premiered on December 3, 2018. <mask> is one of three game show hosts to host the same game show in two different countries, the others being Donny Osmond for Pyramid and Anne Robinson for The Weakest Link. America's Got Talent
In January 2010, it was announced that <mask> would replace David Hasselhoff as one of the judges on NBC's America's Got Talent after Hasselhoff announced that he was leaving to work on a new television series. Out of all judges on the show, <mask> currently has the longest tenure than any other judge or host, spanning twelve consecutive seasons  (season 5–present).In October 2021, it was announced that <mask> will be a judge on the upcoming second season of Canada's Got Talent, slated to air in 2022. Howie Mandel Does Stuff
Since February, 2021, <mask> has hosted the Howie Mandel Does Stuff Podcast with his daughter, Jackelyn Shultz, as co-host. According to the Apple Podcasts preview: "Together, these two make prank calls, discuss pop culture, interview interesting people, say weird things, chat with listeners, get deep... ". Personal life

<mask> has been married to <mask> (née Soil) since 1980. Together they have three children: daughters Jackie and Riley and son Alex. On September 4, 2008, Mandel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and Comedy Central listed him as #82 on their list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time. Mandel received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto.The induction ceremony was held on September 12, 2009. He is the third game show host to be inducted, the first being Monty Hall in 2002 and the second being Alex Trebek in 2006. In October 2008, <mask> revealed that he has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the morning talk show Live with Regis and Kelly, adding that he is currently working to raise adult ADHD awareness among the general public. On January 12, 2009, <mask> was reportedly sent to St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto suffering from chest pains and what was reported as a minor heart attack. According to various news reports, he was experiencing an irregular heartbeat, but the reports were later revealed as inaccurate. He was later discharged. <mask> has written and published an in-depth autobiography which details his life with OCD, ADHD, and comedy called Here's the Deal: Don't Touch Me.Mandel is a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. Mandel is colorblind. Obsessive compulsive disorder

Mandel has spoken publicly about having obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which can take many forms, including mysophobia. <mask>'s anxiety affects him to the point that he does not shake hands with anyone, including enthusiastic contestants on Deal or No Deal, unless he is wearing latex gloves. Instead of shaking contestants' hands when they offer them, <mask> often opts to exchange fist bumps, put his hands on contestants' shoulders, or give an occasional hug. He once kissed a female contestant on the show for good luck despite his disorder. He now takes medicine to control his condition and even pokes fun at himself for it.On March 24, 2006, he revealed on The Howard Stern Show that his shaved head is not related to natural hair loss but to OCD. He stated that the lack of hair makes him feel cleaner. In the back yard of <mask>'s house is a second, smaller house which he had built especially to live in solitude when a family member is sick. During his appearance on Mad TV, <mask> and cast member Bobby Lee made fun of the former's condition. <mask> also confronted his germophobia in Season 4, Episode 1 of the Comedy Central series This Is Not Happening. The show aired on February 3, 2018. While guest-hosting on Live with Regis and Kelly in 2005, Mandel had an altercation in which his hand was seized by guest Rob Schneider, who condescendingly teased Mandel, stating he needed to 'get over' his phobia.Host Kelly Ripa admonished Schneider on-air, while also obtaining hand sanitizer for <mask> from an audience member. In September 2007, <mask> interviewed former NFL running back Marshall Faulk on NFL Network. Faulk asked him to shake hands, but <mask> refused, noting he would rather have the fist tap, as he does with Deal or No Deal contestants. Seconds later, Faulk subjected him to a "sneak attack" and shook his right hand. <mask> screamed and walked away from Faulk. He then washed his hands several times. On a guest appearance on Free Radio, <mask> explained that not only is he afraid of public bathrooms, but he is unable to use any bathroom other than his own.During the season 5 episode of America's Got Talent in Chicago, contestant Zach Carty attempted an act involving sneezing. <mask> pressed his X button at the beginning of the act and ran into an aisle until the act was over. Carty was unable to perform the act. <mask> kept yelling at the other judges, Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne, to press their X buttons and for the audience to turn in his direction. Morgan eventually pressed the X button, but Osbourne refused, so <mask> promptly ran over and pressed her button, ending the act. In a backstage interview, he expressed to the television audience that he receives therapy to help him cope. In another America's Got Talent season 5 incident, Dan Sperry, a contestant on the YouTube quarterfinal episode, dropped some dental floss that he had run through his neck as part of a magic act.He dropped the floss in <mask>'s vicinity, prompting him to get up and run to the other side of the judges' table. Just before Sperry's next performance in the semifinals, <mask> admitted that it was "the most horrified" he'd been on the show and that his therapist "loves [Dan Sperry]" because there had been two extra sessions that week. During the premiere of season 6, juggler Frank Olivier grabbed <mask>'s head to balance himself during a unicycle act. Despite receiving a buzzer from <mask>, Olivier moved on to the next round. <mask> refused to give Olivier any feedback during the judge's voting process. During AGT's 10th season, contestant Chris Jones directly utilized <mask>'s fear of germs as the subject of his hypnotism act. Under the post-hypnotic suggestion that Jones and the other judges were wearing latex gloves, Mandel shook the bare hands of all involved, which elicited shouts of amazement.After viewing the video of the act, <mask> said that he was "upset" and "somewhat betrayed" by the act, but his therapist subsequently said it was a good thing. Jones progressed to the Judge's Cuts where he was eliminated from the competition. <mask> commented in 2011 that he has struggled with the condition since childhood but did not seek help until he was an adult:

Filmography

Film

Television

Comedy specials

Video games

References

External links

 Mandel's official website

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian comedians
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian comedians
21st-century Canadian male actors
Actors with disabilities
America's Got Talent judges
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Canadian game show hosts
Canadian male comedians
Canadian male screenwriters
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of Jewish descent
Canadian people of Polish descent
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Romanian descent
Canadian people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Canadian people with disabilities
Canadian stand-up comedians
Canadian television talk show hosts
Comedians from Toronto
Jewish Canadian comedians
Jewish Canadian male actors
Jewish male comedians
Male actors from Toronto
People from Willowdale, Toronto
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder

masks:
Howard Michael Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Little Howie
Howie
Mandel
Mandel
Howie
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Howie
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Terry Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel