title: Chuba Akpom

texts:
<mask> (born 9 October 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Greek Super League club PAOK on loan from Middlesbrough. He has represented England at youth and U-21 international levels but is also eligible to represent Nigeria. Club career

Arsenal

Akpom joined Arsenal at the age of six. He made his debut for the Arsenal U18 side at the age of 15, and signed his first professional contract with Arsenal on 10 October 2012, a day after turning 17. In December 2012, Akpom received his first call into the Arsenal senior squad, when he was an unused substitute for a 2–1 Champions League defeat to Olympiakos. He made 20 U21 Premier League appearances during the 2012–13 season and scored 13 goals, including 10 goals in 10 games in the Elite Group stage. In the lead-up to the 2013–14 season, Akpom was selected for Arsenal's pre-season tour of Asia and scored once in a 7–0 win against an Indonesia Dream Team, two more in a 7–1 win against Vietnam and another in Arsenal's final game of the tour against Urawa Red Diamonds.<mask> made his competitive debut in a 3–1 Premier League win over Sunderland on 14 September 2013. He came on in the third minute of injury time as a substitute for the injured Olivier Giroud. <mask>'s second Arsenal appearance came in a League Cup third round tie away to West Bromwich Albion on 25 September. He replaced goalscorer Thomas Eisfeld after 82 minutes and with the scores at 1–1 at full-time, the game entered extra time. <mask> played the full scoreless extra time period and scored Arsenal's third penalty in the ensuing shootout, helping Arsenal to a win. He scored three goals in four UEFA Youth League appearances towards the end of 2013. <mask> scored a hattrick in a 6–1 FA Youth Cup fourth round demolition of Peterborough United on 6 January 2014.Brentford (loan)
On 30 December 2013, it was reported that League One sides Brentford, Peterborough United, Leyton Orient and Milton Keynes Dons were in a four-way battle to sign Akpom on loan. Brentford emerged as the favourites to land Akpom, due to club's head of recruitment, Shaun O'Connor, having originally signed Akpom while working for Arsenal. The loan was thrown into doubt due to injuries suffered by Arsenal strikers Theo Walcott and Nicklas Bendtner in early January 2014, but was completed on 9 January, with <mask> signing for a month. Manager Mark Warburton said "Chuba is strong and quick, with a very good first touch. He's greedy and enjoys scoring goals. It's his first loan spell and League One is tough, so he might take some time to adapt. It's a big jump from Under 21 football".He missed the first match of his loan through illness and Warburton stressed that Akpom would have to "work hard and earn his place like everyone else". <mask> made his debut in a 1–1 league draw at Walsall on 19 January. He came on for Will Grigg after 68 minutes and provided a cross for Clayton Donaldson in the dying moments, which went unconverted. After making four substitute appearances, his loan spell ended and he returned to Arsenal. Following the return to Arsenal, Akpom appeared on Arsenal Magazine about his time at Brentford for the March issue. Coventry City (loan)
On 14 February 2014, <mask> joined League One side Coventry City on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season, with an agreement that he would rejoin the Arsenal squad for games in the FA Youth Cup and UEFA Youth League during the course of the loan. He made six appearances.Return to Arsenal
<mask> began the 2014–15 season by scoring a hat trick for Arsenal in an Under-21 Premier League Division 2 game against West Bromwich Albion at the end of August. On 23 September 2014, he made his first senior appearance of the season, replacing Héctor Bellerín for the last four minutes as Arsenal lost 1–2 at home against Southampton in the League Cup. He made his first Premier League appearance of the season against Southampton on New Year's Day 2015. Akpom made a telling contribution to Arsenal's 5–0 home win against Aston Villa, coming on as a second-half substitute and winning a penalty, converted by Santi Cazorla, his first assist for the club. On 4 February 2015, Akpom spurned the interest of a number of other clubs from the Premier League and across Europe to sign a new -year contract with Arsenal. Nottingham Forest (loan)
On 26 March 2015, he joined Championship club Nottingham Forest on loan till 31 May 2015. He made seven appearances.Hull City (loan)

On 4 August 2015, <mask> joined Championship side Hull City on a season-long loan. <mask> made his debut for the Yorkshire based club on the opening weekend of the 2015–16 season scoring the second goal in a 2–0 home win to Huddersfield Town on 8 August. <mask> made his second appearance from the bench replacing Nikica Jelavic in the 60th minute in the League Cup first round against Accrington Stanley. He scored in the 92nd minute in the first half of extra time and netted a penalty in a 4–3 shootout win for the Tigers. On 30 January 2016 <mask> scored his first senior hat-trick in the FA Cup match away to Bury that Hull won 3–1. He was an unused substitute in the 2016 Championship play-off final at Wembley as Hull beat Sheffield Wednesday to gain promotion to the Premier League. Brighton (loan)

On 30 January 2017, Akpom joined Brighton & Hove Albion on loan until the end of the season.He made 10 appearances where he helped The Albion gain promotion to the Premier League. Sint-Truiden (loan)
On 31 January 2018, <mask> joined Belgian First Division A side Sint-Truiden on loan until the end of the season. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 1–0 victory against Anderlecht on 17 February 2018. PAOK
On 2 August 2018, <mask> joined Greek Super League club PAOK Salonika on a three-year deal. On 25 August, he made his debut with the club as a substitute in a 1–0 home win game against Asteras Tripoli. On 11 November, he scored his first goal in a 2–1 home league win game against Panetolikos. In March 2019 the BBC said that Akpom was a key player in PAOK's title push.He was an unused substitute on 21 April 2019 when PAOK beat already relegated Levadiakos to confirm their first Super League title in 34 years. He scored the only goal in PAOK's 2019 Greek Cup Final win against AEK Athens. On 6 August 2019, he scored against Ajax in the first leg of their UEFA Champions League third qualifying round tie that ended as a 2–2 draw. He scored his first goal of the 2019–20 Superleague Greece in a 2–1 home win against Panionios on 1 September. On 1 March 2020, receiving a great pass from Omar El Kaddouri inside the penalty area, Akpom cut to a shooting position, subsequently whipping an excellent effort beyond the opposing goalkeeper, to open the score in a frustrating 1–1 away draw against Xanthi F.C. It was his 7th goal for Super League in the most productive year in his career so far. Middlesbrough
On 19 September 2020, <mask> signed for English club Middlesbrough for a fee of £2.75m.The former Arsenal youngster joined from PAOK, where he had made a huge impression in the Greek Super League. Akpom signed a three-year contract, with the option of a further year. He scored on his Middlesbrough debut, a 1–1 draw with QPR on 26 September. Return to PAOK
On 26 August 2021, PAOK announced the return of Akpom on loan from Middlesbrough until the end of the 2021–22 season. International career
On 15 February 2011, Akpom made his debut for England U16s in a friendly match against Slovenia, which ended in a 0–0 draw. He second and final game for the U16s came in a 3–0 2010/11 Victory Shield win over Northern Ireland on 23 March 2011. On 2 August 2011, Akpom made his U17 debut, scoring once in 4–0 win over the Faroe Islands.He played in all six games and scored two goals during England's unsuccessful 2012 European U17 Championship qualifying campaign. He made 13 appearances in total for the U17s, and scored five goals. On 6 September 2012, <mask> made his England U19 debut in a 3–1 defeat to Germany. He scored his first goal for the U19s on 26 September 2012, in a 3–0 2013 European U19 Championship qualifying win over Estonia. Two days later, he scored two goals in a 6–0 win over the Faroe Islands. He played in five of England's six 2013 European U19 Championship qualifying and elite stage games and scored three goals, as England failed to qualify for the finals. On 11 October 2014, <mask> scored his first goals for England U20 coming on as an 87th-minute substitute to score a brace against Netherlands U20 in a 3–2 victory.On 13 October 2015, <mask> made his England U21 debut playing 90 minutes and scoring with the last kick of the match in a European qualifying win over Kazakhstan. He scored again for the England U21 team in a UEFA Euro Under-21 Qualifier against Switzerland. England U21 won the match 3–1, with <mask> scoring in the injury time of the second half. <mask>, who is of Nigerian descent, is still eligible to represent Nigeria. In May 2016, it was reported that he was one of three players formally approached by the Nigeria Football Federation. <mask> has recently been selected for the England under-21s for the UEFA European Championship qualifier against Norway on Tuesday 6 September 2016. On 28 March 2017, <mask> was reportedly close to switching to Nigeria alongside Ola Aina of Chelsea after discussions with Nigeria Football Federation president, Amaju Pinnick.In September 2019 he confirmed that he intended to represent Nigeria at International level. Career statistics

Honours
Arsenal
 FA Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15

Hull City
 Football League Championship play-offs: 2016

Brighton & Hove Albion
 EFL Championship runner-up: 2016–17

PAOK
 Super League Greece: 2018–19
 Greek Cup: 2018–19

Individual
 Greek Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 2018–19

References

External links

 <mask> Akpom profile at The Football Association website
 Chuba Akpom profile at Premier League website

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Canning Town
Black British sportspeople
English people of Nigerian descent
English footballers
Association football forwards
Arsenal F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.players
Sint-Truidense V.V. players
PAOK FC players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Belgian First Division A players
Super League Greece players
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
English expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Greece
People educated at St Bonaventure's Catholic School

masks:
Chuba Amechi Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Akpom
Chuba


title: Mike Sillinger

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born June 29, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 17 seasons. Sillinger played for twelve different teams and was traded nine times during his NHL career, both of which stand as league records (he is tied with Brent Ashton for the latter record). Originally drafted 11th overall in 1989 out of the Western Hockey League (WHL) by the Detroit Red Wings, Sillinger began his NHL career in Detroit before continuing on to play for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Vancouver Canucks, Philadelphia Flyers, Tampa Bay Lightning, Florida Panthers, Ottawa Senators, Columbus Blue Jackets, Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues, Nashville Predators and New York Islanders. Of these 12 teams, Sillinger played full seasons with only Detroit, Vancouver, Columbus and New York. During his tenure with Detroit, he captured a Calder Cup championship in 1992 with the Adirondack Red Wings, while leading the playoffs in scoring as an American Hockey League (AHL) rookie. Internationally, Sillinger represented Team Canada on two occasions, winning a gold medal at the 1991 World Junior Championships and captaining his country at the 2000 World Championships. After retirement, Sillinger joined the Edmonton Oilers as Director of Player Development from 2009 to 2014.Beginning in 2014, Sillinger began working in a scouting and recruitment role for the Regina Pats, his former junior club. Playing career
Sillinger began playing major junior in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with the Pats in 1987–88. After a 43-point rookie campaign, he emerged as a top prospect in the juniors in his second WHL season. With 53 goals and 131 points in 1988–89, Sillinger led the Pats in scoring for the first of three consecutive seasons. The Detroit Red Wings then made Sillinger their first-round pick, selecting him 11th overall in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. Upon being drafted, Sillinger returned to the Pats for two more seasons, where he posted 129- and 116-point campaigns to receive WHL Second and First All-Star Team honours in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Following his 1990–91 season with the Pats, Sillinger was called up to the Red Wings roster, making his NHL debut in the final three games of the regular season, tallying an assist.He also appeared in three playoff games with Detroit that season, also accumulating one assist. The following season, in 1991–92, Sillinger spent his professional rookie season in the American Hockey League (AHL) with Detroit's minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings, where he scored at an above-point-per-game pace with 66 points in 64 games. Despite being called up for eight games for Detroit's playoff run, Sillinger still went on to lead the AHL playoffs in scoring with 28 points in 15 games, winning the Calder Cup championship with Adirondack. Sillinger continued to spend time in the AHL with Adirondack at the start of the 1992–93 season, but returned to and remained in the NHL later that season after scoring at a two-point-per-game pace in 15 games. After being called up to Detroit, he had his most prolific season with the club, scoring 29 points in 62 games. Due to the 1994–95 NHL lockout, Sillinger went abroad to play in the Austrian Hockey League for EC Wien, where he tallied 27 points in just 13 games. When NHL play resumed, he appeared in 13 games for the Red Wings before being traded to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim on April 4, 1995 with Jason York for Stu Grimson, Mark Ferner and Anaheim's 6th round choice in 1996 NHL Entry Draft (used to select Magnus Nilsson).<mask> remained in Anaheim the next season, but was immediately traded the following campaign in 1995–96 to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for Roman Oksiuta on March 15, 1996. He played one full season with the Canucks in 1996–97, managing 37 points, before being dealt away to the Philadelphia Flyers midway through the 1997–98 season for a fifth-round selection in 1998 on February 5, 1998. <mask>'s stint with the Flyers began promising, scoring 22 points in the 27 games to close the season following his trade, but after managing just three assists in the first 25 games in 1998–99, he was dealt away to the Tampa Bay Lightning midway through the campaign along with Chris Gratton, in exchange for Mikael Renberg and Daymond Langkow on December 12, 1998. Sillinger, however, continued to struggle and tallied just 10 points with his new team for the remainder of the campaign for a combined 13 points between the Flyers and Lightning, a career-low. He returned to form as he started the 1999–2000 season in Tampa Bay, scoring 44 points in 67 games with the Lightning. However, at the trade deadline, he was sent to the Florida Panthers in exchange for Ryan Johnson and Dwayne Hay on March 14, 2000. Sillinger returned to the Panthers to begin the following season, but was once again dealt at the trade deadline, this time to the Ottawa Senators, marking his sixth trade in seven years.In the 2001 off-season, Sillinger joined his eighth NHL team, the Columbus Blue Jackets, but for the first time was not relocating via trade, instead, joining the Blue Jackets through free agency. In two seasons with the Blue Jackets, Sillinger recorded back-to-back 43-point campaigns. Following his second season in Columbus, <mask> was traded twice on the same day on July 22, 2003. He was first sent to the Dallas Stars with a second round draft choice in 2004 (Johan Fransson) for Darryl Sydor before being dealt again from Dallas to the Phoenix Coyotes for defenceman Teppo Numminen. In his first season with Phoenix, however, he was dealt again at the trade deadline to the St. Louis Blues for goaltender Brent Johnson. After finishing the 2003–04 season with the Blues, Sillinger remained inactive in 2004–05 due to the NHL lockout. When NHL play resumed in 2005–06, Sillinger broke the NHL record for teams played with, previously held by Michel Petit and J. J. Daigneault, by joining the Nashville Predators, again, at the trade deadline.He was traded from St. Louis in exchange for Timofei Shishkanov on January 30, 2006. In his fourteenth NHL season, Sillinger set a career-high 63 points playing between St. Louis and Nashville after having recorded just 24 points the previous season between Phoenix and St. Louis. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the 2006 off-season, Sillinger joined his twelfth and final NHL team, the New York Islanders, signing on July 2, 2006. He continued where he left off from his career season in 2005–06 with 59 points in his first season with the Islanders. Helping New York to the post-season, he set another NHL record by competing in the playoffs for his eighth NHL team. In 2007–08, Sillinger played in his 1,000th NHL game on November 1, 2007, versus the Tampa Bay Lightning. His family joined him on ice for a pre-game ceremony honouring the achievement.Sillinger went on to tally an assist in the milestone game as the Islanders won 4–0. His second season with the Islanders was, however, cut short due to a hip injury that required microfracture surgery in February 2008. He finished the campaign with 26 points in 52 games. Playing in his 17th NHL season in 2008–09, Sillinger was met with further hip complications and underwent hip resurfacing surgery in February 2009, forcing him to miss the remainder of the season. Due to the lingering hip complications, <mask> announced his retirement from hockey on August 26, 2009. Personal life
<mask> was born and raised in Regina, Saskatchewan. He has three sons, Owen, Lukas, and Cole, with his wife Karla, also a Regina native.During Sillinger's NHL career, the family spent the off-seasons in Regina, and have chosen to remain in Regina following Sillinger's retirement. Owen played for the Regina Pat Canadians midget hockey team and was named the most valuable player at the 2015 Telus Cup. Owen and Lukas now play at Bemidji State in the NCAA. Cole was the 11th overall pick in the 2018 WHL Bantam Draft to the Medicine Hat Tigers. Cole was selected twelfth overall in the 2021 NHL Entry Draft by the Columbus Blue Jackets, one of <mask>’s former teams. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played

References

External links

Shooting Stars Foundation Official Charity Website

1971 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of German descent
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers executives
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Nashville Predators players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New York Islanders players
Ottawa Senators players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Regina Pats players
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
St. Louis Blues players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Vancouver Canucks players

masks:
Michael John Sillinger
Sillinger
Sillinger
Sillinger
Sillinger
Sillinger
Mike


title: Ernest Mercier (agronomist)

texts:
Dr<mask>, OC (1 March 19144 March 2002) was a reputed agronomist in Quebec, Canada. Born on a family farm in Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire, he went on to do graduate studies in Cornell University and founded the Artificial Insemination Center of Quebec. After many years as the superintendent at a federal research farm, he was promoted deputy minister of agriculture of Quebec, a position which he held for 6 years. Retiring from his government work, he became a private consultant and collaborated with the Canadian International Development Agency and the Canadian delegation at the Food and Agriculture Organization on projects that took him around the world. Dr. <mask> has been credited among other things with the implementation of innovative agrifood policies that transformed the family farm of the past into the efficient and profitable modern  operation of today. For his contribution to the agriculture and the field of agronomy, Dr. Mercier was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1989 and inducted to the Canadian Agricultural Hall of Fame in 1991 and the Agricultural Hall of Fame of Quebec in 1992. Early life and education

Born in 1914, <mask> was the 12th of 13 child of Georges Mercier and Williamine Dion, then subsistence farmers in Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire.From 1920 to 1928, he went to the local primary and secondary school but had to quit due to the Great Depression to work on the family farm and in forestry. <mask> had shown good potential at school so as soon as the economy permitted, his whole family gathered funds to send him back to further his education. He attended college in Nicolet from 1933 to 1939 and went on to complete a B.Sc from 1939 to 1943 in agronomy at Laval University at the La Pocatière campus. Fresh out of university, <mask> was immediately hired by the Government of Quebec which sent him to Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States to further his studies in the field of agronomy and artificial insemination. In 1946, <mask> earned a Ph.D. with post-graduate research on the influence of day length on reproduction efficiency and the shape of the lactation curve of dairy cows in Canadian latitudes. Career

Artificial Insemination Center of Quebec

The ministry of agriculture at the time was concerned with the poor productivity of dairy farms in the province and was blaming poor genetics as the root cause. Artificial insemination, then a novel technique, appeared to be promising solution so the government tasked the recently graduated Dr. Mercier with the founding of the Artificial Insemination Center of Quebec (CIAQ).The mission of the CIAQ was at the time the improvement of the yield of dairy cows, particularly through genetic amelioration but it would later expand in scope. The center conducted its first artificial insemination in 1948 and initiated the creation of a Dairy Herd Analysis Service. Dr. Mercier stayed with the center a total of three years, but through policies he enacted a decade later as the deputy-minister of agriculture, the center became semi-privatized and went on to become a leading institution in its domain. Superintendent of the experimental farm at Lennoxville

In 1950, Dr. Mercier accepted a position with the federal government in Lennoxville, Quebec at the experimental station where he was in charge of the animal husbandry division. Following the retirement of the current superintendent, Dr<mask> took up that role in 1952. There, he worked on and directed numerous research and organizational projects such as the nutrition and winterizing of dairy and beef cattle, the breeding and selection of cattle, swine and sheep, the production of legume based animal feed, the reorganization of federal agronomical research institutions in Quebec and the vulgarization of agronomical research. Deputy minister of agriculture

Dr. <mask> was appointed deputy minister of agriculture in 1960 under premier Jean Lesage's government, a position which he held until 1966.There, he worked to plan and implement provincial and federal agrifood policies required in transforming the family farm into a viable and profitable enterprise in Quebec. He enacted legislation that enabled farmers to regulate their own production in Quebec and Canada and made basic farm loans and credit available to all efficient family farm owners in Quebec. He created harvest insurance, thus giving farmers/business man incentives to invest in their exploitation by lowering risk. Drawing from his past experience working in research, he improved the transfer of scientific research knowledge to agrifood producers and the world of agriculture and had producers take responsibility for managing farm improvement services through semi-privatization, thereby making them stakeholders and decision makers in their businesses. In short, he guided the province toward a modern, scientific and industrialized agricultural system, which would decades later earn him the Order of Canada in 1989 and inductions to the Canadian Agricultural Hall of Fame in 1991 and the Agricultural Hall of Fame of Quebec in 1992. Consultant

After retiring from public service, Dr. Mercier started doing assignments as a consultant. The list of organizations he worked with include the Canadian International Development Agency and the Food and Agriculture Organization.During those 12 years acting in this capacity, he worked on several international projects and took part in many Canadian delegations to developing countries such as Algeria, Cameroon, Morocco, Cuba, Haiti, Madagascar, Peru, Rwanda and Saudi Arabia. During this time, he also worked with Radio-Canada on agriculture related subjects both a researcher and interviewee and wrote numerous articles in specialized journals and periodicals. Retirement

Throughout his career and into retirement, Dr. Mercier was involved with his community and various organizations such as l'ordre des agronomes du Québec, the Agricultural Institute of Canada and the Canadian Hunger Foundation. Further into retirement, the focus of his efforts turned to genealogical work, writing books and articles on the subject and founding the Mercier Association of North America (French: Association des Mercier d'Amérique du Nord). Following a sudden decline in health, Dr. <mask> died Monday the 4th of March 2002 at the St-Sacrement hospital in Quebec. He was survived by his wife and all his children. Publications

Bibliography

References

1914 births
2002 deaths
Canadian agronomists
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Université Laval alumni

masks:
. Ernest Mercier
Mercier
Ernest
Ernest
Ernest Mercier
Ernest Mercier
. Mercier
Mercier
Ernest Mercier


title: Ray Hayworth

texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1904 – September 25, 2002) was an American professional baseball player, manager and scout. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball between  and , most notably as a member of the Detroit Tigers team that won two consecutive American League pennants in  and  and won the 1935 World Series. He was employed in professional baseball for nearly 50 years from 1926 to 1973. A native of High Point, North Carolina, <mask> played professional baseball for 15 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Detroit Tigers (1929–1938), Brooklyn Dodgers (1939, 1944–1945), New York Giants (1939), and St. Louis Browns (1942). He posted a .265 career batting average with five home runs and 238 RBIs in 699 games played. A strong defensive catcher, he set an American League record by handling 438 consecutive total chances as a catcher without an error. Following his playing career, <mask> managed the Fort Worth Cats in 1946 and Macon Peaches in 1947.He also scouted the Negro leagues for Branch Rickey and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1946 and then continued scouting for more than 25 years for the Chicago Cubs (1947–1959), the Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves (1960–1970), and the Montreal Expos (1971–1973). Early years
<mask> was born in 1904 in High Point, North Carolina. He grew up as one of nine children in a Quaker family raised in a Quaker settlement south of High Point. His father had a tobacco and cotton farm and operated a store. He began playing baseball in grade school. He and three of his brothers played baseball. His brother <mask> also played in the major leagues.<mask> was a pitcher in high school and began playing catcher at the Oak Ridge Military Academy in Oak Ridge, North Carolina. Professional baseball

Detroit Tigers
In January 1926, <mask> was discovered at Oak Ridge by Detroit Tigers' scout Billy Doyle. Doyle signed <mask> for $250. He began the 1926 season with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League, but he was called up when Johnny Bassler broke his leg and then Larry Woodall was also injured with a spike wound in his knee. He ended up playing 12 games for the 1926 Tigers, compiling a .233 batting average. Ty Cobb was <mask>'s manager in 1926. He spent the 1927 and 1928 seasons in the minor leagues, playing for the Nashville Volunteers of the Southern Association and the Shreveport Sports of the Texas League.He hit a career-high 13 home runs with Shreveport in 1928. He began the 1929 season with the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association where he played 73 games and hit for a career-high .330 batting average under manager Casey Stengel. <mask> later recalled that Stengel influenced him more than anyone else. <mask> was recalled by the Tigers later in the 1929 season and appeared in 14 games, hitting for a .256 average. He remained with the Tigers for nearly a decade through the start of the 1938 season. He received significant playing time with 77 games 1930, 88 games in 1931, 109 games in 1932, and 134 games in 1933. <mask> led the American League with 11 passed balls in 1930, but he quickly established himself as one of the best defensive catchers in the American League from 1931 to 1933.He set an American League record for the most consecutive chances by a catcher without an error at 439, over a span of 97 games from September 2, 1931, to August 29, 1932. The previous record was set by Johnny Bassler with 285 chances. In 1932, <mask> hit .293 and ranked among the league's top catchers with a .991 fielding percentage (second), 59 assists (third), a 4.99 range factor per nine innings (third), 399 putouts (fourth), 31 runners caught stealing (fourth), and eight double plays turned (fifth). He ranked among the leaders again in 1933 with a .994 fielding percentage (second), 44 runners caught stealing (second), a 5.33 range factor per nine innings (second), 546 putouts (third), 79 assists (third), and 14 double plays turned (third). On December 12, 1933, the Tigers acquired Hall of Fame catcher Mickey Cochrane in a trade with the Philadelphia Athletics. With Cochrane's arrival, <mask>'s playing time was reduced to 54 games in 1934 and 51 games in 1935. The Tigers won the American League pennant in both of those seasons with Cochrane as player-manager.Despite the limited playing time, <mask> hit .293 in 1934 and .309 in 1935. <mask> attributed his higher average in 1934 and 1935 to having Cochrane facing right-handed pitchers and leaving <mask> to face only left-handed pitchers. Cochrane suffered a nervous breakdown during the 1936 season, and <mask> was called on to catch 81 games. He led the league's catchers with a .988 fielding percentage in 1936. Rudy York became the Tigers' starting catcher in 1937, and <mask> was limited to 30 games in 1937 and eight games in 1938. Brooklyn, New York and St. Louis
On September 14, 1938, <mask> was selected off waivers by the Brooklyn Dodgers from the Tigers. He appeared in 26 games for the Dodgers in 1938 and 1939.On September 9, 1939, the Dodgers sent <mask> to the New York Giants in exchange for $6,000 and in completion of another deal made two days earlier. He appeared in only five games for the Giants and was released on December 4, 1940. <mask> signed with the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in the spring of 1941. He appeared in 40 games for the Brewers, but was released at the end of June. <mask> next signed with the St. Louis Browns as a free agent in March 1942. He appeared in only one game and was given an unconditional release in mid-May. He finished the 1942 season playing for the Rochester Red Wings of the International League.In February 1944, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers who needed an insurance policy in case the team's regular catchers were called to wartime duty. <mask> remained with the Dodgers in 1944 and 1945 but appeared in only nine games. Interviewed by The Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1944, <mask> said he intended to keep playing until his knees "buckle under me," adding: "Baseball is full of regrets when you come down to your last innings. Just when you learn how to play it one morning you wake up with a crick in your knee and you realize you're washed up. It would be great turn back the clock on the outfield wall 10 years. But I guess the same thing could be said of life, too." Managerial and scouting career
In December 1945, Brooklyn Dodgers president Branch Rickey hired <mask> to take over as manager of the club's Texas League affiliate, the Fort Worth Cats.<mask> coached at Fort Worth during the 1946 season and also worked as a scout for Rickey and the Dodgers in the Negro leagues. In 1947, <mask> became manager of the Macon Peaches, a Chicago Cubs affiliate. He went on to scout for the Cubs from  1947 to 1959, serving as the club's chief of scouting operations in 1959. He later scouted for the Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves (1960–1970) and the Montreal Expos (1971–1973). He scouted Ernie Banks for the Cubs and arranged to buy Banks' contract for $22,000. Family and later years

<mask> was married in 1927 to  Virginia Jones. They two sons, <mask>. and John D. His grandson, J. D<mask>, was a Republican Party member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona.In 2002, <mask> died in Salisbury, North Carolina, at age of 98. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living former major league player. He was buried at Guilford Memorial Park in Greensboro, North Carolina. References

External links

Brooklyn Dodgers players
Detroit Tigers players
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Browns players
Brooklyn Dodgers coaches
Major League Baseball catchers
Atlanta Braves scouts
Chicago Cubs scouts
Montreal Expos scouts
Baseball players from North Carolina
Major League Baseball coaches
1904 births
2002 deaths
Minor league baseball managers
Chicago Cubs coaches
Sportspeople from High Point, North Carolina
Columbus Senators players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Nashville Vols players
Shreveport Sports players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Milwaukee Brewers (AA) players
Rochester Red Wings players
Rochester Red Wings managers
People from High Point, North Carolina

masks:
Raymond Hall Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Red Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
Hayworth
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Raymond Jr
. Hayworth
Hayworth


title: Ian Scott (artist)

texts:
<mask> (20 April 1945 – 27 June 2013) was a New Zealand painter. His work was significant for pursuing an international scope and vision within a local context previously dominated by regionalist and national concerns. Over the course of his career he consistently sought to push his work towards new possibilities for painting, in the process moving between abstraction and representation, and using controversial themes and approaches, while maintaining a highly personal and recognisable style. His work spans a wide range of concerns including the New Zealand landscape (especially West Auckland), popular imagery (particularly the representation of the female figure), appropriation and art historical references. <mask>'s paintings are distinctive for their intensity of colour and light. His approach to painting is aligned with the modernist tradition, responding to the formal standards set by the American painters Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland and Jules Olitski. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Bradford, England on 20 April 1945, the oldest of five sons.His family initially lived in the village of Baildon on the Yorkshire Moors near Bradford. In 1952, when <mask> was seven, his parents, Barbara (Cox) and <mask>, moved the family to Auckland, New Zealand, seeking a life that offered more opportunity than the severe world of post-World War II England. Education

<mask>'s early interest in art, before moving to New Zealand, was fostered by his maternal grandfather, Ernest Cox, an amateur watercolourist. <mask> would make sketches as he accompanied his grandfather on painting trips around the moors. In Auckland, he painted landscapes in both oils and watercolour of Sunnyvale, the Waitākere Ranges and the West Coast and, when he attended Kelston Boys' High School, took art classes with the prominent New Zealand painter Garth Tapper and Rex Head, a regular entrant in the Kelliher Art Award for landscape painting. In 1963 <mask> attended evening classes run by Colin McCahon at the Auckland Art Gallery. In 1964 he began studies at the University of Auckland's Elam School of Fine Arts, and in 1965 his tutors there included Tapper and McCahon.<mask> up a friendship with fellow student Richard Killeen, and during his time at art school also met Michael Dunn, who became an important historian of New Zealand art, and Petar Vuletic, a controversial critic and later art dealer. <mask> completed his Diploma in Fine Arts with Honours in 1967, and was awarded the Fowlds Memorial Prize. The following year he began training as a Secondary School teacher at the Auckland Teachers' Training College. Family

<mask> met Nan Corson in 1978. They briefly lived in the Auckland suburb of Epsom before purchasing a house in Mt Eden. Their son, Chris Corson-<mask>, was born in 1985, and is an artist working in the medium of photography in Auckland, New Zealand. Main periods and series of work

Early Work

<mask> established an early reputation as a landscape painter, winning the junior section of the Kelliher Art Award in 1965 with Low Tide, Anawhata (Kelliher Art Trust) and a Merit Prize in 1966.During this period, while studying at Elam, he also painted abstract works and developed a representational style which he referred to as "New Realism". The latter were informed by developments in American painting of the early 1960s, such as the Pop Art of James Rosenquist, and include paintings of suburban weatherboard houses (characteristic of 1960s West Auckland), often placed incongruously in landscape settings such as Milford Sound or Auckland's West Coast. Some of these paintings are made up of two panels and divided into several separate images. Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft are sometimes visible in the sky, and in several paintings, including Air Disaster Over Mt Sefton (1967, Wallace Arts Trust), two or more aircraft crash spectacularly and comically. In these early paintings we see the beginnings of the kind of disjunctive imagery, or collisions of different traditions and realities, that became a conspicuous feature of <mask>'s work. "New Realist"/"Girlie" series, 1967–70

In 1967 <mask>'s stylised landscapes began to feature women clad in bikinis or fashionable garments of the era such as mini skirts – images that were often appropriated from popular culture, including magazines (such as Vogue and Playboy) and newspapers. They feature landscapes that capture the distinctive emblems of West Auckland, such as native forest and Kauri trees and West Coast beaches.The style of painting, with meticulously and smoothly rendered transitions and details, knowingly takes up the "hard-edged" tradition in New Zealand painting associated with Rita Angus, McCahon and Don Binney. <mask>'s paintings of the 1967–70 period have been labelled the "Girlie" series on account of their frolicking, scantily clad female protagonists. Important examples of works that fit this description include Land of Dreams (1968–69, private collection), Rainbow Girl (1969, Waikato Museum of Art and History Te Whare Taonga o Waikato), Homage to Morris Louis (1969, Real Art Roadshow), Jumpover Girl (1969, Victoria University of Wellington), Leapaway Girl (1969, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa) and Sky Dash (1969–70, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki), Agronomist (1970) and Teller (1970). Leapaway Girl is probably the most well-known of these works, which former curator at Te Papa William McAloon has described as being "produced at a time when the histories of New Zealand painting were being written and the identification of an authentic local tradition – one rooted in the landscape, the harsh New Zealand light and its clearly delineated forms – was paramount." However, McAloon also acknowledges the international influences <mask> was fusing with New Zealand art, writing: "Not that all the references are local: elsewhere in the series <mask> drew on images of contemporary American abstraction, and even here the bold colours of the leaping frock suggest a color field painting gone airborne. More obvious touchstones for the series are American pop artists Mel Ramos, in his paintings of pin-ups, and Tom Wesselmann in his Great American Nude series." Leapaway Girl was one of 166 paintings included by the Museum of New Zealand in their 2012 launch of their online collection.However, there are a large number of paintings in the series, including major examples, that do not fit the popular perception of the "Girlie" series. These include portraits of notable figures in the artist's life, such as his brother (Nigel at Anawhata, 1968–69), fellow artists (Colin McCahon in North Otago, 1967–68, Hocken Library, University of Otago; Don Binney at Te Henga, 1969–70, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki) and his Wellington dealer (Peter McLeavey, 1969–70, Collection of Peter McLeavey). Others have images of couples and children, both idealised and absurd (Offspring, 1969, Table Baby, 1970, and Golden Dreams, 1969, Te Manawa, Palmerston North). Track (1968, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki) is based on a photograph of the publisher – and protector of endangered Kauri forests – A.H. Reed with his daughter and grandchildren; <mask> has them posing stolidly in front of an Auckland Regional Council sign and a stand of Kauri trees. The radical and iconic nature of this painting prompted the poet and art-writer David Eggleton to exclaim that it "charges out of the late 1960s like a rogue elephant," a phrase that nicely captures <mask>'s propensity for brazenly disrupting the norms and conventions of New Zealand art. The Nelson Years, 1971–73

<mask>'s teacher-training obligated him to take up a teaching position upon completion of the programme. He moved to Nelson and taught art at Nelson College.Over the next couple of years he painted the Tasman Bay series – ostensibly abstract paintings, though with a landscape feeling, which have thick fields of muted colour, greens and yellows predominantly, and reflect <mask>'s interest in the "thick field" paintings of the American Larry Poons. Also from the Nelson period is a series of paintings with flat, cartoonish figurative elements as well as abstract shapes and textures (such as an effect resembling the stucco cladding of his rented flat). The overall significance of the paintings of this period lies in the way the artist translates the feelings and imagery of his immediate environment into an abstract idiom directly comparable with developments in American modernism, particularly the paintings of Poons and Olitski. In 1971 <mask> visited Auckland to see an exhibition of paintings by Morris Louis at the Auckland Art Gallery. The exhibition left a lasting impression, and <mask> was particularly impressed by the almost 24-foot long Unfurled painting, Beta Nu (1960, National Gallery of Auatralia, Canberra). The Roller-stroke and Sprayed Stripe Paintings, 1971–73

In 1973 <mask> returned to Auckland, and produced a series of large abstract paintings using paint rollers and commercial house paint. The paint is rolled on freely and casually in wide swathes or chunky arcs and blocks.These works evolved into the Sprayed Stripes, which spanned the years 1973–75. The "classic" examples from this series are composed of brightly coloured parallel bands, applied with spray cans, contained by a pale coloured rectangle that floats at an angle just off the vertical axis of a tall, rectangular, white-painted canvas. The most famous example of this series is probably Quiver (1974, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki). These paintings were described by critic and art historian Edward Hanfling in 2005 as "the most significant paintings produced in this country [New Zealand], outside of <mask>'s recent white Model Series paintings." The particular colour range of the Sprayed Stripes captures both the intense light of Auckland and the pastel hues typically used by suburban home-owners to paint their weatherboard houses. In using spray cans, <mask> was also trying to evoke the sensibility of the home handyman, the DIY culture of suburban New Zealand. However,

masks:
Ian Christopher Scott
Scott
Ian Scott
Scott
John Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
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title: Ian Scott (artist)

texts:
 <mask>'s feelings for this local environment were by no means expressed in an illustrative or representational idiom.Rather, they were condensed and emblematised, absorbed into a formal language that drew inspiration from American modernism, particularly the paintings of Morris Louis and Kenneth Noland. The Lattices

In 1975 <mask> produced a large number of works on paper that contain the basic ingredients of what became the Lattice series, an immense body of acrylic abstract paintings that he worked on intensively during the second half of the 1970s, and which he returned to repeatedly throughout the rest of his life. The Lattice paintings are typically based on a flexible, constantly varied system of usually diagonal, interlaced bands of colour, within a square canvas. "The basic over and under pattern which holds the forms meshed together on the picture surface is common to all the paintings of the Lattices." Early examples from 1976 to 1977, such as Lattice No. 11 (May 1977, Christchurch Art Gallery), have white horizontal and vertical as well as diagonal bands, their edges marked by black crayon rubbed along the edges of masking tape, with brightly coloured bands seeming to form a grid behind the white bands. From 1978 onwards, the crayon lines were eliminated in favour of clean, masked edges of abutted colour, and with the exception of the Asymmetrical Lattices the square canvas became the standard support.A key example of this highly resolved system is Lattice No. 45 (1978, Dunedin Public Art Gallery), with which <mask> won the 1978 Benson & Hedges Art Award. <mask> invented a considerable range of compositions within the overall Lattice series, varying the width, layout and organisation of the bands as well as the range and intensity of the colours. A number of works, such as Lattice No. 58 (July 1979, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa), have black bands alternating with high-keyed colours, whereby, as art historian Elva Bett observed, "a vast three-dimensional depth is created as the bands of strident colour whip and pull beyond the canvas." Others are pared back to white against raw canvas, or black and raw canvas. An example of the latter is Lattice No.91 (1982, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa). Model series, 1996–2007

The Model series brings together elements of <mask>'s figurative work and his ongoing commitment to the modernist ambition of inventing new pictorial structures (the way in which the visual elements of a painting are arranged on the canvas surface). Just as in many of the earlier "New Realist" paintings, <mask> was both exploring and challenging the tradition of the nude with reference to contemporary popular culture. The paintings feature women from soft-porn magazines standing in front of paintings, usually representations of modernist abstract or Pop works that appear to be hanging on the exterior walls of suburban houses or on the white walls of an art gallery. The style of the paintings, particularly those before 2004, is notable for the physicality of the brushwork, with the artist seeking to avoid an overly clean and detailed effect in favour of emphasising the materiality and construction of the image. A significant development in the series came with the lateral extension of the picture format, the figure positioned to one side of an abstract expanse of white canvas. Model Series No.80: The End of Louis (April 2006) alludes to Morris Louis's painting, Beta Nu (1960, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra), one of the sources of inspiration for this new "open" pictorial structure. Controversies

"Girlie" paintings

<mask>'s "Girlie" paintings, though critically acclaimed, were also controversial when they were first exhibited in the late 1960s due to the display of nudity that was then considered too explicit in New Zealand's relatively conservative society. The painting Lawn Lovers (1969), which was a finalist in the 1969 Manawatu Art Prize, was banned from exhibition in the regional centres of Palmerston North and Hamilton after a public outcry in which the gallery received letters of complaint. The Hawkes Bay newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, ran an article that recorded reactions of outrage to the painting. In a strange and unfortunate twist, the painting was later loaned to a friend of the artist, and changed hands several times leading to its eventual destruction. When <mask> entered two more "Girlie" paintings in the 1970 Manawatu Art Prize, Sky Leap (1970) and Table Baby (1970), Waikato Times critic, G.E. Fairburn, described them as "repellent", adding that they "need to be seen to be believed."Model series

In 2007 an exhibition of <mask>'s Model series paintings at the Centre of Contemporary Art (CoCA) in Christchurch came under fire from members of the public, community organisations and critics, and generated intense online debate. Director of CoCA at the time, Warren Feeney, subsequently wrote: "Has any series of paintings ever been more loathed?" In a review of the cultural highlights of 2013, The Press newspaper mentioned "<mask> whose untimely death robbed New Zealand of a vital artistic voice". In a tribute to <mask>, the Auckland Art Gallery concluded "Few other local painters have been as prolific as he was, even fewer as determined to explore such diverse and, sometimes, divisive content". Work in museum collections

 Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki
 The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
 Dunedin Public Art Gallery
 Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu
 The James Wallace Arts Trust
 The Fletcher Trust Collection

Publications about <mask>
 Brown, Warwick. <mask>. Auckland: Marsden Press, 1998.Brown, Warwick. <mask> Paintings: 1986 – 1989. (exhibition catalogue), Hamilton: Centre for Contemporary Art, Hamilton, 1993. Dunn, Michael. <mask> Paintings: 1968 – 1982. (exhibition catalogue), Auckland: Lopdell Gallery, 1991. Hanfling, Edward.<mask>: Lattices. Auckland: Ferner Galleries, 2005. Hanfling, Edward. <mask>: The Model Series Paintings: 1996 – 2004. Auckland: Ferner Galleries, 2004. Sibson, Tracy. There & Back: <mask> 1960 – 1996.(exhibition catalogue), Hamilton: Waikato Museum of Art and History, 1998. Further reading
 Bett, Elva. New Zealand Art: A Modern Perspective. Auckland: Reed Methuen, 1986. Bogle, Andrew. Aspects of Recent New Zealand Art. The Grid: Lattice and Network.(exhibition catalogue), Auckland: Auckland City Art Gallery, 1983. Brown, Gordon & Hamish Keith. An Introduction to New Zealand Painting 1839–1980. Auckland: David Bateman, 1988. Brown, Warwick. 100 New Zealand Paintings. Auckland: Godwit, 1995.Brownson, Ron, ed. Art Toi: New Zealand Art at Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki. Auckland: Auckland Art Gallery, 2011. Caughey, Elizabeth & John Gow. Contemporary New Zealand Art 1. Auckland: David Bateman, 1997. Docking, Gil, Michael Dunn & Edward Hanfling.Two Hundred and Forty Years of New Zealand Painting (revised). Auckland: David Bateman, 2012. Dunn, Michael. New Zealand Painting: A Concise History (revised). Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2003. Dunn, Michael. Contemporary Painting in New Zealand.New South Wales: Craftsman House, 1996. Dunn, Michael. A Concise History of New Zealand Painting. Auckland: David Bateman, 1991. Eggleton, David. Towards Aotearoa: A Short History of 20th Century New Zealand Art. Auckland: Reed Publishing, 2007.Hammonds, Lucy & Douglas Lloyd Jenkins. Architecture of the Heart. Napier: MTG Hawke's Bay, 2013. Hanfling, Edward & Alan Wright. Vuletic and His Circle. Auckland: Gus Fisher Gallery, The University of Auckland, 2003. Johnson, Alexa, ed.Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki: The Guide. Auckland: Auckland Art Gallery, 2001. Johnston, Alexa. <mask>: Colour Chords and White Lattices, Artist Project No.3. (exhibition catalogue), Auckland: Auckland City Art Gallery, 1982. Johnstone, Christopher. Landscape Paintings of New Zealand: A Journey From North to South (revised).Auckland: Godwit, 2013. Keith, Hamish. The Big Picture: A History of New Zealand Art from 1642. Auckland: Random House, 2007. King, Richard. The Kelliher: 67 Award Winning Paintings of the New Zealand Landscape and Its People. Auckland: Orakau House, 1979.McAloon, William, ed. New Zealand Art: From Cook to Contemporary. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2010. McAloon, William, ed. Art at Te Papa. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2009. McAloon, William, ed.Victoria's Art: A University Collection. Wellington: Adam Art Gallery, 2005. O'Brien, Gregory. We Set Out One Morning: Works from the BNZ Art Collection. Auckland: Bank of New Zealand, 2006. Pound, Francis. Forty Modern New Zealand Paintings.Auckland: Penguin Books, 1985. Ross, James. New Zealand Modernism – The Content of Form. Paintings from the Jenny Gibbs Collection, Vol. 3. Auckland: 1997. Shaw, Peter.Rainbow Over Mt Eden: Images of Auckland. Auckland: Godwit & Random House, 2002. Shaw, Peter. Representation and Reaction. Auckland & Whanganui: Fletcher Trust & Sarjeant Gallery, 2002. Sinclair, Alex & John Yealsley, eds. Risk and the Institutions of Government.Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1999. Thomas, Nicholas. Rethinking Visual Anthropology. New Haven & London: Yale University Press,1997. Trevelyan, Jill. Peter McLeavey: The Life and Times of a New Zealand Art Dealer. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2013.Wolfe, Richard. New Zealand Portraits. Auckland: Penguin/Viking, 2008. References

External links
 <mask> on the Google Art Project
 Digital NZ: <mask> 1945–2013 by Courtney Johnston
 <mask> Talks About his Lattices Art New Zealand, Number 13/Spring 1979, interview by Michael Dunn
 Leapaway Girl at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa  by William McAloon
 NZ History Online: Leapaway Girl by <mask>
 All in a Quiver Art New Zealand, Number 101/Summer 2001 by Edward Hanfling
 <mask> 1945–2013 by Ron Brownson

1945 births
2013 deaths
Elam Art School alumni
Modern painters
People from Auckland
New Zealand painters
People educated at Kelston Boys' High School
Nelson College faculty
Artists from Bradford
English emigrants to New Zealand
Burials at Waikumete

masks:
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Ian Scott
Scott
Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott
Ian Scott


title: Ion Barbu

texts:
<mask> (, pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet. His name is associated with the Mathematics Subject Classification number 51C05, which is a major posthumous recognition reserved only to pioneers of investigations in an area of mathematical inquiry. Early life
Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Argeș County, he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Șoiculescu. He attended elementary school in Câmpulung, Dămienești, and Stâlpeni, and for secondary studies he went to the Ion Brătianu High School in Pitești, the Dinicu Golescu High School in Câmpulung, and finally the Gheorghe Lazăr High School and the Mihai Viteazul High School in Bucharest. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in Gazeta Matematică; it was also then that he discovered his passion for poetry. <mask> was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic Alexandru Ciorănescu. As a poet, he is known for his volume Joc secund ("Mirrored Play").He was a student at the University of Bucharest when World War I caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to the University of Göttingen to study number theory with Edmund Landau for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with Gheorghe Țițeica, completing in 1929 his thesis, Canonical representation of the addition of hyperelliptic functions. Achievements in mathematics

Apollonian metric
In 1934, Barbilian published his article describing metrization of a region K, the interior of a simple closed curve J. Let xy denote the Euclidean distance from x to y. Barbilian's function for the distance from a to b in K is

At the University of Missouri in 1938 Leonard Blumenthal wrote Distance Geometry. A Study of the Development of Abstract Metrics, where he used the term "Barbilian spaces" for metric spaces based on Barbilian's function to obtain their metric.And in 1954 the American Mathematical Monthly published an article by Paul J. Kelly on Barbilian's method of metrizing a region bounded by a curve. Barbilian claimed he did not have access to Kelly's publication, but he did read Blumenthal's review to it in Mathematical Reviews and he understood Kelly's construction. This motivated him to write in final form a series of four papers, which appeared after 1958, where the metric geometry of the spaces that today bears his name is investigated thoroughly. He answered in 1959 with an article which described "a very general procedure of metrization through which the positive functions of two points, on certain sets, can be refined to a distance." Besides Blumenthal and Kelly, articles on "Barbilian spaces" have appeared in the 1990s from Patricia Souza, while  Wladimir G. Boskoff, Marian G. Ciucă and Bogdan Suceavă wrote in the 2000s about "Barbilian's metrization procedure". Barbilian indicated in his paper Asupra unui principiu de metrizare that he preferred the term "Apollonian metric space", and articles from Alan F. Beardon, Frederick Gehring and Kari Hag, Peter A. Häströ, Zair Ibragimov and others use that term. According to Suceavă, "Barbilian’s metrization procedure is important for at least three reasons: (1) It yields a natural generalization of Poincaré and Beltrami-Klein’s hyperbolic geometries; (2) It has been studied in the context of the study of Apollonian metric; (3) Provides a large class of examples of Lagrange generalized metrics irreducible to Riemann, Finsler, or Lagrange metrics."Ring geometry
Barbilian made a contribution to the foundations of geometry with his articles in 1940 and 1941 in Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung on projective planes with coordinates from a ring. According to Boskoff and Suceavă, this work "inspired research in ring geometries, nowadays associated with his, Hjelmslev’s and Klingenberg’s names." A more critical stance was taken in 1995 by Ferdinand D. Velkamp:
A systematic study of projective planes over large classes of associative rings was initiated by D. Barbilian. His very general approach in [1940 and 41] remained rather unsatisfactory, however, his axioms were partly of a geometric nature, partly algebraic as pertaining to the ring of coordinates, and there were a number of difficulties which Barbilian could not overcome. Nevertheless, in 1989 John R. Faulkner wrote an article "Barbilian Planes" that clarified terminology and advanced the study. In his introduction he wrote:
A classical result from projective geometry is that a Desarguesian projective plane is coordinatized by an associative division ring. A Barbilian plane is a geometric structure which extends the notion of a projective plane and thereby allows a coordinate ring which is not necessarily a division ring.There are advantages ...

Works
 1956: Teoria aritmetică a idealelor (în inele necomutative), Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, Bucharest. 1960: Grupuri cu operatori: Teoremele de descompunere ale algebrei, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, Bucharest. Academic career
In 1942, Barbilian was named professor at the University of Bucharest, with some help from fellow mathematician Grigore Moisil. As a mathematician, Barbilian authored 80 research papers and studies. His last paper, written in collaboration with Nicolae Radu, appeared posthumously, in 1962, and is the last in the cycle of four works where he investigates the Apollonian metric. Political creed
<mask> was mostly apolitical, with one exception: around 1940 he became a sympathizer of the fascist movement The Iron Guard (hoping to get a professorship if they came to power), dedicating some poems to one of its leaders, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. In 1940, he also wrote a poem praising Hitler.Death and legacy

<mask> died in Bucharest in 1961, and is buried at Bellu Cemetery. The Ion Barbu Theoretical High School in Pitești, the Ion Barbu Technological High School in Giurgiu, and the Dan Barbilian Theoretical High School in Câmpulung are all named after him. Presence in English language anthologies
 Born in Utopia - An anthology of Modern and Contemporary Romanian Poetry - Carmen Firan and Paul Doru Mugur (editors) with Edward Foster - Talisman House Publishers - 2006 -
 Testament – Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse / Testament - Antologie de Poezie Română Modernă – Bilingual Edition English & Romanian – <mask> (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud – Minerva Publishing 2012 and 2015 (second edition) -
 Testament - Anthology of Romanian Verse - American Edition - monolingual English language edition - <mask> (editor and principal translator) with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews - Australian-Romanian Academy for Culture - 2017 -

References

1895 births
1961 deaths
People from Câmpulung
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
University of Bucharest faculty
Romanian avant-garde
Romanian male poets
20th-century Romanian inventors
Romanian textbook writers
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century Romanian male writers
Pseudonymous mathematicians
Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
Burials at Bellu Cemetery
Geometers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Ion Barbu
Barbu
Barbu
Ion Barbu
Daniel Ioniță
Daniel Ioniță


title: Saul Bron

texts:
<mask> (<mask><mask>, S. G. <mask>; ), (25 January 1887, Odessa – 21 April 1938, Kommunarka, Butovo) was a Soviet trade representative in United States and Great Britain. He is best known as Chairman of Amtorg Trading Corporation in New York City (1927–1930) and Chairman of the All-Russian Co-operative Society (ARCOS) in London (1930–1931). He became a victim of Stalin's Great Purge and was executed on 21 April 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956. Early years
<mask> (Shoil Gershkovich) <mask> was born 25 January 1887 in Odessa (Ukraine, Russian Empire), in a Jewish family. He graduated the Odessa gymnasium and began his higher education at the Kiev Institute of Commerce (now Kyiv National Economic University). From 1905 to 1907 he continued his education in Europe, where he studied the grain trade and earned a doctorate in economics from the University of Zurich.After his return to Ukraine, he participated in development of Jewish agricultural colonies in Kherson Gubernia and taught at Novopoltavka Jewish agricultural school. Political affiliation
As a student at Kiev Commercial Institute <mask> was involved in the social-democratic movement, popular among secular Jews in the Ukraine as a reaction to anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire. In 1913 became a member of the Jewish Social Democratic Labor Party of Ukraine; in 1918–1919 – socialist-federalist. In 1919 became a member of VKP(b), after the latter merged with the Jewish Communist Party (a split-off of the Jewish Social Democratic Labor Party). Professional career
In 1921 <mask> became a member of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine. In 1921–1923 he acted as commissioner for foreign trade of Ukrainian SSR and representative of the People’s Commissariat of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR at the Council of People’s Commissars of Ukraine; he was also a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. After formation of the USSR in 1922, <mask> served on the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR (VSNKh).In 1924 he began work for the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry of the RSFSR and was appointed Director of the Russian Bank for Foreign Trade (Roskombank, later Vneshtorgbank USSR). In 1925–1926 he headed the Soviet grain exporting agency, Exportkhleb. (He was successor of the first President of the agency, Leonid Krasin.) In 1926 <mask> began his work for the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR (under A. I. Mikoyan), and in March 1927 was appointed chairman of Amtorg Trading Corporation in New York. Prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the USSR in 1933, Amtorg, technically a private corporation, served as a de facto trade delegation and a quasi-embassy of the USSR. <mask> was the third chairman of Amtorg. He replaced A. V. Prigarin (1925–1926) and was replaced by P. A. Bogdanov (1930–1934).<mask> was the first president of Amtorg whose command of English enabled him to negotiate without the aid of interpreters (he was also fluent in German and French). His tenure (1927–1930) concurred with the introduction of the first five-year plan, and his role was to contract with major American companies to help build Soviet industrial infrastructure. On 9 October 1928 and 24 May 1929 Bron signed two contracts with International General Electric (I.G.E. ), which became a key element in carrying out the electrification plan of the Soviet Union (GOELRO). In Dearborn, Michigan, he negotiated the US$30m contract with the Ford Motor Company for assistance in building the first Soviet automobile plant (GAZ) near Nizhnii Novgorod (Gorky). This contract was signed on 31 May 1929 by Henry Ford and Peter E. Martin on behalf of the company, by Bron, representing Amtorg, and by V. I. Mezhlauk, representing VSNKh. An additional two-part US$40m contract for construction of the plant was signed with The Austin Company on 23 August and 30 October 1929.On 8 May 1929 Bron signed an historic contract with the firm of the leading American industrial architect from Detroit, Albert Kahn, to design the first Soviet tractor plant in Stalingrad (now Volgograd). On 9 January 1930 he signed the second contract with Kahn for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union. Under these contracts, during 1929–1932, Kahn's firm, at its headquarters in Detroit and the especially created design bureau in Moscow, Gosproektstroi, trained over 4,000 Soviet architects and engineers and designed over 500 plants and factories, including Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and Uralmash plant in Sverdlovsk. Among other American firms, commissioned by <mask> to provide technical aid to the USSR, were Hugh L. Cooper (construction of the Dneproges Dam), Arthur G. McKee (design and construction of Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant), Freyn Engineering (Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), DuPont de Nemours, Radio Corporation of America, and more than a hundred other companies. In 1930 <mask> was transferred to London, where he was appointed chairman of ARCOS and head of the USSR Trade Delegation in Great Britain. During 1930–1931 he negotiated and signed several large contracts with British firms, including Imperial Chemical Industries, Armstrong-Vickers, Associated British Machine Tool Makers, and Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company. On 20 September 1931, on Stalin's initiative, the Politburo recalled <mask> back to the USSR.He remained a member of the Collegium of the Commissariat of Foreign Trade and in 1933 was appointed Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of the USSR. However, in 1935, he was demoted and given a job as a deputy to the head of the State publishing agency OGIZ, Mikhail P. Tomsky. Arrest and death
<mask> was arrested on 25 October 1937. He was falsely accused of being a member of an anti-Soviet terrorist organization; of preparing, together with Tomsky, a terrorist act against Stalin; and of being an agent of British intelligence. After five months in Lubyanka prison, on 21 April 1938 he was tried in a closed session by the troika (the three-member Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR). He was sentenced to death and was executed the same day. <mask> was buried in a mass grave at Kommunarka, Butovo, near Moscow, one of the sites of mass executions during Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s–1950s.He was posthumously rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 25 April 1956. Family
From 1931 to 1937, <mask> and his family resided in Moscow, at 2/20 Serafimovich Street, apt. No. 403, a newly built massive building across the river from the Kremlin, known as Dom pravitel'stva ("Government House"), the residence of the upper echelons of the Soviet hierarchy, described by Yuri Trifonov in his novel, House on the Embankment. After <mask>'s arrest, his wife, Klara <mask>, was arrested too, and the children, son Lev and daughter Miriam, were evicted from the apartment and banished from Moscow. Klara (Chaya) Azarievna <mask> (Kholodovskaia) was born in 1885 in Uman, Kievskaya Gubernia. She worked as a researcher at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics, Moscow.Arrested in 1937 as a "family member of a traitor of the Motherland"; sentenced on 16 May 1938 by Special Council of the NKVD of USSR to 8 years at Akmolinsk labor camp No.17 for wives of "traitors of the Motherland" (ALZHIR) in Kazakhstan. She did not survive her term and died on 25 January 1945. She was rehabilitated in 1956.

Notable works

References

Main Sources
Melnikova-Raich, Sonia. "The Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia. Part I: Albert Kahn". IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 36 (2): 57–80 (2010). . . "Part II: <mask>".IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 37 (1/2): 5–28 (2011). . (abstract)

Rasstrel'nye spiski: Moskva, 1937–1941: "Kommunarka", Butovo: kniga pamiati zhertv  politicheskikh repressii L. S. Eremina, A. B. Roginskii, eds. (2000). M: Memorial – Zven'ia (in Russian).  .

Khaustov V. N. (2011). Lubyanka: The Soviet elite on Stalin`s Golgotha: 1937-1938: Stalin`s archive: Documents and comments (in Russian). M.: Mezhdunarodnyi fond "Demokratiia".  . External links
"The Martyrolog of victims of political repression shot and buried in Moscow and Moscow oblast' during the period of 1918–1953", electronic data base, The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center «Peace, Progress, Human Rights», Moscow.http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=3828 (in Russian)

Victims of Political Repressions. Museum "The House on the Embankment", Moscow. http://museumdom.narod.ru/repres.html (in Russian)

1887 births
1938 deaths
Businesspeople from Odessa
History of the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Odessa Jews
Jewish socialists

masks:
Saul Grigorievich Bron
Saul G
. Bron
Bron
Saul Grigorievich
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Bron
Saul Bron


title: Siva Afi

texts:
Papali'itele Max Amata Taogaga (born 28 April 1949) is a Samoan retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in the late-1980s under the ring name Siva Afi. Early life
Max Taogaga was born in Samoa on 28 April 1949. He attended Avele Agricultural College in Apia. As a young man, he relocated to New Zealand where he worked in a slaughterhouse. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1975–1978)
After deciding to become a professional wrestler, Taogaga went to Steve Rickard and Peter Maivia who trained him for two years. In his debut match in 1975, Taogaga defeated one of New Zealand's top light heavyweights, Del Adams.For the next four years Taogaga continued to work his way up through the ranks, wrestling the majority of foreign visitors to the country. Finally in 1978 he earned his big break, defeating Big John Da Silva in the final of an elimination tournament to decide the new, New Zealand Heavyweight Champion. Over the next few months, Taogaga successfully defended the title before heading to the U.S. at the end of 1978.

International appearances (1978–1986)
For the next seven years Taogaga split his time between the U.S., New Zealand, Australia and Japan. However, it was in Hawaii that Taogaga would be the most successful. It was here, in 1985, where he wrestled Ric Flair to a one-hour time limit draw for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in front of 12,000 people. World Wrestling Federation (1986–1988)
In January 1986, Taogaga signed with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation (WWF), making his debut on January 23 at a house show in Anaheim, CA in a win over Tim Patterson. He would later make his debut on Prime Time Wrestling, where he was billed as "'Superfly' <mask>", and deemed to be the cousin of Jimmy Snuka.On the March 8th episode of The Body Shop, <mask> was introduced to viewers of WWF All Star Wrestling as Snuka's cousin. <mask> was undefeated initially, albeit against lower level competition such as Rene Goulet, Barry O, Ron Shaw, and Matt Bourne. On March 6, 1986 he gained his first significant victory when he pinned Bret Hart at a house show in Buffalo, NY. <mask>'s undefeated streak ended three days later when he lost to Hart's partner Jim Neidhart in Landover, MD, but he continued to be pushed. <mask> gained victories in April over Hercules Hernandez and Paul Roma. However fans were unaccepting of <mask> as the replacement for the departed Jimmy Snuka, and openly heckled him in matches. He began to slide down the card, losing that spring to Bret Hart, Don Muraco, and Jake Roberts.By the summer all momentum had ceased. Now billed as "Sivi Afi", he became a near enhancement talent and lost to the likes of Bret Hart, Randy Savage, Harley Race and Ted DiBiase. In the summer of 1986 he formed a short lived tag-team with King Tonga, but the duo was generally unsuccessful. Toagaga entered 1987 firmly established as an upper-level enhancement star, losing regularly to Hercules and others but continuing to gain victories against other opening-level talent such as Frenchy Martin and Terry Gibbs. He was used frequently as a substitute when other wrestlers could not make house shows, teaming with others such as Raymond Rougeau. In the summer of 1987 he entered a lengthy losing streak, falling to preliminary competition such as Steve Lombardi and Frenchy Martin. Following a loss to Ted Dibiase on December 9 at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Fort Myers, Toagaga went on a hiatus.In 1988, after teaming for a short time with Haku as one half of The Islanders, he also wrestled in six man tags with the original Islanders, Haku and Tama. He debuted a new gimmick, that of "High Chief <mask>", a Samoan chieftain. As part of his gimmick, Taogaga had gotten his legs and abdomen heavily tattooed (ala High Chief Peter Maivia). Unfortunately for Taogaga, it was all for naught; Tama would shortly thereafter depart from the WWF and Haku was repackaged as "King Haku" to replace the injured Harley Race, leaving Taogaga without a team or manager. His last match came on August 27, 1988 in Burlington, VT against SD Jones. Taogaga left the WWF and went on to work for Burt Reynolds as a stuntman and bodyguard. Late career (1988–1997)
Taogaga made his return to New Zealand in 1990 to appear for Steve Rickard's "The Main Event".Taogaga defeated all comers during the short-lived show, becoming the new Commonwealth Heavyweight Champion in the process. After the cancellation of "The Main Event", Taogaga resumed touring the world appearing in areas as far flung as Palestine, Israel, England and Africa. in 1991 Siva found Jeff Miller aka The Metal Maniac, realizing his gift of Gab and athletic ability Siva broke Metal Maniac into the business, training him in the basics and securing a spot to travel and work with Superfly Jimmy Snuka. In 1997, after over 23 years on the road, Taogaga retired from the business, wrestling his final match in South Africa. Personal life
Upon receiving a traditional pe'a Taogaga adopted the honorific Papali'itele. In October 1997, Taogaga was indicted by the Cuyahoga County, Ohio Grand Jury for acting as the "getaway driver" for a robbery, burglary and kidnapping carried out in January 1996. He was subsequently convicted of one count of aggravated burglary, two counts of aggravated robbery, and seven counts of kidnapping, and sentenced to 15 to 40 years' incarceration.Following a series of appeals against his original sentence, Taogaga was released from the North Central Correctional Institution in 2007 and deported back to Samoa. In 2008, Taogaga published his autobiography, "Dance with Fire". Bibliography
 "Dance with Fire" (2008)

Championships and accomplishments
50th State Big Time Wrestling
NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Pacific International Championship (1 time, final)
NWA Polynesian Pacific Heavyweight Championship (1 time, first)
All Star Pro Wrestling
NWA British Empire/Commonwealth Championship (1 time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA New Zealand
NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 384 of the 400 best singles wrestlers of the PWI's WWE Top 400 in 2003
United States Wrestling League
USWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with King Kaluha

References

External links

1949 births
Converts to Christianity
Living people
Professional wrestling jobbers
Samoan evangelicals
Samoan professional wrestlers
Samoan emigrants to New Zealand
Samoan emigrants to the United States
Sportspeople from Apia
Stampede Wrestling alumni
The Heenan Family members

masks: Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi Afi


title: Emmi Handke

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> 30 September 1902 - 17 January 1994) was a German Communist party activist. She spent most of the twelve Nazi years in state detention, arrested in 1934 after her "political work" became illegal. Following the war she worked on the Committee of Ravensbrück Concentration Camp survivors ("Komitee der Ravensbrücker"), later serving for many years as the General Secretary of the International Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Committee. She worked with the powerful Party Central Committee of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) though she was never herself a member of it. She was, however, a member of the East German national parliament ("Volkskammer") between 1958 and 1986. Life
<mask> was born into a working-class family in Breslau. Together with her eight siblings she grew up as an orphan with an aunt in Dresden.She would later describe the aunt as "good and full of love" ("Gut und voller Liebe"). After completing her schooling she went on to undertake a training between 1918 and 1920 in commerce, before taking an office job. She joined the Young Communists in 1922: shortly after this she was arrested for the first time. The period was one of enduring economic, social and political crisis and for several weeks starting in November 1923 the party in Germany had been banned: her arrest resulted from her having spent an evening doing some party related typing for a comrade. In 1925 she joined the Communist Party itself, and took a job working for the Party Central Committee which she would retain till 1934. It was in this connection that in 1927 she was a member of a party delegation to the Soviet Union. Another delegate was Karl Thoma whom she married, moving to live with him in Berlin in 1928.Régime change arrived in January 1933 and the new government lost little time in imposing one-party dictatorship, one effect of which was to make political activity (except in support of the Nazi party) illegal. <mask>'s husband was one of a large number of left-wing activists arrested in the aftermath of the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. She herself was arrested later in 1933 for "illegal party-political activity", and in 1934 sentenced to six years in prison for "preparing high treason" ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). She would never see her husband again: he was released after a few years and died at the start of 1939, fighting in the Spanish Civil War. She spent her own six-year sentence at a Correctional Institution in Jauer. By 1941 the country was at war, and <mask> Thomas was transferred directly from the correctional institution to Ravensbrück concentration camp where fellow inmates recruited her to work in the infirmary. It was probably in 1942 that she was transferred to Auschwitz, where she again undertook nursing work.In 1943, on the recommendation of a Camp supervisor, and backed by the personal authorisation of the SS chief, Heinrich Himmler, she was one of five internees released from the concentration camp. The release was conditional, however, on working as a domestic servant at the home of the concentration camp doctor, the Baron von Bodmann. She worked as a servant at the home of von Bodmann till May 1945 when war ended, her employer killed himself, and <mask> Thoma returned home to Berlin. The part of Germany surrounding Berlin now found itself administered as the Soviet occupation zone. Between 1945 and 1956 she worked for the Party Executive ("Partei Vorstand") which in due course became the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED). The SED itself was founded in April 1946 as a more broadly based replacement, at least within the Soviet occupation zone, for the Communist Party. She was employed in the Central Committee's "Resistance Department".The resistance in question was the resistance between 1933 and 1945 to the Nazi regime:  her work focused on locating concentration camp survivors and persuading them to write down their experiences. The objective was to preserve the memory of Nazi war crimes against comrades so as to inform future generations. It was in the course of her work for the Central Committee that <mask> Thoma came across <mask> whom she had last seen in September 1934 when the two of them were among those arrested for participating in an illegal political meeting. The two were married in 1947, united in their a commitment to building up what was relaunched, in October 1949, as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). <mask> <mask> resigned from her Central Committee work in 1956 in order to devote herself to her voluntary work, which continued to be focused on Concentration Camp survivors both within East Germany and internationally. Although her work for the Central Committee was not combined with any political office, in 1947 <mask> <mask> became the first spokesperson for the "Ravensbrück Camp Community" ("Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück"). The next year she became a member of the secretariat of the Berlin branch of the Democratic Women's League ("Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" / DFD).She was also, briefly, a member of the supervisory board of the Berlin Consumer Co-operative. During the Nazi years the Ravensbrück concentration camp had contained more female inmates than any of the other concentration camps in Germany, and the political establishment in the new East German state, always keen to highlight the contrast between the brutality of the Nazi dictatorship with their own political approach, during the 1950s developed the concentration camp site into a memorial and exhibition of the horrors it had witnessed. In 1955 <mask> <mask> became vice-president of the International Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Committee, a role which she filled actively till 1993, voted in as general secretary of the Concentration Camp Committee in 1963, while also remaining energetic in her commitment to the DFD. In 1958  <mask> <mask> was elected to the East German national parliament ("Volkskammer"). Under the single list voting system in operation, the  ruling party's list of candidates was endorsed, as usual, by more than 99% of those voting. Nevertheless, the system imposed one-party rule not by banning alternative political parties but by controlling them. Seats in the legislature were allocated after general elections according to a predetermined quota to candidates acceptable to the ruling party.In order to broaden further the legitimacy of the legislature, smaller quotas of seats in it were also allocated to certain approved Mass organisations. <mask> <mask> herself entered the Volkskammer not as a member of the ruling SED party. nor of any other Bloc party, but as one of 29 members representing the DFD. The last election at which she was returned to the Volkskammer took place in 1981. The number of members had grown from 466 to 500, and the number of seats allocated to the DFD was now 35:  <mask> occupied one of them. Until her husband's death in 1962 she was one of a husband and wife team in the chamber, since <mask> was also a Volkskammer member. Awards and honours

 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
 1959 Clara Zetkin Medal
 1962 Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
 1967 Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
 1972 Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp
 1977 Order of Karl Marx
 1982 Star of People's Friendship in silver
 1987 Star of People's Friendship in gold

Notes

References

1902 births
1994 deaths
Politicians from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Volkskammer
Communists in the German Resistance
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)

masks:
Emmi Handke
Emmi Christoph
Emmi Christoph
Emmi
Emmi
Emmi
Emmi
Georg Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmi
Handke
Emmy Handke
Georg Handke


title: Pierre-Jean Mariette

texts:
Pierre-<mask> (7 May 1694 – 10 September 1774) was a collector of and dealer in old master prints, a renowned connoisseur, especially of prints and drawings, and a chronicler of the careers of French Italian and Flemish artists. He was born and died in Paris, and was a central figure in the artistic culture of the city for decades. Early life and training
Mariette was born to a long-established and highly successful family of engravers, book publishers and printsellers in Paris. His father was <mask> (1660–1742). In 1657 his father's father,  <mask> (ii) (1634–1716), had bought the family business from his ailing father, <mask> (i) (1596–1657), for 30,000 livres. Family connections put him in contact as a young man with antiquarians such as the comte de Caylus, for whom Mariette would write his Lettre sur Leonardo da Vinci, printed as a preface to Caylus's book on Leonardo's caricatures, 1730. In 1722 he first met the immensely rich patron of the arts Pierre Crozat, whom he advised, whose collection he catalogued and from whose sale he purchased outstanding drawings.After he attended the Jesuit college in Paris, his father sent him on tour in 1717, to sharpen his connoisseurship and further family connections. First he went to Amsterdam, which was the center of the art trade, and then to Germany. In Vienna Mariette catalogued the art collection of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Everywhere the affable, curious and sociable Mariette made acquaintances and formed contacts with the scholarly and artistic community in Europe, which he maintained through correspondence. Later career
Through his artistic connections, Mariette was named a member of the prestigious Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, Florence, in 1733. His knowledge of prints and his close friendship with Caylus and the artist Charles-Antoine Coypel secured him a position reorganizing the old master print collection of the Bibliothèque Royale. In 1741 Mariette was asked to write the sale catalogue of Crozat's collection of paintings and antiquities, the first example of the modern descriptive sale catalogue.He purchased some of Crozat's drawings at the sale himself; a provenance from Mariette's collection, with its discrete collector's stamp, adds allure even to great Old Master drawings: a head by Andrea del Sarto, from the collections of Giorgio Vasari, Crozat and Mariette fetched £6,504,000 (ca $11,740,072) at auction in 2005

Mariette engraved and printed several plates, an aspect of the family business. His engravings illustrated the Cours d'architecture qui comprend les ordres de Vignole ä ceux de Michel-Ange of Augustin-Charles d'Aviler (Paris, 1760), Before the death of his father in 1742, Mariette had already been running the family publishing and print-making business, an aspect of his career often overlooked by art historians. The firm had published Pierre Fauchard's Le chirurgien dentiste, ou traité des dents 1728, the first modern work on dentistry and a milestone of medical history,

By 1750 he sold the family business that he had inherited in 1744, in order to purchase the office of Contrôleur Général de la Grande Chancellerie, a sinecure that allowed him to devote the rest of his life to his researches and to increasing his celebrated collection. He concentrated on prints and drawings, but also included paintings, bronzes and terracottas. Among his great drawings was a Michelangelo study of a nude for the Sistine Chapel. He shared Crozat's taste for the drawings of Rubens: at Crozat's sale he purchased sixty-two of the finest for his own collection. When his collections were dispersed at auction after his death,<ref>The sale catalogue is Frits Lugt, Répertoire des catalogues de ventes publiques 1600-1900, 1852.</ref> 1266 drawings were acquired by the Crown; they now form part of the collection at the Bibliothèque nationale.The albums of more than 3500 prints mounted on fine paper, which  had been begun by his father, <mask>, passed into the collection of the Earls Spencer. These "Spencer Albums" of Mariette's prints are one of the most important acquisitions made by the Harvard University Art Museums in recent years. The albums include etchings and engravings in a near-perfect state of preservation by Italian, Dutch, and Flemish printmakers, including Jacques Callot, Jusepe de Ribera, and Adriaen van Ostade. Mariette also collected contemporary French paintings, Although he was immune to the forceful realism of Chardin, the more sentimental charm of Greuze found a place on his walls: Greuze's Young Peasant Boy, shown at the Salon of 1763 had already been purchased by Mariette, together with its pendant, before it was exhibited. Mariette's further published works were not many. In 1750 he published a Traité historique des pierres gravées du Cabinet du Roi, on the hardstone carvings in the royal collection. His reputation as a connoisseur, who laid down the principles by which the hands of Italian master drawings could be ascertained, led to him being made an associate, then an honorary (1757) member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.In 1764-65 he got into a public dispute in the pages of the Gazette littéraire de l'Europe with Giovanni Battista Piranesi, whom Mariette admired greatly as an artist, over Piranesi's polemical stand that the magnificence of Roman art derived from its Etruscan roots, rather than from its Greek borrowings

Mariette's circle of friends was large, included Andre-Charles Boulle and was broad enough to define the state of art connoisseurship in France during his time, beginning with the circle he met at the houses of the prodigious collection Pierre-Antoine Crozat, where besides artists like Antoine Watteau and the classicizing sculptor Edmé Bouchardon, Mariette met the abbé de Maroulle and the comte de Caylus, who helped sharpen his eye. Mariette married Angélique-Catherine Doyen in 1724. He acquired a country house at Croissy, which he named "Le Colifichet" was ennobled during the reign of Louis XV, and honored with the Order of the Saint-Esprit. Mariette's dictionary of artists
His major ambition was to write a history of engraving and a dictionary of artists. In preparation, he compiled numerous annotations to the Abecedario pittorico (1719 edition) of Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi. His father's notes on artists, accumulated in the course of the art trade, and his own wide experience and correspondence among the cognoscenti, were the basis of these projects, none of which, however, ever came to fruition. Caylus used Mariette's notes on Vasari's Lives for his manuscript Vies d’artistes du XVIIIe siècle.Fortunately a corpus of Mariette's assembled materials— pamphlets, manuscripts, salon and exhibition catalogues, including the salon criticism of Diderot—came into the hands of Charles-Nicolas Cochin, an artist and guiding spirit of Neoclassicism, and, greatly augmented, was deposited in 1880 at the Bibliothèque Nationale

Not until 1851 were Mariette's notes and anecdotes entered in the Abecedario compiled by Philippe de Chennevières and Anatole de Montaiglon, in the six volumes of Abecedario de P.J. Mariette et autres notes inédites de cet amateur sur les arts et les artistes  (Paris, 1851–60). Louvre exhibition
An exhibition at the Musée du Louvre in 1967 drew together materials to honour his memory, occasioning a rich catalogue and a vita by the editor of The Burlington Magazine; it provoked a resurgence of scholarly interest in the history of taste and the role of other Parisian taste-makers, such as the marchands-merciers, like Edme-François Gersaint. Notes

References
"Mariette, Pierre-Jean" (archive copy of 4 February 2012), Dictionary of Art HistoriansMarjorie B. Cohn, 1992. A Noble Collection: The Spencer Albums of Old Master Prints (Harvard University)
Jules Dumesnil. Histoire des plus célèbres amateurs français et de leurs relations avec les artistes, vol. I "Pierre-Jean Mariette 1694-1774", (Paris: Renouard) 1856.Kobi, Valérie, Dans l'oeil du connaisseur. Pierre-<mask> (1694-1774) et la construction des savoirs en histoires de l'art, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017. Montaiglon, Anatole de, ed., Abecedario de P. J. Mariette et autres notes inédites de cet amateur sur les arts et les artistes, vol. 5 Paris (1859)
Exhibition catalogue  Musée du Louvre. Le Cabinet d'un Grand Amateur: P.-J<mask> 1694-1774, (Paris: Musée du Louvre) 1967. Occhipinti, C. Piranesi, <mask>, Algarotti.Percorsi settecenteschi nella cultura figurativa europea. Roma, UniversItalia, 2013. Association Mariette : http://www.associationmariette.com
 Kristel Smentek, <mask> and the Science of the Connoisseur in Eighteenth-Century Europe, Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014. Walsh, Amy L. (1996). "Mariette family", vol. 20, pp. 415–418, in The Dictionary of Art'', 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner.New York: Grove. . External links

French art historians
French art collectors
Artists from Paris
1694 births
1774 deaths
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Jean Mariette
Jean Mariette
Pierre Mariette
Pierre Mariette
Jean Mariette
Jean Mariette
. Mariette
Mariette
Mariette