title: Fernand Lopez

texts:
<mask> (Born November 12, 1978) is a former Cameroonian mixed martial artist (MMA) and current MMA coach. He is best known for establishing MMA Factory, the biggest MMA gym in France, as well as being the former trainer of UFC Heavyweight Champion Francis Ngannou and current trainer of former UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion Ciryl Gane. Early life

<mask> was born in 1978 in a small village in Lekié and grew up in Yaoundé. His father was a college professor and his mother was a high school teacher. In his youth his father signed him up for lessons in combat sports such as Taekwondo, Boxing, Judo and Wrestling to defend himself from bullies. In 1997, <mask> immigrated to France where he worked as an Electrical Engineer. On the side he would attend sports science classes at INSEP while playing Rugby in the Pro D2 league.However a neck injury sidelined him in Rugby and he had to have surgery to treat it, rendering him unable to move his neck for three years. During this period, <mask> discover to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) leading him to gain an interest in mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> joined Mathieu Nicourt’s Free Fight Academy where he initially trained in BJJ. Once his neck recovered, he resumed training in other combat sports like Wrestling and Boxing. On 11 March 2006, <mask> made his professional MMA debut after a year of training. The bout took place at Xtreme Gladiators 2 where he submitted Cedric Deschamps via choke in the first round. <mask>'s professional MMA career lasted for four years from 2006 to 2010.He fought in various promotions such as M1 Global and Shooto, where his final record was ten wins and seven losses. Coaching career

After retiring as a professional fighter, <mask> became an MMA coach at Free Fight Academy for a few years before deciding to establish his own gym. In 2013 <mask> and his business partner, a police officer, opened a gym called 'Cross Fight' which was later renamed 'MMA Factory'. Initially this academy had two students, but grew very fast to become the biggest gym in France with over 600 students. MMA Factory was one of only three gyms to receive sponsorship from Reebok, with the other two being AKA and SBG. His most notable student was Francis Ngannou, who became the UFC Heavyweight champion in 2021 after defeating Stipe Miocic in a rematch at UFC 260. When Ngannou was 26, he moved from Cameroon to France in order pursue his dream of becoming a professional boxer.Didier Carmont met Ngannou and  then introduced him to <mask> and the MMA factory. <mask> saw the potential of Ngannou and convinced him to try MMA even though Ngannou originally wanted to do boxing. <mask> gave Ngannou some MMA gear and allowed him to train and sleep at the gym at no cost. <mask> and Ngannou worked very well together, with Ngannou having a successful winning streak in the UFC and eventually getting his first title shot. However <mask> was criticized after Ngannou lost to Stipe Miocic in a title bout at UFC 220. Since then the relationship between <mask> and Ngannou has deteriorated, with <mask> stating that Ngannou has ego problems and had refused to pay gym membership fees after he had achieved success. Ngannou moved to the United states to train at Xtreme Couture.<mask> has trained Ciryl Gane who won the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship after defeating Derrick Lewis on August 7, 2021 at UFC 265.

masks:
Fernand Lopez Owonyebe
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
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Lopez


title: Patricio Manns

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (3 August 1937 – 25 September 2021) was a Chilean singer, composer, author, poet, novelist, essayist, play writer and journalist. Life and career

Infancy and youth

<mask> was born in the rural town of Nacimiento, in central Chile, on 3 August 1937. He is the son of a primary school teacher of French descent and an agricultural engineer of German descent. Both of his parents played the piano: his father was a jazz aficionado but his mother studied classical piano. His mother was also central in cultivating his interest in literature. In his youth he took up a broad range of occupations: from coal miner in Lota to reporter for the daily newspaper La patria in Concepción. At the beginning of 1963 he moved to Santiago where he continued his journalistic work.Early music career

Manns was initiated in the field of music when he composed Bandido in 1959, which was recorded in Argentina in 1962 by the folk group Los Travadores del Norte and in Chile by Los Cuatro Cuartos. But it was with the composition Arriba en la cordillera (Up in the Cordillera) in 1965 that he achieved national fame – especially when it was released in the album, Entre Mar y Cordillera (Between Sea and Cordillera) in 1966 on Vinyl format by the label "Demon" under the number LPD-021, all songs are credited to Manns, the song "Ya no canto tu nombre" is credited to Edmundo Vásquez, on track n ° 8 of the album, "Sirilla de la Candelaria" featured Rolando Alarcón, a singer-songwriter  Chilean. The album was a massive success, other  singles were added to the album, such as "Bandido" or "Vai Peti Nehe Nehe", a song with a title and lyrics in Pascuense language. Manns was a founding member (1965) of the New Chilean Song, with Rolando Alarcón and the Parras (the children of Violeta Parra: Isabel and Ángel Parra) and of the Peña of Carmen 340 (later known as the Peña of the Parras), Víctor Jara joined the Peña and the movement a few months later. Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement – for some a folkloric renaissance which led to a revolution in the popular music of the country. At the time of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état - which toppled the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende - the Nueva Canción Chilena had acquired a nationwide mass following with Nueva Canción Chilena artists touring the world as cultural ambassadors. Manns would go on to actively participate in the extensive production of a series of travelling shows called Chile Rie y Canta (Chile Laughs and Sings) which were organized throughout Chile by René Largo Farías.In this early period of his career <mask> also composed the cantata El Sueño Americano (The American Dream) (1965), which he recorded with the folk group Voces Andina and that amalgamates distinctive rhythmic elements from different regions of the sub-continent. In this song, which has been traced as one of the firsts cantatas to be heard in Latin America, the historical birth of Latin America is told. Song XII of the cantata América Novia Mia (America My Bride) has been recorded by himself and Inti-illimani several times. During this period he also recorded ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda! (Folklore Hasn't Died, Dammit!) (1968) with Silvia Urbina which revived folkloric forms which were disappearing under the influence of foreign musical trends that were being popularized in Chile. From his multi-faceted role as singer, composer, writer and journalist he actively collaborated in the presidential campaigns of Dr. Salvador Allende in 1964 and in 1970, the latter being the campaign that led Salvador Allende to the presidency as the leader of the Unidad Popular government.During this time he recorded the album <mask> <mask> (1971) which included one of his best-known compositions Valdivia en la niebla (Valdivia in the fog) and the prophetic No Cierres los Ojos (Don't Close Your Eyes). In this recording, which was accompanied by Inti-illimani, the Symphony Orchestra of Chile and the Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago, the musical arrangements were done by Luis Advis. Life in exile

The military coup of 11 September 1973 found him in Chile and it was only due to international diplomatic mediation that he was able to safely leave his country. Late in 1973, Manns settled in Cuba where he began a life in exile that was to last decades. During his period in the Caribbean island he composed and recorded accompanied by the Symphony Orchestra of Cuba Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country, some years later recorded by Mercedes Sosa) and other songs that were featured in his LP Canción sin Limites (Songs with out limits). He collaborated with Humberto Solás with the script for the movie La Cantata de Chile (Cantata of Chile) (1976) and also wrote the text for the musical work of Leo Brouwer which the movie was named after. From Cuba he travelled to France where he settled and formed the ensemble Karaxú in 1974 with which he continued to musically collaborate with Cuban artists.From exile Manns launched his "struggle against the Pinochet dictatorship" becoming a spokesman of the Chilean resistance. This was also reflected in almost all his musical  productions: Chansons de la Résistence Chilienne (Songs of the Chilean Resistance) (1974). Canción sin limites (Songs without limits) (1977). In this stage of exile he met Alejandra Lastra (1979) to whom he composed the famous Balada de los Amantes del Camino de Tavernay (Ballad of the Lovers of Tavernay Road) (1981) – Manns had moved and settled with his partner in Chemin de Tavernay in Geneva in the course of 1979. As the musicologist Juan Pablo González has stated: "… in his 27 years of exile, Manns established with Horacio Salinas one of the most fruitful creative collaborations in the history of Chilean music". This collaboration began to take form in the works of Inti-illimani, in compositions such as Retrato (Portrait) or Vuelvo (I Return) – both from 1979. From this period of work with Salinas and Inti-illimani we find the grains of songs which with time would grow to become true emblems of the Latin America folk/popular music repertoire: such as El Equipaje del Destierro (The Baggage of Exile), Palimpsesto (Palimpsest) (1981), Cantiga de la Memoria Rota (Verses for a Shattered Memory) and Samba Landó (1985).Subsequently, other songs of this collaborative period included Medianoche (Midnight), Arriesgare mi piel (I'll Risk My Skin) (1996) and La Fiesta Eres Tú (You Are the Party) (1998). In 1984 he moved to Trez Vella in Échenevex, close to the French-Swiss border. In this stage of exile <mask> reached a high point in his creativity with the Concert of Trez Vella (1986), a piece that was arranged by Alejandro Guarello, also dedicated to Alejandra. He recorded it in Rome accompanied by Inti-Illimani in 1985 and was released in 1986 in Europe. This work with Inti-illimani appeared in his third album with them: La muerte no va conmigo. He had previously recorded in Rome with them Con la Razón y la Fuerza in early 1980. The re-encounter

After 17 years of exile in 1990 <mask> was allowed to enter Chile and began his return to Chile in August that year, touring and performing throughout the country.The tour started on 23 August in the Teatro Teletón and on the 24th in the Estadio Chile (now renamed Estadio Víctor Jara). On TVN, he performed for the first time in Chile his emotionally charged Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country) before an anxious public in the studio and before a nationwide audience. From this tour of Chile, which included Santiago, Concepción, Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, Manns would comment: "… for now I have accomplished the basic priority of setting foot in my country again". However, since there were pending political trials against him he returned to Trez Vella in September the same year. The second step, the definitive return was only to be in 2000, when he decided to return and settle in Chile in the area of Concón. 21st century
The creative and artistic collaboration between Manns and Horacio Salinas continued with works interpreted by Inti-illimani such as La Rosa de los Vientos (Rose of the Winds) (1999) and Cantares del Mito Americano (Songs on the American Myth) an unrecorded work that was performed in the Teatro Municipal of Viña del Mar in 2001. Horacio Salinas collaborated with <mask> <mask> in the production of his first record as a soloist Remos en el Agua (Oars on the Water) released in November 2003.Manns also participated in Inti-Illimani's DVD Lugares Comunes (Common Places) recorded live in the Estadio Nacional de Chile. Manuel Meriño put music to Manns now famous poem Vino del Mar (She Came from the Sea) dedicated to Marta Ugarte one of the victims of the Chilean military dictatorship, song which was recorded by Inti-Illimani's Lugares Comunes (Common Places) in 2003. During the four century celebration of the city of Nacimiento in December 2003, Manns was named an "illustrious son" of this city. In September 2003 he launched his work Allende: la Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre (Allende: When Dignity Becomes a Custom) in the Estadio Nacional in homage to President Salvador Allende. In 2005 he recorded with the Ulli Simon Ensemble in Germany; in 2006 he collaborated in composing songs for Inti-Illimani's album Pequeño Mundo (Small World) and Esencial (Essential). He also recorded a CD with Mexican rancheras and corridos for a musical production of the Banco del Estado (Chile's State Bank). He also recorded a CD of ballads and boleros titled Porque Te Amé (Because I Loved You) which was highly received in countries like Mexico and Peru.In 2010 he released La tierra entera. In 2011 La tierra entera won the Altazor Award as the best record of popular music of 2010. In 2011, his song The Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar Music Festival as the best song of folk-roots. Manns lived in Central Chile where he has focused on the development of his literary career while he continued performing and creating music. Death
Manns died of heart failure at the Clínica Bupa de Reñaca in Viña del Mar on 25 September 2021, at the age of 84. Discography

Studio albums
 1965: Entre Mar y Cordillera
 1966: El Sueño Americano (with Voces Andinas)
 1967: ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda! (with Silvia Urbina)
 1968: La Hora Final
 1971: <mask> Manns
 1974: Chants de la Résistance Populaire Chilienne (with Karaxú)
 1977: Canción Sin Límites (with the EGREM Orchestra of Cuba)
 1983: Con la Razón y la Fuerza o la Araucana (with Inti Illimani)
 1986: La Muerte No Va Conmigo (with Inti Illimani)
 1998: Porque Te Amé
 2003: Allende: La Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre
 2010: La tierra entera
 2016: La emoción de vivir

Live albums
 1975: Karaxú Live (live with Karaxú)
 1983: Itinerario de un Retorno (in Mexico)
 1990: <mask> Manns en Chile (in Chile)
 2000: América, Novia Mía

Compilation albums
 1983: Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País
 1999: Arriba en la Cordillera
 2015: Legado de Trovadores (Arriba en la Cordillera, 50 años)

Literature

Manns is one of the most prolific writers in Chile.His literary creations embrace various genres, from novels with historical themes to essays and plays and he has published more than 30 works. The unique structures of his textual constructs and the seamless conductive literary technique he uniquely employs have made him the subject of scholarly study in various European and Latin American schools of literature and universities. Bibliography

Fiction
 De noche sobre el rastro  (1967)
 Buenas noches los pastores (Goodnight shepherds) (1973)
 Actas de Marusia (1974)
 Actas del alto Bío Bío (1985)
 Actas de muerteputa (1988)
 De repente los lugares desaparecen (Suddenly places disappear) (1991)
 El corazón a contraluz (Cavalier seul in France) (1996)
 Memorial de la noche (Night Memorial) (1998)
 El desorden en un cuerno de niebla (1999)
 A traveller's Literary Companion (2003, several authors). La vida privada de Emile Dubois (The private life of Emile Dubois) (2004)
 Diversos instantes del reino (Diverse instants of the kingdom) (2006)
 El lento silbido de los sables, Editorial Catalonia (2010)
"La conjetura  escita" Editorial Catalonia, (2013). "Música prohibida" Editorial  El Tabo, (2014). Plays
 2000 - La lámpara en la tierra (The Lamp on Earth) (France). Puesta en escena por Esequiel García Romeu.2011 - Memorial de la noche (Chile). Puesta en escena por Adrian Montealegre, grupo de teatro Manos a la obra. 2011 - La matanza (Chile). Puesta en escena por Iván Insuza, grupo de teatro Kapital. Poetry
 Memorial de Bonampak (Bonampak Memorial) (2003) (Brosquil, Spain). Cantología (2004) (updated in April 2012), Editorial Catalonia, Chile. "Los dolores del miembro fantasma" LOM 2014.Film
The 1975 movie Letters from Marusia directed by Miguel Littin was based on a novel by the same name that Manns published in 1974. The movie – which featured Gian Maria Volonté in the principal role - caused great controversy and unease among conservative circles in Chile at the time of its release. This movie won several awards and was also nominated for an Oscar in 1976 in the Best Foreign Language Film category.www.manns.cl

Awards and recognition

Manns is broadly recognized for his multi-faceted prolific career as a musician and literary figure. He is a founder of the movement of neo-folkloric popular music that emerged in Chile in the 1960s and constituted a fundamental nexus between the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement and more current musical developments. As a literary figure he has developed in the field of poetry, as a non-fiction writer, in novels and in theatre. Manns has been awarded numerous prizes - both national and international – for recognition in his fields, among them are:
 His first song "Bandido", written in 1956 and interpreted by the Chilean group from Concepción "Los Andinos", won the Cosquin Festival, Argentina in 1959 and it was one of the first awards Manns received. (Alerce Prize) from the SECH (Society of Chilean Writers) organization and the University of Chile (1967)
 Santiago Municipal Literature Award (1973).This prize was officially awarded 25 years later in 1998. Guggenheim Fellowship (1988)
 Prix Rhône-Alpes: The French edition of his novel El Corazón a Contraluz (Cavalier Seul) was selected as one of the best novels published in France in 1996. Premio del Consejo Nacional del Libro y la Lectura (2001) for the anthology of short stories in his Corre Hasta los Arboles (Run to the trees), which was published by Editorial Sudamericana as La Tumba del Zambullidor. Premio Municipal de Literatura de Valparaíso (2003). Prize given to him for the sum of his literary work. The Chilean Society of Writers (SCD) officially recognizes him as a Fundamental Figure of Chilean music (2006). In 2009 his song "Arriba en la cordillera" was awarded as the best popular song ever made, and Manns was awarded as the best interpreter of the Olmue Musical Festival competing for the best song of all time.In 2011 his song De Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar International Music Festival as the best song of popular music. In 2011 he obtained the Altazor Award given by his peers for La tierra entera considered the best record of popular music recorded in 2010. References

External links

Songs and Discographie in CANCIONEROS.COM

 Arriba en la Cordillera''

1937 births
2021 deaths
21st-century Chilean poets
21st-century Chilean male writers
Chilean male poets
Chilean communists
Chilean male composers
Chilean singer-songwriters
Chilean folk singers
20th-century Chilean male singers
Chilean people of German descent
Chilean people of French descent
Nueva canción musicians
People from Bío Bío Province
21st-century Chilean male singers
Chilean expatriates in Cuba
Chilean expatriates in France

masks:
Iván Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot
Patricio Manns
Manns
Patricio
Manns
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Patricio


title: Helmud Hontong

texts:
<mask> (9 November 1962 – 9 June 2021) was an Indonesian politician and the vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency from 2017 until his sudden death on 9 June 2021 during a flight from Denpasar to Makassar. He had previously served two terms as representative in the regency's parliament from 2009 to 2017. He opposed a plan to develop a gold mine in the regency and issued a formal letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to lift the license of the mining company on 21 April 2021. Helmund travelled with his adjutant on a Lion Air transit flight between Denpasar to Makassar on his way to Manado. After taking off, he coughed and started bleeding from his mouth and nose. When the plane arrived in Makassar, he was declared dead by a medical team at the airport. Early life
<mask> was born on the island of Mahengetang in the Sangihe Islands on 9 November 1962.He spent most of his childhood and education in Tahuna. He finished senior high school in 1982 and continued his education, earning a Bachelor of Economics in Manado in 2004. Helmud worked as a barber; he opened a small barbershop that he later expanded to become his primary business. Political career
<mask> started to take an interest in politics when he was recruited as a hairdresser for the wife of a member of the provincial parliament in Manado, who encouraged him to run in the legislative election. In 2009, he was elected as a representative in the Sangihe Islands' parliament and re-elected in 2014 for a second term, both times for the Golkar Party. When his second term ended, <mask> decided to run as a vice-regent in 2017. Vice Regency
In 2017, <mask> was elected vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency.Opposition to gold mine
<mask> was strongly opposed to a proposed gold mine in the islands that was proposed by PT Tambang Mas Sangihe. According to government mapping of the potential mineral resource, the mine would cover  of the Sangihe Islands, more than half of their area. An exploration permit had been granted in 1987 using karya () contract, which was a product of Suharto's New Order. On 29 January 2021, the company was granted a 33-year-long permit for production in the region. Jabes Gaghana, however, said the mine would only cover around  of land. According to the Save Sangihe Islands Movement, which Indonesians organized to oppose the mining permit, <mask> delivered a letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources arguing the mine was against Law Number 1 of 2014 regarding mining permits in small islands and coastal regions. Jabes stated he had never seen the letter himself while confirming he was opposed to the mining permit.In an interview on 21 April 2021, <mask> stated he strongly rejected any mining activity in the region for any reason. Two days after Helmund's death, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources confirmed to the public his rejection letter but stated they would continue to permit the mine with government surveillance. Death

According to an official statement from Lion Air, <mask> and his adjutant boarded transit flight JT-740 from Denpasar to Makassar en route to Manado at 15:08 Central Indonesian Time on 9 June 2021. Previously, he attended an annual meeting between all regents and vice-regents in Indonesia. He was tested negative for COVID-19 and boarded the plane. At 15:40, not long after the take-off, the flight crew were told Helmud needed emergency medical help. <mask> suddenly coughed and bled from both his mouth and nose; having earlier asked for a drink of water after feeling discomfort in his neck, The crew obtained assistance from a licensed doctor on the flight.<mask> was given a portable oxygen tube while the crew loosened his clothes and cleaned his face, which had blood on it. The pilot was instructed to land at the nearest airport, which was the original destination Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport. At 16:17, the plane landed and he was quickly evacuated to a waiting medical team, who declared him dead. Investigation
<mask>'s adjutant refused to allow an autopsy and asked for the vice-regent's body to be taken into a nearby hospital and put into a coffin. The medical team stated, according to Suara.com, while he may have died from a heart attack, the cause of death was not clear yet and it was possible other factors were involved. Police said <mask>'s family also rejected a request for autopsy in Makassar and instead asked that his body be taken right away to Manado. According to <mask>'s nephew Engel Hontong, <mask> had no history of illness and routinely checked his health; he described <mask>'s death as "very sudden".Police eventually stated the suspected cause of death was a sudden heart attack. <mask>'s body arrived in Manado a day later and was returned to Tahuna by ship. The Sangihe Islands' regency government ordered the national flag to be flown at half mast a day after his death. According to CNN Indonesia, the police did not explain the process conducted to conclude he died because of a heart attack. Indonesian netizens quickly speculated about <mask>'s sudden death in relation to his opposition to the gold mine. Mining Advocation Network, an Indonesian NGO that advocates for the effects of the mining industry and communities and the environment, pleaded with the Indonesian government to investigate his death. The organization described his death as "unusual and suspicious".<mask>'s death became a trending topic on Indonesian Twitter, with many netizens comparing his death to that of Munir Said Thalib, an Indonesian human rights activist who was poisoned during a flight. Following <mask>'s death, issues regarding the mining permit also trended with Indonesian netizens. Commission II of the People's Representative Council also urged police to investigate his death. On 12 June 2021, North Sulawesi Regional Police and the Sangihe Islands Regency Resort Police formed a special team to investigate <mask>'s death. Police chief of Sangihe Islands Regency said according to his early investigation, <mask> had a history of diabetes and asthma but stated further investigation was needed. The National Commission on Human Rights urged the police to investigate his death to clear up speculation. Greenpeace declared support for <mask>'s initiative to reject the mine and offered condolences.On 13 June 2021, police announced an autopsy team would arrive at Tahuna and would start work the next day. The following day, police announced the autopsy found <mask> had died from disease complications but refused to comment any further, saying the forensic team would explain in a press conference. Later, according to Kompas.tv and Liputan6, the forensic team said they found no trace of toxic substances in <mask>'s body. References

1962 births
2021 deaths
People from Sangihe Islands Regency
Indonesian politicians

masks:
Helmud Hontong
Helmud Hontong
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
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title: George Henry Corliss

texts:
<mask> (June 2, 1817 – February 21, 1888) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor, who developed the Corliss steam engine, which was a great improvement over any other stationary steam engine of its time. The Corliss engine is widely considered one of the more notable engineering achievements of the 19th century. It provided a reliable, efficient source of industrial power, enabling the expansion of new factories to areas which did not readily possess reliable or abundant water power. <mask> gained international acclaim for his achievements during the late 19th century and is perhaps best known for the Centennial Engine, which was the centerpiece of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Early life

<mask> was born June 2, 1817, the second child of Dr. Hiram and Susan (Sheldon<mask>, at Easton, New York, near the Vermont border. The son of a physician, he attended local schools until age 14, when he began working in a general store in the town of Greenwich, New York. In 1834 he entered the academy at Castleton, Vermont and graduated in 1838.<mask> displayed early signs of his mechanical abilities in 1837, after a flood washed away a bridge over the Batten Kill in Greenwich. He organized other local builders in erection of a replacement structure. After graduating from Castleton in 1838, he established his own general store in town of Greenwich where he remained for three years. In January 1839 he married Phebe F. Frost, a native of Canterbury, Connecticut. Together they had two children, Maria and <mask>, Jr.

During this time, <mask> became more interested in mechanical endeavors. Around 1841, he decided to give his whole attention to these new tasks, and in 1842 obtained a patent on a machine for sewing boots, shoes and heavy leather. <mask> moved to Providence, Rhode Island in 1844 with hopes of finding funding to perfect his sewing machine.In Providence, he found work in the shop of Fairbanks, Bancroft & Company as a draftsman. However, he soon abandoned work on sewing machines to focus on a new endeavor, improving the stationary steam engine, which at the time was an innefficient or supplemental alternative to water power. Career

In 1848, Corliss entered into a partnership with John Barstow and E.J. Nightingale under the name Corliss, Nightingale & Company. During the same year, the company built the first engine utilizing <mask>' improvements, which except for various technical improvements later on, was essentially the Corliss steam engine of years later. <mask> and his associates erected a new factory at the junction of Charles Street and the railroad in Providence, where the company would expand greatly in the years to follow. By the time of <mask>' death in 1888, the plant would cover about  and the company would employ over 1,000 people.On March 10, 1849, <mask> was granted US Patent #6162 for his valve gear. In 1856 the Corliss Steam Engine Company was incorporated with <mask> as president, and his younger brother, William, as treasurer. By 1859, Corliss engines were being exported to Scotland for use in cotton mills. By 1864, valves for the engines were being made at B. Hick and Son, Bolton, England. <mask> directed both the business and research sides of this company, and over the years invented many assembly line improvements such as a bevel-gear cutter. Europe eventually became a great purchaser of the Corliss engine and it was copied by the engine builders who placed upon their imitations the name of the American builder. The dramatic improvement in fuel efficiency of the Corliss engine was a major selling point to manufacturers, particularly during the early years.Similar to other engine makers of the day, the Corliss Steam Engine Company often negotiated the selling price of their machines on the projected savings in coal. <mask>' first wife Phebe died on March 5, 1859. In December, 1866, he married Emily Shaw. The Corliss Steam Engine Company supplied the United States Government with machinery during the Civil War. When Monitor was being constructed in 1861, it was found a large ring must be made, upon which the turret of Monitor would revolve, and the Corliss Engine Works was one of the very few plants in the country with the necessary machinery to 'turn' up the large ring. When <mask> found out what the tooling was for, he put aside other business and worked his plant day and night to get this important ring completed and on time and delivered to New York. By the late 1860s, <mask> began to be recognized internationally for his accomplishments.At the 1867 World's Fair held at Paris, he won the first prize in a competition of the one hundred most famous engine builders in the world. One of its commissioners to the exposition, John Scott Russell, proclaimed of the Corliss valve gear, "A mechanism as beautiful as the human hand. It releases or retains its grasp on the feeding valve, and gives a greater or less dose of steam in nice proportion to each varying want. The American engine of <mask> everywhere tells of wise forethought, judicious proportions and execution and exquisite contrivance." On January 11, 1870, one hundred years after James Watt patented his first steam engine, Corliss was awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. It was on this occasion Dr. Asa Gray, the president of the academy, remarked, "No invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine as this for which the Rumford medal is now presented." Centennial Exposition

In 1872 the State of Rhode Island appointed <mask> its commissioner to take charge of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and he was chosen one of the executive committee appointed to look after the preliminaries.Upon the great task of arranging the exposition, he worked with his usual indefatigable energy and it was his suggestion that the Centennial Board of Finance be organized, a body which had no little to do with the insurance of the financial success of the exhibition. It was also in his own department as engineer that <mask> contributed largely to the success of the great fair, and it was he that supplied, after the plans of all other competitors proved inadequate, the great fourteen hundred horsepower engine which supplied the power used in Machinery Hall. This engine, unequaled in size at that time, was installed by <mask> at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars to himself and without additional expenditure to the exposition. The great engine was afterwards used to operate the Pullman Car Works at Chicago until 1910, when it was sold for scrap. Late career and legacy

<mask> was also active within the community. He was elected three consecutive times to the Rhode Island General Assembly as the Representative from North Providence, his term of service including the three years 1868-69-70. In 1876 he was chosen presidential elector, casting his vote for President Hayes.In the matter of his religious belief he was a Congregationalist. He attended Central Congregational Church in Providence until he joined the Charles Street Church at its founding in 1865. He was keenly interested in the cause of religion and gave liberally both to his own and to other churches. Corliss' 1849 patent expired in 1870 after it was extended by U.S. Patent reissue 200 on May 13, 1851 and U.S. Patent reissues 758 and 763 on July 12, 1859. After 1870, numerous other companies began to manufacture Corliss engines. Among them, the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Company, and the E.P. Allis Company, which eventually became Allis-Chalmers.In general, these machines were referred to as "Corliss" engines regardless of who made them. The "Corliss-type" engine became particularly popular in Europe. Amusingly, <mask> received the Grand Diploma of Honor by the Vienna Exposition at Vienna in 1873, although he was not even an exhibitor. Another honor, perhaps the greatest of all was given to him by the Institute of France by public proclamation, March 10, 1879, of the Montyon prize for the year 1878, the most coveted prize for mechanical achievement awarded in Europe. He received this honor by a peculiar coincidence, on the thirtieth anniversary of the granting of his first patent. In 1886, the King of Belgium made <mask> an officer in the Order of Leopold. Despite the competition, <mask> would continue to remain active within his company, directing changes to his basic design as market or customer needs dictated.<mask> died on February 21, 1888 at the age of 70. He is buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, with his second wife Emily. The Corliss Steam Engine Company was purchased by the International Power Company in 1900. In 1905 it was purchased by the American and British Manufacturing Company. In 1925 the company merged into Franklin Machine Company. The house he built in 1875 on the east side of Providence, is now known as the Corliss-Brackett House and is part of Brown University. Corliss Street in Providence, located near the former site of the Corliss factory, is also named in his honor, as is Corliss High School in Chicago, Illinois.<mask> was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. See also

Corliss-Brackett House

References

External links

 The Corliss engine at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum
 Corliss Steam Engine Info
 1918 Biographical Sketch

1817 births
1888 deaths
American Civil War industrialists
American steam engine engineers
People from Easton, New York
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
19th-century American inventors
Engineers from New York (state)

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title: Nella Larsen

texts:
<mask> "<mask><mask> (born Nellie Walker; April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied. Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies, and she is now widely lauded as "not only the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism." Early life
<mask> was born Nellie Walker, in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891. Her mother was Pederline Marie Hansen, a Danish immigrant, born 1868 in Brahetrolleborg parish on the island of Fyn (Funen).Her mother, who went by <mask> (sometimes misspelled Larson) in the U.S., worked as a seamstress and domestic worker in Chicago. She would die in 1951 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County. Her father was Peter Walker, believed to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies. He was probably a descendant on his paternal side of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who were known to have settled in the Danish West Indies in about 1840. In that Danish colonial society, racial lines were more fluid than in the former slave states of the United States. Walker may never have identified as "Negro." He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young.At this time, Chicago was filled with immigrants, but the Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun. Near the end of Walker's childhood, the black population of the city was 1.3% in 1890 and 2% in 1910. Marie married again, to <mask> aka Peter Larson (b. 1867), a fellow Danish immigrant. In 1892 the couple had a daughter Anna Elizabeth aka Lizzie (married name Gardner) together. Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled Nellye Larson and Nellie <mask>, before settling finally on <mask> <mask>. The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination because of Nella.When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east. The American author and critic Darryl Pinckney wrote of her anomalous situation:
as a member of a white immigrant family, she [<mask>] had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church. If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black. Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up. From 1895 to 1898 <mask> visited Denmark with her mother and her half-sister. While she was unusual in Denmark because of being of mixed race, she had some good memories from that time, including playing Danish children’s games, which she later wrote about in English. After returning to Chicago in 1898, she attended a large public school.At the same time as the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so had European immigration. Racial segregation and tensions had increased in the immigrant neighborhoods, where both groups competed for jobs and housing. Her mother believed that education could give <mask> an opportunity and supported her in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. A student there in 1907-08, for the first time <mask> was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were primarily from the South, with most descended from former slaves. Biographer George B. Hutchinson found that <mask> was expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes for women. <mask> went on her own to Denmark, where she lived for a total of three years between 1909 and 1912. After returning to the United States, she continued to struggle to find a place where she could belong.Nursing career
In 1914, <mask> enrolled in the nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home. The institution was founded in the 19th century in Manhattan as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements had grown in importance. The total operation had been relocated to a newly constructed campus in the South Bronx. At the time, the hospital patients were primarily white; the nursing home patients were primarily black; the doctors were white males; and the nurses and nursing students were black females. As Pinckney writes: "No matter what situation <mask> found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her." Upon graduating in 1915, <mask> went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she soon became head nurse at its hospital and training school. While at Tuskegee, she was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it.As it was combined with poor working conditions for nurses at Tuskegee, <mask> decided to leave after a year or so. She returned to New York in 1916, where she worked for two years as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital. After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, <mask> was hired by the city Bureau of Public Health as a nurse. She worked for them in the Bronx through the 1918 flu pandemic, in "mostly white neighborhoods" and with white colleagues. Afterwards she continued with the city as a nurse. Marriage and family
In 1919, <mask> married Elmer Imes, a prominent physicist; he was the second African American to earn a PhD in physics. After her marriage, she sometimes used the name <mask> <mask> in her writing.A year after her marriage, she published her first short stories. The couple moved to Harlem in the 1920s, where their marriage and life together had contradictions of class. As Pinckney writes:

By virtue of her marriage, she was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry. She and her husband knew the NAACP leadership: W.E.B. Du Bois, Walter White, James Weldon Johnson. However, because of her low birth and mixed parentage, and because she did not have a college degree, <mask> was alienated from the black middle class, whose members emphasized college and family ties, and black fraternities and sororities. Her mixed racial ancestry was not itself unusual in the black middle class.But many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had more distant European ancestors. He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who had been free people of color well before the American Civil War. This had given many families an advantage in establishing themselves and gaining educations in the North. In the 1920s, most African Americans in Harlem were exploring and emphasizing their black heritage. Imes's scientific studies and achievement placed him in a different class than <mask>. The Imes couple had difficulties by the late 1920s, when he had an affair with a white woman at Fisk University, where he was a professor. Imes and <mask> would divorce in 1933.Librarian and literary career

In 1921 <mask> worked nights and weekends as a volunteer with librarian Ernestine Rose, to help prepare for the first exhibit of "Negro art" at the New York Public Library (NYPL). Encouraged by Rose, she became the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School. It was run by Columbia University and opened the way for integration of library staff. <mask> passed her certification exam in 1923. She worked her first year as a librarian at the Seward Park Branch on the Lower East Side, which was predominantly Jewish. There she had strong support from her white supervisor Alice Keats O'Connor, as she had from Rose. They, and another branch supervisor where she worked, supported <mask> and helped integrate the staff of the branches.<mask> transferred to the Harlem branch, as she was interested in the cultural excitement in the African-American neighborhood, a destination for migrants from across the country. In October 1925, <mask> took a sabbatical from her job for health reasons and began to write her first novel. In 1926, having made friends with important figures in the Negro Awakening (which became known as the Harlem Renaissance), <mask> gave up her work as a librarian. She became a writer active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community, where she became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer. In 1928, <mask> published Quicksand, a largely autobiographical novel. It received significant critical acclaim, if not great financial success. In 1929, she published Passing, her second novel, which was also critically successful.It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had taken different paths of racial identification and marriage. One identified as black and married a black doctor; the other passed as white and married a white man, without revealing her African ancestry. The book explored their experiences of coming together again as adults. In 1930, <mask> published "Sanctuary", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarism. "Sanctuary" was said to resemble the British writer Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story, "Mrs. Adis", first published in the United Kingdom in 1919. Kaye-Smith wrote on rural themes, and was very popular in the US. Some critics thought the basic plot of "Sanctuary," and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were virtually identical to Kaye-Smith's work.The scholar H. Pearce has disputed this assessment, writing that, compared to Kaye-Smith's tale, "Sanctuary" is ' ... longer, better written and more explicitly political, specifically around issues of race - rather than class as in "Mrs Adis"." Pearce thinks that <mask> reworked and updated the tale into a modern American black context. Pearce also notes that in Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, All the Books of My Life, the author said she had based "Mrs Adis" on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva. It is unknown whether she knew of the <mask> controversy in the United States. <mask> herself said the story came to her as "almost folk-lore," recounted to her by a patient when she was a nurse. No plagiarism charges were proved. <mask> received a Guggenheim Fellowship even in the aftermath of the controversy, worth roughly $2,500 at the time, and was the first African-American woman to do so.She used it to travel to Europe for several years, spending time in Mallorca and Paris, where she worked on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white. She never published the book or any other works. Later life

<mask> returned to New York in 1937, when her divorce had been completed. She was given a generous alimony in the divorce, which gave her the financial security she needed until Imes's death in 1941. Struggling with depression, <mask> stopped writing. After her ex-husband's death, <mask> returned to nursing and became an administrator. She disappeared from literary circles.She lived on the Lower East Side and did not venture to Harlem. Many of her old acquaintances speculated that she, like some of the characters in her fiction, had crossed the color line to "pass" into the white community. Biographer George Hutchinson has demonstrated in his 2006 work that she remained in New York, working as a nurse. Some literary scholars have engaged in speculation and interpretation of <mask>'s decision to return to nursing, viewing her decision to take time off from writing as "an act of self-burial, or a "retreat" motivated by a lack of courage and dedication.". What they overlooked is that during that time period, it was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would also provide financial stability. For <mask>, nursing was a "labor market that welcomed an African American as a domestic servant". Nursing had been something that came naturally to <mask> as it was "one respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work."During her work as a nurse, <mask> was noticed by Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the

masks:
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title: Nella Larsen

texts:
 National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Thoms had seen potential in <mask>'s nursing career and helped strengthen <mask>'s  skills. Once <mask> graduated in 1915, it was Adah Thoms who had made arrangements for <mask> to work at Tuskegee Institute's John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. <mask> draws from her medical background in Passing to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character. <mask> describes Brian as being ambivalent about his work in the medical field. Brian's character may also be partially modeled on <mask>'s husband Elmer Imes, a physicist. After Imes divorced <mask>, he was closely associated with Ethel Gilbert, Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, although it is unclear if the two married.<mask> died in her Brooklyn apartment in 1964, at the age of 72. Legacy
In 2018, the New York Times published a belated obituary for her. <mask> <mask> was an acclaimed novelist, who wrote stories in the midst on the Harlem Renaissance. <mask> is most known for her two novels, Passing and Quicksand; these two pieces of work got much recognition with positive reviews. Many believed that <mask> was a rising star as an African American novelist, until she soon after left Harlem, her fame, and writing behind. <mask> is often compared to other authors who also wrote about cultural and racial conflict such as Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer. <mask> <mask>’s works are viewed as strong pieces that well represent mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face.There have been some arguments that <mask>’s work did not well represent the “New Negro” movement because of the main characters in her novels being confused and struggling with their race. However, others argue that her work was a raw and important representation of how life was for many people, especially females, during the Harlem Renaissance. <mask>’s novel Passing was adapted as a 2021 film of the same name by Rebecca Hall. Works

1928: Quicksand

Helga Crane is a fictional character loosely based on <mask>'s experiences in her early life. Crane is the lovely and refined mixed-race daughter of a Danish white mother and a West Indian black father. Her father died soon after she was born. Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States and visits Denmark, searching for people among whom she feels at home.As writer Amina Gautier points out, "in a mere 135 pages, <mask> details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth." <mask> <mask>'s early life is similar to Helga's in that she was distant from the African-American community, including her African-American family members. <mask> and Helga did not have father figures. Both of their mothers decided to marry a white man with the hope of having a higher social status. <mask> wanted to learn more about her background so she continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance. Even though <mask>'s early life parallels Helga's, in adulthood, their life choices end up being very different. <mask> <mask> pursued a career in nursing while Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage.In her travels she encounters many of the communities which <mask> knew. For example, Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school (based on Tuskegee University), where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy. She criticizes a sermon by a white preacher, who advocates the segregation of blacks into separate schools and says their striving for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious. Crane quits teaching and moves to Chicago. Her white maternal uncle, now married to a bigoted woman, shuns her. Crane moves to Harlem, New York, where she finds a refined but often hypocritical black middle class obsessed with the "race problem." Taking her uncle's legacy, Crane visits her maternal aunt in Copenhagen.There she is treated as an attractive racial exotic. Missing black people, she returns to New York City. Close to a mental breakdown, Crane happens onto a store-front revival and has a charismatic religious experience. After marrying the preacher who converted her, she moves with him to the rural Deep South. There she is disillusioned by the people's adherence to religion. In each of her moves, Crane fails to find fulfillment. She is looking for more than how to integrate her mixed ancestry.She expresses complex feelings about what she and her friends consider genetic differences between races. The novel develops Crane's search for a marriage partner. As it opens, she has become engaged to marry a prominent Southern Negro man, whom she does not really love, but with whom she can gain social benefits. In Denmark she turns down the proposal of a famous white Danish artist for similar reasons, for lack of feeling. By the final chapters, Crane has married a black Southern preacher. The novel's close is deeply pessimistic. Crane had hoped to find sexual fulfillment in marriage and some success in helping the poor Southern blacks she lives among, but instead she has frequent pregnancies and suffering.Disillusioned with religion, her husband, and her life, Crane fantasizes about leaving her husband, but never does. "She sinks into a slough of disillusionment and indifference. She tries to fight her way back to her own world, but she is too weak, and circumstances are too strong." The critics were impressed with the novel. They appreciated her more indirect take on important topics such as race, class, sexuality, and other issues important to the African-American community rather than the explicit or obvious take of other Harlem Renaissance writers. For example, the New York Times reviewer found it "an articulate, sympathetic first novel" which demonstrated an understanding that "a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes." The novel also won <mask> a bronze prize (second place) for literature in 1928 from the William E. Harmon Foundation.1929: Passing
 <mask>'s novel Passing  begins with Irene receiving a mysterious letter from her childhood friend Clare, following their encounter at the Drayton Hotel, after twelve years with no communication. Irene and Clare lost contact with each other after the death of Clare's father Bob Kendry, when Clare was sent to live with her white aunts. Both Irene and Clare are of mixed African-European ancestry, with features that enable them to pass racially as "white" if they choose. Clare chose to pass into white society and married John Bellew, a white man described as a racist. Unlike Clare, Irene passes as white only on occasion, for her convenience in negotiating some segregated spaces. Irene identifies as a black woman, and married an African-American doctor named Brian; together they have two sons. After Irene and Clare reconnect, they become fascinated with the differences in their lives.One day Irene meets with Clare and Gertrude, another of their childhood African-American friends; during that meeting Mr. Bellew meets Irene and Gertrude. Bellew greets his wife with a racial comment as if he did not know she was half black. Irene becomes furious that Clare did not tell her husband about her full ancestry. Irene believes Clare has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to a person who hates blacks. After meeting Clare's husband, Irene does not want anything more to do with Clare but still keeps in touch with her. Clare begins to join Irene and Brian for their events in Harlem, New York while her husband is traveling out of town. Because Irene has some jealousy of Clare, she begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband Brian.The novel ends with John Bellew learning that Clare is mixed race. At a party in Harlem, she falls out of a window from a high floor of a multi-story building, to her death, under ambiguous circumstances. <mask> ends the novel without revealing if Clare committed suicide, if Irene or John pushed her, or if it was an accident. The novel was well received by the few critics who reviewed it. Writer and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois hailed it as the "one of the finest novels of the year." Some later critics described the novel as an example of the genre of the tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War.In such works, it is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society. Others suggest that this novel complicates that plot by playing with the duality of the figures of Irene and Clare, who are of similar mixed-race background but have taken different paths in life. The novel also suggests attraction between them and erotic undertones in the two women's relationship. Irene's husband is also portrayed as potentially bisexual, as if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities. Some read the novel as one of repression. Others argue that through its attention to the way "passing" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender, the novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities. Since the late 20th century, Passing has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities and liminal spaces.It has achieved canonical status in many American universities. Bibliography

Books
 Quicksand (1928)
 Passing (1929)

Short stories
 "Freedom" (1926)
 "The Wrong Man" (1926)
"Playtime: Three Scandinavian Games," The Brownies' Book, 1 (June 1920): 191–192. "Playtime: Danish Fun," The Brownies' Book, 1 (July 1920): 219. "Correspondence," Opportunity, 4 (September 1926): 295. "Review of Black Spade," Opportunity, 7 (January 1929): 24. "Sanctuary," Forum, 83 (January 1930): 15–18. "The Author's Explanation", Forum, Supplement 4, 83 (April 1930): 41–42.Notes

References
 Hutchinson, George (2006), In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line, Harvard University Press. Pearce, H. (2003), "Mrs Adis & Sanctuary", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No. 16. Pinckney, Darryl, "Shadows", The Nation, July 17/24, 2006, pp. 26–30. Review: Hutchinson's In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line. Further reading

 Thadious M. Davis (1994), <mask> <mask>, Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance: A Woman's Life Unveiled.(Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press). George Hutchinson, In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006). Deborah E. McDowell, "Introduction" in Deborah E. McDowell (ed. ), Quicksand and Passing: <mask> <mask>, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). ix-xxxv. Martha J. Cutter, "Sliding Significations: Passing as a Narrative and Textual Strategy in <mask> <mask>'s Fiction," in Elaine Ginsberg (ed. ), Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Duke University Press, 1996, pp.75–100. Nikki Hall, "Passing, Present, Future: The Intersectional Prescience of <mask> <mask>'s 1929 Classic," in B*tch magazine, (Re)Vision issue, Winter 2015. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1956), All the Books of My Life, London: Cassell, 1956. Charles R. Larson (1993), Invisible Darkness: Jean Toomer and <mask> <mask>. Bonnie Wertheim, "<mask> <mask>, 1891-1964," New York Times, March 8, 2018. External links

 Quicksand, Public domain audiobook, Librivox
 Quicksand, scanned original edition at Hathi Trust
Passing at the Internet Archive (scanned book original edition)
 "Nella <mask>", links, secondary bibliography, Washington State University

1891 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
African-American women writers
African-American librarians
African-American nurses
American nurses
American women nurses
American people of Danish descent
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American librarians
American women librarians
Fisk University alumni
Harlem Renaissance
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Illinois
People involved in plagiarism controversies
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American

masks: Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen


title: Dorothy Dunnett

texts:
<mask>, Lady <mask>  (née Halliday, 25 August 1923 – 9 November 2001) was a Scottish novelist best known for her historical fiction. <mask> is most famous for her six novel series set during the 16th century, which concern the fictitious adventurer Francis Crawford of Lymond. This was followed by the eight novel prequel series The House of Niccolò. Her other work include a novel concerning the historical Macbeth called King Hereafter (1982), and a series of mystery novels centered upon Johnson Johnson, a portrait painter and spy. Life and work
<mask> was educated at James Gillespie's High School for Girls in Edinburgh. She started her career as a press officer in the civil service, where she met her husband. A leading light in the Scottish arts world and a renaissance woman, she was a professional portrait painter and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy on many occasions.She had portraits commissioned by a number of prominent public figures in Scotland. She had a keen interest in opera, was a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, a board member of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, a trustee of the Scottish National War Memorial, and a non-executive director of Scottish Television. In 1992 she was awarded an OBE for her services to literature. Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Alexander Fiske-Harrison reviewed her final novel in 2000, Gemini, and through that her entire oeuvre of historical fiction: "Although <mask>’s writing style is not the neutral prose of genre fiction and it can be opaque and hard to read, especially in the early works, at times, this works with the almost melodramatic content to produce a powerful, operatic mixture... It is neither as a literary novelist nor as a historian, but as a writer of historical fiction that <mask> deserves recognition... The publication of Gemini completes an ambitious literary circle." In 2001 she founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society to promote interest in the historical periods about which she wrote and communication between her readers.<mask>'s archive was left to the National Library of Scotland and articles from it appear in Whispering Gallery, the magazine of the Dorothy Dunnett Society. <mask> was married in 1946 to Sir Alastair <mask>, editor of The Scotsman newspaper, and appears in his autobiography, Among Friends, 1984. By virtue of his knighthood in 1995, she became Lady <mask>. She died in Edinburgh, and was survived by her sons Ninian and Mungo <mask>. Historical fiction

Lymond Chronicles
The manuscript for the first book in the Lymond Chronicles, The Game of Kings, was rejected by five British publishers before being published by U.S. publisher Putnam in 1961. It was written in response to her husband's suggestion that she write something herself, when she complained of having run out of reading material. The Lymond Chronicles is a series of six novels, set in mid-sixteenth-century Europe and the Mediterranean, which follows the life and career of a Scottish nobleman, Francis Crawford of Lymond, from 1547 through 1558.Meticulously researched, the series takes place in a wide variety of locations, including France, the Ottoman Empire, Malta, England, Scotland and Russia. In addition to a compelling cast of original characters, the novels feature many historical figures, often in important roles. The House of Niccolò
The House of Niccolò is a series of eight historical novels set in the late-fifteenth-century European Renaissance. The protagonist of the series is Nicholas de Fleury (Niccolò, Nicholas van der Poele, or Claes), a talented boy of uncertain birth who rises to the heights of European merchant banking and international political intrigue. The series shares most of the locations in <mask>'s earlier series, the Lymond Chronicles, but it extends much further geographically to take in the important urban centres of Bruges, Venice, Florence, Geneva, and the Hanseatic League; Burgundy, Flanders, and Poland; Iceland; the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira; the Black Sea cities of Trebizond and Caffa; Persia; the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Rhodes; Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula; and West Africa and the city of Timbuktu. Nicholas's progress is intertwined with such historical characters as Anselm Adornes, James III of Scotland and James II of Cyprus. As with the Lymond Chronicles, the series features a number of historical persons, many as important characters.Both the historical and fictional characters are, however, taken from a wider variety of occupations and social classes than in the Lymond Chronicles. There are significant differences in narrative approach and writing style between the series, reflecting in part the very different personal journey taken by the central character in each. King Hereafter
King Hereafter (1982), her long novel set in Orkney and Scotland in the years just before the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, was in <mask>'s eyes her masterpiece. It is about an Earl of Orkney uniting the people of Alba (Scotland) and becoming its king, and is based on the author's premise that the central character Thorfinn, Earl of Orkney and the historical Macbeth, Scottish King, were one and the same person (Thorfinn is his birth name and Macbeth his baptismal name). The Dorothy Dunnett Companion and Companion II
<mask> assisted in the compilation of The Dorothy Dunnett Companion (1994) and The Dorothy Dunnett Companion II (2002), which were written by Elspeth Morrison. These books provide background information to historical characters and events featured in the Lymond Chronicles and The House of Niccolò, as well as explanations of classical allusions and literary and other quotations used in the two series, notes to sources of these citations, and many maps. The second volume, which was written after the Niccolò series was completed,contains a bibliography of many of the hundreds of primary and secondary sources <mask> used in her historical research.<mask> contributed more to the second volume than the first and wrote many of the entries. The Johnson Johnson series

This series of mystery thrillers was written over a long period, starting when she was writing the Lymond Chronicles. The final entry was published prior to the first House of Niccolò book. Other works

"The Proving Climb"
A contemporary short story, "The Proving Climb", set on the Scottish Isle of St. Kilda, was published in the 1973 anthology Scottish Short Stories (Scottish Arts Council, published by Collins, ). It was republished by the Dorothy Dunnett Society and distributed to its members in 2008 with issue 100 of Whispering Gallery. The Lymond Poetry
The Lymond Poetry, contains her versions and translations of some of the poems that appeared in The Lymond Chronicles. This was finalised after her death by Elspeth Morrison and edited by Richenda Todd ( published in 2003 by Penguin).The Scottish Highlands
In collaboration with her husband, Alastair <mask>, she wrote the text for the photography book The Scottish Highlands (Photographs: David Patterson), published in 1988. Adaptations
In December 2016, it was announced that the rights to the Lymond Chronicles had been obtained by Mammoth Screen with a view to making a TV series. Additional information

Dorothy Dunnett Society
<mask> founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society. Membership of this registered charity is open to all Dunnett readers, and aims to promote interest in the periods of history about which <mask> wrote, to preserve her writings, and to promote appreciation of the literary merit of her works. It also encourages discussion and meetings between readers. Prior to 1 September 2011, the Society was known as the Dorothy Dunnett Readers' Association. Memorial
On 22 April 2006, a memorial stone to <mask> was laid by her grandchildren, Hal and <mask>, alongside those for Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott in the Makars' Court in Lady Stair's Close on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.The Lord Provost of Edinburgh was in attendance, and gave a speech, as did the Edinburgh Makar (Valerie Gillies), and the Ross Herald (Charles Burnett). The initiative to lay the stone, and the main funding for it, came from the members of the Dorothy Dunnett Society. The Stone contains <mask>'s name, her coat of arms, and a brief quote from one of her books "Where are the links of the chain ... joining us to the past". Edinburgh home
<mask>'s long-term home at 87 Colinton Road, Edinburgh was at an Edwardian era semi-detached villa in the Merchiston area, designed by Edward Calvert. Gatherings
<mask> readers are devoted and active, and have held gatherings in Edinburgh in 1990, 1994, and in 2000 with over 300 people in attendance. Similar events were held in Boston, and in Philadelphia in 2000. Since her death smaller international gatherings of between 50 and 115 people have been held in Dublin (November 2001), New Orleans (November 2003), Malta (October 2005), Saddell in South West Scotland (April 2007), Orkney (September 2007), and Paris (2010).A gathering, 'The Dunnett Siege of Constantinople', took place in Istanbul in September 2012. Places visited by the 115 Siegers focused on Pawn in Frankincense and also on John Grant in the Niccolὸ series, in which historical character John Grant had taken part in the 1453 Siege of Constantinople, this was followed by the 'Dunnett Carnival of Venice' in Venice in 2016 focusing primarily on the 'House of Niccolò'. There are several meetings of readers in the UK each year, in locations such as Oxford, Bath, London, York, Warwick, Harrogate and Stamford. Also the formal Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Dorothy Dunnett Society is held each spring in Edinburgh as part of its Dorothy Dunnett Weekend. Occasional meetings are held in Australia and Canada, as well, with one SworDDplay held in Vancouver in April 2006 and another in Alexandria, Virginia in the United States in March 2008 and the Dunnett Confluence of Pittsburgh took place in Pennsylvania in October 2013. Smaller meetings also occur locally in several other countries, such as Germany (notably the annual meeting in Darmstadt) and Italy. Readers also get together more informally to go on holiday to various Dunnett locations.In 2007 some readers visited Timbuktu and others Venice. International Dorothy Dunnett Day (IDDD)
In 2011, the first International Dorothy Dunnett Day was announced by the Dorothy Dunnett Society to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Game of Kings. It was held on Saturday 15 October 2011, with readers gathering in locations around the world at 13:00 (1pm) local time to toast the author. Meetings were held in Edinburgh, London, Vancouver, San Francisco, the Costa Del Sol, Boston, and other locations. The second IDDD  was held on Saturday 10 November 2012, to commemorate the 11th anniversary of the death of <mask> on 9 November 2001. The last pre-COVID-19 event was held on 9 November 2019. References

External links
 Random House - Dorothy Dunnett
 Dorothy Dunnett Society
 Bill Marshall's Dunnett Site
 New York Times obituary
 <mask> - A Personal Perspective
 Obituary by Guy Gavriel Kay
 Desert Island Discs radio programme from 1982

1923 births
2001 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with Edinburgh
Scottish historical novelists
Scottish women novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
Writers of historical romances
People educated at James Gillespie's High School
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
20th-century Scottish writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Women historical novelists
People from Dunfermline
20th-century Scottish women
Wives of knights

masks:
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Dunnett
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Dorothy Dunnett
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Dunnett
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Dorothy Dunnett
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Lady Dunnett
Bella Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett
Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett


title: Karim Ansarifard

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<mask> (; born 3 April 1990) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and the Iran national team. His playing style and ability have drawn comparisons to Ali Daei (the coach who scouted him) and he has been named Daei's "successor". World Soccer selected <mask> as one of the best young talents in the world alongside Javier Hernández and Jack Wilshere. In January 2012, FIFA.com selected him as one of the players to watch in 2012. Goal.com also chose him as one of the hottest 100 young football players in the world. Also in 2012, FIFA ranked him as the 48th best goalscorer in the world and second best in Asia. Club career

Saipa
During one of Saipa's training camps in Ardabil, <mask>'s home city, he was taken on a training trial by then-coach Ali Daei and was accepted into the club's youth academy and reserves.In the 2007 season Saipa the Iranian reigning champions encountered problems in scoring after the departure of Mohsen Khalili and retirement of then-coach Ali Daei. After 12 weeks Ali Daei moved Ansarifard to the first team from the reserves and the young starlet answered the coach's faith with good games including the only goal against a strong Sepahan team. Ansarifard scored 13 goals during the 2009–10 season. After strong performances, <mask> became fast one of the best players of Saipa and targeted by European clubs such as Borussia Dortmund and Celtic. Later, Steaua București made a €200,000 bid for a half season loan. In May 2011, it was suggested that Everton are interested in signing Ansarifard. Despite major interest from European clubs, conscription problems made the prospect of Ansarifard moving to a foreign club unlikely.<mask> renewed his contract with Saipa for another two years on 14 July 2011. In the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season, <mask> scored 21 goals and made 5 assists for Saipa, becoming the league's top scorer. Persepolis
There was much speculation during the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season that <mask> would be leaving Saipa. On 17 June 2012 he signed a three-years contract with Persepolis. He was given the number 9 shirt. He scored his first goal in a pre-season match against Aluminium. He made his debut for Persepolis in an official match against Sanat Naft and scored his first goal for Persepolis against Gahar Zagros.He scored his first Hat-trick as a Persepolis player (and second in his career) against Paykan. He scored another hat-trick in the Round of 32 of Hazfi Cup at Malavan. He also scored the Persepolis' first goal in the Hazfi Cup final. His team would go on to lose on penalties. At the start of the season, <mask> initially decided to stay at Persepolis despite bids from Sepahan, Tractor and two UAE Pro League sides. However, he fell out with club head coach Ali Daei during pre-season. He was out listed and was eventually transferred to Tractor on 14 July 2013.Tractor
After Persepolis listed him in the out of the squad, he decided to play another season in Iran and joined Tractor. He signed a one-year contract with the option of a transfer to the European leagues in the case of bids. He made his debut on 1 August 2013 in a 1–1 draw in Tabriz derby over Gostaresh Foolad. He won Hazfi Cup title with Tractor and was named as the tournament's Most Valuable Player. <mask> scored seventeen goals for Tabriz's reds during his spell at the team, fourteen goals was in the league, making him the season's top scorer for the second time in his professional career. In July 2014 <mask> was released by Tractor and was allowed to sign with a European club. Osasuna
On 29 August 2014, <mask> signed a two-year deal with Segunda División's CA Osasuna.He made his league debut on 4 October 2014, coming on as a substitute for Roberto Torres in the 61st minute against Racing de Santander. He made his first start on 18 October in a 3–2 win against CD Tenerife. Panionios
In the summer of 2015, <mask> signed with Panionios in the Superleague Greece. He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Panetolikos on 3 October 2015. He scored the winning goal on 7 November 2015 in a match against Platanias. On 28 November 2015, <mask> scored a brace and helped Panionios win against PAS Giannina 2–0. His solo goal in April 2016 during matchday 28 in a victory against PAOK earned him goal of the week honours.In May 2016, <mask>, whose contract was due to run out at the end of next season, was offered to PAOK but the 26-year old international was not on top of Eagles' shortlist at the time. He started the 2016–17 season as the indisputable leader of club's offence. On 10 September 2016, he scored his first goal for the season in a 3–0 home win against rivals Asteras Tripolis. Olympiacos
On 13 January 2017, <mask> signed a 3.5-year contract with Greek giants Olympiacos for a transfer fee of €400,000, Panionios held a 10% sell-on clause. He was assigned the number 17. On 24 January 2017, he made his first appearance for the club in a Greek Cup 1–1 away draw against Aris, scoring his first goal to equalise the game. <mask> made his league debut on 11 February 2017 in a 2–0 win against AEL, coming on as a late second-half substitute.On 23 February 2017, <mask> scored a brace in his second Europa League game against Osmanlıspor. With <mask>'s goals Olympiacos advanced to the Round of 16 for the first time since 2012. <mask>lıspor. <mask> scored his first league goal for Olympiacos on 12 March 2017 in a 2–0 victory against Atromitos. On 19 August 2017, on the first match day of the Greece Super League <mask> scored and assisted a goal in his team's 4–1 victory. After helping the Greek giants to a league title, he was unexpectedly left off the UEFA Champions League squad by new manager Besnik Hasi, who put the forward up for sale. On 14 October 2017, he scored a brace against his old club, in an Olympiacos 4–3 away win.On 2 December 2017, he scored a brace sealing a 3–1 home win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 9 December 2017, he bagged a goal and giving an assist to Kostas Fortounis for his second goal in the game, in a glorious 4–1 away Superleague win against Panetolikos. On 24 December 2017, <mask>'s exceptional performance with Olympiacos sparked what has arguably become the best year of his career. The Albanian manager was fired in late September for poor results and <mask> has been able to work himself back into the starting lineup, becoming the league's top scorer thus far with seven goals from 11 matches, being the 6th best Asian player in Europe for the season according to Football Tribe Asia. On 7 January 2018, he scored in a 3–0 away win game against AEL, helping his club to achieve the 7th successive win in his rally to gain the 8th consecutive title. On 15 January 2018, he scored after an assist from Guillaume Gillet sealing a 2–0 home win game against Lamia. On 21 January 2018,
<mask> was on target in the 26th and 57th minutes for Óscar García’s Superleague leaders, chalked up their ninth win in a row with a straightforward 3–0 home victory over 10-man Xanthi at the Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium.He was named MVP of the game. On 28 January 2018, equalised a 1–1 away game against Asteras Tripolis with a penalty kick, when Asteras Tripolis’ former Panathinaikos defender Kostas Triantafyllopoulos brought him down in the box. On 4 February 2018, he opened the score in a frustrating 2–1 home loss against rivals AEK Athens stayed behind in the rally for the 2017–18 title. On 31 March 2018, he scored with a cool finish from an exquisite Leonardo Koutris pass in a 1–1 away draw against Levadiakos. On 16 April 2018, opened the score in an emphatic 5–1 home win against Kerkyra. On 29 April, he scored a brace in a 4–0 home win game against Panetolikos, struggling with PAOK's forward Aleksandar Prijović for the title of top scorer. <mask>'s contract was cancelled by Olympiacos after their 2017–18 season.Nottingham Forest
On 3 November 2018, it was announced that <mask> had signed for Nottingham Forest in the Sky Bet Championship after delays obtaining a work permit. The Iranian international penned a one-and-a-half-year contract at the City Ground. He made his debut for the club coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Sheffield United on 3 November. <mask> scored his first goal in a 3–0 win at home to Hull City, also assisting the first goal. Al-Sailiya
On 12 July 2019, <mask> made the move to Al-Sailiya in the Qatar Stars League. AEK Athens
On 25 August 2020, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Greek Super League club AEK Athens. On 1 October 2020, he scored the winning goal in the 90+4 minute, to achieve a 2–1 win against Wolfsburg in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League play-off round.On 22 November 2020, <mask> came in as a substitute and helped to a 4–1 home win against AEL. The following week, he scored in a 2–1 away win against Asteras Tripolis. On 13 December 2020, he scored a brace in a dramatic 4–3 away win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 11 January 2021, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win against Lamia. On 8 March 2021, he scored a brace in a 2–0 home win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 11 April 2021, he scored with a penalty in a 3–1 away win against Aris Thessaloniki. On 22 July 2021, he opened the score for the club in the UEFA Europa Conference League, but AEK faced a frustrated away loss with 2–1 against FK Velež Mostar.On 24 October 2021, he opened the score in a 3–1 away win against Volos. International career

<mask> was Invited to the Iran U17 national team in 2005. In 2006 AFC U-17 Championship, he wore number 14 and was a benchwarmer. <mask> played as a substitute in two matches against Tajikistan and Yemen. <mask> made his debut for the senior Iran national team in a match against Iceland in November 2009 under Afshin Ghotbi and scored his first international goal and the only goal of the game. He was given the number 10 previously worn by Ali Daei and scored on 15 January 2011 his third international goal against North Korea, so <mask> became Iran's youngest ever goalscorer in the AFC Asian Cup. In 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, <mask> scored a double against Maldives at Azadi Stadium.He came on as a late substitute against Uzbekistan in the World Cup Qualifiers and assisted with a pass for Mohammad Reza Khalatbari as a 94th-minute winner. On 1 June 2014, he was called into Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz. He played his first World Cup match against Bosnia and Herzegovina, coming on as a substitute for Ashkan Dejagah in the 68th minute. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz. He provided an assist to Sardar Azmoun in their Asian Cup preparation match against Iraq. In May 2018 he was named in Iran's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. He scored a penalty against Portugal with a 1–1 as the result.Style of play
He has been compared to Iranian legend Ali Daei and German forward Thomas Müller by his fans. His favourite player is Fernando Torres. He is a centre forward with great energy and impressive in both air and ground. He played as a right winger in first season for Saipa but in next seasons returned to his main position. Personal life
<mask> is the last child of an Iranian Azerbaijani family and has three brothers and three sisters. He studied physical education at Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch. In August 2018, <mask> married Greek businesswoman Alexandra Sofia Kalouli at a ceremony held in Vouliagmeni.Kalouli is the managing director of the Innovative Maritime Emotional Intelligence Center (IMEQ Center), a mental health research center with offices in Cyprus and Greece. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ansarifard goal. Honours
Tractor
Hazfi Cup: 2013–14

Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2016–17

Individual
Persian Gulf Pro League Top goalscorer: 2011–12 (21 goals), 2013–14 (14 goals)
Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Season: 2011–12 , 2013–14
Super League Greece Team of the Year: 2017–18

See also
Iranians in Spain

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at PersianLeague.com
<mask> <mask> at TeamMelli.com
<mask> <mask>'s Profile in 18ghadam.ir

1990 births
Living people
People from Ardabil
Iranian footballers
Iranian Azerbaijani sportspeople
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch alumni
Association football forwards
Saipa F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Tractor S.C. players
CA Osasuna players
Panionios F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C.players
Al-Sailiya SC players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Segunda División players
Super League Greece players
English Football League players
Qatar Stars League players
Iran international footballers
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Iranian expatriate footballers
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in England
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Qatar
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Asian Games competitors for Iran

masks:
Karim Adil Ansarifard
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title: Pakalitha Mosisili

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<mask> (born 14 March 1945) is a former Mosotho politician who was the fourth prime minister of Lesotho from May 1998 to June 2012 and again from March 2015 to June 2017. He led the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) to a near-total victory in the 1998 election, and under his leadership the party also won majorities in the 2002 and 2007 elections. While serving as Prime Minister, <mask> was also Minister of Defence. Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he formed and led a coalition government. He was sworn in on 17 March 2015. Early life and career
<mask> was born at Waterfall in Qacha's Nek on March 14, 1945. He was educated at the Eagle's Peak High School, where he attained his Cambridge Overseas School Certificate in 1965.He did his primary schooling at Tebellong, Souru and Tsoelike and then pursued his higher education at the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland and graduated with a BA in Education. Upon graduation in July 1970, he was imprisoned because of his political activism and was released the next year in November. He was a member of the  Basotho Congress Party. In 1976, he attained his MA from the University of Wisconsin in the United States and then completed a BA honours program via distance education from the University of South Africa. In 1982, he graduated from Simon Fraser University in Canada with a Master of Education degree. Political career
In 1993, <mask> was elected to parliament from the Qacha's Nek Constituency and became Minister of Education. On April 14, 1994, he was briefly kidnapped along with three other ministers by soldiers; a fifth minister, Deputy Prime Minister Selometsi Baholo, was killed in this incident.<mask> was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in late January 1995, while remaining Minister of Education; on July 20, 1995, he was named Minister of Home Affairs and Local Government instead, while remaining Deputy Prime Minister. A new ruling party, the LCD, was formed in 1997 under the leadership of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle as a split from the Basutoland Congress Party. On February 21, 1998, <mask> was elected leader of the LCD after Mokhehle chose to step down due to poor health. After his party's victory in 1998 there were accusations of vote rigging and mass protests from the opposition parties, which culminated with their occupation of the grounds to the palace. In the ensuing debacle which saw the army, police and king complicit in an attempt to unseat his government, <mask> had to resort to asking the regional grouping, Southern African Development Community (SADC), for an intervention to stem the imminent coup. New elections were eventually held in May 2002, which his party won, this after a major split led by his former deputy, Kelebone Maope, and Shakhane Mokhehle, the brother of the late founder of his party. On this occasion, <mask> himself was elected to a seat from the Tsoelike constituency, receiving 79.2% of the vote; in his previous constituency, Qacha's Nek, Pontso Sekatle was the LCD candidate.In October 2006, Tom Thabane left the LCD and formed a new party, the All Basotho Convention (ABC), and 17 other members of parliament joined him; this left the LCD with a narrow majority of 61 out of 120 seats. On <mask>'s advice, King Letsie III dissolved parliament on November 24, 2006, and a new election was scheduled for February 17, 2007; they had previously been expected in April or May. The LCD won this election, taking 61 seats; the National Independent Party, allied with the LCD, won an additional 21 seats. Whilst attending a funeral in his home district of Qacha's Nek in late 2006, <mask> gave a speech which quoted a Basotho idiom, "Se sa feleng sea hlola", meaning "anything that does not finish/end is not good". Some believed that he was referring to his term in office and his embattled political party. Armed men attacked <mask>'s residence on April 22, 2009, apparently intending to kill him; three of the attackers, one of whom was reportedly a soldier, were killed by police, and <mask> was unharmed. Six people appeared before a South African court in July 2009 on charges of helping in the attempt.The Lesotho Communications Minister described the attack as a plot by South African and Mozambican mercenaries to stage a coup in Lesotho. Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he managed to form and lead a coalition government. Two years later, on 1 March 2017, he was defeated in a parliamentary vote of confidence, and an early election was expected to be held, although the opposition wanted <mask> to step aside and allow Monyane Moleleki, <mask>'s former deputy turned rival, to take over. <mask> then advised King Letsie III to dissolve Parliament, and the King did so on 7 March, despite an opposition effort to obstruct the move. The election was held on 3 June 2017 and resulted in a victory for Tom Thabane and his party, the ABC, which won 48 seats against 30 for <mask>'s Democratic Congress. A government statement on 8 June said that <mask> had submitted his resignation to King Letsie but would continue in a caretaker capacity. Thabane succeeded <mask> as Prime Minister on 16 June.In November 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from politics. The Democratic Congress held its elective conference in January 2019 and Mathibeli Mokhothu was elected as his successor. Mokhothu had served as a government minister in <mask>'s last cabinet. Personal life
He is married to Mathato <mask>. See also
South African intervention in Lesotho
Politics of Lesotho

References

External links

Profile at EISA
Alumni Profile: <mask> <mask> , Simon Fraser University. |-

1945 births
Democratic Congress politicians
Government ministers of Lesotho
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Lesotho)
National University of Lesotho alumni
People from Qacha's Nek District
Prime Ministers of Lesotho
Simon Fraser University alumni
University of South Africa alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

masks:
Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili
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Mosisili
Mosisili
Mosisili
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