title: Jacobie Adriaanse

texts:
<mask> (born 19 July 1985) is a former South African rugby union player that played first class rugby between 2008 and 2019 and represented the Emerging Springboks internationally. His regular position is tighthead prop. Rugby career

Youth

Adriaanse represented Western Cape side Boland at various level throughout his school career, from Under-12 level in 1997 to Under-16 level in 2001. He was included in Western Province's Under-18 Craven Week team that won the main match at the 2002 event in Pietermaritzburg and was also included in a South Africa Under-19 training squad after the tournament. Adriaanse made the cut for the final South African Under-19 squad that played at the 2003 Under-19 Rugby World Championship held in Paris, despite still being in the Under-18 age group. He helped South Africa win the tournament, beating New Zealand's Under-19 team 22–18 in the final. He returned to South Africa, where he was once again included in Western Province's Under=18 Craven Week squad that played at the 2003 edition held in Wellington.He helped Western Province win the unofficial final of the competition for the second season in a row, and was included in a South African Schools Academy side that was named at the conclusion of the tournament and played one match against a France Under-18 side in Johannesburg. <mask> was again selected in the South African Under-19 training group in 2003 and made the final squad for the 2004 Under-19 Rugby World Championship which took place in Durban. The team couldn't defend their title, losing to New Zealand in the semifinal, but bounced back to beat England in the third-place play-off. In the latter half of 2004, Adriaanse represented Western Province team in the Under-20 Provincial Championship. Maties / Western Province / Emerging Springboks

In 2005 and 2006, Adriaanse represented  in the Under-21 Provincial Championship and also played club rugby for Stellenbosch University – also known as  – between 2005 and 2008. He was included in a training squad for the South Africa Under-21 team in January 2006, but failed to make the final squad that played at the 2006 Under-21 Rugby World Championship. He was included in the  squad for the 2007 Vodacom Cup competition, but was didn't make any appearances in the competition.In 2008, Adriaanse represented Maties in the inaugural edition of the Varsity Cup. He made eight appearances in the competition, including their semi-final match – where they beat  47–44 – and the final, where Maties was crowned the first champions of the competition by beating Western Cape rivals . Once again, Adriaanse was included in the Western Province squad for the Vodacom Cup, but didn't feature in any matches. However, Adriaanse was included in an Emerging Springboks squad that played in the 2008 IRB Nations Cup held in Romania. He came on as a replacement in their 11–3 victory over  in the Emerging Springboks' first match in the competition, but didn't feature in their other two matches against Italy A or . Boland Cavaliers

Adriaanse linked up with Wellington-based side  after returning home from the 2008 IRB Nations Cup. He was included in their squad for the 2008 Currie Cup Premier Division and he made his first class debut by coming on as a replacement in a 10–26 defeat to the  on 19 July 2008.He again played off the bench in their next match against  and against  in Round Ten of the competition. He was promoted to the starting line-up for next match, a 19–69 defeat to the Blue Bulls, where he remained for the remaining three matches in the competition. The Boland Cavaliers finished the season in seventh position in the eight-team competition to qualify to a relegation play-off series against First Division champions the . <mask> started their convincing 54–15 victory in the first leg, as well as the second leg, which the Boland Cavaliers lost 42–50, but still retained their Premier League status. <mask> didn't feature for the Boland Cavaliers in the 2009 Vodacom Cup, but firmly established himself as their first choice tighthead prop for the 2009 Currie Cup Premier Division, starting eleven of their fourteen matches in the competition and appearing as a replacement on one occasion. Despite winning their first match of the season against the , they lost their remaining thirteen matches to finish bottom of the log, once again being required to play in a relegation play-off series. Adriaanse started both legs of the relegation series; despite Boland Cavaliers winning the first leg 36–35 in Wellington, they lost the second leg 3–40 in Witbank to be relegated to the First Division for 2010.Griquas

Following the Boland Cavaliers' relegation to the First Division, Adriaanse moved to Kimberley to join  on a one-year contract. Adriaanse made his Griquas debut by starting in their 2010 Vodacom Cup opening round match against the ; this was also his Vodacom Cup debut, despite being included in squads for this competition in the previous three seasons. He helped defending champions Griquas qualify for the title play-offs after finishing in third place in the Northern Section of the competition, but they were eliminated at the quarter final stage, losing 24–28 to a  side. Prior to the 2010 Currie Cup Premier Division, he featured in a compulsory friendly match against the  in George, before making thirteen appearances in the competition proper. He made his Currie Cup debut for Griquas as a replacement in a 40–34 victory over the  and his first start for the side against the  a fortnight later. That match also saw Adriaanse score the first try of his career, scoring just after half time to help Griquas to a 26–20 victory. Adriaanse made six starts and seven appearances as a replacement during the competition, as Griquas finished in sixth position on the log.Golden Lions / Lions

At the conclusion of his one-year deal with Griquas, <mask> was on the move again, joining Johannesburg-based side the  prior to the 2011 season. He started the first match of their 2011 Vodacom Cup season against his former side  in an 18–all draw, as well as their next three matches against Argentine side , another former side  and the , but was then promoted to their affiliated Super Rugby side, the . He made his Super Rugby debut on 26 March 2011, coming on as a replacement in their 23–30 defeat to trans-Jukskei rivals the . He also played off the bench against the  and the  before starting his first match in the competition, a 19–33 defeat to the . He reverted to the Vodacom Cup side for their quarter final defeat to the  before returning to the Super Rugby side for four more substitute appearances. Three of those came during their tour of Australasia, playing against the , , and the  and one more against the  after returning to South Africa. Adriaanse featured in all fourteen of the Golden Lions' matches during the 2011 Currie Cup Premier Division competition, starting the first five, dropping to the replacement bench for their next eight matches and returning to the starting line-up for their final match against the .The Golden Lions finished top of the log after the round-robin stage, winning ten of their matches. Despite one scoring one try previously in his career, <mask> weighed in with three tries – in matches against the ,  and  – to help his team qualify for the play-offs. He appeared as a replacement in their 29–20 victory over  in the semi-final, but didn't feature in the final, which the Golden Lions won 42–16 against  to win their first title since 1999. In 2012, <mask> again appeared for both the  in Super Rugby and for the  in the Vodacom Cup. He made four starts – which included three in a row in their last three matches of the season – and a further two appearances as a replacement in the Super Rugby competition, but his performances wasn't enough to prevent the Lions finish bottom of the log, eventually losing their Super Rugby status to the . He started three Vodacom Cup matches during the regular season to help the Golden Lions finish in the top four of the Northern Section to qualify for the play-offs, and he also started in their quarter final match, which they lost 34–58 to  to be eliminated from the competition. He made eight appearances in the round-robin stage of the 2012 Currie Cup Premier Division in the latter half of the year, but once again tasted play-off defeat to Western Province as the side from Cape Town won 21–16 in the semi-final.Scarlets

The semi-final match was <mask>'s final match in a Golden Lions shirt, as he signed for Welsh Pro12 side Scarlets on a three-year deal. He made his debut for Scarlets by starting in their 18–34 defeat to Worcester Warriors in the First Round of the 2012–13 Anglo-Welsh Cup. He featured in their next match in the same competition a week later against the Cardiff Blues to make his home debut for his new side. On 25 November 2012, he made his first appearance in the 2012–13 Pro12 competition, as he helped the Scarlets get their first-ever victory over Munster at Musgrave Park. He eventually made ten appearances in the competition, culminating in a semi-final appearance against Ulster, which the Scarlets lost 17–28 to be knocked out of the competition. In addition to one more appearance in the Anglo-Welsh Cup, Adriaanse also played in three matches in the 2012–13 Heineken Cup; he debuted in their 16–22 defeat to the Exeter Chiefs and also featured in defeats to Leinster and  as the Scarlets lost all six of their matches in the competition. Adriaanse again featured in all three competitions during the 2013–14 season.He played in thirteen matches in the 2013–14 Pro12 competition, as the Scarlets could not emulate their records from the previous season, failing to quality for the semi-finals. They had a far better record in the 2013–14 Heineken Cup than the previous season though, winning two and drawing one of their six matches, with Adriaanse appearing in four of those. He also made two appearances during the 2013–14 Anglo-Welsh Cup, with Scarlets winning two of their four matches to fail to quality to the semi-finals. The 2014–15 season saw him slip down the pecking order in the Scarlets ranks; he made eleven appearances during the 2014–15 Pro12, but only started one of those against Glasgow Warriors. He was used as a replacement on one occasion in the 2014–15 Heineken Cup – in a match against Leicester Tigers – and made two appearances in the 2014–15 Anglo-Welsh Cup. Due to lack of game time for the Scarlets, he also appeared in the Welsh Premier Division, making one appearance for Llandovery and two appearances for Carmarthen Quins. <mask> left Scarlets at the end of the 2014–2015 season, having made 51 appearances for the side, but never scored any tries during his time in Wales.Montpellier

Shortly after playing his final match for the Scarlets, it was announced that <mask> would join French Top 14 side . He signed a short-term deal running until 31 October 2015 to provide cover for the senior team during the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He made three appearances for Montpellier during the 2015–16 Top 14 season, coming on as a replacement in their matches against ,  and , replacing fellow South African Pat Cilliers on each occasion. Kings

Adriaanse returned to South Africa to join the Port Elizabeth-based  prior to the 2016 Super Rugby season. Bulls

After just one season at the Kings, Adriaanse moved to Pretoria to join the  prior to the 2016 Currie Cup Premier Division season. Statistics

Personal life

Adriaanse is the older brother of South African international prop Lourens Adriaanse. References

South African rugby union players
Living people
1985 births
Sportspeople from Cape Town
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
Stellenbosch University alumni
South African expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Wales
South African expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Rugby union props
Boland Cavaliers players
Golden Lions players
Griquas (rugby union) players
Lions (United Rugby Championship) players
Scarlets players
Llandovery RFC players
Southern Kings players

masks:
Jacobus Petrus Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse
Adriaanse


title: Antonio Daniels

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born March 19, 1975) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently the television color analyst for the New Orleans Pelicans on Bally Sports New Orleans and co-host/analyst on SiriusXM NBA Radio. College career
He played college basketball at Bowling Green from 1994 to 1997. In 1994, he was named MAC freshman of the Year. In 1997, he was named MAC Player of the Year helping the Falcons to the MAC regular-season championship. He finished his career second on the Bowling Green career scoring chart with 1,789 points, ranking 10th in MAC history at the time. Professional career
After playing college basketball at Bowling Green, <mask> was selected by the Vancouver Grizzlies with the fourth overall pick of the 1997 NBA draft.On June 24, 1998, he was traded to the San Antonio Spurs in exchange for rookie Felipe López and Carl Herrera. He helped the Spurs win an NBA championship in 1999. On August 5, 2002, <mask> along with Spurs teammates Charles Smith and Amal McCaskill was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Erick Barkley, Steve Kerr, and a conditional second-round pick in the 2003 NBA draft. He later signed as a free agent with the Seattle SuperSonics. After his run with the Sonics had come to an end, he signed with the Washington Wizards. He was sent to the New Orleans Hornets in a three-team trade with the Washington Wizards and the Memphis Grizzlies on December 10, 2008. On September 9, 2009, he was traded to the Dallas Mavericks along with a 2014 second round pick in exchange for Bobby Brown and Darius Songaila.On September 24, 2009, <mask> agreed to a contract buyout. On November 1, 2010 <mask> was selected by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League in the second round (pick 13) of the 2010 NBA Development League Draft. On April 5, 2011, <mask> was signed to a 10-day contract by the Philadelphia 76ers. He returned to Texas Legends for the next season. Post-playing career
On October 22, 2015, <mask> was named as an analyst for Fox Sports Oklahoma covering the Oklahoma City Thunder games. On June 27, 2019, <mask> was named the television color analyst for Fox Sports New Orleans covering the New Orleans Pelicans alongside Joel Meyers.

masks:
Antonio Robert Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels


title: Renee Paquette

texts:
<mask> (born September 19, 1985) is a Canadian-American television host and personality. She is best known for her time in WWE between 2012 and 2020, where she served as a commentator, presenter, and interviewer before ultimately doing backstage interviews and color commentary on the Raw brand under the ring name <mask>. During her time in WWE, Young also appeared as a main cast member on the reality television series Total Divas. Prior to signing with WWE, she was a sports broadcaster for The Score Television Network. Early life
<mask> was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on September 19, 1985. After high school, she applied to several colleges and began training in improv comedy. At the age of 19, she relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a career as a comedic actress, but later moved back to Toronto and auditioned for films, music videos, and commercials there instead.After becoming frustrated with her lack of auditions, she became interested in broadcasting instead of acting. Career

The Score Television Network (2009–2012)
Paquette began working for The Score Television Network in 2009 on a program called Right After Wrestling, later renamed Aftermath, where she presented alongside broadcasters Arda Ocal and Mauro Ranallo as well as former WWE referee Jimmy Korderas. WWE (2012–2020)

Paquette signed with the American professional wrestling promotion WWE in October 2012, where she was initially given the ring name <mask> before choosing the name <mask> (a nod to Neil Young). Her first appearance was as a co-host on the 2012 Survivor Series pre-show alongside Scott Stanford. Young then debuted on the January 23, 2013 episode of NXT as a backstage interviewer. She began performing interviews exclusively for WWE Active in February 2013. <mask> made her SmackDown debut on the March 29 episode, interviewing Randy Orton, Big Show, and Sheamus.Young began co-hosting the World Tour segments, which was a segment detailing the city they were filming in, showcasing various tourist attractions, before later being promoted as a third main presenter on the JBL and Cole Show, which was shown on YouTube and WWE's website, until its cancellation in June 2015. It received a Slammy Award for Favorite Web Show of the Year. She also presented WWE Vintage Collection alongside Gene Okerlund. In September 2013, Young made her commentary debut on NXT. She began performing color commentary during women's matches, before later becoming a full-time color commentator on NXT for several months. From July 3, 2014 to January 9, 2015, Young served as a color commentator on Superstars, alongside Tom Phillips, which made her WWE's first full-time female announcer in more than a decade. In April 2015, Young began hosting her own WWE Network show, Unfiltered with <mask>, in which she interviews fellow WWE employees.In June, Young served as the co-host of the sixth season of Tough Enough, alongside Chris Jericho. On the December 20, 2016 episode of SmackDown, Young interviewed Intercontinental Champion The Miz following his successful title defense against Apollo Crews. After Young asked Miz about his "obsession" with Dean Ambrose, Miz sarcastically responded by revealing Young and Ambrose's real-life relationship, prompting her to slap Miz. On December 27, Young was confronted by The Miz's real-life wife, Maryse, backstage on SmackDown. Maryse slapped Young the following week in retaliation, for which she was fined. Young filled in for Jonathan Coachman as a guest commentator on the August 13, 2018 episode of Raw, making her the first woman to call an entire episode of Raw. Young joined the Raw commentary team full-time the following month and became the first permanent female commentator on the program.Beginning in October 2019, Young moved to SmackDown as a "special contributor" and began co-hosting the new studio program WWE Backstage on Fox Sports 1 with Booker T. On November 1, 2019, Young filled in as commentator on SmackDown, as Michael Cole and Corey Graves missed the episode due to travel delays returning from Crown Jewel. Young announced her departure from WWE at SummerSlam in August 2020, stating that the event would be her last appearance with the company. Young explained that she left WWE because of the cancelation of WWE Backstage and that she felt that she had accomplished everything in WWE. Post-WWE work
Paquette, as <mask>, returned for a special SmackDown pre-show on Friday, October 16, co-hosting the kickoff show alongside Booker T as a part of the celebration of season two of SmackDown on Fox. Paquette made a special appearance on the return of WWE Backstage, for the January 30, 2021, episode, promoting the upcoming Royal Rumble, with her returning co-hosts Paige, and Booker T.

In 2021, Paquette began her own podcast Oral Sessions with <mask>te, which is streamed on all streaming and music platforms. In addition to the podcast, she created her own YouTube channel to accompany the audio episodes in the form of video clips, and full podcast episodes, under the channel name of <mask>te. In September 2021, she also began hosting a show on Sirius XM with former Strikeforce and UFC Women's Bantamweight Champion Miesha Tate called Throwing Down with <mask> and Miesha.Other media
Before joining The Score, Paquette worked for BiteTV, where she presented a show about extreme sports and music called Rippin' It-N-Lippin' It during 2008 and 2009. She appeared in a commercial for Oxy and had a part in a Tom Green music video. Prior to this, she had a cameo in the music video for Kelly Clarkson's 2005 song "Behind These Hazel Eyes". She also appeared in a national Noxzema commercial and did a photoshoot for Toro Magazine. In 2016, Paquette began appearing as a main cast member for the sixth season of Total Divas. She had previously appeared in several episodes on a recurring basis. She also hosted the podcast Regular Girls with Stacy McGunnigle.Personal life
Paquette began dating American professional wrestler Jonathan Good (better known as Jon Moxley and formerly Dean Ambrose) in 2013. They were married at their Las Vegas home in an impromptu ceremony in the early hours of April 9, 2017. In November 2020, Paquette and Good announced that they were expecting their first child. Their daughter, Nora Murphy Good, was born on June 15, 2021. Paquette is a fan of the Vegas Golden Knights ice hockey team. On being a wrestling fan in both her childhood and adulthood, she said, "I attended a few events and WrestleMania VI. My dad is a concert promoter, and he'd get me into the events.I remember being backstage and meeting Stone Cold Steve Austin, Triple H, Chyna, and Trish Stratus as a kid, so it's really funny to me that I ended up here. I went on a different path than wanting to become a WWE Superstar." In March 2021, Paquette announced that she became an American citizen. In May, she released her cookbook Messy in the Kitchen: My Guide to Eating Deliciously, Hosting Fabulously and Sipping Copiously. Bibliography
 Messy In The Kitchen: My Guide to Eating Deliciously, Hosting Fabulously and Sipping Copiously (2021)

Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Awards and accomplishments
 WWE
 Slammy Award for Favorite Web Show of the Year (2013) – with Michael Cole and John "Bradshaw" Layfield for The JBL and Cole Show

Bibliography

References

External links

 Oral Sessions on AudioBoom

1985 births
Canadian colour commentators
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian sports announcers
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Canadian women podcasters
Canadian podcasters
Canadian women television journalists
Canadian YouTubers
People with acquired American citizenship
American color commentators
American sports announcers
American television reporters and correspondents
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American women television journalists
American YouTubers
Living people
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling podcasters
Sportspeople from Toronto
Twitch (service) streamers
Women cookbook writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Renee Jane Paquette
Renee Young
Renee Jane Paquette
Renee Sterling
Renee Young
Renee
Renee Young
Renee Young
Renee Paquet
Renee Paquet
Renee


title: Mordechai Tsanin

texts:
<mask> (; ; 1 April 1906 – 4 February 2009) was a Yiddish language author, journalist and lexicographer and a leading figure in post-war Israeli Yiddish culture. Early life
<mask> was born <mask>, in the town of Sokołów Podlaski in the Russian Empire (today in Poland). His father's occupation, practiced in nearby Siedlce, was that of writing petitions to the government on behalf of private citizens, while his mother worked in the family home. His formal education began in Heder and Yeshiva (roughly, the elementary and high schools of traditional Jewish education). When the family relocated to Warsaw, in 1921, he embarked on secular studies, at a Polish gymnasium. As a young man, his politics leaned towards the Bund, a Jewish Socialist party. Of the Zionist enterprise he took a dim view: as he told an interviewer many years later, "Heint and Moment [Jewish newspapers in pre-war Warsaw], were, for me, treif; they were Zionist."World War 2
At the outbreak of World War II, <mask> served in the Polish army. With Poland defeated, he returned home to Warsaw. After two months, he fled to Lithuania with his family, from where he saw them off to Mandatory Palestine. He remained in Lithuania through the Soviet takeover in 1940, soon after which he obtained a Japanese visa. From Japan he went to Shanghai and from there back west, aiming at Mandatory Palestine, which he reached in 1941 via India and finally Egypt. In 1947, <mask> returned to Poland on a year-long fact-finding mission as correspondent for the New York Yiddish daily Forward. What he found there was published in the Forward, republished in every major Yiddish newspaper worldwide, and finally collected in book form as  (, ).The mission ended prematurely when it came to the attention of the Polish authorities, who expressed their displeasure with <mask>'s emphasis on the negative, compelling him to quit the country promptly. Civic affairs
For the rest of his life, <mask> lived in Tel Aviv where, apart from his literary pursuits, he was active in civic affairs. He co-founded Beit Leivick (named for the writer Leivick Halpern), the headquarters for the Israeli association of Yiddish journalists and a center for everything Yiddish in Tel Aviv. <mask> headed that association of Yiddish journalists for many years, and also served as president of an international association of Jewish journalists. Journalism
His first published works — chiefly short stories and journalism — appeared in Warsaw beginning in 1929. His outlets included the periodicals  (, ),  (, ), and  (, ). In addition, he edited a book review insert,  (, ).In July 1948, after seven years in Israel, he founded a Yiddish weekly,  (, ). It ran until October 1949 and was immediately succeeded by the publication for which he is best-known,  (, ). This, founded with two partners, began also as a weekly, soon went to thrice-weekly and finally in 1957 to daily. Though a big success in terms of circulation (daily runs of 20–30,000), financial difficulties led <mask>, in 1960, to sell Lezte Neies to  (), a news conglomerate owned by the Mapai party. There is, however, another theory for why <mask> sold Lezte Neies to Mapai: he knew that his ideas would stir up party operatives, which would force them to think about his ideas. Though no longer the owner, and despite sharp political differences with Mapai and its successor, the Labor Party, <mask> remained editor-in-chief until his retirement from journalism in 1977. In parallel with Lezte Neies, Tsanin founded  (, ), a magazine covering news, the arts, theater, movies and fashion.Naming it for himself was a bid to capitalize on his fame. This operated from 1968 to 1975. Lezte Neies itself kept on after Tsanin's retirement until 2006 when it succumbed, as had all its competitors already, to the dwindling population of Yiddish speakers in Israel. Books
<mask>'s first published book appeared in 1935, in Poland. It was a collection of stories,  (, ). Two years later he published his first novel,  (, ). He authored some twenty more books, with a few translated to English, Hebrew and French but the lion's share as yet available only in the original Yiddish.The account of his  post-war mission to Poland has been noted above. Among his other books, especially notable is the story of his long war-time flight through the USSR, the Far East, India, Egypt and finally to Israel,  (, ), 1970. His biggest literary work is , translated to English as Artapanos Comes Home, (Gazelle Book Services Ltd, 1980) an epic six-volume work that follows the eponymous hero's family through the Jewish people's 1900-year exile. As of 2014, the University of California, Berkeley, library holds nine distinct Tsanin books. These include novels, reflections on the condition of the Jewish people, collected essays, and a dictionary. The dictionary is notable as the first Yiddish-Hebrew (and Hebrew-Yiddish) dictionary that reflects modern Hebrew usage. Reviews of it, however, have been mixed.In the words of one reviewer, "The author was a journalist and not a linguist or possessed
of any deep knowledge of historical linguistics or of Yiddish itself, and his dictionary reflects that fact: each entry and its translation, nothing more." To be fair, that reviewer has little good to say about any extant Yiddish-Hebrew dictionaries. Yiddish politics and controversy
At the beginning of the twentieth century, three languages competed for the loyalty of modernizing Jews in Eastern Europe: Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew. The Zionist movement lined up behind Hebrew, and after the establishment of the State of Israel made establishing Hebrew among the many new immigrants a top priority. Yiddish was viewed as a threat to the nation's unity, and the early Israeli state's uncertain commitment to press freedom provided a tool. Thus, in 1949, when <mask> wished to convert Lezte Neies from a weekly to a daily, he had to apply with the government for permission. Permission was granted to go to a three-day-a week format, but no further.Tsanin evaded this stricture by establishing a second thrice-weekly newspaper,  (, ) and arranged to have that and Lezte Neies published on alternate days. The authorities chose to look the other way on that, and finally approved Lezte Neies for daily format in 1957. It would be wrong to describe the government's attitude to Yiddish, even early on, as uniformly hostile. The Israeli army itself ordered copies of Tsanin's first magazine, , in quantity for the benefit of newly arrived Yiddish-speaking soldiers. However, the army cancelled that subscription after only three months, a decision Tsanin interpreted as ideologically motivated. Friction between Tsanin and the establishment came to a head in 1964. Lezte Neies was by then, as mentioned above, owned by a subsidiary of Mapai (the governing party at the time and long a leading force in the battle against Yiddish).Though <mask>, still editor-in-chief, had much to complain about on the language-war front (for example the government's policy of discouraging Yiddish theater) he consciously toned down his criticism in the interests of keeping his job. Nonetheless, a group of party functionaries felt that <mask>'s fulsome praise of Yiddish and the Eastern European Jewish culture that went with it went too far at suggesting an invidious comparison to the heritage of Jews from North Africa and the Middle East, and for that tried to get Tsanin fired. They found some support from the prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, who said about Tsanin, "I don't read that Lezte Neies paper, but I know its editor was once an anti-Zionist and I have no idea how he wound up in Israel." Ben Gurion's accusation was not implausible in view of <mask>'s own statement (see above) about "treif" Zionist newspapers. Nonetheless, <mask> kept his job. In time, the government became more tolerant of Yiddish. <mask>'s one-time
protege Yitzhak Luden summed it up: "Tsanin symbolized Yiddish in the
Jewish state, and the authorities' attitude to him was always an
indication of its attitude to the Yiddish language."References

1906 births
2009 deaths
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Israeli centenarians
Men centenarians
Yiddish-language journalists
Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
20th-century Polish journalists

masks:
Mordechai Tsanin
Tsanin
Mordechai Yeshayahu Cerman
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin
Tsanin


title: William I, Elector of Hesse

texts:
<mask>, Elector of Hesse (; 3 June 1743 – 27 February 1821) was the eldest surviving son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Princess Mary of Great Britain, the daughter of George II. Biography

Early life

Prince <mask> was born on 3 June 1743 in Kassel, capital of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire. Born into the House of Hesse, he was the second but eldest surviving son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (the future Landgrave Frederick II), and his wife Princess Mary of Great Britain. A former heir to the landgraviate, also named <mask>, had died in infancy in 1742; therefore, hopes were high for the future of the new heir apparent. He had two younger brothers: Prince Charles and Prince Frederick. His father's marriage with the British princess was not a happy one, and Frederick abandoned the family in 1747 and converted to Catholicism in 1749. In 1755 he formally annulled his marriage.<mask>'s grandfather, Landgrave <mask>, granted the newly acquired county of Hanau to his daughter-in-law and grandsons. Technically, young <mask> became the reigning prince of Hanau, while under his mother's regency. The young prince <mask>, together with his two younger brothers, lived with their mother, the landgravine Mary. From 1747 they were supported by Protestant relatives and moved to Denmark. There they lived with Mary's sister, Louise of Great Britain, and her family; Louise died in 1751. Marriage
On 1 September 1764, <mask> married his first cousin, Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway (1747–1820), who was the second surviving daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. They married at Christiansborg Palace and resided for two decades mostly in Denmark.In 1785 they moved to Kassel when <mask> succeeded to the landgraviate. During the lifetime of his father, <mask> had already received the Principality of Hanau, south of the Hessian territories near Frankfurt, as successor of its newly extinct princes. The Hanau people did not want to have a Catholic ruler. <mask>'s younger brother Charles in 1766 married another of their Danish first cousins, Princess Louise of Denmark. Reign
Upon the death of his father on 31 October 1785, he became <mask> IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He was said to have inherited one of the largest fortunes in Europe at the time. <mask> looked for help in managing his estate.He hired Mayer Amschel Rothschild as "Hoffaktor" in 1769, to supervise the operation of his properties and tax-gathering. The wealth of <mask>'s estate provided a good living for Rothschild and the men had a strong relationship; he founded the Rothschild family dynasty, which became important in financing and banking in Europe. Although they had been acquainted since 1775, <mask> did not formally designate Rothschild as his overseer until 1801. The early fortunes of the Rothschild family were made through a conjunction of financial intelligence and the wealth of Prince <mask>. During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> used the Frankfurt Rothschilds to hide his fortune from Napoleon. This money then saw its way through to Nathan Mayer, (N.M.) in London, where it helped fund the British movements through Portugal and Spain. The interest made from this venture was reaped by the budding banker barons, who used it to swiftly develop their fortune and prestige in Europe and Britain.It was not long before their riches outweighed those of their benefactor, <mask> of Hesse-Kassel. In 1803, Landgrave <mask> was created His Royal and Serene Highness The Prince-Elector of Hesse. In 1807 his electorate was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. <mask> escaped to Denmark with his family and lived there in exile until the French were expelled from Germany. Following the defeat of the Napoleonic armies in the Battle of Leipzig, <mask> was restored in 1813. He was a member of the Tugendbund, a quasi-Masonic secret society founded after the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in June 1808 at Koningsberg. Several other prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized as kings at the Congress of Vienna (1815), and <mask> attempted to join them by declaring himself King of the Chatti.However, the European powers refused to recognize this title at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and instead granted him the grand ducal style of "Royal Highness." Deeming the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, <mask> chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel would remain an Electorate until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866. He ruled until his death in Kassel in 1821. He was succeeded by his son <mask>. Issue

With his wife Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway he had four children:

 Marie Friederike (14 September 1768 – 17 April 1839), married Alexius Frederick Christian, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg on 29 November 1794, divorced 1817
 Karoline Amalie (11 July 1771 – 22 February 1848), married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg on 24 April 1802. No issue
 Friedrich (8 August 1772 – 20 July 1784)
 Wilhelm (28 July 1777 – 20 November 1847), his successor

He had several mistresses and fathered over twenty recognized illegitimate children and provided some financial means to each of them.With his mistress Charlotte Christine Buissine:

 Wilhelm of Heimrod (1775–1811)
 Karl of Heimrod (1776–1827), married Charlotte von Stockhausen (1781–1855) in 1803 ; they had 7 children. Friedrich of Heimrod (b. & d. 1777)
 Friedrich of Heimrod (1778–1813) ; he had at least one son. With his mistress Rosa Dorothea Ritter (1759–1833):

 Wilhelm Karl of Haynau (1779–1856), married firstly Karoline von Schack (died 1807) in 1803, they had two children. Married secondly Luise Sophie Buderus von Carlshausen (1787–1813) in 1808, they had two children. Married thirdly Sophie Friederike von Lengerke (1798–1820) in 1818, no known issue survived to adulthood. Married fourthly Elisabeth Frn von Trott zu Solz (1793–1844) in 1822, they had three daughters.Georg Wilhelm of Haynau (1781–1813), married Charlotte Sophie von Wildungen (1782–1858) in 1808 ; they had 3 children. Philipp Ludwig of Haynau (1782–1843), married Wilhelmine von Zeppelin (1791–1872) in 1821 ; they had two children. Wilhelmine of Haynau (1783–1866), married Karl Frhr von Hanstein (1771–1861) in 1801 ; they had 9 children. Moritz of Haynau (1784–1812), married Anna Auguste von Wurmb (1789–1872) in 1809 ; they had 2 daughters. Marie Sophie Agnes Philippine Auguste of Haynau (1785–1865), married Wilhelm Frhr von Wintzingerode (1782–1819) in 1805 ; they had one son. Julius Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig of Haynau (1786–1853), married Theresia Weber von Treuenfels (1787–1851) in 1808 ; they had one daughter. Otto of Hanau (1788–1791)

With his mistress Karoline von Schlotheim (1766–1847):

 Wilhelm Friedrich of Hessenstein (1789–1790)
 Wilhelm Karl of Hessenstein (1790–1867), married Angelika von Osten-Sacken (1802–1852) in 1820 ; they had one daughter.Ferdinand of Hessenstein (1791–1794)
 Karoline Frederike Auguste of Hessenstein (1792–1797)
 Auguste Wilhelmine of Hessenstein (1793–1795)
 Ludwig Karl of Hessenstein (1794–1857), married Auguste von Pückler (1794–1861). Friederike of Hessenstein (1795–1855), married Wilhelm von Steuber (Kassel 29 Dec 1790-Kassel 6 Jun 1845) in 1824 ; they had 3 children. Wilhelm Ludwig Georg of Hessenstein (1800–1836), married Luise von dem Bussche-Hünnefeld (1804–1829) in 1827 ; they had one son. Married secondly Karoline Wolff von Gudenburg (1812–1836) in 1831 ; they had 2 sons. Friedrich Ludwig of Hessenstein (1803–1805)
 Karoline of Hessenstein (1804–1891), married Karl von Stenglin (1791–1871) in 1822 ; they had 6 children. stillborn child (1805)
 stillborn child (1806)
 stillborn child (1807)

See also
Rulers of Hesse

Ancestry

References

External links

 Article in the ADB
  The Jewish Encyclopedia

Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel
Prince-electors of Hesse
Hereditary Princes of Hesse-Kassel
People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
People from the Electorate of Hesse
1743 births
1821 deaths
Landgraves of Hesse
18th-century German people
19th-century German people
Knights of the Garter

masks:
William I
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William IX
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William


title: Gaston Rivero

texts:
<mask> (February 6, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan-US American operatic tenor. He is a winner of the Hans Gabor Belvedere Singing Competition in Vienna 2009, has appeared in many opera houses, including Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, Teatro Regio Torino, Royal Opera House Muscat, Staatsoper Berlin, Opéra National de Paris Bastille, Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Deutsche Oper Berlin, New National Theatre Tokyo, Oper Leipzig, as well as on Broadway and off Broadway shows. Early years
<mask> was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He grew up in the Abasto (a district of the neighbourhood of Balvanera), in which the central fruit and vegetable market was located, where grew up Carlos Gardel the most prominent figure in the history of tango and the Carlos Gardel Museum is now. Rivero worked as an assistant for lawyers while studied at the National Conservatory of Music Carlos Lopez Buchardo in Buenos Aires. Upon his arrival in New York City <mask> received his education from conductor Eugene Kohn. During this period <mask> received training from several teachers and coaches from Juilliard School of Music and Manhattan School of Music.In the course of his studies he received grands from the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, the Opera Orchestra of New York, the Opera Foundation, the Sergio Franchi Foundation and the Puccini Foundation among others institutions. During his professional career Mr. Rivero collaborated with renowned musicians such as Ulf Schirmer, Zubin Mehta, Daniel Barenboim, Gianandrea Noseda, Christoph Gedschold, Giacomo Sagripanti, Giuliano Carella, Fabrizio Maria Carminati, Oleg Caetani, Frederic Chaslin, Friedrich Haider, Massimo Zanetti, Balazs Kocsar and Daniel Oren among several others. Professional career
His international stage debut came when film director Baz Luhrmann selected him for his production of Puccini's La Bohème on Broadway in 2002. The same year <mask> made his solo concert debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Since then Mr. <mask> has been known worldwide for his skills and abilities representing the lead Tenor roles from the most demanding Italian Opera repertory in over 1000 performances while guesting worldwide. Made his European debut in 2005 while performing the role of B.F. Pinkerton in Madame Butterfly at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. Worked with Maestro Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem performing the role of Alfredo in Verdi's La Traviata.Made his debut as Radames in Aida  and Manrico in Il Trovatore  in 2010 at the Stadttheater Klagenfurt. His roles and venues include: Don Jose in Carmen at Deutsche Oper Berlin, Tokyo National Theater and Teatro Massimo Bellini, the title role in Don Carlo at the Staatsoper Berlin, the Opéra National du Rhin  and the Hungarian State Opera Budapest, Ismaele in Nabucco at Teatro Massimo di Palermo and The Opéra de Monte-Carlo, the title role in Verdi's "Otello" and Rodolfo in "Luisa Miller" at Aalto Theater Essen, Des Grieux in Manon Lescaut and Mario Cavaradossi in Tosca at Oper Leipzig, Radames in Aida at Opéra national de Paris Bastille, Théâtre Royal de La Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, the National Theater Prague and the Royal Opera House Muscat, Manrico in "Il Trovatore" at Oper Leipzig, Staatsoper Berlin and Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux and Calaf in Turandot at Teatro Regio Torino. Philanthropy and outreach
Mr. <mask> collaborates with several institutions worldwide visiting schools and hospitals with the purpose of introducing children to Opera, as well as sponsoring concerts for young talents and skilled professionals in renowned venues such as Carnegie Hall, the Schumannhaus in the city of Leipzig, the Konzerthaus in Berlin and the Dresdner Piano Salon Kerstin. Some of his protégés include Steinway & Sons's pianist Sandro Russo and pianist Miriam Gallego Lorente winner of the Lang Lang piano Competition in Berlin. In 2021 <mask> became a member of the voice teachers team of the Lotte Lehmann's Akademie in Perleberg, Brandenburg, Germany. The Academy each year transforms the German city into an international meeting point for Opera.This prestigious position allow Mr. Rivero to join a passionate community of mentors preparing emerging opera singers for professional work while sharing with them essential expertise, experience, support, and motivation for a lasting professional career in Opera. Rivero's career has also spanned several media and arts professions: actor, opera singer, producer, composer and music consultant.Recordings
<mask> is known for playing the role of Manrico in the Deutsche Grammophon DVD of Il Trovatore alongside Plácido Domingo, Anna Netrebko and Daniel Barenboim. He has worked with many different film-makers such as ; Philipp Stölzl, Johannes Schaaf and Baz Luhrmann among others.

masks:
Gaston Rivero
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Rivero
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Rivero


title: Benjamin Bell

texts:
<mask> of Hunthill FRSE FRCSEd (6 September 1749 – 5 April 1806) is considered to be the first Scottish scientific surgeon. He is commonly described as the father of the Edinburgh school of surgery, or the first of the Edinburgh scientific surgeons. He published medical works of significance, notably his surgical textbook A System of Surgery which became a best seller throughout Europe and in America. His treatise on venereal disease was one of the early works that suggested syphilis and gonorrhea were different diseases, a hypothesis which was not accepted by mainstream medicine until many decades later. <mask>'s main contribution to surgical practice was his adage 'save skin', which led to improved rates of wound healing in operations like mastectomy and limb amputation. He was also an early advocate of routine pain relief in surgery. Early life
<mask> was born in Dumfries on 6 September 1749, the eldest surviving child in a family of 15 children.His father <mask> (1722–1813) farmed at Woodhouselees, a mile south of the village of Canonbie in Dumfriesshire. In addition to farming, <mask> was involved in a series of business ventures which met with mixed success. This background of modest wealth was to prove important for <mask> in later life, allowing him to visit surgeons in London and Paris and enabling him to take time away from his surgical practice to write a major textbook. The family tradition in agriculture was to re-emerge towards the end of his life. They owned Blackett House in Middlebie Parish (Dumfriesshire), which was later sold to fund the education of the family. <mask>'s early education was at Dumfries Grammar school. Surgical training

He became an apprentice to James Hill (1703-1776), a surgeon in Dumfries, before moving to Edinburgh in 1766 to study medicine at Edinburgh University under the tutelage of some of the most inspiring medical teachers of the day, including Alexander Monro secundus (1733–1817) the anatomist, Joseph Black (1728–99) the chemist and John Hope (1725–86) the botanist.In November 1767 he was appointed dresser in the surgical wards of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and surgeons' clerk 2 years later. He visited London and Paris, writing to his father that had he been planning a career as a physician he would have been happy to stay in Edinburgh, "but for a surgeon I assure you Edinburgh comes greatly short of either Paris or London and for that reason Dr. Monro and any others that I have spoken to here upon the subject approve of the scheme [the Paris visit] very much". In 1770 after passing the necessary examinations, he was elected a freeman surgeon-apothecary of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh later the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1772 <mask> was in London from where he wrote to Dr. Cullen thanking him for his letter of introduction to John Hunter (1728–1793) whom he described as "the most agreeable and at the same time the most useful acquaintance I ever met with." He also visited and observed the London surgeon Percivall Pott (1714–1788) to whom he would later dedicate his treatise on ulcers. <mask>'s interest in science is evident from his description of a lecture which he attended at the Royal Society given by Joseph Priestley. Priestley's suggestion that atmospheric air contained fixed air (carbon dioxide) and dephlogisticated air (oxygen) clearly made an impression on <mask> who noted from the lecture that "air can be spoiled by one or more animals breathing it in a confined space and become unfit for purposes of life"

Practice
On return to Edinburgh he set up in surgical practice and within a year, at the age of 24, was elected one of four attendant surgeons to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.Surgeons attended in rotation and <mask> managed to remain a surgeon to the Infirmary for eighteen years, an unusually long period. This may have been because of his lifelong friendship with James Gregory, the Professor of Physic, and the most influential member of the Infirmary Board of Management. In 1800 there was pressure from younger members of the Royal College of Surgeons to change the system of appointment of surgeons to the Infirmary, making shorter appointments so that more junior surgeons might gain Infirmary experience. At that time, now well established in practice, <mask> was content to step down, but he wrote to the College setting out the case for 'permanent appointments' to the Infirmary rotation, a view which had been also promoted by Gregory. Of the 23 members of the Royal College of Surgeons asked to vote on the matter, not one supported <mask>'s proposal. <mask> (1763–1820), a successful teacher of anatomy in his own extramural school and an accomplished Edinburgh surgeon (but not related to <mask>), failed to gain appointment to the Infirmary rota, and began to campaign against what he saw as the injustice of the rota system. As part of this he wrote criticising Gregory's views, and this brought the Bells, <mask> and John into conflict.This feud was at the heart of much of the criticism to which <mask> was subjected by his namesake. In 1775 <mask> fell from horseback and sustained injuries that were to force him to take an rest from surgical practice for some two years. This rest was to prove fortuitous, for it allowed him time to reflect and to write, and his relatively wealthy background enabled him to do this without financial concerns. To further develop his interest in farming during this period of recuperation, he took the lease of Liberton Farm situated some two miles south of the centre of Edinburgh. Returning to what was to prove a highly successful career as a surgeon in Edinburgh, <mask> went into practice with James Gibson (died 1815) who was to become president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1778–79. Later he formed another surgical partnership with James Russell (1754–1836) and Andrew Wardrop (died 1823). Bell, Wardop and Russell became the leading surgical practice in Scotland with a wide referral base.Wardrop reckoned <mask> "… was a successful operator and during many years was more employed than any surgeon in Scotland". A fellow surgeon John Campbell, who had been apprenticed to <mask>, went so far as to suggest that "…no one could die contented without having consulted <mask>." On 17 November 1783 <mask> was one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died at Newington House in south Edinburgh. He is buried with other family members, including his wife Grizzel Hamilton, in the south-east corner of Canongate Churchyard in Edinburgh. <mask>'s contributions to surgery
<mask> is considered by many to have been the first Scottish scientific surgeon. This reputation was based largely on his influential textbook A System of Surgery.He can be regarded as a 'scientific' surgeon because of his rational thought processes which are apparent in his treatises, particularly his Treatise on Gonorrhoea virulenta and Lues venerea (1793). Another treatise, The Theory and Management of Ulcers, was first published in 1778 and is still considered one of the classics of 18th-century physiology. A System of Surgery
The System appeared in six volumes between 1783 and 1788. By 1801 no fewer than seven editions had been published, and it went on to Italian, French, Spanish, German and three American editions. It was popular because it was comprehensive; made use of up-to-date published material from all over Europe, and because of <mask>'s reputation as a surgeon. <mask> was an advocate of the routine use of opium to relieve post-operative pain, stating "to be able to alleviate the misery of those who are obliged to submit to dangerous operations must afford the biggest gratification to every practitioner." <mask> also credited his fellow Scot, James Moore, with developing a clamp to produce nerve compression in the arm or leg to provide analgesia for amputation.Farming

<mask>'s family background was in farming, and, during his two-year break from surgery after his accident in 1775, he rented Liberton farm two miles from central Edinburgh, and his interest in the subject was revived. He frequently wrote to his father for agricultural advice. Property dealings

<mask> bought the lands of Newington in South Edinburgh in 1803 and was responsible for the development of the area. He built Newington House for himself just before his death. Although this house was demolished in 1966, the streets around where it lay include Blacket Avenue and Middleby Street named after the Dumfriesshire localities of <mask>'s youth. His son, <mask> FRSE (1777–1832) commissioned architect James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855) to prepare plans for housing and the subdivision of the land into plots. Family
Prior to marriage he lived as Gosford Close on the Royal Mile.<mask> married Grizel Hamilton, daughter of the Very Rev Prof Robert Hamilton FRSE (1707–1787), in 1774. After marriage he moved to a handsome house on Old Assembly Close. They had several sons who rose to prominence in Edinburgh society: <mask> FRSE (1777–1832), <mask> FRSE (1782–1861), <mask> FRSE (1783–1849)

<mask> was the progenitor of one of the great Edinburgh surgical dynasties. His son Joseph, grandson <mask> and great-grandson Joseph (1837–1911) were all surgeons in Edinburgh, and all became presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. His son <mask> (1777-1832) was the official surgeon to H.M. King George IV when visiting Scotland in 1822. His great-grandson <mask> (1837–1911), was known for his diagnostic abilities, which depended on his ability to observe minute details. This inspired a young Edinburgh medical student Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) to base the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes on <mask>.Further reading

 Kirkup, J '<mask>, <mask> (1749–1806)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006

References

External links

1749 births
1806 deaths
People from Dumfries
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish anatomists
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Scottish surgeons
Scottish medical writers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish farmers
Burials at the Canongate Kirkyard
Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh
Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Enlightenment scientists
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

masks:
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
George Bell
George Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
John Bell
Benjamin Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
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George Bell
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George Bell
Robert Bell
William Bell
Dynasty Bell
Benjamin
George Bell
Joseph Bell
Joseph Bell
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Benjamin


title: Marthe Donas

texts:
<mask> (26 October 1885 – 31 January 1967) was a Belgian abstract and cubist painter and is recognized as one of the leading figures of Modernism. Donas worked under the androgynous pseudonyms Tour d'Onasky, <mask> and M. <mask>. Biography

Early life
Born on 26 October 1885, <mask> grew up in Antwerp as the daughter of a prosperous French-speaking bourgeois family. On her own initiative, she enrolled at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp at the age of seventeen. Her authoritarian father, however, did not support her wish to become a painter, preventing her from going to drawing class and exhibitions and would not allow her being in contact with other students and artists in Antwerp. Donas´ paintings at that time were confined to still lifes and portraits of her family and friend circle. Against her father's will, she re-enrolled at the Higher Institute of Fine Arts in 1912 following the course for young ladies with Frans Van Kuyck.Beginning of her artistic career in Dublin
After the breakout of the First World War and the German invasion of Belgium, 4 August 1914, the <mask> family fled to Goes, Netherlands. Soon after, <mask> freed herself from the family pressure and moved with one of her sisters to Dublin. There, she continued perfecting her drawing, painting and print-making skills and followed a course in stained-glass art. At the end of 1915, she was taken on at Sarah Purser´s stained-glass art studio An Tur Gloine where she produced three large stained-glass windows for churches as well as some smaller works. Due to the political events surrounding the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916, she once again was forced to leave her place of residence. While her sister sailed back to the family to the Netherlands, Marthe decided not to return to her old life but to head for Paris instead, at the time the artistic centre of Europe. Arrival in Paris

She settled in Montparnasse at the end of 1916 and rented a studio in a large complex at 9 Rue Campagne Première.It was in Paris where she got into touch with the latest artistic màovements. She continued her education at the Académies de la Grande Chaumière and Ranson. In January 1917 she discovered the work of André Lhote and Cubism, which left a deep impression on her. <mask> soon became Lhote's pupil and started to adapt a cubist style in her own paintings. With Archipenko in Nice

Due to her precarious financial situation <mask> accepted the offer of an aristocratic lady to join her to the South of France in exchange for painting lessons. In spring 1917 she moved to Nice where she met the Ukrainian sculptor Alexander Archipenko. They developed not only an intensive collaboration in their artistic work but also an intimate personal relationship.<mask>' paintings and drawings of that time show how skilfully she incorporated elements of Archipenko's sculpto-paintings in a highly personal way. She then worked fully in a cubist manner, further developing her remarkable sense of colour under Archipenko's influence. Her most recurring motive was the female figure and still lives. By including concave and convex forms, alternating between round, angular and blurred elements, she introduced energy and investigated movement in her paintings which became more and more abstract. Already in Paris, she had experimented with collage techniques, but in Nice regularly incorporated materials like cement, sand, different kinds of fabric and lace, sandpaper and wallpapers into her work. International career
At the end of the First World War, <mask> returned to Paris and rented a studio at a studio complex at 26 Rue de Départ. The studio was previously occupied by Diego Riviera.Also, Piet Mondrian rented a studio in the same complex at that time. <mask> joined the artist group Section d'Or which was revived after the war under the leading of Archipenko. Through this international group of connections and with the help of Archipenko who intensely promoted Donas, she was able to have her work published in several leading art magazines of the time: the Dutch De Stijl and the dadaist magazine Mécano, the German Der Sturm, the Italian Noi and the Belgian Sélection. In these years, <mask> started publishing her work under the pseudonyms 'Tour d'Onasky', 'M. Donas' and later exclusively 'Tour Donas' which disguised her gender. Especially cubist and abstract art were seen as too intellectual and rational for women. For a female artists to work under a male pseudonym secured considerably more respect within the art world, a higher chance of promotion and thus of commissions and sales.The network she had built up in Nice and Paris made one of her first participations in a mayor exhibition possible: The Exhibition of French Art 1914–19 in London compiled by Léopold Zborowski in which she was present with seven of her paintings alongside work by Othon Friesz, Vlaminck, Derain, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Valadon, Kisling, Léger, Lhote, Utrillo and Dufy. Archipenko continued promoting <mask>' work internationally which lead to solo-exhibitions in Librairie Kundig in Geneva in December 1919 and the famous avant-garde gallery Der Sturm of Herwarth Walden in Berlin in Summer 1920 which would turn out to be the most important exhibitions in her entire career. Herwarth Walden most likely purchased many of her work which meant being recognized by one of the most influential dealers of that period. She also exhibited her work together with among other Gleizes, Férat, Villon, Natalia Goncharova, Léger, Braque, Irène Lagut, Archipenko and R. Duchamp in the Section d'Or-exhibitions in Paris in Galerie La Boétie and successively at different locations in the Netherlands organized by Theo van Doesburg with whom she had become close friends. <mask> visited him and his wife Lena Milis in Leiden during late spring 1920 to oversee the transportation of art works and to attend the opening in Rotterdam of the Section d'Or-exhibition. After her stay in the Netherlands, she went to visit her parents in Antwerp aiming to improve her financial situation by painting portraits of Jewish family friends. Following other commissions, which she all painted in a very traditional style and though herself to be conventional, she went to London in the late summer of 1920.Trying to make contact with the London art scene, as recommended by Van Doesburg, she met up with among other the Sitwells, C.R.W. Nevison, Jacob Epstein and Douglas Goldring. Although little is known about the details, her relationship with Archipenko must have come to an end at this point. Her work, too, developed further abstract and in line with the purist ideas of Amédeé Ozenfant and Le Corbusier with which she came in contact through the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau and through Van Doesburg and De Stijl. Donas returned to her studio in Paris in autumn 1920. For the first time, she exhibited her work in her home country in December 1920 in the gallery Sélection of André de Ridder and Paul-Gustave van Hecke in Brussels. From December 1920 until January 1921, her work was included as part of the Section d'Or group in an exhibition at the Palais électoral in Geneva.Organized by the Belgian artists Albert Daenens and the French sculptors Albert Gerbaud and Marcel Bourraine, the International Exhibition of Modern Art aimed to cover all new international artistic movements. Naturally, the exhibition was regarded as a very important event in contemporary art circuits and turned out to be an important networking event as well resulting in an exhibition of the Section d'Or in Rome in 1922. Walden once again organized a big group exhibition at the Sturm gallery in January 1921 including twenty-four paintings of Donas and the work of Albert Gleizes, Jaques Villon, Louis Marcoussis, Julius Evola, Sonia Delaunay and again in April 1921 with five of her paintings and among other work by Chagall, Evola, Fischer, Gleizes and Klee. Walden continued supporting Donas by frequently featuring her in his exhibitions and publications until at least September 1925. At one of these exhibitions, Donas work was certainly bought by American artist Katherine Dreier. In January 1920, she had founded the Societé Anonyme in New York together with Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray aiming to familiarize the American audience with the latest developments in European modern art. The Societé Anonyme showed Donas paintings and drawings alongside work by Campendonk, Klee, Schwitters, Molzahn and Stuckenberg in New York and later at a travelling group show at different other locations in the United States.Dreier continued to include <mask> work in numerous group exhibitions until 1940. The Societé Anonyme-collection, including <mask>' work, has later been donated by Dreier to the Yale University and are still kept at the Yale University Gallery in New Haven. In the meantime, <mask> continued working in Paris until she fell severely ill in the summer of 1921. The lack of savings forced her to leave her studio in Paris and return to her parents in Antwerp. In Antwerp, she must have been in contact with the Belgian art scene around Jozef Peeters seeing she participated prominently with twelve of her latest paintings and a portfolio of linocuts in a large-scale exhibition at El Bardo on Sint-Jacobsmarkt in Antwerp in January 1922 organized by Peeters in the framework of the Second Congress for Modern Art. By giving her exhibited paintings the title Composition with the Roman numerals I to VII, she clearly associated her work with that of the Belgian variant of international Constructivism 'plastique pure' (Pure plasticism), distancing herself even more from the movements in Paris. By January 1922, she was back in Paris to marry Henri Franke, an philosophy student from a Belgian family whom she still knew from her childhood.In February, she got sick again and was diagnosed with a form of hepatitis which made the couple move to the Paris suburb Fontenay-aux-Roses, a popular resort among artists. There, she continued drawing and painting and her work was featured in a number of exhibitions in Paris, Düsseldorf and Oslo in 1922/1923. Her paintings started developing away from the geometric abstraction towards a more figurative style. Due to her weak health however, <mask> and Franke permanently moved back to Belgium in July 1923. They settled in Ittre, a small village in Walloon Brabant where part of Franke's family lived already. Even though, her work appeared at several exhibitions in Brussels, Berlin and Paris, she was not very well known in Belgium and did not enjoy the fame she received in her years in Paris. The themes in her works became more traditional, she painted mainly still lives and landscapes, and she moved away completely from cubism and abstraction.In April 1926 however, the gallery A La Vierge Poupine of Paul van Ostaijen and Geert Van Bruaene organized the first large-scale retrospective of <mask> <mask>' oeuvre with seventy of her paintings. Through the renewal of her contacts in the avant-garde art scene in Belgium, <mask> decided to move back into the city of Brussels at the beginning of 1927. Her work was admired by many of the Belgian artists though just a few knew about her cubist work at the beginning of the 1920s and she was rather seen as an up-and coming artist in Brussels. Again, it was her colour palette which drew most attention and which was seen as highly refined. Being inside this urban artistic milieu again and able to participate in a number of exhibitions in Brussels and in Paris with the artists' group L’Assault, reinvigorated her artistic inspiration. In a softer palette this time, she picked up a neo-cubist style again and produced a great body of work in the year 1927. Hiatus from painting and second career
The renewed contact with the French and Belgian art scene and her rediscovered artistic energy did not last long though.Disheartened, she stopped painting entirely for 20 years. There was little appreciation for modern art in Belgium, additionally she experienced some personal setbacks. Her parents died shortly after another in 1927 and 1929 and financial straits further made life difficult forcing her and her husband to seek refuge once more in Ittre. At the age of forty-five, <mask> <mask> got pregnant and gave birth to her daughter Francine in January 1931. After having moved around again for some years with her husband in search for an income, they returned to Ittre at the outbreak of the Second World War in the year 1939. <mask> was now fully occupied with the household of Chateau Bauthier and the upbringing of her daughter, which proved not to be easy at her age. Significantly, when her daughter turned sixteen and independent, she started painting again.<mask> and Henri moved back the Brussels in 1948. Her paintings from that period expressed a sense of innocence and humour, <mask> herself called it "romantic with a Cubist tenor", found appreciation in exhibitions in Brussels and Antwerp. Starting from 1954, her paintings became again more abstract and finally entirely non-figurative starting from 1958 drawing inspiration from pure intuition. Around that period, she came into contact with Dutch gallerist Maurits Bilcke who promoted her work extensively in the 1960s. From the United States, too, came interest in especially her early work after Katherine Dreier had donated the collection of the Société Anonyme'''s collection to the Yale University's gallery. Also in Belgium, the interest grew into the pioneers of abstraction of the early 20th century. German art historian Herta Wescher included her work in her book about collages.Due to this upcoming attention towards her <mask> <mask> started composing her autobiography. In the following years, she was featured in a number of important exhibitions among them The First Abstract Artists in Belgium: Tribute to the Pioneers in 1959 in Antwerp, Salon de femmes peintres et sculpteurs at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, a big overview of solely her work in two rooms at the Palais de Beaux-Arts in Brussels, both in 1960, and an exhibition dedicated to the influence of Herwarth Walden and his gallery Der Sturm at the Nationalgallerie in Berlin in 1961 alongside Archipenko, Chagall, Delaunay, Gleizes, Goncharova, Jawlenksy, Kandinsky, Klee, Kokoschka, Léger, Macke, Marc, Schwitters and Severini. Being included with these artists which have by then been acknowledged as the important avant-gardists of the 20th century, must have been especially gratifying for <mask>. While her work finally was internationally recognized, her health was declining and again she had financial struggles. She was forced to sell the majority of her work to Maurits and Suzanne Bilcke. Subsequently, a major Donas exhibition at the Schleiper gallery in Brussels was organized by the Bilckes in October 1961. This exhibition was a big success and received a lot of attention internationally by art critics and fellow artists alike.Maurits Bilcke further promoted her work and made sure it was included in important collections. In the 1960s, her work was purchased by the ministry of Belgium, the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels, the Francophone Section of the Ministry of Education and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. She was happy that towards the end of her life, she was finally recognized as one of the great pioneers of the avant-garde. <mask> <mask> died on 31 January 1967 in the company of her husband and her daughter in a nursing home in Audreignies, Belgium. Exhibitions
 1920: La Section d’Or, Galerie La Boétie, Paris, 5 march 1920. 2016: Donas. De Belgische avant-gardiste'', Museum voor Schoone Kunsten, Gent.References

Biography

External links

 Marthe Donas Museum
 Marthe Donas Foundation

 https://www.coleccionrobertopolo.es/en/must-see-pieces/

Belgian artists
20th-century Belgian painters
Belgian women painters
1885 births
1967 deaths
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
<mask> <mask>

masks:
Marthe Donas
Tour Donas
Donas
Marthe Gabrielle Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Marthe
Donas


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
<mask> ( – March ) was a Florentine Renaissance business and noblewoman known for her preserved correspondence which chronicled her financial and political struggles in Medici Florence. <mask> was largely family oriented and worked hard to place her sons in successful banking positions and all her children beneficial marriages. Seventy-three of her letters were preserved by her son Filippo and are now housed by the Archivio de Stato di Firenze. <mask>'s letters rank among the most significant primary sources from fifteenth-century Florence. Life

Early life
<mask> was born between 1406 and 1408 to <mask> and Caterina di Bernardo Alberti. The date of her birth is contested as the final entry in her book of accounts in 1471 gives her age as 63 but a tax document from 1427 claims her age to be 22 years and 2 months. Not much is known about <mask>'s childhood.The Macinghi family was a new elite family and thus lacked the social standing held by more established families such as the Strozzi. <mask>'s mother died while she was still a young child and her father remarried to Ginevra di Albertuccio Ricasoli. <mask> had 5 siblings. Her elder brother Berto was illegitimate and her only full sibling was her younger brother Zanobi. Filippo's marriage to Ginerva gave <mask> an additional 3 siblings, Caterina, Antonio, and Ginevra. <mask>'s father died in 1420 when she was around the age of 12. Analogous to women of similar social standing, <mask> received an education that covered the basics of reading, writing, and keeping accounts.Marriage
<mask> <mask> married Matteo di <mask> on June 10, 1422 bringing a dowry of 1,600 florins. Due to her father's death, <mask>'s marriage was negotiated by her stepmother and uncles. <mask> and Matteo had 9 children together, 8 of which survived infancy and 5 of whom survived to adulthood. Due to Matteo's involvement against the Medici in Florentine politics, in 1434 he was exiled to Pesaro for 5 years along with other male members of his extended family for considering violence against the Medici. Though she had the opportunity to remain in the family household in Florence and run it, <mask> only stayed long enough to put family affairs in order and followed Matteo into exile bringing along their children. The entirety of the <mask> family was blocked from prominent political offices while the Macinghi began to rise in political prominence as they supported the Medici beginning a rift between <mask> and her birth family. In 1435, the plague hit Pesaro and Matteo along with Andreuola Caterina, Simone, and Piero all perished.Widowhood
Following Matteo's death, <mask> returned her family to Florence. It was after this return that she had her final child who she named Matteo after his father. She chose not to remarry citing religious reasons which as in line with a majority of women. Additionally, she sought to remain a part of her children's lives which would have been impossible if she remarried. Due to patrilineal norms, children remained to be raised by their father's extended family upon the re-marriage of their mother; the mother was not involved in the lives of her children partially due to an inherent distrust of the mother's new husband. In Matteo the Elder named <mask> guardian of her children in his will so long as she did not remarry. Matteo the Elder's will also allowed <mask> to choose her male representative when handling family affairs.Much of Matteo the Elder's properties had been sold to pay off family debts, however, <mask> owned property that held a value equivalent to that of her dowry. The first many years of <mask>'s widowhood were spent with tight finances as she paid off debts and was taxed at a higher rate as a result of Matteo the Elder's poor relationship with the Medici. <mask> maintained close connections with her in-laws who helped ensure a stable upbringing for her children and their future success. <mask> arranged with relatives for her sons to be given banking positions in Naples so that they could contribute to family finances and live in a less precarious situation. To this end, <mask> made careful selections in matters such as where her family lived, who they rented property to, and what alliances and connections they made. <mask>'s life largely revolved around her children. For her daughters, she negotiated marriages she believed would be good.She did the same for her sons Filippo and Lorenzo after the exile order which had carried over from father to sons was lifted in 1466 by Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and their social standing increased. Matteo the Younger died prior to this at the age 23 in 1458. Several times during her sons' exile, <mask> considered joining them in Naples. In Florence, <mask> maintained a small household consisting of her ward <mask>, an illegitimate daughter of one of Matteo's relatives, whom she raised from age 8 until Isabella was married at age 16. Additionally, <mask>'s brother Zanobi came to stay with her as he had financial difficulties and both were on bad terms with a majority of their Macinghi relatives. Financial involvements
As head of household, <mask> controlled the family finances and worked through many challenges to keep the household stable. To this end, she was in charge of her children's education and steered her sons towards banking as a method of improving the family finances.All that <mask>'s children were set to inherit came from the property not sold to pay of Matteo the Elder's debts as it constituted a value equivalent to the 1,600 florins of <mask>'s dowry. Property <mask> was able to keep included the main family house in Florence as well as another, smaller house within the city and other properties and farms in the country. In the early years of <mask>'s widowhood, she had her family mainly reside in the smaller house in Florence as it cost less to maintain while she rented the family house out to one of Matteo the Elder's cousins for significantly more than she was spending maintaining the smaller home. Additionally, she rented out the farmlands to peasants who would in turn give her a share of the profits as if the land sat idle, she made nothing. When <mask>'s own finances stabilized with the success of her sons in Naples, she continued to look after much of her family's finances. <mask> assisted her brother Zanobi when he ran into financial troubles by buying some of his properties contradicting the will of their father and driving a deeper rift between <mask> and most of the Macinghi family. Death and legacy

<mask>'s final preserved letter was written in 1470.She died of old age in March of 1471 and her death was recorded by her son Filippo in her book of accounts as occurring at the age of 63. She was entombed within the Strozzi Chapel at what was then the Church of Santa Maria Novella. No portraits of her exist. Letters
Letters written by <mask> dating from August 24, 1447 until April 14, 1470 detail aspects of <mask>'s life. Additionally, they provide an insight into the life of a widow in fifteenth century Florence and detail additional aspects of culture and family life that provide valuable information to historians. These letters were preserved by her eldest surviving son, Filippo <mask> the Elder, most likely as they contained details about financial transactions and negotiations that pertained to the family. All of the letters were written in Strozzi's hand and all except one of the seventy-three are addressed to either Filippo, Lorenzo, or Matteo as <mask> updates them on the events in Florence involving family members and general major occurrences.References

Sources

 Brucker, Gene (2005). Living on the Edge in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 151-168. .
 Ann, Crabb (1992). "How Typical Was <mask> Macinghi <mask> of Fifteenth-Century Florentine Widows?". In Mirrer, Louise. Upon My Husband's Death: Widows in the Literature and Histories of Medieval Europe.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–61. .
 Crabb, Ann (2000). The Strozzi of Florence: Widowhood and Family Solidarity in the Renaissance. University of Michigan Press. .
 Gregory, Heather (1997). Selected Letters of <mask> <mask>: Bilingual Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1985).Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy. London: The University of Chicago Press. . External links

1407 births
1471 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Italian Renaissance writers
Italian letter writers
Women letter writers
Businesspeople from Florence
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
15th-century Italian women
Medieval letter writers
Medieval businesswomen
15th-century Italian businesspeople

masks:
Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra di Filippo Macinghi
Filippo di Niccolò Macinghi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Macinghi
Simone Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Isabella Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi


title: Arman Tsarukyan

texts:
<mask> (; born October 11, 1996) is an Armenian-Russian mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division. He is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of February 28, 2022, he is #12 in the UFC lightweight rankings. Background
<mask> was born to an Armenian family in Akhalkalaki, Georgia. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut in mixed martial arts on September 25, 2015 against Shamil Olokhanov and won by technical knockout in the first round. He lost his next fight against Alexander Belikh by first-round knockout. <mask> continued fighting for mixed martial arts promotions in Russia and Asia, winning his next 12 fights with 9 finishes, including a first round submission victory against Belikh to avenge his first loss.He compiled a 13–1 record prior to signing a four-fight contract with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against Islam Makhachev, one of the main training partners of Khabib Nurmagomedov, on April 20, 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Oleinik. It was a fast-paced fight with high level wrestling exchanges, and <mask> lost the fight via a unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night bonus. <mask> faced Olivier Aubin-Mercier on 27 July 2019 at UFC 240 and won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Davis Ramos on April 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed.The bout eventually moved to UFC Fight Night 172 on July 19, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Nasrat Haqparast on January 24, 2021 at UFC 257. However, on the day of the weigh ins, Haqparast pulled out of the fight citing an illness. As a result, the promotion negotiated a matchup between <mask> and Matt Frevola. Subsequently, <mask> forfeited 20% of his purse as a result of missing weight, which went to Frevola. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> faced Christos Giagos on September 18, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 192. He won the fight via technical knockout in round one. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Joel Álvarez on February 26, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 202. He won the bout via ground and pound TKO in the second round. The win also earned <mask> his second consecutive Performance of the Night bonus award.

masks:
Arman Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Arman
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan


title: Víctor Celorio

texts:
<mask> (born July 27, 1957 in Mexico City) is an author, entrepreneur, inventor, and former union organizer. He is best known as the inventor of InstaBook, a digital printing technology. He lives and works in Gainesville, Florida. Inventions

InstaBook

As an inventor, Celorio obtained patents for the technology popularly known as InstaBook or Book On Demand, as well as that of distributed printing technology in which a digital file is distributed among as many printing centers as required for immediate production and delivery. (US PATENTS 6012890, 6213703, Chinese Patent 97705, Mexican Patent 241092, others). In regards to patent 6213703, on 2013 the Federal Court of Appeals affirmed the USPTO decision in full and ruled that the patent was valid and adopted all allowed claims. https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/cafc/13-1194/13-1194-2013-10-22.pdf?ts=1411173123.The full text of the patent may be found at: https://patents.justia.com/patent/6213703-

In the late eighties, <mask> created a digital network of print on demand centers around Mexico City, and in the nineties he founded InstaBook Corporation, a company to market the technology that became known as Print on Demand or Book on Demand. Kinetic Lung
In 2019 he received patent US 10406466, for a technology that uses kinetic energy to process massive amounts of urban air, to locate and separate the toxic particles known as PM2.5 and PM10 which have been found to be poison for every living being. In 2018 he founded the nonprofit organization Pulmón Urbano AC (Urban Lung Inc. In US) to deploy his technology in cities with contaminated urban air. After an initial test in 2017 in the city of León, in México, in June 2019 his foundation installed in Mexicali, Baja California, -the worst contaminated city in Mexico- the first network of Urban Lungs in the world. That network is composed of 300 Residential Lungs -hosted by volunteers at their homes-, and 10 Solar Lungs, hosted by 10 of the most prestigious universities and colleges of the city. Since June his organization self proclaimed this Urban Lung Network has been cleaning 3 million cubic meters of air each day, for a total of hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated air to date and an effective reduction of a 35% in the amount of toxic particles PM2.5 and PM10 floating in the air of Mexicali at the end of October 2019, as was reported in a study presented to the California Air Resources Board by the head of the local nonprofit EconCiencia y Salud AC.The nonprofit Pulmon Urbano AC relied on independent and internationally well known companies such as PurpleAir  and VisualAir, to show, in real time, the daily reduction of polluted air in Mexicali achieved by the Urban Lung Network. Celorio is also a writer and publisher of several books. In an interview published in The Seybold Report, written by George A. Alexander, (2002) <mask> described his love affair with books since he was a child. He knew he wanted to be a writer from the time he was 10 years old and he published his first short story at the age of 14 in a magazine called Al Sur del Sur. Bibliography

As an author, <mask> has published six books, both in Spanish and in English. His titles include one of the first books ever distributed through the Internet. The book was entitled Proyecto Mexico (Blue Unicorn Editions Florida, 1995, ).This work is a political essay published in 1995 in which the author proposes that Mexico, his country of origin, lacks a long-term project as a country. Therefore, all political remedies to the problems affecting that country will lack a global goal and will be short term in nature. Thus, Mexico as a country will go from one short-term solution to the next short-term solution until a true national project is negotiated among all political parties. Further reading
There have been about 200 articles about <mask> and his book-printing invention, written by, among others, The New York Times, Forbes, Seybold Report, Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune, and the Rochester Institute of Technology; and interviews in National Public Radio; etc. This short list includes a few  of the US published articles as a sample. There have been articles written in many other countries (Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, India, China, etc.). Alexander, George A."The InstaBook Maker: book printing eases into the bookstore", The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Callea, Donna. "E-publisher Makes Mark" Daytona Beach Press. Available online at Archives
 Edwards, Steve. "InstaBook Launches 'Books-On-Demand'", May 26, 2004, The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Available online at
 Haack, Douglas F. "The Simpleton Author's Guide to"Self-Book Publishing and Printing", 04, 2000. Available online at
 Kleper, Michael L. "The Handbook of Digital Publishing".Vol. II. By, Rochester Institute of Technology. Page 565, Published by Prentis Hall, 2000,  Encyclopedia of Printing Technologies in 2 Volumes. Available online at
 Lapidus, Paul. "Helping authors get into print"  The Record, North Jersey News, July 12, 2006. Available online at
 Lerner, Michael, "New technology prints books while you wait", Forbes Magazine, 06.04.99
 Mutter, John ."U.S. Debut for In-Store, On-Demand Machines" Publishers Weekly. 5/17/2004. Available online at
 Nishi, Dennis. "Publishing turns page with print on demand" Chicago Tribune Feb 14, 2004. Available online at
 Taub, Eric A. "For Budding Authors, a Rapid-Fire Publisher", New York Times, June 10, 2004.Available online at
 Zeitchik, Steven. "Jersey Bookseller Becomes Publisher, Too" Publishers Weekly Daily for Booksellers – 4/29/2004. Available online at
 Zeitchik, Steven, "When We Are All Publishers" by Publishers Weekly NewsLine—4/28/2004. Available online at
 Zelchenko, Peter, "Book-on-Demand Market Pursues Affordable Run of One," Seybold Report on Publishing Systems, vol. 30, no. 5 (Nov. 20, 2000), p. 8. Available online at

References

External links
 InstaBook official website
Pulmón Urbano AC official website

Living people
1957 births
Mexican company founders
Mexican inventors
Mexican male writers
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Writers from Mexico City
Businesspeople from Mexico City

masks:
Víctor Celorio
Celorio
Victor Celorio
Celorio
Celorio