title: George Bonanno

texts:
<mask><mask> () is a professor of clinical psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, U.S.A. He is responsible for introducing the controversial idea of resilience to the study of loss and trauma. He is known as a pioneering researcher in the field of bereavement and trauma. The New York Times on February 15, 2011, stated that the current science of bereavement has been "driven primarily" by Bonanno. Scientific American summarized a main finding of his work, "The ability to rebound remains the norm throughout adult life." In 2019, Bonanno was honored with the James McKeen Cattell award from the Association of Psychological Science "for a lifetime of intellectual achievements in applied psychological research and their impact on a critical problem in society at large" and by the International Positive Psychology Association for "distinguished lifetime contributions to positive psychology." Contributions to the field
Bonanno's contributions to the field are summarized in his books, "The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us About Life After a Loss," and "The End of Trauma: How the New Science of Resilience is Changing How We Think About PTSD."His contributions include the following:

 Introducing rigorous and innovative scientific methods, including the use of prospective research designs based on data before and after a major life event, to the field of bereavement and trauma;
The idea that outcomes following loss or potential trauma are more variable, or "heterogeneous," than suggested by traditional conceptions of PTSD or complicated grief. Demonstrating that outcome heterogeneity following loss or potential trauma can be captured by a relatively small set of prototypical outcome patterns or "trajectories." Demonstrating that resilience, defined as a stable trajectory of mental and physical health, is the most common, natural outcome to loss or trauma. Replacing with scientific findings the major concepts of grief that are theoretical, unsupported scientifically, but remain popular among practitioners and the lay public today, such as Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief and the idea of grief work based on Freud's ideas;
 Using research evidence to argue that some practices common in grief counseling, trauma counseling, and among therapists after potentially traumatic events can be harmful. These practices include pressuring people to talk about a loss or potential trauma or to participate in therapy after these events regardless of their level of functioning. These practices are common parts of public policy and are based on the underlying assumption that people are not resilient;
 Showing that genuine laughter and smiling is a healthy response to a loss or stressor event; is protective;
 Coining the phrase "coping ugly" to describe the idea that coping with extreme life events takes many forms, some of which seem counter intuitive. Identifying the "resilience paradox" by noting that correlates of resilience typically exert such small effects that, paradoxically, it is not possible to accurately predict who will be resilient and who not after a major life stressor
Introducing the concept of regulatory flexibility  and showing how its primary components, the flexibility mindset and the flexibility sequence, help solve the resilience paradox
 Because resilience is natural, suggesting that it cannot be "taught" through specialized programs and that there is virtually no existing research to design resilience training nor is there existing research to support major investment in such things as military resilience training programs;

Resilience
Bonanno's research found psychological resilience to be at the core of human grief and trauma reactions.<mask>'s finding of resilience overturns what has been the status quo assumption of a person's experience of grief and trauma in the West since Sigmund Freud nearly a century ago. <mask>'s contribution to the field is to have found resilience through rigorous research and not through anecdotal evidence, theorizing, or simple but unreliable methodology. Many in the field of bereavement and trauma have found <mask>'s finding of persistent resilience in the face of potentially traumatic events controversial. Many therapists and psychiatrists, who tend to treat the chronically affected, find it hard to imagine that no treatment is needed for most people who have experienced a loss or even an extreme stressor event, such as during 9/11 or childhood sexual abuse. Further, in contrast to Freud's and his followers' ideas and prevailing popular theories, it is difficult for many people to accept laughter as a healthy response. Another difficult concept, especially in the face a potentially traumatic event when people feel pulled to help in some way, is to realize that offering treatment to otherwise well people can cause harm, by producing the symptoms they hope to avoid. Other critics have claimed the opposite, that far from being misguided, the idea that humans are resilient is so obvious that it is simplistic.Others have countered that it may seem simple, but the idea has escaped researchers for the century between Freud's work and <mask>'s. Policy and treatment for the past century has relied on the false idea that humans are not resilient, a costly mistake in human and monetary terms. That people are resilient even when facing extreme stressors or losses contradicts the stages model of grief. Many resilient people show no grief. They therefore have no stages of grief to pass through. Until Bonanno, therapists and psychiatrists considered the absence of grief a pathology to be feared, rather than a healthy outcome. Resilience has profound implications for people's concepts of themselves, especially after suffering a severe stressor event.The idea also has important implications for how the therapeutic community views loss and trauma. Bonanno has argued that universal counseling after potentially traumatic events does more harm than good, a point eventually verified by convincing research. Resilience being an inherent part of human experience after major stressor events also may have important implications for public policy, such as how to best treat veterans who have served in war situations and whether to counsel large populations after major stressor events, such as tsunamis or mass shootings. Trajectories of grief and trauma reactions
In 2002 and 2004, Bonanno described the most common trajectories of grief or potential trauma. This research was based on prospective data collected both prior to the loss or trauma and afterwards. In subsequent studies, Bonanno and colleagues identified the same trajectories following other potentially traumatic events, such as the September 11 terrorist attack in New York, combat deployment, and myriad other events. Contrary to common assumptions about loss and trauma, Bonanno's research may indicate that resilience is the most common pattern and that delayed reactions are rare.The most common or prototypical trajectories are as follows:
 Resilience "The ability of adults in otherwise normal circumstances who are exposed to an isolated and potentially highly disruptive event, such as the death of a close relation or a violent or life-threatening situation, to maintain relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning" as well as "the capacity for generative experiences and positive emotions." Recovery When "normal functioning temporarily gives way to threshold or sub-threshold psychopathology (e.g., symptoms of depression or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)), usually for a period of at least several months, and then gradually returns to pre-event levels." Chronic dysfunction Prolonged suffering and inability to function, usually lasting several years or longer. Delayed grief or trauma When adjustment seems normal but then distress and symptoms increase months later. Researchers have not found evidence of delayed grief, but delayed trauma appears to be a genuine phenomenon. Coping ugly
Bonanno coined the phrase "coping ugly" to describe his finding that grief and coping with grief take many forms. Behaviors that may not be healthy ordinarily may be helpful in times of stress, such as self-serving biases.Scientific study of grief
Before <mask>'s work, a prevailing idea was that grief cannot be quantified or studied in a scientifically meaningful way. Bonanno forcefully argued early that scientific study of grief was possible. The attitude of the field before Bonanno could be summarized by Tom Golden, a prominent bereavement expert who specializes in male grief. He said in 1997, "People who are grieving think that researchers are full of crap—and part of me says, I’m with you. We don’t have the tools to measure it yet, there’s no grieve-o-meter. We need to develop a sense of not knowing." "I think that’s a ridiculous statement," Bonanno said, heatedly, in 1997 in response to Tom Golden's remark."You can measure grief. People want to take a magical, mystical perspective, but it’s very dangerous to assume that they have access to a sacred realm that research can't touch, relying only on their own observations, feelings, and thoughts—things that are very unreliable." This sort of clinical criticism, he argued, is the result of a simplistic attachment to individual patients' life stories. "The criticism I most often hear is, 'Your research is very bad, because I have a patient who feels such and such.' I’ve studied hundreds of people." Innovations in trauma research methodology
Bonanno conducted multi-cultural research into grief and trauma, including studies in Nanjing, China; among war survivors in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and in trauma-exposed people in Israel and elsewhere. He has done multi-dimensional studies of emotion regulation, stressful life events, resilience, and adjustment among college students; survivors of childhood sexual abuse (in collaboration with researchers at NIH); survivors of the September 11th terrorist attacks in New York City, and many other events.Recognizing that any single simple measure cannot fully capture a phenomenon, a hallmark of Bonanno's research methodology has relied on several independent measures simultaneously. This ensures convergent validity of any findings. For example, his research studies often simultaneously use, among other measures, skin temperature, heart rate, facial expressions of emotion, empty chair studies, longitudinal measures over months or years, cortisol, genetic factors, physician and friend reports, and experimental tasks. Flexible self-regulation
Bonanno observed that coping and emotion regulation strategies were commonly viewed as being either consistently adaptive or consistently maladaptive. For example, emotional expression is generally thought to be adaptive while the suppression of emotional expression is generally thought to be a maladaptive strategy. In 2004, Bonanno countered this idea by demonstrating that “whether one expresses or suppresses emotional expression is not as important for adjustment as is the ability to flexibly express or suppress emotional expression as demanded by the situational context.” Based on this and subsequent research, <mask> and Charles Burton described that the belief that any single behavior or strategy is consistently adaptive (or maladaptive) an example of the fallacy of uniform efficacy. They also proposed that flexible regulation is not a single behavior or skill but rather consists of several abilities that unfold in sequence, later dubbed the flexibility sequence.The primary steps in the sequence involve (1) context sensitivity, the ability to read cues to the demands and challenges of specific situations; (2) repertoire, having a set of strategies that one is able to use effectively; and (3) feedback monitoring, the ability to monitor and modify a chosen strategy as needed. In addition, Bonanno later proposed that certain personality features foster flexibility by creating a motivational background he called the flexibility mindset. The resilience paradox
Although numerous correlates of resilient outcomes have been reported, the statistical effects of these correlates are nearly uniformly modest. As a result, it is paradoxically difficult to predict with accuracy who will be resilient and who not. Bonanno dubbed this the resilience paradox. Possible means of addressing the resilience paradox include personality scales that capture key correlates and advanced computational methods, such as machine learning algorithms, that capture multiple diverse correlates. However, neither approach solves the paradox.Bonanno proposed that any solution to the paradox must account for both situational variability and the cost-benefit tradeoffs inherent in all behavioral responses, and further that these factors can be accommodated by the concept of flexible self-regulation. Criticism
James W. Pennebaker's findings, very well supported by data, directly contradict Bonanno's claims on the harmful effects of retrieving bad experiences. One possible explanation and attempt to reconcile this seeming contradiction is the method for retrieving or reviewing bad memories. Pennabaker is known for his pioneering work in writing therapy. It may be that there's something about writing, rather than expressively crying in public, for one example, that helps rather than hurts a person's outcome. Writing may help preserve social bonds, which are crucial to maintain for good outcomes after a loss. Personal life
<mask> lives in New York City with his wife, Paulette Roberts, and their two children.References

External links
 Good Grief! by Emily Nussbaum (Lingua Franca article)
 Catastrophic loss, and the resilience of the human psyche (article on Japan earthquake, tsunami, nuclear disasters)
 Scientific American article The Neuroscience of True Grit
 Time Magazine article New Ways to Think About Grief
 New York Times article Resilience, Not Misery, in Coping with Death
 New York Times op ed piece Grief, Unedited
 New York Times Magazine article Repress Yourself
 The New Yorker Article by Malcolm Gladwell Getting Over It
 Project Rebirth Video Using Project Rebirth in a Clinical Psychology Course on Loss and Trauma
 Video <mask> on the Value of Grief and Grieving
 New York Times Personal Health Column article by Jane Brody Often, Time Beats Therapy for Treating Grief
 New York Times Science Page Article After a Death, the Pain That Doesn’t Go Away
 <mask>'s Four Trajectories of Grief in New York Times Week in Review Down and Out or Up
 Psychology Today Can Therapy Make You Worse? Psychology Today Spousal Resilience
 Psychology Today Bouncing Back
 Science News Good Grief: Bereaved Adjust Well Without Airing Emotion
 New York Newsday Article: Youtube, Facebook Memorials Help People Cope
 Los Angeles Times: Bonding with a mate changes brain chemistry, researchers find
 Smiling and Laughter in the Face of Terrorist Attacks is Beneficial
 Smiling and Laughter Must Be Genuine to Aid Coping with Grief
 Financial Times: Coping after a Tsunami
 Washington Post Article: From Wounds, Inner Strength
 Boston Globe: Inner strength: Between 5% and 30% of Hurricane Katrina victims are expected to suffer longterm emotional damage, but the majority will recover
 Norwegian Coverage of Bonanno's Work
 Why Cry? Evolutionary Biologists Show Crying Can Strengthen Relationships

Living people
Clinical psychologists
Columbia University faculty
Teachers College, Columbia University faculty
Hampshire College alumni
Yale University alumni
People from Chicago
American psychologists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
George A
. Bonanno
Bonanno
Bonanno
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George Bonanno
George Bonanno
Bonanno


title: Fred Dryer

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born July 6, 1946) is an American actor, radio host, screenwriter and former American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played for 13 years in the NFL, in 176 games starting in 1969, and recorded 104 career sacks with the New York Giants and Los Angeles Rams. He is the only NFL player to score two safeties in one game. Following his retirement from football, <mask> had a successful career as a film and television actor, notably starring in the series Hunter. His height of  and physique are useful for his action roles. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in southern California. His parents were Charles F<mask> and Genevieve Nell (née Clark) <mask>.<mask> played football at Lawndale High School in Lawndale in Los Angeles County, California. College
Dryer attended El Camino Junior College before transferring to San Diego State University (SDSU). Dryer was inducted to the El Camino Community College Athletic Hall Of Fame in 1988 as a charter member and was the Athlete of the Year for his 1966 performance on the football field. Dryer was also a 1966 Junior College All-American. During <mask>'s junior and senior seasons at San Diego State, in which he lettered both seasons, the Aztecs had a combined record of 19–1–1. They were the College Division National Champions in both seasons. In 1967 they topped both the Associated Press and United Press International polls as #1.In 1968 San Diego State was voted the champions by UPI and North Dakota State University topped the AP poll, and thus the two schools shared the College-Division title. Dryer was voted the outstanding defensive lineman on the team and as such was the recipient of the Byron H. Chase Memorial Trophy. One of <mask>'s teammates was Carl Weathers, who played Apollo Creed in the first four films of the Rocky series. In 1967, the Aztecs allowed 12.9 points a game on defense, which is still ninth in SDSU history. In 1967 and 1968, the Aztec run defense allowed just 80.1 and 100.1 yards per game, still fourth and fifth, respectively in school annals after more than 50 years. <mask> was named to the Little All-America team in 1968 since at the time the school was 1-AA. Dryer played in the East-West Shrine Game in San Francisco, the Hula Bowl in Honolulu and the College All-Star Game in Chicago where the college stars played the world champion New York Jets.In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the San Diego State University Aztec Hall of Fame. In 1997, <mask> received college football's ultimate honor in being voted to the College Football Hall of Fame and is one of only three SDSU Aztecs in the collegiate Hall of Fame. When voted into the San Diego Sports Hall of Fame in 1998, he joined athletes such as Ted Williams, Dan Fouts, Dave Winfield, and Tony Gwynn in receiving the preeminent recognition for a San Diego athlete. NFL career
<mask> was drafted in the first round of the 1969 NFL Draft by the New York Giants and won a starting job as a rookie. He was the starting right defensive end from 1969 through 1971. He led the team in quarterback sacks each of those three seasons with 8½ in 1969, 12 in 1970 and 8½ in 1971. He was among the defensive leaders in other categories as well.In 1969, he tallied 58 tackles (39 solo), six passes deflected and forced two fumbles and recovered two. The next season <mask> was an alternate to the Pro Bowl but could not play due to a bruised hip. He was Second-team All-NFC after recording 59 tackles (43 solo) four pass deflections, three forced fumbles, while recovering two to go along with his 12 sacks. In 1971, he again led the team with 8½ sacks, and totaled 52 tackles (33 solo). He deflected two passes, forced two more fumbles and recovered two for the third consecutive season. After several run-ins with Giants management in 1971, <mask> was traded to the New England Patriots in February 1972 for three draft choices (a first and a sixth in 1972; a second in 1973). The Giants used the first round pick to select defensive back Eldridge Small.Because <mask> had not signed a contract for the 1971 season, he was eligible to become a free agent in May 1972. He refused to report to the Patriots unless they signed him to a long-term contract making him the highest paid defensive lineman in pro football. The Patriots refused to meet his demands and instead dealt him to the Los Angeles Rams for a 1973 first round draft pick (which they ultimately used to select fullback Sam Cunningham) and backup defensive end Rick Cash four days before he could become a free agent. This trade gave <mask> what he wanted all along—a move to a west coast team—and he agreed to a multi-year contract with the Rams. In his first year with the Rams he backed up left defensive end Jack Youngblood making only four starts but playing in every game despite a broken hand and broken nose. His primary role in 1972 was to come in on likely passing downs and rush the passer. He had 40 tackles (17 solo) and 4½ sacks.In 1973, <mask> started all 14 games on the right side and became the only NFL player ever to have two safeties in the same game by dumping opposing passers in the end zone twice in the fourth quarter. He ended the season with 10 sacks, 3 forced fumbles and recovered 3 fumbles (all three were second on the top-ranked Rams defense). After the season, he was a Second-team All-NFC pick by Pro Football Weekly. He finished the season with 39 tackles (21 solo) s passed knocked down, three forced fumbles and three fumbles recovered. In 1974, he had 15 sacks, which co-led (with Youngblood) the NFL (unofficially, sacks were not officially recognized by the NFL until 1982) and was voted the Rams Outstanding Defensive Lineman and was named All-Pro and All-NFC. Statistically, he had another solid year versus the run, totaling 49 tackles (34 solo) and two forced fumbles. <mask> scored his first NFL touchdown in 1975 on a 20-yard interception return against Philadelphia.After scoring his touchdown against the Eagles, <mask> promised that if he ever scored another, he would set his hair on fire in the end zone. Against the Eagles that day, he chose to celebrate by "rolling six", a touchdown celebration where the player scoring rolls the ball like an imaginary pair of dice with some of his teammates looking on. He ended 1975 with 12 sacks, behind only Jack Youngblood and was voted All-NFC. Additionally, <mask> played in the 1975 Pro Bowl, was a Second-team All-Pro selection as well. Statistically, Dryer was excellent against the run with 61 tackles (39 solo) and two passes deflection, two fumbles recovered to go along with the 20-yard TD interception. Due to rule changes in NFL offensive line <mask>'s play started to decline some. Always a small player, the new rules heavily favored larger players.<mask> coped with a 55-tackle, 5-sack season (33 solo). He did deflect two passes and forced three fumbles in 1976 which were along the team leaders. In 1977 <mask> adopted a new diet and was winning praises from NFL sportswriters for the start he had. He recorded 35 tackles (28 solo) and 6 sacks. He also knocked down four passes, recovered three fumbles and caused one fumble. The next season, 1978 was much of the same. <mask> was the starting right defensive end on the NFL's #1 defense.Personally, he had 51 tackles (33 solo) and forced two fumbles, recovered three, blocked a kick and blocked one pass en route to a Ram record of 12-4. He played in Super Bowl XIV when the Rams met the Pittsburgh Steelers after the 1979 season. That season, he was honorable mention All-NFC after recording 49 tackles (31 solo) 10 sacks and three forced fumbles and recovered one. Against the New York Giants on October 28, 1979, Dryer recorded a career-high 5 sacks. In 1980 <mask> split the time at his right defensive end position with third-year player Reggie Doss. They combined for 67 tackles (Dryer 31, 20 solo) and 12 sacks (Dryer 5½, Doss 6½). <mask> ended his career with 104 career sacks, although since he played prior to 1982 when sacks became an official statistic (he retired a season before sacks were officially counted) they are not credited in the NFL record books.Dryer played on a tough Los Angeles Ram defense that during the decade of the 1970s, allowed fewer points, fewer total yards, fewer rushing yards, and sacked more quarterbacks than any other defense during that time-frame. In January 1981, <mask> made the cover of Interview magazine, published by Andy Warhol from the late 1960s through the early 1990s and was considered the very essence of "magazine chic". In 2003 the NFL Alumni presented Dryer with its Career Achievement Award which is presented to former NFL players "For Getting to the Top of His Field". Record game

<mask>'s record-setting game on October 21, 1973, at Los Angeles was a 24–7 win over Green Bay. Down 20–7 in the fourth quarter, the Packers found themselves deep in their own territory when <mask> came storming in from the right side of the defense and chased down Green Bay quarterback Scott Hunter, dropping him in the end zone for a safety. On the Packers' following possession near their own goal line, <mask> attacked again. He looped through the middle of the Packers' offensive line and dragged backup quarterback Jim Del Gaizo down for his second safety of the game, setting an NFL record.For his efforts, <mask> was named the Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Week. Acting career

Prior to the start of his show business career, <mask> flexed his acting muscles when he helped cover Super Bowl IX for SPORT magazine. Fed up with the grandiose and self-important nature of the NFL's championship match, then-editor Dick Schaap hired Dryer and Rams teammate Lance Rentzel for this journalistic assignment. Donning costumes inspired by The Front Page, "Scoops Brannigan" (<mask>) and "Cubby O'Switzer" (Rentzel) peppered players and coaches from both the Pittsburgh Steelers and Minnesota Vikings with questions that ranged from clichéd to downright absurd. This became the inspiration for the eccentricities that surround Media Day at the Super Bowl. He briefly served as a color analyst on CBS's NFL coverage in 1981 and 1982. In the early 1980s when producers/creators Glen and Les Charles, and James Burrows were developing the soon-to-be hit sitcom, Cheers, <mask>, along with two other actors, was considered for the role of lead character, Sam Malone.Ted Danson ultimately won the role, but <mask> later appeared as sportscaster (and former Red Sox teammate of Sam's) Dave Richards in the episodes "Sam at Eleven", "Old Flames", "Love Thy Neighbor", and "'I' On Sports". He appeared on CHiPs as Lt. John LeGarre in the Season 5 episode Force Seven, a secret LAPD unit implemented for special situations. <mask>'s best-known acting role came in the 1980s television crime drama Hunter, in which he co-starred with Stepfanie Kramer, followed by Darlanne Fluegel, then Lauren Lane. <mask> also starred in the action-thriller movie Death Before Dishonor as well as Mike Land in the TV series Land's End (21 episodes, 1995–1996). He portrayed Sgt. Rock during his appearance on Justice League. In January 2009, <mask> was seen in a cable TV commercial for SMS research company, which obliquely makes reference to his NFL record of two safeties in a game from 1973.<mask> is also now a spokesman for the law service Injury Solutions. He starred in the drag racing film Snake and Mongoose, which depicts the rivalry between drivers Don "The Snake" Prudhomme and Tom "The Mongoose" McEwen and their groundbreaking accomplishments in the world of drag racing. <mask> played "Ed Donovan", McEwen's engine builder, who coined the nickname "Mongoose". <mask> appeared in the NBC series Crisis in 2014. In 2015, <mask> joined the ranks of the Marvel Cinematic Universe when he played the evil HYDRA leader, Octavian Bloom, in an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. On October 23, 2018, he played a Vietnam veteran on the CBS show NCIS. <mask> was repeatedly referenced in the second season of the animated “Adult Swim” show “Frisky Dingo”.During an ill-advised presidential campaign, series protagonist Xander Crews seeks out <mask> as a potential running mate for the Vice President. The series shows an animated version of a real Dryer trading card during his years playing for the Rams and repeatedly references his titular role in the series Hunter. Personal life

Dryer has had a long interest in nutrition. In the late 1970s Dryer was consuming 70 raw egg yolks a week. He has since excluded red meat from his diet and eats chicken and vegetables. He married actress and Playboy centerfold Tracy Vaccaro in May 1983; the couple divorced in 1988. Together, they have at least one daughter.Dryer still resides in Los Angeles and has his own production company (Fred Dryer Productions). References

External links

1946 births
20th-century American male actors
Activists from California
American football defensive linemen
American male film actors
American male television actors
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Lawndale High School alumni
Living people
Los Angeles Rams players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
New York Giants players
San Diego State Aztecs football players
Sportspeople from Hawthorne, California
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California

masks:
John Frederick Dryer
Dryer
Fred Dryer
. Dryer
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Fred Dryer


title: Stepan Kozhumyaka

texts:
<mask> (Russian: Kozhemyakin) (4 December 1898 – 31 August 1989) was a Ukrainian engineer, bridge-builder and linguist. He took an active part in the 1917–1920 struggle for national liberation, fighting for the cultural, moral and political rights of the Ukrainian people. <mask> was born in 1898 in Novomyrgorod in the Yelysavetgrad (now Kirovograd) region, Ukraine. He graduated in 1917 from Yelysavetgrad as a teacher. While he was a student, he issued a magazine called Lisovyi Strumok ("Forest Brook"), in which he criticized the Soviet government. He played the bandura, wore Ukrainian national clothes, and spoke out about the events of 1918 in Ukraine. In Novomyrgorod in 1922, Kozhumyaka began publishing an illustrated magazine, Persha Lastivka ("The First Swallow").He took part in an agricultural community called "Rillya". Because of his sharp political views, he was fired from the position of head of Novomyrgorod School Number 4 and deprived of his membership of the Teachers' Union. He sought justice at the Yelysavetgrad Department of Education, and they sent him in 1923 to study in Odessa. In 1926 he got a degree in Social Upbringing, and in 1928 he graduated from the Language and Literature faculty in the Odessa Institute of People’s Education. His graduation paper was about Borys Grinchenko. Kozhumyaka was due to pass his state exam in the spring of 1928, but at night on 7 March he was arrested and sentenced to three years in Yoshkar-Ola. Nevertheless, he got his diploma: on his return he graduated from Kharkiv Autoway Institute.From 1932 - Linear engineer on highway construction in Cherkassy. In 1937 he was arrested for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda and sentenced to ten years in the concentration camp in Samara, Russia, where he worked in the aircraft factory, which provided the front with IL-14 and IL-15 aircraft. He was so weak that he expected to die, but was saved because of his knowledge of cement production technology. He was assigned to work on secret projects: he constructed a radio mast to replace the Moscow one and built a huge underground refuge for the Moscow government, in case pressure from German troops forced their evacuation. After his prison term he was freed and became a paid worker. In 1949 Kozhumyaka was arrested for a third time because of his political views and driven to the eternal settlement in Krasnoyarsk Region. He did a lot to revive road-building in the Bolsheuluysky District.After Stalin's death he returned to Ukraine, and on 9 July 1958 the Cherkassy Regional Trial rehabilitated him. In 1954–1973 he worked as an engineer and road builder in Zla-topil and Novomyrgorod. The 417-km Cherkassy–Uman–Gaisyn road was made under his guidance. 1966-1973 he carried out projects and constructed bridges across the river Velyka Vys in Kirovograd Region, in places such as Velyka Vyska, Holovanivsk, Novomyrgorod, Haivoron, Martonoscha village, Kanizh, Panchevo, Rubaniy Mist and Korobchyno. Kozhumyaka took an active part in Ukrainian national life. He organized the construction of the monument to Taras Schevchenko by sculptor Ivan Honchar in the village of Lypjanka. He left several memoirs, photos and letters to his friends, famous people like B. Antonenko-Dovydovych, M. Stelmah, I. Romanchenko and V.Lazoorskiy.His letters are a record of his philosophical, political and national views. In 1969 he initiated a tradition of bringing March wreaths to the monuments to Taras Schevchenko in the Shpola Region. He exerted himself to publish works of progressive world literature and the UNESCO Courier magazine in Ukrainian. He made efforts to restore the ancient letter "ґ" (g) to the Ukrainian alphabet, uniting his friends and colleagues for the purpose. He also compiled the Autoway Dictionary himself. In order to maintain interest and to promulgate a clear picture of Ukrainian history, Kozhumyaka published his own historical research under the titles "Brick Miracle", "St.Mykola’s Cathedral", "Monument to Cobsar" and others. He also wrote letters to the Supreme Rada, the Writers’ Union of Ukraine and the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, demanding an end to language discrimination against the Ukrainian people and the distribution of politically important documents, including the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "Internationalism or Russian assimilation?"by Ivan Dzjuba and uncensored poems by Vasyl Symonenko. Kozhumyaka argued for Ukraine to be recognized as an independent state and foretold its sovereignty. He believed that "an intelligent person is a light that should illuminate all the best qualities. He should lead and be an example of progress, justice, consciousness, truth and beauty". Kozhumyaka aroused the national consciousness of the citizens of Ukraine. His literary heritage is still current. In July 2007 a Museum to <mask> Kozhumyaka was opened in Novomyrgorod.Sources
 Бондар Василь. Винниченко промовляє до земляків // Літературна Україна. – 1990. – 22 листоп. ;
 Гончар Олесь. Щоденники. Спогади Олеся Гончара про Степана Кожум'яку.– К.: Веселка, 2008. – Т.2. (1968–1983). – С. 266–267;
 Лепеха Сергій. До діда, у курінь // Червона зірка. – 1991.– 20 жовт. ;
 Маевская Ирина. Вольное поселение (книга). – М.: Возвращение, 1993. – 73 с.;
 Олійник Микола. Свята зріднила їх мета // Черкаський край. – 2000.– 24 берез. ;
 Орел Світлана. Український аристократ з "куреня" // Дзеркало тижня. – 2009. – 28 лют. – 6 берез. ;
 Орел Світлана.Юний Шевченко знову… в Новомиргороді // Слово просвіти. – 2010. – 13 лип. ;
 Пісковий Володимир. За круглим столом радіостудії // Червона зірка. – 1988. – 15 верес.;
 Пісковий Володимир. Зразок поступу, справедливості, правди та краси // Новомиргородщина. – 2007. – 20 жовт. ;
 Селецький Петро. Останній Міст // Молодий комунар. – 1988.– 14 трав. ;
 Суржок Микола. А як ви себе почуваєте? // Вільний голос. – 1992. – 2 лип. ;
 Устимів Б. Громада – великий чоловік // Народне слово.– 2010. – 1 лип. ;
 Багацький Леонід. Тарасовими шляхами // Козацький Iнтернет-журнал "Cурма". – 2011. – 24 січ. ;
 Степан Кожум'яка у пам'ятi очевидців // Спомини про Ст.Кожум'яку, записанi в 1992–1999 рр. ;
 Степан Кожемяка. Письма из ссылки // Красноярское общество "Мемориал". – 2009. – 29 мая;
 Книга "Планида Степана Кожум'яки". Сер. : Життя славетних / Упоряд.та авт. передм. Ю. Колісник. – Черкаси: Брама, 2004. – 224 с.
 Презентація PowerPoint "Степан Кожум'яка": Життя й діяльність / Упоряд. Ю. Колісник, В. Олексенко. – Черкаси: 2010.External links
 Stepan Kozhumyaka Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

1898 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Ukrainian engineers
Linguists from Ukraine
20th-century linguists

masks:
Kozhumyaka Stepan Demydovych
Kozhumyaka
Stepan


title: Robert Roosevelt

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask> (August 7, 1829 – June 14, 1906), was a sportsman, author, and politician who served as a United States Representative from New York (1871–1873) and as Minister to the Hague (1888–1889). He was also a member of the <mask> family and an uncle of US President <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City to businessman Cornelius Van Schaack "C.V.S." <mask> and Margaret Barnhill. He had three elder brothers, Silas, James, and Cornelius Jr., and two younger brothers, Theodore and William. He was an uncle of President Theodore "T.R.<mask>, Jr. and grand-uncle of First Lady <mask>.As an Oyster Bay <mask>, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack, Jr., he was a descendant of the Dutch American Schuyler family. Career
<mask> studied law and was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1850. He commenced practice in New York City. During the Civil War he was an active Democrat, and a founder of the  Allotment Commission and the Loyal National League. His first experience in politics was in the organization of the Citizens' Association at the time of the Tweed Ring administration in New York city. For several years, he edited the organ of the Citizens' Association, the New York Citizen, at first with Charles G. Halpine, and after Halpine's death by himself. He was a founder of the Committee of Seventy, and first vice-president of the Reform Club.<mask> was elected as a Democrat to the 42nd Congress (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873). Although the pressure of anti-Tammany Democratic organizations forced Tammany Hall to approve his nomination, he denounced its measures, and did much to contribute to the breaking up of the latter organization. <mask> served as trustee representing the city of New York for the New York and Brooklyn Bridge from 1879 to 1882. He was instrumental in establishing paid fire and health departments in New York City. He was a member of the Board of Aldermen of New York City. He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as Minister to The Hague, serving from August 10, 1888 to May 17, 1889. He was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee in 1892.<mask> was an early angler and conservationist. He organized several clubs to restrain the indiscriminate slaughter of game. He is credited with influencing his nephew, <mask>, to become a conservationist. He founded the New York State Fishery Commission in 1867, and was appointed one of the three fish commissioners. He served as fish commissioner for 20 years, 1868–1888, without a salary. The reports of the commission were prepared chiefly by him, and led to the appointment of similar commissions in other states. For many years, he served as president of the Fish Culture Association, of an association for the protection of game, of the New York Sportsman's Club, and of the International Association for the Protection of Game.He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. As a member of the U.S. Congress, he originated the bill to create the United States Fish Commission. Writer
<mask> was a popular author and a friend of writers such as Oscar Wilde. He sometimes wrote under the pseudonym Barnwell or Ira Zell. He edited Political Works of Charles G. Halpine, supplying a memoir (1869). <mask>'s nephew Theodore Jr. credited him with being the first to scribe the "Br'er Rabbit" stories (which had been passed down orally by slaves), publishing them in Harper's, where they fell flat. This was a good many years before Joel Chandler Harris published the stories in The Atlanta Journal in 1879.Personal life
<mask> was first married to Elizabeth Ellis (1829–1887), a descendant of the Livingston family who was the daughter of John French Ellis (1794–1853) and Eliza Glen Thorn (1796–1855). Together, they were the parents of:

 Margaret Barnhill <mask> (1851–1927), who married Augustus Van Horne Kimberly (1845–1927) in 1889. John Ellis <mask> (1853–1939), who in 1879 married Nannie Mitchell Vance (1860–1912), daughter of Hon. Samuel B. H. Vance, at the recently built St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, in New York City. Vance, who was active in New York State Republican politics, was a manufacturer who served as Acting Mayor of New York City for the month of December 1874. <mask> <mask>. (1866–1929) He purchased the Meadowcroft property at Sayville, New York in 1873 and it was later developed by his son as the John Ellis <mask> Estate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.After the death of his first wife, he married his mistress, Irish immigrant Marion Theresa "Minnie" O'Shea. Although his children with Minnie were his biological children, they had been born prior to his wedding to Minnie and were known as his stepchildren. They had been listed as having a father named "<mask> Fortescue", and maintained the Fortescue name throughout their lives. Together with Minnie, he was the father of:

 Kenyon Fortescue (1871–1939), who became an attorney. Major Granville Roland "Rolly" Fortescue (1875–1952), who married Grace Hubbard Bell (1883–1979), niece of Alexander Graham Bell. Maude Fortescue (1880–1961), who married Ernest William Sutton Pickhardt in 1900 and moved to London. Pickhardt was the son of Manhattan millionaire Ernest W. Pickhardt and the brother of Baroness Irene von Colberg.They divorced before Pickhardt's suicide in 1909. In 1945, she married Brigadier General Richard L. A. Pennington. <mask> died in Sayville, Suffolk County, N.Y., on June 14, 1906 while his nephew was serving as President of the United States. His remains were interred in Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His large estate was left to his family,

Published works
 Superior Fishing; or The Striped Bass, Trout, Black Bass and Bluefish of the Northern States. Game Fish of the Northern States and British Provinces. Game Birds of the North (1866)
 Superior Fishing (1866)
 Florida and the Game Water Birds (1868)
 Five Acres Too Much, a satire provoked by Edmund Morris's Ten Acres Enough (1869)
 Progressive Petticoats, a satire on female physicians (1871)
Fish Hatching and Fish Catching (1879)

References

External links

1829 births
1906 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
Writers from Manhattan
New York (state) Democrats
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American diplomats
<mask> family
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Angling writers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
People from Sayville, New York
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American writers
American male writers
Politicians from New York City
19th-century male writers

masks:
Robert Barnhill Roosevelt
Robert Barnwell Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Robert Roosevelt
Roosevelt
" Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Conservation Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Robert
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Robert Barnhill
Roosevelt Jr
Roosevelt
Robert Francis
Roosevelt
Robert Schuyler


title: Roy R. Rubottom Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (February 13, 1912 – December 6, 2010) was a United States diplomat, most notable for being Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1957 to 1960, a post in which he played a major role in engineering the United States' response to the Cuban Revolution. Biography

Early years (1912–1947)
<mask> was born in Brownwood, Texas on February 13, 1912. His parents ran a boarding house. He was educated at Southern Methodist University, graduating in 1933. There he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and in 1933, he became the fraternity's seventh full-time traveling secretary (educational leadership consultant) from 1933 to 1935. In 1937, he became dean of student life at the University of Texas at Austin. He married a student, <mask> of Corsicana, Texas, in 1938, and together the couple had three children: a daughter, Eleanor Ann (<mask>) Odden and two sons, <mask> and <mask>.During his time at the University of Texas, he also did graduate level studies from 1939 to 1941. In fall 1941, <mask> joined the United States Navy with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade). He was initially posted to New Orleans, where he was responsible for recruiting and training. After serving additional assignments in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico and Asunción, Paraguay he left the Navy in 1946, having achieved the rank of Commander. Career in the Foreign Service (1947–1957)
<mask> joined the United States Foreign Service in 1947. His first posting as a Foreign Service Officer was Second Secretary in Bogotá. He then moved to the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C. to become Officer-in-Charge of Mexican Affairs, and later Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs.He then returned to the field, serving in the United States Embassy in Madrid, first as Counselor, then as Director of the United States Operations Mission in Spain. In 1956, he returned to Washington, D.C. and became Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (1957–1960)
Upon the resignation of Henry F. Holland in September 1956, <mask> took over as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. After many months, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles chose to nominate <mask> for the post, which was confirmed in the Senate after lengthy confirmation hearings. <mask> served in the capacity of Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from June 18, 1957 until August 27, 1960. Pursuing the Eisenhower Administration's Cold War policy of containment (as expressed in the Eisenhower Doctrine), <mask>'s chief aim as Assistant Secretary was to halt the spread of Communism in Latin America. In January 1958, <mask> gave an important speech entitled "Communism in the Americas" in which he warned that agents of the Soviet Union were increasingly active in Latin America and that the U.S. needed to be prepared to support anti-Communist forces in Latin America.The Cuban Revolution of 1959 occurred while <mask> was Assistant Secretary. <mask> initially believed that Castro was not a Communist, and in April 1959, the State Department greeted Castro as a "distinguished leader". At a January 14, 1960 meeting of the United States National Security Council, <mask> explained how the State Department's policy evolved from having a positive image of Fidel Castro in early 1959 through to deciding Castro needed to be assassinated by the end of the year:

In addition to discussions about assassinating Castro, <mask> was involved in discussions about the United States embargo against Cuba, which began in October 1960, two months after <mask> left the State Department. As Assistant Secretary, <mask> was supportive of moderates in the Dominican Republic who sought the overthrow of dictator <mask>, advising the National Security Council in March 1960 that an assassination attempt would occur soon. He was in contact with CIA officials about orchestrating the assassination, which eventually occurred in May 1961. Later years (1960–present)
President Eisenhower then nominated <mask> as United States Ambassador to Argentina; Ambassador <mask> presented his credentials to the Argentinian government on October 20, 1960 and served in that post for one year, leaving Argentina on October 19, 1961. <mask> spent 1961–64 as a faculty adviser at the Naval War College.He then returned to his alma mater, Southern Methodist University, as Vice President of Life (1964–67); Vice President of Administration (1967–70); and Vice President of Planning (1970–71). He then spent two years as president of the University of the Americas before retiring in 1973. In retirement, <mask> lived in Dallas. <mask> and his wife were active members of the Highland Park United Methodist Church. <mask> was also active in the Boy Scouts of America, serving as U.S. delegate to the World Scout Conference on four occasions and being awarded the Silver Buffalo Award in 1993. <mask> also remained active in Lambda Chi Alpha, serving on the Grand High Zeta from 1968 to 1976 and as a director of the Educational Foundation Board from 1977 to 1996 (and as its chairman from 1985 to 1989). The fraternity awarded <mask>om its Order of Achievement in 1988.After over 40 years living in Dallas, the <mask>oms moved to Austin in 2006. <mask>'s wife, <mask>, died on January 4, 2008. <mask> <mask> died on December 6, 2010 in Austin, Texas. Publications by <mask><mask> Jr.
<mask><mask>, Jr., "Communism in the Americas", Department of State Bulletin, Feb. 3, 1958. <mask><mask> Jr., "Toward Better Understanding between United States and Latin America," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 330, Whither American Foreign Policy? (Jul.1960), pp. 116–123. <mask><mask> Jr., "The Goals of United States Policy in Latin America", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 342, American Foreign Policy Challenged (Jul., 1962), pp. 30–41. Photographs of <mask><mask> Jr.
From Getty Images
From Life magazine

References

1912 births
2010 deaths
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Writers from Texas
People from Brownwood, Texas
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Texas at Austin people
United States Navy officers
Naval War College faculty
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats
Military personnel from Texas

masks:
Roy Richard Rubottom Jr
Rubottom
Billy Ruth Young
Rubottom
Frank Richard Rubottom
John William Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rafael Trullo
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
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Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubottom
Rubott
Rubott
Rubottom
Billy Ruth
Roy Richard
Rubottom
Roy R
. Rubottom
Roy R
. Rubottom
Roy R
. Rubottom
Roy R
. Rubottom
Roy R
. Rubottom


title: Gil de Ferran

texts:
<mask> (born November 11, 1967 in Paris, France) is a French-born Brazilian professional racing driver and team owner. De Ferran was the 2000 and 2001 Champ Car champion driving for Team Penske and the winner of the 2003 Indianapolis 500. He also finished runner-up in the American Le Mans Series LMP1 class in 2012, with his own de Ferran Motorsports. Early career

Inspired by the success of fellow Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, <mask>n began his career in kart racing in the early 1980s. He graduated to Formula Ford level in 1987 and Formula Three in 1991. Driving for Edenbridge Racing, De Ferran finished the 1991 British Formula Three season in third, only behind Rubens Barrichello and David Coulthard. For the 1992 season, De Ferran moved to Paul Stewart Racing and won the title, scoring seven wins in the process.1993 and 1994 were spent driving for Paul Stewart Racing in International Formula 3000. De Ferran finished fourth in the series in 1993 and then took the championship down to the wire in 1994, ultimately finishing third. In 1993, De Ferran tested for a day the Footwork Arrows Formula One team along with Dutch racer Jos Verstappen. His day was seriously compromised after he bumped his head while walking nearby the motorhome. His times also compared poorly to Verstappen's. CART

At the end of 1994, <mask>n was invited to test a CART IndyCar by Hall/VDS Racing. Despite the worries of the team's sponsor Pennzoil that <mask>n was not a famous enough name for their car, the team was sufficiently impressed to offer <mask>n a drive for 1995.With no top-line Formula One drive available, <mask>n took up the offer to drive in America. De Ferran won the PPG Indy Car World Series Rookie Of The Year award in 1995 by finishing 14th. He scored his first CART PPG Indy Car World Series win in the last race of the year at Laguna Seca Raceway. In 1996, <mask>n was a consistent challenger but only scored one win, at Cleveland's Burke Lakefront Airport street circuit. This win was also the last for veteran car owner and driver Jim Hall who retired from the sport at the end of 1996. Hall's retirement also spelled the end of the Jim Hall owned Pennzoil/VDS IndyCar team. Despite rumours that he would be a driver for the new Stewart Grand Prix Formula One team, <mask> remained in America for 1997, joining Walker Racing.De Ferran finished 1997 as runner-up to Alex Zanardi with ten top-ten finishes but failed to score a single victory. He looked on course to win the season opener at Homestead-Miami Speedway but was knocked out of the lead by Dennis Vitolo, who was a lap down from <mask>n. At the Grand Prix of Portland he lost out to PacWest Racing's <mask> in the closest finish in CART history. The expected championship challenge never materialized in 1998. Unreliability, driver errors and the inferior performance of the Goodyear tires compared to the superior Firestone tires all combined to leave <mask>n 12th in the standings, again with no wins in the year. In 1999, the long-awaited breakthrough finally came as <mask>n beat Juan Pablo Montoya at Portland International Raceway to take his first win since 1996 and the Walker Racing team's first since early 1995. However that victory would mark the end of an era as both Goodyear and Valvoline both left CART as major sponsors and suppliers at the end of the 1999 season.Toward the end of that season, <mask> and Greg Moore were signed to Marlboro Team Penske to replace Al Unser, Jr. and the rotating arrangement of drivers employed after Andre Ribeiro retired. However, Moore was killed in a crash during the season finale at California Speedway and <mask>n's fellow countryman Hélio Castroneves was announced as the replacement for Moore shortly afterwards. On October 28, 2000, during CART qualifying at California Speedway, <mask>n set both the track record and closed course record for fastest lap at . As of June 2020, this stands as the fastest qualifying lap speed ever recorded at an official race meeting. In 2001, <mask>n did not appear in Sylvester Stallone's film Driven along with his teammate Hélio Castroneves and his owner Roger Penske for unknown reasons. The Penske years saw <mask>n finally fulfill the promise of the earlier part of his career with two CART titles and an Indy 500 victory. His analytical approach earned him comparisons with Penske's first driver, Mark Donohue.He also garnered praise for his politeness and integrity: when Penske switched to the Indy Racing League in 2002, he did not criticize the move even though it meant he could not defend his CART title. In 2003, <mask> was injured during a race at Phoenix, suffering a broken back. Despite the injury, <mask>n passed his teammate, Castroneves with 31 laps left to win an emotional victory at the 2003 Indianapolis 500. It also was the second 1-2 finish for Penske Racing in the Indianapolis 500. Following his Indianapolis triumph <mask> decided to retire at the end of 2003. He won his final race at Texas Motor Speedway, although the moment was soured by a terrifying crash during the race that left fellow Indy 500 winner and Rahal-Letterman Racing driver Kenny Bräck seriously injured. Formula One managerial career

In 2005, he moved to the BAR-Honda Formula One team as their Sports Director.He resigned from this position in July 2007 after becoming "increasingly uncomfortable" with the team. In July 2018 <mask> was made sporting director for McLaren following Eric Boullier's resignation. He left the team in early 2021.

de Ferran Motorsports

On January 29, 2008 <mask>n announced that he would return to the cockpit and field a factory-backed LMP2 class Acura ARX-01b prototype in the American Le Mans Series, under the team name de Ferran Motorsports. The team began competing around the mid-way point of the 2008 season, with De Ferran running the team and sharing driving duties with Simon Pagenaud. Success again was immediate and de Ferran Motorsports took four front row grid positions, led six races and scored three podium finishes in just eight starts. 2009 saw another challenge when <mask>n Motorsports was chosen by Honda to develop the Acura ARX-02a for competition in the LMP1 division of the American Le Mans Series. The team scored five outright wins, seven poles, seven fastest laps and finished runners up in the ALMS LMP1 class.Return to IndyCar

Half way through 2009 <mask> announced his decision to retire from the cockpit at the end of the racing season, expressing his intention to concentrate all his resources on expanding his team, making public his desire to return to IndyCar racing as a front running team owner. Prior to the start of the 2010 IZOD IndyCar season, <mask>n merged his team with Luczo Dragon Racing, a team started by Jay Penske, the son of <mask>n’s former boss Roger Penske, and Steve Luczo, a successful technology leader and racing enthusiast. The new team was named de Ferran Dragon Racing and is the realization of <mask>’s ambition to return to IndyCar. De Ferran Dragon Racing, with driver Raphael Matos, earned four Top Ten finishes in its debut campaign and led 15 laps during the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway. In 2010, IndyCar also began planning for a completely new car concept, to debut during the 2012 season. Due to his technical knowledge, motorsports experience across different series and roles, as well as the widespread respect he holds within the racing industry, <mask>n was chosen by his team owner peers to represent their interests in the development of the future IndyCar. As part of the ICONIC committee, who created the concept for the future of IndyCar Racing.In 2011 de Ferran Dragon racing closed its doors due to lack of funding, having attempted to stay operational for the new season. Recognition

In July 2013, Autosport magazine named De Ferran one of the 50 greatest drivers to have never raced in Formula One. Personal life

De Ferran currently lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida with his English wife Angela and children Anna (born 1995) and Luke (born 1997). Motorsports career results

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete American Open Wheel Racing results
(key)

CART

IndyCar Series

Indianapolis 500 results

CART career results

Indy Racing League career results

Complete American Le Mans Series results

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
American Le Mans Series drivers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Brazilian people of French descent
Brazilian racing drivers
Brazilian IndyCar Series drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Brazilian Champ Car drivers
Champ Car champions
Champ Car drivers
EFDA Nations Cup drivers
Formula One people
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 winners
IndyCar Series drivers
IndyCar Series team owners
International Formula 3000 drivers
McLaren people
Supercars Championship drivers
Team Penske drivers

masks:
Gil de Ferran
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferra
Mark Blundell
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferran
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferra
de Ferra
de Ferran
de Ferra


title: Diego Restrepo

texts:
<mask> (born February 25, 1988) is a Colombian-American soccer coach and former soccer player who played as a goalkeeper. Currently, he is the Head of Goalkeeping for D.C. United, a Major League Soccer franchise. Playing Career

College and amateur
<mask> lived in Colombia until he was 11 before moving to West Palm Beach, Florida with his family. He attended American Heritage School, and spent time at the IMG Soccer Academy in Bradenton, Florida, before going on to play three years of college soccer at the University of South Florida. He transferred to the University of Virginia prior to his junior year, and quickly installed himself as the team's starting goalkeeper for Virginia, with whom he won the ACC Championship and the NCAA National Championship in 2009. During his championship season, <mask> broke school records previously held by Tony Meola for games played (25), minutes played (2348), shutouts (16), consecutive shutouts (11) and consecutive scoreless minutes (1176). He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the ACC Tournament and Defensive Most Valuable Player of the NCAA Tournament.During his college years <mask> also played for the Bradenton Academics in the USL Premier Development League. Professional
In January 2011, <mask> signed a professional contract with Colombian soccer club América de Cali. He made his professional debut on Wednesday, August 31, 2011, in America's 1-1 tie vs. Pereira. <mask> moved to Venezuelan club Deportivo Táchira on December 30, 2011. He played 8 competitive matches for Tachira, 4 in the Venezuelan Cup, and 4 in the Venezuelan First Division. He finished the season as Tachira's starter. On March 20, 2013 the Tampa Bay Rowdies announced that <mask> had signed a two-year contract with the club.He excelled after being named the Rowdies starting goalkeeper, playing in 26 matches in all competitions. He was named the "NASL Player Of The Week" 3 times and to the "NASL Team Of the Week" 7 times in 2013. During the Rowdies' 2014 preseason training, <mask> tore his Achilles tendon and was sidelined for the entirety of the 2014 season. On November 6, <mask> announced he would be moving on from Tampa Bay. <mask> signed with USL club Charlotte Independence on February 24, 2015. During his short stay with Charlotte, he played in 3 matches, 2 in the U.S. Open Cup and 1 in USL league play. In June 2015, <mask> is transferred to Metropolitanos FC, returning to the Venezuelan First Division.On August 1, 2015, <mask> takes over the starting role at Metropolitanos, helping the team snap a 3-game losing streak. <mask> stays as Metropolitanos starting goalkeeper, making 16 starts in all competitions, including 12 league starts. <mask> joined NASL side Fort Lauderdale Strikers on December 31, 2015. He helped the Strikers earn their first win of the season, on the road in his club debut on May 7, 2016, 3-1 vs. the league leading Carolina Railhawks. The following week, he cemented his starting role with his first shutout of the season, in a 0-0 draw vs. the Indy Eleven. With <mask> in goal, the Strikers improved from 9th place in the league standings, to 1 point away from the Spring Season title. <mask> helped the Strikers reach the final 8 of the 2016 US Open Cup, and for his heroics is named lower division player of the tournament.Due to the dire financial situation of the Strikers, <mask> was transferred briefly back to the Tampa Bay Rowdies to finish the 2016 North American Soccer League season. He served as the backup goalkeeper for the last month of the Rowdies season. On March 9, 2017, San Antonio FC of the USL announces the signing of <mask> for the 2017 season. After week 5, when starting keeper Matt Cardone was lost for the season due to injury, <mask> establishes himself as SAFC's starter and goes on to have a record breaking season, leading the club to the best collective defensive performance in the league, recording just four losses and conceding 24 goals (21 individually). <mask> led the USL with 12 clean sheets, recording 69 saves, posting a 76.7 percent save success rate, and finishing as runner-up in the race for the USL Golden Glove with a 0.80 goals against average. For his performance, <mask> was named the 2017 United Soccer League Goalkeeper Of The Year, and to the 2017 United Soccer League Best Eleven. In 2018 <mask> lost his starting role due to injury, and he signed with Austin Bold FC on 17 January 2019.U.S. Open Cup

<mask> has had much success in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup throughout his career. In 2013, he helped the Tampa Bay Rowdies knock out the Seattle Sounders, saving an Obafemi Martins penalty kick in the 84th minute to preserve the 1-0 result. In 2015, <mask> helped the Charlotte Independence attain their first win versus a higher division opponent, coming on in the 40th minute to preserve the shutout and 1-0 victory versus the NASL's Carolina Railhawks. In 2016, <mask> was the star of the Fort Lauderdale Strikers run to the Open Cup's final 8. He tallied a shutout and stopped 3 penalty kicks during the shootout win vs. the Richmond Kickers, earning U.S. Open Cup player of the round. In the round of 36, he held D.C. United scoreless during 120 minutes of play, and stopped a penalty kick during the shootout, helping the Strikers advance to the round of 16. <mask> was also a key performer in the Strikers 2-1 win vs. Orlando City SC making several vital saves in the match, and earning a reputation as an "MLS killer" in the tournament.For his impressive performances in the 2016 Tournament, <mask> was the "U.S. Open Cup Lower Division Player of the Tournament". International
Despite being born in Venezuela, <mask> has represented the United States at the youth level. He is a graduate of the USA U-17 Residency Program. In 2005, he was a member of the USA U-17 World Cup squad that participated in the 2005 Youth World Cup in Peru. He has also been a member of the USA U-20 National Team. Honors

University of Virginia
NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship (1): 2009

América de Cali
Copa Cafam (1): 2011

San Antonio FC
2017 USL Goalkeeper Of The Year
2017 USL Best Eleven

References

External links
 University of Virginia Bio

1988 births
Living people
Venezuelan footballers
American soccer players
Colombian footballers
South Florida Bulls men's soccer players
Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer players
IMG Academy Bradenton players
América de Cali footballers
Deportivo Táchira F.C. players
Tampa Bay Rowdies players
Charlotte Independence players
Metropolitanos FC players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers players
San Antonio FC players
Austin Bold FC players
Categoría Primera A players
USL League Two players
North American Soccer League players
USL Championship players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
Colombian emigrants to the United States
American sportspeople of Colombian descent
Association football goalkeepers
NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament Most Outstanding Player winners
People from Mérida, Mérida

masks:
Diego Alejandro Restrepo Garcia
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo
Restrepo


title: Giovanni Papini

texts:
<mask> (9 January 18818 July 1956) was an Italian journalist, essayist, novelist, short story writer, poet, literary critic, and philosopher. A controversial literary figure of the early and mid-twentieth century, he was the earliest and most enthusiastic representative and promoter of Italian pragmatism. <mask> was admired for his writing style and engaged in heated polemics. Involved with avant-garde movements such as futurism and post-decadentism, he moved from one political and philosophical position to another, always dissatisfied and uneasy: he converted from anti-clericalism and atheism to Catholicism, and went from convinced interventionism – before 1915 – to an aversion to war. In the 1930s, after moving from individualism to conservatism, he finally became a fascist, while maintaining an aversion to Nazism. As one of the founders of the journals Leonardo (1903) and Lacerba (1913), he conceived literature as "action" and gave his writings an oratory and irreverent tone. Though self-educated, he was an influential iconoclastic editor and writer, with a leading role in Italian futurism and the early literary movements of youth.Working in Florence, he actively participated in foreign literary philosophical and political movements such as the French intuitionism of Bergson and the Anglo-American pragmatism of Peirce and James. Promoting the development of Italian culture and life with an individualistic and dreamy conception of life and art, he acted as a spokesman in Roman Catholic religious beliefs. <mask>'s literary success began with "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"), published in 1906, and his 1913 publication of his auto-biographical novel Un Uomo Finito ("A finished man"). Due to his ideological choices, <mask>'s work was almost forgotten after his death, although it was later re-evaluated and appreciated again: in 1975, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges called him an "undeservedly forgotten" author. Early life

Born in Florence as the son of a modest furniture retailer (and former member of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts) from Borgo degli Albizi, Papini was baptized in secret by his mother to avoid the aggressive anti-clericalism of his father. Almost entirely self-educated, he never received an official university degree, and his highest level of education was a teaching certificate. Papini had a rustic, lonesome childhood.He felt a strong aversion to all beliefs, to all churches, as well as to any form of servitude (which he saw as connected to religion); he became enchanted with the idea of writing an encyclopedia wherein all cultures would be summarized. Trained at the Istituto di Studi Superiori (1900–2), he taught for a year in the Anglo-Italian school and then was librarian at the Museum of Anthropology from 1902 to 1904. The literary life attracted <mask>, who  in 1903 founded the magazine Il Leonardo, to which he contributed articles under the pseudonym of "Gian Falco." His collaborators included Giuseppe Prezzolini, Borgese, Vailati, Costetti and Calderoni. Through Leonardo's Papini and his contributors introduced in Italy important thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Peirce, Nietzsche, Santayana and Poincaré. He would later join the staff of Il Regno, a nationalist publication directed by Enrico Corradini, who formed the Associazione Nazionalistica Italiana, to support his country colonial expansionism. Papini met William James and Henri Bergson, who greatly influenced his early works.He started publishing short-stories and essays: in 1906, "Il Tragico Quotidiano" ("Everyday Tragic"), in 1907 "Il Pilota Cieco" ("The Blind Pilot") and "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"). The latter constituted a polemic with established and diverse intellectual figures, such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Papini proclaimed the death of philosophy and the demolition of thinking itself. He briefly flirted with Futurism and other violent and liberating forms of Modernism

In 1907 Papini married Giacinta Giovagnoli; the couple had two daughters, Viola and Gioconda. Before and during World War I

After leaving Il Leonardo in 1907, <mask>i founded several other magazines. First he published La Voce in 1908, then L'Anima together with <mask> and Prezzolini. In 1913 (right before Italy's entry into World War I) he started Lacerba (1913–15).From three years Papini was correspondent for the Mercure de France and later literary critic for La Nazione. About 1918 he created yet another review, La Vraie Italie, with Ardengo Soffici. Other books came from his pen. His Parole e Sangue ("Words and Blood") showed his fundamental atheism. Furthermore, Papini sought to create scandal by speculating that Jesus and John the Apostle had a homosexual relationship. In 1912 he published his best-known work, the autobiography Un Uomo Finito ("The Failure"). In his 1915 collection of poetic prose Cento Pagine di Poesia (followed by Buffonate, Maschilità, and Stroncature), Papini placed himself face-to-face with <mask>, William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, but also contemporaries such as Benedetto Croce and <mask>, and less prominent disciples of Gabriele D'Annunzio.A critic wrote of him:

<mask> [...] is one of the finest minds in the Italy of today. He is an excellent representative of modernity's restless search for truth, and his work exhibits a refreshing independence founded, not like so much so-called independence, upon ignorance of the past, but upon a study and understanding of it. He published verse in 1917, grouped under the title Opera Prima. In 1921, Papini announced his newly found Roman Catholicism, publishing his Storia di Cristo ("The Story of Christ"), a book which has been translated into twenty-three languages and has had a worldwide success. After further verse works, he published the satire Gog (1931) and the essay Dante Vivo ("Living Dante", or "If Dante Were Alive"; 1933). World War II and collaborations with Fascism
He became a teacher at the University of Bologna in 1935, when the Fascist authorities confirmed <mask>'s "impeccable reputation" through the appointment. In 1937, Papini published the only volume of his History of Italian Literature, which he dedicated to Benito Mussolini: "to Il Duce, friend of poetry and of the poets", being awarded top positions in academia, especially in the study of Italian Renaissance.In 1940 <mask>'s Storia della Letteratura Italiana was published in Nazi Germany with the title Eternal Italy: The Great in its Empire of Letters (in German: Ewiges Italien – Die Großen im Reich seiner Dichtung). <mask> was the vice president of the Europäische Schriftstellervereinigung (i.e. European Writers' League), which was founded by Joseph Goebbels in 1941/42. When the Fascist regime crumbled in 1943, Papini entered a Franciscan convent in La Verna, under the name "Fra' Bonaventura". Final years

Largely discredited at the end of World War II, <mask> was defended by the Catholic political right. His work concentrated on different subjects, including a biography of Michelangelo, while he continued to publish dark and tragic essays. He collaborated with Corriere della Sera, contributing articles that were published as a volume after his death.<mask> had been suffering from progressive paralysis (due by motor neuron disease) and was blind during the last years of his life. He died at the age of 75. According to art historian Richard Dorment, Francisco Franco's regime and NATO used <mask>'s series of imaginary interviews (Il Libro Nero, 1951) as propaganda against Pablo Picasso, to dramatically undercut his pro-Communist image. In 1962, the artist asked his biographer Pierre Daix, to expose the pretend interview, which he did in Les Lettres Françaises. He was admired by Bruno de Finetti, founder of a subjective theory of probability, and Jorge Luis Borges, who remarked that Papini had been "unjustly forgotten" and included some of his stories in the Library of Babel. In popular culture
Papini appears as a character in several poems of the period written by Mina Loy. Wallace Stevens wrote poem called "Reply to Papini."<mask> is repeatedly mentioned in speeches made by Colombian writer Gabriel García Marquez

Publications

  La Teoria Psicologica della Previsione (1902). Sentire Senza Agire e Agire Senza Sentire (1905). Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi (1906). Il Tragico Quotidiano (1906). La Coltura Italiana  (with Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1906). Il Pilota Cieco (1907). Le Memorie d'Iddio (1911).L'Altra Metà (1911). La Vita di Nessuno (1912). Parole e Sangue (1912). Un Uomo Finito (1913). Ventiquattro Cervelli (1913). Sul Pragmatismo: Saggi e Ricerche, 1903–1911 (1913). Almanacco Purgativo 1914 (with Ardengo Soffici et al., 1913).Buffonate (1914). Vecchio e Nuovo Nazionalismo (with Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1914). Cento Pagine di Poesia (1915). Maschilità (1915). La Paga del

masks:
Giovanni Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Amendola
Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini


title: Giovanni Papini

texts:
 Sabato (1915). Stroncature (1916). Opera Prima (1917).Polemiche Religiose (1917). Testimonianze (1918). L'Uomo Carducci (1918). L'Europa Occidentale Contro la Mittel-Europa (1918). Chiudiamo le Scuole (1918). Giorni di Festa (1918). L'Esperienza Futurista (1919).Poeti d'Oggi (with Pietro Pancrazi, 1920). Storia di Cristo (1921). Antologia della Poesia Religiosa Italiana (1923). Dizionario dell'Omo Salvatico (with Domenico Giuliotti, 1923). L'Anno Santo e le Quattro Paci (1925). Pane e Vino (1926). Gli Operai della Vigna (1929).Sant'Agostino (1931). Gog (1931). La Scala di Giacobbe (1932). Firenze (1932). Il Sacco dell'Orco (1933). Dante Vivo (1933). Ardengo Soffici (1933).La Pietra Infernale (1934). Grandezze di Carducci (1935). I Testimoni della Passione (1937). Storia della Letteratura Italiana (1937). Italia Mia (1939). Figure Umane (1940). Medardo Rosso (1940).La Corona d'Argento (1941). Mostra Personale (1941). Prose di Cattolici Italiani d'Ogni Secolo (with Giuseppe De Luca, 1941). L'Imitazione del Padre. Saggi sul Rinascimento (1942). Racconti di Gioventù (1943). Cielo e Terra (1943).Foglie della Foresta (1946). Lettere agli Uomini di Papa Celestino VI (1946). Primo Conti (1947). Santi e Poeti (1948). Passato Remoto (1948). Vita di Michelangiolo (1949). Le Pazzie del Poeta (1950).Firenze Fiore del Mondo (with Ardengo Soffici, Piero Bargellini and Spadolini, 1950). Il Libro Nero (1951). Il Diavolo (1953). Il Bel Viaggio (with Enzo Palmeri, 1954). Concerto Fantastico (1954). Strane Storie (1954). La Spia del Mondo (1955).La Loggia dei Busti (1955). Le Felicità dell'Infelice (1956). Posthumous
  L'Aurora della Letteratura Italiana: Da Jacopone da Todi a Franco Sacchetti (1956). Il Muro dei Gelsomini: Ricordi di Fanciullezza (1957). Giudizio Universale (1957). La Seconda Nascita (1958). Dichiarazione al Tipografo (1958).Città Felicità (1960). Diario (1962). Schegge (Articles published in Corriere della Sera, 1971). Rapporto sugli Uomini (1978). Collected works
 Tutte le Opere di <mask>i, 11 vols. Milan: Mondadori (1958–66)

Works in English translation
 Four and Twenty Minds. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1922.The Story of Christ. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1923 [Rep. as Life of Christ. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1923]. The Failure. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1924 [Rep. as A Man-Finished. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1924]. The Memoirs of God.Boston: The Ball Publishing Co., 1926. A Hymn to Intelligence. Pittsburgh: The Laboratory Press, 1928. A Prayer for Fools, Particularly Those we See in Art Galleries, Drawing-rooms and Theatres. Pittsburgh: The Laboratory Press, 1929. Laborers in the Vineyard. London: Sheed & Ward, 1930.Life and Myself, translated by Dorothy Emmrich. New York: Brentano's, 1930. Saint Augustine. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1930. Gog, translated by Mary Prichard Agnetti. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1931. Dante Vivo.New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935. The Letters of Pope Celestine VI to All Mankind. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1948. Florence: Flower of the World. Firenze: L'Arco, 1952 [with Ardengo Soffici and Piero Bargellini]. Michelangelo, his Life and his Era.New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952. The Devil; Notes for Future Diabology. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1954 [London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1955]. Nietzsche: An Essay. Mount Pleasant, Mich.: Enigma Press, 1966. "The Circle is Closing."In: Lawrence Rainey (ed. ), Futurism: An Anthology, Yale University Press, 2009. Selected articles
 "Philosophy in Italy," The Monist 8 (4), July 1903, pp. 553–585. "What Pragmatism is Like," Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXI, October 1907, pp. 351–358."The Historical Play," The Little Review 6 (2), pp. 49–51. "Ignoto," The New Age 26 (6), 1919, p. 95. "Buddha," The New Age 26 (13), 1920, pp. 200–201. "Rudolph Eucken" The Open Court, 38 (5), May 1924, pp. 257–261.Short stories
 "The Debt of a Day," The International 9 (4), 1915, pp. 105–107. "The Substitute Suicide," The International 10 (5), 1916, pp. 148–149. "Four-Hundred and Fifty-Three Love Letters," The Stratford Journal 3 (1), 1918, pp. 9–12. "The Beggar of Souls" The Stratford Journal 4, 1919, p. 59–64."Life: The Vanishing Mirror," Vanity Fair 13 (6), 1920, p. 53. "Don Juan's Lament," Vanity Fair 13 (10), 1920, p. 43. "An Adventure in Introspection," Vanity Fair 13 (10), 1920, p. 65. "Having to do with Love – and Memory," Vanity Fair 14 (2), 1920, p. 69. "For no Reason," Vanity Fair 14 (3), 1920, pp. 71, 116. "The Prophetic Portrait," Vanity Fair 14 (4), 1920, p. 73."The Man who Lost Himself," Vanity Fair 14 (5), 1920, p. 35. "Hope," Vanity Fair 14 (6), 1920, p. 57. "The Magnanimous Suicide," Vanity Fair 15 (1), 1920, p. 73. "The Lost Day," Vanity Fair 15 (3), 1920, pp. 79, 106. "Two Faces in the Well," Vanity Fair 15 (4), 1920, p. 41. "Two Interviews with the Devil," Vanity Fair 15 (5), 1921, pp.59, 94. "The Bartered Souls," Vanity Fair 15 (6), 1921, p. 57. "The Man Who Could Not be Emperor," Vanity Fair 16 (1), 1921, p. 41. "A Man Among Men — No More," Vanity Fair 16 (2), 1921, p.
 "His Own Jailer," The Living Age, December 9, 1922. "Pallas and the Centaur," Italian Literary Digest 1 (1), April 1947. References

Notes

Bibliography

 Arnone, Vincenzo (2005). Papini, un Uomo Infinito.Padova: Messaggero. Berghaus, Günter (2000). International Futurism in Arts and Literature. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Castaldini, Alberto (2006). <mask>: la Reazione alla Modernità. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki.Castelli, Eugenio & Julio Chiappini (1971). Diez Ensayos sobre <mask>. Santa Fe, Argentina: Ediciones Colmegna. Colella, E. Paul (2005). "Reflex Action and the Pragmatism of <mask>," The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19 (3), pp. 187–215. De Paulis-Dalembert, Maria Pia (2007).<mask>: Culture et Identité. Toulouse: Presses de l'Université du Mirail. Di Biase, Carmine (1999). <mask>. L'Anima Intera. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. <mask>, Antonino (2009).<mask>. Dalla Filosofia Dilettante al Diletto della Filosofia. Roma-Acireale: Bonanno. Fantino, Giuseppe (1981). Saggio su Papini. Milano: Italia Letteraria. Filippis, M. de (1944)."<mask>," The Modern Language Journal 28 (4), pp. 352–364. Frangini, <mask> (1982). Papini Vivo. Palermo: Thule. Fuente, Jaime de la (1970). Papini: Una Vida en Busca de la Verdad.Madrid: E.P.E.S.A. Gironella, José María (1958). "The Death and Judgment of <mask>," Modern Age 2 (3), pp. 240–250. Fondi, Renato (1922). Un costruttore: <mask>. Firenze: Vallecchi.Giuliano, William P. (1946). "Spiritual Evolution of <mask>i," Italica 23 (4), pp. 304–311. Golino, Carlo L. (1955). "<mask>i and American Pragmatism," Italica 32 (1), pp. 38–48. Horia, Vintilă (1963).<mask>. Paris: Wesmael-Charlier. Invitto, <mask> (1984). Un Contrasto Novecentesco: <mask> e la Filosofia. Lecce: Ed. Milella. Phelps, Ruth Shepard (1923)."The Poet in Papini," The North American Review, Vol. CCXVII, No. 811, pp. 834–843. Phillips, Charles (1921). "A Prophet in Italy," Catholic World, Vol. CIV, pp.210–219. Prezzolini, Giuseppe (1922). "<mask>i," Broom 1 (3), pp. 239–248. Prezzolini, Giuseppe (1915). Discorso su <mask>i. Firenze: Libreria Della Voce.Riccio, Peter M. (1938). "<mask>i." In: Italian Authors of Today. New York: S.F. Vanni, Inc., pp. 87–96. Richter, Mario (2005).Papini e Soffici: Mezzo Secolo di Vita Italiana (1903–1956). Florence: Le Lettere. Ridolfi, Roberto (1957). Vita di Giovanni Papini. Milano: A. Mondadori, 1957 (Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1996). Righi, Lorenzo (1981). <mask>i Imperatore del Nulla: 1881–1981.Firenze: Tip. Sbolci. Waterfield, Lina (1921). "<mask>," The Living Age, No. 4016, pp. 788–789. James, William (1906)."G<mask> and the Pragmatist Movement in Italy," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 3 (13), pp. 337–341. Wilson, Lawrence A. (1961). "A Possible Original of <mask>'s Dottor Alberto Rego," Italica 38 (4), pp. 296–301. Wohl, Robert (2009).The Generation of 1914. Harvard University Press. External links

 **Almost There**
 L'Anima Magazine, May 1911

 A website about <mask>i in Italian
 A list of Papini's books translated in English

1881 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
Christian fascists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Neurological disease deaths in Tuscany
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Futurist writers
Italian Franciscans
Italian Futurism
Italian Nationalist Association
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian biographers
Italian essayists
Male essayists
Italian fascists
Journalists from Florence
Italian literary critics
Italian magazine founders
Italian male journalists
Italian male poets
Italian memoirists
Male biographers
Members of the Royal Academy of Italy
Writers from Florence
Roman Catholic conspiracy theorists
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century memoirists
Italian male non-fiction writers
Italian conspiracy theorists
University of Bologna

masks:
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Di Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovannipin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
. Papini
Papini
Giovanni Papin


title: Li Zhen (Later Liang)

texts:
<mask> (李振) (died November 20, 923), courtesy name Xingxu (興緒), was an important official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang. He was a trusted aide of Later Liang's founding emperor Emperor Taizu (Zhu Quanzhong) before the founding of the Later Liang state, and later served as the director of imperial governance (崇政使, Chongzhengshi) during the reigns of Emperor Taizu's sons and successors Zhu Yougui and <mask>. After Later Liang was destroyed by its rival Later Tang, Later Tang's Emperor Zhuangzong put <mask> to death. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. It is known that he was a great-grandson of the mid-Tang general <mask>, and that his grandfather and father, whose names were lost to history, were both prefectural prefects. <mask> had submitted himself for imperial examinations in the Jinshi class several times during Emperor Yizong's Xiantong era (860-874) and Emperor Xizong's Qianfu era (874-879), but was unable to pass, and therefore developed a hatred for those officials who passed the Jinshi examinations. He was eventually able to obtain a commission as a general of the imperial guards, and was later commissioned as the prefect of Tai Prefecture (臺州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang).However, when he was reporting to the prefecture, the prefecture had become overrun by agrarian rebels, and he was unable to take office. As he headed back toward the imperial capital Chang'an, he went through Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), the capital of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武). He offered strategical advice to Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu; Zhu was impressed, and therefore kept <mask> at Xuanwu as an assistant to himself. Service under Zhu Quanzhong

During Tang
In 898, after Zhu Quanzhong, who was then military governor of not only Xuanwu but also Xuanyi Circuit (宣義, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), had further expanded his territory by conquering Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and Taining (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong) Circuits, he sent his deputy military governor <mask> (韋震) to Chang'an to request that Emperor Zhaozong (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor) make him the military governor of Tianping as well. The imperial government, after initial reservations, did so after much lobbying by Wei. Zhu subsequently made Wei the acting military governor and <mask> the deputy military governor. In 900, the powerful eunuchs, led by <mask>, overthrew Emperor Zhaozong and put him under arrest, replacing him with his son <mask>, Prince of De.<mask> sent his adoptive son <mask> (劉希度) and another eunuch, <mask> (李奉本), to Bian Prefecture to try to persuade Zhu to support the eunuchs' coup, promising to let him control the imperial court if he did so. Zhu was unsure what to do, and most of his staff members suggested not getting involved with the politics at the imperial court. <mask>, however, urged intervention against the eunuchs, pointing out that this was a good opportunity for Zhu to raise his profile among the regional governors, and further pointing out that if the young emperor became firmly in control of the eunuchs, the eunuchs could easily do what they wanted. Zhu agreed, and put <mask> and <mask> under arrest, while sending <mask> to Chang'an to personally meet with the anti-eunuch chancellor Cui Yin, who was an ally of Zhu's, to consider what to do next. When, shortly thereafter, a countercoup by several Shence Army officers killed <mask> and his coconspirators and restored Emperor Zhaozong, Zhu, who then executed <mask> and <mask>, became even more attentive to <mask>'s advice. By 904, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong in his firm control and had forcibly moved the emperor from Chang'an to Luoyang. However, he was still apprehensive that the emperor might coordinate his actions with several other warlords who did not obey him—<mask> the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), <mask> the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), <mask> the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei).He therefore resolved to assassinate the emperor, and therefore sent <mask> to Luoyang to coordinate this matter with Jiang Xuanhui (蔣玄暉) the director of palace communications (whom Zhu had put in charge of monitoring the emperor), as well as his adoptive son Zhu Yougong (朱友恭) and officer Shi Shucong (氏叔琮). Zhu Yougong and Shi subsequently assassinated Emperor Zhaozong, who was then replaced with his son Emperor Ai. While Zhu Quanzhong subsequently ordered Zhu Yougong and Shi to commit suicide in order to divert responsibility, no harm came to <mask> or Jiang. In 905, Zhu made <mask> the acting military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), to replace Wang Shifan, who had previously launched a resistance campaign against Zhu but who had subsequently submitted to Zhu. When Wang received the order, he feared that Zhu would bear past grudges against him, and begged <mask> to have at least his family spared. <mask> alleviated Wang's fears by citing the example of how Cao Cao had spared Zhang Xiu, and Wang subsequently went to Bian Prefecture along with his family. Zhu soon recalled <mask> himself back to Bian Prefecture.Later in 905, as Zhu was planning on seizing the throne soon, Zhu's ally, the chancellor <mask>, advocated a mass purge of high-level Tang aristocrats, a proposal that <mask> also supported, as <mask> still hated these aristocrats, whose careers were largely launched from passing the Jinshi examinations. Zhu therefore had a group of some 30 high-level Tang aristocrats gathered at Baima Station (白馬驛, in modern Anyang), and then forced them to commit suicide. The victims included former chancellors Pei Shu, Dugu Sun, Cui Yuan, Lu Yi, Wang Pu, as well as the prominent officials Zhao Chong (趙崇) and Wang Zan (王贊). Further, at <mask>'s suggestion—arguing that these aristocrats had considered themselves clean in their origin (i.e., qingliu (清流), literally "clear flow"), they should be thrown into the muddy waters of the Yellow River to taint them—Zhu had their bodies thrown into the Yellow River. (During the purge, because <mask> was acting arrogantly toward Tang officials at Luoyang, and it was said that every time that he went from Bian Prefecture to Luoyang, some officials would always get exiled or executed, he became known by the nickname of Chixiao (鴟梟)—a mythical one-head, three-bodied bird.) During Later Liang
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang Dynasty and establishing a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. <mask> was thereafter made the director of palace affairs (殿中監, Dianzhong Jian).Shortly after, it was at his and Jing Xiang's suggestion that the Tang official Su Xun (蘇循), who had submitted petitions in support of the dynastic transition, be forced to retire as a traitor to Tang. <mask> was later made the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu). In 911, when Later Liang's Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) was under attack by <mask>u, the prince of Later Liang's enemy state Jin to the north, Emperor Taizu was concerned that Tianxiong's young military governor, Luo Zhouhan (who had inherited the governorship from his father Luo Shaowei), would not have the ability to stand against a Jin attack, and therefore sent the general Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) to assist Luo in the defense and <mask> to serve as Luo's deputy military governor. (It did not appear that <mask>ong, however, based on subsequent events.) Service under Zhu Yougui and <mask>
In 912, Emperor Taizu's son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying assassinated Emperor Taizu (who was then at Luoyang), blamed the assassination on his adoptive older brother Zhu Youwen the Prince of Bo and had Zhu Youwen executed, and then took the throne himself. Apprehensive about Jing Xiang, who was then the director of imperial governance and whose office was within the palace, as Jing was a close associate of Emperor Taizu's, Zhu Yougui gave Jing what appeared to be a promotion — to chancellorship — to remove him from the director of imperial governance position and remove his presence from the palace. <mask> was made the director of imperial governance.In 913, Zhu Yougui's younger brother Zhu Youzhen the Prince of Jun, who was then at Daliang (i.e., Bian Prefecture), prepared a coup against Zhu Yougui. Before he could launch it, however, his cousin Yuan Xiangxian (a son of Emperor Taiizu's sister), an imperial guard general, launched a coup and had Zhu Yougui's palace surrounded. Zhu Yougui committed suicide. During this coup, many Later Liang officials were killed or injured, and <mask> was one of the ones injured. Subsequently, Yuan offered the throne to Zhu Youzhen, who accepted it at Daliang, and subsequently changed his name to <mask>. While <mask> continued to serve as the director of imperial governance, neither he nor Jing was listened to much by <mask>, even though nominally they were the most honored officials of the state. Instead, <mask> mostly listened to the advice of Zhao Yan, the husband of one of his sisters, as well as his wife Consort Zhang's brothers Zhang Handing (張漢鼎) and Zhang Hanjie (張漢傑) and cousins Zhang Hanlun (張漢倫) and Zhang Hanrong (張漢融).As a result, <mask> often claimed to be ill to avoid policy meetings and avoid arguments with Zhao and the Zhangs. In 923, <mask>, whose Jin state by that point controlled nearly all of the territory north of the Yellow River, claimed imperial title as well, establishing a new Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong. The two states were gearing up for a major confrontation on the battlefield, and <mask> put the general Duan Ning in command of the Later Liang army, against Jing's and <mask>'s advice and against their subsequent requests to replace him. (It was said that <mask> stated to <mask>, "Duan Ning has not committed an error," and <mask> responded, "When he does so, the empire would already be in danger.") As Duan prepared an ambitious four-prong attack against Later Tang, the new Later Tang emperor bypassed him, crossed the Yellow River, and headed toward Daliang directly. With Daliang defenseless (because all the soldiers had been given to Duan in anticipation for the attack against Later Tang), <mask> panicked and committed suicide, ending Later Liang. Death
Upon Emperor Zhuangzong's arrival at Daliang, he issued an edict generally pardoning the Later Liang officials.Hearing of the edict, <mask> went to see Jing Xiang and suggested that they go see Emperor Zhuangzong together to beg for pardon. Jing responded, "Both of us were Liang chancellors. We could not correct the emperor's poor governance, and we could not save the dynasty from destruction. If the new emperor questions us on these grounds, how are we going to respond?" The next morning, Jing's servants informed him that <mask> had already gone to the palace. Jing sighed and stated, "<mask> is no man. The Zhus and the new emperor have been enemies for generations.Now, the empire has been destroyed, and the emperor is dead. Even if the new emperor would spare us, how can we still enter the Jianguo Gate [(建國門, the gate to the Later Liang imperial palace)]?" He therefore hanged himself. Within a few days, Emperor Zhuangzong, at the instigation of Duan Ning and another former Later Liang general, Du Yanqiu, issued another edict which, while generally confirming the pardon, ordered that Jing (whose death he apparently did not know), <mask>, Zhao, the Zhangs, the Later Liang general Zhu Gui (朱珪), and the Khitan prince Yelü Sala'abo (耶律撒剌阿撥) (the brother of the Khitan emperor Emperor Taizu of Liao, who had previously rebelled against the Khitan emperor and fled to Emperor Zhuangzong, and then re-defected to Later Liang) be put to death, along with their families. Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 18. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.43. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272. 9th-century births
923 deaths
Tang dynasty politicians
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) chongzhengshi
People executed by Later Tang
Executed Later Tang people
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
Political office-holders in Zhejiang
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people born during Tang

masks:
Li Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li Zhen
Li Baozhen
Li Zhen
Li
Wei Zhen
Li Zhen
Liu Jishu
Li Yu
Liu
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Liu Jishu
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Li Maozhen
Li Jihui
Li Keyong
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Liu Can
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li
Li Cunx
Li Zhen
Li Zhenxi
Zhu Zhen
Li Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li Cunxu
Zhu Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li