title: Leza Lidow

texts:
<mask> (February 5, 1924 – 2014) was an American artist. Lidow was born in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. She was brought up in a creative and intellectual environment. Her father was a World War I pilot, who later found a career as a stunt pilot for film. Her mother, daughter of a Russian diplomat, was born in China, and was an avid collector of Asian art and translated Asian poetry. At an early age she showed a passion for painting. At 18 she married the composer Friedrich Hollaender, who wrote for Marlene Dietrich as well as for Hollywood films.Film studios were interested in her as a potential actress but she declined in order to paint. She had a daughter with Hollander but after three years the couple divorced. Her education in art was continued in Paris and Switzerland. In 1951, Lidow returned to Los Angeles and exhibited solo at Roperi's Gallery. Soon after, she married industrialist and founder of International Rectifier Corp, <mask>, and they had two sons together. In 2005, arthritis had complicated her ability to paint. She started to make short films to continue her artistic expression.She died in 2014 and is interred in Culver City, California. Exhibitions
2008-2009
Nanjing Museum of Modern Art, Nanjing, China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Hubei Museum of Art, Hubei, China (Solo)

2007
Shanghai Grand Theatre Gallery, Shanghai China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Beijing World Art Museum, Beijing, China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2006
The Academy of Fine Arts of St Petersburg (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2004
Moscow Museum Of Contemporary History (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
"Cloning" La Roche-sur-Foron, Haute-Savoie, France (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2003
"Cloning", Florence, Italy, Fortezza da Basso (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
BIAC Terza Biennale d'Arte Contemporanea. Arezzo, Italy, Galleria Transit (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Montreux, Switzerland, Galerie Sabine Gonard (Theme Exhibitions)
Piombino, Italy Galleria comunale, Parfums de Femmes (Theme Exhibitions)
Paris, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Parfums de Femmes (Theme Exhibitions)
Perugia, Italy, Torre Strozzi, Centro per L'Arte contemporanea (Theme Exhibitions). Castiglione di Firenze, Italy, Chiesa San Lorenzo (Theme Exhibitions)
La Roche-sur-Foron, France, 5eme Festival de la Sculpture contemporaine (Theme Exhibitions)

2002
Serre di Rapolano, Italy, Museo comunale. En Cent Metamorphoses: La Femme (Theme Exhibitions)

2001
Geneva, Palexpo, Suisse Europ'Art. Hote d'honneur (Theme Exhibitions)
Gruyères, Switzerland, Centre international de L'Art fantastique (Theme Exhibitions). Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Hotel de ville, Festival international du film fantastique (Theme Exhibitions)
Reggio Emilia, Italy, Biennale Internazionale dell'Arte Contemporanea (Theme Exhibitions)

1998/1999.

masks:
Leza Lidow
Eric Lidow


title: Shaukat Aziz

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani former banker and financier who served as 17th prime minister of Pakistan from 20 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007. During his childhood he studied at St Patrick's High School, Karachi. <mask> graduated from the Institute of Business Administration in Karachi, and joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He served in various countries' governments as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999. After accepting a personal request by General Pervez Musharraf, <mask> returned to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the Finance Ministry as its finance minister while taking control of the country's economy. In 2004, <mask> was nominated by the Musharraf loyalist government led by Pakistan Muslim League (Q), to the position of prime minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004. <mask>'s macroeconomics policies oversaw political stability and economic progress in Pakistan, subsequently ending the "era of stagflation" in 2001.Intensified privatisation and economic liberalisation programmes were personally initiated by <mask>, privatising state-owned corporations and strengthening the country's economic base, which led to the improvement of the country's growth rate by 6.4% per year. Poverty and inflation rates dropped to 3.5% in the last 3 years, compared to 11–12% in the 1990s. For the first time in Pakistan's history, all goals and revenue collection targets were met in his tenure, and allocation for development increased by about 40%. Moreover, despite a series of internal and external distresses, the economic situation of Pakistan improved significantly and reserves increased to US$10.5 billion on 30 June 2004, compared to US$1.2 billion in October 1999. As prime minister, <mask> oversaw the large-scale expansion of military reforms, police reforms, and significant investment in the country that led to the boom of the automotive industry, energy megaprojects, nuclear industry, and the port industry, and presided over unprecedented GDP growth. <mask>'s policy expanded the internet and telecommunication services, and liberalised the private media of Pakistan as his vision to internationalise the image of the country. Education
<mask> <mask> was born in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan on 6 March 1949.He studied at Saint Patrick's School, Karachi and Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabad, Pakistan. His father, S.A<mask> (sometimes <mask>) was a radio engineer employed in the state-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) as chief engineer. His father, S.A<mask> was noted for making singular contributions in the development of Radio Pakistan and was the architect of its external services; for this his father was conferred with state honours by the government of Pakistan in the 1950s. S.A<mask> was one of the pioneers who nurtured Radio Pakistan in its days of infancy, and chartered the future roadmap for expansion of its network and technological advancement and growth. The PBC moved his family to Abbottabad, North West Frontier Province and attended the Abbottabad Public School, and later the family moving back to Karachi. <mask> matriculated and obtained high-school diploma from Saint Patrick's High School and proceeded Government College now GCU In Lahore where he passed his inter-level and ascended to attend the Gordon College of Rawalpindi, Punjab province in 1965. <mask> obtained a BS degree in Economics in 1967 from Gordan College and moved back to Karachi the same year to enroll in a master's programme.<mask> attended the master's programme of the Institute of Business Administration (IBA) in Karachi and obtained MBA in business administration in 1969. While at the IBA, <mask> secured the internship of U.S.-based Citibank, and after his master's degree, <mask> was called to join the executive senior staff of the Citibank, based in the United States. Career in Citigroup

Initially, <mask> joined the corporate branch of Citibank Pakistan as its credit officer in 1969. During his career, <mask> subsequently served in various countries including Pakistan, Greece, United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Philippines, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Singapore. After arriving to assume the charge of corporate assignment in the United States, <mask> settled in New York City and took over the office operations of Citibank at the Empire State Building. <mask> acquired permanent residence status, but did not acquire American citizenship, whilst continuing to upgrade his legal status. In the U.S., <mask> held numerous positions in Citibank across several divisions including Corporate and Investment Banking (CIB), Corporate Planning Officer (CPO), Chief Financial Officer of Citicorp and Managing Director of Citibank Singapore.He has been a board member of Citibank subsidiaries, including Saudi American Bank, Citicorp Islamic Bank, and of several non-profit organizations. <mask> played a pivotal rôle in expanding Citibank branches and corporate directive operations throughout the country and was instrumental in bringing multinational banking industries into Pakistan in the 1990s. At Citibank, <mask> served as the corporate director of Asia Pacific global finance operations and had been notable for financing and managing funds on behalf of Citibank and other financial corporations in global stock markets. He was also involved with Citi Private Bank, a subsidiary of Citigroup. <mask> regarded his career in Citigroup as "extremely helpful" in preparing him for the executive public office, in 2006. <mask> continued to visit Pakistan, working to expand Citibank's financial services and banking, overseeing the wide expansion of Citigroup's branches and its influence in Pakistan. In the 1990s, he worked closely with the governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif to help negotiate economic relief packages and aid to Pakistan, while maintaining diverse relations with Pakistan's Armed Forces who would also visit the United States as part of Sharif's and Benazir Bhutto's state visits.By the 1990s, <mask> had established many notable contacts within the United States administration. In a book, Global Financial Warrior, written by John B. Taylor, <mask> had substantial access to the US Treasury, World Bank and many other world financial institutions. <mask> worked closely with the United States in order to finance U.S. war games and operations. <mask> knew the volumes of secretive methods of transferring funds in and out of South Asia, particularly clandestine financing of nuclear weapons programmes of India and Pakistan at its most, Taylor maintained. Finance Minister

<mask> <mask> had been a president of Citi Private Bank in New York before returning to Pakistan in 1999. Shortly, General Pervez Musharraf arrived for a small personal trip to the United States after staging a coup d'état to deposed the people-elected prime minister Navaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. On 26 November 1999, while addressing a gathering of influential lobbyists of the Pakistani American community, a political lobbying sub-body of the Association of Pakistani Physicians of North America (APPNA), Musharraf stated that: "<mask> <mask> has come to Pakistan with forty other financial experts who have offered free service to revive Pakistan's national economy".After a brief session, Musharraf asked <mask> <mask> to stand up and introduce himself to the audience. <mask> reportedly returned with Musharraf in November 1999 and took charge of the Finance ministry as its Finance Minister. <mask> took control of the economy with responsibility for Finance, Economic Affairs, Statistics Division, Planning and Development, and revenue divisions. As Minister of Finance <mask> also headed the Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet, the Cabinet Committee on Investment, the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council, and the Cabinet Committee on Privatization. As Finance minister, all state-owned mega-corporations came under the government-ownership while restructuring each mega-corporation to set off to privatisation. During his first days, <mask> worked to control the economy in a difficult and hostile environment with then-President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar who called him "an alien", and many among those who were close to deposed prime minister Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto. Other politicians including Fazal-ur-Rehman and Ameen Faheem became hostile towards <mask> and his policies; and harboured grave doubts about him because <mask> was not like a traditional politician in the country, an accredited politician.Initially there was a decline in the economy, and <mask> attributes this as "state (Pakistan) unpleasant relations with international financial institutions. There was a ~70% decline in the national economy with the loss of $150 million (1999) to $600 million (2000), which constituted 0.21% of foreign direct investment (FDI) global flow. <mask> took initiatives for FDI offering incentives to foreign investors with his macroeconomic policies, taxation framework and a consistent investment policy. After the 11 September attacks in the United States and Pakistan's role in the War on Terror, <mask> travelled to the United States in order to negotiate a relief and U.S. aid to Pakistan. He closely worked with US Secretary of the Treasury on the detail of the devised plan on how to remove the Taliban from Afghanistan, cancellation and debt relief, loans from the World Bank, and direct support from U.S. Aid for national public development. <mask> recommended policies and new plan of economic reforms, including the improved budgetary transparency and spending controls— a plan that was widely accepted by the United States. With the help from United States Department of the Treasury, <mask> thwarted individuals, difficulties and obstacles to achieve success in his economic programmes.In 2002, <mask> worked with U.S. administration to help advise the United States to finance the war in Afghanistan. In the words of John B. Taylor, <mask> suggested that U.S. should call out for a meeting of finance ministers of the G7 member countries, where the illicit funding of money would become a great problem for G7 countries in the future. In April 2002, <mask> chaired a historical meeting on behalf of Pakistan and the United States, helping the G7 members to understand how the illicit money was transferred was shared with the finance ministers of G7 members and Pakistan on other side. In 2001, <mask> implemented and activated the Privatization Programme (first founded by former prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1991) and opened all state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private sector. This programme undertook the country into rapid economic growth and extreme level of industrialisation the country had for yet seen since 1972. After the 2002 general elections, <mask> intensified his programme and aggressively implemented economic liberalisation policies in the country. <mask>'s financial policies came under surrounding controversies, creating new problems for Prime minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali to counter who was forced to resign the office in his favour.His affordable real estate scheme encouraged common men to afford a house and a vehicle on low investment, but on the other hand, this scheme brought an increase violation of zoning regulations in construction companies. Although, Zafarullah Khan Jamali controlled the inflation at its low level, his deregulation policies of price control caused the oil and sugar prices to skyrocket. His public and liberalisation of economy policy expanded the political role of Supreme Court of Pakistan in a higher level of the government and to target high-level of government corruption independently without government interferences. By October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister <mask> <mask>'s tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign Reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistan's trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports were $18 billion, revenue generation was $13 billion and attracted foreign investment was $8.4 billion. Pakistan's fiscal performance was praised by IMF and World Bank. The World Bank further reiterated that Pakistan's economic growth bolstered international confidence.IMF's new South Asia director Mr. George Abed, said he was "very pleased with the record of Pakistan in the past three years of continued macroeconomic and financial stabilisation and we have begun to think of Pakistan as a country of promise and a country of potentially high rate of growth". The Asian Development Bank also praised Pakistan's Micro-Finance. In 2001, Mr. <mask> was also named "Finance Minister of the Year" by Euromoney and Bankers magazines. Assassination attempt

While campaigning on 30 July 2004, <mask> survived an assassination attempt in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan. The suicide bomb attack was staged in Fateh Jang, a small town to the north of the capital, Islamabad, where <mask> was contesting an election. The attempt was made when <mask> was departing after meeting with constituents. A suicide bomber, who was travelling with the <mask> motorcade, detonated the device next to the car in which <mask> was travelling, killing himself and <mask>'s chauffeur, as well as six others.<mask> called the incident "tragic," and said it had claimed the lives of innocent people. He added that it had reinforced his resolve to serve Pakistan and the Islamic world. After safely reaching Islamabad, <mask> instigated a probe, while the foreign office contacted its mission in Egypt to try to determine the veracity of an Al Qaeda claim of responsibility. Ten suspected Al-Qaeda perpetrators were arrested in Egypt and later extradited to Pakistan for the crime. Prime minister
By 2004, <mask> had become a right hand of general Musharraf, as Musharraf described in his memoirs. The strong oligarch business class of Pakistan, notably Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, had been impressed by <mask> <mask>'s performance as finance minister. Following the resignation of Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 26 June 2004, Hussain nominated <mask> for the office of prime minister and was also a top choice for the candidacy of prime ministerial post by Musharraf.However, <mask> was not a member of the National Assembly, although he was a Senator. As required by the constitution, the prime minister had to be a member of the National Assembly. <mask> was highly regarded as a "technocrat" and had gained the trust of the establishment, international institutions and public support. His nomination came after another technocrat-economist, Dr. Manmohan Singh, became the prime minister of India and <mask> was widely seen as compatible with his Indian counterpart. Having been described and labelled as an urban gentlemen and smartly dressed, <mask> was tasked with day-to-day running of the federal government and see that policies were more effectively executed while Musharraf handled the military issues. In Pakistan, it was also said that Musharraf blindly trusted <mask> and sometimes, Musharraf's approvals were not needed for the projects that normally required permission. <mask> quietly and more quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf which may have been a factor that Musharraf had blindly trusted <mask>.The post was held by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain while <mask> fulfilled the constitutional requirement of securing a seat in the lower house of parliament. <mask> ran from two constituencies, Tharparkar-I in Sindh, and Attock District. Even after the assassination attempt, <mask> continued campaigning and won from both constituencies. Since he could retain only one seat, he immediately vacated his Tharparkar seat, preferring to represent Attock, where he had won by 76,156 votes to 29,497. <mask> was elected prime minister by parliament on 27 August 2004, by a vote of 191 to 151 in the National Assembly of Pakistan, and was sworn in on 28 August 2004. Pakistan Media labelled him as "Short Cut <mask>" because of lack of political background and hardly affiliation to any political party and still managed to land on the prime ministerial office. Whilst, international media labelled him Urban gentlemen, as he was soft-spoken and greeted his guests with great gesture and manners.He retained his position as Minister of Finance. His government introduced and featured extremely qualified and new faces in the political area of the country, including Hina Rabbani Khar (economic ministry), Hafeez Shaikh (investment ministry), Khurshid Kasuri (Foreign ministry), and Atta ur Rahman (as science adviser). Many of these technocrats ascended to join the successive governments and embark on successful career in the politics thereafter. <mask> left office on 16 November 2007, at the end of the parliamentary term and became the first prime minister of Pakistan who left seat after completion of parliamentary term of five years. Domestic reforms

<mask> successfully oversaw the rapid development of the local government system in Pakistan as part of his "Strengthening Decentralisation" program. His domestic initiatives including the decentralisation in the country, and termed the local government system as "more transparent and accountable". <mask> strengthened the policy formats and area of responsibility of National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) after appointing Daniyal <mask> in 2005.<mask> carried out major reforms in Law enforcement agencies, Police forces, and court system in the country. In 2005, <mask>'s government installed 6,000 water supply and sanitation filter plants in entire, through the Khushal Pakistan (lit. Prospered Pakistan) programme, a scheme founded by Nawaz Sharif in the 1990s. As prime minister, <mask> took hard stance against rivals and took a hardline against his political challengers. <mask> thrashed the Alliance for Restoration of Democracy (ARD) led by conservative leader Javed Hashmi who was placed in military prison on treason charges, on a support provided by <mask>. His hardline and tough counter active measures forced Pakistan Peoples Party of Benazir Bhutto and Pakistan Muslim League-N of Nawaz Sharif to concede their defeat and took asylum in United Kingdom. In 2005, a non-partisan local government elections were decided to be held in entire country, starting first to hold the elections in Karachi, Sindh Province.Subsequently, <mask> supervised and presided the first free and fair local body elections with PML(Q) and its allied parties sweeping the election arena. Controversially, <mask> allocated Rs. 20 million to each district where PML(Q) candidates lost the National Assembly elections in order to secure its voting bank that was lost in 2002. In Sindh and Balochistan Province, <mask> presided the peaceful election held events and personally monitored the success of the local government body programme. Under his first few of years of government, the law and order situation remains under control and prosperity in Balochistan, and presided the completion the first phase of the Gwadar port. Problems began to mount with nationalist Akbar Bugti, an ally of Nawaz Sharif. Although, <mask> repeatedly and forcefully denied the knowledge of any military action against Bugti and, as prime minister, <mask> never released any information of any military action in Balochistan.However, <mask> appeared on television screens and stated that "Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of August 25—26, 2008". <mask> was inflicted with the involvement in the killing of Akbar Khan Bugti, although he has denied any involvement in any manner. In Islamabad alone, <mask>'s government was forced to take military action, codename Silence after chairing a meeting with the President. In 2009, <mask> maintained that his government had tried at every level of extreme to resolve the Lal Masjid issue through talks to save lives. In a television interview, <mask> maintained that "We gave them time to leave the mosque and the Imam-e-Kaaba Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais also came to Pakistan on my request in connection with the issue.". One of the widely reported controversy took place in his government was the atomic proliferation scandal of Abdul

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Abdul Aziz
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. Aziz
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title: Shaukat Aziz

texts:
 Qadeer Khan. <mask> remains supportive towards Khan and efficiently took matters of Abdul Qadeer Khan in 2006 from President Musharraf.On 10 September 2006, <mask> sent flowers and personally visited Khan when he was hospitalised and on 12 October 2007, Musharraf made it clear to United States and rest of the world that Khan "won't be handed over" at given any circumstances. On a television speech, <mask> paid a huge tribute to Abdul Qadeer Khan and while commenting on last part of his speech, <mask> stressed it:

Energy policy

After assuming the office, <mask> announced a controversial "New 25-year energy plan", aiming to raise Pakistan's dependence on imported oil for power generation to 50% by 2030. His government pushed for the renewable energy, and put efforts to established the solar energy and wind power sector in the country. Prime Minister <mask>'s "New 25-year energy plan" remains extremely controversial and met great public criticism by media and energy experts. Energy experts rendered <mask>'s programme as "bigger disaster" in a view when even oil rich Gulf countries were reducing their share of oil in their power production. Prime Minister <mask> approved the constructional, and approved the developmental work of CHASNUPP-II reactor at the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in Chashma city, Punjab Province of Pakistan. A 325 MW commercial nuclear power plant was built with Chinese assistance at the close vicinity of Chashma nuclear power complex.<mask> termed this project as "milestone" in the history of nuclear technology in Pakistan. In 2007, <mask> approved the constructional development of KANUPP-II and the nuclear reprocessing site, the Nuclear Power Fuel Complex in Islamabad. <mask> oversaw to increase the capacity building of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority, a governmental nuclear safety authority, to meet the safety requirement of nuclear power plants. In 2007, <mask> further diversified his nuclear energy policy, terming it as "criteria based nuclear technology" while continued financing the nuclear power projects. <mask> presided initial construction of major hydroelectric power plants project in Pakistan, such as approving the Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Its foundation was laid by his successor Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2011. In 2004, <mask> directed the Ministry of Water and Power and Planning Commission to prepare an integrated energy plan for the country.<mask> approved the "Vision 2025" programme" of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to produce power through water. The programme was intended to be launched with the help of private sector and private funding through the international megaproject. However all projects were cancelled or either put on hold by the upcoming government of Yousaf Raza Gillani due economic distress, lack of capital and investment and continuing economic declines, leading an increasing circular debt. Defence reforms
<mask> oversaw the successful development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter programme in record time, built with the close cooperation with China. In 2007, <mask> stressed that "Pakistan is not an offensive country and our defence doctrine is based on having minimum credible deterrence to maintain peace and stability in the region.". <mask> also successfully saw the technology transfer and contract development of first combatant frigate, the F-22P Zulfiquar. In May 2006, <mask> stressed that: "Pakistan's deep military and economic cooperation with China was one not based on "transient interest," but was "higher than Himalayas, deeper than oceans".In August 2006, <mask> visited the People's Republic of China, seeking Chinese cooperation in space technology. China expressed interest in helping Pakistan with developing and launching satellites. In a joint statement of Prime Minister <mask> <mask> and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, <mask> emphasised that: "both countries are determined to elevate their friendship and strategic partnership.". A contract was signed with China, <mask> authorized the development of the satellite, Paksat-IR. <mask> presided over the security, expansion, and modernization of the country's nuclear deterrence programme as part of his defence policy. <mask> oversaw the successful development of the Shaheen-II missile program and witnessed its first flight at an undisclosed location in April 2006. After witnessing the test, <mask> maintained that: "We will continue to pursue vigorously our security and energy needs from all sources including nuclear.".On 8 August 2005, <mask> issued directives to tightened the security and control and command of the National Command Authority and ordered strict monitoring of atomic assets and facilities at all levels of command. In 2004, <mask> stated and clarified Pakistan's nuclear policy to the world and India in an interview given to the Times of India:

From 2005 and onwards, <mask>'s government took major steps against atomic proliferation while also making several decisions to increase the capacity of nuclear deterrence and sufficient use of nuclear energy for the civil sector. Foreign relations

On foreign fronts, <mask> closely collaborated with Musharraf while working to develop the geostrategy in the region. <mask> took initiatives to strengthen the relations with the United States, European Union, Russia, India, China, and Saudi Arabia. Under his government, relations with the United States were extremely cordial and friendly. His foreign policy strictly pursued and followed a "Balance Foreign Policy (BFP)" programme with an initial goal to keen to forge robust friendly ties with international community, US and European Union (EU). Accompanied by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, <mask> travelled to Iran in 2006, and privately told Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad he must change course regarding its nuclear program, as the current direction was neither in Iran's nor the region's interest.<mask> urged Ahmadinejad to immediately place a moratorium on uranium enrichment, while on the other hand Erdoğan described the EU-3 proposal, with Russian enhancements, as a very attractive offer for Iran. Both <mask> and Erdoğan condemned Ahmedinejad's statements attacking Israel as completely unacceptable and serving no purpose. <mask>'s tenure saw considerable improvements in relations with Japan. After visiting Japan, <mask> welcomed investment in the manufacturing sector and Pakistani-Japanese joint ventures in steel manufacturing as an excellent symbol of cooperation in expanding steel production between the two countries. <mask> paid a farewell visit to South Korea to strengthen and enhance relations between the two countries. <mask> cautiously supported South Korea's stance while refraining to criticise North Korea. On a three-day state visit, <mask> and his counterpart Lee Hae Chan signed two agreements on cultural exchange and providing human resource management, and improving trade and cultural ties between South Korea and Pakistan.<mask> strongly allied with the United States in the fight against terrorism, and in a meeting with an American journalist, <mask> maintained that: "Pakistan is now ideally positioned to "work with cooperation rather than confrontation as a force for peace, stability, and prosperity..". During his tenure, relations with the United States strengthened and progressed. In 2006, <mask> quoted: "Pakistan-American relations are based on mutual trust and respect and are long-standing.". During his repeated visits to the United States, <mask> worked and deliberately approached the U.S. administration on building a strategic partnership with the United States, and made efforts to build a "robust-broad-based strategic relationship.". <mask>'s economic, domestic, and internal reforms focused on enriching a longer-term sustainable Pakistan-U.S. relationship and contributed immeasurably to both countries' joint struggle against extremism. Relations with Israel were considered important by <mask>'s government, and supported Musharraf's policy on Israel. At foreign fronts, <mask> maintained a "Telephone Policy" on diplomatic engagement with Israel, whilst keeping Saudi Arabia and Turkey in tacit contact.During his tenure, bilateral relations with the United Kingdom were enhanced and reached to a new level after meeting with British prime minister Tony Blair in 2005, and tightened the economic and defence relations with British counterpart Gordon Brown in 2007. Brown thanked <mask> for the successful launching of a $500 million Eurobond, which was oversubscribed four times. After assuming the office of prime minister, <mask> left for China, as his foreign state visit as prime minister in 2004. In 2007, <mask> made his final state visit as prime minister to China to sign a Free Trade Agreement with China, and regarded the country as a "strategic partner" and a "time-tested friend," whilst China regarded the FTA agreement as "a historic development". <mask> built closer economic ties with India while alleviating the territorial conflicts. After meeting with Indian counterpart Manmohan Singh, a confident measuring building process was initiated by <mask>. <mask> pushed his foreign policy to Russia, calling Russia a "global super power".In 2006, <mask> invited state-run and private-media of Russia where he repeatedly stressed for the need to enhance cooperation between Pakistan and Russia in the fields of education, science and technology, energy, defence and trade and investment. Finally, in 2007, Russian prime minister Mikhail Fradkov paid a three-day-long visit to Pakistan, becoming the first Russian prime minister and leader to visit the country in 38 years. During this trip, <mask> and Fradkov pledged to boost economic ties and signed two co-operation agreements . Economic policy

Under <mask> <mask>'s government, the country's national economic growth improved at the rate range by 6.4% to 9.0% a year. All revenue collection targets were met on time for the first time in the history of Pakistan, and allocation for development was increased by about 40%. However, this economic success is attributed largely to debt reduction and securing of the billion dollars worth US aid to Pakistan in return for the support in the US-led war on terror. Moreover, despite a series of internal and external distresses, economic situation of Pakistan improved significantly and reserves increased to US$10.7bn on 30 June 2004 as compared to US$1.2bn October 1999.Exchange Rate became stable and predictable; the inflation rate dropped to 3.5% last 3 years as against 11–12% in 1990. After taking control of the economy, <mask> aggressively promoted the privatisation, deregulation and economic liberalisation programme and open the large heavy mechanical industries, petroleum companies, electropetroleum and chemical enterprises and state-owned corporations to private sectors. His tenure as finance minister and prime minister, the agriculture production and construction well increased, whilst aggressively and forcefully implementing his policies to liberalise the trade, and eliminated the non-tariff barriers. Under his regime, the maximum bound tariffs were brought down to high as 300% to 25% whilst the applied tariff averages falls in the range of 5% to 10%. The GDP growth which was at 3.9% in October 1999, stood between 6.6%—9% and successfully privatised all state-owned corporations and state enterprises before completing his term. However, <mask>'s strategy failed deal with underlying problems deeply in country's economy. The global financial crises in 2008 led the sharp drop in the country's economy while an acute electricity shortage in the country revealed the incompetence by the Peoples Party's government, but also the failure of his government to develop the necessary energy infrastructure on time.Political economists, however, gave other side of story by arguing that his policies were not aimed at alleviating poverty as he seldom offered relief to the poor sections of the society. <mask> <mask> is roundly criticized for his policy of downsizing in the public sector and disintegrating the effects of nationalization policies of Benazir Bhutto as early as the 1990s but <mask> defended as he points out that his policies made these institutions viable while they were on the verge of collapse. Political economist dr. S. Akbar Zaidi argues that his policies mastered Pakistan's economy but such indicators are misleading and unsustainable because his policies do not examine or explain the particular, perplexing economy of Pakistan. Image and credentials
A banker and financier by training and extensive experience in the United States, <mask>'s credentials are extremely high and considered one of the successful finance minister of Pakistan. His credential records are similar to those of the successful US treasury secretaries such as Bob Rubin and Nicholas F. Brady who did well under Clinton and Reagan administrations. He understands the rôle of banking, finance, investment and consumer credit in economic growth of a nation. <mask> presided the strong banking sector, unprecedented investment and growth finance sectors in Pakistan to underpin its economy.He strengthened capital availability, an essential and increasingly important economic input, in addition to labour and land improvements. With higher education budget up 15-fold and overall education spending up 36% in two years, he focused on education to improve the availability of skilled labour to fill new jobs. <mask> aggressively pushed land development and public and private construction spending to improve infrastructure and facilities to attract greater business investment. The international communities regarded <mask> as a reformer, with Pakistan's structural reforms ranking high amongst emerging economies. <mask> co-chaired the Secretary-General's High Level Panel on the United Nations System-wide Coherence in the areas of development, humanitarian assistance and the environment. <mask> oversaw the success of the privatisation programme in Pakistan and most of the proceeds so far have come from the telecom and banking sectors, around 80% of Pakistan's banking sector was put under the private hands. The BBC noted that the privatisation programme, initiated by Nawaz Sharif in 1990, picked up from a jog to a sprint under watchful eyes of Prime Minister <mask> <mask>.The prime minister is considered the chief architect of privatisation and is widely respected among foreign investors. In an interview with BBC, <mask> mentioned Pakistan's economic growth as he puts it:

In 2008, <mask> participated in the Global Creative Leadership Summit, organised by the Louise Blouin Foundation. As a delegate, he delivered a keynote speech for the panel entitled "Economic Crisis, Economics of Change: Credit, Commodities, and Trade." Controversies and criticism
In spite of supervising and presiding the successful economic growth at an unprecedent level, his privatisation and energy policies remains extremely controversial in public circles. Critics argued that <mask>'s privatisation policies and privatised energy sector did not fully tackle with full force in country's economy. <mask> defended as he points out that his policies made these institutions viable while they were on the verge of collapse. An unsuccessful attempt to privatise the Pakistan Steel Mills was also thwarted by trade unions and pro-nationalization elements who took the case to Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2006.But <mask> said that his privatisation program produced "the second fastest growing economy in the world." On 30 October 2011, <mask> directed a letter sent from Dubai to the Provincial Police Office to Balochistan High Court stating "he had been mentioned in the FIR registered at the Dera Bugti Police Station on 13 October 2009, which alleged that then president Pervez Musharraf used him as part of Akbar Bugti case in which the latter committed suicide during a military operation.". <mask> maintained that he was informed of "unfortunate event" through the televised media. <mask> later stated in television that Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of 25/26 August 2008. On 5 November 2017, <mask> appeared on the Paradise Papers leaks. The leaks claimed that he was linked with the Antarctic Trust, which was set up by <mask> himself. This trust was neither declared by him as prime minister nor as finance minister.<mask>, a former Citibank executive, told the ICIJ he had set the trust up for estate planning purposes and that the funds had come from his employment at Citibank. An internal Appleby document raised concerns about warrants issued for him in connection with the killing of a local leader. <mask> dismissed both the murder charge and the allegations of financial impropriety. Post-politics
<mask> <mask> currently resides in West London, United Kingdom. He serves on a number of boards and advisory boards including Millennium & Copthorne Hotels plc. and The Blackstone Group. According to <mask>, he has maintained good relations with several members of his government and the members of the Parliament including his former Foreign Minister Khurshid Kasuri and former railways minister Sheikh Rasheed and his party president Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain.In the midst of 2009, in polls performed by various news agencies, <mask>'s approval rating ranged from 30.7%, but ratings dramatically fell down to 17.3% in the end of 2009. In 2012, in polls managed by various news surveys, <mask>'s popularity approval ratings ranged at 20.5%. <mask> remained active in political arena of the country and has vigorously defended his financial policies. <mask> criticised the care-taker government of Muhammad Mian Soomro for the economic collapse, and predicted that, "the next elections will sweep, paving the way for a two-party system to emerge with the Pakistan Muslim League in the government and the Peoples Party in the opposition". He remains active on economic issues and harshly criticised the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of failing to show leadership during what he described as a "historic" global financial crisis. While attending the international business conference at Philippines, <mask> maintained that: "This global institution (IMF) which is supposed to look at everything going on was not even in the room where meetings are going on". In 2008, <mask> gave vehement criticism to IMF and according to him, the "IMF has played a very negative role" in global crises.Speaking at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations conference in 2008, <mask> maintains his views that the Financial crisis occurred due to financial mismanagement, lack of understanding the macroeconomics principles and fragmented regulatory regimes in the world. In an interview with CNN, <mask> remains pessimistic about Pakistan's approach to Free Trade Agreement with the United States in 2012 based on his judgment of the current relations with the United States and economic challenges faced by the country. See also
 List of prime ministers of Pakistan
 Government of <mask> <mask>
 Privatization in Pakistan
 Market corporatisation
 2008 Pakistani parliamentary election

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>
 Economic Pakistan
 Profile by BBC dated 30 July 2004
 The Turnaround Wizard – Asia Inc. cover story, 4 March 2004
 Asiasource interview of <mask> <mask> dated 20 April 2004
 A conversation with Pakistan Prime Minister <mask> <mask> South China Morning Post dated 28 March 2007
 BOI Pakistan Economic indicators
 Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Defends His Country – The Daily Beast June 7, 2011
 Pakistan, China enjoy multi-faceted relationship: former Pakistani PM – June, 28, 2011

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1949 births
Citigroup people
Pakistani libertarians
Finance Ministers of Pakistan
Pakistani financiers
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi alumni
Living people
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs
Pakistani bankers
Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
People of the insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Businesspeople from Karachi
Politicians from Karachi
Government Gordon College alumni
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
People named in the Paradise

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title: Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt

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<mask> (born 1948) is an American artist who took part in the Stonewall riots. History
Lanigan-Schmidt's artwork incorporates materials such as tinsel, foil, cellophane, saran wrap and glitter, embracing kitsch and intentionally tacky. His work has been compared to that of Florine Stettheimer, who used cellophane in her sets for the Gertrude Stein/Virgil Thomson opera Four Saints in Three Acts; his art was included in an exhibit of artists influenced by Stettheimer. His work has also been likened to the religious-themed tinfoil-covered thrones of art brut artist James Hampton. He is sometimes grouped with the Pattern and Decoration art movement, though he says that is "retrospective craziness". His art is noted for its incorporation of Catholic iconography. Joe Brainard is also cited as a forerunner with his use of decorative collage and queer and religious themes.Lanigan-Schmidt attended Pratt Institute in 1965-66, was rejected by Cooper Union, and attended School of Visual Arts. Lanigan-Schmidt began by exhibiting his art in his own apartment; an early major exhibit in 1969 was titled The Sacristy of the Hamptons. Another home exhibit was titled The Summer Palace of Czarina Tatlina. In these early home exhibits, and also in at least one later recreation of an early exhibit, he guided visitors through the exhibit in drag in character as art collector Ethel Dull. While Lanigan Schmidt's art is not widely known, he has received critical acclaim. He has been referenced as an antecedent to Jeff Koons in the intentional use of kitsch in art. Lanigan-Schmidt's work has been included in major art museum survey exhibits.His art was in the 1984 Venice Biennale, and his trip there inspired his 1985 Venetian Glass Series. His foil rats and drag queens produced in the 1970s were included in the 1995 exhibit  "In A Different Light" at the Berkeley Art Museum, which was curated by Lawrence Rinder and Nayland Blake. His art was included in the 1991 Whitney Biennial as well as the Whitney Museum's survey of 20th-century art, "The American century: art & culture 1900-2000." Lanigan-Schmidt was an associate of the underground filmmaker Jack Smith. He participated in at least one of Smith's performances, "Withdrawal from Orchid Lagoon". He was interviewed in the documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis. Another member of Lanigan-Schmidt's circle was Charles Ludlam.Lanigan-Schmidt, who is openly gay was present at the Stonewall riots, a seminal moment in gay history, and is one of the few recognized veterans still living. Shortly after the riot started, he was photographed with a group of other young people by photographer Fred W. McDarrah. Lanigan-Schmidt appears in the film Stonewall in a documentary segment. An installation art piece by Lanigan-Schmidt, Mother Stonewall and the Golden Rats commemorated the events at the Stonewall Inn. In recognition of the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, Lanigan-Schmidt was among those invited to the White House to meet with Michelle and Barack Obama. He is on the faculty of the School of Visual Arts

Lanigan-Schmidt worked as a 1960s Linden youth doing "odd jobs to help support his family and was bullied by high school thugs," moving to New York City as a young man. As a child in 1950s Linden, after Lanigan-Schmidt was assigned to decorate the school bulletin board in his Catholic elementary school, he built a detailed model of a church altar.The impressive model was featured in a local paper while Lanigan-Schmidt was a student at St. Elizabeth School at 170 Hussa Street. The school closed in 2014; it is a part of the campus of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Roman Catholic Church in Linden. From November 18, 2012 to April 7, 2013, Lanigan-Schmidt's art was the subject of a retrospective at MoMA PS1. Exhibitions
"Pattern, Crime & Decoration", thematic exhibition at Le Consortium, France, Dijon, 2019.


title: J. P. Losman

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<mask> (born March 12, 1981) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the senior offensive analyst at Clemson University. <mask> played in the National Football League for seven seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at UCLA and Tulane and was drafted by the Bills in the first round (22nd overall) in the 2004 NFL Draft. Intended to replace Drew Bledsoe as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, <mask> was plagued with inconsistent play, injuries, and consistent coaching turnover during his stint with the team, and he was eventually replaced by Trent Edwards. <mask>'s Bills career was considered a disappointment due to the fact he was taken in the same round of the draft as Eli Manning, <mask>, and Ben Roethlisberger, who all went on to have successful careers as franchise quarterbacks with their teams. Upon leaving the Bills, <mask> signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives in the upstart United Football League, leading the team to winning the inaugural UFL championship game before finishing out his career with stints with the Oakland Raiders, Seattle Seahawks, and Miami Dolphins. College career
After a notable high school career at Venice High School in Los Angeles, where he earned Parade All-American honors and was rated the No.3 quarterback in the nation by PrepStar magazine, <mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend college at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He enrolled early during the spring quarter of 1999, in order to compete for the starting quarterback position. Losman wanted to be named the starting quarterback. However, UCLA informed him that he would not be the starter, and he transferred. Losman eventually transferred to Tulane University in New Orleans to play for then-head coach Chris Scelfo, who had made a late recruiting run at him just prior to his committing to UCLA. After sitting out the 1999 season due to NCAA transfer rules, <mask> served as the backup quarterback for two seasons behind future NFL 1st round pick <mask>. Losman would see spot starter's duty in his first two seasons.He passed for 299 yards and 2 touchdowns in his first start against East Carolina during his freshman season. In 2002, his first year as a full-time starter, <mask> led the Green Wave to an 8-5 record and a 36-28 victory in the inaugural Hawaii Bowl against the host-team Hawaii Warriors. Following a 3-1 start in the 2003 season, Tulane suffered multiple injuries that depleted its already thin depth on defense, and slumped to a 5-7 finish. <mask> completed his collegiate career having completed 570 of 987 passes (57.7 percent) for 6,754 yards, 60 touchdowns, and 27 interceptions. He also ran for 241 yards, with 10 scores on 237 carries. While at Tulane, he earned a political science degree with a minor in media arts. Professional career

Buffalo Bills

2004
After the Buffalo Bills selected University of Wisconsin wide receiver Lee Evans with the 13th pick of the 2004 Draft, the Bills traded back into the first round by trading their second round pick to the Dallas Cowboys and selected <mask> with the 22nd pick in the first round of the NFL Draft.He was the first quarterback to be drafted by the Bills in the first round since 1983, when the team drafted <mask>. Like Kelly, <mask> was drafted in a quarterback-rich class, and was the fourth (and final) quarterback taken in the first round that year, following Eli Manning, <mask>, and Ben Roethlisberger. <mask>'s NFL career got off to a shaky start during his first training camp when teammate Troy Vincent ran into Losman and broke his leg in a freak accident. <mask> suffered a broken left fibula, which delayed his development as a rookie. He eventually recovered and saw limited action in the 2004 NFL season, appearing briefly in three games and completing 3-of-5 passes for 32 yards and 1 interception while backing up Drew Bledsoe. Following the Bills' February 2005 release of Bledsoe, <mask> was named the team's starting quarterback by head coach Mike Mularkey. He proceeded to say that Bledsoe was "unfit for the Bills".2005
In the first game of the 2005 season (<mask>'s first professional start), <mask> led the Bills to a 22-7 victory over the Houston Texans. <mask> subsequently struggled with his accuracy and, consequently, his confidence; with those struggles followed consecutive Bills losses. This eventually led the Bills to bench <mask> in favor of veteran quarterback Kelly Holcomb in the fifth game of the 2005 season. After Holcomb suffered a head injury in the first quarter of the Bills' Week 10 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> returned to the lineup and threw two quick touchdown strikes to Lee Evans, leading the Bills to a 14-3 victory. The Bills went on to lose all but one of their remaining games in 2005 with Holcomb and <mask> Levy, the team's new general manager and former Bills head coach, and <mask>, the new head coach, planned to have <mask> compete for the starting job against Holcomb and free-agent signee Craig Nall.<mask> won the job during the preseason. <mask> was considered by many to be a bust until his much-improved 2006 season, in which he threw 19 touchdowns and 14 interceptions in 16 games, with 300-yard games against the New York Jets and Houston Texans. <mask> led last-minute, fourth quarter scoring drives to beat the Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars. <mask> had a 62.5 completion percentage for the season, a record for Buffalo Bill quarterbacks in a full 16-game season. He was rated the 11th best passer in the NFL, with an 84.9 passer rating. <mask>'s performance over the last half of the 2006 season was greatly improved. However, the offense as a whole was hurt by a below-average rushing attack that created many third down and long situations.After the season, the Bills traded Willis McGahee to the Baltimore Ravens and drafted University of California running back Marshawn Lynch with the 12th overall selection of the 2007 Draft and Fresno State College running back Dwayne Wright in the 4th round. <mask> was also mired behind a sieve-like offensive line for most of the first half of the 2006 season; subsequent personnel changes made during the Bills bye week resulted in improved offensive line play and, consequently, more improved and consistent production from Losman. Following the season, the Bills further bolstered their offensive line in free agency, signing guard Derrick Dockery, right tackle Langston Walker, and guard/center <mask>. 2007

The Bills drafted Stanford University quarterback Trent Edwards with the 92nd overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. Edwards was considered by many to be the 3rd best available quarterback prospect in the draft (behind #1 overall <mask> Russell and #22 overall Brady Quinn), but waited until late in the 3rd round prior to the Bills selection. After the draft, statements from both Bills' coaching staff and management reaffirmed <mask>'s position as the starting quarterback. For 2007, Buffalo offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild indicated that with the improved offensive line he plans to employ a more wide-open offense utilizing multiple wide receiver sets and taking greater advantage of the running backs in the passing game.On September 23, <mask> suffered a grade one sprain of his left knee in the first series of plays in a game against New England. <mask> was hit late after completing a four-yard pass to Marshawn Lynch by New England Patriots nose tackle Vince Wilfork, who was assessed a 15-yard roughing the passer penalty. "It was just a simple swing pass to get an early completion. The guy came in, hit me in the knee," said <mask>, who stayed in the game for two plays "I knew something was wrong from the get-go, but I figured I'd play a few plays and maybe the pain would go away." <mask> was out for the next two games and was available for the October 21 home game against the Baltimore Ravens, but <mask> chose to give Edwards the nod, just for the week. Edwards performance impressed <mask>ron enough that on October 23, Trent Edwards was named the starting quarterback for the Bills, having won 2 of the 3 games he started. Reports surfaced, however, that many players on the team were unhappy about <mask> losing his job.The reports continued to allege that team owner Ralph Wilson<mask>. wanted <mask> benched so that he could not reach the statistical milestones needed for his bonus. In an October 28, 2007 game at the New York Jets, Edwards injured his wrist and was replaced by <mask>. <mask> led the Bills on two consecutive scoring drives, including one that ended with an 85-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lee Evans. Starting the next game for injured Trent Edwards, <mask> threw for almost 300 yards and one touchdown to lead the Bills to a win. He started three more games before being benched again for Edwards. At the end of the season, <mask> was upset about losing his job to Edwards and wanted to be traded, but said he would play out the season if necessary. 2008
Though he wanted to be traded, <mask> continued playing for the Bills in 2008, filling in for an injured Trent Edwards intermittently throughout the season with limited success.The team did not win a game with <mask> as the starter, including a game in which he lost a fumble to the New York Jets defense that resulted in the Jets' game-winning touchdown. <mask>'s contract expired at the end of the 2008 season and the Bills made no effort to keep him, instead replacing him with Ryan Fitzpatrick. Looking back at <mask>'s stint with Buffalo, former Bills vice president of player personnel <mask> was quoted as saying "J.P. never had a fair chance. I'll never forget his first day of practice and they were blitzing him every which way. I remember saying, 'This isn’t the way to break in a quarterback.'" In his five-year stint with the team, <mask> had three different offensive coordinators. Las Vegas Locomotives
Losman was signed by the Las Vegas Locomotives of the UFL.He signed with the Locomotives on July 21, 2009. On November 27, 2009, he helped the Locomotives win the inaugural UFL Championship. <mask> recorded 9 touchdowns and two interceptions on 1,193 passing yards for the Locomotives in 2009. <mask> worked out for the Indianapolis Colts on December 4, 2009, after their backup quarterback <mask>i was injured in practice. Oakland Raiders
With injury to starting quarterback Bruce Gradkowski, the Oakland Raiders signed <mask> on December 15, 2009. <mask> made his first Oakland, California appearance against the Denver Broncos on December 20, 2009, throwing one incomplete pass after both QBs Charlie Frye and <mask> Russell suffered injuries and had to leave the game. Seattle Seahawks
On May 18, 2010, <mask> signed with the Seattle Seahawks.He was released on September 4. On November 10, 2010, Seattle Seahawks head coach <mask> reported on Sirius Radio that the Seahawks had signed <mask> again. <mask> participated in the January 8, 2011, playoff game between the Seahawks and the New Orleans Saints. Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed <mask> on October 25, 2011. On December 11, he came in for injured quarterback Matt Moore in the third quarter. <mask> retired after the end of the season. Career statistics

NFL statistics

UFL statistics

Coaching career
Following his NFL career, <mask> became a volunteer coach with the New Canaan High School football team after settling with his family in the Connecticut suburbs of New York City.His wife encouraged him to pursue a full-time coaching career after two years. In 2017, <mask> joined Clemson as a coaching intern. He eventually became an offensive coach, and in March 2019, while taking part in throwing drills at Clemson's Pro Day, was asked by an NFL scout if he would consider returning to the league despite not having played since 2011; Losman declined. References

External links
Seattle Seahawks bio
Just Sports Stats

1981 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Angeles
American football quarterbacks
Tulane Green Wave football players
Buffalo Bills players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
Oakland Raiders players
Seattle Seahawks players
Miami Dolphins players
UCLA Bruins football players
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Clemson Tigers football coaches
Venice High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Sports coaches from Los Angeles

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title: Chris Williamson (politician)

texts:
<mask> (born 16 September 1956) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Derby North from 2010 until 2015, and from 2017 to 2019. He was Shadow Minister for Communities and Local Government from October 2010 to October 2013. He was previously a local councillor in Derby, representing the Normanton ward from 1991 until 2011, serving twice as leader of Derby City Council. In February 2019, <mask> was notified of a formal investigation and later suspended from the Labour Party for his comments about the party's response to criticism over its handling of allegations of antisemitism within the party. After an investigation, <mask> was reinstated in June 2019 with a formal warning but was resuspended two days later when the party decided to review the disciplinary decision. In October 2019, <mask> won a High Court challenge to the legality of the review of the disciplinary decision  but similar charges had been made on 3 September 2019, involving a further suspension, and the High Court ruled the Labour Party's disciplinary procedure with regard to these charges should run its course. In November that year, Labour's National Executive Committee blocked <mask> from standing as a Labour candidate in the 2019 United Kingdom general election.He resigned from the Labour Party and stood as an Independent, losing the seat and his deposit. Early life and career
Born in Derby, <mask> attended the St. John Fisher Primary School in Alvaston, Castle Donington High School and St. Thomas More High School in Allenton, followed by Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University), where he obtained a professional social work qualification (a CQSW) in 1985. After working as a craft apprentice for a year from 1972, <mask> then worked as a bricklayer for six years. He was a social worker in Derby from 1983 to 1986 before working as a welfare rights officer. <mask> joined the Labour Party in 1976. He became a councillor on Derby City Council in 1991. Appointed Chair of Housing, he supported private finance initiative (PFI) projects.Interviewed in 2018, he termed his approach then as "innovative pragmatism", seeking to "be as radical as we possibly could within the confines that we were subjected to by central government", arguing that "It was a bullshit scheme—I wouldn't have chosen it at all. It didn't give value for money. But what were we supposed to do as a local authority? We either [do it or] say we are not going to build these schools or we are not going to refurbish these unfit dwellings." He became leader of the Labour Group on Derby City Council, serving as leader of Derby City Council on two separate occasions. While council leader, <mask> presided over a coalition with the Conservatives for two years after Labour lost its majority in 2006. He was instrumental in setting up Holocaust Memorial Day events in the city and rescinded the obsolete medieval proscription barring Jews from living in Derby.Parliamentary career

First term (2010–15)
In the 2010 general election, <mask> was elected for Derby North with a majority of 613 over the Conservative candidate. <mask> supported Ed Miliband in the 2010 Labour leadership election. In October 2010, <mask> became Shadow Fire and Emergency Services Minister within the Shadow Communities and Local Government team after just four months as an MP but, after a reshuffle of the shadow cabinet in 2013, was replaced by Lyn Brown. He served as a member of the Communities and Local Government Committee between July and November 2010 and from November 2013 to March 2015. In 2014, <mask> voted to support the Cameron coalition's 2011 military intervention in Libya and the British action against ISIS in Iraq. In April 2018, <mask> said that, while he was initially undetermined, he was "naive" to support the votes. He abstained on the Immigration Bill in 2014, following an instruction from Labour whips, saying later: "I have to say—if I'm being honest—I didn't study it enough or fully appreciate the implications."<mask> was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. At the 2015 general election, <mask> lost the Derby North seat to Amanda Solloway of the Conservative Party by 41 votes. Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn described <mask> in early 2016 as a "very great friend", saying that his defeat at the 2015 general election was "the worst result of that night". Second term (2017–2019)
During the 2017 general election campaign, he was described by the New Statesman as the "most pro-Jeremy Corbyn candidate in England's most marginal constituency". <mask> said that his candidacy would be a "test case for Corbynism", and Corbyn campaigned for him. <mask> regained his former seat from Amanda Solloway of the Conservatives with a majority of 2,015 votes. On 3 July 2017, <mask> was appointed Shadow Fire and Emergency Services Minister.<mask> resigned this role on 11 January 2018; a day earlier he had suggested that council tax on the highest-value homes should be doubled. The comment, which was not party policy and outside his remit, was made without the knowledge of Andrew Gwynne, the shadow secretary of state for communities and local government. When the issue was raised, <mask>, rather than agree to confine his public statements to his own policy area, resigned. He said: "I've taken this decision to bring me closer to the membership of our party and to allow me to work on a broader range of issues, from environmental policy to animal rights and local government." In April 2018, <mask> voiced doubts that the Syrian government was responsible for the gas attack on Douma. In August 2018, he said it was a "privilege" to hear a talk by a pro-Assad blogger, Vanessa Beeley. He says that, with Corbyn as leader, the party has "a common-sense socialist" who does not place MPs in the situation of risking being in conflict with the party whips.<mask> said he is "not one for undermining the leadership publicly", explaining the difference between his history in the division lobbies and Corbyn's earlier frequent parliamentary vote rebellions as Corbyn expressing the opinions of party members. <mask> supported a mandatory reselection process for all Labour MPs. In 2018, <mask>, Fire Brigades Union leader Matt Wrack and ASLEF president Tosh McDonald toured England and Wales to promote this and other internal reforms which would provide "greater democracy and accountability within the party". <mask> said the tour, which was titled The Democracy Roadshow, would promote "common sense socialism" in the Labour movement and "ensure the "transformative" change promised by Mr Corbyn can be delivered in government". Views on handling of antisemitism allegations
In 2017, <mask> said that attacks on Corbyn's handling of antisemitism within the Labour Party were "proxy wars and bullshit" and that "I'm not saying it never ever happens but it is a really dirty, lowdown trick, particularly the antisemitism smears. Many people in the Jewish community are appalled by what they see as the weaponisation of antisemitism for political ends." Marie van der Zyl, the Board of Deputies vice-president, said that <mask> should "show solidarity with those suffering racism within his own party rather than blaming the victims".<mask> described antisemitism as being "utterly repugnant and a scourge on society, which is why I stand in absolute solidarity with anyone who is subjected to antisemitic abuse". He added that his critics' "accusations of anti-Semitism (against him) were positively sinister" and "highly offensive and hurtful" in suggesting "that I was an anti-Semite myself, yet I have fought racism all my adult life". In April 2018, <mask> referenced Ken Livingstone: "We've got these ridiculous suspensions and expulsions from the party" made "in the most grotesque and unfair way". Supporting Len McCluskey, who had accused some Labour MPs of using the issue of antisemitism in campaigning against Corbyn, he described some of his colleagues as "malcontents" who were "completely out of step with party members" and voters, but that deselection of MPs was "a matter for Labour Party members in each constituency and not a matter for me or indeed Len". In January 2019, during a visit to Derbyshire, Jeremy Corbyn defended <mask>, saying that "<mask> is a very good, very effective Labour MP. He's a very strong anti-racist campaigner. He is not anti-semitic in any way."Suspension from Labour Party

Formal investigation and suspension
In February 2019, <mask> was criticised for booking a room in the Houses of Parliament for a screening of Witch Hunt, a film about suspended party member Jackie Walker, to be hosted by Jewish Voice for Labour. At the same time, a video was published by The Yorkshire Post of him telling a Momentum meeting in Sheffield that the party was being "demonised as a racist, bigoted party", partly because, in response to criticism, the party had "given too much ground (and) been too apologetic", going on to say "We've done more to address the scourge of anti-Semitism than any other political party." Labour Deputy Leader Tom Watson said that <mask> should have the Labour whip removed for his comments and a group of 38 Labour MPs had written to the party's General Secretary to ask that he be suspended. There was also pressure from London mayor Sadiq Khan, GMB leader Tim Roache, anti-racism charity HOPE not hate, the Jewish Labour Movement and the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Jewish Voice for Labour defended <mask>, as did the "Labour Against the Witchhunt" pressure group and the Sheffield Hallam constituency branch of the Labour Party who voted 40 to 0 in favour of a motion stating <mask>'s comments had been taken out of context. <mask> apologised for his comments saying: "I deeply regret, and apologise for, my recent choice of words when speaking about how the Labour Party has responded to the ongoing fight against antisemitism inside of our party. I was trying to stress how much the party has done to tackle anti-Semitism".On 27 February 2019, he was put under formal notice of investigation, and later that day suspended from the party. Formal warning, resuspension and court challenge
Labour readmitted <mask> on 26 June 2019 after a National Executive Committee panel considered his case and issued him with a formal warning. A party source said: "An NEC panel, advised by an independent barrister, found <mask> had breached the party's rules and gave him a formal sanction. He could face further, more severe, action if he repeats any similar comments or behaviour." It was suggested that the decision for readmission was made in order to enable <mask> to enter the Labour MP reselection process then underway. The decision to readmit <mask> was criticised by some Labour parliamentarians and parliamentary staff and by two British Jewish remit organisations. Two days later, he was resuspended after the Labour Party decided to review the decision.In August 2019, <mask> lodged legal papers with the High Court to challenge Labour's right to resuspend him. On 3 September 2019 additional allegations of misconduct were made against <mask>, resulting in a second suspension being imposed. <mask>'s barrister said "It appears from the timing ... that the purpose of the decision to raise these allegations now, and to impose a second suspension on the claimant, is to seek to ensure that he will remain suspended even if this claim is successful and that he will therefore remain disqualified from selection in the forthcoming general election." On 10 October 2019, the High Court ruled that reopening the first suspension had been unfair and unlawful, but upheld the legality of the second suspension on 3 September on new allegations, saying it was not inherently unfair and the "new disciplinary case must run its course". <mask> recovered his legal costs. Reaction to resuspension
In July 2019, the Labour Party in Northern Ireland (LPNI) released a statement opposing the resuspension of <mask> on the grounds that it was "arbitrary and unreasonable" and "the Labour Party does not have any form of particular problem with anti-semitism". In the same month, in a survey of LabourList readers with over 10,000 responses, over two thirds of those expressing a view supported <mask>'s readmission.The linguist and activist Noam Chomsky, who is Jewish, told journalist Matt Kennard that there was "nothing even remotely antisemitic" about <mask>'s comments in Sheffield, and remarked that the way accusations were being used in cases such as <mask> was "not only a disgrace, but also – to put it simply – an insult to the memory of the victims of the Holocaust." The Campaign for <mask>, established to support him, includes Israeli and British academics, film directors Mike Leigh and Ken Loach, musicians Brian Eno and Roger Waters, journalist John Pilger, actor Miriam Margolyes and comedian Alexei Sayle. In July 2019, more than one hundred signatories, describing themselves as "all Jews", including Noam Chomsky signed a letter of support for <mask>. The letter was later removed from The Guardian website, after questions were raised about the listed affiliation of some individuals on the list of signatories. Hope not Hate said that the person who used the organisation's name had not been authorised to do so and the Board of Deputies of British Jews said that two of the signatories had promoted 9/11 conspiracy theories. His speaking events have been controversial. For example,  Labour activists criticised his invitation to a trade union meeting in Hull and a talk in Hebden Bridge was cancelled after fears that protests would disrupt a wedding at the same venue.In October 2019, a Methodist church in Downham Market cancelled the booking for a meeting he was due to speak at after "its understanding" of <mask> increased, having not known anything about him at the time of the booking. An event due to be hosted by <mask> at the Brighthelm Centre in Brighton was cancelled after local MP Peter Kyle contacted the venue to express his concerns over <mask>'s alleged antisemitism. A second venue was also cancelled; <mask> said this was after staff were threatened in person and abused in phone calls and on their personal social media accounts. The Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Jewish Leadership Council called a protest against <mask> speaking, with a third venue then cancelling the booking after threats of violence were received. Supporters of the MP talked of the importance of protecting freedom of speech. In response, <mask> said: "The grotesque slurs that Peter Kyle and others have levelled against me are truly despicable. I have a long and proud record of fighting racism, which has always involved standing up for every oppressed and marginalised group in society, including Jewish people.When Peter Kyle was still in nappies, I was an active member of the Anti-Nazi League, physically confronting foul racists and anti-Semites in the National Front." In October 2019, the Union of Jewish Students and the Nottingham Jewish Society demanded that the University of Nottingham cancel a planned lecture by <mask>. The demand was supported by the Jewish Labour Movement and the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The university said “While the university is committed to supporting the well-being of all students within our community, we also have a legal duty to ensure that lawful free speech should not be prevented on campus.”

2019 general election
<mask> was prevented from standing as the Labour candidate in his Derby North constituency at the 2019 general election as a result of his active suspension. He resigned from the Labour Party and stood instead as an independent candidate. He received 635 votes, losing his deposit and coming bottom of the poll. Post-Parliament

The Resistance Movement
Following his resignation from the Labour Party in 2019, <mask> initiated The Resistance Movement, with the stated aim of fighting for change and social justice for all.An international conference, titled The Resist Festival and featuring Lowkey, Noam Chomsky, Max Blumenthal and speakers from the French Yellow vests movement, was planned for June 2020 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Resistance Movement also has a YouTube channel, Resistance TV. EHRC report
In October 2020, the Equalities and Human Rights Commission report into antisemitism in the Labour Party did not find that <mask> had contributed to ‘unlawful harassment related to Jewish ethnicity’ in the Labour Party, which <mask> declared as vindication. Plans for a new party
In November 2020, in response to Jeremy Corbyn's suspension from the Labour Party, <mask> announced that he was in discussions with "key labour movement officials and existing left-wing parties" about the possibility of creating a new socialist party. A press release announced that <mask> had joined the Steering Committee of the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC) as an observer member. Personal life
<mask> is teetotal and has been a vegan since 1976. He has a son and a daughter, Fionnbharr and Simone, from an early relationship, and is a member of the League Against Cruel Sports.At the time of the 2010 election, he was vice chair of the Local Government Anti Poverty Forum. References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of Leicester Polytechnic
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English socialists
English social workers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Derbyshire
Councillors in Derby
Labour Party (UK) councillors
People from Normanton, Derby
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2017–2019
Leaders of local authorities of England

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title: Charles Urban

texts:
<mask> (April 15, 1867 – August 29, 1942) was an Anglo-American film producer and distributor, and one of the most significant figures in British cinema before the First World War. He was a pioneer of the documentary, educational, propaganda and scientific film, as well as being the producer of the world's first successful motion picture colour system. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Cincinnati, Ohio, the second child (of ten) of <mask>, originally from Ronsberg, Austro-Hungary, and Anna Sophie (née Glatz), from Königsberg, East Prussia. He lost the sight in his left eye aged twelve after a baseball accident. He changed his names to <mask> after leaving school in 1882, then worked as a book agent across Ohio, before managing a stationery store in Detroit, Michigan. Career
<mask> first entered the film industry in 1895 when he exhibited the Kinetoscope in Detroit, Michigan early in 1895. He moved to Britain in August 1897, and became managing director of the Warwick Trading Company, where he specialised in actuality film, including newsfilm of the Anglo-Boer War.In July 1903 he formed his own company, the Charles Urban Trading Company, moving to London's Wardour Street in 1908, the first film business to be located in what became the home of the British film industry. The building, at 89-91 Wardour Street, still bears the name Urbanora House. In August 1903, he launched his 'Unseen World' film show at the Alhambra Theatre in London, featuring microcinematographical films taken by F. Martin Duncan. Scientific films had never before been presented as entertainment to a variety theatre audience, but the show was a considerable success, in particular the film Cheese Mites which features cheese mites crawling around on a piece of Stilton. 'The Unseen World' went on to run for an unbroken nine months at the Alhambra and confirmed <mask>'s belief in the entertainment value of scientific and educational films. <mask> made many kinds of non-fiction film at the Charles Urban Trading Company, including travel films, war reportage, exploration films, sports films, advertising films and natural history films. Filmmakers who worked for him include Jack Avery, Joseph Rosenthal, <mask> Noble, Harold Mease Lomas, the mountaineer Frank Ormiston-Smith, George Rogers, J. Gregory Mantle and the naturalist F. Percy Smith.Smith made one of <mask>'s most successful films, The Balancing Bluebottle (1908), which featured a fly balancing objects such as a wine cork with its legs. In 1906, <mask> made a 1,275-feet documentary film called The Streets of London. The film shows Londoners going about their business on a typical day. <mask>'s own website states that ten minutes of footage rediscovered at the National Film and Sound Archive in Australia in 2007 is from this documentary. The National Film and Sound Archive claims, however, that film expert Ian Christie has identified it as being part of <mask>'s 1904 documentary Living London. He also made fiction films, of which the most notable examples are the proto-science fiction films of Walter R. Booth such as The Airship Destroyer (1909) and The Aerial Submarine (1910). Among his other business interests was a French production company in Paris called Éclipse, which <mask> founded in 1906, mainly to supply fiction films.His connection with that company lasted until 1909. He also established Kineto Limited in 1907, primarily for the production of scientific and non-fiction films. Kinemacolor

In 1906, his associate George Albert Smith (1864–1959) developed a two-colour (red-green) additive motion picture system, which <mask> launched in May 1908. From 1909 it was known as Kinemacolor. This enjoyed great success worldwide until 1914. <mask>'s most celebrated Kinemacolor film was a -hour epic With Our King and Queen Through India (1912), also known as The Durbar in Delhi, depicting the December 1911 Delhi Durbar which celebrated the coronation of George V. Kinemacolor companies were formed in France, the US, Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Holland (with Belgium and Luxembourg), Italy, Canada and Japan. Of these the most prominent was the Kinemacolor Company of America, whose most notorious production was the unreleased The Clansman, a colour version of the Thomas Dixon story later filmed by D.W. Griffith as The Birth of a Nation.<mask> had nothing to do with this film or with the Kinemacolor Company of America once he had sold the rights to Kinemacolor. He made Kinemacolor fiction films, with studios in Hove and Nice, including By Order of Napoleon (1910), the western Fate (1911), Santa Claus (1912) and the feature-length The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1914). He also produced a 33-minute-long Kimemacolor version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1913, but it was very sparsely exhibited. <mask>'s Kinemacolor business came to an end in 1914 after a court case was brought by William Friese-Greene, producer of a rival colour system, Biocolour, who challenged the validity of the Kinemacolor patent. Though <mask> won the initial hearing, the verdict was overturned on appeal. Lord Justice Buckley wrote:

The patent is I think invalid because it does not achieve the result which the patentee says it will achieve. The matter may be summarised thus: The patentee says his process will reproduce the natural colours or approximately so.Blue is a colour. He says: Drop the tri-colour blue; do not employ the blue end of the spectrum - blue or approximately blue will still be reproduced. It will not. The patent is consequently invalid. Although Kinemacolor could still be operated, it was no longer an exclusive and lost much of its commercial value. <mask> made his last Kinemacolor film in 1915, and the last film to feature Kinemacolor was probably Saiyûki zokuhen, made in Japan in 1917. World War I
During World War I, <mask> worked for the covert organisation Wellington House and other British propaganda outfits.He produced the documentary feature Britain Prepared (1915) for Wellington House, which included Kinemacolor sequences of the British fleet at Scapa Flow. <mask> was recruited to promote this film and other British propaganda productions in America, although he faced considerable resistance from US exhibitors who were resistant to any form of war propaganda. He worked with the Patriotic Film Corporation, formed by William Robinson to support distribution of what had been retitled How Britain Prepared, but he ran into trouble with the British propagandists when he tried to do a deal with William Randolph Hearst's International News Service, which the British viewed as pro-German and anti-British. Another company, Official Government Pictures, achieved better distribution by use of more sensationalist advertising, but <mask>'s task became much easier once America entered the war in April 1917. He edited the classic documentary The Battle of the Somme (1916), making the crucial decision to release the footage in feature-length form rather than as a series of short releases. <mask> continued to edit and promote British documentary films in America to the end of the war, editing the government newsreel Official War Review. He formed a new business, the Kineto Company of America, in 1917.Later life
<mask> remained in the United States post-war to re-establish himself as a producer of educational films through his umbrella company, Urban Motion Picture Industries Inc. He produced the cinemagazine series Charles Urban Movie Chats (started 1919) and Kineto Review (started 1921), and made the documentary features The Four Seasons (1921) and Evolution (1923). He built a large studio at Irvington, New York, where he planned to introduce a new color film system called Kinekrom, based on the earlier Kinemacolor, and to distribute educational films on disc using the Spirograph. However, his business interests collapsed in 1924 and he returned to the UK in the late 1920s. He died in Brighton in 1942, at age 75, in relative obscurity. References

Further reading
Luke McKernan, <mask>: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2013),

Luke McKernan (ed. ), A Yank in Britain: The Lost Memoirs of <mask>, Film Pioneer (Hastings: The Projection Box, 1999)

External links

 Charles Urban web site

1867 births
1942 deaths
Businesspeople from Cincinnati
People from Brighton
British film producers
American film producers
Cinema pioneers
People from Irvington, New York
Articles containing video clips

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