title: Yamagata Aritomo

texts:
Gensui Prince , also known as <mask>yōsuke, was a senior-ranking Japanese military commander, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the genrō, an élite group of senior statesmen who dominated Japan after the Meiji Restoration. As the Imperial Japanese Army's inaugural Chief of Staff, he was the chief architect of the Empire of Japan's military and its reactionary ideology. For this reason, some historians consider Yamagata to be the “father” of Japanese militarism. During the latter part of the Meiji Era, Yamagata vied against Marquess Itō Hirobumi for control over the nation's policies. After Itō was assassinated in 1909, he became the most powerful figure in Japan save for the Emperor himself. Henceforth, <mask> oversaw all policymaking within the empire until a falling-out with the Imperial family resulted in him losing power shortly before his death in February 1922. Early career

Yamagata was born in a lower-ranked samurai  family from Hagi, the capital of the feudal domain of Chōshū (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture).He went to Shokasonjuku, a private school run by Yoshida Shōin, where he was active in the growing underground movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. He was a commander in the Kiheitai, a paramilitary organization created on semi-western lines by the Chōshū domain. During the Boshin War, the revolution of 1867 and 1868 often called the Meiji Restoration, he was a staff officer. After the defeat of the Tokugawa, <mask> together with Saigō Tsugumichi was selected by the leaders of the new government to go to Europe in 1869 to research European military systems. <mask> like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading  industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. On returning he was asked to organize a national army for Japan, and he became War Minister in 1873.<mask> energetically modernized the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, and modeled it after the Prussian Army. He began a system of military conscription in 1873. Military career

As War Minister, <mask> pushed through the foundation of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, which was the main source of <mask>'s political power and that of other military officers through the end of World War I. He was Chief of the Army General Staff in 1878–1882, 1884–85 and 1904–1905. <mask> in 1877 led the newly modernized Imperial Army against the Satsuma Rebellion led by his former comrade in revolution, Saigō Takamori of Satsuma. At the end of the war, when Saigo's severed head was brought to Yamagata, he ordered it washed, and held the head in his arms as he pronounced a meditation on the fallen hero. He also prompted Emperor Meiji to write the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, in 1882.This document was considered the moral core of the Japanese Army and Naval forces until their dissolution in 1945. <mask> was awarded the rank of field marshal in 1898. Throughout his long career, he amassed extensive leadership experience managing battlefield strategy and other military-related issues as the acting War Minister and Commanding General during the First Sino-Japanese War; the Commanding General of the Japanese First Army during the Russo-Japanese War; and as the Chief of the General Staff Office in Tokyo. Additionally, he was the founding father of Japan's Hokushin-ron policy due to his central role in drawing up a preliminary national defensive strategy against Russia following the Russo-Japanese War. Political career
Yamagata was one of seven elite political figures, later called the genrō, who came to dominate the government of Japan. The word can be translated principal elders or senior statesmen. The genrō were a subset of the revolutionary leaders who shared common objectives and who by about 1880 had forced out or isolated the other original leaders.These seven men (plus two who were chosen later after some of the first seven had died) led Japan for many years, through its great transformation from an agricultural country into a modern military and industrial state. All the genrō served at various times as cabinet ministers, and most were at times prime minister. As a body, the genrō had no official status, they were simply trusted advisers to the Emperor. Yet the genrō collectively made the most important decisions, such as peace and war and foreign policy, and when a cabinet resigned they chose the new prime minister. In the twentieth century their power diminished because of deaths and quarrels among themselves, and the growing political power of the Army and Navy. But the genrō clung to the power of naming prime ministers up to the death of the last genrō, Prince Saionji in 1940. Yamagata also held a large and devoted power base among officers in the army and militarists in Japanese society.He profoundly distrusted all democratic institutions, and constantly strove to undercut their influence as a member of the genrō. Likewise, he devoted the later part of his life  defending the privileges of the Restoration regime's institutions, especially those held by the army. During his long and versatile career, Yamagata held numerous important governmental posts. In 1882, he became president of the Board of Legislation (Sanjiin) and as Home Minister (1883–87) he worked vigorously to suppress political parties and repress agitation in the labor and agrarian movements. He also organized a system of local administration, based on a prefecture-county-city structure which is still in use in Japan today. In 1883 <mask> was appointed to the post of Lord Chancellor, the highest bureaucratic position in the government system before the Meiji Constitution of 1889. After the creation of the Cabinet of Japan, <mask> became the third Prime Minister of Japan.During his first term from December 24, 1889, to May 6, 1891, he became the first prime minister compelled to share power with a partially-elected Imperial Diet under the Meiji Constitution which took effect in 1890. On October 30, 1890, he presided over the enactment of the Imperial Rescript on Education. In order to pass a budget for the fiscal year 1891 (beginning in April), he had to negotiate with a liberal majority in the House of Representatives, the elected lower house of the Diet. <mask> became Prime Minister for a second term from November 8, 1898, to October 19, 1900. In 1900, while in his second term as Prime Minister, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, a rule that gave the military control over the formation of any future cabinet. He also enacted laws preventing political party members from holding any key posts in the bureaucracy. In addition to his service as Prime Minister, Yamagata obtained considerable experience traveling abroad as a diplomat.Attending the coronation of the Russian Czar Nicholas II on November 1, 1894, he made a tentative offer to Spain on buying the Philippines for £40 million. Likewise, in 1896, he led a diplomatic mission to Moscow, which produced the Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement confirming Japanese and Russian rights in Korea

<mask> also served as President of the Privy Council from 1893 to 1894 and 1905 to 1922. While serving his second term as president in 1907, he was elevated to the peerage and received the title of koshaku (prince) under the Japanese kazoku system. From 1900 to 1909, <mask> opposed Itō Hirobumi, leader of the civilian party, and exercised influence through his protégé, Katsura Tarō. After the assassination of Itō Hirobumi in 1909, <mask> became the most influential statesman in Japan and remained so until his death in 1922, although he retired from active participation in politics after the Russo-Japanese War. As president of the Privy Council from 1909 to 1922, Yamagata remained the power behind the government and dictated the selection of future Prime Ministers until his death. However, his power was greatly damaged in 1921 when he expressed strong opposition to the engagement of Hirohito and Nagako citing color blindness of Nagako's family.The Imperial family struggled against the pressure from <mask> and the couple eventually managed to get married. In 1912 Yamagata set the precedent that the army could dismiss a cabinet. A dispute with Prime Minister Marquis Saionji Kinmochi over the military budget became a constitutional crisis, known as the Taisho Crisis after the newly enthroned Emperor. The army minister, General Uehara Yūsaku, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he wanted. Saionji sought to replace him. Japanese law required that the ministers of the army and navy must be high-ranking generals and admirals on active duty (not retired). In this instance all the eligible generals at <mask>'s instigation refused to serve in the Saionji cabinet, and the cabinet was compelled to resign.Personal life and hobbies

Prince Yamagata was a talented garden designer, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of Japanese gardens. A noted example is the garden of the villa Murin-an in Kyoto. As Yamagata had no children, he adopted a nephew, the second son of his eldest sister, to be his heir. <mask> Isaburō subsequently assisted his adopted father by serving as a career bureaucrat, cabinet minister, and head of the civilian administration of Korea.

masks:
Prince Yamagata K
Prince Yamagata
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title: Richard Onslow (British Army officer)

type: original

texts:
Lieutenant-General <mask> ( – 16 March 1760) was a British Army officer and politician. After the death of their parents, his older brother Arthur bought him a captain's commission in the British Army. He first saw action in the Anglo-Spanish War in 1727, after which he was returned to Parliament for the family borough of Guildford. His political contributions were negligible in comparison to his brother, and he continued to serve as a career officer, holding commands in the War of the Austrian Succession at Dettingen and Fontenoy. In 1759, he was appointed Governor of Plymouth and commander of the Western District, and died as a lieutenant-general the following year while presiding over two prominent courts-martial. Early life
He was the second son of <mask>, Member of Parliament for Guildford. His older brother was <mask>, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1728 to 1761, and after the death of his father in 1710 and his mother in 1715, he and his four sisters were left in Arthur's care.As <mask> had not been educated for the law or the church, Arthur thought, against the opinion of their friends, that <mask>'s courage and bodily stature suited him for the army. Accordingly, Arthur raised the money to allow <mask> to purchase a commission as a captain in the 11th Regiment of Foot on 14 July 1716, a rank that allowed him to maintain his social standing among the rest of the family. Writing late in life, Arthur noted that <mask> had "risen to be very high in the army...and with unblemished character in it", validating his choice. When Arthur entered Parliament for the family borough of Guildford in 1720, he gave up to <mask> the post of receiver general of the Post Office, which was not compatible with a Parliamentary seat and paid almost £400 per year. <mask> exchanged into the 30th Regiment of Foot in 1719 and the 15th Regiment of Foot in 1721. During the 1722 election at Haslemere, where the Onslows had an interest, <mask> became involved in a brawl with James Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe and his fellow Tory candidate Peter Burrell came upon Onslow and his companion, a Mr. Sharp.Burrell complained of Sharp's insulting electioneering practices, and Oglethorpe struck Sharp with his cane; when <mask> attempted to interpose, Oglethorpe drew on him. <mask> was injured in the thigh, but disarmed Oglethorpe; he was wounded again in the left hand when Oglethorpe attempted to recover his sword, but by now his temper had cooled, and he helped bind <mask>'s wounds and summoned a surgeon for him. <mask> was promoted to captain lieutenant (and lieutenant-colonel in the Army) in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards on 7 July 1724. On 9 December 1726, he married his brother's sister-in-law, Rose Bridges, daughter and coheiress of John Bridges of Thames Ditton. She died in 1728 without children, and in 1730, he married again to Pooley Walton, daughter of Charles Walton and heiress of her uncle George Walton. They had four children:
<mask> (1731–1792)
Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet (1741–1817)
Rev. <mask> (1746–1815)
<mask> (d. 1800 or 1802), married Rev.Hon. George Hamilton and had issue. Active service and politics
On 9 March 1727, <mask> succeeded <mask> Treby as captain of one of the Guards companies sent to reinforce besieged Gibraltar. The Spanish lifted the siege in June, and <mask> then stood for Guildford on his family's interest, replacing Thomas Brodrick. <mask> was elected alongside his brother (who, however, chose to sit for Surrey) in August 1727. His receiver-generalship went to his second cousin Denzil <mask> of Stoughton. <mask> continued to represent the borough until his death.A steady supporter of Government, he made no particular figure in Parliamentary affairs. <mask> was commissioned colonel of the 39th Regiment of Foot in 1731. In 1734, he became accountant to his brother after the latter was appointed Treasurer of the Navy, holding the post until Arthur resigned the office in 1742. <mask> transferred to become Colonel of the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot in 1739 (until 1745). He appointed Rev. Arthur Young, chaplain to his regiment. Young's son claimed that <mask> himself was not particularly religious, in part to escape the censure of his commander, the Duke of Cumberland.On 20 February 1741, he was promoted to brigadier general, and sent to Germany with the British contingent in the War of the Austrian Succession. He fought at the Battle of Dettingen on 27 June 1743, and was afterwards promoted to major general on 13 July. On 30 April 1745, <mask> succeeded Viscount Cobham as colonel and captain of the 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards, while Edward Wolfe took over the King's Regiment. He and Henry Hawley commanded the second line of cavalry at the Battle of Fontenoy. He was one of the generals present in London in November after the British Army in Flanders was recalled to suppress the Jacobite rising of 1745. <mask>'s last promotion, to lieutenant general, occurred on 10 October 1747. On 15 February 1752, he was appointed Governor of Fort William, and in 1759, was removed to become Governor of Plymouth and military commander of the Western District.In early 1760, he was called upon to preside over the court-martial of Lord George Sackville for his conduct at the Battle of Minden, and concurrently of Lord Charles Hay for remarks made against Lord Loudoun, but died of a stroke on 16 March 1760 while presiding over the latter trial. In addition to his military career, he was a member of the original general court of the Society for Free British Fishery, founded in 1750. References

Bibliography

External links
Portrait at Clandon Park

1690s births
Year of birth uncertain
1760 deaths
30th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army generals
British Life Guards officers
Devonshire Regiment officers
Dorset Regiment officers
East Yorkshire Regiment officers
Grenadier Guards officers
King's Regiment (Liverpool) officers
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford
Richard
British military personnel of the Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)

masks:
Richard Onslow
Foot Onslow
Arthur Onslow
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
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Richard
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George Onslow
Richard Onslow
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title: Paul Watson

texts:
<mask> (born December 2, 1950) is a Canadian-American conservation and environmental activist, who founded the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, an anti-poaching and direct action group focused on marine conservation activism. The tactics used by Sea Shepherd have attracted opposition, with the group accused of eco-terrorism by both the Japanese government and Greenpeace. <mask> is a citizen of Canada and the United States. The Toronto native joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing in 1969. He was a co-founder of Greenpeace in 1972. Because <mask> argued for a strategy of direct action that conflicted with the Greenpeace interpretation of nonviolence, he was ousted from the board in 1977. That same year, he formed the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.The group was the subject of a reality show named Whale Wars. He promotes veganism, population reduction and a biocentric, rather than anthropocentric, worldview. <mask>'s activities have led to legal action from authorities in countries including the United States, Canada, Norway, Costa Rica and Japan. He was detained in Germany on an extradition request by Costa Rica in May 2012. An Interpol red notice was issued on September 14, 2012, at the request of Japan and Costa Rica. After staying at sea for 15 months following his escape from Germany, where he was released on bail, he returned to Los Angeles in late October 2013, going through customs and "was not arrested". He appeared before a US appeals court on November 6, 2013, stating that neither he nor the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society violated a 2012 order requiring them to leave whaling vessels alone.Although the United States is a signatory member of Interpol, <mask> has not been detained for extradition to Japan or Costa Rica. He is living in Vermont, writing books. He was residing in Paris as of July 1, 2014 but has since returned to the USA. In March 2019, Costa Rica dropped all charges against <mask> and has removed the Interpol red notice. Early and personal life
According to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, <mask> was born in Toronto to Anthony Joseph <mask> and Annamarie Larsen, and grew up in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, along with two sisters and three brothers. As a child he was a member of the Kindness Club, which he has credited with teaching him to "respect and defend animals". After working as a tour guide at Expo 67, the World's Fair that took place in Montreal in 1967, <mask> moved to Vancouver.According to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, in 1968 and the early 1970s, he joined the Canadian Coast Guard, where he served aboard weatherships, search and rescue hovercraft, and buoy tenders. He signed up as a merchant seaman in 1969 with the Norwegian Consulate in Vancouver and shipped out on the 30,000 ton bulk carrier Bris as a deckhand. The Bris was registered in Oslo, Norway and manifested for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade. In 1972 he shipped out of San Francisco on the 35,000 ton bulk Swedish carrier Jarl R. Trapp and manifested for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade

<mask> has one daughter Lilliolani (born 1980) with his first wife, Starlet Lum, who was a founding director of Greenpeace Quebec, Earthforce!, Project Wolf, and Sea Shepherd. His second wife, Lisa Distefano, a former Playboy model, was Sea Shepherd's Director of Operations during the Makah anti-whaling campaigns in Friday Harbor. His third wife, Allison Lance, is an animal rights activist and a volunteer crew member of Sea Shepherd. <mask> has two grandchildren.<mask> married his fourth wife Yana Rusinovich on February 14, 2015, in Paris, France. <mask> and Rusinovich had a son, Tiger, on September 29, 2016 and a second son, Murtagh, on August 6, 2021. He ran for parliament in Canada's federal elections twice. Activism

Early years
In October 1969, <mask> joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing at Amchitka Island. The group which formed as a result of that protest was the Don't Make a Wave Committee, which evolved into the group known today as Greenpeace. In the early 1970s, <mask> was also active with the Vancouver Liberation Front and the Vancouver Yippies. <mask> sailed as a crew member aboard the Greenpeace Too!ship in 1971 and skippered the Greenpeace boat Astral in 1972. <mask> continued as a crew member, skipper, and officer aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. According to The New Yorker, The New York Times, and other sources, <mask> was a founding member of Greenpeace, but the organization denies this stating he "was an influential early member but not, as he sometimes claims, a founder." Greenpeace claims that <mask> joined Greenpeace on its Amchitka expedition, which they claim to be their second expedition, but <mask> claims that this was Greenpeace's first meeting. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

The first Sea Shepherd vessel, the Sea Shepherd, was purchased in December 1978 with assistance from the Fund for Animals and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Sea Shepherd soon established itself as one of the more controversial environmental groups, known for provocative direct action tactics. These tactics have included throwing objects onto the decks of whaling ships, the use of "prop foulers" in an attempt to sabotage the ships, boarding whaling vessels, and the scuttling of two ships in an Icelandic harbor.In January 2013, <mask> relinquished captaincy of the Steve Irwin. The organization and its activities to halt whaling are the focus of a reality TV series, Whale Wars, airing on Animal Planet. In 2010, <mask> personally received more than $120,000 from Sea Shepherd. Because of mounting legal complications, <mask> has stepped down as head of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in 2013, to abide by an injunction barring him from proximity with Japanese whaling ships. After the resolution of legal issues involving the Japanese Institute for Cetacean Research, <mask> returned as President of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Commander of the Sea Shepherd fleet. Other environmental activities
<mask> was a field correspondent for Defenders of Wildlife from 1976 to 1980 and a field representative for the Fund for Animals from 1978 to 1981. <mask> also was a co-founder of Friends of the Wolf and Earthforce Environmental Society.During the 1980s, <mask> declared his support for Earth First! and cultivated friendships with David Foreman and Edward Abbey. He proclaimed Sea Shepherd to be the "navy" of Earth First! According to The New Yorker, <mask> revived the 19th-century practice of tree spiking. <mask> worked with the Green Party of British Columbia in Vancouver in the 1980s and 90s. He ran for mayor in 1996, placing fourth. In April 2003, <mask> was elected to the board of directors of the Sierra Club for a three-year term.In 2006, he did not seek re-election. He resigned from the board a month before his term ended, in protest against the organization's sponsorship of a "Why I Hunt" essay contest. In January 2008, <mask> was named by The Guardian as one of its "50 people who could save the planet" for the work of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Writings on activism
<mask> published Earthforce!, a guide to strategy for environmental activists in 1993. In it, he specifically endorsed the tactics of "monkeywrenching" previously described by Dave Foreman and Edward Abbey. According to Foreman in Eco-Defense—The Field Guide to Monkey-Wrenching— these are tactics of sabotage, covert activity, and direct action. <mask> says he incorporated his own personal experience in writing the book.In Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy, <mask> expressed disdain for the truthfulness of mainstream media:

The nature of the mass media today is such that the truth is irrelevant. What is true and what is right to the general public is what is defined as true and right by the mass media. Ronald Reagan understood that the facts are not relevant. The media reported what he said as fact. Follow-up investigation was "old news." A headline comment on Monday's newspaper far outweighs the revelation of inaccuracy revealed in a small box inside the paper on Tuesday or Wednesday.<mask> was explicit about what he perceived to be the lack of truthfulness in mass media: "If you do not know an answer, a fact, or a statistic, then simply follow the example of an American President and do as Ronald Reagan did—make it up on the spot and deliver the information confidently and without hesitation." In a subsequent book, Ocean Warrior, <mask> expanded on this view, saying: "Survival in a media culture meant developing the skills to understand and manipulate media to achieve strategic objectives." In 2007 <mask> explained his view of needed population control and the future for humans given their role in the Holocene extinction, which he refers to as the "Holocenic hominid collective suicide event":

Today, escalating human populations have vastly exceeded global carrying capacity and now produce massive quantities of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste [...] No human community should be larger than 20,000 people and separated from other communities by wilderness areas [...] We need to radically and intelligently reduce human populations to fewer than one billion [...] Curing a body of cancer requires radical and invasive therapy, and therefore, curing the biosphere of the human virus will also require a radical and invasive approach [...] Who should have children? Those who are responsible and completely dedicated to the responsibility which is actually a very small percentage of humans. Controversy

Separation from Greenpeace
<mask> continued as a crew member, officer, and skipper (in 1972) aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. He considers himself a founding member of Greenpeace and Greenpeace International, a claim Greenpeace disputes despite being pointed out in the documentary, How to Change the World which shows that <mask> was indeed one of the original founding members of Greenpeace. <mask> has since accused Greenpeace of rewriting their history.In 1977, <mask> was expelled from the Greenpeace's board of directors by a vote of 11 to 1 (<mask> himself cast the single vote against it). The group felt his strong, "front and center" personality and frequently voiced opposition to Greenpeace's interpretation of "nonviolence" were too divisive. <mask> subsequently left the group. The group has since labeled his actions at the time as those of a "mutineer" within their ranks. That same year, he founded his own group, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. During an interview in 1978 with CBC Radio, <mask> spoke out against Greenpeace (as well as other organizations) and their role and motives for the anti-sealing campaigns. <mask> accused these organizations of campaigning against the Canadian seal hunt because it is an easy way to raise money and it is a profit maker for the organizations.Greenpeace has called <mask> a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities. Charges and prosecutions
<mask> was sentenced to 10 days in prison and fined $8,000 for his actions during a Canadian seal hunt protest in 1980, after being convicted of  assaulting a fisheries officer. <mask> served his sentence at Her Majesty's Penitentiary, St. John's, NL. He was also found guilty under the Seal Protection Act for painting harp seal pups with red dye to devalue their pelts. <mask> was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1997, <mask> was convicted in absentia and sentenced to serve 120 days in jail by a court in Lofoten, Norway on charges of attempting to sink the small scale Norwegian fishing and whaling vessel Nybrænna on December 26, 1992. Dutch authorities refused to hand him over to Norwegian authorities although he did spend 80 days in detention in the Netherlands pending a ruling on extradition before being released.There have not been any successful attempts at prosecuting <mask> for his activities with Sea Shepherd since the trial in Newfoundland. <mask> defends his actions as falling within international law, in particular Sea Shepherd's right to enforce maritime regulations against illegal whalers and sealers. Sea Shepherd activists Rod Coronado and David Howitt went to Iceland in 1986 and scuttled two whaling ships in port at Reykjavík and also damaged a whale meat processing factory. <mask> took responsibility for the operation, abiding by published Sea Shepherd principles. He went to Iceland saying, "I am responsible for all activities undertaken in the name of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. I give the orders." He was deported without being charged and is considered a persona non grata by Iceland

In April 2010 the Japanese Coast Guard obtained an arrest warrant for <mask> "...on suspicion of ordering sabotage activities against Japan's whaling fleet", and Interpol has listed him as wanted at the request of Japan.The red notice has the charges issued by Japan as, "Breaking into the Vessel, Damage to Property, Forcible Obstruction of Business, Injury". In March 2012 Interpol issued a "written statement to all

masks:
Paul Franklin Watson
Watson
Watson
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Paul Watson
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Paul Watson
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Paul Watson
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Paul Watson
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title: Paul Watson

texts:
 190 member countries making it clear that it would not publish a Red Notice" for the detention of <mask>, but reversed that position in September 2012. In both statements Interpol stated that a "Red Notice is not an international arrest warrant" that it is "a request for any country to identify or locate an individual with a view to their provisional arrest and extradition in accordance with the country's national laws". In May 2012 <mask> was detained by German authorities at the Frankfurt Airport because of a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation at sea in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd said that the other vessel was illegally shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Crew members of the other ship accused Sea Shepherd of trying to kill them. <mask> was charged with violating navigational regulations with the Interpol alert stating the charge as, "peligro de naufragio" (danger of shipwreck).The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater and the charges were dropped by prosecutors after video of the incident made by the documentary film makers was shown. On May 21, <mask> was released on bail of €250,000 but required to report to police in Frankfurt on a daily basis. In June, Costa Rica formally requested <mask>'s extradition from Germany. On July 19, 2012, Japan applied for an extradition order and <mask> left Germany, resulting in a German court ordering his immediate re-arrest. It is understood the statute of limitations on his Costa Rican charges was set to expire in June 2013. On August 7, 2012 Interpol renewed the Red Notice for <mask> on the charges of "causing a danger of drowning or of an air disaster" laid by Costa Rica. It was reported that <mask> would come out of hiding to join Sea Shepherd in the 2012–13 campaign against Japanese whaling.<mask> rejoined the crew of the Steve Irwin in the South Pacific in late November 2012. In March 2019, Costa Rica dropped all charges against <mask> and has removed the Interpol red notice. Sierra Club immigration stance
In 1999, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for election to the national Sierra Club Board of Directors, with the backing of the anti-immigration faction Sierrans for US Population Stabilization (SUSPS). After his election to the board in 2003, <mask> supported an unsuccessful slate of candidates supporting strict immigration controls as an element of a population stabilization policy. This effort was denounced by another candidate in the election, Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center, as a "hostile takeover" attempt by "radical anti-immigrant activists." <mask> responded by saying that the only change he was seeking in the organization's immigration stance was to restore the position it had held before its 1996 "neutrality policy." <mask> left the Sierra Club board in 2006.Anti-sealing activities

In April 2008, <mask> stated that, while the deaths of three Canadian seal hunters (a fourth one is still missing) in a marine accident involving a Canadian Coast Guard vessel and a fishing boat during the 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt were a tragedy, he felt that the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of seals is an even greater tragedy. Canadian Federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn accused <mask> of trivializing the memory of the lost sealers. <mask> replied that Hearn was trying to distract attention from his government's incompetence as the boat the men were on capsized while under tow by a Canadian Coast Guard vessel, while his political ambitions continued to support and subsidize an industry that had no place in the 21st century. In 1978, <mask> expressed opposition to seal hunt protest organization, suggesting in an interview with CBC's Barbara Frum that saving seals is a cheap and easy fundraiser and that seals do not deserve special status over other species. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams was quoted as saying, "I think what a lot of people don't realize is that this man is a terrorist." Australian visa issues
In October 2009, <mask>, who carries a US passport, complained to media outlets about having his request for an Australian visa denied. He states that the Australian government was attempting to sabotage the upcoming 2010 Sea Shepherd campaign by denying him entry into the country.<mask> and several other shipmates were also unable to join the Steve Irwin on its promotional tour of Australia until they were able to provide documentation from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway, exonerating them from previously claimed acts of violence, specifically claims by Sea Shepherd of intentionally sinking a ship in Norway. In January 2013, <mask> was presented with an Aboriginal passport by the Krautungalung people of the Gunnai Nation. Alleged shooting

On March 17, 2008, <mask> said that he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the Operation Migaloo anti-whaling campaign in the Southern Ocean. The incident is documented during the season finale of season 1 of the Whale Wars TV reality show, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The Japanese respond by throwing stun grenades, one crew member is injured from a grenade detonating close behind him and another injured trying to escape the explosions. <mask> is then shown reaching inside his jacket and body armour and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the Steve Irwin, a metal fragment is found inside the vest.The Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research disputes Sea Shepherd's statements. The Institute and Coast Guard said that they used seven stun grenades designed to temporarily debilitate a target by rendering them blind and deaf for a period of time. The Japanese government also alleged that the whalers launched "noise balls", described as "loud explosive deterrent devices". Neither of the two conflicting accounts have been independently verified. The Australian Foreign Affairs Department had condemned "actions by crew members of any vessel that cause injury". Two media releases were made on the same day from the office. One said that the Australian Embassy in Tokyo had been informed by the Japanese that the whalers had "fired warning shots" while the updated version used the phrase "'warning balls' – also known as 'flashbangs' – had been fired".Accusations of terrorism
<mask> has been called an eco-terrorist by the Japanese government for his direct action tactics against whalers, and it repeated its position after conflicts during the 2009–10 whaling season. At an animal rights convention in 2002, <mask> was also quoted as saying, "There's nothing wrong with being a terrorist, as long as you win. Then you write the history". In 2010, Fox News commentator Glenn Beck also discussed the comment, criticizing <mask>'s views. <mask> responded to Beck's comments on the official Sea Shepherd website by stating that he had said that but that it was taken out of context, quoting Gerald Seymour's "One man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter". Comments following 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami
<mask> was criticized for his poem published immediately following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami which suggested the disaster was Neptune's anger. <mask> responded to critics with a commentary on the Sea Shepherd website expressing "deepest concern and sympathy for the people of Japan who are suffering through one of the worst natural disasters in the history of civilization".Criticism of New Zealand
In 2013, three Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ships docked in New Zealand, and were searched by New Zealand authorities to see if <mask> was aboard. He was not, having transferred to another ship in international waters, aware New Zealand was required to notify Interpol if he entered the country. <mask> criticised the search, accusing New Zealand of siding with Japan on the issue of whaling in the Southern Ocean. Reactions to activism and leadership
<mask> has stated that he does not consider himself a 'protester', but an 'interventionist', as he considers protesting as too submissive. He often takes the attitude that he represents (or stands in for) law enforcement which is either unwilling or unable to enforce existing laws. His leadership style has variously been called arrogant, as well as pushing himself too much "front and center", which was cited as one of the reasons for expulsion from Greenpeace. The atmosphere aboard his vessels has been compared to an "anarchy run by God".The former member of Sea Shepherd and captain of the  Pete Bethune described <mask> as "morally bankrupt" who would order the intentional sinking of his own ships like the Ady Gil as a means to "garner sympathy with the public and to create better TV". <mask> denied this, saying "No one ordered him to scuttle it. Pete Bethune was captain of the Ady Gil; all decisions on the Ady Gil were his." Awards
<mask> received the Jules Verne Award on October 10, 2012. He was the second person after Captain Jacques Cousteau to be honored with a Jules Verne Award dedicated to environmentalists and adventurers. On June 28, 2010 <mask> received the Asociación de Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau: Defense of Marine Life Award, in recognition of his merits achieved by the work done in defense of marine life. In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the US Animal Rights Hall of Fame for his outstanding contributions to animal liberation.<mask> received the George H. W. Bush Daily Points of Light Award in 1999  and in 2000, he was named one of Time Magazine's Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century. On May 23, 2019, <mask> received an official commendation by Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont stating that the "State of Connecticut conveyed both honor and recognition to Captain <mask>." In 2007 <mask> received the Amazon Peace Prize presented by the Vice President of Ecuador Lenin Moreno. Media portrayals
A biographical documentary on <mask>'s early life and background entitled Pirate for the Sea was produced by Ron Colby in 2008. The 2008 documentary At the Edge of the World chronicled the efforts of <mask> and 45 volunteers to hinder the Japanese whaling fleet in the waters around Antarctica. In 2010, long time friend and filmmaker Peter Brown released the documentary Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist, a satirical look back at the last 30 years of actions. The documentary Eco-Pirate: The Story of <mask> from 2011 features interviews and footage with early Greenpeace members Rex Weyler and Patrick Moore.<mask>, Whale Wars, and the Japanese whaling industry were satirized in the South Park episode "Whale Whores". In its fictional Larry King show, <mask> himself was called "An unorganized incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause" and "A smug, narcoleptic liar with no credibility". <mask> responded to the South Park episode by stating; "My understanding is that the Japanese Prime Minister was not amused and the whalers and dolphin killers are enraged at the way they were portrayed," <mask> said. "That's music to my ears. If the humorless whale killers and the bank rollers of the dolphin killers did not like the show, then that's all I need to applaud it." <mask> was portrayed (along with whale biologist, Nan Hauser), during a 60 Minutes episode that aired in 2013, as contributing to the return of the Humpback whale populations in the South Pacific. In 2019 a biopic film called, <mask> directed by one of the producers of An Inconvenient Truth, Lesley Chilcott, was released and also aired on Animal Planet on December 22, 2019.List of works
 Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals (1981) ()
 Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (1993) ()
 Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994) ()
 Seal Wars: Twenty-Five Years on the Front Lines With the Harp Seals (2002) ()
 Contributor to Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? : Reflections on the Liberations of Animals (2004) ()
 Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy 2nd Edition (2012)
 The War That Saved the Whales (2019)
 Songs from the Southern Ocean (2020)
 The Haunted Mariner  (2020)
 Dealing with Climate Change and Stress  (2020)
 Orcapedia  (2020)
 Desperate Mythologies: Theology, Ecology and the General Insanity of Humanity  (2020)
 Death of a Whale  (2021)
 URGENT! Save Our Ocean to Survive Climate Change   (2021)

See also
 List of conservationists
 List of vegans

References

Further reading
 Earth Warrior: Overboard With <mask> and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, by David B. Morris (1995) ()
 Eco-Warriors, by Rik Scarce (2006) ()
  Capitaine <mask>, entretien avec un pirate, by Lamya Essemlali, <mask> (2012)

External links

 <mask>'s page on the Sea Shepherd official website

1950 births
Canadian animal rights activists
Canadian environmentalists
Fugitives wanted by Germany
Green Party of British Columbia politicians
Green thinkers
Living people
People associated with Greenpeace
People from St. Andrews, New Brunswick
Activists from Toronto
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Sierra Club directors
Sustainability advocates
Veganism

masks:
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title: Enrique Gómez Carrillo

texts:
Raquel Meller: in 1917, <mask> met the Spanish flamenco singer, who married him in 1919 after he wooed her in his writings. But then, his condition showed the life of excess he had led: his constant drinking binges and infidelities caused a lot of tension in the marriage. But everything collapsed when Raquel learned that he was wasting away her hard earned money. After a public  ugly argument about their finances, they divorced in 1920. Consuelo Suncín: French-Salvadorian writer, who studied Literature and Law in México. She travelled to Paris along to her protector, José Vasconcelos. Once in Paris, she fell in love with <mask> and married him in 1926, becoming his widow just eleven months later, when he died of a stroke.Mata Hari scandal

Mata Hari was a famous exotic dancer, who was accused of espionage and then shot by French authorities due to her ties to the German secret services during World War I. Later on, admiral Wilhelm Canaris, German secret service director, told in his autobiography that it was him who betrayed Mata Hari given that her services were not needed anymore. At the time, a rumor that <mask> and his wife Raquel Meller were the ones that told the French on Mata Hari -even though at the time <mask> had not met Raquel yet-;  <mask> took advantage of the scandal to increase his fame and prestige, and even wrote a book on it: El Misterio de la Vida y de la Muerte de Mata Hari -The mystery of Mata Hari's life and death-. Maurice Maeterlinck described <mask> as a "true Renaissance man", living his life to the extreme as a relentless dueler, syphilitic, traveller and correspondent. He died on November 29, 1927,  and is buried in Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery; years later, when Consuelo died, she was buried alongside him; upon his death, she inherited his two homes in Paris and Cimiez, near Nice. Death

<mask> died in París, on 27 November 1927 victim of an aneurysm following years of excess and is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Next to him are the remains of his last wife, Consuelo, who had become countess of Saint-Exupéry after her third marriage, to French pilot and writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.Monument in Guatemala City

On 9 July 1941, by initiative Nicaraguan write Juan Manuel Mendoza, who wrote <mask>'s biography, a Committee pro <mask> Carrillo Monument was created, and it was in charge of Natalia Górriz de Morales. Among those who worked with the committee were Miguel Ángel Asturias and Federico Hernández de León, who put at the committee's service the Diario del Aire broadcasts, and Nuestro Diario newspaper, respectively. Finally, during Dr. Juan José Arévalo presidency, in 1947 the monument was opened to the public in Concordia square, which was renamed as Enrique <mask> Carrillo Park. Monument in Guatemala City General Cemetery

In 1960 a tomb for those famous Guatemalan intellectuals that had died overseas was built in the Guatemala City General Cemetery Unfortunately, due to the coup d'état of 1963 that deposed general Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, President of Guatemala and sponsor of this idea, the project was abandoned; only Antonio José de Irisarri -who died in New York City in 1868 and whose remains were taken back to Guatemala in 1968- and poet Domingo Estrada -who died in Paris in 1901- are buried in the tomb. In the case of <mask>, due to the impossibility of getting his remains, his name was inscribed on a plaque in bronze letters. By the end of the 20th century, all the bronze letters had been stolen, the plaque covered with graffiti and the whole place is totally abandoned. Literary works

<mask> became the author of nearly eighty books of various genres, and is known primarily for his chronicles (crónicas), characterized by modernist prose.He contributed to numerous publications in Spain, France and Latin America, and headed El Nuevo Mercurio (1907) and Cosmópolis (1919–1922). <mask> lived mainly in Madrid and Paris. It was in Madrid where he decided to change his surname from "Gomez Tible" to "<mask>," mortified by the joking of others. A tireless traveler, he wrote numerous chronicles that collected his impressions of the places he visited: the enchanting  París (1902), La Rusia actual (1906), La Grecia eterna (1908), El Japón heroico y galante (1912), La sonrisa de la esfinge (1913), Jerusalén y la Tierra Santa (1914) and Vistas de Europa (1919). He was also the author of several essays, autobiographies and literary criticisms on Art Sensation (1893) Foreign Literature (1895), Modernism (1905), Exotic literatures (1920), Sappho, and other seductive courtesans (1921), The mystery of life and death of Mata Hari (1923), The hundred masterpieces of world literature (1924) and New French literature (1927). As for his narrative, immoral novels include Of love, of pain and vice (1898), Bohemia sentimental (1899), Wonderland (1899, 1922) and The Gospel of Love (1922). Erotic themes predominates within the aesthetic decadence of his writings.Forgotten in Guatemala

Guatemala is probably the country where <mask> is least known, and where the few that do know about his work, are those who criticize it the most. Official cultura curriculum has ignored him, neglecting both his persona and his work. Luis Cardoza y Aragón, has been the direct culprit of this; in both of his memoirs Cardoza y Aragón wrote complete chapters about <mask> where he attacks the writer mercilessly. Cardozas criticism, however, cannot completely hide his resentment and envy toward the writer who visited him in Paris in his youth, and to whom he dedicated his very first poems book. It is until the 21st century that a collection about representative writers in the American continent has published a chapter explaining the deliberate neglect around <mask>'s memory in his home country. The chapter state that: "ever since Darío died in 1916 there has been a lot of books about modernism. Generally, they ignore <mask>.This musketeer winner in life, has not escaped the destiny of those who indulge in their excesses. Besides, he lacked something critical to accomplish immediate celebrity: loved relatives and a protector government.»  Further along, the chapter says: «[...] in Guatemala, asking about <mask>, no body had any information. His own brother, language professor, carries along completely oblivious to his brother's glory [...] and the bookstores do no have any of his works [...] it is easier to find them in Buenos Aires and in Madrid, for sure. In Spain, in the 2010s, there has been a renewed interest in <mask> de Saint Exupéry
 Manuel Estrada Cabrera
 Raquel Meller
 World War I

Notes and references

References

Bibliography

Works of <mask>

External links

 Por Tierras Lejanas by <mask> full text and full page images openly and freely available in the Digital Library of the Caribbean
 Cultos Profanos by <mask> full text and full page images openly and freely available in the Digital Library of the Caribbean

1873 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Guatemalan people
People from Guatemala City
Guatemalan journalists
Male journalists
Guatemalan male writers
Guatemalan diplomats
Manuel Estrada Cabrera
Guatemalan people of French descent

masks:
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Gómez Carrillo
Enrique Gómez
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title: Hedvig Sophia of Sweden

texts:
Hedvig <mask> of Sweden (26 June 1681 – 22 December 1708), Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, was the eldest child of Charles XI of Sweden and  Ulrike Eleonore of Denmark. She was heir presumptive to the Swedish throne until her death and the regent of the duchy of Holstein-Gottorp for her minor son from 1702 to 1708. Some sources refer to her as <mask>.<ref>Paul Meijer Granqvist in Carl X Gustaf "den förste pfalzaren" Askerbergs, Stockholm 1910 p. 140</ref>

Youth

Hedvig <mask> spent the majority of her upbringing at Karlberg Palace. After the death of her mother in 1693, she and her siblings were placed under the custody of her grandmother Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. Her personal caretaker was Juliana Schierberg, who was to be her lifelong and influential confidante. Hedvig <mask> was, and continued to be, the favorite of her grandmother. Due to her grandmother's influence, she came to harbor anti-Danish views.She was described as beautiful, passionate but dignified, and as a good student, particularly in painting. She was also noted to be cheerful in the otherwise strict Swedish court, and it was noted that her father spent more money on her than he was usually willing to do on other things. Between 1697 and 1699, there was a Danish policy to create an alliance with Sweden through a double wedding between Charles XII of Sweden and Princess <mask> of Denmark, and Prince Charles of Denmark and <mask> <mask> of Sweden (after the marriage of Hedvig <mask> in 1698, she was replaced by Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden). Jens Juel (diplomat) are known to have engaged Beata Elisabet von Königsmarck to promote the matches. However, none of the marriages was materialized. Duchess consort

On 12 May 1698 at Karlberg she married her cousin, Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Her marriage was arranged as a part of the traditional Swedish policy of alliance with Holstein-Gottorp against Denmark; her brother had earlier been expected to marry Frederick's sister, but he refused.The marriage, which had been decided upon during her childhood, took place against her consent and was not happy. She did not like the debauched life of Frederick IV, for which he was known even before their marriage. She visited Holstein-Gottorp in 1698 and remained there for about a year. During Hedvig <mask>'s stay in Gottorp, Frederick regularly visited his lovers in Hamburg and also brought some of them to Gottorp. Her Mistress of the Robes, Beata Magdalena Wittenberg, became involved in a physical argument with a male courtier who acted as the pimp of Frederick, an argument which ended with Wittenberg losing her wig and Hedvig <mask>'s demand to return to Sweden. In 1699 she returned to Sweden, where she was second in line to the Swedish throne and presumptive heir. She resided mainly at Karlberg.Hedvig <mask> was an eager participant in the frequent partying that dominated her brother's court for a few years before the Great Northern War, and she spent most of her life at the Swedish court. Her marriage was the start point of a long series of festivities which lasted until her departure, and upon her return, another series of festivities was launched which lasted until the outbreak of the war. Hedvig <mask> was regarded to have political influence over her brother the monarch: on 1 October 1702, count Magnus Stenbock gave his spouse countess Eva Oxenstierna the task of using her influence in the parliament to contact Hedvig <mask> and ask her to make Charles XII to end the war and ask for peace. Regent
On 18 October 1702, Hedvig <mask> became a widow and formal Regent for her minor son, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. However, she spent most of her time in Sweden and rarely visited the home of her spouse: she left the daily affairs of the duchy to Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of her late spouse, but matters of major importance were always to be confirmed by her. She did have plans to visit Holstein-Gottorp in 1705, but her brother asked her to remain in Sweden, which she consented to do. As Regent, Hedvig <mask> made sure that the old policy of Holstein-Gottorp was kept, with an alliance with Sweden as protection against Denmark.This led to some strain relation with the administration in Holstein-Gottorp, who was considering a different alliance, but she kept in control of the policy and her line was kept until her death without it leading to any open conflict. In Sweden, she worked to have her son accepted as an heir to the Swedish throne, and the "Holstein Party", as it was to be called after the death of her brother, was also the most successful contestant under her leadership until her death in 1708. As a widow, she was the object of plans to arrange a new political marriage. Among the candidates were the Crown Prince of Hanover, that is the future King George II of Great Britain. However, she refused a new arranged marriage. She was by then involved with the young courtier count <mask> Gyllenborg. She was acquainted with Gyllenborg since before her marriage, and after the death of her spouse, he made it known to her that he was in love with her through a poem with the message that it was better to confess to a love than to let it die.That relationship was open public knowledge at court and seems to have been accepted, though much disliked by her grandmother, Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. At the Swedish royal court, Hedvig <mask> was described as a beauty with an interest in fashion, and referred to as "The Happy Princess". She was the center of the social life at court, and it was said that all pleasure of court life ended after her death. She was an accomplished singer: during the Great Northern war, she appeared as a singer at concerts at court, while her sister, Ulrika Eleonora, played the clavier. Like her sister, she repeatedly asked her brother for permission to visit him on the battle field during the war, which was common for many other women to do, but he refused them every time. In 1708 she died of smallpox, which she had contracted by nursing her son through the illness. The relationship between her and her brother, King Carl, was very deep.In July 1709, her brother, who recently had become a refugee of his military catastrophe at Poltava and was far away in Bendery (today in Moldavia) finally received the news of Hedvig <mask>'s death in Stockholm the previous December. Carl at first refused to believe it, and this was the only time he was ever known to have wept. It was "an event which I had trusted never to be so unhappy to survive" and he suffered from "that grief which can never altogether leave me until those who have been parted shall meet again". Hedvig <mask>'s proper funeral and interment in Riddarholm Church did not take place until 1718, after the death of Carl. She was temporarily interred in 1708, but her permanent funeral was delayed awaiting her brother's orders from how it should be conducted. In 1716, however, she was hastily buried along with her grandmother without him being asked, as they were worried that he would insist on a funeral of a kind which the country could no longer afford. She is perhaps most well known for the extensive correspondence between her and her brother King Carl XII, who spent much of his life on war campaigns abroad.When he died in 1718 and left no male heirs to the throne, the late Hedvig <mask>'s only child, Duke Karl Friedrich was in line to succeed him, but the late king's younger sister Ulrica Eleonora quickly moved herself onto the throne instead. Hedvig <mask> was the paternal grandmother of Emperor Peter III of Russia. Issue

Ancestors

References
 Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor  (in Swedish)
 Wilhelmina Stålberg: Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor'' (In English: Notes on Swedish women) (in Swedish)
 Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VII. Bind. I. Hansen - Holmsted
 Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna: Den glömda drottningen. Karl XII:s syster. Ulrika Eleonora D.Y.och hennes tid. Affärstryckeriet, Norrtälje. (1976)
 Norrhem, Svante (2007). Kvinnor vid maktens sida : 1632–1772. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. Libris 10428618. Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947).Hedvig Eleonora. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN

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Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
1681 births
1708 deaths
Hedwig 1681
Hedwig <mask>
Burials at Riddarholmen Church
18th-century women rulers
Daughters of kings

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Sophia Augusta
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title: Phil Jackson

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<mask> (born September 17, 1945) is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and executive in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward, <mask> played 12 seasons in the NBA, winning NBA championships with the New York Knicks in 1970 and 1973. <mask> was the head coach of the Chicago Bulls from 1989 to 1998, leading them to six NBA championships. He then coached the Los Angeles Lakers from 1999 to 2004 and again from 2005 to 2011; the team won five league titles under his leadership. <mask>'s 11 NBA titles as a coach surpassed the previous record of nine set by Red Auerbach. He also holds the NBA record for the most combined championships, winning a total of 13 as a player and a coach. <mask> is known for his use of Tex Winter's triangle offense as well as a holistic approach to coaching that was influenced by Eastern philosophy, garnering him the nickname "Zen Master".<mask> cited Robert Pirsig's book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance as one of the major guiding forces in his life. He also applied Native American spiritual practices, as documented in his book Sacred Hoops. He is the author of several candid books about his teams and his basketball strategies. In 2007, <mask> was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1996, as part of celebrations for the NBA's 50th anniversary, <mask> was named one of the 10 greatest coaches in league history. <mask> retired from coaching in 2011 and joined the Knicks as an executive in March 2014. He was dismissed as the Knicks' team president on June 28, 2017.Early life
<mask> was born in Deer Lodge, Montana on September 17, 1945. Both of his parents, Charles and Elisabeth Funk <mask>, were Assemblies of God ministers. Elisabeth came from a long line of German Mennonites before her conversion to the Assemblies of God. In the churches that they served, his father generally preached on Sunday mornings and his mother on Sunday evenings. Eventually, his father became a ministerial supervisor. <mask>, his two brothers, and his half-sister grew up in a remote area of Montana in an austere environment, in which no dancing or television was allowed. <mask> did not see his first movie until he was a senior in high school, and went to a dance for the first time in college.Growing up, he assumed he would become a minister. High school career
<mask> attended high school in Williston, North Dakota, where he played varsity basketball and led the team to a state title. He also played football, was a pitcher on the baseball team, and threw the discus in track and field competitions. The high school now has a sports complex named after him. His brother Chuck speculated years later that the three <mask> sons threw themselves passionately into athletics because it was the only time they were allowed to do what other children were doing. <mask> attracted the attention of several baseball scouts. Their notes found their way to future NBA coach Bill Fitch, who had previously coached baseball, and had been doing some scouting for the Atlanta Braves.Fitch took over as head basketball coach at the University of North Dakota in the spring of 1962, during <mask>'s junior year of high school. College career

Bill Fitch successfully recruited <mask> to the University of North Dakota, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. <mask> did well there, helping the Fighting Sioux to third- and fourth-place finishes in the NCAA Division II tournament in his sophomore and junior years (1965 and 1966). Both years, they were beaten by the Southern Illinois Salukis. <mask>'s future Knicks teammate Walt Frazier was the Salukis' biggest star, but the two only faced off in 1965, as Frazier was academically ineligible in 1966. NBA playing career

In 1967, <mask> was drafted in the second round by the New York Knicks. While he was a good all-around athlete, with unusually long arms, he was limited offensively but compensated with intelligence and hard work on defense.<mask> eventually established himself as a fan favorite and one of the NBA's leading substitutes, although he had very little playing time. He was a top reserve on the Knicks team that won the NBA title in 1973. <mask> did not play during New York's 1969–70 championship season due to spinal fusion surgery; however, he authored a book entitled Take It All, a photo diary of the Knicks' 1970 championship run. Soon after the 1973 title, several key starters retired, creating an opening for <mask> in the starting lineup. In the 1974–75 NBA season, <mask> and the Milwaukee Bucks' Bob Dandridge shared the lead for total personal fouls, with 330 each. <mask> lived in Leonia, New Jersey, during this time. After crossing the Hudson in 1978 to play two seasons for the New Jersey Nets, he retired as a player after the 1979–80 NBA season.Coaching career
In the years immediately following the end of his playing career, <mask> coached in professional leagues like the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and Puerto Rico's National Superior Basketball (BSN). While in the CBA, he won his first coaching championship, leading the Albany Patroons to their first title in 1984. <mask> was named the CBA Coach of the Year in 1985. In Puerto Rico, he coached the Piratas de Quebradillas (1984 and 1987) and the Gallitos de Isabela (1984–1986). He regularly sought NBA jobs, but was turned down. <mask> had acquired a reputation for being sympathetic to the counterculture during his playing years, which may have scared off potential NBA employers. Chicago Bulls (1987–1998)
In 1987, <mask> was hired as an assistant coach by the Chicago Bulls under Doug Collins.He was promoted to head coach in 1989. It was around this time that he met Tex Winter and became a devotee of Winter's triangle offense. Over nine seasons, <mask> coached the Bulls to six championships, winning three straight championships over separate three-year periods. The "three-peat" was the first since the Boston Celtics won eight titles in a row from 1959 through 1966. <mask> and the Bulls made the playoffs every year, and failed to win the title only three times. Michael Jordan's first retirement after the 1992–1993 season marked the end of the first "three-peat", and although Jordan returned just before the 1995 playoffs, it was not enough to prevent a playoff elimination by the Orlando Magic. Despite the Bulls' success, tension between <mask> and Bulls general manager Jerry Krause grew.Some believed that Krause felt under-recognized for building a championship team and believed that <mask> was indebted to him for giving him his first NBA coaching job. In the summer of 1997, <mask> was not invited to the wedding of Krause's stepdaughter, although all of the Bulls' assistant coaches were, as was Tim Floyd, then head coach at Iowa State, <mask>'s eventual successor. After contentious negotiations, <mask> was signed for the 1997–98 season only. Krause announced the signing by emphasizing that <mask> would not be rehired even if the Bulls won the 1997–98 title. <mask> then told Krause that he seemed to be rooting for the other side, to which Krause responded, "I don't care if it's 82-and-0 this year, you're fucking gone." Krause publicly portrayed <mask> as a two-faced character who had very little regard for his assistant coaches. After the Bulls' final title of the Jordan era in 1998, <mask> left the team vowing never to coach again.However, after taking a year off, he decided to give it another chance with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1999. Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2004)
<mask> took over a talented Lakers team and immediately produced results as he had done in Chicago. In his first year in Los Angeles, the Lakers went 67–15 during the regular season to top the league. Reaching the conference finals, they eliminated the Portland Trail Blazers in a tough seven-game series and then won the 2000 NBA championship by beating the Indiana Pacers. With the talented superstar duo of Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, the strong supporting cast of Glen Rice, Derek Fisher, Rick Fox, Devean George, A. C. Green, Robert Horry, and Brian Shaw, and the assistance of former Bulls Horace Grant, Ron Harper, and John Salley, <mask> led the Lakers to two additional titles in 2001 and 2002, against the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets, adding up to his third three-peat as head coach. The main serious challenge the Lakers faced was from their conference rival, the Sacramento Kings. However, injuries, weak bench play, and full-blown public tension between Bryant and O'Neal slowed the team down, and they were beaten in the second round of the 2003 NBA Playoffs by the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs.Afterward, <mask> clashed frequently with Bryant. While remarkably efficient in <mask>'s "triangle offense", Bryant had a personal distaste for <mask>'s brand of basketball and subsequently called it "boring". In games, Bryant would often disregard the set offense completely to experiment with his own one-on-one moves, infuriating the normally calm <mask>. Bryant managed to test <mask>'s patience enough that the "Zen Master" even demanded that Bryant be traded, although Lakers management rejected the request. Prior to the 2003–04 season, the Lakers signed NBA star veterans Karl Malone and Gary Payton, who had been franchise players for the Utah Jazz and the Seattle SuperSonics, respectively, leading to predictions by some that the team would finish with the best record in NBA history. But from the first day of training camp, the Lakers were beset by distractions. Bryant's trial for sexual assault, continued public sniping between O'Neal and Bryant, and repeated disputes between <mask> and Bryant all affected the team during the season.Despite these distractions, the Lakers beat the defending champion Spurs en route to advancing to the 2004 NBA Finals and were heavy favorites to regain the title. However, they were upset by the Detroit Pistons, who used their strong defense to dominate the Lakers, winning the title four games to one. This marked the first time in ten attempts as head coach that <mask> had lost in the NBA Finals. On June 18, 2004, three days after the loss to the Pistons, the Lakers announced that <mask> would leave his position as Lakers coach. <mask> was seeking to double his salary from $6 million to $12 million on his expiring contract. He had a contract offer outstanding from the Lakers, but he had not acted on it. Winter said <mask> announced at the All-Star break that he would not want to return to the Lakers if Bryant returned.Many fans attributed <mask>'s departure directly to the wishes of Bryant, as Lakers owner Dr. Jerry Buss reportedly sided with Bryant. <mask>, Bryant and Buss all denied that Bryant had made any explicit demand regarding <mask>. However, O'Neal, upon hearing General Manager Mitch Kupchak's announcement of the team's willingness to trade O'Neal and its intention to keep Bryant, indicated that he felt the franchise was indeed pandering to Bryant's wishes with the departure of <mask>. O'Neal's trade to the Miami Heat was the end of the "Trifecta" that had led the Lakers to three championship titles. That fall, <mask> released The Last Season, a book which describes his point of view of the tensions that surrounded the 2003–04 Lakers team. The book was pointedly critical of Kobe Bryant. Without <mask> and O'Neal, the Lakers were forced to become a faster-paced team on the court.Though they achieved some success in the first half of the season, injuries to several players including Kobe Bryant and Lamar Odom forced the team out of contention, going 34–48 in 2004–05 and missing the playoffs for the first time in 11 years. Rudy Tomjanovich, <mask>'s successor as coach, resigned midway through the season after coaching just 41 games, citing health issues not relating to his past bout with bladder cancer, which immediately led to speculation that the Lakers might bring <mask> back. Return to the Lakers (2005–2011)

On June 15, 2005, the Lakers rehired <mask>. <mask> led the Lakers to a seventh-seed playoff berth. Once again promoting the notion of selfless team play embodied by the triangle offense, the team achieved substantial results, especially in the last month of the season. <mask> also worked very seamlessly with Bryant, who had earlier shown his desire to bring back <mask> to the bench. Bryant's regular-season performance won him the league scoring title and made him a finalist in MVP voting.However, the Lakers faced a tough 2006 first-round matchup against the second-seeded Phoenix Suns, who were led by eventual MVP winner Steve Nash. The Lakers jumped out to a 3–1 lead following a dramatic last-second shot by Bryant in overtime to win game four, but the Suns recovered to win the last three and take the series. It was the first time that a <mask>-coached team had failed to reach the second round of the playoffs. On January 7, 2007, <mask> won his 900th game, then placing him 9th on the all-time win list for NBA coaches. With this win, <mask> became the fastest to reach 900 career wins, doing so in only 1,264 games and beating Pat Riley's previous record of 900 in 1,278 games. On December 12, 2007, after announcing he would return to his position as coach just a few days prior, <mask> inked a 2-year contract extension to continue his tenure with the Los Angeles Lakers through the end of the 2009–2010 season. During the 2007–08 season, the Lakers were able to obtain Pau Gasol in a trade with the Memphis Grizzlies.With another star to pair with Bryant, <mask> coached the Lakers to an appearance in the 2008 NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics. Boston went on to win the series 4–2, in the process handing <mask> and the Lakers their worst playoff loss ever in Game 6, a 39-point defeat. It was only the second time in 11 appearances that <mask> had lost an NBA Finals. On December 25, 2008, <mask> became the sixth coach to win 1,000 games, with the Lakers defeating the Celtics in their first matchup since the last year's finals. He was the fastest to

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title: Phil Jackson

texts:
 win 1,000 games, surpassing Pat Riley, who had taken 11 more games than <mask>. <mask> again coached the Lakers to the NBA Finals in 2009, defeating the Utah Jazz, Houston Rockets, and Denver Nuggets in the process. In the Finals, the Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic 4–1, clinching <mask>'s 10th NBA championship as head coach and surpassing the record for most championships won by a head coach previously held by him and Red Auerbach.On February 3, 2010, <mask> recorded his 534th win as Lakers head coach, surpassing Pat Riley to become the most successful coach in franchise history. The Lakers would go on to a fifth consecutive playoff berth in 2010. They defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder, Utah Jazz, and Phoenix Suns in the playoffs before defeating the Boston Celtics in the 2010 NBA Finals, earning <mask> his 11th NBA championship as head coach and his fifth with the Lakers. On July 1, 2010, <mask>, after giving it tremendous thought and consulting with his doctors over health concerns, announced that he would return to coach the Lakers for the 2010–11 season. On August 2, 2010, <mask> signed a new contract with the Lakers to return for what he mentioned was "his last stand", meaning the 2010–11 season would be his last. In January 2011, he reiterated that it would be his final season, explaining that in the past there was the possibility that maybe he would reconsider. "This year, there's no maybe", said <mask>.He retired after the Lakers were swept out of the playoffs in the conference semifinals by that season's eventual NBA champions, the Dallas Mavericks, meaning that he would not get a fourth three-peat (after previously achieving that feat in 1993, 1998 and 2002). In his final news conference that season, he noted that he did not have much of a relationship with Jerry or Jim Buss, and said, "When I leave here, I don't anticipate Lakers management will call me up and ask my advice." After the Lakers fired <mask>'s successor, Mike Brown, early in the 2012–13 season, they first approached <mask> to replace Brown. <mask> requested two days to consider the opening. He believed the Lakers would wait for his response, but the Lakers thought it was understood they would continue their search. The next day, the team talked with Mike D'Antoni and hired him in a unanimous decision by the front office. They felt D'Antoni's fast-paced style of play made him a "great fit" for the team, more suitable than <mask>'s structured triangle offense.Jerry Buss' preference has always been for the Lakers to have a wide-open offense. In the two games leading up to D'Antoni's signing, Lakers fans at Staples Center had chanted "We Want <mask>!" Executive career
In 2014, <mask> was in discussions for months with the New York Knicks regarding an executive position with the team. On March 18, he was introduced as the president of the Knicks after signing a five-year, $60 million contract. On April 21, 2014, over one week after the conclusion of the season, Mike Woodson and his entire staff were fired by <mask>. The Knicks finished the season with a 37–45 record and finished 9th in the Eastern Conference standings. On June 9, 2014, the Knicks hired Derek Fisher as the head coach.Fisher played under <mask> as a Laker and won five championships together. On June 25, 2014, the Knicks traded guard Raymond Felton along with former NBA Defensive Player of the Year Tyson Chandler to the Dallas Mavericks. In return, the Knicks received Shane Larkin, José Calderón, Samuel Dalembert, and Wayne Ellington along with two picks for the following day's draft. The trade was the first one that he executed as a front office executive. On June 26, as part of the 2014 NBA draft, the Knicks selected Cleanthony Early as the 34th overall pick and Thanasis Antetokounmpo as the 51st overall pick, using the draft picks received in the trade from the Mavericks. The Knicks also acquired Louis Labeyrie, an additional second-round draft pick, after he was traded by the Pacers. On January 7, 2015, the Knicks set a franchise record with 13 straight losses.The Knicks fell 101–91 to the Washington Wizards, giving New York its longest losing streak in the franchise's 69-year history. This record was extended to 16 straight losses after the NBA Global Games loss against the Milwaukee Bucks in London. They ended the season with a franchise-worst record of 17–65. On June 25, 2015, the Knicks drafted Latvian Kristaps Porziņģis with the fourth overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft; he signed his rookie-scale contract with the Knicks on July 30, 2015. On that same night, the Knicks traded Tim Hardaway Jr. for the 19th pick in the draft, which would become Jerian Grant. Porziņģis was an NBA All-Rookie First Team selection for the 2016 season. On June 28, 2017, the Knicks officially announced a mutual decision to part ways with <mask>.The speculated reasoning for the parting of ways was <mask>'s attempted buying-out of Carmelo Anthony and his very public strife with Porziņģis. <mask> was replaced by his former subordinate Steve Mills. Awards
<mask> won the 1996 NBA Coach of the Year Award. In the same year, he was named one of the ten greatest NBA coaches of all time by vote in an unranked compilation. At the time he was in his 8th year coaching; in the seven years prior he coached 574 games and won 414, with only 160 losses, and had a win-loss percentage of 72.1% – the highest of any coach on the list at that time. He continued his success in his later career; cumulative careers in perspective, he retains the highest win-loss percentage of any coach on this list at 70.4% (1155 wins, 485 losses). In 2002 and 2010 the United States Sports Academy awarded <mask> the Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award.<mask> is a recipient of the state of North Dakota's Roughrider Award. Head coaching record
<mask> has had a winning record every year as a head coach, and currently has the highest winning percentage of any Hall of Fame coach, and the highest of any NBA coach coaching 500 games or more. Along with his NBA-record 11 championships, he is the only coach to win at least 10 championships in any of North America's major professional sports. At the end of the 2010 season he had the fifth-most wins of any NBA coach, and was one of only six to have over 1,000 wins. Of those six he was the only one who had not coached over 1,900 games, and the only one not included in the top 10 total games coached. |-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||55||27||.671|| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Central||16||10||6||.625
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Finals
|- !style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||61||21||.744|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||17||15||2||.882
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||67||15||.817|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||22||15||7||.682
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||57||25||.695|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||19||15||4||.789
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||55||27||.671|| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Central||10||6||4||.600
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||47||35||.573|| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Central||10||5||5||.500
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||72||10||.878|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||18||15||3||.833
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||69||13||.841|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||19||15||4||.789
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- !style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||62||20||.756|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Central||21||15||6||.714
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||67||15||.817|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||23||15||8||.652
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||56||26||.683|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||16||15||1||.938
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||58||24||.707|| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Pacific||19||15||4||.789
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||50||32||.610|| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Pacific||12||6||6||.500
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||56||26||.683|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||22||13||9||.591
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in NBA Finals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||45||37||.549|| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Pacific||7||3||4||.429
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First Round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||42||40||.512|| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Pacific||5||1||4||.200
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First Round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||57||25||.695|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||21||14||7||.667
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in NBA Finals
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||65||17||.793|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||23||16||7||.696
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||57||25||.695|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||23||16||7||.696
| style="text-align:center;"|Won NBA Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| style="text-align:left;"|
|82||57||25||.695|| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Pacific||10||4||6||.400
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||1,640||1,155||485||.704|| ||333||229||104||.688||

Personal life
<mask> has five children and eight grandchildren. He married his first wife, Maxine, in 1967. They divorced in 1972.He married his second wife, June, in 1974, but they divorced in 2000. He dated Jeanie Buss, the daughter of Lakers owner Jerry Buss, whom he met in 1999. The two became engaged in 2013. On December 27, 2016, they announced the termination of their engagement in a joint statement on Twitter. While he was the coach of the Chicago Bulls, he lived in Bannockburn, Illinois. He lived in Playa del Rey, Los Angeles when he was the coach of the Los Angeles Lakers. While he was the president of basketball operations of the New York Knicks, he lived in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.He currently resides in Flathead Lake, Montana. He has 26 hours of graduate study in psychology. <mask> has admitted to using marijuana and LSD in the past. In 2010, he said he did not believe that prisons should be filled with people prosecuted for marijuana, but called California's Proposition 19, which would have legalized marijuana, poorly written. <mask> is also a Deadhead, a fan of the Grateful Dead, and attended some of their concerts in the 1970s and 1990s. In a 1990 interview with the Chicago Tribune, <mask> said that he did not care for preachers who browbeat the audience, describing his religious views as, "I’ve always liked the concept of God being beyond anything that the human mind can conceive. I think there is a pantheistic-deistic-American Indian combination religion out there for Americans.That rings true to me." <mask> was diagnosed with prostate cancer in March 2011. He told the Lakers players in May 2011, when they were involved in a second-round playoff series against the Mavericks. <mask> decided to delay his surgery until after the playoffs. In 2020, he was a subject of the documentary miniseries The Last Dance, alongside Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, Steve Kerr and Dennis Rodman. Books

See also
List of NBA championship head coaches

References

Further reading

External links

  at NBA.com
  at NBA.com
 NBA career stats as a coach at Basketball-Reference
 NBA career stats as a player at Basketball-Reference

1945 births
Living people
Albany Patroons coaches
American memoirists
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of German descent
Basketball coaches from Montana
Basketball coaches from North Dakota
Basketball players from Montana
Basketball players from North Dakota
BSN coaches
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Chicago Bulls head coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches
New Jersey Nets assistant coaches
New Jersey Nets announcers
New Jersey Nets players
New York Knicks draft picks
New York Knicks executives
New York Knicks players
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball players
People from Bannockburn, Illinois
People from Flathead County, Montana
People from Leonia, New Jersey
People from Powell County, Montana
People from Williston, North Dakota
Power forwards (basketball)
Writers from Montana
Writers from North Dakota
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction

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title: Robley Wilson

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<mask> (June 15, 1930 – August 7, 2018) was an American poet, writer, and editor. Educated at Bowdoin College, B.A., 1957; Indiana University, graduate study, 1960; University of Iowa, M.F.A., 1968. Married Charlotte Lehon, August 20, 1955 (divorced, 1990); married fiction writer Susan Hubbard in 1995; two sons: (first marriage) Stephen, Philip, two stepdaughters: Kate and Clare, and two grandchildren, Sam and Kate. <mask> taught creative writing at the University of Northern Iowa from 1963 to 1996, and from 1969 to 2000 was editor of the North American Review, a university-owned magazine which twice won the National Magazine Award for Fiction administered by the American Society of Magazine Editors. The magazine was a finalist in the fiction category six times. <mask> had been visiting writer at the University of Iowa Writers Workshop, Beloit College, Northwestern University, Pitzer College, and the University of Central Florida. A short film, Favorites, adapted from <mask>'s short story, produced and directed by Tracy Facelli, premiered at the 2017 Film Prize: Memphis; it features Jeff Boyet and Nettie Kraft in the lead roles.Another short film, based on his story "Terrible Kisses". features Saffron Burrows and Jack Davenport; it was screened in 2004 at the Rushes Short Film Festival in London's Soho district, has been seen on Sky television in the U.K., and is still available on YouTube. <mask>'s screenplay Paradise was a semi-finalist in the 2005 Screenwriting Expo competition. Co-edited with Susan Hubbard, ("The Society of S" [2007], "The Year of Disappearances" [2008]), and "The Season of Risks" [2010]), 100% Pure Florida Fiction, an anthology of Florida short stories written since 1985 (University Press of Florida, 2000). Co-founded literary consultancy, Blue Garage, with Susan Hubbard . Awards
 1986 Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize
 1983–84 Guggenheim Fellow in fiction. 1982 Drue Heinz Literature Prize
 1995 Nicholl Fellow in Screenwriting
1991 Society of Midland Authors Award for Poetry
1979 Editor's Fellowship (Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines)

Works

Poetry collections

Novels

Stories

Living Alone [stories].Canton NY, Fiction International, 1978

Editor

Short fiction

 Addison. ANTAEUS 24  Winter 1976  p28-48. Adieu, Marianne. SANTA MONICA REVIEW  Fall 2018 (in press)
 Africa. TRIQUARTERLY 66  Spring/Summer 1986  p65-83. in Gibbons, Reginald, and Susan Hahn, eds., Fiction of the Eighties: A decade of stories from TriQuarterly. Evanston IL, Northwestern University, 990.  p335-	53.An Age of Beauty and Terror. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ANTHOLOGY Vol. XI  p17-26. Angels. BOULEVARD  4/5:201-18  Spring 1990. Animals. THE LASCAUX REVIEW  2 June 2013
 The Apple.CARLETON MISCELLANY  9:24-34  Winter 1968. In Minot, Stephen, and <mask>, <mask>, Jr., Three Stances of Modern Fiction: A Critical Anthology of the Short Story. Cambridge MA, Winthrop Publishers, Inc., 1972.  p182-91. Appliances. NIMROD  37:132-5  Fall/Winter 1993. AMERICA WEST AIRLINES MAGAZINE   12:106, 108, 110, 112 November 1997. Artists and Their Models.NORTHERN OHIO LIVE  1:22-5  Aug. 24-Sept. 6, 1981. Banners. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ANTHOLOGY  Vol. XIII (1996)  p73-86. Barber. PEN Syndicated Fiction Project, 1985–86. NEWSDAY  November 1985 (Published but not seen)  THE VILLAGE ADVOCATE (Chapel Hill, NC)  7:7-8  February 16, 1986.Bears. WIGLEAF (Online: wigleaf.com), May 4, 2010. A Berchtesgaden Night. PIECES 1  July 1979  p8. Bloodweed (excerpt)  THE LITERARIAN  September 2013 California. THE IOWA REVIEW   25:23-46  Fall 1995. Catch and Release.SAW PALM   6:155-168  Spring 2012. Cat Watching [Lessons in Cats]. NIMROD  17:68-75  Fall/Winter 1972. In Fireman, Judy, ed., Cat Catalog: The Ultimate Cat Book. New York,  NY,  Workman Publishing Company, 1976.  p67-8. [excerpt] In Rogak, Linda A., The Quotable Cat. Chicago IL, Contemporary Books, 1992. p108.[excerpt]
 Cats. NEW YORKER  60:24-8  January 28, 1985. VIVA (Amsterdam) 1990  No. 5. (Tr. by Mariella Snel) In Rosen, Michael J., ed., The Company of Cats. New York, NY, Doubleday, 1992.  p18-28.Celebrity. TWILIGHT ZONE MAGAZINE  6:42-44  April 1986. Children. MISSISSIPPI REVIEW  9:66  Winter-Spring 1980. The Climate in Florida. [See "Packing"]
 Columbus. In Van Cleve, Ryan G., and Virgil Suarez, eds., Micro: An Anthology of Really Short Stories, Lake View, NY, White Pine Press, 2001.(In press)
 Crooked. SANTA MONICA REVIEW  23:1  Spring 2011  p153-178. Crossings. MISSISSIPPI REVIEW  9:70  Winter-Spring 1980. The Dark. HOPKINS REVIEW  4:309-328  Summer 2011. A Day of Splendid Omens.TRIQUARTERLY 103   Fall 1998  p104-119. The Decline of the West. PEN Syndicated Fiction Project, 1985. NORTHWEST MAGAZINE (The Sunday Oregonian)  20:20-1  January 27, 1985. THIS WORLD (San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, January 27, 1985  p15-16. ENQUIRER MAGAZINE (Cincinnati Sunday Enquirer)  April 21, 1985  p10-12. Despair.In Anderson, Donald, ed., Aftermath: A Post-Vietnam Fiction Reader. New York NY, Henry Holt & Co.,1995. p171-7. The Demonstration. CARLETON MISCELLANY  11:40-54  Summer 1970. Dorothy & Her Friends. SANTA MONICA REVIEW  2:79-145  Spring 1990.The Eventual Nuclear Destruction of Cheyenne, Wyoming. ATLANTIC 251:72-5 May 1983. Fashion. MISSISSIPPI REVIEW  9:68  Winter-Spring 1980. In Robinson, S. D., ed., Fast Forward: Destinations. Scarborough, 	Ontario, Canada, Prentice-Hall Canada, 1990. p136-7. Fathers.PLOUGHSHARES  9/4  p131-136. In Henry, DeWitt, ed., The Ploughshares Reader: New Fiction for the 	Eighties. Yonkers NY, The Pushcart Press, 1985.  p334-9. Favorites. In Woodman, Allen, ed., Stories about How Things Fall Apart and What's Left When They Do. Tallahassee FL, Word Beat Press, 1985.  p27-32. [Preferinte].ORIZONT [Bucharest]  March 6, 1986  p8. (Translated into Romanian by Marcel Pop-Cornis). [As "A Sweet Memory"]. REDBOOK  174:172,174  March 1990. THE MATILDA ZIEGLER MAGAZINE FOR THE BLIND  (In press). In Hemley, Robin, Turning Life into Fiction. Cincinnati, Ohio, Story Press, 1994. p93-4 [Excerpt]
 A Fear of Children.ANTAEUS 38  Summer 1980  p73-86. Feature Presentations. SEWANEE REVIEW  96:389-406  Summer 1988. Flaggers. ISAAC ASIMOV'S SCIENCE FICTION MAGAZINE  11:104-11 June 1987. Flies. STORY  38:54-61  Winter 1990.Forfeits. NEW WORLD WRITING , 1/2/2016. Happy Marriages Are All Alike. FICTION INTERNATIONAL  1:49-53  Fall 1973. Hard Times. EPOCH  44:180-194  1995 Series. In So the Story Goes: Twenty-Five Years of the Johns Hopkins Short Fiction Series.Baltimore MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.p278-94. His Cheatin' Heart [See also "Pillow Talk"]. REDBOOK  163:28,31 August 1984. WOMEN'S MAGAZINE [South Africa] (Not seen)
 The Hundred Steps. PIECES 1  July 1979  p16. Iris. INDIANA REVIEW  8:7-13  Spring 1985.Land Fishers. ANTAEUS 48  Winter 1983  p183-199. In Murphy, George, Jr., ed., The Editors' Choice: New American Stories, Volume 1. New York NY, Bantam  Books, Inc., 1985. p267-85. Lessons in Cats. [See "Cat Watching"]
 Likeness. IOWA CITY MAGAZINE  June/July 1991  p53-5.VIVA [Amsterdam]  (In press) (Translated into Dutch by Mariella Snel.) Links. THE HOPKINS REVIEW  n.s. 5:518-30 Fall 2012. Living Alone. In Oates, Joyce Carol, ed., Best American Short Stories of 1979. Boston MA, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979. p167-71.In Nobumori, Hiromitsu, ed., The Best American Short Stories. Tokyo, Japan, The Hokuseido Press, 1983. p89-97. (Selected from J. C. Oates: The Best American Short Stories 1979, and annotated [in Japanese] by the editor). The Mall. In Swartwood, Robert, ed., Hint Fiction: An Anthology of Stories in 25 Words or Fewer. New York NY, W.W.Norton, 2011. p83. Menagerie.In Rubin, Gay, ed., Michigan Hot Apples 2. Bloomfield Hills MI,  Hot Apples Press, 1973. p59-64. Mice. PRAIRIE SCHOONER   69:116-24  Winter 1995. Mothers. MINNESOTA REVIEW  NS 16  Spring 1981  p151. Nam.GEORGIA REVIEW  38:369-75  Summer 1984. One of Our Boys. CRESSET  25:12-13  December 1961. On the Island. METAMORPHOSIS 1961  1:19-25  Spring 1961. In

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