title: Steve Matai

texts:
<mask> (born 5 August 1984) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the National Rugby League from 2005 to 2016. A New Zealand national representative centre, he played for Australian club the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles. Matai helped the Sea Eagles win the 2008 and 2011 Premierships. He was also part of the New Zealand national squad that won the nation's maiden title at the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. Known particularly for his uncompromising defence, in 2020, <mask> was voted the National Rugby League's hardest hitter over the past 30 years. Background
Of Samoan descent, <mask> was born in Auckland, New Zealand, on 5 August 1984. He is the first cousin of former NRL player, Kiwi and Samoan international Junior Sa'u.Matai grew up with former Warriors and ex-Kiwi teammate Jerome Ropati. Matai played rugby league for Mount Albert Grammar in the first XIII alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Thomas Leuluai. Matai's junior clubs were the Bay Roskill Vikings, Ponsonby Ponies and Richmond Rovers in the Auckland Rugby League. <mask>'s senior club was Richmond Rovers before he was selected to play for the Marist Richmond Brothers in the Bartercard Cup, before leaving in 2004. <mask> joined Queensland Cup side Ipswich Jets in 2004 and credits his time spent at the Jets under the coaching of former Queensland, Eastern Suburbs and Brisbane Broncos hard man Trevor Gillmeister for his reputation as the NRL's "Hitman". Gillmeister, known as "The Axe" for his hard hitting defense, changed Matai's tackling style, teaching him to drive with his legs when making a tackle. In 2005 Matai moved to another Queensland Cup side, but soon left the Wynnum Manly Seagulls after securing an NRL contract with their associate club, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles

2005
<mask> joined the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in 2005 after impressing during a strong pre season of training and trials at the Brookvale Oval. In Round 3 of the 2005 NRL season, <mask> made his NRL debut for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles against Melbourne, playing at centre in Manly's 25-18 win at Brookvale Oval. In Round 6 against the Canberra Raiders, <mask> scored his first NRL career try in Manly's 36-14 win at Brookvale Oval. <mask> went on to play in 11 matches and score three tries in his debut year in the NRL for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the 2005 NRL season. 2006
Matai went on to play in 24 matches and score 10 tries for the Manly club in the 2006 NRL season. In the post season <mask> was selected for the New Zealand squad for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament. On 14 October 2006, <mask> made his test debut for New Zealand against Australia, playing at centre in the Kiwis 30-18 loss at Mt Smart Stadium.Matai featured in the Kiwis' Tri-Nations Grand Final clash with Australia at Sydney Football Stadium. However, the Kiwis end-up losing 16-12 in golden point extra time. 2007
Matai played in the 2007 NRL Grand Final against Melbourne at centre and scored a try in Manly-Warringah's 34-8 loss. Matai played 11 matches, scored three tries and kicked 4 goals for Manly-Warringah in injury and suspended riddled year for Matai in the 2007 NRL season. On 14 October 2007, Matai was sent off by referee <mask> in the trans-Tasman Test at Westpac Stadium in Wellington, New Zealand, for a high/dangerous tackle on Kangaroos centre Mark Gasnier in the first half of the Trans-Tasman Centenary test game. Once Matai left the field, the Kangaroos ended-up winning the game 58-0 and giving New Zealand their worst ever defeat by Australia in a trans-Tasman test. Matai was given a 2 match ban, but given that Matai had ruled himself out of New Zealand's tour of Great Britain and France for off-season shoulder surgery, Matai later served his suspension during Manly's trial matches in 2008.2008
On 5 October 2008, in Manly's 2008 NRL Grand Final against Melbourne, Matai played at  and kicked two goals in Manly's 40-0 record victory. <mask> had been an occasional goal kicker for Manly during the year. Matai played 21 matches, 7 scored tries and kicked 12 goals in a successful year for Manly-Warringah in the 2008 NRL season. In August 2008, <mask> was named in the New Zealand training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. In September 2008, <mask> was named in the final 24-man squad. Matai featured in the Kiwis first World Cup tournament clash against Australia at Sydney Football Stadium. Matai kicked a conversion goal-attempt to convert Sika Manu's try, but he was placed on-report for a high tackle in the Kiwis 30-6 loss.Matai missed New Zealand's World Cup match with Papua New Guinea after being handed a one-match ban for a high tackle against Australia. New Zealand would eventually go on to upset heavy favourites Australia 34-20 in the final to win their maiden World Cup. The win would cap a successful year for Matai taking the NRL Premiership and World Cup double. 2009
Matai played in 22 matches and scored 3 tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2009 NRL season. In the post season, Matai was selected in the New Zealand Kiwis' 2009 Rugby League Four Nations squad. Matai featured at left centre, scoring a try in the Kiwis 40-24 win over Tonga of the Kiwis Four Nations warm-up test at Rotorua International Stadium. Matai even featured in the Kiwis' Four Nation games; the 20-all draw against Australia and the Kiwis' 62-12 win over France.However he injured himself in the round 2 clash against France and that force him to withdrawn from the Kiwis' regular and third round of the tournament clash against England and the Kiwis end-up losing 12-20. That game also eliminated the Kiwis from the 2009 Four Nations tournament, allowing England to face Australia in the final. 2010
<mask> was selected to make his 10th test appearance for New Zealand for the annual ANZAC test at AAMI Park. <mask> partnered his cousin Junior Sa'u in the centres for the Kiwis in a 12-8 loss to Australia. Opposing <mask> in the centres for the Kangaroos was his Manly centre partner Jamie Lyon. During the test, Matai was placed on-report in the first half for a foul hit play on the Australian fullback, Billy Slater. Coincidentally both Manly centres played their last tests for their countries on the night, as Lyon announced his retirement from representative football later in the season, while <mask> has not been selected to play for the Kiwis since that game.In Round 15, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Matai played in his 100th NRL career match and scored two tries in Manly's 26-25 win at Brookvale Oval. Matai played 21 matches and scored 14 tries and kicked a goal for Manly-Warringah in the 2010 NRL season. 2011
On 2 October 2011, in Manly-Warringah's 2011 NRL Grand Final against the New Zealand Warriors, <mask> played at centre in Manly's 24-10 victory. Matai played in 22 matches and scored 9 tries in Manly-Warringah's grand final winning year in the 2011 NRL season. 2012
Matai travelled to England with Manly for the 2012 World Club Challenge match against 2011 Super League champions Leeds Rhinos, playing at centre in the 26-12 loss at Headingley Stadium. On 25 May 2012, <mask> re-signed with Manly for a further three years to the end of the 2015 NRL season. Midway through the 2012 season in Round 12, Matai was charged with a high tackle in a game in Manly's 22-4 loss against the Penrith Panthers at Penrith Stadium.This resulted <mask> to his thirteenth trip to the NRL Judiciary, equalling the record set by Michael Crocker. In Week 1 of the 2012 finals series against minor premiers the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Matai played his 150th NRL career match in Manly's 16-10 loss. After the match, Matai was suspended for a high shot on Canterbury's Sam Perrett and missed the rest of Manly's finals matches. Matai played in 18 matches and scored 6 tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2012 NRL season. 2013
In Round 17 against the Parramatta Eels at Brookvale Oval, Matai was involved in a heated clash with Parramatta Prop Mitchell Allgood in Manly's 50-10 win. In the 72nd minute of the game Allgood gave away a penalty with a swinging arm on Manly Second-rower Jamie Buhrer. The Manly centre ran ten metres out of the line to remonstrate with Allgood who immediately let fly with three right hands to <mask>'s chin, earning himself ten minutes in the sin-bin and a two-week suspension.<mask>, who had already been suspended earlier in the season for a shoulder charge on South Sydney Rabbitohs prop George Burgess, was placed on report for inciting a melee but did not have to front the judiciary for a record 15th time. On 6 October 2013, in the Sea Eagles 2013 NRL Grand Final against the Sydney Roosters, Matai played at centre and scored a try in the second half in Manly's 26-18 loss. <mask> played in 27 matches and scored 12 tries for Manly in the 2013 NRL season. 2014
<mask> twice requested a release from Manly-Warringah, following the New Zealand Warriors offering him a $AUD 2.5 million four-year contract. Both requests were rejected by Manly. <mask> was contracted with the Sea Eagles to the end of the 2015 season. In Round 25 against the Penrith Panthers, <mask> played his 200th NRL career match in Manly's 26-25 win at Brookvale Oval.<mask> finished off Manly's 2014 NRL season with him playing in 25 matches, scoring 13 tries and kicking 4 goals. 2015
On 18 February 2015, <mask> announced he will finish his career as a one-club man after re-signing with Manly until the end of 2017, knocking back lucrative offers from the Gold Coast Titans and the New Zealand Warriors to remain at Brookvale. In Round 16 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, <mask> produced the biggest hit of the season when he drilled Rabbitohs prop David Tyrrell in a crunching tackle in Manly's 20-8 loss at ANZ Stadium. <mask> played in 19 matches and scored nine tries for Manly-Warringah in the 2015 NRL season. 2016–2017
On 6 April 2016, <mask> announced that he would return to international rugby league after a six-year exile. He said he wanted to play for his parents' birth country, Samoa, in the 2017 World Cup. However, he sustained another injury on his troublesome neck which needed surgery, forcing him into retirement at the beginning of 2017.References

External links

 2016 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles profile

1984 births
New Zealand people of Samoan descent
Rugby league players from Auckland
New Zealand rugby league players
Ponsonby Ponies players
Richmond Bulldogs players
Wynnum Manly Seagulls players
Marist Richmond Brothers players
Ipswich Jets players
Bay Roskill Vikings players
Rugby league centres
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Living people

masks:
Stephen Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Matai
Steve Ganson
Matai
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title: Kedar Man Vyathit

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; 1914–1998) was a Nepali poet of Nepali, Newar and Hindi languages. Educated up to the third grade, he started out as an employee of a timber godown, but later co-founded Nepali Citizens Rights Forum with Sukraraj Shastri. Sentenced to 18 years for treason by the Rana regime in 1997 BS (1942 CE), he was tutored in poetry by Siddhicharan Shrestha in prison. After the fall of the Ranas, he grew close to the monarchy, becoming a member of King Tribhuvan's Adviser Assembly, and, later, cabinet minister during both King Mahendra and King Birendra's reign. He was confined to bed for a number of his final years, having injured himself in a fall. He published at least 23 volumes of poetry— sixteen in Nepali, and four each in Newari and Hindi. His poems are usually written in metrical verse and are very brief, rarely exceeding a page in length.His early poems are melancholic, pessimistic or revolutionary, in keeping with his incarceration during a time of revolution against the tyranny of the Ranas. His later poems have themes of human love including some eroticism, and natural beauty. He played a pivotal role in the development of Nepali literature, both as a central figure of a literary generation that transitioned it from a more Sanskritic Hindu tradition to a modern one, and through his organisational activities, chief among them, a series of national and international literary conferences. Life

Childhood and youth
Vyathit was born <mask> <mask>, in Kartik, 1971 BS (Oct–Nov, 1914), to father Suryaman and mother Padma Kumari Shrestha, in a village called Baune Pati or Banaune Pati, in Bansbari  of Sindhupalchok District in east-central Nepal. As an infant, he was taken to his maternal uncle/grandparents' home in Syangja, where he was raised for four years before being moved again, to be raised in Kathmandu. He dropped out of school after passing the third grade, and worked in a timber godown. Around the age of 18, he married Jyotsana Pradhan, daughter of Chakrasundar and Shivamaya Pradhan.He had 10 children with her— six sons and four daughters. Before the 1951 revolution
He was the founding secretary of Nepali Citizens Rights Committee that he co-founded with Sukraraj Shastri. On 2  Kartik 1997 BS (October 1940 CE), he was charged with treason and sentenced to 18 years in prison with seizure of all his property. While in prison, Siddhi Charan Shrestha helped him develop his poetry. He continued his political activism in prison. He sat on a hunger strike for 21 days demanding improvements in living conditions for the prisoners. He was released in 1945.The same year, he convened Nepal's first literary conference. In 2003 BS (1946-47 CE), he had significant involvement in the establishment of Nepali Literary Council. He then went to India to join the democracy activists there. In India, he joined the Nepali National Congress, and was nominated a member of the Central Struggle Committee. He was accused in the Jharokhar Shooting Incident of Rautahat; he was arrested by Indian Police upon request from the Rana regime. BP Koirala convinced Jawaharlal Nehru to not extradite him, and so he was imprisoned in Bihar jail instead. After 18 months of jail, he was released by the request of the government following the establishment of democracy in Nepal.After 1951
<mask> was nominated a member of King Tribhuvan's Advisor Council. He founded the Leftist Congress under his own chairmanship following an ideological dispute with BP Koirala, but it failed to gain any ground and quickly disappeared into obscurity. He was one of the founders of the Poetry Society  that was established in 2013 BS (1956-57 CE) under the chairmanship of Laxmi Prasad Devkota. Vyathit was close to King Mahendra. Mahendra gifted him land and cash to build a home. Mahendra appointed him Chancellor of Royal Nepal Academy  1969 CE, as a successor to himself, making him the first commoner to hold the position. <mask> became the Minister of Transport and Communications in 1962, after Mahendra deposed the democratic government and initiated the partyless Panchayat System.In 1962, Vyathit founded Nepali Literature Institute, the first literary institution in Nepal. He was the founding secretary of the Institute; he became the chairperson two years later. In 2019 BS (1962-63 CE), an international literary conference was held in Kathmandu under his leadership. He directed or guided national literary conferences in various cities throughout Nepal in the next decade. King Mahendra, pen named M. B. B Shah, was among the participants. He was also known for holding mini-conferences and poetry recitals in his home.He was the Home Minister in 2036 BS (1979-80 CE) during the democracy protests and the subsequent referendum on the political system governing the country. He was criticised for the use of force by the Police during the protests. According to Govinda Giri Prerana, he vowed never to accept a ministerial position again. Death
He died on 10 September 1998 CE while undergoing treatment at TU Teaching Hospital in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. He was confined to bed in his final years, after he fell down in the bathroom of Royal Nepal Academy and broke his leg. Awards and recognition
Vyathit was awarded Bedhnidhi Puraskar in 2046 BS (1989-90 CE). He was awarded the Jagadamba Shree Puraskar in 2049 BS (1992-93 CE) in recognition of his 50 years of service to Nepali literature through his writings as well as institutional roles and organisational activities.He was also  a recipient of the Jyotirmaya Trisakti Patta–First class and Gorkha Dakshin Bahu–First class. Notable among his other awards include Prithvi Pragya Puraskar, Shrestha Sirapa Puraskar, Jagadambashree Puraskar and Sitaram Puraskar. Nai Prakashan conferred him the title of "Rajkavi". Madan <mask> Dixit had conferred him the title of "Vishwakavi" and advocated vociferously for public acceptance of the title; he did not succeed. Works
He published at least 23 volumes of poem collection, sixteen of them in Nepal, and four each in Newari and Hindi. He also wrote the poem Meri Priyasi: Prajatantrik Swatantrata[My love: Democratic Freedom] in 2034 BS (1977-78 CE). References

1914 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Nepalese poets
Government ministers of Nepal
People from Sindhupalchowk District
Jagadamba Shree Puraskar winners
Nepali-language poets

masks:
Kedar Man Vyathit
Kedar
Man Shrestha
Vyathit
Vyathit
Mani


title: David Rubenstein

texts:
<mask> (born August 11, 1949) is an American billionaire businessman. A former government official and lawyer, he is a co-founder and co-chairman of the private equity firm The Carlyle Group, a global private equity investment company based in Washington, D.C. He is chairman of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, chairman of the National Gallery of Art, chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, and chairman of The Economic Club of Washington, D.C., and former chairman of the Duke University Board of Trustees, and former chairman of the Smithsonian Institution. According to Forbes, <mask> has a net worth of US$4.3 billion as of October 2021. Early life and education
<mask> grew up an only child in a Jewish family in Baltimore. His beginnings were modest. His father was employed by the United States Postal Service and his mother was a homemaker.He graduated from the college preparatory high school Baltimore City College, at the time an all-male school, and then from Duke University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated magna cum laude in 1970. He earned his J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1973, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review. Business career

Early law career
From 1973 to 1975, <mask> practiced law in New York with Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison. From 1975 to 1976, he served as chief counsel to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. <mask> also served as a deputy domestic policy advisor to President Jimmy Carter and worked in private practice in Washington, D.C. In private equity

In 1987, <mask> founded The Carlyle Group with William E. Conway Jr. and Daniel A.D'Aniello. The firm has grown into a global investment firm with $293 billion of assets under management, with more than 1,800 employees in 31 offices on six continents. According to A Pursuit of Wealth by Sicelo P. Nkambule, <mask> expressed fear that the private equity boom would end in January 2006: "This has been a golden age for our industry, but nothing continues to be golden forever". One month later, he said: "Right now we're operating as if the music's not going to stop playing and the music is going to stop. I am more concerned about this than any other issue". According to Nkambule: “These concerns proved to be right as at the end of 2007 the buyout market collapsed...As leveraged loan activity came to an abrupt stop, private equity firms were unable to secure financing for their transactions.”

In May 2008, <mask> said: "But once this period is over, once the debt on the books of the banks is sold and new lending starts, I think you'll see the private equity industry coming back in what I call the Platinum Age – better than it's ever been before. I do think that the private equity industry has a great future and that the greatest period for private equity is probably ahead of us."<mask> has said that he was once offered the opportunity to meet Mark Zuckerberg (and invest in Facebook) before he dropped out of Harvard but decided against it, and this is his single greatest investment regret. <mask> also said that he turned down a 20% stake in Amazon during the very early years of the company. He told Amazon founder Jeff Bezos that if he got lucky and everything worked out he would at most be worth $300 million. In 2018, he formed Declaration Capital, a family office focused on venture, growth, real estate, and family-owned businesses. Controversy

<mask> was publicly criticized for the work of The Carlyle Group which he owns, which owns a number of mobile home parks and has been pushing poor people out of their mobile homes by hiking up the rental price. John Oliver, in his show, pointed out that manufactured homes are not easy or cheap to relocate, and so poor residents on fixed incomes face eviction and homelessness as rent increases threaten to price them out of their mobile home parks. Publishing

In October 2019, <mask>'s first book was published.Called The American Story: Interviews with Master Historians (Simon & Schuster), the book features interviews with historians talking about their areas of historical expertise. Among others, <mask> interviews <mask> on John Adams, Jon Meachem on Thomas Jefferson, Ron Chernow on Alexander Hamilton, and Walter Isaacson on Benjamin Franklin. His second book, ''How to Lead,'' was published by Simon & Schuster in September 2020. This book contains <mask>'s reflections on leadership as well as 30 interviews with business, government, military, sports and cultural leaders. In September 2021, Simon and Schuster published <mask>'s third book, "The American Experiment" that describes how America's government and democratic ideals have evolved over the centuries as told through the lives of Americans who have embodied the American dream. Television show and podcast host

<mask> hosts two shows on Bloomberg Television: "The <mask> Show: Peer to Peer Conversations", and "Bloomberg Wealth with <mask>." "Peer to Peer", which began airing in October 2016, also airs on many PBS stations, and is available on Curiosity Stream.He also hosts History with <mask> on PBS, a TV show produced by the New-York Historical Society. <mask> also hosts the audio podcast "For the Ages", also produced by the New York Historical Society. Personal life
<mask> lives in Bethesda, Maryland, and was married to <mask> (née Alice Nicole Rogoff), founder of the Alaska House New York and the Alaska Native Arts Foundation and former owner of Alaska Dispatch News. They met while both were working for the Carter Administration and married on May 21, 1983. They have three children, Alexandra, Gabrielle, and Andrew. His daughter, Gabrielle, founded Manna Tree, a private equity firm that invests in health and nutrition companies. The couple divorced on December 8, 2017.Philanthropy
<mask> was among the initial 40 individuals who have pledged to donate more than half of their wealth to philanthropic causes or charities as part of The Giving Pledge. In December 2007 <mask> purchased the last privately owned copy of the Magna Carta at Sotheby's auction house in New York for $21.3 million. He has lent it to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. In 2011, <mask> gave $13.5 million to the National Archives for a new gallery and visitor's center. He has purchased rare so-called Stone copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th Amendment, the Abel Buell map, the Bay Psalm Book, and the Constitution and has lent these documents to the State Department, the National Archives, the National Constitution Center, the Smithsonian and Mount Vernon. <mask> was elected chairman of the board of the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC, starting in May 2010. He was vice chairman of the board of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York, and chairman of its fundraising drive.A new atrium was named for him. He was Chairman of the board of regents of the Smithsonian Institution. In December 2011, <mask> donated $4.5 million to the National Zoo for its giant panda reproduction program. The panda complex was then named the David M. Rubenstein Family Giant Panda Habitat for the next five years and conservation biologists in the U.S. and China who are awarded National Zoo fellowships for their work to save pandas would be named "<mask>. Rubenstein Fellows." Another $4.5 million was donated in September 2015, about four weeks after a male giant panda cub was born. He also donated $10 million to the National Gallery of Art in support of refurbishment and expansion of the East Building of the National Gallery, work that was completed in September 2016. <mask> contributed $10 million in 2021 to support digital and other operations of the Gallery.In 2021, he was named chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery of Art

In 2012, he donated $7.5 million towards the repair of the Washington Monument, and donated another $3 million to refurbish the Monument’s elevator. In 2013, he donated $50 million to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which was used for a 65,000 square foot addition. In 2013, he donated $10 million towards the construction of a library at George Washington's Mount Vernon. In April 2013 and 2015, he donated a total of $20 million to the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which was used to rebuild at least two buildings in the enslaved community on Mulberry Row at Monticello. The funds were also used to restore Jefferson's original road scheme, restore the second and third stories of Jefferson's home which were mostly empty, and replace infrastructure. In November 2013, he bought a copy of the Bay Psalm Book for $14.1 million, the highest price ever paid for a printed book, and pledged to lend it to public collections and exhibitions around the world. In 2014, he donated $10 million to Montpelier, to support the renovation of the home of James Madison.In July 2014, he donated $12 million towards the refurbishment of Arlington House at Arlington National Cemetery. In November 2015, he donated $20 million for the New Commons Building at the Institute for Advanced Study. The building will be named Rubenstein Commons and will feature conference space, meeting rooms, a cafe, and office space. On February 15, 2016, Presidents' Day, <mask> presented a gift of $18.5 million to the National Park Foundation to expand educational resources, foster public access, and repair and restore the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, DC. The Park Service plans to create 15,000 square feet of visitor space in the undercroft of the memorial. This gift, presented during National Park Service's centennial year, was <mask>'s fourth gift to benefit US national parks. On December 2, 2016, <mask> in conjunction with the National Park Foundation,  agreed to cover the cost of elevator upgrades to the Washington Monument.The monument reopened on September 19, 2019. In 2016, he donated $25 million for a pancreatic cancer center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. In October 2016, he donated $15 million to the Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to create a hearing center focused on restoring functional hearing loss. In December 2020 he donated another $15 million to the same Department. In October 2019, the National Park Foundation announced that <mask> has donated over $100 million to Duke University and served as chair of its board of trustees from 2013 to 2017. <mask>'s first large gift to Duke was in 2002, when he donated $5 million to Duke's Sanford School of Public Policy in 2002; that gift led to the naming of Rubenstein Hall. In 2009, he donated an additional $5.75 million to support Duke's public policy program. In 2011, he donated $13.6 million to the Duke University Libraries in support of renovating the university's special collections library, which was named the <mask> M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. In 2012, he donated $15 million to support the university's Innovation and Entrepreneurship Initiative and $10 million to support Duke Athletics. In 2013, <mask> donated $10 million to fund graduate fellowships and undergraduate internships at the Sanford School of Public Policy. In 2014, <mask> donated $1.9 million to Jewish Life at Duke to expand programming, fund building renovations and enhance the college experience for Jewish students.In 2015, <mask> gave $25 million towards the construction of a new 71,000-square foot Arts Center. In 2017, he donated $20 million to endow scholarships for first-generation, low-income students. University of Chicago
<mask> was elected to the board of trustees of the University of Chicago on May 31, 2007. In 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019, he provided a total of $46 million to the Law School for scholarships. The gifts will fund up to 60 full-tuition scholarships for three consecutive Law School graduating classes. Approximately 10 percent of all students from the Classes of 2017, 2018, and 2019 will be Rubenstein Scholars. In 2014, he provided the lead funding for a Forum to serve as the University's principal conference center.Harvard University

Rubenstein has donated $60 million to the Harvard Kennedy School to facilitate its fellowship program and to help build its new campus. He chairs the Harvard Global Advisory Council. <mask> is a Fellow of the Harvard Corporation, the governing body of Harvard University. Johns Hopkins University

Rubenstein has donated $20 million to Johns Hopkins Medicine, and serves on its board. PBS
Rubenstein has donated $10 million to PBS to help fund Ken Burns documentaries, and $5 million to the PBS affiliate in Washington, WETA, to help fund a new headquarters. He started his term in July 2017. Institute for Advanced Study – Trustee
 Johns Hopkins Medicine – Trustee
 Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts – Chairman
 Library of Congress – Madison Council (Chairman)
 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts – Director, former Vice Chairman
 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center – Trustee
 National Constitution Center – Director
 National Gallery of Art – Chairman
 National Park Foundation – Major donor
 Smithsonian Institution – Former Chairman
 Tsinghua University – Former Chairman of the School of Economics and Management
 World Economic Forum – Board Member

References

External links

 Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum

 Carlyle biography of <mask>
 U Chicago Chronicle article
 <mask>stein Biography at the Wharton China Business Forum where <mask> was the opening keynote speaker for the 2010 event

 The David Rubenstein Show

1949 births
Living people
21st-century philanthropists
American billionaires
American chief executives of financial services companies
American financial analysts
American financiers
American investors
American money managers
Baltimore City College alumni
Businesspeople from Baltimore
The Carlyle Group people
Duke University alumni
Giving Pledgers
Jewish American attorneys
Jewish American philanthropists
Lawyers from Baltimore
New York (state) lawyers
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
Private equity and venture capital investors
Smithsonian Institution donors
Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Chairs of the Council on Foreign Relations
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David Mark Rubenstein
Rubenstein
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David Rubenstein
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Rubenstein
David McCullough
Rubenstein
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David Rubenstein
David Rubenstein
David Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Alice Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
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Rubenstein
Rubenstein
David M
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
David Rubensteinstein
Rubenstein
David
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
Rubenstein
David Rubenstein
David Ruben
Rubenstein


title: Ismail Khan

texts:
<mask> (Dari/Pashto: محمد اسماعیل خان) (born 1946) is an Afghan former politician who served as Minister of Energy and Water from 2005 to 2013 and before that served as the governor of Herat Province. Originally a captain in the national army, he is widely known as a former warlord as he controlled a large mujahideen force, mainly his fellow Tajiks from western Afghanistan, during the Soviet–Afghan War. His reputation gained him the nickname Lion of Herat. <mask> was a key member of the now exiled political party Jamiat-e Islami and of the now defunct United National Front party. In 2021, <mask> returned to arms to help defend Herat from the Taliban's offensive, which he and the Afghan Army lost. He was then captured by the Taliban forces and then reportedly fled to Iran on 16 August 2021. Early years and rise to power
<mask> was born in or about 1946 in the Shindand District of Herat Province in Afghanistan.His family is from the Chahar-Mahal neighbourhood of Shindand. In early 1979 <mask> was a Captain in the Afghan National Army based in the western city of Herat. In early March of that year, there was a protest in front of the Communist governor's palace against the arrests and assassinations being carried out in the countryside by the Khalq government. The governor's troops opened fire on the demonstrators, who proceeded to storm the palace and hunt down Soviet advisers. The Herat garrison mutinied and joined the revolt in what is called the Herat uprising, with <mask> and other officers distributing all available weapons to the insurgents. The government led by Nur Mohammed Taraki responded, pulverizing the city using Soviet supplied bombers and killing up to 24,000 citizens in less than a week. This event marked the opening salvo of the rebellion which led to the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979.<mask> escaped to the countryside where he began to assemble a local rebel force. During the ensuing war, he became the leader of the western command of Burhanuddin Rabbani's Jamiat-e-Islami, political party. With Ahmad Shah Massoud, he was one of the most respected mujahideen leaders. In 1992, three years after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the mujahideen captured Herat and <mask> became governor. In 1995, he successfully defended his province against the Taliban, in cooperation with defense minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. <mask> even tried to attack the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar, but was repulsed. Later in September, an ally of the Jamiat, Uzbek General Abdul Rashid Dostum changed sides, and attacked Herat.<mask> was forced to flee to neighboring Iran with 8,000 men and the Taliban took over Herat Province. Two years later, while organizing opposition to the Taliban in Faryab area, he was betrayed and captured by Abdul Majid Rouzi who had defected to the Taliban along with Abdul Malik Pahlawan, then one of Dostum's deputies. Then in March 1999 he escaped from Kandahar prison. During the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan, he fought against the Taliban within the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) and thus regained his position as Governor of Herat after they were victorious in December 2001. Karzai administration and return to Afghanistan
After returning to Herat, <mask> quickly consolidated his control over the region. He took over control of the city from the local ulema and quickly established control over the trade route between Herat and Iran, a large source of revenue. As Emir of Herat, <mask> exercised great autonomy, providing social welfare for Heratis, expanding his power into neighbouring provinces, and maintaining direct international contacts.Although hated by the educated in Herat and often accused of human rights abuses, <mask>'s regime provided security, paid government employees, and made investments in public services. However, during his tenure as governor, <mask> was accused of ruling his province like a private fiefdom, leading to increasing tensions with the Afghan Transitional Administration. In particular, he refused to pass on to the government the revenues gained from custom taxes on goods from Iran and Turkmenistan. On 13 August 2003, President Karzai removed Governor <mask> from his command of the 4th Corps. This was announced as part of a programme removing the ability of officials to hold both civilian and military posts. <mask> was ultimately removed from power in March 2004 due to pressure by neighbouring warlords and the central Afghan government. Various sources have presented different versions of the story, and the exact dynamics cannot be known with certainty.What is known is that <mask> found himself at odds with a few regional commanders who, although theoretically his subordinates, attempted to remove him from power. <mask> claims that these efforts began with a botched assassination attempt. Afterwards, these commanders moved their forces near Herat. <mask>, unpopular with the Herati military class, was slow to mobilise his forces, perhaps waiting for the threat to Herat to become existential as a means to motivate his forces. However, the conflict was stopped with the intervention of International Security Assistance Force forces and soldiers of the Afghan National Army, freezing the conflict in its tracks. <mask>'s forces even fought skirmishes with the Afghan National Army, in which his son, Mirwais Sadiq was killed. Because <mask> was contained by the Afghan National Army, the warlords who opposed him were quickly able to occupy strategic locations unopposed.<mask> was forced to give up his governorship and to go to Kabul, where he served in Hamid Karzai's cabinet as the Minister of Energy. In 2005 <mask> became the Minister of Water and Energy. In late 2012, the Government of Afghanistan accused <mask> of illegally distributing weapons to his supporters. About 40 members of the country's Parliament requested <mask> to answer their queries. The government believes that <mask> is attempting to create some kind of disruption in the country. Assassination attempt
On September 27, 2009, <mask> survived a suicide blast that killed 4 of his bodyguards in Herat, in western Afghanistan. He was driving to Herat Airport when a powerful explosion occurred on the way there.Taliban spokesman, Zabiullah Mujahid, claimed responsibility and said the target was <mask>. Testimony requested by a Guantanamo captive
Guantanamo captive Abdul Razzaq Hekmati requested <mask>'s testimony, when he was called before a Combatant Status Review Tribunal. <mask>, like Afghan Minister of Defense Rahim Wardak, was one of the high-profile Afghans that those conducting the Tribunals ruled were "not reasonably available" to give a statement on a captive's behalf because they could not be located. Hekmati had played a key role in helping <mask> escape from the Taliban in 1999. Hekmati stood accused of helping Taliban leaders escape from the custody of Hamid Karzai's government. Carlotta Gall and Andy Worthington interviewed <mask> for a new The New York Times article after Hekmati died of cancer in Guantanamo. According to the New York Times
<mask> said he personally buttonholed the American ambassador to tell him that Hekmati was innocent, and should be released.In contrast, Hekmati was told that the State Department had been unable to locate <mask>. 2021 Taliban offensive and capture
In July 2021, <mask> mobilized hundreds of his loyalists in Herat in support of the Afghan Armed Forces to defend the city from an offensive by the Taliban. Despite this, the city fell on 12 August 2021. After trying to escape by helicopter, <mask> was captured by the Taliban. The Taliban interviewed him shortly after and claimed that he and his forces have joined them. After negotiating with the Taliban, he was allowed to return to his residence. After leaving Taliban custody, as of August 2021 <mask> is living in Mashhad, Iran.He said that a conspiracy was responsible for Herat being captured by the Taliban. Controversy
<mask> is a controversial figure. Reporters Without Borders has charged him with muzzling the press and ordering attacks on journalists. Also Human Rights Watch has accused him of human rights abuses. Nevertheless, he remains a popular figure for some in Afghanistan. Unlike other mujahideen commanders, <mask> has not been linked to large-scale massacres and atrocities such as those committed after the capture of Kabul in 1992. Following news of his dismissal, rioting broke out in the streets of Herat, and President Karzai had to ask him to make a personal appeal for calm.Notes and references

External links

 Official site of Amir Mohammad <mask>
 BBC Profile: <mask>
 GlobalSecurity.org - General <mask> <mask>

1946 births
Living people
Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War
Afghan Tajik people
Government ministers of Afghanistan
Jamiat-e Islami politicians
Survivors of terrorist attacks
United National Front (Afghanistan) politicians
Date of birth missing (living people)
Governors of Herat Province
Afghan warlords
20th-century Afghan military personnel
Afghan military officers

masks:
Mohammad Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Khan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ismail
Ismail Khan
Mohammad Ismail
Khan


title: William Broadbent

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet  (23 January 1835 – 10 July 1907) was an English neurologist who was a leading British authority in the field of cardiology as well as neurology. He also performed research involving diseases such as tuberculosis and cancer. In 1881 he was elected President of the London Medical Society and in 1887 President of the Clinical Society of London. <mask> was a Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales. Early life and education
<mask> was born at Longwood Edge in Lindley, now part of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. He was the eldest of seven children born to <mask>, a wool manufacturer and prominent Wesleyan, and Esther (née Butterworth). His younger brother was Colonel <mask> .He was educated at Huddersfield College before he decided to study medicine. He was apprenticed to a doctor in Manchester before studying medicine at Owens College, and the Royal School of Medicine in Manchester. He studied in Paris in 1857 and returned in 1858 to pass the M.B. examination at Manchester. Career
In 1859, <mask> took up a junior post at St Mary's Hospital, London, with which he was associated for much of his career (1859–1896). The next year he was elected physician to the London Fever Hospital. In 1865, he was promoted to physician in charge of patients at St. Mary's, and full physician in 1871.It was through his work at St. Mary's that <mask> earned his reputation as an expert pathologist and outstanding clinical teacher. His areas of expertise included neurology and cardiology, as well as cancer and typhoid. The months of November 1891 to October 1892 were critically important to <mask> and his career, and gave him a narrow involvement in a notorious series of crimes. In November to December 1891 <mask> was involved in saving the life of Prince George (the future King George V) from typhoid fever. At about the same time that he was involved in this he was sent a mysterious letter accusing him of murdering a prostitute named Matilda Clover the previous October with poison. This letter demanded a huge blackmail amount to avoid ruin. <mask> wisely sent the letter to Scotland Yard.In January 1892, he was sent for by the Royal Family in an attempt to save Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale the older son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and "heir presumptive" to the throne of England. The Prince, known as "Prince Eddy" to the public (and nicknamed "Collars and Cuffs" due to some wardrobe choices he made) had caught a virulent strain of influenza. <mask> tried everything he could to save the Duke, but on 14 January 1892 the Duke died. However, the Prince of Wales sent <mask> a letter thanking him for his endeavours, that preserved for him and his wife one of their sons. Then, in the late spring, <mask> was informed of a police investigation into the deaths of a series of prostitutes in the Stepney and Lambeth areas of London that began in October 1891 and continued until April 1892. One of the victims was Matilda Clover, who had been classified as having died of natural causes, but the letter from the blackmailer to Broadbent gave details showing the woman had been poisoned. An arrest was made in June 1892 of Dr. Thomas Neill Cream for blackmailing another physician named Harper.Subsequently this was changed to a charge of murder for the poisoning of Matilda Clover. The trial of the defendant occurred in October 1892, with the charges including the attempted blackmail of <mask>, and <mask>'s appearance as a witness. Cream was found guilty and sentenced to death, being hanged in November 1892. <mask> was a Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales. In 1904, he was listed honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers. Honours
<mask> received honorary doctorates from the universities of Edinburgh, where he obtained a M.D. with the thesis 'On the connection between diseases of the heart and apoplexy''', St. Andrews, Leeds, McGill and Toronto.<mask> was created a baronet, of Brook Street and Longwood, in 1893. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in March 1901. Personal life
<mask> married Eliza Harpin in 1863, and had three sons and three daughters:

Mary Ethel (1864 – 10 March 1954)
John Francis Harpin (16 October 1865 – 27 January 1946)
<mask> (10 April 1867 – 17 May 1867)
Walter (4 August 1868 – 17 October 1951)
Gertrude (1870 – 2 August 1905)
Eliza Madeleine (1872 – 17 December 1949)

His sons John and Walter also became physicians. He died at his home in London in 1907, following an eighth-month illness that began with pneumonia. His eldest son succeeded him in the baronetcy. Associated eponyms
 Broadbent apoplexy: A type of stroke caused by a cerebral haemorrhage into the ventricular system. Broadbent sign: Recession of the intercostal spaces (near the eleventh and twelfth ribs on the left side of the back) as a sign of adherent pericardium (this sign was first described by his son, <mask>, in 1895).Broadbent inverted sign: Pulsations synchronising with ventricular systole on the posterior lateral wall of the chest in gross dilatation of the left atrium. Broadbent law: Medical law that states "lesions of the upper segment of the motor tract cause less marked paralysis of muscles that habitually produce bilateral movements than of those that commonly act independently of the opposite side". Selected writings
 Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (London, 1866)
 The Practice of Medicine, (revised by Sir <mask>; 7th ed., London 1875)
 The Pulse (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887), (London, 1890)
 Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment'', (with John Francis Harpin <mask>), (London, 1897)

References

Works cited

 Biography of Willam Henry Broadbent

Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British cardiologists
British neurologists
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Huddersfield New College
Medical doctors from Yorkshire
Physicians-in-Ordinary
1835 births
1907 deaths
Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London

masks:
Sir William Henry Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
John Broadbent
John Edward Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
Broadbent
William Herbert
Walter Broadbent
William Broadbent
Broadbent


title: Emily Dickinson

texts:
<mask> (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry. <mask> was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, into a prominent family with strong ties to its community. After studying at the Amherst Academy for seven years in her youth, she briefly attended the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before returning to her family's home in Amherst. Evidence suggests that <mask> lived much of her life in isolation. Considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a penchant for white clothing and was known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, to even leave her bedroom. <mask> never married, and most friendships between her and others depended entirely upon correspondence.While <mask> was a prolific writer, her only publications during her lifetime were 10 of her nearly 1,800 poems, and one letter. The poems published then were usually edited significantly to fit conventional poetic rules. Her poems were unique for her era. They contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends, and also explore aesthetics, society, nature and spirituality. Although <mask>'s acquaintances were most likely aware of her writing, it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia, <mask>'s younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that her work became public. Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd, though both heavily edited the content.A 1998 article in The New York Times revealed that of the many edits made to <mask>'s work, the name "Susan" was often deliberately removed. At least eleven of <mask>'s poems were dedicated to sister-in-law Susan Huntington <mask>, though all the dedications were obliterated, presumably by Todd. A complete, and mostly unaltered, collection of her poetry became available for the first time when scholar Thomas H. Johnson published The Poems of <mask> in 1955. Life

Family and early childhood

<mask> <mask> was born at the family's homestead in Amherst, Massachusetts, on December 10, 1830, into a prominent, but not wealthy, family. Her father, <mask> was a lawyer in Amherst and a trustee of Amherst College. Two hundred years earlier, her patrilineal ancestors had arrived in the New World—in the Puritan Great Migration—where they prospered. <mask>'s paternal grandfather, <mask>, was one of the founders of Amherst College.In 1813, he built the Homestead, a large mansion on the town's Main Street, that became the focus of <mask> family life for the better part of a century. <mask>'s eldest son, Edward, was treasurer of Amherst College from 1835 to 1873, served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1838–1839; 1873) and the Massachusetts Senate (1842–1843), and represented Massachusetts's 10th congressional district in the 33rd U.S. Congress (1853–1855). On May 6, 1828, he married <mask>cross from Monson, Massachusetts. They had three children:
 William Austin (1829–1895), known as Austin, Aust or Awe
 <mask>
 Lavinia Norcross (1833–1899), known as Lavinia or Vinnie

By all accounts, young <mask> was a well-behaved girl. On an extended visit to Monson when she was two, <mask>'s Aunt Lavinia described her as "perfectly well & contented—She is a very good child & but little trouble." <mask>'s aunt also noted the girl's affinity for music and her particular talent for the piano, which she called "the moosic". <mask> attended primary school in a two-story building on Pleasant Street.Her education was "ambitiously classical for a Victorian girl". Wanting his children well-educated, her father followed their progress even while away on business. When <mask> was seven, he wrote home, reminding his children to "keep school, and learn, so as to tell me, when I come home, how many new things you have learned". While <mask> consistently described her father in a warm manner, her correspondence suggests that her mother was regularly cold and aloof. In a letter to a confidante, <mask> wrote she "always ran Home to Awe [Austin] when a child, if anything befell me. He was an awful Mother, but I liked him better than none." On September 7, 1840, <mask> and her sister Lavinia started together at Amherst Academy, a former boys' school that had opened to female students just two years earlier.At about the same time, her father purchased a house on North Pleasant Street. <mask>'s brother Austin later described this large new home as the "mansion" over which he and <mask> presided as "lord and lady" while their parents were absent. The house overlooked Amherst's burial ground, described by one local minister as treeless and "forbidding". Teenage years

<mask> spent seven years at the academy, taking classes in English and classical literature, Latin, botany, geology, history, "mental philosophy," and arithmetic. Daniel Taggart Fiske, the school's principal at the time, would later recall that <mask> was "very bright" and "an excellent scholar, of exemplary deportment, faithful in all school duties". Although she had a few terms off due to illness—the longest of which was in 1845–1846, when she was enrolled for only eleven weeks—she enjoyed her strenuous studies, writing to a friend that the academy was "a very fine school". <mask> was troubled from a young age by the "deepening menace" of death, especially the deaths of those who were close to her.When Sophia Holland, her second cousin and a close friend, grew ill from typhus and died in April 1844, <mask> was traumatized. Recalling the incident two years later, she wrote that "it seemed to me I should die too if I could not be permitted to watch over her or even look at her face." She became so melancholic that her parents sent her to stay with family in Boston to recover. With her health and spirits restored, she soon returned to Amherst Academy to continue her studies. During this period, she met people who were to become lifelong friends and correspondents, such as Abiah Root, Abby Wood, Jane Humphrey, and Susan Huntington Gilbert (who later married <mask>'s brother Austin). In 1845, a religious revival took place in Amherst, resulting in 46 confessions of faith among <mask>'s peers. <mask> wrote to a friend the following year: "I never enjoyed such perfect peace and happiness as the short time in which I felt I had found my Savior."She went on to say it was her "greatest pleasure to commune alone with the great God & to feel that he would listen to my prayers." The experience did not last: <mask> never made a formal declaration of faith and attended services regularly for only a few years. After her church-going ended, about 1852, she wrote a poem opening: "Some keep the Sabbath going to Church – / I keep it, staying at Home". During the last year of her stay at the academy, <mask> became friendly with Leonard Humphrey, its popular new young principal. After finishing her final term at the Academy on August 10, 1847, <mask> began attending Mary Lyon's Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (which later became Mount Holyoke College) in South Hadley, about ten miles (16 km) from Amherst. She stayed at the seminary for only ten months. Although she liked the girls at Holyoke, <mask> made no lasting friendships there.The explanations for her brief stay at Holyoke differ considerably: either she was in poor health, her father wanted to have her at home, she rebelled against the evangelical fervor present at the school, she disliked the discipline-minded teachers, or she was simply homesick. Whatever the reasons for leaving Holyoke, her brother Austin appeared on March 25, 1848, to "bring [her] home at all events". Back in Amherst, <mask> occupied her time with household activities. She took up baking for the family and enjoyed attending local events and activities in the budding college town. Early influences and writing
When she was eighteen, <mask>'s family befriended a young attorney by the name of Benjamin Franklin Newton. According to a letter written by <mask> after Newton's death, he had been "with my Father two years, before going to Worcester – in pursuing his studies, and was much in our family." Although their relationship was probably not romantic, Newton was a formative influence and would become the second in a series of older men (after Humphrey) that <mask> referred to, variously, as her tutor, preceptor or master.Newton likely introduced her to the writings of William Wordsworth, and his gift to her of Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book of collected poems had a liberating effect. She wrote later that he, "whose name my Father's Law Student taught me, has touched the secret Spring". Newton held her in high regard, believing in and recognizing her as a poet. When he was dying of tuberculosis, he wrote to her, saying he would like to live until she achieved the greatness he foresaw. Biographers believe that <mask>'s statement of 1862—"When a little Girl, I had a friend, who taught me Immortality – but venturing too near, himself – he never returned"—refers to Newton. <mask> was familiar with not only the Bible but also contemporary popular literature. She was probably influenced by Lydia Maria Child's Letters from New York, another gift from Newton (after reading it, she gushed "This then is a book!And there are more of them!"). Her brother smuggled a copy of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Kavanagh into the house for her (because her father might disapprove) and a friend lent her Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre in late 1849. Jane Eyres influence cannot be measured, but when <mask> acquired her first and only dog, a Newfoundland, she named him "Carlo" after the character St. John Rivers' dog. William Shakespeare was also a potent influence in her life. Referring to his plays, she wrote to one friend, "Why clasp any hand but this?" and to another, "Why is any other book needed?" Adulthood and seclusion
In early 1850, <mask> wrote that "Amherst is alive with fun this winter ... Oh, a very great town this is!"Her high spirits soon turned to melancholy after another death. The Amherst Academy principal, Leonard Humphrey, died suddenly of "brain congestion" at age 25. Two years after his death, she revealed to her friend Abiah Root the extent of her sadness:some of my friends are gone, and some of my friends are sleeping – sleeping the churchyard sleep – the hour of evening is sad – it was once my study hour – my master has gone to rest, and the open leaf of the book, and the scholar at school alone, make the tears come, and I cannot brush them away; I would not if I could, for they are the only tribute I can pay the departed Humphrey. During the 1850s, <mask>'s strongest and most affectionate relationship was with her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert. <mask> eventually sent her over three hundred letters, more than to any other correspondent, over the course of their relationship. Susan was supportive of the poet, playing the role of "most beloved friend, influence, muse, and adviser" whose editorial suggestions <mask> sometimes followed. In an 1882 letter to Susan, <mask> said, "With the exception of Shakespeare, you have told me of more knowledge than any one living."The importance of <mask>'s relationship with Susan has widely been overlooked due to a point of view first promoted by Mabel Loomis Todd, who was involved for many years in a relationship with <mask> and who diminished Susan's role in <mask>'s life due to her own poor relationship with her lover's wife. However, the notion of a "cruel" Susan—as promoted by her romantic rival—has been questioned, most especially by Susan and Austin's surviving children, with whom <mask> was close. Many scholars interpret the relationship between <mask> and Susan as a romantic one. In The Emily Dickinson Journal Lena Koski wrote, "<mask>'s letters to Gilbert express strong homoerotic feelings." She quotes from many of their letters, including one from 1852 in which <mask> proclaims, "Susie, will you indeed come home next Saturday, and be my own again, and kiss me ... I hope for you so much, and feel so eager for you, feel that I cannot wait, feel that now I must have you—that the expectation once more to see your face again, makes me feel hot and feverish, and my heart beats so fast ... my darling, so near I seem to you, that I disdain this pen, and wait for a warmer language." The relationship between <mask> and Susan is portrayed in the film Wild Nights with <mask> and explored in the TV series Dickinson.Sue married Austin in 1856 after a four-year courtship, though their marriage was not a happy one. <mask> built a house for Austin and Sue naming it the Evergreens, a stand of which was located on the west side of the Homestead. Until 1855, <mask> had not strayed far from Amherst. That spring, accompanied by her mother and sister, she took one of her longest and farthest trips away from home. First, they spent three weeks in Washington, where her father was representing Massachusetts in Congress. Then they went to Philadelphia for two weeks to visit family. In Philadelphia, she met Charles Wadsworth, a famous minister of the Arch Street Presbyterian Church, with whom she forged a strong friendship which lasted until his death in 1882.Despite seeing him only twice after 1855 (he moved to San Francisco in 1862), she variously referred to him as "my Philadelphia", "my Clergyman", "my dearest earthly friend" and "my Shepherd from 'Little Girl'hood". From the mid-1850s, <mask>'s mother became effectively bedridden with various chronic illnesses until her death in 1882. Writing to a friend in summer 1858, <mask> said she would visit if she could leave "home, or mother. I do not go out at all, lest father will come and miss me, or miss some little act, which I might forget, should I run away – Mother is much as usual. I Know not what to hope of her". As her mother continued to decline, <mask>'s domestic responsibilities weighed more heavily upon her and she confined herself within the Homestead. Forty years later, Lavinia said that because their mother was chronically ill, one of the daughters had to remain always with her.<mask> took this role as her own, and "finding the life with her books and nature so congenial, continued to live it". Withdrawing more and more from the outside world, <mask> began in the summer of 1858 what would be her lasting legacy. Reviewing poems she had written previously, she began making clean copies of her work, assembling carefully pieced-together manuscript books. The forty fascicles she created from 1858 through 1865 eventually held nearly eight hundred poems. No

masks:
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Gilbert Dickinson
Emily Dickinson
Emily Elizabeth
Dickinson
Edward Dickinson
Emily Dickinson
Samuel Dickinson
Dickinson
Samuel Dickinson
Emily Nor
Emily Elizabeth
Dickinson
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Austin Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Emily
Dickinson
Dickinson
Emily
Emily
Edward Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson
Dickinson


title: Emily Dickinson

texts:
 one was aware of the existence of these books until after her death. In the late 1850s, the <mask>s befriended Samuel Bowles, the owner and editor-in-chief of the Springfield Republican, and his wife, Mary. They visited the <mask>s regularly for years to come.During this time <mask> sent him over three dozen letters and nearly fifty poems. Their friendship brought out some of her most intense writing and Bowles published a few of her poems in his journal. It was from 1858 to 1861 that <mask> is believed to have written a trio of letters that have been called "The Master Letters". These three letters, drafted to an unknown man simply referred to as "Master", continue to be the subject of speculation and contention amongst scholars. The first half of the 1860s, after she had largely withdrawn from social life, proved to be <mask>'s most productive writing period. Modern scholars and researchers are divided as to the cause for <mask>'s withdrawal and extreme seclusion. While she was diagnosed as having "nervous prostration" by a physician during her lifetime, some today believe she may have suffered from illnesses as various as agoraphobia and epilepsy.Is "my Verse ... alive?" In April 1862, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a literary critic, radical abolitionist, and ex-minister, wrote a lead piece for The Atlantic Monthly titled, "Letter to a Young Contributor". Higginson's essay, in which he urged aspiring writers to "charge your style with life", contained practical advice for those wishing to break into print. <mask>'s decision to contact Higginson suggests that by 1862 she was contemplating publication and that it may have become increasingly difficult to write poetry without an audience. Seeking literary guidance that no one close to her could provide, <mask> sent him a letter, which read in full:

This highly nuanced and largely theatrical letter was unsigned, but she had included her name on a card and enclosed it in an envelope, along with four of her poems. He praised her work but suggested that she delay publishing until she had written longer, being unaware she had already appeared in print.She assured him that publishing was as foreign to her "as Firmament to Fin", but also proposed that "If fame belonged to me, I could not escape her". <mask> delighted in dramatic self-characterization and mystery in her letters to Higginson. She said of herself, "I am small, like the wren, and my hair is bold, like the chestnut bur, and my eyes like the sherry in the glass that the guest leaves." She stressed her solitary nature, saying her only real companions were the hills, the sundown, and her dog, Carlo. She also mentioned that whereas her mother did not "care for Thought", her father bought her books, but begged her "not to read them – because he fears they joggle the Mind". <mask> valued his advice, going from calling him "Mr. Higginson" to "Dear friend" as well as signing her letters, "Your Gnome" and "Your Scholar". His interest in her work certainly provided great moral support; many years later, <mask> told Higginson that he had saved her life in 1862.They corresponded until her death, but her difficulty in expressing her literary needs and a reluctance to enter into a cooperative exchange left Higginson nonplussed; he did not press her to publish in subsequent correspondence. <mask>'s own ambivalence on the matter militated against the likelihood of publication. Literary critic Edmund Wilson, in his review of Civil War literature, surmised that "with encouragement, she would certainly have published". The woman in white
In direct opposition to the immense productivity that she displayed in the early 1860s, <mask> wrote fewer poems in 1866. Beset with personal loss as well as loss of domestic help, <mask> may have been too overcome to keep up her previous level of writing. Carlo died during this time after having provided sixteen years of companionship; <mask> never owned another dog. Although the household servant of nine years, Margaret O'Brien, had married and left the Homestead that same year, it was not until 1869 that the <mask>s brought in a permanent household servant, Margaret Maher, to replace their former maid-of-all-work.<mask> once again was responsible for the kitchen, including cooking and cleaning up, as well as the baking at which she excelled. Around this time, <mask>'s behavior began to change. She did not leave the Homestead unless it was absolutely necessary and as early as 1867, she began to talk to visitors from the other side of a door rather than speaking to them face to face. She acquired local notoriety; she was rarely seen, and when she was, she was usually clothed in white. <mask>'s one surviving article of clothing is a white cotton dress, possibly sewn circa 1878–1882. Few of the locals who exchanged messages with <mask> during her last fifteen years ever saw her in person. Austin and his family began to protect <mask>'s privacy, deciding that she was not to be a subject of discussion with outsiders.Despite her physical seclusion, however, <mask> was socially active and expressive through what makes up two-thirds of her surviving notes and letters. When visitors came to either the Homestead or the Evergreens, she would often leave or send over small gifts of poems or flowers. <mask> also had a good rapport with the children in her life. Mattie <mask>, the second child of Austin and Sue, later said that "Aunt <mask> stood for indulgence." MacGregor (Mac) Jenkins, the son of family friends who later wrote a short article in 1891 called "A Child's Recollection of <mask>", thought of her as always offering support to the neighborhood children. When Higginson urged her to come to Boston in 1868 so they could formally meet for the first time, she declined, writing: "Could it please your convenience to come so far as Amherst I should be very glad, but I do not cross my Father's ground to any House or town". It was not until he came to Amherst in 1870 that they met.Later he referred to her, in the most detailed and vivid physical account of her on record, as "a little plain woman with two smooth bands of reddish hair ... in a very plain & exquisitely clean white piqué & a blue net worsted shawl." He also felt that he never was "with any one who drained my nerve power so much. Without touching her, she drew from me. I am glad not to live near her." Posies and poesies
Scholar Judith Farr notes that <mask>, during her lifetime, "was known more widely as a gardener, perhaps, than as a poet". <mask> studied botany from the age of nine and, along with her sister, tended the garden at Homestead. During her lifetime, she assembled a collection of pressed plants in a sixty-six-page leather-bound herbarium.It contained 424 pressed flower specimens that she collected, classified, and labeled using the Linnaean system. The Homestead garden was well known and admired locally in its time. It has not survived, but efforts to revive it have begun. <mask> kept no garden notebooks or plant lists, but a clear impression can be formed from the letters and recollections of friends and family. Her niece, <mask> Bianchi, remembered "carpets of lily-of-the-valley and pansies, platoons of sweetpeas, hyacinths, enough in May to give all the bees of summer dyspepsia. There were ribbons of peony hedges and drifts of daffodils in season, marigolds to distraction—a butterfly utopia". In particular, <mask> cultivated scented exotic flowers, writing that she "could inhabit the Spice Isles merely by crossing the dining room to the conservatory, where the plants hang in baskets".<mask> would often send her friends bunches of flowers with verses attached, but "they valued the posy more than the poetry". Later life
On June 16, 1874, while in Boston, <mask> suffered a stroke and died. When the simple funeral was held in the Homestead's entrance hall, <mask> stayed in her room with the door cracked open. Neither did she attend the memorial service on June 28. She wrote to Higginson that her father's "Heart was pure and terrible and I think no other like it exists." A year later, on June 15, 1875, <mask>'s mother also suffered a stroke, which produced a partial lateral paralysis and impaired memory. Lamenting her mother's increasing physical as well as mental demands, <mask> wrote that "Home is so far from Home".Otis Phillips Lord, an elderly judge on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from Salem, in 1872 or 1873 became an acquaintance of <mask>'s. After the death of Lord's wife in 1877, his friendship with <mask> probably became a late-life romance, though as their letters were destroyed, this is surmised. <mask> found a kindred soul in Lord, especially in terms of shared literary interests; the few letters which survived contain multiple quotations of Shakespeare's work, including the plays Othello, Antony and Cleopatra, Hamlet and King Lear. In 1880 he gave her Cowden Clarke's Complete Concordance to Shakespeare (1877). <mask> wrote that "While others go to Church, I go to mine, for are you not my Church, and have we not a Hymn that no one knows but us?" She referred to him as "My lovely Salem" and they wrote to each other religiously every Sunday. <mask> looked forward to this day greatly; a surviving fragment of a letter written by her states that "Tuesday is a deeply depressed Day".After being critically ill for several years, Judge Lord died in March 1884. <mask> referred to him as "our latest Lost". Two years before this, on April 1, 1882, <mask>'s "Shepherd from 'Little Girl'hood", Charles Wadsworth, also had died after a long illness. Decline and death
Although she continued to write in her last years, <mask> stopped editing and organizing her poems. She also exacted a promise from her sister Lavinia to burn her papers. Lavinia, who never married, remained at the Homestead until her own death in 1899. The 1880s were a difficult time for the remaining <mask>s.Irreconcilably alienated from his wife, Austin fell in love in 1882 with Mabel Loomis Todd, an Amherst College faculty wife who had recently moved to the area. Todd never met <mask> but was intrigued by her, referring to her as "a lady whom the people call the Myth". Austin distanced himself from his family as his affair continued and his wife became sick with grief. <mask>'s mother died on November 14, 1882. Five weeks later, <mask> wrote, "We were never intimate ... while she was our Mother – but Mines in the same Ground meet by tunneling and when she became our Child, the Affection came." The next year, Austin and Sue's third and youngest child, <mask>'s favorite—died of typhoid fever. As death succeeded death, <mask> found her world upended.In the fall of 1884, she wrote,  "The Dyings have been too deep for me, and before I could raise my Heart from one, another has come." That summer she had seen "a great darkness coming" and fainted while baking in the kitchen. She remained unconscious late into the night and weeks of ill health followed. On November 30, 1885, her feebleness and other symptoms were so worrying that Austin canceled a trip to Boston. She was confined to her bed for a few months, but managed to send a final burst of letters in the spring. What is thought to be her last letter was sent to her cousins, Louise and Frances Norcross, and simply read: "Little Cousins, Called Back. Emily".On May 15, 1886, after several days of worsening symptoms, <mask> died at the age of 55. Austin wrote in his diary that "the day was awful ... she ceased to breathe that terrible breathing just before the [afternoon] whistle sounded for six." <mask>'s chief physician gave the cause of death as Bright's disease and its duration as two and a half years. Lavinia and Austin asked Susan to wash <mask>'s body upon her death. Susan also wrote <mask>'s obituary for the Springfield Republican, ending it with four lines from one of <mask>'s poems: "Morns like these, we parted; Noons like these, she rose; Fluttering first, then firmer, To her fair repose." Lavinia was perfectly satisfied that Sue should arrange everything, knowing it would be done lovingly. <mask> was buried, laid in a white coffin with vanilla-scented heliotrope, a lady's slipper orchid, and a "knot of blue field violets" placed about it.The funeral service, held in the Homestead's library, was simple and short; Higginson, who had met her only twice, read "No Coward Soul Is Mine", a poem by <mask> that had been a favorite of <mask>'s. At <mask>'s request, her "coffin [was] not driven but carried through fields of buttercups" for burial in the family plot at West Cemetery on Triangle Street. Publication
Despite <mask>'s prolific writing, only ten poems and a letter were published during her lifetime. After her younger sister Lavinia discovered the collection of nearly 1800 poems, <mask>'s first volume was published four years after her death. Until Thomas H. Johnson published <mask>'s Complete Poems in 1955, <mask>'s poems were considerably edited and altered from their manuscript versions. Since 1890 <mask> has remained continuously in print. Contemporary

A few of <mask>'s poems appeared in Samuel Bowles' Springfield Republican between 1858 and 1868.They were published anonymously and heavily edited, with conventionalized punctuation and formal titles. The first poem, "Nobody knows this little rose", may have been published without <mask>'s permission. The Republican also published "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass" as "The Snake", "Safe in their Alabaster Chambers –" as "The Sleeping", and "Blazing in the Gold and quenching in Purple" as "Sunset". The poem "I taste a liquor never brewed –" is an example of the edited versions; the last two lines in the first stanza were completely rewritten. {|
| style="width:18em; vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap"|
Original wording
I taste a liquor never brewed –
From Tankards scooped in Pearl –
Not all the Frankfort Berries
Yield such an Alcohol! |
Republican version
I taste a liquor never brewed –
From Tankards scooped in Pearl –
Not Frankfort Berries yield the sense
Such a delirious whirl! |
|}

In 1864, several poems were altered and published in Drum Beat, to raise funds for medical care for Union soldiers in the war.Another appeared in April 1864 in the Brooklyn Daily Union. In the 1870s, Higginson showed <mask>'s poems to Helen Hunt Jackson, who had coincidentally been at the academy with <mask> when they were girls. Jackson was deeply involved in the publishing world, and managed to convince <mask> to publish her poem "Success is counted sweetest" anonymously in a volume called A Masque of Poets. The poem, however, was altered to agree with contemporary taste. It was the last poem published during <mask>'s lifetime. Posthumous
After <mask>'s death, Lavinia <mask> kept her promise and burned most of the

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title: Emily Dickinson

texts:
 poet's correspondence. Significantly though, <mask> had left no instructions about the 40 notebooks and loose sheets gathered in a locked chest.Lavinia recognized the poems' worth and became obsessed with seeing them published. She turned first to her brother's wife and then to Mabel Loomis Todd, his lover, for assistance. A feud ensued, with the manuscripts divided between the Todd and <mask> houses, preventing complete publication of <mask>'s poetry for more than half a century. The first volume of <mask>'s Poems, edited jointly by Mabel Loomis Todd and T. W. Higginson, appeared in November 1890. Although Todd claimed that only essential changes were made, the poems were extensively edited to match punctuation and capitalization to late 19th-century standards, with occasional rewordings to reduce <mask>'s obliquity. The first 115-poem volume was a critical and financial success, going through eleven printings in two years. Poems: Second Series followed in 1891, running to five editions by 1893; a third series appeared in 1896.One reviewer, in 1892, wrote: "The world will not rest satisfied till every scrap of her writings, letters as well as literature, has been published". Nearly a dozen new editions of <mask>'s poetry, whether containing previously unpublished or newly edited poems, were published between 1914 and 1945. <mask> Bianchi, the daughter of Susan and <mask>, published collections of her aunt's poetry based on the manuscripts held by her family, whereas Mabel Loomis Todd's daughter, Millicent Todd Bingham, published collections based on the manuscripts held by her mother. These competing editions of <mask>'s poetry, often differing in order and structure, ensured that the poet's work was in the public's eye. The first scholarly publication came in 1955 with a complete new three-volume set edited by Thomas H. Johnson. Forming the basis of later <mask> scholarship, Johnson's variorum brought all of <mask>'s known poems together for the first time. Johnson's goal was to present the poems very nearly as <mask> had left them in her manuscripts.They were untitled, only numbered in an approximate chronological sequence, strewn with dashes and irregularly capitalized, and often extremely elliptical in their language. Three years later, Johnson edited and published, along with Theodora Ward, a complete collection of <mask>'s letters, also presented in three volumes. In 1981, The Manuscript Books of <mask> was published. Using the physical evidence of the original papers, the poems were intended to be published in their original order for the first time. Editor Ralph W. Franklin relied on smudge marks, needle punctures and other clues to reassemble the poet's packets. Since then, many critics have argued for thematic unity in these small collections, believing the ordering of the poems to be more than chronological or convenient. <mask> biographer Alfred Habegger wrote in My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of <mask> (2001) that "The consequences of the poet's failure to disseminate her work in a faithful and orderly manner are still very much with us".Poetry

<mask>'s poems generally fall into three distinct periods, the works in each period having certain general characters in common. Pre-1861: In the period before 1858, the poems are most often conventional and sentimental in nature. Thomas H. Johnson, who later published The Poems of Emily Dickinson, was able to date only five of <mask>'s poems as written before 1858. Two of these are mock valentines done in an ornate and humorous style, two others are conventional lyrics, one of which is about missing her brother Austin, and the fifth poem, which begins "I have a Bird in spring", conveys her grief over the feared loss of friendship and was sent to her friend Sue Gilbert. In 1858, <mask> began to collect her poems in the small hand-sewn books she called fascicles. 1861–1865: This was her most creative period, and these poems represent her most vigorous and creative work. Her poetic production also increased dramatically during this period.Johnson estimated that she composed 35 poems in 1860, 86 poems in 1861, 366 in 1862, 141 in 1863, and 174 in 1864. It was during this period that <mask> fully developed her themes concerning nature, life, and mortality. Post-1866: Only a third of <mask>'s poems were written in the last twenty years of her life, when her poetic production slowed considerably. During this period, she no longer collected her poems in fascicles. Structure and syntax

The extensive use of dashes and unconventional capitalization in <mask>'s manuscripts, and the idiosyncratic vocabulary and imagery, combine to create a body of work that is "far more various in its styles and forms than is commonly supposed". <mask> avoids pentameter, opting more generally for trimeter, tetrameter and, less often, dimeter. Sometimes her use of these meters is regular, but oftentimes it is irregular.The regular form that she most often employs is the ballad stanza, a traditional form that is divided into quatrains, using tetrameter for the first and third lines and trimeter for the second and fourth, while rhyming the second and fourth lines (ABCB). Though <mask> often uses perfect rhymes for lines two and four, she also makes frequent use of slant rhyme. In some of her poems, she varies the meter from the traditional ballad stanza by using trimeter for lines one, two and four; while using tetrameter for only line three. Since many of her poems were written in traditional ballad stanzas with ABCB rhyme schemes, some of these poems can be sung to fit the melodies of popular folk songs and hymns that also use the common meter, employing alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. <mask> scholar and poet Anthony Hecht finds resonances in <mask>'s poetry not only with hymns and song-forms but also with psalms and riddles, citing the following example: "Who is the East? / The Yellow Man / Who may be Purple if he can / That carries in the Sun. / Who is the West?/ The Purple Man / Who may be Yellow if He can / That lets Him out again." Late 20th-century scholars are "deeply interested" by <mask>'s highly individual use of punctuation and lineation (line lengths and line breaks). Following the publication of one of the few poems that appeared in her lifetime – "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass", published as "The Snake" in the Republican – <mask> complained that the edited punctuation (an added comma and a full stop substitution for the original dash) altered the meaning of the entire poem. {|
| style="width:20em; vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap"|
Original wording
A narrow Fellow in the Grass
Occasionally rides –
You may have met Him – did you not
His notice sudden is –
|
Republican version
A narrow Fellow in the Grass
Occasionally rides –
You may have met Him – did you not,
His notice sudden is. |
|}

As Farr points out, "snakes instantly notice you"; <mask>'s version captures the "breathless immediacy" of the encounter; and The Republicans punctuation renders "her lines more commonplace". With the increasingly close focus on <mask>'s structures and syntax has come a growing appreciation that they are "aesthetically based". Although Johnson's landmark 1955 edition of poems was relatively unaltered from the original, later scholars critiqued it for deviating from the style and layout of <mask>'s manuscripts.Meaningful distinctions, these scholars assert, can be drawn from varying lengths and angles of dash, and differing arrangements of text on the page. Several volumes have attempted to render <mask>'s handwritten dashes using many typographic symbols of varying length and angle. R. W. Franklin's 1998 variorum edition of the poems provided alternate wordings to those chosen by Johnson, in a more limited editorial intervention. Franklin also used typeset dashes of varying length to approximate the manuscripts' dashes more closely. Major themes
<mask> left no formal statement of her aesthetic intentions and, because of the variety of her themes, her work does not fit conveniently into any one genre. She has been regarded, alongside Emerson (whose poems <mask> admired), as a Transcendentalist. However, Farr disagrees with this analysis, saying that <mask>'s "relentlessly measuring mind ... deflates the airy elevation of the Transcendental".Apart from the major themes discussed below, <mask>'s poetry frequently uses humor, puns, irony and satire. Flowers and gardens: Farr notes that <mask>'s "poems and letters almost wholly concern flowers" and that allusions to gardens often refer to an "imaginative realm ... wherein flowers [are] often emblems for actions and emotions". She associates some flowers, like gentians and anemones, with youth and humility; others with prudence and insight. Her poems were often sent to friends with accompanying letters and nosegays. Farr notes that one of <mask>'s earlier poems, written about 1859, appears to "conflate her poetry itself with the posies": "My nosegays are for Captives – / Dim – long expectant eyes – / Fingers denied the plucking, / Patient till Paradise – / To such, if they sh'd whisper / Of morning and the moor – / They bear no other errand, / And I, no other prayer". The Master poems: <mask> left a large number of poems addressed to "Signor", "Sir" and "Master", who is characterized as <mask>'s "lover for all eternity". These confessional poems are often "searing in their self-inquiry" and "harrowing to the reader" and typically take their metaphors from texts and paintings of <mask>'s day.The <mask> family themselves believed these poems were addressed to actual individuals but this view is frequently rejected by scholars. Farr, for example, contends that the Master is an unattainable composite figure, "human, with specific characteristics, but godlike" and speculates that Master may be a "kind of Christian muse". Morbidity: <mask>'s poems reflect her "early and lifelong fascination" with illness, dying and death. Perhaps surprisingly for a New England spinster, her poems allude to death by many methods: "crucifixion, drowning, hanging, suffocation, freezing, premature burial, shooting, stabbing and guillotinage". She reserved her sharpest insights into the "death blow aimed by God" and the "funeral in the brain", often reinforced by images of thirst and starvation. <mask> scholar Vivian Pollak considers these references an autobiographical reflection of <mask>'s "thirsting-starving persona", an outward expression of her needy self-image as small, thin and frail. <mask>'s most psychologically complex poems explore the theme that the loss of hunger for life causes the death of self and place this at "the interface of murder and suicide".Death and morbidity in <mask>'s poetry is also heavily connected to winter themes. Critic Edwin Folsom analyzes how "winter for <mask> is the season that forces reality, that strips all hope of transcendence. It is a season of death and a metaphor for death". Gospel poems: Throughout her life, <mask> wrote poems reflecting a preoccupation with the teachings of Jesus Christ and, indeed, many are addressed to him. She stresses the Gospels' contemporary pertinence and recreates them, often with "wit and American colloquial language". Scholar Dorothy Oberhaus finds that the "salient feature uniting Christian poets ... is their reverential attention to the life of Jesus Christ" and contends that <mask>'s deep structures place her in the "poetic tradition of Christian devotion" alongside Hopkins, Eliot and Auden. In a Nativity poem, <mask> combines lightness and wit to revisit an ancient theme: "The Savior must have been / A docile Gentleman – / To come so far so cold a Day / For little Fellowmen / The Road to Bethlehem / Since He and I were Boys / Was leveled, but for that twould be / A rugged billion Miles –".The Undiscovered Continent: Academic Suzanne Juhasz considers that <mask> saw the mind and spirit as tangible visitable places and that for much of her life she lived within them. Often, this intensely private place is referred to as the "undiscovered continent" and the "landscape of the spirit" and embellished with nature imagery. At other times, the imagery is darker and forbidding—castles or prisons, complete with corridors and rooms—to create a dwelling place of "oneself" where one resides with one's other selves. An example that brings together many of these ideas is: "Me from Myself – to banish – / Had I Art – / Impregnable my Fortress / Unto All Heart – / But since myself—assault Me – / How have I peace / Except by subjugating / Consciousness. / And since We're mutual Monarch / How this be / Except by Abdication – / Me – of Me?". Reception

The surge of posthumous publication gave <mask>'s poetry its first public exposure. Backed by Higginson and with a favorable notice from William Dean Howells, an editor of Harper's Magazine, the poetry received mixed reviews after it was first published in 1890.Higginson himself stated in his preface to the first edition of <mask>'s published work that the poetry's quality "is that of extraordinary grasp and insight", albeit "without the proper control and chastening" that the experience of publishing during her lifetime might have conferred. His judgment that her opus was "incomplete and unsatisfactory" would be echoed in the essays of the New Critics in the 1930s. Maurice Thompson, who was literary editor of The Independent for twelve years, noted in 1891 that her poetry had "a strange mixture of rare individuality and originality". Some critics hailed <mask>'s effort, but disapproved of her unusual non-traditional style. Andrew Lang, a British writer, dismissed <mask>'s work, stating that "if poetry is to exist at all, it really must have form and grammar, and must rhyme when it professes to rhyme. The wisdom of the ages and the nature of man insist on so much". Thomas Bailey Aldrich, a poet and novelist, equally dismissed <mask>'s poetic technique in The Atlantic Monthly in January 1892: "It is plain that <mask> possessed an extremely unconventional and grotesque fancy.She was deeply tinged by the mysticism of Blake, and strongly influenced by the mannerism of Emerson ... But the incoherence and formlessness of her — versicles are fatal ... an eccentric, dreamy, half-educated recluse in an out-of-the-way New England village (or anywhere else) cannot with impunity set at defiance the laws of gravitation and grammar". Critical attention to <mask>'s poetry was meager from 1897 to the early 1920s. By the start of the 20th century, interest in her poetry became broader in scope and some critics began to consider <mask> as essentially modern. Rather than seeing <mask>'s poetic styling as a result of lack of knowledge or skill, modern critics believed the irregularities were

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