title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
<mask> (; ; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development." <mask> made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the Russian Empire, today Belarus in the town of Pinsk to Lithuanian-Jewish parents, in the year 1901. He completed his schooling, first at the Rivne, then, Kharkiv Realschule of present-day Ukraine. In 1918, <mask> entered the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov (statistics), V. Levitsky (economic history and economic thought), S. Bernstein (probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at the Institute helped him to acquire "exceptional" erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the institute's curriculum, development of the national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in connected spheres and with involvement of proper methods and empirical data.There he began to study economics and became exposed to Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation and the business cycle. At the turn of 1920–1921 years, the normal course in the institute was interrupted by the events of the Civil War and reorganizations undertaken by the Soviet authorities in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether <mask> continued his studies at the institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of the Central Council of Trade Unions. There he published his first scientific paper, "Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkov in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in Kharkov and income differentiation, depending on the wage system. Emigration to the United States
In 1922, the <mask> family emigrated to the United States. <mask> then studied at Columbia University under the guidance of Wesley Clair Mitchell. He graduated with a B.S.in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. As his magister thesis, he defended the essay "Economic system of Dr. Schumpeter, presented and analyzed", written in Kharkiv. From 1925 to 1926, <mask> spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as a doctoral thesis and published in 1930. In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, <mask> was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania.In 1937 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social science honor society chapter at the University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor 1936 until 1954. In 1954, <mask> moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he was Professor of Political Economy until 1960. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970, <mask> taught at Harvard. Apart from that, <mask> collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. In 1931–1934, at Mitchell's behest, <mask> took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts, given the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, <mask> took the lead in establishing the Conference on Research Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart, the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.During the Second World War, between 1942 and 1944, <mask> became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics, War Production Board. He took part in works aimed to assess the capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting together with a rough form of linear programming to measure the potential for increased production and the sources from which it would come and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion. After the War, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. <mask> cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale University, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). He guided extensive research holding a number of positions in research institutions, such  as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the Board of Trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and Chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970. <mask> was elected as the President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the Econometric Society, the International Statistical Institute, the American Philosophical Society, the Royal Swedish Academy, a corresponding member of the British Academy.He was awarded the Medal of Francis Walker (1977). <mask> died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him (<mask>nets Kharkiv National University of Economics). Impact on economics
His name is associated with the formation of modern economic science as an empirical discipline, the development of statistical methods of research and the emergence of quantitative economic history. <mask> is credited with revolutionising econometrics, and this work is credited with fueling the so-called Keynesian revolution. <mask>' views and scientific methodology were highly influenced  by methodological settings received by him in Kharkiv and fully shared by Mitchell for the statistical, inductive construction of hypotheses in economics and its empirical testing. <mask> treated a priori and speculative conceptions with deep skepticism.At the same time, Kuznets tended to analyze economy in connection with the wider context of historical situation, demographic, and social processes, a method that was peculiar to the Kharkiv academics at the beginning of the 20th century. <mask> was influenced by the work of such leading theorists as Joseph A. Schumpeter (who probed the relationship between technological change and business cycles), A. C. Pigou (who identified circumstances under which markets failed to maximize economic welfare), and Vilfredo Pareto (who propounded a law governing the distribution of income among households). <mask> was closely familiar with  the economics of Russia and Ukraine of the early 20th century. In the 1920s, he reviewed and translated the papers of Kondratiev, Slutsky, Pervushin, Weinstein. who were then little known in the West. Historical series of economic dynamics and Kuznets cycles, or "long swings"
The first major research project in which <mask> was involved was the study of long series of economic dynamics in the USA undertaken in the mid-1920s. The collected data covered the period from 1865 to 1925, and for some indices achieved 1770.Applying for the analysis of time series approximating Gompertz and logistic curves, <mask> found that the characteristics of the curves with reasonable accuracy described the majority of economic processes. Fitting trend curves to data and analysis of the time series, comparison of theoretical and empirical levels, allowed him to identify medium-term extended cycles of economic activity, which lasted 15–25 years and had an intermediate position between the Kondratyev "long waves" and short business cycles. Aspiring to determine the nature of these cycles, <mask> analyzed the dynamics of population, the construction industry performance, capital, national income data and other variables. These movements became known among economists and economic historians as "Kuznets cycles", and alternatively as "long swings" in the economy's growth rate (following the work of Moses Abramovitz [1912–1999]). Kuznet cycles are special case of Kondratiev wave. National income accounts
In 1931, at Mitchell's behest, <mask> took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts. In 1934, an assessment of the national income of the United States for the period 1929–1932 was given; further, it was extended to 1919–1938, and then, until 1869.Although <mask> was not the first economist to try this, his work was so comprehensive and meticulous that it set the standard in the field. <mask> had success to solve numerous problems ranging from lack of sources of information and bias assessments, to the development of the theoretical concept of national income. <mask> achieved a high precision in calculations. His works allowed us to analyze the structure of the national income, and expose to detailed study a number of specific problems of the national economy. Improved methods for calculating the national income and related indicators have become classics and formed the basis of the modern system of national accounts. Having  analyzed the distribution of income among different social groups, <mask> put forward the hypothesis that in countries, which were on the early stages of economic development, income inequality increased first, but as far as national economy was growing, it tended to decrease. This assumption formed the basis of so-called "Kuznets curve" empirical conception.<mask> helped the U.S. Department of Commerce to standardize the measurement of GNP. He disapproved, however, of its use as a general indication of welfare, writing that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income." Exploring the formation of the national income, <mask> studied proportions between output and income, consumption and savings, etc. After analyzing the long-term data sets of economic conditions for 20 countries, <mask> revealed long-term trends in capital / output ratios, shares of net capital formation, net investment, and so on. Collected and systematized data allowed exposing to empirical testing a number of existing hypotheses. In particular, this concerned premises of the Keynes theory – Keynes' 1936 absolute income hypothesis. The hypothesis gave birth to what would become the first formal consumption function.However, <mask> shook the economic world by finding that Keynes' predictions, while seemingly accurate in short-run cross-sections, broke down under more rigorous examination. In his 1942 tome Uses of National Income in Peace and War, published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, <mask> became the first economist to show that the Absolute Income Hypothesis gives inaccurate predictions in the long run (by using time-series data). Keynes had predicted that as aggregate income increases, so will marginal savings. <mask> used new data to show that, over a longer span of time (1870s – 1940s) the savings ratio remained constant, despite large changes in income. This paved the way for Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, and several more modern alternatives such as the life-cycle hypothesis and the relative income hypothesis. Economic growth
By the end of the Second World War <mask> moved into a new research area, related to the tie between changes in income and growth. He proposed a research program that involved extensive empirical studies on the four key elements of economic growth.The elements were demographic growth, growth of knowledge, in-country adaptation to growth factors, and external economic relations between the countries. The general theory of economic growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations. He collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe, the U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and variability of growth, structure of the GNP and distribution of labor, the distribution of income between households, the structure of foreign trade. <mask> founded the historically grounded theory of economic growth. The central theme of these empirical studies is that the growth of the aggregated product of the country necessarily implies a profound transformation of the whole of its economic structure. This transformation affects many aspects of economic life – the structure of production, sectoral and occupational structure of employment, the division of occupations among family and market activities, the income structure, size, age structure and spatial distribution of the population, cross-country flows of goods, capital, labor and knowledge, the organization of industry and governmental regulation.Such changes, in his opinion, are essential for overall growth and, once started, shape, constrain or support the subsequent economic development of the country. <mask> made a profound analysis of the impact on economic growth by demographic processes and characteristics. His major thesis, which argued that underdeveloped countries of today possess characteristics different from those that industrialized countries faced before they developed, helped put an end to the simplistic view that all countries went through the same "linear stages" in their history and launched the separate field of development economics – which now focused on the analysis of modern underdeveloped countries' distinct experiences. <mask> curve
Among his several observations which sparked important theoretical research programs was the Kuznets curve, an inverted U-shaped relation between income inequality and economic growth (1955, 1963). In poor countries, economic growth increased the income disparity between rich and poor people. In wealthier countries, economic growth narrowed the difference. By noting patterns of income inequality in developed and underdeveloped countries, he proposed that as countries experienced economic growth, the income inequality first increases and then decreases.The reasoning was that in order to experience growth, countries had to shift from agricultural to industrial sectors. While there was little variation in the agricultural income, industrialization led to large differences in income. Additionally, as economies experienced growth, mass education provided greater opportunities which decreased the inequality and the lower income portion of the population gained political power to change governmental policies. He also discovered the patterns in savings-income behavior which launched the life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis of Modigliani and Friedman. He conducted his research for many years and finally published his findings in 1963. Historical and economic works of the 1970s
In his historical and economic studies of the 1970s, <mask> expressed the idea of an interaction between science and technology (innovations), and institutional shifts, as well as the role of factors external to the economy, such as those caused by the moral and political climate in society, and their impact on the progress and results of economic growth. <mask> was awarded by the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (aka, the Nobel Prize in Economics) in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".Selected publications
 "Secular Movements in Production and Prices: Their Nature and Their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations". (New York and Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930). "National Income and Capital Formation, 1919–1935". (1937)
 "National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1938". (1941) Assisted by Lillian Epstein and Elizabeth Jenks https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4224
 "Economic Growth and Income Inequality". American Economic Review 45 (March): 1–28. (1955)
 "Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations, VIII: The distribution of income by size", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 11, pp.1–92. (1963)
 "Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure, and Spread". (1966)
 "Toward a Theory of Economic Growth, with Reflections on the Economic Growth of Modern Nations". (1968)
 "Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure". (1971)
 "Population, Capital and Growth". (1973)

See also

 Capital formation
 Gross domestic product
 Information Revolution
 List of economists
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates
 <mask> Kharkiv National University of Economics

References

Further reading
 Ben-Porath Y. <mask> in Person and in Writing // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, No.3 (Apr., 1988), pp. 435–447. Grinin, L., Korotayev, A. and Tausch A. (2016) Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, ; https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319412603
 Hoselitz B. F. Bibliography of <mask> // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jan., 1983), pp.433–454. Kapuria-Foreman V., Perlman M. An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering <mask> // The Economic Journal, 105 (November), 1995, p. 1524–1547. Street J. H. The Contribution of <mask><mask> to Institutionalist Development Theory // Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 499–509. External links

 New School for Social Research.With partial bibliography and web links. <mask>'s Nobel Prize lecture. Fogel, Robert, 2000, "<mask><mask>: 1901–1985," NBER Working Paper No. 7787. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1901 births
1985 deaths
Nobel laureates in Economics
American Nobel laureates
Writers from Kharkiv
Jews of the Russian Empire
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Jewish American social scientists
American statisticians
Institutional economists
Development economists
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Harvard University faculty
20th-century American economists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
National Bureau of Economic Research
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
People from Pinsk
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

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title: Jan Willem Spruyt

type: original

texts:
<mask> (4 July 1826 – 8 September 1908), also known as <mask> and <mask>roon Spruijt (birthname), was a South African civil servant, lawyer and statesman of Dutch descent. Spruyt was government secretary (1856–1862) and several times acting state president of the Orange Free State, and state secretary of the South African Republic (1866–1869). <mask> grew up in the Netherlands, studied law, but did not complete his studies, and worked as a schoolteacher, before coming to South Africa. Here he practised as law agent in private practice in both Boer republics. Soon after his arrival he was also quickly enrolled in the administration of the Orange Free State, and attained a powerful position as government secretary. In this capacity he stood in for state president M.W. Pretorius several times in the period 1860–1862.In the third quarter of the nineteenth century several many Afrikaner politicians and government officials served in both Boer republics. So did <mask>, who finished his career as state secretary of the South African Republic. Biography

Early life and migration
Spruyt was the son of Jacobus Spuyt (1796–1839), a Dutch medical doctor, and Antje Landskroon. Both the <mask> and Landskroon families stood in a tradition of medical practice, and three of the four brothers Spruyt had were doctors in the Netherlands. <mask> himself trained as a lawyer at Leiden University, but probably did not finish his studies. He went on to work as a schoolteacher in the village of Oosterwolde in the north of the Netherlands. It was here that professor U.G.Lauts recruited him for South Africa in 1851. Lauts was one of a group of Dutchmen, interested in the development of good education in the new Boer settlements in South Africa. As such, <mask> was one of the many Dutch immigrants that settled in the new Boer republics around the middle of the nineteenth century. Arriving in Delagoa Bay on a ship with J.A. Smellekamp as supercargo – he later became a well-known figure in South Africa – and his two travel companions and fellow migrants, Hendrik van der Linden and W.P.J. Poen, he travelled across the Lebombo Mountains in an ox-cart into the Transvaal. In March 1852 <mask> was appointed schoolteacher in the town of Rustenburg.Because of disputes among the Dutchmen in the Transvaal, more specifically between Rev. Dirk van der Hoff and J.A. Smellekamp, who had now also settled there, Spruyt moved to the Orange Free State, where he established himself in Bloemfontein. Civil servant in the Orange Free State
In Bloemfontein Spruyt worked as clerk of the Landdrost (1854–1855), and in that capacity he acted as secretary of the Volksraad on two occasions (September 1854 and February 1855), also filling in as Government Secretary. On the strength of his capacities Spruyt was appointed clerk to the State President in September 1855. Soon after, during the illness of Government Secretary Groenendaal, Spruyt again took up that position. In October 1856 he was appointed to the vacancy and succeeded J. Groenendaal as Government Secretary of the Orange Free State.Spruyt was regarded by his colleagues as an accurate civil servant, but as a lesser politician and statesman, reason that he was not appointed Acting State President when State President Boshoff went on leave in 1858. However, Boshoff trusted <mask> fully, and he allowed him to represent the presidency in meetings of the Volksraad on several occasions in 1861 and 1862. Later Spruyt acted as State President during the absences of President Pretorius from Bloemfontein. Although general opinion had it that Spruyt was a man of lesser qualities, on his resignation he was praised by State President Pretorius as very loyal and accurate in his work. As civil servant, Spruyt made an impact on the nascent state apparatus of the Orange Free State. He designed the coat of arms of the state, and laid the foundation of the model state the Orange Free State was to become in later years. Having worked in secretarial functions for the State President himself (as clerk), but also as a servant of parliament, the government, and the State, Spruyt left a clear mark on the early administration and its organisation.Spruyt was also sensitive to good labour relations within the state apparatus, and propagated a rise in the officials' salaries. In this he did not succeed, however, and eventually the matter of the salaries instigated his own resignation. <mask> felt that his salary was insufficient to live on with a family, and tendered his resignation. Law agent, publisher, state secretary
After his resignation he established himself as law agent (wetsagent) in Bloemfontein, and acted as publisher of the Dutch language weekly paper De Tijd. Staatkundig Nieuws- en Advertentieblad voor den Oranje-Vrijstaat (The Times. Political Newspaper and Advertiser for the Orange Free State), started by H.A.L. Hamelberg as a competitor to the English language newspaper The Friend.In 1865 Spruyt was declared insolvent, and he subsequently moved back to the Transvaal. Here the government of the South African Republic appointed him State Secretary in November 1866 on the advice of State President Pretorius. This appointment lasted till 1869. In 1870 Spruyt returned to the Orange Free State and to private law practice. He established himself in Ladybrand, a territory conquered by the Orange Free State in the last Basotho War of 1867. His insolvency kept following him, however, and as late as 1871 some of his possessions, including a building complex in Rustenburg, were publicly sold for a minute sum of money. Efforts to regain a public position in the Orange Free State failed, and in 1888 Spruyt once more returned to the South African Republic.He was allowed to work as law agent in the lower courts, and – being well-known and popular – set up a successful law practice. Until the end of his life he kept a healthy interest in the affairs of the state, especially in land cases. In the last period of his life Spruyt lived in Troyeville, Johannesburg. He died while on a visit to Natal, aged 82. Family
Spruyt married in Bloemfontein on 31 December 1856 with Elizabeth Emma Hanger (1826–1918), originating from Peddie in the Cape Colony. The couple had five sons and five daughters, Emma,
William, Gerard, Victor, Henrietta, George, Rudolf, Alicia, Elizabeth and Catherine. References

Notes

Literature

1826 births
1908 deaths
People from Uithoorn
Afrikaner people
Dutch emigrants to South Africa
Leiden University alumni
Dutch lawyers
South African Republic politicians
Orange Free State politicians

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title: Ed Belfour

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<mask> (born April 21, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Belfour was born in Carman, Manitoba and grew up playing hockey. He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986–87 season. The following year, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks (after not being picked in the draft) alternating time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League. Many regard Belfour as an elite goaltender and one of the best of all-time. His 484 wins rank fifth all-time among NHL goaltenders. Belfour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the 2011 class, his first year of eligibility.In addition Belfour is one of only two players to have won an NCAA championship, an Olympic Gold medal, and a Stanley Cup (the other such player is Neal Broten). His characteristic face mask earned him the sobriquet "<mask> the Eagle", and some of his quirks and off-ice antics earned him the nickname "<mask>". After wearing #30 for his tenure with the Blackhawks, Belfour switched to #20 while a member of the San Jose Sharks as a tribute to Vladislav Tretiak, his goaltending coach and mentor from the Blackhawks. He would wear this for the rest of his playing career. Playing career

Juniors and College
Belfour played for three seasons in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League with the Winkler Flyers, helping the team to a first-place finish in 1986. As the starting goalie for the top team, Belfour finally received some notoriety and he joined the North Dakota Fighting Sioux for the 1986–87 season. The 21-year-old Belfour was a freshman, older than many of the upper-classmen on his team.He won 29 games that year, helping UND set a new NCAA record with 40 wins on the year and win the National Title. After the season Belfour, as an undrafted player, was able to sign with any team and signed with the Chicago Blackhawks. Minors and International
For his first professional season, Belfour played for the Saginaw Hawks of the IHL. He won 32 games for the team and helped them reach the IHL semifinals. The following season saw Belfour split his time between the IHL and NHL, playing 23 games with the parent club. He was returned to Saginaw where he helped the team to a 2nd-place finish in the conference but faltered in the postseason and the Hawks were bounced in the first round. Rather than return to Saginaw, Belfour played the 1989–90 season with the Canadian national men's hockey team.He was recalled by the Blackhawks for their postseason run and produced a 4–2 record with a 2.49 GAA, far better numbers than the other two Blackhawk netminders. Chicago Blackhawks
The next season, 1990–91, <mask> became the starting goalie, and had a strong rookie season. He notched 43 victories in 74 games (both NHL rookie and Blackhawk team records), finished the season with a 2.47 GAA and 4 shutouts. He also led the league in Save% (.910). It was the last time a goalie led the league in Wins, Save%, and GAA until Carey Price achieved the feat in the 2014–2015 season. For his success, he received the Calder Memorial Trophy for outstanding play by a rookie, and is the first person to receive the award under the Makarov Rule because he was a year under the new cutoff age of eligibility (26), the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender and the William M. Jennings Trophy for fewest team goals-against. He was also a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player, the first rookie goaltender to do so.He would win the Vezina Trophy and Jennings Trophy again in 1993, and the Jennings Trophy once more with Chicago in 1995. Belfour helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Finals in the 1991–92 season, where they lost in 4 games to the Pittsburgh Penguins. However, by the 1995–96 season, tension was forming between Belfour and backup goalie Jeff Hackett, very similar to the tension between Belfour and his former backup, Dominik Hašek, which led to Hašek's trade to Buffalo. Belfour was traded to the San Jose Sharks midway through the 1996–97 season after turning down a contract extension from the Hawks. Belfour finished his tenure with the Blackhawks ranking among the team leaders in many goaltending categories. Belfour finished third among all Blackhawk goalies in games played (415) and wins (201) in both categories ranking behind Hall of Famers Tony Esposito and Glenn Hall. Belfour also ranks fourth in shutouts (30), and second in assists (17).Belfour easily ranks as the Blackhawks' goalie leader in penalty minutes, with 242. Esposito, who played in more than twice as many games and minutes as Belfour, had only 31. Faced with losing <mask> as an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 1997, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Belfour to the San Jose Sharks on January 25, 1997 for right wing Ulf Dahlén, defenseman Michal Sýkora, goalie Chris Terreri, and a conditional second-round draft pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars
Following a dismal half-season with the Sharks, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Dallas Stars on July 2, 1997. During the season, Belfour played 61 games and had a 1.88 GAA as his team won the Presidents' Trophy and made it to the Western Conference Finals only to lose to the Detroit Red Wings. The next season, the Stars repeated their regular season championship and Belfour won his fourth William M. Jennings Trophy. In the playoffs, Belfour won duels against past Vezina- and Stanley Cup-winning goaltenders Grant Fuhr and Patrick Roy, respectively.The Stars won the Stanley Cup, beating the Buffalo Sabres in six games, capped by an incredible goalie duel against former backup Dominik Hašek that ended in a 2–1 win in the third overtime. Belfour made 53 saves to Hašek's 50, and for the entire Finals, had a 1.26 GAA to Hašek's 1.68. Belfour backstopped his team to another consecutive finals appearance, winning his second seven-game Western Conference final duel against the Colorado Avalanche's Patrick Roy. The Stars lost the Cup in double-overtime to the New Jersey Devils. Belfour had 4 shutouts in that playoffs, including a triple-overtime blanking of the Devils in game five of the finals series. During the 2001–02 season, the Stars began to play poorly and there was a falling out between then-Stars coach Ken Hitchcock and GM Bob Gainey. After a poor season, the Stars decided not to re-sign Belfour and named Marty Turco the starting goalie for the next season.Toronto Maple Leafs
On July 2, 2002, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Toronto Maple Leafs after then Leafs goaltender, Curtis Joseph, chose to sign with the Detroit Red Wings. Belfour rebounded after a dismal season with the Stars, winning a franchise-record 37 games and helping his new team finish second in the Northeast Division. His 2.26 GAA ranked 11th in the league. During the season, he was invited to play in the mid-season All-Star Game in Florida, but a back injury forced him to miss the event. On April 1, he earned his 400th career win in a match against the Devils. In the playoffs, Belfour posted a 2.71 GAA and a .915 Save% in seven games in an opening-round loss to the Flyers. On April 16 in Game Four at the Air Canada Centre, <mask> made 72 saves before losing 3–2 on an overtime goal by Mark Recchi.Belfour finished as runner-up for the Vezina Trophy, won that year by the Devils' Martin Brodeur. In 2003–04, he posted a 34-19-6 record in 59 games as the Maple Leafs finished fourth overall in the conference standings. He recorded a 2.13 GAA and a .918 save percentage along with ten shutouts. On April 3 in the final game of the season, Belfour posted a 6–0 shutout over the Senators to secure home ice advantage in the opening round of the playoffs. That shutout gave him 10 on the season, setting a new personal best. In the playoffs, Belfour posted three shutouts in the opening round against the Senators, setting a record for shutout streaks in a series. However, in the second round, former teammate Jeremy Roenick eliminated the Leafs by putting a game 6 overtime goal past Belfour.<mask> did not play during the NHL lockout in 2004–05, instead taking a minority stake in the projected Dallas Americans team in the proposed revival of the World Hockey Association while recovering and rehabilitating himself from primarily back-related injuries. The team had folded by October, 2004. On November 28, 2005, <mask> won his 447th career NHL game, moving him into a tie with Terry Sawchuk for 2nd place in career wins. <mask> made 34 saves in the 2–1 win over the Florida Panthers. On December 19, 2005, <mask> moved past Sawchuk with a 9–6 win over the New York Islanders at the Air Canada Centre. He was honoured in a special pre-game ceremony on December 23, 2005, before a game against the Boston Bruins at the Air Canada Centre; the Leafs went on to win the game. At the end of the 2005/06 season, Belfour had a record of 457-303-111 in the regular season, and 88–68 in the playoffs.On July 1, 2006, Maple Leafs General Manager John Ferguson, Jr. released Belfour to free agency after a lacklustre 22-22-4 record and a 3.29 GAA. Florida Panthers
On July 25, Belfour signed with the Florida Panthers. In October 2006, Alex Auld was injured while the two goalies were horsing around. On February 13, 2007, Belfour tied Hall of Famer Tony Esposito for eighth place on the career shutout list with his 76th in the Panthers' 1-0 blanking of the Montreal Canadiens. Later in the season, another injury to Alex Auld gave Belfour the chance to become starter. He started 27 consecutive games, a record for the Panthers. Belfour regained his skill after the 2005-06 season by posting a 2.79 GAA, .902 save percentage, and 1 shutout in 57 games.Leksands IF
On August 27, 2007, it was announced that Belfour would play with Leksands IF in the Swedish second division. (HockeyAllsvenskan). Belfour's signing created much fanfare in the following months. He played his first professional game outside of North America in 18 years on October 31, 2007 with a 4–1 win over Sundsvall. Belfour followed up this game with a shutout streak lasting for 251 minutes, a club record in Leksand. He also broke the record for most shutouts during a whole season with 7. During the division round, Belfour had a GAA of 1.79, which was the best of all goalies in Allsvenskan.During the playoffs, he had a GAA of 2.59 and a save percentage of .911. Eagle mask
Throughout his career, Belfour has worn masks featuring an eagle on either side of his helmet. When asked why an eagle, he stated "I've always liked the eagle as a bird. It is a strong figure representing individuality, leadership, confidence, and outstanding vision. Its hunting and aggression are characteristics I admire, so when I was thinking of what I wanted on my mask, the eagle was a natural choice". Belfour's eagle has changed dramatically, from a rough Native looking style in Chicago, to a fierce competitive image in Dallas, while the background always features his current team's colours. On the chin, there is an image of the logo for the Make-a-Wish Foundation, a charity very close to his heart, and the back plate highlights his passion for speed and restored cars.The car on the back is a 1941 Willys, along with the words Carman Racing, which is the name of Belfour's car customization and restoration shop in Freeland, Michigan. Upon seeing Belfour's eagle mask for the first time, Mike Keenan, his head coach when he started in the NHL, nicknamed him "The Eagle". International play
Belfour was selected to represent Canada at the 1991 Canada Cup Championship as the backup goaltender and was included in the squad for the 2002 Winter Olympic Team. In February 2002, Belfour won an Olympic gold medal with the Canadian men's hockey team. Although he didn't play in any of the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, he did add depth in goal to the strong Canadian team backing up Curtis Joseph and Martin Brodeur. Personal life
Belfour is an accomplished tri-athlete in his spare time, collects and rebuilds classic cars, and holds a private pilot's license. Early in the 2000–01 season, on October 20, Belfour plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge in which Belfour was subdued by police after a woman he was with became frightened by an intoxicated Belfour in a Dallas hotel room.While under arrest and being transported to the local division, he allegedly offered Dallas police officers $1 billion for his release without charges. He apologized to the Dallas Stars organization and police officers involved and was fined $3000 for resisting arrest. Late in the 2006–07 season, Belfour, along with Panthers teammate Ville Peltonen, was arrested on April 9 outside of a South Florida nightclub and was charged with disorderly intoxication and resisting an officer without violence. He was released the same day from Miami-Dade County jail on $1,500 bond. On January 28, 2020, Belfour was arrested and booked into the Warren County Regional Jail after an early morning incident at the Kentucky Grand Hotel and Spa in downtown Bowling Green, Kentucky. Belfour was charged with third-degree criminal mischief and alcohol intoxication in a public place. Belfour damaged hotel property, and was "manifestly under the influence of alcohol to a point he was a danger to himself and others," according to the police report.In his post-playing career he was inducted as a member of Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame  The Manitoba Junior Hockey League also awards a trophy named after Belfour to its top goaltender each season. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

See also
List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins

References

External links

 <mask> biography at HockeyGoalies.org

1965 births
Living people
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian people of French descent
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Florida Panthers players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Leksands IF players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Carman, Manitoba
Saginaw Hawks players
San Jose Sharks players
St. Louis Blues coaches
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vezina Trophy winners
William M. Jennings Trophy winners
Winkler Flyers players
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans

masks:
Edward John Belfour
Eddie
Crazy Eddie
Belfour
Ed Belfour
Ed
Belfour
Belfour
Ed
Belfour
Ed Belfour


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
<mask> (; born 26 January 1990), nicknamed "Checo", is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing, having previously driven for Sauber, McLaren, Force India, and Racing Point. He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190. <mask> was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012. He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season. He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber. Due to his young age and performance, he was referred to as "The Mexican Wunderkind". <mask> joined McLaren for the 2013 season, but the team did not score a single podium finish.Subsequently, for the 2014 season, the team decided to replace <mask> with Kevin Magnussen. Force India signed <mask> for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract. He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019. In 2019, Racing Point signed a three-year extension with <mask>. In September 2020, Racing Point announced that <mask> would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel, a four-time F1 world champion, had been signed to replace him. In December, <mask> signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season, following his maiden Formula One win at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix; Verstappen's teammate, Alex Albon, was demoted to test and reserve at Red Bull. <mask> then won the 2021 Azerbaijan Grand Prix with the team and secured the second Formula 1 Grand Prix win of his career.Personal life
Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, <mask> is the youngest child of <mask> Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de <mask>; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio, a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series. <mask> is married to Carola Martínez, and they have two children. <mask> is a Roman Catholic. Both <mask> brothers are association football fans, stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally. The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández. In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website, <mask> revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer. In November 2012, <mask> unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer.His sister Paola was the foundation's president. Early career

Karting
<mask> began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996. In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category. In 1997, he participated in the karting Youth Class, where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win, five podiums and finished fourth in the championship. The following year, he returned to compete in the junior category, where he had eight wins; and at the end of the campaign, he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category. He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc and competed in Master Kadets, where he finished on the podium. In 1999, he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category, where he took three wins and finished third in the championship.<mask> also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category, after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80 cc Shifter. In 2000, he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship, and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge. However, <mask> was not satisfied with the results and the following season, was up for another championship, this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional, and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category. With all these achievements, the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex. With six wins in 2002, <mask> finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category, and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc, in Las Vegas, where he qualified fifth and finished in 11th place. In 2003, he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category but withdrew from the last seven races, which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations. However, he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge, in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico.In the same year, he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout, where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag, while he was the youngest in the category. Skip <mask> competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004. Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex, he finished eleventh in the championship. Formula BMW
<mask> moved to Europe in 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series. He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months. He finished fourteenth in the championship, driving for 4speed Media, and improved to sixth position the following year. A1 Grand Prix
In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season, <mask> took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico.He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series. Formula Three
<mask> switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007. <mask> relocated his residence to Oxford. He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team, winning the championship by a comfortable margin. In the process, he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions, and finished all but two races on the podium. For 2008, he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship, where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine. After leading the championship early in the season, he eventually finished fourth in the drivers' standings.GP2 Series

<mask> drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series, partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov. He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990. He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir, winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position. He added a second win at Losail, during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar. He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series, driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara. <mask> finished twelfth in the standings, with a best result of second coming at Valencia. In the off-season, he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax, ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team.He won five races, and finished second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado. Formula One

Sauber (2011–2012)

2011 season

On 4 October 2010, Sauber announced that <mask> would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld. Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with <mask>'s sponsor Telmex. He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One, and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981. He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010. <mask> finished seventh in his first race, the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once, becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops. However, both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations.He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemi's Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of <mask>'s Sauber, forcing his retirement. The  saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th. He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey, before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points. During the third part of qualifying for the , <mask> lost control of his car upon exiting the circuit's tunnel section, swung to the right and crashed into the barrier, before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact. He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact. The session was suspended, and marshals and medical personnel extricated <mask> from his car. A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able to talk after the accident, and had been taken to the circuit's medical centre.He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion, and did not take part in the race the following day, on medical grounds. After taking part in the first practice session of the , <mask> did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part, and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa. <mask> returned for the  and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy. He took a career-best seventh at the  and eleventh in Germany. After a fifteenth place in Hungary, he retired in Belgium with suspension failure. This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy, before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa. In Japan he took eighth place, before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea, tenth in India, and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi.He finished sixteenth in the Drivers' Championship with fourteen points. On 28 July, it was announced that <mask> would remain with Sauber into the  season, alongside teammate Kobayashi. On 13 September, <mask> tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60, Ferrari's car from the  season. <mask> conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi. 2012 season

<mask> started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres. In the second round at Malaysia, he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win. In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds, but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back, finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second.Many observers praised his performance despite his late-race error, taking Sauber's best result as an independent team. This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future. However, <mask> later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season. At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix, he qualified a career-best eighth, but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his car's clutch. He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco, before <mask> achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place, having started fifteenth. In the , <mask> qualified in fifteenth place, citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling "unpredictable" as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh. He improved to ninth place in the race, but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team.On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado, forcing him to retire with broken suspension. He later criticised the Venezuelan, claiming "Everybody has concerns about him" before adding, "He is a driver who doesn't know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all". Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race. <mask> later added: "Just look at the last races. He ruined Hamilton's race (in Valencia), he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things. I don't understand why the stewards don't take a serious decision with him. With Pastor they're not doing anything that will teach him a lesson."For the , <mask> started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field, and ultimately finished the race in 6th place. At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest. A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted <mask> to a career-best fourth on the grid. In the race, he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident. Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars. Also involved in the accident were, the championship leader Fernando Alonso and <mask>'s teammate Kamui Kobayashi. <mask> took his third podium at the .On Saturday, he failed to qualify for Q3 and was twelfth on the grid. On Sunday, he climbed through the field to second place, passing on track, among others, Kimi Räikkönen, Nico Rosberg, Felipe Massa and Alonso. Unlike most of the drivers in the field, <mask> started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29, allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps. As a result, <mask> and his car's outstanding tyre management got him well into the points, and ultimately, to a podium finish. Ultimately, he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers' Championship with 66 points, 6 more than teammate Kobayashi. McLaren (2013)

2013 season

On 28 September 2012, Lewis Hamilton's decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced, and <mask> was subsequently confirmed as Hamilton's replacement. He also replaced Hamilton in McLaren's cartoon Tooned.This also ended <mask>' association with Ferrari, as he was released from its driver academy. In the season-opening race in Australia, <mask> qualified 15th and finished in 11th position, later describing the weekend as "difficult" for himself and the team as a whole. He started the  from ninth on the grid, and finished the race in the same position, scoring his first points for McLaren. He also achieved the fastest lap of the race, having pitted for fresh tyres. In the Bahrain GP, he started 12th on the grid and finished 6th ahead of Ferrari's Fernando Alonso (8th) and his teammate Jenson Button (10th), with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions, increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races. After the Bahrain Grand Prix, Jenson Button said of <mask>'s driving style:

At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix <mask> performed several aggressive overtaking moves, before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen. Following the incident Räikkönen said that <mask> should be "punched in the face".<mask> recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India, finishing four seconds shy of the podium, a result that left him "extremely satisfied". <mask> confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen. On 12 December 2013 (exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren), Force India confirmed that <mask> would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal. Force India (2014–2018)

On 12 December 2013, <mask> had his

masks:
Sergio Michel Pérez Mendoza
Pérez
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Antonio Pérez
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Barber Pérez
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title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 drive for Force India in  confirmed. 2014

In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits. He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues before the start of the race. Nevertheless, a week later in the , he was able to score Force India's first podium since , holding off Ricciardo's Red Bull for a third-place finish.At the , <mask> started 16th and after gaining four places at the start, was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyat's Toro Rosso to finish 9th. Outqualifying his teammate for a second time, <mask> started in the tenth position for the  however a first-lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season. At the , <mask> was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues, later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls. On the last lap, he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa, who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers. <mask> was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race, as the stewards decided he changed his racing line, causing Massa to crash into him. At the , <mask> set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history. On 7 November 2014, before the , Force India announced that <mask> would remain with the team for the  season.<mask> stated that contract negotiations were "ongoing", in regards to a further contract extension. The deal was officially confirmed at the , with <mask> signing a new two-year contract, until the end of the  season. 2015

The 2015 season started with a 10th place for <mask> in Australia, followed by a 13th in Malaysia, an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain. He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy. His best race of the season was in Russia, where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force India's third-ever. He finished the 2015 championship in ninth, his highest championship position to date, with 78 points. He outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points.Besides the podium finish in Russia, he managed three further top-five finishes in Belgium, the US and Abu Dhabi; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds. In the second half of the season, he out-qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races and eight times throughout the season. 2016

<mask> experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09, but scored points with a ninth-place in Russia. Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the team's form. In Monaco, <mask> scored his sixth (and Force India's fourth) podium finish in wet and changing conditions and moved to ninth in the Drivers' Championship standings. Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull, at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance. In the European Grand Prix in Baku <mask> once again finished third, recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice, having been fast enough to qualify on the front row.Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third, making it his second podium in three races. 2017

After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix, <mask> confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season. He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon, ending speculation of a possible move to Williams, Renault or Haas. He was very consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start, and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure. He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco. He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through, who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd. He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon.He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap. He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain, behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th. He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season. 2018

<mask> finished the first three races of the season outside the points. He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race. He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go, making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit (in 2016 and 2018). Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain.In France, he retired from the race with an engine failure. Three consecutive points finishes followed, with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany. After the Hungarian Grand Prix, Force India was put into administration. This was caused by a group of creditors (including <mask>) taking legal action against the team. <mask> said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors, which would have resulted in the team's collapse. Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix, Force India's assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll, father of Williams driver Lance Stroll. The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping <mask> and Ocon as their drivers.At the Belgian Grand Prix, the team came back strong with <mask> and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd, and finishing 5th and 6th, respectively. <mask> took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season. However, he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore. He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap, causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race. He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin, an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty. He later stated that he thought his penalty was "fair". He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico.He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points, finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes, Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season. Racing Point (2019–2020)

2019

The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point, retaining <mask> as a driver. He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll. Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season, with much of the work on that year's car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year. A strong start to the season, including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan, was followed by a string of eight races without points, the longest such string of his career. This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix, where he crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th. In a similar manner to 2018, <mask> fared far better during the second half of the season.Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak, he scored points in every race after the summer break, including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium. Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions, including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th, 8th in Japan from 17th, and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane. He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points, comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll. 2020

<mask> had signed a contract extension with Racing Point, for whom he was meant to continue racing until the end of 2022. Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19. Due to this, he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix. He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg.It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, as he had again tested positive for COVID-19. After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, <mask> returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix, he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position. In September 2020, <mask> announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season. He would be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the  season. <mask> achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix. After qualifying third in the rain, <mask> passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second, only behind his teammate Lance Stroll, starting with full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58. <mask> inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop, and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead.The podium was Hamilton, <mask> and Sebastian Vettel. <mask> was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th, but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go, forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit. Since <mask> announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him, with The Race saying it will be a "huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid.". Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez "should be on Red Bull Racing's radar" to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon. <mask> won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix, becoming Formula 1's 110th race winner. On the first lap, <mask> was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last. On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll.This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior. Red Bull (2021–)

<mask> raced for Red Bull Racing in 2021, replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver  - and partnering Max Verstappen. At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix, <mask> made his debut with the Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place. During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th. During the formation lap for the race, his car switched off due to an electrical failure. He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane. At the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, <mask> qualified on the front row in 2nd place, just 0.035 seconds behind polesitter Lewis Hamilton, outqualifying his teammate Max Verstappen in P3.It was his first time starting on the front row in his career. At the 2021 Azerbaijan Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 7th place, starting in 6th place due to a grid penalty for Lando Norris. In the race he made a strong start, moving up to 3rd place by lap 8. In the pit stop window, he then passed Lewis Hamilton to take 2nd place. Having stayed in this position for most of the race, <mask> moved into the lead following a tyre failure for teammate Max Verstappen on lap 47. With the race restarting on lap 50, he remained in the lead for the final 2 laps to take the second win of his career and his first for Red Bull. At the 2021 French Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 4th place, starting behind Mercedes driver Valtteri Bottas.In the race, he conserved his tyres up to lap 24. Due to his fresher tyres, he then passed Bottas to take 3rd place on lap 49. It was the first time in his career that he scored podiums on consecutive weekends. At the 2021 Styrian Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 5th place, starting in 4th behind McLaren's Lando Norris after a penalty for Valtteri Bottas. He passed Norris early but lost a position to Bottas after a slow pitstop. Unable to pass the Mercedes, <mask> then switched strategies and pitted for fresh tyres and chased down Bottas in the final stages. He made up a 20-second deficit to catch Bottas on the final lap, but was unable to pass his rival for a 3rd consecutive finish on the podium and finished just half a second behind in 4th place.On the way to the grid at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, <mask> crashed, having skidded into the barriers at Les Combes. <mask>'s car was fixed in time for the start of the race, although he was required to start from the back. Ultimately, however, the race was red-flagged after just two laps under the safety car, resulting in a result of 20th place, although later promoted to 19th due to a penalty to Lance Stroll. At the Turkish Grand Prix, he finished third to score another podium finish. At the United States Grand Prix, Perez had one of his most competitive weekends of the season, out-qualifying the Mercedes of Valtteri Bottas and starting 3rd behind teammate Verstappen and the other Mercedes of Lewis Hamilton, before finishing in the same position, albeit over 42 seconds behind eventual winner Verstappen, due to a drinks failure on the first lap. In his home race in Mexico, <mask> took his third consecutive podium, for the first time in his career. In the closing stages of the race, he was able to pressure Lewis Hamilton for 2nd place, but he was unable to pass Hamilton before the chequered flag.<mask> is due to stay at Red Bull for the 2022 season. Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

† Includes points scored by other drivers. Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. References

External links

 <mask>'s Racing Point profile

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Mexican Formula One drivers
Mexican racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
A1 Team Mexico drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Formula BMW ADAC drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
Sauber Formula One drivers
McLaren Formula One drivers
Force India Formula One drivers
Racing Point Formula One drivers
Racing Point Force India Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
Mexican Roman Catholics
Red Bull Formula One drivers
Mücke Motorsport drivers
T-Sport drivers
Campos Racing drivers
Arden International

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Sergio Pérez


title: Nicolas Gombert

texts:
<mask> (c. 1495 – c. 1560) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous and influential composers between Josquin des Prez and Palestrina, and best represents the fully developed, complex polyphonic style of this period in music history. Life
Details of his early life are sketchy, but he was probably born around 1495 in southern Flanders, probably between Lille and Saint-Omer, possibly in the town of La Gorgue. German writer and music theorist Hermann Finck wrote that Gombert studied with Josquin; this would have been during the renowned composer's retirement in Condé-sur-l'Escaut, sometime between 1515 and 1521. Gombert was employed by the emperor Charles V as a singer in his court chapel in 1526 and possibly as a composer as well. Most likely he was taken on while Charles was passing through Flanders, for the emperor traveled often, bringing his retinue with him, and picking up new members as he went. A document dated 1529 mentions Gombert as magister puerorum ("master of the boys") for the royal chapel.He and the singers went with the emperor on his travels throughout his holdings, leaving records of their appearances in various cities of the empire. These visits were musically influential, in part because of Gombert's stature as a musician; thus the travels of Charles and his chapel, as did those of his predecessor Philip I of Castile with composer Pierre de la Rue, continued the transplantation of the Franco-Flemish polyphonic tradition onto the Iberian Peninsula. At some point in the 1530s Gombert became a cleric and probably a priest; he received benefices at several cathedrals, including Courtrai, Lens, Metz, and Béthune. He remained in the Imperial chapel as maître des enfants ("master of the children") until some time between 1537 and 1540, being succeeded by Thomas Crecquillon and later Cornelius Canis. Even though he held this very position at the Imperial chapel, he never officially received the title of maître de chapelle – music director – which was a title given to both Adrien Thibaut and Crecquillon. While serving in this position, he likewise unofficially held the position of court composer, arranging numerous works commemorating the key happenings during Charles' life. In 1540 during the height of his career, he vanished from chapel records.According to a contemporary physician and mathematician Jerome Cardan, writing in Theonoston (1560), in 1540 Gombert was convicted of sexual contact with a boy in his care and was sentenced to hard labor in the galleys. The exact duration of his service in the galleys is not known, but he was able to continue composing for at least part of the time. Most likely he was pardoned sometime in or before 1547, the date he sent a letter along with a motet from Tournai to Charles' gran capitano Ferrante I Gonzaga. The Magnificat settings preserved uniquely in manuscript in Madrid are often held to have been the "swansongs" that according to Cardan won his pardon; according to this story, Charles was so moved by these Magnificat settings that he let Gombert go early. An alternative hypothesis (Lewis 1994) is that Cardan was referring to the highly penitential First Book of four-part motets; however, in neither case is it clear how Gombert was able to compose while rowing in the galleys as a prisoner. It is not known how long Gombert lived after his pardon or what positions, if any, he held; his career faded into relative obscurity after he was freed. He may have retired to Tournai, spending the final years of his life as canon there.Bracketing dates for his probable death are 1556 and 1561; in the former year Finck mentioned that he was still living, and in 1561 Cardan wrote that he was dead, without giving details. Music and style
Adrian Willaert and <mask> are generally recognized as the exemplars of the late Franco-Flemish school, before the center of Renaissance art-music moved to Italy. A Fleming, Willaert relocated to Italy and along with the originally Flemish composer Orlando di Lasso brought the Franco-Flemish style of simultaneously dense and lyrical counterpoint to Italy. Like Willaert, Gombert brought the polyphonic style to its highest state of perfection; if imitation is a common device in Josquin, it is integral in Gombert. Gombert's style is characterized by dense, inextricable polyphony. Extended homophonic passages are rare in his sacred works, and he is particularly fond of imitation at very close time intervals, a technically very difficult feat (although he only rarely wrote strict canon). He preferred the lower voice ranges instead of the four voices (SATB) which were the most common voicings for pieces at the time, such as five and six parts in mostly male registers.Gombert, unlike his predecessor and mentor, Josquin des Prez, used irregular numbers of voice entries and avoided precise divisions of phrases, resulting in a less-punctuated, more continuous sonic landscape. Syncopations and cross-accents are characteristic of his rhythmic idiom, giving ictus to his otherwise seamless, enduring lines. Harmonically, Gombert's compositions stressed the traditional modal framework as a baseline, but especially in dense textures of six or more voices, he wrote polymodal sections wherein a subset of voices would sing the lowered pitches of F or B while another subset would sing the raised pitches of F or B: a D major and D minor chord or a G major and a G minor chord might be simultaneously sounded . Melodic motion in one voice that, to retain melodic and harmonic coherence with the other voices, employed musica ficta, or an extended set of pitches from the basic modal framework, was very prominent in his musical stylings. The false relations, usually between an F and an F or a B and B, create a dissonance that Gombert employed for emotional effect while adhering to traditional rules of counterpoint. Exemplary among Gombert's formally perfect pieces that employ cross-relations are his six-voice motet on the death of Josquin, Musae Jovis, with its clashing semitones, and occasional root-position triads a tritone apart., and his six-voice chanson Tous les Regretz. Out of the ten masses that Gombert composed, nine survive complete.The chronology of the masses is not known, but an approximate order can be deduced from stylistic characteristics. Two musical characteristics, sequence and ostinato, that were rare in Gombert’s later works, are present in his earlier masses Quam pulchra es and Tempore paschali. The motet was Gombert's preferred form, and his compositions in this genre not only were the most influential part of his output, but they show the greatest diversity of compositional technique. His motets, alongside those of Adrian Willaert and Jacobus Clemens non Papa, stand out from the rest of the Flemish motet composers. Familiar characteristics of motets of the preceding generation, such as ostinato, canon, cantus firmus, and double texts, are unusual in Gombert's style, excepting where he used aspects of the previous generation's style as an homage, such as in his motet on the death of Josquin, Musae Jovis. When considering texts for his motets, Gombert obtained his inspiration from Scripture – such as the Psalms – as opposed to the liturgy of the Roman Catholic church. He was less attentive to textual placement and clarity than to the overall expressive sonority.Gombert's eight settings of the Magnificat, which may have won him his pardon, are among his most famous works. Each is written in one of the church modes, and consists of a cycle of short motets, with the individual motets based on successive verses of the Magnificat text. Some of Gombert's works are for unusually large vocal ensembles, including 8, 10, and 12 voices. These works are not polychoral in the usual sense, or in the manner of the Venetian School in which the voices were spatially separated; rather, the voice sub-groupings change during the pieces. These large ensemble compositions include an eight-voice Credo, the 12-voice Agnus from the Missa Tempore paschali, and 10- and 12- voice settings of the Regina caeli. In comparison with the northern Italian cori spezzati style, Gombert’s multi-voice works were not antiphonal. Instead of dividing forces consistently, Gombert frequently changed the combinations of voice groups.These vocal pieces contained more direct repetition, sequence and ostinato than his other music. His secular compositions – mostly chansons – are less contrapuntally complex than his motets and masses, but more so than the majority of contemporary secular pieces, especially the 'Parisian' chanson. During the middle of the sixteenth century, Gombert received credit for several of the Parisian chansons, but later studies have discovered that he was not the sole '<mask>' of those secular pieces but many were actually by <mask> La Grotte or <mask>. Authors of the texts used in many chansons, a genre in which Gombert excelled, were mostly anonymous. He turned to older verse, often of a folkish type, with typical subject matter including unhappy love, farewells, separations, infidelities and the like. Many of these chansons appeared in lute and vihuela arrangements, with their wide geographical distribution showing their immense popularity. His surviving works include 10 masses, about 140 motets, about 70 chansons, a canción (probably written when he was in Spain), a madrigal, and a handful of instrumental pieces.Influence
<mask> was one of the most renowned composers in Europe after the death of Josquin des Prez, as can be seen by the wide distribution of his music, the use of his music as source material for compositions by others, including Roland de Lassus and Claudio Monteverdi. Printers paid singular attention to him, issuing for example, editions consisting solely of his works – most print editions at the time were anthologies of music by several composers. Although highly admired by his contemporaries, the next generation of Franco-Flemish composers mostly wrote in a more simplified style. Part of this was an inevitable stylistic reaction to a contrapuntal idiom which had reached an extreme, and part of this was due to the specific dictates of the Council of Trent, which required that text be understandable in sacred, especially liturgical, music – something which is next to impossible for a composer to achieve in a dense imitative texture. While most composers of the next generation did not continue to write vocal music using Gombert's method of pervasive imitation, they continued to use this contrapuntal texture in instrumental works. Forms such as the canzona and ricercar are directly descended from the vocal style of Gombert; Baroque forms and processes such as the fugue are later descendants. Gombert's music represents one of the extremes of contrapuntal complexity ever attained in purely vocal music.Recordings
<mask>, Music from the Court of Charles V, Huelgas Ensemble, Sony Vivarte SK 48249
<mask>t, Missa media vita, etc., Hilliard Ensemble, ECM New Series 1884
<mask>, Gombert: Motets, Beauty Farm, Fra Bernardo FB 1504211
<mask>, Gombert: Motets II, Beauty Farm, Fra Bernardo FB 1612457
<mask>, Gombert: Masses, a la Coronatione, Media Vita, Philomena Previa, Beati Omnes. Motets, Media Vita, Beati omnes. Beauty Farm, Fra Bernado FB 2005329
<mask>t, Magnificat 1, etc., Oxford Camerata, Naxos 8.557732
<mask>, Magnificats 1–4, Tallis Scholars, CD Gimell CDGIM 037
<mask>t, Magnificats 5–8, Tallis Scholars, CD Gimell CDGIM 038
<mask>t, Eight-part Credo, etc., Henry's Eight: Hyperion CDA 66828
<mask>, Missa Tempore paschali, etc., Henry's Eight, Hyperion CDA 66943
Heavenly Spheres, CBC Records, MVCD 1121, sung by Studio de musique ancienne de Montréal. Contains two motets by Gombert, including his elegy for Josquin, Musae Jovis. Flemish Masters, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-04413, performed by Zephyrus. Includes Gombert's motet, Lugebat David Absalon, the Obrecht Missa Sub tuum presidium, as well as motets by Willaert, Clemens non Papa, Ockeghem, Des Prez, and Mouton. Christmas to Candlemas, Ensemble Gombert, Tall Poppies TP192.Includes Gombert's motet "Hodie nobis caelorum" and seasonal works by Mouton, Josquin, de Silva, Clemens non Papa, Tallis, Victoria, Lassus, Sheppard and Palestrina. Josquin to Martin, Ensemble Gombert, Move Records MCD 277. Includes <mask>'s motet "Regina caeli laaetare" and works by Josquin, de Monte, Byrd, Brahms ("Drei Motetten," op. 110) and Frank Martin (Mass for Double Choir). <mask>, <mask>t 1, The Sound and the Fury, ORF CD 463. Includes Missa Quam Pulchra Es, Ave Maria, Salve Maria, Sancta Maria, Da Pacem, Inviolata. <mask>, <mask> 2, The Sound and the Fury, ORF SACD 3006.Includes Missa Sur Tous Regrets, Si Ignoras Te, Homo Erat in Jerusalem, Sancta Mundi, Ave Salus Mundi, Emendemus, Ne Reminiscaris Domine, Salvator Mundi. <mask>, <mask>t 3, The Sound and the Fury, ORF CD 3077. Includes twelve motets. <mask>, Tribulatio et angustia, Brabant Ensemble, Stephen Rice, Hyperion CDA67614
<mask>, Motets, Chansons, and a Magnificat, Capella Alamire, Urquhart, Naxos 8.570180
Listen to free recordings of songs from Umeå Akademiska Kör. References
Notes

Sources
Atlas, Allan W.  Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York:  Norton, 1998. Brown, Howard Mayer  and Stein, Louise K.  Music in the Renaissance.2nd ed. New Jersey:  Prentice-Hall, 1999. Nugent, George and Jas, Eric “<mask>”. Grove Music Online. ed. L. Macy (accessed 19 November 2007), <http://www.grovemusic.com>. Reese, Gustave Music In the Renaissance.New York,  Norton, 1954. Taruskin, Richard The Oxford History of Western Music: Volume 1 – The Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. External links

Ensemble Gombert
"Tulerunt Dominum Meum" ("They have taken away my lord")

1490s births
1560s deaths
Flemish composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
16th-century French musicians
Pardon recipients
Renaissance composers

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title: Wena Poon

texts:
<mask> (方慧娜, born 1974) is a lawyer and novelist based in the United States. She writes English-language fiction. Her work has been seen by academics in the UK, US and Singapore as representative of the transnationalism of her generation. Biography

Poon began writing novels and plays in her early teens. She obtained her degrees in English literature and law from Harvard University. She is a corporate finance lawyer by profession. Born and raised in Singapore, she has lived in Hong Kong, New York, Boston, San Francisco and Austin.Her family is of Chinese Teochew descent and has lived in Singapore for five generations. According to Poon her grandmother and the story of her family as well as her home country during WWII served as a major inspiration to her as a writer. She speaks English, French, Mandarin, Teochew, Cantonese and Hokkien  and reads Japanese script. These languages are sometimes used in her English-language fiction. She claimed that she had grown up with multilingual radio broadcasts and television series including M*A*S*H. Poon herself described her childhood as "audio-visual". She is a photography enthusiast and has incorporated some of her photographs as illustration to her novella "Kami and Kaze". Poon is also a fan of anime, manga as well as the works of the film director and actor Takeshi Kitano.Literary prizes

Since her first book was released in 2008, <mask> has won the Willesden Herald Short Story Prize (UK), and has been nominated for the Frank O'Connor Award (Ireland), Le Prix Hemingway (France), the Bridport Prize in Poetry (UK), the Singapore Literature Prize, and the Popular Readers Award (Malaysia). Short fiction collections
Lions in Winter (2007) portrays the Singapore Chinese diaspora in America, Canada, Australia and England. It was published in the US and Europe by Salt Publishing London and in Asia by MPH Group Publishing. It was a Straits Times best-seller in Singapore, was longlisted for the 2008 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award and shortlisted for the 2008 Singapore Literature Prize. In 2009, Poon released The Proper Care of Foxes. Using Voltaire's "Il fault cultiver notre jardin" as a theme, the stories take place in Singapore, Hanoi, Hong Kong, London, New York, and Palo Alto. The title story is about a high-flying young London banker who was laid off during the recession and his chance encounter with an old classmate from Malaysia.Published by Ethos Books, it earned her a second longlist nomination for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award and another nomination for the Singapore Literature Prize. In 2013, Poon released Maxine, Aoki, Beto + Me, her third short fiction collection featuring stories and her black and white photographs from around the world. Most of the stories have been previously published in international literary anthologies and journals in 2010–2012, including "The Architects", winner of the Willesden Herald Prize in London and "Dialogue Between Novillera and Minotaur", shortlisted for the Prix Hemingway in France. <mask>'s novel Alex y Robert was commissioned by a Singapore theatre director originally for the stage. It was acquired by BBC Radio 4 and made into a 10 episode radio drama starring veteran BBC American actress Lorelei King. A short story spinoff from Alex y Robert, Dialogue Between Novillera & Minotaur, was translated in French and performed in the ancient Roman amphitheater in Nimes, France. It was shortlisted for France's Hemingway Prize and later published by Avocats du Diable in a French anthology called Pas De Deux (September 2011).Poon's great-granduncle was the head of a Chinese Teochew opera troupe in Malaysia during the golden era of Chinese opera in the 1930s. Poon incorporated Teochew opera in her latest English play The Wood Orchid, which was performed at Westminster Abbey, London, as part of the Bush Theatre's October 2011 project "Sixty Six Books". The authentic Chinese opera costumes in the play were sourced from Manchester. The play is for 4 actors, based upon a chapter of the King James Bible. The title refers to Hua Mulan, the Chinese woman warrior. The play was published by Oberon Books London in a book called 66 Books: 21st Century Writers speak to the King James Bible (October 2011). Novels

In 2016, Poon released 4 new novels, among which are "Chang'an: A Story of China & Japan" (), about a Mandarin-speaking Japanese army doctor who hides in Communist China for decades as a Chinese man,  and "Shonanto no Ramen" (), about the shared love of ramen noodles between the Chinese and the Japanese, set against the backdrop of war during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore.The novels explore the history of China and Japan's intimate but fractious relationship. Poon is bilingual and writes in English. However, "Shonanto no Ramen" is her first book written in both English and Chinese. In 2015, Poon published a novel, "Cafe Jause: A Story of Viennese Shanghai", about a Viennese cafe run by Hungarian and Viennese Jews in 1936 Shanghai. It was launched at the China Bookworm Literary Festival in Beijing, Chengdu and Suzhou. In 2014, Poon released a novel called "Kami and Kaze" (神と風). Set in 1948 Kyoto, the novel is about the American occupation of Japan and the relationship between an Allied administrator, Kate Schroeder, and her young Japanese driver, Nakamura Shinji.It examines white racism against the Japanese and the power of the words "kamikaze" in the Western imagination. <mask>'s 2010 novel, Alex y Robert, is a 21st-century novel about a young woman from Texas who goes to Spain to break into the male-dominated world of bullfighting.It was adapted by BBC Radio 4 for serialisation over two weeks for its Book at Bedtime radio show. The series ran from 6–17 September 2010. Alex y Robert was launched on 12 July at the London Literature Festival to favourable reviews. In 2013, Poon released the sequel to Alex y Robert called Novillera. The novel comments on gender, tradition and modernity and explores the ancient bull ranching culture of Spain. In 2012–2015, Poon wrote a trilogy of Chinese-Japanese sword fighting novels as a humorous, modern response to classical Ming plays, Kun opera, wuxia television shows, and samurai films.They are published as "The Adventures of Snow Fox & Sword Girl", "Voyage to the Dark Kirin", and "The Marquis of Disobedience". The trilogy is a rumination on the history of the Chinese diaspora and their idea of a mythic China. It also examines the warrior or bushido code and its meaning for modern society and for women. In 2009, <mask> published four novels in her New York sci fi series, The Biophilia Omnibus. During Christmas 2009, CNN's online magazine voted it the Best Book Gift of the Year in Singapore. The New Straits Times compared Biophilia to the works of film director Terry Gilliam in its book review.The series has been exhibited at the Alternative Press Expo in San Francisco. Poetry
Poon's poetry has been published in anthologies, magazines and newspapers in Asia and Australia.In 2010, she was shortlisted for the Bridport Poetry Prize in the UK. Education and writing fellowships
Poon graduated magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard University with an honours degree in English Literature. She received a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School and continues to practice law. In Singapore, she attended Nanyang Girls Primary, Raffles Girls Primary, Raffles Girls School and Raffles Junior College, where she was a Humanities Scholar. She was in the Gifted Education Program in Singapore. She is a fellow of the Hawthornden Castle writing fellowship in Scotland, and a visiting fellow of the International Writing Workshop of Hong Kong Baptist University. In 2011, she was awarded a writer's residency by French literary press Avocats du Diable in the bullfighting region of southern France.Bibliography

"Still Two Hundred Miles of Deep Wood to Chang'an", in "Manoa Journal: Starry Island: New Writing from Singapore", University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii, August 2014. "Shotaro and Haruka", in The Lion & the Aardvark, Stoneskin Press, London, November 2012. "The Wood Orchid", in Sixty-Six Books: 21st Century Writers speak to the King James Bible, Oberon Books London, October 2011. "Maxine, Aoki, Beto and Me", and "Fideua", both in Asia Literary Review, Hong Kong, June and September 2011. "The Architects", in Willesden Herald New Short Stories 4, edited by Stephen Moran, Pretend  Genius Press, USA, April 2010. "Camera Obscura" in Riptide: Short Stories with an Undercurrent, Vol. 5, edited by Jane Feaver, University of Exeter, UK, 2010
 "Justin & the Cenotaph", "The Man Who Was Afraid of ATMs", and "Kenny's Big Break" in Telltale: 11 Stories, edited by Dr Gwee Li Sui, Ethos Books Singapore, July 2010, an official Cambridge O Level Text in Singapore
 "Justin & the Cenotaph",  Notes From The Underground, a short story magazine distributed on the London Tube, UK, 2009."Mrs Chan's Wedding Day", in Quarterly Literary Review of Singapore, edited by Toh Hsien Min, Singapore, 2002, subsequently reprinted in An Historical Anthology of Literature in Singapore, edited by Angelia <mask>, NUS Press, 2009. "The Move", in The Merlion & The Hibiscus, edited by Dipika Mukherjee, Kirpal Singh, M.A. Quayum, Penguin Books, India, 2002, subsequently reprinted in the following anthologies: Island Voices: A Collection of Short Stories from Singapore, edited by Angelia <mask>, Sim Wai Chew,  Learners Publishing, 2007 (textbook)
"Lions In Winter", reprinted in English Empowers Learners textbook, by PanPac Education, 2010. "Starfish", in Tumasik: Contemporary Writing from Singapore, edited by Alvin Pang, USA 2009, published by the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa. "Kenny's Big Break", in  Silverfish New Writing – Collateral Damage, edited by Sharon Bakar, Silverfishbooks Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004; a shorter version of which appeared in:
 KrisFlyer – The Magazine of Singapore Airlines, 2003. "Dog Hot Pot", in Silverfish New Writing, Silverfishbooks, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2007. "Addiction", in Silverfish New Writing 6, edited by Dipika Mukherjee, Silverfishbooks Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2006
 "Those Who Serve; Those Who Do Not", in From Boyz II Men: A Literary Anthology of National Service in Singapore, edited by Koh Buck Song and Umej Bhatia, Landmark Books, Singapore, 2003
 "The Man Who Was Afraid of ATMs", in Yuan Yang – A Journal of Hong Kong and International Writing, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, 2004
 "New Order", in Quarterly Literary Review of Singapore, edited by Toh Hsien Min, Singapore, 2009.<mask> <mask>'s poetry has appeared in the following publications:

 Readings on Readings: New Malaysia Writing, ed. Sharon Bakar and Bernice Chauly, "On Riding the Eastern & Oriental Express between Singapore and Malaysia", Malaysia, February 2011. Asian Cha, "Copernicus for an Asian Grandmother", Hong Kong, 2010
 Stylus Poetry Journal, "Guo Jia/Country Family", October 2004
 Bangladesh Daily Star, Sunday Times Literary Supplement, "Bury", Vol. 5 Num. 348, 21 May 2005. References

External links
<mask> <mask>'s author website
Salt Publishing London
The Proper Care of Foxes
https://twitter.com/wenapoon

1974 births
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
Hong Kong writers
Singaporean writers
Singaporean literature
American novelists of Chinese descent
Living people
Harvard University alumni
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Singaporean emigrants to the United States
American people of Chinese descent
Harvard Law School alumni
Singaporean expatriates in Hong Kong
21st-century American women writers

masks:
Wena Poon
Poon
Theater Poon
Poon
Poon
Poon
Poon
Wena
Poon
Wena
Poon