title: Xu Bing

texts:
<mask> (; born 1955) is a Chinese artist who served as vice-president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts. He is known for his printmaking skills and installation art, as well as his creative artistic use of language, words, and text and how they have affected our understanding of the world. He is an A.D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. He was awarded the MacArthur Fellows Program in 1999 and the Fukuoka Prize in 2003. Biography
Born in Chongqing in 1955, <mask> grew up in Beijing. His father was the head of the history department at Peking University. In 1975, near the end of the Cultural Revolution, he was relocated to the countryside for two years as part of Mao Zedong's "re-education" policy.Returning to Beijing in 1977, he enrolled at the Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA) in Beijing, where he joined the printmaking department and also worked during a short period of time as a teacher, receiving his master's degree in Fine Art in 1987. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, his recent work came under scrutiny from the government and received harsh criticism for what was perceived as a critique of the Chinese government. Due to the political pressure and artistic restrictions of the post-Tiananmen period in China, <mask>, like many of his contemporaries, moved to the United States in 1990 where he was invited by the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He then resided to the United States until his appointment as vice-president of the Beijing CAFA in 2008. In 1990–91, <mask> had his first exhibition in the United States at the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Elvehjem Museum of Art (now Chazen Museum of Art) including his installations A Book from the Sky and Ghosts Pounding the Wall. In Book from the Sky, the artist invented 4,000 characters and hand-carved them into wood blocks, then used them as movable type to print volumes and scrolls, which are displayed laid out on the floor and hung from the ceiling. The vast planes of text seem to convey ancient wisdom, but are in fact unintelligible.The Glassy Surface of a Lake, a site-specific installation for the Elvehjem, was on view in 2004–05. In this work, a net of cast aluminum letters forming a passage from Henry David Thoreau's Walden stretches across the museum's atrium and pours down into an illegible pile of letters on the floor below. Working in a wide range of media, <mask> creates installations that question the idea of communicating meaning through language, demonstrating how both meanings and written words can be easily manipulated. He received a MacArthur Foundation grant in July 1999, presented to him for "originality, creativity, self-direction, and capacity to contribute importantly to society, particularly in printmaking and calligraphy." In 2003 he exhibited at the then new Chinese Arts centre in Manchester, and in 2004 he won the inaugural "Artes Mundi" prize in Wales for Where does the dust collect itself?, an installation using dust he collected in New York City on the day after the destruction of the World Trade Center. He won also a half year of free work and study at the American Academy in Berlin 2004. <mask> was appointed the new vice president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, March 2008.Art

Early works
While at the Central Academy of Fine Arts <mask> mastered the Socialist Realism style of art so predominant during the Maoist era. After graduating with his degree in printmaking, the artist veered away and created simple but dramatic woodcuts, such as Shattered Jade (1977) and Bustling Village on the Water (1980–81, 繁忙的水乡). In 1987, <mask> returned to his training in printmaking to create large and elaborate installation pieces like Book from the Sky (1987) and Ghosts Pounding the Wall (1990). Installation pieces

A Book from the Sky
<mask>'s Tianshu ("Book From the Sky") is a large installation featuring precisely laid out rows of books and hanging scrolls with written "Chinese" texts. Even so, this work challenges our very approach to language because of the unique nature of the text written on the paper. First presented in Beijing in 1988, the learned élite felt slighted by the artists' bold move to design and print over 4,000 characters that looked Chinese but were completely meaningless according to standard Mandarin. <mask> infuses his work with meaning by stirring confusion and discomfort in his audience, mostly due to the fact that the Chinese characters used in these texts are not "real" characters.This piece was well received in China until 1989, whereupon the social and political drama of the Tiananmen Square protests led the government to look askance at <mask>'s Tianshu. Leaving China in 1991 for the political and artistic freedom of the United States, <mask> continued to explore and express his thoughts on deconstructing language to challenge our most "natural" cultural assumptions. His thought-provoking work enticed Western audiences, and he soon became one of the leading artists in the modern Chinese art scene. Ghosts Pounding the Wall
Using his background in print-making, in May and June 1990 <mask> and a team of art students and help from local residents began a monumental project: creating a rubbing from a section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling. In order to create the rubbings, <mask> used entirely traditional Chinese methods and materials for stone rubbing, including  rice paper and ink. Measuring 32m x 15m, the resulting installation piece consists of 29 rubbings of different sections of the Great Wall. As in the case of many of his works, <mask> directly related his colossal piece, Ghosts Pounding the Wall, to the political situation in China.While surveying his work while installed at Elvehjem Museum of Art, <mask> said that his Great Wall represents "a kind of thinking that makes no sense and is very conservative, a really closed-in thinking that symbolizes the isolationism of Chinese politics." The prints of the Great Wall rise up on either side of the exhibit, making the viewer seem small and insignificant in comparison to the massive, looming representations of solid stone walls. Square Word Calligraphy

From 1994 he began writing Chinese characters which were nonsensical to Chinese people but understandable to English speakers because they were one-block words made of English letters bent to the shape of hanzi. He called this New English Calligraphy, and gave lessons in how to write the characters. Background Story
In his series Background Story, <mask> uses unusual materials in order to create a deceptively typical Chinese Scroll Painting. From the front, the piece very much resembles a traditional Shan Shui (Landscape) scroll painting, with images of mountains, trees, and rivers. However, when seen from behind, the viewer is surprised to find that the beautiful "painting" is in fact created by using the shapes and shadows of random natural plant debris.Once again, <mask> challenges his audience's basic assumptions and shows them that everything is not always as it first seems. Phoenix project
In 2008, after returning to China to take the position at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, <mask> was asked to create a sculpture for the atrium of the World Financial Center, which was then being developed in Beijing. He was shocked by primitive working conditions he saw at the construction site, later saying that they "made my skin quiver." He was inspired to construct two large sculptures in the form of birds that are made largely out of construction debris and tools that he salvaged from the site. The larger sculpture, 100 feet (30 meters) long, is identified as a male and named Feng in accordance with the Chinese phoenix tradition. The smaller one is 90 feet (27 meters) long and is a female named Huang. Originally planned to take four months, the sculptures ultimately took two years to build; by that time the developers of the complex had decided the sculptures did not meet their needs.They were displayed at the Today Art Museum in Beijing and at the Shanghai World Expo before coming to the United States in 2012. After a year at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, they were then moved to the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, where they were unveiled to the public on 1 March 2014. They were suspended from the ceiling of the nave, where they are now expected to spend about a year. The Phoenix sculpture is the subject of the documentary <mask> Bing: Phoenix by Daniel Traub. Later mediums
<mask>'s art medium has evolved over the years, morphing from one style to the next: print-making and wood-block carving, installation art, live installation art, metalwork and sculpture, landscaping, and even virtual and digital mediums. Taking installation art a step further, <mask> focused on live installation art by using animals in his exhibits, such as in the case of the Silkworm Series and a Case Study of Transference (using silkworms and pigs, respectively) in 1994, or by showcasing sheep in The Net (1997). Later he explored the combination of modern and traditional mediums, as in the case of Background Story (2004–present) where his work imitates a traditional Chinese brush and ink scroll from the front, but is in fact designed by means of the projected shadows of plants and sticks.Even more recently, <mask> has delved into sculpture and metalworking, as seen in Monkeys Grasping the Moon (2001) and the Phoenix Project (2010). Influences and themes
<mask>'s art mostly reflects cultural issues which raged during his early life in China. Most notably, the cultural and linguistic reforms enacted by the Communist Party in China under Mao Zedong's leadership weigh heavily on modern Chinese artists who lived through this period. Similarly, the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) also rankles the modern Chinese artistic consciousness even though different artists have focused on different angles. <mask> in particular plays with the notion of the paradox between the power and fickleness of language, of what it means to be human, and of how our perceptions color our worldview. <mask> plays incessantly with the role, purpose, and reality of language. Early in his life his father would make him write a page of characters a day, encouraging him to not only copy their form to perfection, but also to capture their spirit, their essence.During Mao's cultural reformations and the reorganization of the standard Chinese language, <mask> experienced the constant reformation of words. This constant linguistic change influenced his art: <mask> emphasizes the immortality of the essence of language while vividly illustrating the impermanence and capriciousness of words themselves. In this way language becomes malleable and it can be fashioned to either liberate or control. Just as it is nigh impossible to detangle life from politics during the Cultural Revolution era (and its ramifications in decades to follow), <mask> also intertwines political messages into his art. It was not until 2008 that <mask> set aside his post-Maoist reactionary art and invested in other topics. For example, he took on environmental projects such as Forest Project, which encouraged the "uninterrupted flow of funds from developed countries to Kenya, earmarked for the planting of new trees." Even so, his focus is always on the effect that environmental issues have on people, such as the villages in Kenya, not necessarily the effects on the landscape or on the political situation.At the turn of the millennium, a new defining social pattern emerged after the terrorist attacks in the United States on 9/11, 2001. Tension grew between the West and the Middle East, finally exploding into what was labeled as "the War on Terror." This situation gave rise to social themes of anxiety and hopelessness, which eventually have seeped into the realm of the arts. Even so, some artists like <mask> chose to explore the serenity found in the midst of chaos, as illustrated in his work Where does the Dust Itself Collect? (2004, 2011). For this piece, the artist gathered dust from the aftermath of the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York after September 11, 2001, and uses it to recreate the gray film that covered Manhattan in the weeks following the attacks. Stenciled in the dust, a Buddhist poem reads, "As there is nothing from the first, where does the dust itself collect?"Using this tragedy as an expression of the human narrative, <mask> contemplates the relationship between the material and the spiritual, and he explores "the complicated circumstances created by different world perspectives." Awards and honors

 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Columbia University, New York (2010)
 Southern Graphics Council Lifetime Achievement Award (2006)
 International Association of Art Critics Award for "Best Installation or Single Work of Art in a Museum, New England" (2006)
 The Youth Friends Award, New York (2005)
 Artes Mundi Prize (2004)
 American Academy in Berlin Coca-Cola Fellowship (2004)
 Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize (2003)
 MacArthur Award (1999)
 Pollack Krasner Foundation Prize (1998)

Partial list of works
 Lanman Shanhua (Brilliant Mountain Flowers) Magazine (1975–1976)
 A Book from the Sky (1987–1991)
 Ghosts Pounding the Wall (1990–1991)
 A.B.C.... (1991–1994)
 Post Testament (1992–1993)
 Brailliterate (1993)
 A Case Study in Transference (1994)
 Introduction to Square-Word Calligraphy (1994–1996)
 Oxford Dictionary: Bird Definition (1994–1996)
 Silkworm Book (1995)
 Lost Letters (1997)
 Landscript Postcards (1999–2000)
 Red Book (Tobacco Project) (2000)
 Book from the Ground (2003-2012)
 Ten Thousand Trees (2004)
 Monkeys Grasping for the Moon (2008-ongoing)
 Book from the Ground: from point to point (2013)

Bibliography

 Book from the Sky to Book from the Ground (2020). Acc Art Books. . The Character of Characters: An Animation By <mask> (2012). Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. .
 <mask>: Phoenix (2016). Thircuir. . In popular culture
On film
 2013 - The Enduring Passion for Ink by Britta Erickson

References

External links

 Interview with Ellen Pearlman in Brooklyn Rail from September 2007
Cornell University Andrew Dickson White Professors-at-Large Biography
 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane and Li Shuo 28 April 2015 (video)

1955 births
Living people
Chinese contemporary artists
MacArthur Fellows
People's Republic of China calligraphers
Artists from Chongqing
Central Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Central Academy of Fine Arts faculty
Cornell University faculty

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title: Justin Wren

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born April 27, 1987) is an American humanitarian worker and a professional mixed martial artist, currently competing in the heavyweight division of Bellator MMA. A professional competitor since 2006, <mask> has also formerly competed for the UFC, and was a cast member of SpikeTV's The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights. Amateur wrestling career
<mask> enjoyed a highly successful and decorated wrestling career before venturing into MMA. He was a standout at Texas wrestling powerhouse Bishop Lynch High School, where he was coached by Olympic Gold Medalists Kenny Monday and Kendall Cross. During that time, he was a two time Prep State Champion (2004, 2005) and a two time Prep all-American, winning the Prep National Championship his senior year in Lehigh, Pennsylvania. While he was indeed a standout collegiate-style wrestler, <mask>'s greatest success came in the Greco Roman style. He was a two time All-American in that discipline, winning the national championship in Fargo, ND the summer after his senior year in high school ('05).This championship gained him national attention and earned him a scholarship to the U.S. Olympic Education Center at Northern Michigan University to train for the Olympics to compete in Greco Roman wrestling. Mixed martial arts
Wanting to try his hand at Division I college wrestling, <mask> attended Iowa State University to compete for then coach Cael Sanderson, however, he sustained an injury training before he could join the team. To stay active, <mask> entered local fights around Iowa and began his MMA career. <mask> won his first three fights by knockout before taking his first loss. His opponent was Matt Thompson. <mask> then won five more fights and was ten and one before appearing on TUF. Heading into the tenth installment of The Ultimate Fighter, <mask> had trained all over the world but found his permanent home in Denver, CO with TUF 10 coach Trevor Wittman.The Ultimate Fighter
<mask> was on the tenth season of The Ultimate Fighter fighting for Team Rashad. He was picked third for his team and fifth overall. On episode five, <mask> fought UFC veteran Wes Sims, defeating him via first round technical submission from an arm triangle. <mask> then moved on to the quarter-finals and fought Roy Nelson in a controversial two round majority decision loss that many spectators at ring side, including Dana White, felt should have gone to a third round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> would go on make his UFC debut at The Ultimate Finale 10, against Ultimate Fighter 10 castmate, Jon Madsen, to whom he lost via split decision. <mask> was later released from the UFC. Post-UFC
On Jan. 23, 2010 <mask> announced he had signed a deal with an unnamed promotion.Then on Jan. 26, the promotion was named as Ring of Fire MMA, based in Colorado. He fought and defeated Josh Henry in his debut for Ring of Fire by TKO in the first round. After injuring his back from a slam in his victory over Josh Robertson, <mask> underwent a corrective procedure to repair six or seven discs in his back. Bellator MMA
In July 2015, <mask> signed a five-fight contract with Bellator MMA. After five years away from the sport, <mask> made his promotional debut against Josh Burns at Bellator 141 on August 28, 2015. He won the fight by unanimous decision. He won his second Bellator bout against Juan Torres on February 19, 2016, also by unanimous decision.<mask> faced Roman Pizzolato at Bellator 174 on March 3, 2017. He won via submission due to an arm-triangle choke in the first round. He published an account of his life (co-authored by Loretta Hunt) and work with Mbuti pygmy tribes, also entitled 'Fight for the Forgotten', in September 2015. <mask> has used a portion of his earnings from MMA to buy land and build fresh water wells for the Mbuti pygmy people in the Democratic Republic of Congo. His solution uses local workforce and can be walked into areas otherwise inaccessible to well drilling machinery; initially they find well locations using a vertical electrical sounding machine. Personal life
<mask> is a Christian. See also
 List of current Bellator fighters

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dallas
American male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Greco-Roman wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Mixed martial artists from Texas
American male sport wrestlers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Christians from Texas

masks:
Justin Christopher Wren
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title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
<mask> (29 September 1943 – 18 August 1989) was a Colombian liberal politician and journalist who ran for the Presidency of Colombia on two occasions, the first time for the political movement New Liberalism that he founded in 1979. The movement was an offspring of the mainstream Colombian Liberal Party, and with mediation of former Liberal president Julio César Turbay Ayala, <mask> returned to the Liberal party in 1989 and sought the nomination for the 1990 presidential election. <mask> declared himself an enemy of the drug cartels and the influence of the mafia in Colombian politics, in this case the main drug cartel being the Medellin Cartel led by Pablo Escobar and who unsuccessfully tried to become a member of the New Liberalism Movement in his bid to become a member of the Colombian House of Representatives. <mask> denounced Pablo Escobar in a public rally, and supported the extradition treaty with the U.S, contrary to the wishes of the Colombian cartels that feared extradition to the U.S.  After receiving several death threats, on 18 August 1989, <mask> was shot to death by hitmen hired by the drug cartels during a campaign rally in the town of Soacha, Cundinamarca. At the time, <mask> was comfortably leading the polls with 60 percent favourable ratings for the forthcoming 1990 presidential election. The investigation into his assassination remains unsolved. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 29 September 1943 in the city of Bucaramanga, Santander, northeastern Colombia.He had a happy childhood, with strong family bonds, affectionate and sometimes austere, as he had 12 siblings. His father moved with the whole family to Bogotá in 1949. In Bogotá, <mask> attended middle school in the Colegio Americano in 1950. While a student there and only 8 years old, he joined a rally against Conservative president Laureano Gómez and intended to support the Liberal guerrillas. Two years later he was transferred to another school, the Colegio Antonio Nariño. When he was only a 14-year-old, <mask> participated in the students protests of 1957 against the dictatorial regime of Gustavo Rojas getting arrested and spending the night in a jail despite his age. In 1960 <mask> graduated from high school with honors and began studies of law and economics in the Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, it was then that his liberal radicalism cooled off.While a student in 1963, <mask> founded Vértice, a university focused magazine to express his Liberal tendencies in a university that was predominantly Conservative and also became his first experience with journalism. He was able to meet prominent Colombian leaders like former Liberal president <mask> (who, delighted with <mask>'s work, decided to write articles for Vértice Magazine) and Colombia's main circulation newspaper El Tiempo owner and also former Liberal president of Colombia Eduardo Santos during an interview in which Santos was impressed by <mask>'s journalist qualities. <mask> began working for the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo in 1965 after graduating from university the same year. Journalism
In El Tiempo Galán turned himself into a well known journalist and columnist, effort that earned him the director's assistant position and later the membership of the Executive Directorate in the newspaper with the support of Eduardo Santos and then director Roberto García Peña. He was also active with the Nueva Frontera weekly magazine founded by former president <mask>, which he directed in 1976 after arriving from Italy. As a journalist <mask> wrote no less than 150 editorial articles, followed by other 150 during his time in El Tiempo newspaper. In 1977 <mask> wrote in one of Nueva Frontera's editorial an article denouncing the existence of narcotics trafficking mafias and that they were influencing the social structure of Colombia.He also denounced the clientelist politics, moral values corruption and collective values loss, this seen as a premonition for Colombia's future. It was during an interview with the then recently elected president Misael Pastrana that he was surprised by the president in the middle of the interview who told <mask> that he was going to be his Minister of Education. In 1986 as an anecdote, <mask> wrote his autobiography under the pseudonym "Cleo Tilde", but it was only until 1994 that the identity was revealed. He described detailed facts, events and encounters with prominent figures as well as an approach to his personal point of view and thoughts. Political career
In 1970 <mask> was appointed Minister of National Education during the presidency of Misael Pastrana. His time as minister was marked by his progressive and social policies, but was not considered successful. In 1972 <mask> was appointed Ambassador of Colombia to Italy and later in 1974 while still ambassador, was appointed Colombian representative to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Under the influence of former president Lleras and after directing the Nueva Frontera Magazine for seven years, in 1976 <mask> ran for councilman in the small town of Oiba in the northeastern department of Santander. In 1977 and 1978 <mask> became very active and supportive of <mask> reelection as president of Colombia while he ran for the Senate. The reelection never occurred, however, he got elected as Senator of Colombia representing the Santander Department. On 30 November 1979 <mask> founded a party with the name Nuevo Liberalismo and within the Liberal Party. During the 1980s Colombia went under critical siege by violent drug cartels, specially the Medellín Cartel that had gained a great amount of influence by bribing or killing officials. <mask> saw this as disastrous for Colombia and its society. In 1980 <mask> was elected as councilman for the capital, Bogotá to be named the following year, in 1981 as possible candidate for the presidency of Colombia amid divisions in the Liberal Party that intended to challenge the majorities of the party led by Alfonso López Michelsen and then president Julio César Turbay, but voters leaned for the conservative candidate Belisario Betancur.For <mask> it had been a positive outcome despite losing, his party Nuevo Liberalismo had gained a 10% of the total votes winning 21 of the 23 Department Assemblies and getting reelected as Senator but he had been criticised by the Liberal Party for creating divisions among them and indeed losing the Presidency. In 1982 Medellin cartel boss Pablo Escobar tried to infiltrate <mask>'s Nuevo Liberalismo Party. <mask> publicly rejected him in front of thousands of his fellow men from Antioquia and Colombia. <mask> continued with his ascendant career, absenting himself from the 1986 presidential race to prevent Liberal Party divisions and running his party as an offspring he was reelected once again as a Senator. This allowed the Liberal Party to regain the Presidency with the election of Virgilio Barco but at a terrible cost for his party that lost 50% of the votes gained in the previous election. It was only until the mediation of former president Julio César Turbay that <mask> returned to the party in 1987 and intended to win the party nomination for official candidate. <mask> was growing impatient with the violence and the corruption the drug cartels led by Pablo Escobar and Gonzalo Rodríguez were imposing in Colombia, which encouraged him to try to support the weakening government by shifting the balance of power away from his dangerous enemies.The Nuevo Liberalism joined the government and was given the Ministry of Agriculture headed by Gabriel Rosas Vega and the Liberal Party gained a solid union that consolidated further when <mask> won the Liberal Party's popular nomination to be the presidential frontrunner. <mask> was becoming popular for his open criticism and denunciation of drug cartel violence, he had promised to extradite drug dealers to the United States. He announced he would run for office on 4 July 1989 in the Tequendama Hotel in Bogotá. His popularity rating skyrocketed to 60%. Meanwhile, Escobar found some support in Tolima's political chief Alberto Santofimio affiliated also with a faction of the Liberal Party led by Alfonso López Michelsen and with a movement called Movimiento de Renovación Liberal (Liberal Renovation Movement) getting himself elected to the Chamber of Representatives as second runner up for Santofimios' congress candidate Jairo Rojas. Assassination
According to accounts the first assassination threats were calls made to <mask>'s home telephone number after the Liberal Party convention to nominate an official candidate. Flyers were left in the mailbox threatening to kill or kidnap his children.An attempt to kill <mask> with an RPG was thwarted while visiting Medellín on 4 August 1989. The assassination attempt was prevented by men working for Waldemar Franklin Quintero, the commander of the Colombian National Police in Antioquia. Accompanying Quintero and <mask> was the mayor of Medellín, Pedro Pablo Paláez; both Paláez and Quintero would be killed within a few weeks of the assassination attempt. After these assassinations, <mask> and his family restricted their travels, especially at night. Later on, <mask>'s staff received information from the Colombian intelligence services advising him of the presence in Bogotá of a group of hitmen with the intention to kill him. His staff advised him not to travel to the town of Soacha and that the trip to Valledupar was more suitable since he was also scheduled to attend a football match in nearby Barranquilla for a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match in which the Colombian team was going to play. At the last moment, <mask> changed his mind and ordered his staff to prepare to go to Soacha.On August 18, 1989, <mask>, who was being protected by eighteen armed bodyguards, was killed as he walked onto the stage to give a speech in front of 10,000 people in Soacha. At least ten others were wounded in the gunfire. This created a war that both sides did not want, one side being the Colombian Government and the other The Extraditables. Both sides saw deaths at a record toll. The Colombian drug cartels were worried about the possible approval in congress of an extradition treaty with the United States, and political enemies feared <mask>'s increasing power would isolate many of them from the voters. According to John Jairo Velásquez a.k.a. "Popeye" and <mask> Aguilar a.k.a."El Mugre", former hitmen of Pablo Escobar, the assassination was planned in a farm by Escobar, Gonzalo Rodríguez a.k.a. "El Mexicano", Liberal political leader Alberto Santofimio and others. Velásquez affirmed that Santofimio had certain influence over Escobar's decision making, and he had heard Santofimio say "kill him Pablo, kill him!". Santofimio told Escobar that if Galan became President, he would extradite Escobar to the United States. Other potential perpetrators were mentioned by a demobilized member of the AUC paramilitary group, "Ernesto Baez", who testified that the murder of <mask> was organized by the Colombian mafia with the participation of corrupt members of the military and the DAS. After death
César Gaviria, who had been Galán's debate chief ("Jefe de Debate") during the campaign, was proclaimed as his successor by <mask>'s family and his supporters inside the Liberal party. He was elected president in 1990.In 2004, new information in a letter written by one of the hitmen who had infiltrated his escort suggested that <mask>'s assassination was executed with help of corrupt Colombian policemen and some of his own bodyguards, who had been bought off by the drug cartels, including Pablo Escobar and other drug lords. Most of the arrested presumed hitmen were killed in jail or shortly after their release, allegedly to silence them. On 13 May 2005, a former Justice minister (1974) and congressman of the Colombian Liberal Party, Alberto Santofimio, known for his open connections to Pablo Escobar during the 1980s (Escobar joined Santofimio's political movement), was arrested and accused of being the intellectual author of <mask>'s murder. According to the newly extended confession of Escobar's former top hitman, John Jairo Velasquez (also known as "Popeye"), Santofimio would have openly suggested <mask>'s murder during a secret meeting, in order to eliminate a political rival and, should <mask> ever be elected president, also prevent Escobar's likely extradition. Santofimio had been previously questioned and mentioned during the investigation and his involvement was widely rumored, but apparently no direct testimonies of his role had been acquired until recently. Velásquez, currently serving a jail sentence, told the Colombian press that he had initially denied Santofimio's participation due to his existing political power at the time. Other new and unspecified evidences would also have contributed to building the case against Santofimio.On 11 October 2007, Alberto Santofimio was convicted to 24 years in prison. He was later released on appeal, but in August 2011 the Supreme Court reinstated the conviction and he surrendered himself. On 25 November 2010 Colombian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for the ex-director of the Colombian security agency (DAS), Retired Gen. Miguel Maza Márquez, for involvement in <mask>'s murder. The prosecutors claimed that Maza intentionally lightened <mask>'s bodyguard contingent to enable 18 August 1989 assassination. The Supreme Court convicted Maza in 2016 and sentenced him to 30 years in prison. Family
Son of <mask> Gómez and Cecilia Sarmiento Suárez, <mask> was one of their 12 children, the others being: María Lucía, Gabriel, Cecilia, Helena, Elsa, Gloria, Antonio, Juan Daniel, Mario Augusto, Francisco Alberto and María Victoria <mask> Sarmiento. He was cousin of former Attorney General of Colombia Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento.In 1971 he married journalist Gloria Pachón Castro and had three children Juan Manuel, Claudio Mario and <mask>. Quotes
<mask> was largely influenced by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's ideas and Nikos Kazantzakis's books. His father Mario described him as a person fascinated with spirituality, a man with integrity, an individual struggle for knowing one's self between good and evil and that the effort to achieve it consisted in the main objective in life, not only individually, but collectively. «La sensibilidad social del autor, el hombre integral que buscaba y la lucha interna que Kazantzakis padeció y soportó a través de su vida entre el ángel y la bestia, entre la naturaleza interior y superior del hombre, entre el mundo pasional y el espíritu, lo fascinaban dice su padre- la búsqueda de esa trascendencia espiritual y el esfuerzo para realizarlo constituía para <mask> el objetivo de la vida, no solamente en lo individual sino también en lo colectivo». - <mask> <mask> – Revista Vértice, May 1964. -Galán's campaign slogan

Popular culture
 Galán is portrayed by actor Nicolás Montero in the Colombian TV series Escobar, el Patrón del Mal. Montero also portrays <mask> in TV Series Football Dreams, a world of passion.In TV series Tres Caínes, <mask> is portrayed in a minor role by the colombian actor Walter Luengas. <mask> is portrayed by actor Juan Pablo Espinosa on the 2015 Netflix drama/action series Narcos. The show is a serialized take on drug kingpin Pablo Escobar (played by Brazilian actor Wagner Moura) and the Medellín Cartel. Galan appears as a prominent figure in Ingrid Rojas Contreras's debut novel Fruit of the Drunken Tree. The protagonist, observant Chula Santiago, is seven years old when her mother Alma takes her and her sister to the fateful Galan rally. Alma was a frevent supporter of Galan, and the assasination is the first interaction Chula has with death, and it touches her deeply. See also
Jorge Eliecer Gaitán, a similar Colombian Liberal Party candidate assassinated in 1948.List of unsolved murders

References and notes

External links
 Spanish Language News Report on the hitman letter

 Another video of the assassination (Requires QuickTime)

1943 births
1989 deaths
20th-century journalists
Ambassadors of Colombia to Italy
Assassinated Colombian politicians
Burials at Central Cemetery of Bogotá
Colombian journalists
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
Colombian Ministers of National Education
Deaths by firearm in Colombia
Filmed assassinations
Male journalists
Male murder victims
Members of the Senate of Colombia
Murder in 1989
New Liberalism (Colombia) politicians
People from Bucaramanga
People murdered by Colombian organized crime
People murdered in Colombia
Unsolved murders

masks:
Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Lleras
Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Lleras
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Lleras
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Luis Carlos
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Mario Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Fernando
Galán
Luis Carlos
Luis Carlos
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán


title: Kirill Kabanov

texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1992) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward, who is currently playing for the Aalborg Pirates in the Metal Ligaen (DEN). He played ten games with HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) before moving to North America. <mask> also played for the Russian junior team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships where he won a silver medal. <mask> was selected 65th overall by the New York Islanders in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career
In 2007, 15-year-old <mask> was signed to a five-year contract with HC Spartak Moscow, a deal negotiated by his father and included an escape clause that would allow him to leave the contract to play in the National Hockey League (NHL). When the Russian Super League was disbanded in favour of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in 2008, he signed a new four-year contract to replace the original deal that also had an NHL escape clause. He joined Spartak in 2008–09 as the youngest player in the KHL and appeared in ten regular season and playoff games.During the season, the KHL unilaterally revoked his NHL escape clause. His playing rights were sold to Salavat Yulaev Ufa, which required a new contract be signed under KHL rules. Ufa refused to grant him another escape clause, and <mask> refused to sign a new contract. In the meantime, he was selected by the Moncton Wildcats of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the seventh overall selection in the Canadian Hockey League Import Draft. Faced with an ultimatum by Ufa to sign a contract or risk being disqualified from playing hockey in Russia for three years, <mask> instead flew to Moncton and petitioned the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) to allow him to play in Canada. He expressed a strong desire to play junior hockey, stating that it didn't matter how much money he was offered in the KHL. He missed the first ten games of the 2009–10 QMJHL season while the Moncton and Ufa battled over his rights before the IIHF ruled in favour of the Wildcats, allowing <mask> to join his new team.At one point considered a potential first overall selection for the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, Eventually <mask> would be selected 65th overall by the New York Islanders in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Internationally, <mask> played with the Russian junior team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships. He finished eighth in tournament scoring with eleven points, and helped the Russians win a silver medal. He was unable to participate in the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships due to a wrist injury. The injury required surgery, leaving <mask> out of the Moncton lineup until February 2010. Late in the season, <mask> would become a regular healthy scratch and fall out of favor with the Wildcats. Being a scratch for the entire first round of the playoffs, Moncton released <mask> of his obligations, allowing him to play in the 2010 U18 tournament.There, he would become the center of controversy after being rejected by the Russian squad for disciplinary reasons. "I removed him from the team because [although] we thought [he] would help us, but he brought only confusion to the team," Vasiliev told Sovietsky Sport. "Kabanov came and thought 'Here I am, a star from Canada, who will save all.' But it's the team that wins rather than an individual player." On June 6, 2010 agent JP Barry parted ways with Kabanov, stating "it just wasn't a fit." Ilya Moliver, one of the previous Kabanov's agents, says that the main problem with Kabanov is his father, who is "hard to find common language with." On October 28, 2010 <mask> was traded from the Wildcats to the Lewiston Maineiacs.On July 1, 2011 <mask> signed a three-year entry level contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL) and participated in the team's training camp. However, he was soon assigned to Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) affiliate Blainville-Boisbriand Armada before the start of the season. Having played no games with the Islanders nor Armada, <mask> was loaned to the Swedish Elitserien (SEL) team Färjestads BK early in the season, on October 13, 2011. However, a day later he was traded to the Shawinigan Cataractes, and on October 15 it was confirmed that he would stay in North America for the 2011–12 season. After a successful 2011–12 campaign in which he scored 21 goals and notched 34 assists (both personal records), <mask> made the jump up to the professional American Hockey League (AHL) for the 2012–13 season. with Islanders affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. In his second year of his entry level deal, unable to solidify a position within the Sound Tigers, he was reassigned to ECHL affiliate, the Stockton Thunder.He was then loaned to Modo Hockey in the Swedish Hockey League for the remainder of the season. On July 15, 2014, <mask> was placed on conditional waivers in order to mutually terminate the final year of his contract with the Islanders. On July 30, 2014, <mask> opted to continue his career in the SHL, declining Modo interest to sign with League champions Skellefteå AIK on a one-year contract. After two season in the Swedish League, <mask> returned to North America as a free agent, accepting a try-out offer to attend the New York Rangers training camp on September 17, 2015. He was released from his try-out on September 24, 2015. <mask> returned to the KHL for limited action hampered by injury through two years before spending the 2017–18 season in Denmark with the Aalborg Pirates of the Metal Ligaen. As a free agent, <mask> continued his career in Europe by signing as a free agent to a one-year contract with German club, Krefeld Pinguine of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, on June 15, 2018.In the 2018–19 season, <mask> as a regular top nine forward, contributed with 3 goals and 19 points in 49 games. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s profile at RussianProspect.com

1992 births
AaB Ishockey players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Lewiston Maineiacs players
Living people
HC Spartak Moscow players
Memorial Cup winners
Modo Hockey players
Moncton Wildcats players
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
New York Islanders draft picks
Russian ice hockey left wingers
Salavat Yulaev Ufa players
Shawinigan Cataractes players
Skellefteå AIK players
Stockton Thunder players

masks:
Kirill Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
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Kabanov
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Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kirill
Kabanov


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
<mask> (, ) (fl. 16th century) was a Malayalam devotional poet, translator and linguist from Kerala, south India. He has been called the "Father of Modern Malayalam", or, alternatively, the "Father of Malayalam Literature", or the "Primal Poet in Malayalam". He was one of the pioneers of a major shift in Kerala literary production (the domesticated religious textuality associated with the Bhakti movement). The number and circulation of his texts far outdo that of any other poet of premodern Kerala. <mask> was born in the Thunchaththu home at present-day Tirur, northern Kerala, in a traditional Hindu family. Little is known with certainty about his life.His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great. Later he or his followers shifted to a village near Palakkad, further east into the Kerala, and established a hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a Brahmin residence there. This institution probably housed both Brahmin and Sudra literary students. The school eventually pioneered the "Ezhuthachan movement", associated with the concept of popular Bhakti, in Kerala. Ezhuthachan's ideas have been variously linked by scholars either with philosopher Ramananda, who founded the Ramanandi sect, or Ramanuja, the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism. For centuries before Ezhuthachan, Kerala people had been producing literary texts in Malayalam and in the Grantha script. However, he is celebrated as the "Primal Poet" or the "Father of Malayalam Proper" for his Malayalam recomposition of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana.This work rapidly circulated around Kerala middle-caste homes as a popular devotional text. It can be said that Ezhuthachan brought the then unknown Sanskrit-Puranic literature to the level of common understanding (domesticated religious textuality). His other major contribution has been in mainstreaming the current Malayalam alphabet. Sources
The first Western scholar to take an interest in Ezhuthachan was Arthur C. Burnell (1871). The following two texts are the standard sources on Ezhuthachan. "Eluttaccan and His Age" (1940) by C. Achyuta Menon (Madras: University of Madras). "Adhyatma Ramayanam" (1969) edited by A. D. Harisharma (Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative).Historical Ezhuthachan
There is no completely firm historical evidence for <mask> the author. Main historical sources of <mask> and his life are

 Quasi-historical verses referring to <mask> (from Chittur Madhom). An institutional line of masters or gurus, beginning with one Thunchaththu Sri Guru, is mentioned in one oral verse from Chittur Madhom. This lineage can be historically verified. An inscription giving the details of the founding of the residence (agraharam), hermitage (mathom), and temples in Chittur. This was under the direction of Suryanarayanan <mask> (with support of the local chieftain). This locale can be historically verified.Period

Ezhuthachan is generally believed to have lived around the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Arthur C. Burnell (1871) dates Ezhuthachan to seventeenth century. He discovered the date from a title deed (found in a manuscript collection preserved in Chittur). The deed relates to the date of the founding of the Gurumadhom of Chittur. William Logan (1887) dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century (he supports the dates given by Burnell). Hermann Gundert dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century. Kovunni Nedungadi dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth century.Govinda Pillai dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth or sixteenth century. He cites the Kali chronogram 'ayurarogyaa saukhyam' that appears at end of the Narayaneeyam of Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (a possible senior contemporary of <mask>). A. R. Kattayattu Govindra Menon cites the Kali chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi. Chittur Gurumadhom authorities also cites the chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi. The word 'surya' is sometimes suffixed to the chronogram. R. Narayana Panikkar supports Govinda Pillai's date (the fifteenth or sixteenth century). The date is based on <mask>'s contemporaneity with Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (whom he dates to c. 1531 – c. 1637 AD).He also mentions certain Nilakantan "Nambudiri ", a possible senior contemporary of <mask> (fl. c. 1565 and c. 1601 AD). P. K. Narayana Pillai cites a Kali chronogram 'nakasyanyunasaukhyam' or 1555 AD (from a verse relating to the founding of the matham of Chittur) on the date of <mask>. He dates Nilakanthan, the possible master of <mask>, to c. 1502 AD. Poet-turned-historian Ulloor S. Parameshwara Iyer has argued that <mask> was born in 1495 AD and lived up to 1575 AD
 A time frame similar to Ulloor was proposed by scholar C. Radhakrishnan. Scholar Sheldon Pollock dates Ezuthachan to the sixteenth century. Rich Freeman dates Ezhuthachan to late sixteenth-early seventeenth century.Life and career

Biography
Little is known with certainty about <mask>'s life. <mask> was born at Trikkandiyoor, near the modern-day town of Tirur, in northern Kerala. It is known that his lineage home was "Thunchaththu". His parents' names are not known, and there are disputes about his given name as well. The name <mask>, meaning Father of Letters, was a generic title for any village schoolteacher in premodern Kerala. As a boy he seems to have exhibited uncommon intelligence. He was probably educated by his elder brother (early in his life).After his early education he is believed to have travelled in the other parts of India (outside Kerala) and learned Sanskrit and some other Dravidian languages. It is believed that <mask> on his way back from Tamil Nadu had a stopover at Chittur (in Palakkad) and in due course settled down at Thekke Gramam near Anikkode with his disciples. A hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a Brahmin residence (agraharam), at a site now known as the Chittur Gurumadhom, were established by him (on a piece of land bought from the landlord of Chittur). The institution was flanked by temples of gods Rama and Siva. It probably housed both Brahmin and Sudra students. The street still has an array of agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families migrated along with Ezhuthachan live). <mask> was eventually associated with an institutional line of masters (gurus).The locale and lineage of these masters can be historically verified. He and his disciples seem to have ignited a whole new literary movement in Kerala. Its style and content nearly overshadowed the earlier Sanskrit poetry. He is believed to have attained samadhi at the Gurumadhom at Chittur. A verse chanted by the ascetics of the mathom during their daily prayers makes a reference to the following line of masters. Thunchaththu Sri Guru
 Sri Karunakaran
 Sri Suryanarayanan
 Sri Deva Guru
 Sri Gopala Guru

Myths and legends
 Legends consider Ezhuthachan as a "gandharva" (divine being) who in his previous birth was a witness to the Great War in the Mahabharata. As a young boy Ezhuthachan corrected the Brahmins at Trikkandiyoor Temple.The Brahmins grew uneasy and gave the boy some plantains to eat, and as a resulting inebriety the boy lost his speech. To counteract this <mask>'s father gave him palm beverage and the boy had his speech restored. <mask> remained addicted to intoxicants. Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning and Arts, is believed to have helped him to complete the Devi Mahatmya. <mask> is credited with endowing a monkey with the gift of speech. It is believed that the Raja of Ambalappuzha requested him to decipher a Telugu manuscript on Adhyatma Ramayanam. It is also said that <mask> had a young daughter, who copied his works for the first time.<mask> or his follower Suryanarayanan predicted the downfall of zamorin's family (the then rulers of Calicut). And the zamorin sought his help to perform a Sakteya Puja. It is said that Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri sought the advice of <mask> on how to start his Narayaneeyam. Contributions

<mask>—although he lived around sixteenth century AD—has been called the "father of modern Malayalam", or, alternatively, the "father of Malayalam literature". His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great. No original compositions are attributed to <mask>. His main works generally are based on Sanskrit compositions.Linguists are unanimous in assigning Adhyatma Ramayanam and Sri Mahabharatam to <mask>. The Ramayanam—the most popular work—depicts the hero, Rama, an ideal figure both as man and god. Sri Mahabharatam omits all episodes not strictly relevant to the story of the Pandavas and is generally considered as a work of greater literary merit than the Ramayanam. However, there is no unanimity among the scholars about the authorship of certain other works generally ascribed to him. These include the Brahmanda Puranam, Uttara Ramayanam, Devi Mahatmyam, and Harinama Kirtanam. <mask>'s other major contribution has been in mainstreaming (the

masks:
Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan
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title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 current) Malayalam alphabet (derived chiefly from the Sanskrit Grantha, or the Arya Script) as the replacement for the old Vattezhuthu (the then-30-letter script of Malayalam). The Arya script permitted the free use of Sanskrit in Malayalam writing.Ezhuthachan movement

Ezhuthachan introduced a movement of domesticated religious textuality in Kerala. He was a significant voice of the Bhakti movement in south India. The Bhakti movement was a collective opposition to Brahmanical excesses and the moral and political decadence of the then-Kerala society. The shift of literary production in Kerala to a largely Sanskritic, puranic religiosity is attributed this movement. <mask>'s school promoted popular and non-Brahman (Bhakti) literary production. His works were also a general opposition against the moral decadence of the 16th century Kerala society. Father of Modern Malayalam
The Middle Malayalam (Madhyakaala Malayalam) was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (Aadhunika Malayalam) by 15th century CE.The poem Krishnagatha written by Cherusseri Namboothiri, who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of Kolathunadu, is written in modern Malayalam. The language used in Krishnagatha is the modern spoken form of Malayalam. During the 16th century CE, <mask> <mask> from the Kingdom of Tanur and Poonthanam Nambudiri from the Kingdom of Valluvanad followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu written by <mask> and Jnanappana written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam. It is <mask> <mask> who is also credited with the development of Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of Vatteluttu, Kolezhuthu, and Grantha script, which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam. He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script. Hence, <mask> is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam.The development of modern Malayalam script was also heavily influenced by the Tigalari script, which was used to write the Tulu language, due to the influence of Tuluva Brahmins in Kerala. The language used in the Arabi Malayalam works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and Arabic. They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of Arabic script, which is known as Arabi Malayalam script. P. Shungunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work Keralolpathi, which describes the Parashurama legend and the departure of the final Cheraman Perumal king to Mecca, to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan. Adhyatma Ramayanam

Adhyatma Ramayanam, written in the parrot-song style, is Ezhuthachan's principle work. It is not an adaptation from the original Valmiki Ramayana, but a translation of the Adhyatma Ramayana, a Sanskrit text connected with the Ramanandi sect. The poem is composed in nearly-modern Malayalam.It depicts Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, as an ideal figure (both as man and god-incarnate, the Bhakti interpretation). The text spread with phenomenal popularity throughout Kerala middle-caste homes as a material for domestic devotional recitation. Throughout the Malayalam month of Karkkidakam, Adhyatma Ramayanam is still recited—as a devotional practice—in the middle-caste homes of Kerala. According to critic K. Ayyappa Panicker, those who see Adhyatma Ramayanam merely as a devotional work "belittle" Ezhuthachan. Style

Parrot-song style
 Known in Malayalam as the Kilippattu genre. A convention Ezhuthachan adapted from Old Tamil. Recited to a poet by a parrot (the frame of the parrot-narrator).Thematic focus: epic or Puranic traditions. Intended for recitation or singing. Lexicon and grammar
 Heavily Sanskritic lexicon with many Sanskrit nominal terminations (lexical distinctions between Manipravalam and the Pattu styles are not visible). No Sanskrit verbal forms or long compounds. Most of the grammatical structures are in Malayalam (the frame of the parrot-narrator and the constituent meters). Assembled in an array of Dravidian meters (in simple metrical couplets). "Keka" for Bala Kandha and Aranya Kandha
 "Kakali" for Ayodhya, Kishkindha and Yuddha Kandha
 "Kalakanchi" for Sundara Kandha

Caste
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan's caste is arguable.It is only known that he belonged to a lower caste (Shudra or Shudra-grade). The two most popular opinions are Ezhuthachan and Nair, with Kaniyar being less popular. Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan caste is a socio-economic caste of village school teachers. According to Arthur C. Burnell, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belonged to the Ezhuthachan or "school master" caste. Writer K. Balakrishna Kurup also reports the same, in his book Viswasathinte Kanappurangal. E. P. Bhaskara Guptan, a writer and independent researcher of local history from Kadampazhipuram; supports Kurup's conclusion. Historian Velayudhan Panikkassery expresses the same opinion.Nair
The Chakkala Nair caste had the rights to enter brahmanical temples and to participate in worships. The Malayalam poet and historian Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer agree that <mask> belonged to this caste and conclude that he could be Vattekattu Nair because he visited brahmanical temples and engaged in worship, which is not allowed for the Ezuthacan caste. William Logan, officer of the Madras Civil Service under the English India Company Government, expresses a similar opinion in his Malabar Manual and states that <mask> Ezuthachan was "a man of Sudra (Nayar) caste". Kottarathil Shankunni wrote in his Aithihyamala that the term Ezhuthachan is nothing but a title taken up by school teachers belonging to several castes mainly by Nairs in Northern kerala indicating that <mask> was a Nair. Kaniyar
Some sources consider him to be Kaniyar. This community of traditional astrologers were well versed in Sanskrit and Malayalam. During the medieval period, when non-Brahmins were not permitted to learn Sanskrit, only the Kaniyar community had been traditionally enjoying the privilege for accessing and acquiring knowledge in Sanskrit, through their hereditary system of pedagogy.They were learned people and had knowledge in astrology, mathematics, mythology and Ayurveda. They were generally assigned as preceptors of martial art and literacy. In addition to the common title Panicker, the members of Kaniyar from the South Travancore and Malabar region were known as Aasaan, Ezhuthu Aasans, or Ezhuthachans (Father of Letters), by virtue of their traditional avocational function as village school masters to non-Brahmin pupils. Legacy

The parrot-song genre, pioneered by <mask>, inaugurated the production of many similar works in Malayalam. The highest literary honour awarded by the Government of Kerala is known as the "Ezhuthachan Puraskaram". Sooranad Kunjan Pillai was the first recipient of the honour (1993). The Malayalam University, established by Kerala Government in 2012, is named after <mask>.Initiation to Letters
The sand from the compound where the house of Ezhuthachan stood once is considered as sacred. It is a tradition in north Kerala to practise the art of writing in the beginning on the sand with the first finger. Monuments

 <mask> was born at Trikkandiyoor in northern Kerala. His birthplace is now known as Thunchan Parambu. Chittur Gurumadhom is located near present-day Palakkad. The madhom is flanked by temples of gods Rama and Siva. The street has an array of agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families who migrated along with Ezhuthachan live).<mask>'s samadhi is also situated at Chittur (in Palakkad). Relics

 Some relics of Ezhuthachan or his age were sacredly preserved at the Chittur madhom. This included the original manuscripts and the clogs used by him. These artifacts were destroyed in a fire 30 or 40 years before William Logan. Only the Bhagavatam was saved from the fire. Scholar A. C. Burnell examined this Bhagavatam (and a stool, clogs and a staff) in the late 19th century. These objects probably belongd to one of the first followers of Ezhuthachan.Stool, clog and the staff (seen by Burnell) were destroyed in a second fire. This fire destroyed the original Bhagavatam also. Copies of a sri chakra and the idols worshipped by Ezhuthachan, the stylus, the wooden slippers, and a few old manuscripts are exhibited for visitors at Chittur madhom. See also
 Cherusseri
 Kunchan Nambiar

References

External links
 "Eluttaccan and His Age" (1940) by C. Achyuta Menon (Madras: University of Madras). "Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu", "Sri Mahabharatam Kilippattu" University of Tubingen, Germany (a manuscript of 1870)

16th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Malayali people
Hindu poets
Translators of the Ramayana
Malayalam-language writers
Malayalam poets
Poets from Kerala
People from Malappuram district
Bhakti movement
History of Kerala
Malayali Hindu

masks: Ezhuthachan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan


title: Petr Kvíčala

texts:
<mask> (born 1960 in Svitavy) is one of the most significant personalities in Czech abstract painting. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s he became a pioneer in discovering and promoting ornament as a unique individual phenomenon. He also significantly contributed to the acceptance of aesthetic qualities of visual art. Since 1995 he has undertaken commissions for architecture-related projects in which he has collaborated with a number of leading architects both from the Czech Republic and abroad. He has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Brno University of Technology, where he is in charge of a painting studio, since 1994. His works are represented in public and private collections. Life

<mask> was born in Svitavy in 1960.A serious interest in fine arts he developed during his studies at the Secondary Technical School of Chemistry, led to the attempt to transfer to a school with an artistic focus, that he was denied. A major impulse of Kvíčala’s artistic development came in the course of his compulsory military service in Janovice nad Úhlavou, where he met graduates of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts and began to draw portraits of other soldiers. After finishing his military service, Kvíčala started Secondary School of Arts and Crafts in Brno, where he received a number of recommendations for his further study at the Academy. However, he was not permitted to enrol for ideological reasons. At the same time in 1982 he started working as a stoker (what he did until 1990) and began to engage in the underground movement. A milestone in his artistic career was his participation in an exhibition in The Youth Gallery in 1985. There started author’s closer co-operation with <mask> Veselý and Vladimir Kokolia, which subsequently led to creation of an art group called Tovaryšstvo malířske (Society of Painting).Since the second half of the 1980s Kvíčala’s work was supported by theoreticians <mask> Nedoma and Jiří Valoch and he started to be repeatedly invited to participate in exhibitions of professional artists. In 1986 Kvíčala entered the underground music scene with his band called Květen (May), working on the basis of minimalism and musical and political irony, what are themes which correlate with author’s painterly work of that time. In 1989 he became a member of the art group Měkkohlaví, which was formed in response to the emergence of various artistic groups, lacking a common program, whose main objective was to promote commercially. In 1989 Kvíčala founded, along with Marian Palla and Milan Magni, a musically-performative group called Florián – Group of Haze and Kine. After 1989 <mask> Kvíčala started to be represented in state and public collections and his work was regularly reflected in professional journals. Since 1994 he has been working on the Faculty of Fine Arts in Brno, initially in the studios of conceptual tendencies and intermedia, and later as a head of one of the painting studios (his students were e.g. Jindřich Chalupecký prize laureate Barbora Klímová, Pavel Ryška, Matěj Smetana, Anežka Hošková, <mask> Dub, Jana Babincová or Václav Kočí).In 2001 he received a Degree of an Assistant Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. In 1995 Kvíčala made his first painterly intervention into architecture (in the apartment of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne) and so started a long series of art projects in architecture, which has been one of the main themes of his work until now. Painting

<mask> Kvíčala has been dealing with ornament since the mid 1980s. Both through his work and as a creative artist he confirmed the significance and importance of painting in the era when new media were violently trying to replace other forms of visual art. He works with the simplest ornament, consisting of wavy lines, broken arches or loops. His source of inspiration- landscape – was transformed into an extremely reduced visual vernacular, the basic elements of which are ornamental lines. His beginnings were punctuated by attempts to express nature’s principles using the medium of visual art but it the second half of the 1980s the artistic means employed became extremely unorthodox.His creative aspirations from that period were typified by the limitless merging of various disciplines: he created texts inspired by what he had experienced in the landscape and drew simple sketches of fields. At the same time, he was a member of several ensembles dabbing in minimalist music and musique concrète whose productions crossed the boundary between theatrical and performance and animated sculptural installation. At the turn of 1980s and 1990s, <mask> Kvíčala’s work seemed to display an affinity with the broad stream of post-modernist Czech painting as hinted at by the clear colours of the paintings, which enclosed colour surfaces within boundaries and used archetypal-geometric elements. Today, such a general classification is less justifiable. Obviously, rather than making post-modernist quotations and providing a symbolic content to the paintings, so characteristic for the painters from the circle of the Tvrdohlaví group, Kvíčala was more interested in probing the possibilities of the painting medium itself. The orderly inner arrangements of Kvíčala’s work is determined by employing lines approached as ornaments. Of these, the undulating line – a rhythmic painterly gesture in time – if featured most often.The lines are combined and composed according to clear pre-determined rules of algorithms which nevertheless may produce unexpected results. Attention was drawn to the similarities between his works and ornamental paintings in folk architecture (the Waves 1991) or to the affinity to the abstract cave paintings. Kvíčala indicates his inspiration from „low“ culture by using elements from artistic crafts or industrial manufacturing. In the Wallpapers (1987–1988) and Festive Tablecloths for Everyday (1992–1994) cycles he balanced on the hard-to-define line between ornaments on utility objects and artistic expression. He also emphasized manual, and therefore imperfect, reproduction of the ornamental rhythm. However, at the initial level, Kvíčala is not concerned with a post-modern game of aligning various languages, but rather he wishes to rehabilitate ornament as such. He values its visual effectiveness, rational order and its possibility of continuous variation.Kvíčala showed great invention and desire to experiment within his intentionally abridged vocabulary. Among his works we can find procedural paintings, where the surface of the painting can be looked upon as a relic of the time spent on the execution (60 Days of Red, Blue and Yellow, 1996, Monochromes). In Memory cycle (2001–2003) Kvíčala works with a negative definition of lines, delineating them with a surrounding red surface, a memory of lines and fragments of ornaments, their imprint in the mind. Working with broad lines led author to an opposite extreme: using white paint he reduced ornamental lines to the very extreme of technical possibilities of traditional painting (Fine Stripes – Coded Ornaments 2008). The recent works by <mask> Kvíčala implement the artist’s accustomed repertoire of line ornaments, combining waves, broken lines and loops. The special optical effect is achieved by a multiple repetition of thin parallel lines of the two basic ornaments and an intentionally limited colour palette, relying on a simple rhythm of two to three colours. Special prominence is given to minuscule deviations and “flaws” in the applied order.These serve as another, improvised, level of rhythmicizing the paintings although they can also be perceived as a generalization of the natural and human responses to environmental changes (cycles Dogon 2007, Pacific 2008, Flow 2009). Installation

Since 1993 <mask> <mask> has created a number of ephemeral installations – mostly on the floors of galleries and in public space. Major installations are e.g. send lines in Plasy convent (1993), the red pigment installation in Behémot gallery in Prague (1994) or contemporary Zig Zag street art in Brno (2009). Architectonic Interventions

Since the second half of 1990s painterly interventions into architecture are one of the main topics of Kvíčala’s work. He uses principles and themes from his paintings, which he strives to transfer to the specific architectural space. Kvíčala is also a coordinator of international educational and research project 2B2A, dealing with cooperation between art and architecture, its theoretical reflection and practical implementation.The very first painterly intervention into architecture Kvíčala made, was in the apartment of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne. „Southern part of the apartment, with windows facing the lake, contains the living space and the adjoining studies, while the northern part faces the town. I noticed that the southern exterior „pervades“ the house to such an extend that any change in weather and the continual play of light are reflected, by the great mirror of the lake surface, in the living space and becomes ts integral component. As a result, I decided to underline the opposing role of the dividing role relative to the view.“

Major international project Kvíčala worked on in 2004, was new Deutsche Bundesbank building in Chemnitz (architect Josep Luís Mateo), where he realized the ceiling painting „Watermelon Cut – Ceiling Dance“. The painting on the entrance hall ceiling (exceeding 150 m² in area) is both a counterpoint and to the overall logic of the building and its complement. The paint application technique left the brush strokes visible as a sign of a human, yet artificial intervention in stark contrast to the abstraction of the organic construction materials, free of any trace of craftsmanship. Retaining the brushwork proved to be of importance in integrating the work within the architectural space, both as a nod to the process of making the painting and an element evoking the organic nature of the painting – a cut through the living tissue of a solid architectural form.In numerous sketches prepared for the painting I first examined the rhythm of the division relative to the format as well as the harmonization of colours with regards to the materials within the space. I continued by producing two cardboard paintings at the actual scale in order to be able to precisely determine the density of the network of lines, the magnitude of the waves and their thickness. While working on the cardboards I concluded that waves of this magnitude cannot be drawn using a standard method, as their dimensions surpass the physical capability of human being. I resorted to attaching the charcoal that I used for drawing on a long pole and, by standing on tip-toe and gyrating the whole body including carefully thought-out legwork, I negotiated smooth curves. I performed something short of a dance during which the body movement is transmitted into the lines drawn. In 2005 <mask> <mask> cooperated, with architects A. Novák and P. Valenta, on the reconstruction of the historical building of Reduta theatre in Brno. He is author of the mural „40 Days of Red“ in Reduta ballroom hall, atrium floor and ceiling arches of the theatre café.The mural consists of layers of red undulating lines laid next to one another. on a red background. In each of the superimposed layer the undulating lines have a different direction. The monochrome effect of the red paint, together with the colour of the parquet flooring arranged into historical patterns conjures up a solemn ambience nurtured by the rare occurrence of the colour red in the nature patterns, and even more so by its endorsement of the cultural and historical tradition. „ The regular layers of repeatedly painted undulating lines impregnates the walls with aspects of time, exertion and sumptuousness. No celebration can take place without show and splendor as, in essence, a „purposeless“ celebration is the most natural human response to the mystery of life.“

The motive of Memory cycle was used for wall paintings in Rischart building in Munich (2007). The target to achieve was to create environment which is not only positive but also outstanding and which makes it possible for the employees to identify with.Those paintings are repeated in the areas of central communications: in the corridors of the cloakrooms located in the basement, in the high lit part of the staircase leading from the second to the fifth floor, as well as in the central area in front of the offices of the owners and in the meeting room of the fifth floor, around the staircase leading to the café for the employees on the sixth floor.. „ Restricting the lines by surrounding red areas, the memory of the line and fragments of the ornaments is a sort of an imprint on one's mind. I thought of the ancient concept of Crete in which unlike in the Greek one everything is floating, everything is shown in non-existence and does not manifest its achievement and the drama of the fight. It is a world of gardens determined for solitary confinement, for rest and meditation, for the world I sometimes long for and which I can relate to.“

Other

Since 1980s Kvíčala has also created number of painted objects, since 1990s he has been applying his motives to utility items, especially to textiles (e.g. his cooperation with Denisa Nová, DNB) or China. References

External links

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Minimalist artists
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1960 births
Living people

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title: Charles Davenport

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<mask> (June 1, 1866 – February 18, 1944) was a prominent biologist and eugenicist. He was influential in the American eugenics movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Stamford, Connecticut, to <mask>, an abolitionist of Puritan ancestry, and his wife Jane Joralemon Dimon (of English, Dutch and Italian ancestry). His father had eleven children by two wives, and <mask> grew up with his family on Garden Place in Brooklyn Heights. His mother's strong beliefs tended to rub off onto <mask> and he followed the example of his mother. During the summer months, <mask> and his family spent their time on a family farm near Stamford. Due to <mask>'s father's strong belief in Protestantism, as a young boy <mask> was tutored at home.This came about in order for <mask> to learn the values of hard work and education. When he was not studying, <mask> worked as a janitor and errand boy for his father's business. His father had a significant influence on his early career, as he encouraged <mask> to become an engineer. However, this was not his primary interest, and after working for a few years to save up money, <mask> enrolled in Harvard College to pursue his genuine interest of becoming a scientist. He graduated with a Bachelor's after two years, and earned a Ph.D in biology in 1892. He married Gertrude Crotty, a zoology graduate of Harvard, in 1894. He had two daughters with Gertrude, Millia Crotty and <mask> Harris di Tomasi.Career
Later on, <mask> became a professor of zoology at Harvard. He became one of the most prominent American biologists of his time, pioneering new quantitative standards of taxonomy. <mask> had a tremendous respect for the biometric approach to evolution pioneered by Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, and was involved in Pearson's journal, Biometrika. However, after the re-discovery of Gregor Mendel's laws of heredity, he moved on to become a prominent supporter of Mendelian inheritance. From 1899 to 1904 <mask> worked in Chicago. He was curator of the Zoological Museum of the University of Chicago from 1901 to 1904. In 1904, <mask> became director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he founded the Eugenics Record Office in 1910.During his time at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, <mask> began a series of investigations into aspects of the inheritance of human personality and mental traits, and over the years he generated hundreds of papers and several books on the genetics of alcoholism, pellagra (later shown to be due to a vitamin deficiency), criminality, feeblemindedness, seafaringness, bad temper, intelligence, manic depression, and the biological effects of race crossing. Additionally, <mask> mentored many people while working at the Laboratory, such as Massachusetts suffragist, Claiborne Catlin Elliman. Before <mask> came across eugenics, he studied math. He came to know these subjects through Professors Karl Pearson and gentleman amateur Francis Galton. He met them in London. Upon meeting them, he fell in love with the subject matter. In 1901, Biometrika, a journal of which <mask> was a co editor, gave him the opportunity to use the skills that he had learned.<mask> became an advocate of the biometrical approach for the rest of his life. He began to study human heredity, and much of his effort was later turned to promoting eugenics. His 1911 book, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, was used as a college textbook for many years. The year after it was published <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. <mask>'s work with eugenics caused much controversy among many other eugenicists and scientists. Although his writings were about eugenics, their findings were very simplistic and out of touch with the findings from genetics. This caused much racial and class bias.Only his most ardent admirers regarded it as truly scientific work. During <mask>'s tenure at Cold Spring Harbor, several reorganizations took place there. In 1918 the Carnegie Institution of Washington took over funding of the ERO with an additional handsome endowment from Mary Harriman. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1907. In 1921 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. <mask> founded the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations (IFEO) in 1925, with Eugen Fischer as chairman of the Commission on Bastardization and Miscegenation (1927). <mask> aspired to found a World Institute for Miscegenations, and "was working on a 'world map' of the 'mixed-race areas, which he introduced for the first time at a meeting of the IFEO in Munich in 1928."Together with his assistant Morris Steggerda, <mask> attempted to develop a comprehensive quantitative approach to human miscegenation. The results of their research was presented in the book Race Crossing in Jamaica (1929), which attempted to provide statistical evidence for biological and cultural degradation following interbreeding between white and black populations. Today it is considered a work of scientific racism, and was criticized in its time for drawing conclusions which stretched far beyond (and sometimes counter to) the data it presented. Particularly caustic was the review of the book published by Karl Pearson at Nature, where he considered that "the only thing that is apparent in the whole of this lengthy treatise is that the samples are too small and drawn from too heterogeneous a population to provide any trustworthy conclusions at all". The entire eugenics movement was criticized for being supposedly based on racist and classist assumptions set out to prove the unfitness of wide sections of the American population which <mask> and his followers considered "degenerate", using methods criticized even by British eugenicists as unscientific. In 1907 and 1910 <mask> and his wife wrote four essays that pertained to human hereditary genes. These essays included hair color, eye color, and skin pigmentation.These essays helped pave the way for eugenics to be taught in class. Many of the topics and discussions belonged to Dr. and Mrs. <mask> but the information for one essay in particular came from friends of theirs involved in the same topic. Many problems occurred when they started to use other information. As <mask> and other eugenicist professors and experts began to and continued to study more in-depth eugenics, they had to start to come up with original ideas so as not to conflict with past ideas. Influence on immigration policy in the United States
Another way <mask>'s work manifested in the public sphere is regarding the topic of immigration. He believed that race determined behavior, and that many mental and behavioral traits were hereditary. He drew these conclusions by studying family pedigrees, and was criticized by some of his peers for making unfounded conclusions.Regardless, <mask> believed that the biological differences between the races justified a strict immigration policy, and that people of races deemed “undesirable” should not be allowed into the country. His support of Mendelian genetics fueled this belief, as he believed allowing certain groups of people to enter the country would negatively impact the nation's genetic pool. Domestically, he also supported the prevention of "negative eugenics" through sterilization and sexual segregation of people who were considered genetically inferior. Sharing the racist views of many scientists during this time, those that <mask> considered to be genetically inferior included Black people and Southeastern Europeans. In addition to supporting these beliefs through his scientific work, he was actively involved in lobbying members of Congress. <mask> spoke regularly with Congressman Albert Johnson, who was a cosponsor of the 1924 immigration bill, and encouraged him to restrict immigration in that legislation. <mask> was not alone in this effort to influence policy, as Harry Laughlin, the superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office, appeared before Congress on multiple occasions to promote strict immigration laws and the belief that immigration was a "biological problem".In all, <mask>’s efforts served to provide scientific justification to social policies he supported, and immigration was one way this manifested in the beginning of the 20th century. End of career and impact
After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, <mask> maintained connections with various Nazi institutions and publications, both before and during World War II. He held editorial positions at two influential German journals, both of which were founded in 1935, and in 1939 he wrote a contribution to the Festschrift for Otto Reche, who became an important figure in the plan to "remove" those populations considered "inferior" in eastern Germany. In a 1938 Letter to the Editor of Life magazine, he included both Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Goebbels as examples of crippled statesmen who, motivated by their physical defects, have "led revolutions and aspired to dictatorships while burdening their country with heavy taxes and reducing its finances to chaos." Although many other scientists had stopped supporting eugenics due to the rise of Nazism in Germany, <mask> remained a fervent supporter until the end of his life. Six years after he retired in 1934, <mask> held firm to these beliefs even after the Carnegie Institute pulled funding from the eugenics program at Cold Spring Harbor in 1940. While <mask> is remembered primarily for his role in the eugenics movement, he also had a significant influence in increasing funding for genetics research.His success in organizing the financial support for scientific endeavors fueled his success throughout his career, while also allowing for the study of other scientists. Indeed, Cold Spring Harbor saw many prominent geneticists go through its doors while he was its director. He died of pneumonia in 1944 at the age of 77. He is buried in Laurel Hollow, New York. Eugenics creed
As quoted in the National Academy of Sciences' "Biographical Memoir of <mask> <mask>" by Oscar Riddle, <mask>'s Eugenics creed was as follows:
 "I believe in striving to raise the human race to the highest plane of social organization, of cooperative work and of effective endeavor." "I believe that I am the trustee of the germ plasm that I carry; that this has been passed on to me through thousands of generations before me; and that I betray the trust if (that germ plasm being good) I so act as to jeopardize it, with its excellent possibilities, or, from motives of personal convenience, to unduly limit offspring." "I believe that, having made our choice in marriage carefully, we, the married pair, should seek to have 4 to 6 children in order that our carefully selected germ plasm shall be reproduced in adequate degree and that this preferred stock shall not be swamped by that less carefully selected.""I believe in such a selection of immigrants as shall not tend to adulterate our national germ plasm with socially unfit traits." "I believe in repressing my instincts when to follow them would injure the next generation." References

Further reading

 Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, (New York / London: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003)
 Elof Axel Carlson, "Times of triumph, Times of Doubt, science and the battle for the public trust", (Cold Spring Harbor; Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2006)

External links

 "Biographical Memoir of <mask> <mask>" by Oscar Riddle via this page on the website of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
 A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: <mask> at www.pbs.org
 International Eugenics

Davenport, <mask>
<mask>, Charles Benedict
Harvard College alumni
American science writers
<mask>, <mask>
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American biologists
People from Brooklyn Heights

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title: Terrell Stoglin

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<mask> (born November 10, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for Al Shorta SC of the Iraqi Basketball League. He served as the starting shooting guard for the University of Maryland, where he played college basketball for two seasons. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona. The hometown team being the Arizona Wildcats, he did not have much exposure to the Maryland basketball program while growing up. He said, "The only thing I knew about Maryland was that Steve Francis went there." The Washington Post described him as the city's best eighth grade basketball player. Stoglin attended Santa Rita High School in Tucson, where he earned a spot on the varsity basketball team as a freshman.His high school coach, Jim Ferguson, described Stoglin as confident without being arrogant. During his sophomore year, he scored 35 points during a tournament against DeMar DeRozan. As a junior, he recorded an average 27 points, seven assists, and two steals per game. During his senior year, he compiled an average of 29.4 points, 6.4 assists, and 2.6 steals per game. Stoglin helped lead Santa Rita to a 4-A state championship, and The Arizona Republic named him to its All-Arizona team. Stoglin received scholarship offers from Maryland, Texas A&M, Penn State, and San Diego, while he also received interest from Arizona, Arizona State, California, Georgetown, Loyola Marymount, UCLA, Georgia Tech, and Southern California. He chose the University of Maryland because of its great sports tradition.College career
As a college prospect, Stoglin garnered early interest from the staff of Maryland coach Gary Williams. Assistant coach Rob Ehsan first observed Stoglin during the summer of 2008 at the Nike Hoop Jamboree in St. Louis, Missouri. Maryland's recruitment progressed throughout the following year. Stoglin declined to wait for the University of Arizona to hire its next basketball coach, and committed to attend Maryland in April 2009. He said, "I was weighing my options, and as a matter of fact, I was going to wait until the summer [to commit] ... my family sat down at the dinner table and discussed it. I like the D.C. area, and I like the climate. I like the way Coach Williams coaches and I like the program overall.Maryland has a great guard history and I just thought I'd pull the trigger." Williams said he expected Stoglin to contribute immediately as a freshman. 2010–11 season

During the 2010–11 season, Stoglin averaged 11.6 points per game, including at least 20 points in each of Maryland's last four games. Against Temple, Stoglin came off the bench with 16 points, 12 of which came in the second half, sparking a comeback from a 15-point halftime deficit that fell just short in the 64–61 loss. His first collegiate start came against , where he scored 12 points on 4–8 shooting. Late in the season, Stoglin emerged as a prolific scorer. In Maryland's 91–83 loss at Virginia Tech, Stoglin tallied 25 points, including 10–10 from the free-throw line, and six assists in 28 minutes of playing time.In the 87–80 victory over NC State, he recorded 25 points, 8–14 from the floor and 9–10 from the free-throw line, and a team season high of nine assists. For his effort in those two games, Stolgin was named the ACC Rookie of the Week. After the game, head coach Gary Williams compared him to the previous season's senior point guard and Bob Cousy Award winner, Greivis Vasquez: "It's the great competitor that thinks he can score against anybody." The Washington Post noted that Stoglin "put the offense on his shoulders in the second half." <mask> repeated the feat by earning a second consecutive ACC Rookie of the Week recognition after his performance against Florida State and No. 19 North Carolina. In the 87–76 loss to North Carolina, he recorded a season-high 28 points on 11–20 shooting.It was the most points for a Maryland freshman in a single game since Joe Smith scored 29 points against Saint Louis in the 1994 NCAA tournament. In the 78–62 win against Florida State, he tallied 17 points and five assists. The Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association named him to the ACC All-Freshman Team. 2011–12 season
<mask> emerged as one of the nation's most prolific scorers in the 2011–12 season. While not a complete surprise, his scoring, almost double the next highest scorer on the Terps' roster, has been a welcome asset to a rebuilding Maryland Terrapins squad. On February 11, 2012, Stoglin posted derogatory comments about Terps head coach Mark Turgeon, following a game against the Duke Blue Devils in which Stoglin missed 10 of 14 shots, including all six three-point shots attempted. During the game, Turgeon removed Stoglin from the lineup in light of his poor shooting performance and disruption of the game's tempo.On April 30, 2012, the University of Maryland announced that Stoglin was suspended from the school for a year due to a violation of student-athlete code of conduct. Stoglin declared for the 2012 NBA Draft and went undrafted. Professional career
In November 2012, Stoglin signed a one-year deal with the Greek Basket League club Ilysiakos. On July 22, 2013, Stoglin signed with Cholet Basket of France. On January 23, 2014, he was released by Cholet. Seven days later, he signed with Azovmash Mariupol of Ukraine. On March 3, 2014, he parted ways with Azovmash.Two days later, he signed with Stelmet Zielona Góra of Poland. The next month, he left Zielona Gora and signed with Pallacanestro Varese of Italy for the rest of the 2013–14 Lega Basket Serie A season. On October 6, 2014, Stoglin signed with Club Sagesse of the Lebanese Basketball League. On January 30, 2015, he scored 74 points for Sagesse in a game against Champville. On April 15, 2015, he parted ways with Sagesse. In July 2015, he signed with Adanaspor of the Turkish Basketball First League. On February 7, 2016, he left Adanaspor and returned to his former club Sagesse.On February 1, 2018, Stoglin signed with Al Rayyan Doha of the Qatari Basketball League. He spent much of the 2018 season with Trotamundos de Carabobo of the Venezuelan LPB, averaging 22.1 points and 4.3 assists per game. In Game 7 of the LPB Grand Final, after being ejected, Stoglin kicked the ball into the stands, removed his jersey, and made a middle finger gesture to the crowd before exiting the court. On September 11, 2018, he signed with Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League. In February 2020, Stoglin signed in Morocco with AS Salé, member of the Division Excellence and the Basketball Africa League (BAL). On November 18, 2020, he signed with Al-Ahli Jeddah of the Saudi Premier League. In May 2021, Stoglin returned to AS Salé to play in the 2021 BAL season.On May 21, Stoglin became the first player ever to score 40 points in a BAL game after helping Salé defeat AS Police. He averaged a league-high 30.1 points and was given the Scoring Champion Award. On July 27, 2021, Stoglin won the Division Excellence championship with Salé. On September 26, he signed with Al Shorta SC of the Iraqi Basketball League. players
Maryland Terrapins men's basketball players
Pallacanestro Varese players
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Trotamundos B.B.C. players
Sagesse SC basketball players

masks:
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