title: Ahmed al-Darbi

texts:
<mask>-Darbi () is a citizen of Saudi Arabia who was held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba from August 2002 to May 2018; in May 2018, he was transferred to Saudi Arabia's custody. He was the only terrorist held at Guantanamo released during President Donald Trump's administration. Al-Darbi was born on January 9, 1975, in Taif, Saudi Arabia. He was arrested in Azerbaijan in June 2002, renditioned by United States forces to Afghanistan, where he was held at Bagram Air Force Base, and then transferred to Guantanamo in August that year. In February 2014, al-Darbi pleaded guilty to terrorism charges before a military commission in relation to the October 2002 attack on the Limburg, a French oil tanker off Yemen. By the time of the attack, al-Darbi was already detained at Guantanamo but was later charged with being a principal in planning the attack. He is the sixth detainee to plead guilty to charges, in part to establish a sentence and date for leaving Guantanamo.Background
The brother-in-law of Khalid al-Mihdhar, who participated in the 9/11 attacks in the United States, specifically that on the Pentagon, al-Darbi was captured in Azerbaijan and arrested in June 2002. He was renditioned by United States forces into Afghanistan. There he was held in the Bagram Collection Point, while it was still under control of Alpha Company of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion. They were reported to have beat their captives, allegedly resulting in the deaths of two prisoners on December 4, 2001, and December 10, 2001. Al-Darbi later identified Damien M. Corsetti, a soldier nicknamed "the King of Torture" by his fellow GIs, as one of his abusers. In May 2006, Department of Defense spokesmen said that al-Darbi would not be allowed to testify at Corsetti's court martial for the deaths of detainees under his control. Al-Darbi was transported from Bagram to the detention center at Guantanamo Navy Base in August 2002.On December 21, 2007, charges against <mask> <mask> al-Darbi were referred to the convening authority for the Office of Military Commissions. Military Commission charges

On December 21, 2007, charges against <mask> <mask> al-Darbi were referred to Susan Crawford, head of the Guantanamo military commissions, who approved them to continue to trial. He was charged, among other things, with the 2002 attack on the French oil tanker MV Limburg. Charges included the following:

He was alleged to have:
 trained at the Jihad Wahl training camp;
 transferred funds to finance the plot to attack shipping;
 purchased a vessel, registered in Sao Tome, to use in the attacks. In April 2008, al-Darbi announced that he refused to participate in the Military Commission, as he believed it lacked legitimacy. He dismissed his military defense lawyer Brian Broyles, who described the refusal a "reasoned decision". According to the Associated Press, at a hearing in December 2008, al-Darbi had
"held up a photo of President Barack Obama as a sign of hope."According to the Associated Press, al-Darbi wrote to his lawyer that Obama could: "earn back the legitimacy the United States has lost in the eyes of the world." Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that Commission President James Pohl scheduled a hearing for May 27, 2009, to rule on how much of the evidence against al-Darbi was coerced through torture. At a hearing on September 23, 2009, the Presiding Officer of the military commission to hear al-Darbi's case agreed to a 60-day delay. His lawyer Ramzi Kassem told reporters after the hearing that al-Darbi had written a brief note, addressed to President Obama, that he had hoped to read aloud at the hearing. Kassem read the note aloud to reporters. The Associated Press quoted passages from the note. On February 5, 2014, Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that the Pentagon had decided to "go forward" with new charges against al-Darbi, prosecuting him for the bombing of a French oil tanker in 2002.The Associated Press reported that the new charges had first been proposed in 2012. On July 30, 2015, Spencer Ackerman, reporting in The Guardian, described efforts by al-Darbi's prosecution team to acquire incriminating evidence. They tried to persuade another detainee, Mohamedou Ould Slahi, to agree to be interrogated about al-Darbi. In 2009, US District Court Judge James Robertson had issued a special ruling, that Mohamedou Ould Slahi could no longer be interrogated. Slahi had been subjected to months of well-documented torture. While held at Guantanamo, from 2005 to 2006, Slahi wrote a memoir. After ten years of legal struggle, Slahi's lawyers succeeded in getting the manuscript declassified after numerous redactions.Published in January 2015 as Guantanamo Diary, his memoir became an international bestseller. He described suffering torture, including at Guantanamo. After the publication of his memoir, camp authorities tried to cut off Slahi's contact with his lawyers. In April 2015, his lawyers learned that Slahi had written to them months earlier to describe how camp authorities in October 2014 had seized all his personal belongings, including a non-networked computer, and all his privileged legal case documents. They also took his comfort items, such as soap, razors, toothbrush, toothpaste, and shampoo. Slahi told his lawyers that he was later visited by al-Darbi's prosecution team, who promised him that if he voluntarily agreed to allow them to interrogate him about al-Darbi, they would arrange to have his belongings gradually returned to him. Official status reviews
Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the war on terror were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention.In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to habeas corpus, that is, being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still
held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain
common allegations:

<mask> <mask> al-Darbi was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission. He was among those whom "The military alleges ... are associated with both al-Qaeda and the Taliban." He was alleged to have taken military or terrorist training in Afghanistan, and was said to be an "al-Qaeda operative". He was among "82 detainees [who] made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military’s allegations against them." Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.Al-Darbi's assessment was drafted on October 1, 2004. It was eight pages long, and was signed by camp commandant Brigadier General Jay W. Hood. He recommended continued detention. 2009 Joint Review Task Force
When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama convened a six-agency task force to review the status of detainees at Guantanamo. It was part of his unsuccessful effort to move the proceedings and close the facility by early 2010. In its report a year later, the task force characterized most detainees as low-level fighters and recommended 53 be repatriated quickly. Obama promised that the use of torture would cease at the camp.He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was insufficient evidence to charge them with crimes. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request. <mask>-Darbi was classified as of April 19, 2013, as among 71 individuals considered too dangerous to release but with insufficient evidence for charges. Obama promised that such detainees would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board, though al-Darbi eventually pleaded guilty. Charges before Military Commission
Al-Darbi was charged in 2014 by a military commission, accused of helping plan the October 6, 2002, attack on the French oil tanker Limburg near the port of Mukalla, Yemen.He pleaded guilty in February 2014 to the charges in the expectation of receiving a firm sentence and ultimately being released from Guantanamo, rather than continuing to be held in indefinite detention as he had been for the previous 12 years. At age 39, he was the sixth detainee to plead guilty. Observers expected that he would have to serve at least three and a half more years at Guantánamo before being sentenced, to what is expected to be 9 to 15 years, and then he is likely to be transferred to Saudi Arabia to serve the remainder of that term. Al-Darbi admitted to having "bought boats, Global Positioning System devices and a hydraulic crane in the United Arab Emirates for use in the operation" and handling money "earmarked for it by al-Qaeda." He admitted intending for civilians to be killed; one Bulgarian crew died and 12 sailors were injured. As part of his plea deal, Al-Darbi agreed to testify for prosecutors against a higher-profile Saudi Arabian citizen, Abd al Rahim al Nashiri, who is facing the death penalty for war crimes. Nashiri is accused of having helped "plan several maritime terrorist attacks," including the 2000 bombing of the United States destroyer Cole near Aden, and the attack by suicide bombers on the Limburg in October 2002.References

External links
Torture in Bagram and Guantánamo: The Declaration of <mask>-Darbi Andy Worthington
Human Rights First blog: Military Commissions
Human Rights First; The Case of <mask> <mask> al Darbi
United States Department of Defense - Military Commissions

1975 births
Living people
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Saudi Arabian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
People from Taif
Bagram Theater Internment Facility detainees
Saudi Arabian torture victims

masks:
Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Haza al
Ahmed Muhammed
Ahmed Haza
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza
Ahmed al
Ahmed al
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza


title: Robert O. Bare

type: original

texts:
<mask> (June 18, 1901 – September 30, 1980) was a decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps, who reached the rank of lieutenant general. He is most noted for his work as chief of staff of 1st Marine Division during World War II and later as Assistant Division Commander of the same unit during Korean War. Bare later retired as commanding general as 1st Marine Division. Early years

<mask> was born on June 18, 1901, in Winterset, Iowa, as the son of local businessman, Benjamin F<mask> and his wife, a teacher Bertha Beerbower Bare. Young <mask> was sent to the Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland, a preparatory school for the United States Naval Academy. He completed the school at the beginning of summer 1920 and subsequently received an appointment to the Naval Academy on June 9 of that year. While at the academy, Bare was involved in the Track competition and also played for lacrosse and basketball squads.He graduated on June 5, 1924, and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. Some of his classmates also became general officers later: Harold P. Smith, Bernard L. Austin, Clarence Ekstrom, William V. Davis, Thomas C. Ragan, Aurelius B. Vosseller, Charles A. Ferriter, William H. Duvall, Henry W. Goodall, Francis J. Grandfield, Dale Harris, Edwin T. Layton, Hugh J. Martin, Bromfield B. Nichol, Gerald B<mask>, Edward L. Woodyard or Charles L. Fike. As any other newly commissioned marine officer, <mask> was ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard, which he completed during the following year. He was then ordered for expeditionary duty in Philippines in June 1925 and remained there until November 1927. Following his return, he was stationed at Quantico and was a member of Marine Rifle and Pistol Team until October 1929. Bare then served with the Marine Garrison at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, before he was transferred as first lieutenant to the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Colorado in August 1934. Upon his promotion to the rank of captain in 1935, Bare assumed command of the detachment.He commanded the detachment during the patrol cruises with Pacific Fleet until his detachment in May 1936. <mask> was subsequently ordered to the Junior Course at Amphibious Warfare School within Marine Corps Schools, Quantico and graduated one year later. He then served as an instructor at Quantico, before he was ordered to attend the Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in July 1939. World War II

At the outbreak of the World War II, <mask> served at the Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia, and remained there until October 1942, when he was transferred to San Diego, California as operations officer (G-3) of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific under Major General Holland Smith. Another important assignment came in June 1943, when <mask> was transferred to London and assigned to the staff of Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, Admiral Bertram Ramsay as staff officer for plans. He participated in the planning of the Invasion of Normandy and later observed British Assault Force "J" attacking German forces near Courseulles-sur-Mer, incorporating his observations into his report. He was later decorated with the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for his service in this capacity.Colonel <mask> was transferred back to the Pacific theater in October 1944 and assigned to the staff of 1st Marine Division. He participated in the final phase of the Palau Islands Campaign and succeeded Colonel John T. Selden as division chief of staff at the beginning of November 1944. <mask> was appointed to this capacity following the Battle of Peleliu, where 1st Division suffered heavy casualties. New division commander General Pedro del Valle tasked Colonel <mask> with the supervision of the re-equipping and training, which effected a virtual reorganization of the division. Following five months of training, 1st Marine Division participated in the Battle of Okinawa at the beginning of April 1945. <mask> took part in the amphibious landing and following the deployment of his headquarters ashore, he coordinated divisional units until the end of the operation. He distinguished himself again and was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for the training of the division and for his service during the battle.Korea and later service

Bare remained in Pacific area after the War and sailed with 1st Marine Division under Major General DeWitt Peck for new assignment to North China. First Marine Division was tasked with the repatriation of the Japanese armies, which remained in China after the surrender of Japan. He also took part in the combats with communists guerrilla units and returned to the United States in November 1945. For his service in North China, <mask> was decorated with the Legion of Merit by the army and Order of the Cloud and Banner, 4th Class by the Government of Republic of China. He then served on the staff of United States Fleet until September 1946, when he assumed assignment as an instructor at Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He was transferred to Quantico in May 1948 and appointed director of the Senior Course at Amphibious Warfare School. Bare also served simultaneously as chief of staff of Marine Corps Educational Center at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico.While in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in January 1951. <mask> was transferred to Camp Pendleton, California in June of that year and appointed commanding general of the Marine Training and Replacement Command. Because of the ongoing Korean War, he was responsible for the organization and coordination of recruit training of replacements for combat units in Korea. General <mask> was ordered to Korea in June 1952 and relieved Brigadier General Merrill B. Twining as divisional assistant commander of 1st Marine Division. Bare served under Major General John T. Selden during the "Outpost War", action along this line consisted of small, localized actions because much of the fighting revolved around the holding and retaking of various combat outposts along key pieces of terrain. During the attack, he made frequent inspections of the front line tactical positions, coupled with his knowledge of military tactics and appreciation of enemy methods, he was able to advise courses of action which led to sound decisions that contributed substantially to the military successes of the division. Bare was in direct charge of directing, coordinating and supervising the construction and fortification of the extensive KANSAS line in the division sector and of making it into an impregnable position ready for occupancy on short notice.This involved many difficult and complex problems of tactics, coordination, construction and supply which his wide professional skill greatly assisted in solving. This required long, intense and strenuous effort on his part and he was daily subjected to the hazards of numerous uncharted mines and harassing enemy artillery fire. As a result of Brigadier General <mask>'s great personal effort, diligence and skill the division was the first in the Corps to which it was attached to complete its organization of the critical KANSAS line. <mask> completed his tour of duty in April 1953 and was succeeded by Brigadier General Joseph C. Burger. For his service in Korea, <mask> received Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Upon his arrival stateside, <mask> was appointed director of Marine Corps Development Center at Quantico, Virginia. While in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of major general in February 1954 and appointed director of Marine Corps Educational Center Quantico.He remained at Quantico until June 1955, when he was transferred appointed director of personnel at Headquarters Marine Corps by Commandant Lemuel C. Shepherd. Bare was ordered to Camp Pendleton in mid August 1956, when he was appointed commanding general of 1st Marine Division, a unit which he served with during most of his combat career. He retired from active service on July 1, 1957, after 33 years of commissioned service and was advanced to the rank of lieutenant general for having been specially commended in combat. Lieutenant General <mask><mask> died on September 30, 1980, in Salinas, California, where he lived with his wife Elizabeth Tracy Lowes. They have together one daughter, Nancy Jane <mask> Lawrence, wife of Capt R.T. Lawrence, USMC. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Lieutenant General <mask><mask>:

References

1901 births
1980 deaths
People from Winterset, Iowa
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Distinguished Marksman
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Military personnel from Iowa

masks:
Robert Osborne Bare
Bare
. Bare
Robert
. Ogle
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Bare
Robert O
. Bare
Bare
Robert O
. Bare


title: Sarah Nixey

texts:
<mask> (born 21 December 1973 in Dorset, England) is an English singer-songwriter, best known as the vocalist in Black Box Recorder. Her debut solo album, Sing, Memory, was released on 19 February 2007, followed by Brave Tin Soldiers, released on 9 May 2011. Her latest album, Night Walks, was released on 5 October 2018. <mask> currently lives in London with her husband, music producer Jimmy Hogarth, whom she married in late 2010 and has one son, Reuben (born late 2007) and a daughter, Lola (born late 2012). Nixey has a daughter, Ava (born 2001) from her previous marriage with John Moore. Biography

<mask>'s mother has said that she knew that her daughter would become a vocalist since she was merely a baby. Whilst working as a backing vocalist for the folk band Balloon, <mask> was approached by John Moore (who had been the drummer for The Jesus and Mary Chain) and Luke Haines (frontman of The Auteurs), who had formed a duo and were looking for a vocalist.The duo convinced <mask> to join them by promising her that she would become famous, and in 1998, Black Box Recorder released their first album, England Made Me to critical acclaim. Their second album, The Facts of Life, followed in 2000, and spawned a top 20 single of the same name, which saw the group perform on BBC's Top of the Pops. A further single followed, and in 2001, <mask> married John Moore, and they had a daughter together (<mask> and Moore divorced in 2006). In 2003, Black Box Recorder released their third album, Passionoia; their first and only album for One Little Indian records, following the demise of Nude Records. In 2004, Black Box Recorder went on hiatus; not officially splitting, but with all three members deciding to pursue solo projects. In late 2005, <mask> announced she was working on a solo album, to be produced and co-written by James Banbury (a producer, programmer, writer and string arranger, as well as former member of The Auteurs). In mid-2006, two songs were made available on legal download services, entitled "The Collector" and "Love & Exile".A third song was made available in September, entitled "Strangelove", backed by remixes of "The Collector". <mask>'s debut full-length solo album, entitled Sing, Memory, was released on 19 February 2007, following the release of her third single, "When I'm Here With You", which was released on 29 January 2007, backed with non-album track, "Watching Over You". Drowned in Sound awarded Sing, Memory 8/10 and MusicOMH gave it 4 stars. The album was given 7/10 by the NME and 6.3 by Pitchfork

In December 2007, Black Box Recorder teamed up with Art Brut to create the single "Christmas Number One" under the collaborative title of The Black Arts. In October 2008 Black Box Recorder appeared at the Nick Sanderson (Earl Brutus) tribute concert. It was subsequently announced that the band would play their first headlining gig for five years at The Luminaire, Kilburn, London in February 2009. They then played their last gig at Queen Elizabeth Hall, London's Southbank, on 23 July 2009.A final statement was issued just prior to the 2010 UK general election stating ″on Thursday 6 May, Black Box Recorder go to the country for the last time″. Their last two recordings were "Do You Believe in God?" and "Keep It in the Family", and are available as a download. Nixey appeared as a guest vocalist on the track "Water Drops on Burning Rocks" on the autumn 2009 EP Blips Don't Lie by American electronic duo Microfilm as well as appearing on their 2013 third album AggroPastels  providing vocals for the tracks "Pretty Revolutionaries" and "Penthouse." She will also feature on their fourth studio album to be released in 2015. In April 2011, it was announced that <mask> had written and produced a new album, Brave Tin Soldiers to be released 9 May 2011 on her own label Black Lead. The press release described the album as such: "lush piano, string and choral arrangements envelop her vocal which reveals family secrets, erotic entanglements and tragic love stories".A week prior to the album, Brave Tin Soldiers EP was released with remixes by dadahack and Kids Love. The Freelance Hellraiser also released a bootleg mix entitled Brave Tin Lovers. The album Brave Tin Soldiers was given four stars by The Sunday Times and Scottish Sunday Express, very favourable reviews in The Independent and Uncut and radio support from BBC Radio 6 Music. Following this, on 18 July 2011 The Homecoming EP was released with remixes by Microfilm and Kids Love, plus a further reworking of Black Rose by Half Cousin. A music video was also made available via YouTube, directed and produced by Black Lead Films. Later that year "Nixey's Merry Christmas" single was released on 12 December 2011 with accompanying music video on YouTube. The seductive third and final single from Brave Tin Soldiers was released on 23 April 2012.Silk Threads EP included remixes by Kids Love and Microfilm and a B-side "Devil's Playground". Subsequently, a music video for the single was published on YouTube. Towards the end of that year, Nixey released another alternative seasonal anthem, "Christmas Without You", with radio support from BBC Radio 6 music.

masks:
Sarah Anne Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey
Nixey


title: Lois Ellen Frank

texts:
<mask> is an American food historian, cookbook author, culinary anthropologist, and educator. She won a 2003 James Beard Foundation Award for her cookbook Foods of the Southwest Indian Nations, the first cookbook of Native American cuisine so honored. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City. She claims Kiowa heritage from her mother's side, and Sephardic Jewish from her father's side. <mask>'s paternal grandmother, <mask> of Brooklyn, was descended from a Sephardi family who fled the Spanish Inquisition and settled in Ottoman Turkey, then made aliyah to Palestine (region), and then migrated to New York City through Ellis Island in 1915. Education
<mask> attended culinary school and then attended the Brooks Institute, graduating with a degree in photography in 1985. She earned a master's in cultural anthropology in 1999 with a thesis connecting indigenous tribes throughout the Americas on the basis of their use of corn.She earned her PhD in cultural anthropology from the University of New Mexico, submitting her dissertation on "The Discourse and Practice of Native American Cuisine: Native American Chefs and Native American Cooks in Contemporary Southwest Kitchens". Career
During college <mask> worked as a cook at the first Good Earth restaurant. After graduation she worked in the advertising industry, photographing commercial shoots for Evian, Taco Bell and International House of Pancakes. A mentor, Ernst Haas, questioned the meaningfulness of her work and encouraged her to explore her heritage. She had a "moment of reckoning", realizing she was "making food that I wouldn't even eat look beautiful, and then promoting others to eat it". In the 1980s, she started asking questions about Native American cuisine and "was told there was no such thing". She told The New York Times: "But of course they had a cuisine, and it was intricate, diverse and delicious".Around the same time she met Juanita Tiger Kavena, who had written Hopi Cookery (1980), one of the first cookbooks by a Native American cook. In 1991 she proposed a book on Native American cuisine to publishers in New York. "They told me that Native people didn't have a cuisine", she recalled in a 2013 interview, "and that I didn't have the credentials to write any such book". She returned to school to earn her master's degree and a doctorate in cultural anthropology, and recalls that "at the time, they were teaching that American cuisine was made up of immigrant populations. The traditions of Native kitchens were largely overlooked". She talked to and collected recipes from the Hopi, Ute, Pueblo, and other Southwestern tribes, and in 2002 Ten Speed Press published her cookbook Foods of the Southwest Indian Nations, in collaboration with Walter Whitewater (Diné). In 2003, the book won a James Beard Foundation Award, the first cookbook on Native American cuisine or by a Native American author so honored.CNN called it "the first Native American cookbook to turn the heads of James Beard Foundation Award judges". In 2017 <mask> was featured in Native American Food Movements, a public television documentary about traditional diets. She serves as a Culinary Ambassador Diplomat for the United States Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, travelling with Whitewater to Ukraine (2013), the United Kingdom (2015), and Russia (2016), to teach about Native American foodways. Academic and consultant career
<mask> is an adjunct professor at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where her classes have included Traditional Arts and Ecology, Ethnobotany of Foods and Plants of the Southwest, and Indigenous Concepts of Native American Foods. She teaches classes on Native American cuisine at the Santa Fe School of Cooking. She works on issues surrounding Native American diet and diabetes with the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and is a Certified Lifestyle Coach for the National Diabetes Prevention Program. She consults for the Cultural Conservancy on Native American Foodways.She and business partner Whitewater founded and operate Red Mesa Cuisine, a catering company and educational organization specializing in traditional Native American cuisine. Philosophy

<mask> delineates four major periods in Native American cuisine. The first is prior to 1492, which she calls "Pre-Contact", when Native Americans were of necessity relying on ingredients they grew, gathered, or hunted in their local areas. The second is "First Contact," when European ingredients like Eurasian domesticated animals were added to Native American diets. The third was the "Government Issue" period, during which many Native Americans were removed from areas where they could produce their own food and provided government commodity ingredients such as flour, sugar and lard in order to provide a subsistence diet resulting in the creation of foods of necessity like frybread, which she calls "a very complicated food for me. It represents survival. If the ancestors had not created this bread, they might have starved... For some it is a comfort food, for others including some chefs and some Native community members, it represents colonization and a period of time in history that is traumatic."The current period she calls "New Native American," characterized by Native American chefs returning to the pre-contact ingredients and recipes. <mask> calls potatoes, tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, chili, cacao, and vanilla the "magic eight" ingredients that were found and used only in the Americas before 1492 and were taken via the Columbian exchange back to the Old World, dramatically transforming the cuisine there. According to <mask>,

Unlike some Native American chefs and cookbook authors, she believes that others developing recipes for and cooking Native American cuisine is not a problem if Native American producers, such as wild rice harvesters, are benefitting. Her recipes have a vegetable-forward approach, and she has said she prefers to develop menus focussed primarily on foods from the Pre-Contact period and some from the First Contact period. She believes foods from the Government Issue period created health issues such as  high rates of diabetes and prefers not to use them often. Personal life
<mask> lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Bibliography
 Taco Table (2013)
Foods of the Southwest Indian Nations (2002)
Native American Cooking (1995)

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American people of Kiowa descent
American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent
American people of Sephardic-Jewish descent
American people of Spanish-Jewish descent
American people of Turkish-Jewish descent
American women chefs
American photographers
American anthropologists
University of New Mexico alumni
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American cookbook writers
Writers from New Mexico
Writers from New York City
American chefs
Institute of American Indian Arts faculty
Brooks Institute alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Lois Ellen Frank
Frank
Frank
Elizabeth Barazani Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank


title: Gesias Cavalcante

texts:
<mask> (born July 6, 1983) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division for the World Series of Fighting. He was the 2006 and 2007 K-1 HERO Middleweight Champion, and has also fought for Strikeforce, DREAM, Shooto, and Cage Rage. Cavalcante also participated in the Dynamite!! USA event. MMA career
While Cavalcante is primarily an MMA fighter, he made his K-1 debut fighting against Masato in the 2007 World Max tournament, losing via decision. On September 17, 2007, Cavalcante won the K-1 HERO'S' 2007 Middleweight (70 kg) tournament by defeating Brazilian jiu-jitsu specialist Vítor Ribeiro by TKO in the first round and Andre Amade by submission via armbar in the finals. Cavalcante had agreed to fight former PRIDE Fighting Championship Lightweight standout Shinya Aoki at Yarennoka!but withdrew from the fight due to a knee ligament injury. The match was rescheduled for March 15, 2008 at Dream 1 to kick off the new DREAM promotion at the Saitama Super Arena. Early in the first round, the referee stopped the action when Cavalcante apparently landed illegal elbow strikes to the back of Aoki's neck. The ringside doctor announced that Aoki was unable to continue due to the injury and Cavalcante apologized for the incident. The fight resulted in a no contest. Elbow strikes to the neck and spine area are illegal under DREAM rules. Aoki was later found to have sustained concussion of the cervical vertebra.They had their rematch on April 29, 2008 at Dream 2. Cavalcante was defeated by Aoki by unanimous decision. However, he sustained a severely bruised rib and tore cartilage in his costal area during the match. Cavalcante's next fight was set to be against Joachim Hansen at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008, but the bout was canceled the day of the event due to Hansen not passing pre-fight medicals and subsequently being hospitalized for a "head injury". Strikeforce
Cavalcante signed a 4-fight deal with Strikeforce in June 2010. He made his debut against former Strikeforce Lightweight Champion Josh Thomson, losing by a controversial unanimous decision.Cavalcante's next fight was against lightweight prospect Justin Wilcox at Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum. The fight ended in a no contest after Cavalcante poked Wilcox's eye. Cavalcante fought Bobby Green on July 30, 2011 at Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson. He won the fight via split decision. On the 19th of May 2012, he lost a split decision to Isaac Vallie-Flagg at Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier and was subsequently released from Strikeforce. On June 30, 2012, <mask> was knocked out for the first time in his seven-year career by Luis Palomino at CFA 07 in Coral Gables, Florida. Kickboxing
He competed at the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012 in Tokyo, Japan on November 17, 2012.The Shoot Boxing World Tournament, or "S-Cup", is an eight-man, 70 kg/154 lb standing vale tudo tournament that combines striking, throws and submissions held by the Shoot Boxing Association once every two years. Cavalcante was drawn against Hiroki Shishido at the quarter-final stage and lost by majority decision. He signed with the Glory kickboxing promotion in August 2013. Cavalcante was set to face Steve Moxon at Glory 11: Chicago - Heavyweight World Championship Tournament in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, US on October 12, 2013 but withdrew due to a lingering hand injury and was replaced by Reece McAllister. World Series of Fighting
Cavalcante faced off against UFC veteran TJ O'Brien at WSOF 1: Arlovski vs. Cole. He won by submission due to an Achilles lock only 63 seconds into the fight. JZ next fought undefeated Justin Gaethje at WSOF 2.Cavalcante suffered a deep cut  on the hairline due to a knee from Gaethje that forced the referee to stop the fight at 2:27 of the opening round. In his third fight for the promotion, Cavalcante took on Strikeforce and 14 time UFC veteran Tyson Griffin at WSOF 4. After a back and forth fight, early in the third round Cavalcante took down an exhausted Griffin and proceeded to land a barrage of undefended punches from the back mount thus winning the fight via TKO. Cavalcante was scheduled to rematch Justin Gaethje for the inaugural WSOF Lightweight Championship at WSOF 8 on January 18, 2014 in Hollywood, Florida but pulled out due to an undisclosed injury. Cavalcante faced Melvin Guillard on July 5, 2014 at WSOF 11. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round.

masks:
Gesias Cavalcante
Cavalcante


title: Steven Hull

texts:
<mask> (born 1967) is an American artist based in Los Angeles. His projects cross boundaries typically drawn between personal and collaborative work, disciplines like painting, sculpture and installation art, and artistic fields including writing, music, art, illustration, design and performance. In his personal work, he frequently creates immersive, multimedia tableaux and exhibitions that Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Knight described as "carnivalesque hybrids of painting and sculpture whose chief aim is to turn visions of the conventional world upside down." He often mixes opposing artistic styles (e.g., expressionist figurative drawing and geometric abstraction), irreverent conceptual strategies, and tones that range from playful to alienated or politically pointed. His collaborations include several artist-writer publications, including I’m Still In Love With You (1998–9), Song Poems (2000–1, which featured original music), and AB OVO (2005); he also co-founded the artist-run space La Cienegas Projects and established Nothing Moments Press, which produced and published "Nothing Moments" (2007), a set of 24 limited-edition book collaborations between writers, artists and designers. These projects have been presented at MOCA at the Pacific Design Center, Rosamund Felsen Gallery, and Festival Supreme, among other venues. <mask> has received a Joan Mitchell Foundation award for painting (2009) and a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation award (2001).He is married to artist Tami Demaree. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Lakewood, California in 1967. He became interested in art in his late teens after being involved in theater and before committing to college, took classes and worked as an assistant at University of Texas for artists Robert Colescott, Mary Lovelace O'Neill and Michael Tracy. After enrolling at California Institute of the Arts at age 24, he earned a BFA (1995) and MFA (1997), studying with Michael Asher and Thomas Lawson, respectively. The following year, he began exhibiting at Rosamund Felsen Gallery in Santa Monica, a relationship that continued until 2016; he was also featured in early solo shows at Galerie Rolf Ricke (Germany, 2002) and Angstrom Gallery (Dallas, 2002–6) and group shows at Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE), Los Angeles Municipal Gallery, Neues Museum Nürnberg (Germany), and San Diego Museum of Art. Personal work
<mask>'s work often explores the ways that disciplines interact, overlap and create meaning through hybrid projects—mixed-media installations that collapse disparate styles and disciplines into experiential wholes and challenge preconceived ideas about art and its functioning. His paintings and drawings oscillate between edgy, expressionist figurative works (involving carnival, erotic, sea or political themes) and geometric or lyrical abstraction; he often juxtaposes them with found objects and handmade, theatrical assemblage sculptures in exhibitions that may also include sound and motion.Early painting and drawing
<mask> gained early recognition for his paintings and drawings, with publications such as Artforum and LA Weekly placing him among a younger generation of Los Angeles painters whose work nonchalantly and self-consciously disrupted modernist paradigms such as intentionality, the expressive "truth" of gesture, and rigid distinctions between abstraction and figuration. In personal and curatorial work (e.g., the exhibitions "Landscape Memories", 1999; "Are 'Friends' Electric?" 2001; and "Painful Giggles", 2004, which included works made with his children), <mask> pursued irreverent conceptual and presentation strategies (e.g., multiple panels, stacked canvasses) that complicated or subverted traditional genres and gallery practices. Critics characterize his painting of this time as challenging and sometimes confrontational in its mix of visual acumen, dissonant styles, and aggressive gesture and color. He coupled chaotic, fluorescent stripe paintings that were likened to the work of Ed Moses with others in which he applied wads of artificial flowers; the results left reviewers to debate the intentions of work that sometimes convincingly riffed on art-historical abstraction and other times consciously pushed the limits of such precedents. Christopher Knight described this work as "big, jarring field-painting" in which plastic flowers emerged from "the synthetic clash between loosely painted plaids and oozing puddles of toxic-looking color." Recent exhibitions and installations
<mask>'s later art has focused on immersive mixed-media tableaux and installations in solo exhibitions at Rosamund Felsen (2011–6) and Meliketsian Briggs (2017–9) that critics described as "phantasmagorical," "carnivalesque" and "burlesque-like."His 2011 show combined black-and-white, patterned figurative sculpture, pulsating geometric canvases, small figurative paintings (some placed unexpectedly in the center of the geometric works), and tiny trains running across the floor; KCRW's Edward Goldman likened the experience to stepping onto a crowded stage of "eye-popping props" with "fascinating chaos" unraveling behind the curtain. In the show "Balcony" (2013), <mask> brought vintage marionettes and masks into his mix in ten theatrical installations that included sculpture, figurative and diverse abstract paintings, sound and motion. Its centerpiece was Engine Room, a sprawling assemblage of roughly twenty Day-Glo colored paintings stacked and leaning against the wall with flat-black, furniture-like props suggesting Louise Nevelson or Tony Smith sculptures in the foreground. In a review, Christopher Knight wrote, "The cacophony of opposing artistic styles, from Expressionist vitality to Constructivist logic and Dada subversion, gives <mask>’s revelry its punch. Part savvy satire, part innocent playroom, his tableaux perform an irreverent burlesque." <mask>'s exhibition "Never Again Sharpen Your Teeth On the Rope That Holds You So Safely to Shore" (2016) combined carnival and nautical motifs, contrasting a sense of adventure and whimsy with themes of melancholy, decadence, alienation and militarism. He offered the former with Wow!Wow! Wow! Wow! Wow! Wow! Unbelievable! (2015–6), a glass vitrine with a childlike orange sailboat perched on rough-cut black and white waves and beckoned by two incongruous globular pink breasts.In paintings and oil-and-ink transfer works, however, the whimsical (including strands of nautical lights and calliope music) gave way to darker erotic or ominous subjects: masked and obscured figures rendered with graphic, Picasso-like cubist angles and lurid colors, which recalled the work of German expressionists Max Beckmann and Otto Dix (e.g., the moody, blue-dominated Is the Moon Bright Enough?, which features three abject, naked figures in a small dinghy). In subsequent work, <mask> extended his socio-political references to explore race, financial inequality and oppression. Christopher Knight described the centerpiece of his 2017 show, If Jesus Gives Us Everything We Want, We’ll Love Him, as a "sad, sinister, pitch-perfect lament for our troubled time" that "puts white nationalism and its perversion of authentic Christian values on sordid display." It featured a dilapidated 1951 Electric Shopper motorized scooter that towed an assemblage model battleship and was capped with an electric megaphone blaring a slowed-down fire-and-brimstone sermon; driven by a white-robed Klansman and a blond passenger, the piece was likened to Edward Kienholz sculptures, Philip Guston paintings, and Thomas Nast editorial cartoons. <mask> paired it with large, brushy paintings emblematic of 1950s Greenbergian abstraction in the show. His three-part exhibition, "Our Little Chapel by the Lake: The Transformation of Jesus Christ" (2019), featured abstract and figurative paintings, a kinetic sculpture, and a record release and performance exploring characteristic nautical, carnivalesque and political themes. Collaborative projects
In addition to curating exhibitions, <mask> has undertaken large-scale, relay-style collaborative projects involving the production and exchange of text, images and music among artists from different disciplines, beginning in graduate school.In his first, Blind Date (1997), he invited 31 visual artists to each create an artwork, then randomly assigned those works to writers to each produce a piece of writing in response. I’m Still In Love With You (1998–9) featured 46 visual artists and 29 writers responding to the 1972, same-titled album by soul musician Al Green. For Song Poems (2000–01), <mask> commissioned poems from 40 writers (among them, Rick Moody, Darcey Steinke and Lynne Tillman), which he turned over to musicians to use as lyrics for original songs that were given to artists, who created videos and album covers for them. The project yielded a 3-CD catalogue of 43 lyrics and songs, album art and posters, as well as performances and exhibitions at Cohan Leslie and Browne (New York), Angstrom Gallery and Rosamund Felsen; critic Martha Schwendener wrote that "the results have a quirkiness that functions marvelously in a gallery," pushing boundaries by bringing music into the art world and showing "the crucial role of art and design in marketing music." Nothing Moments Press
In 2005, Hull established Nothing Moments Press as an outlet to produce and publish collaborative projects. Its first major project was AB OVO (2005), for which Hull solicited 19 artists (among them, Mike Kelley, Martha Rosler and Bruce Yonemoto) to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2TM, a personality test used in the U.S. legal system to identify and evaluate psychological disorders. Each test, customized for child custody cases, produced a personality profile, which <mask> anonymously and randomly assigned to writers to base a children’s story on; the stories were then given to figurative artists, who developed illustrations for the stories.Artforum critic Glen Helfand called the resulting exhibition and catalogue "high-concept, multiple-phase curating at its best … a memorable Freudian brew of nightmares and curdled milk." In 2008, the press came out with "Nothing Moments Projects": 24 limited edition books and over 400 original drawings by nearly one hundred artists, writers and designers, which were produced by <mask>, Tami Demaree, Annie Buckley and Jon Sueda. They began by requesting submissions of original novels, novellas and short stories. After narrowing to 24 works (by writers such as Aimee Bender, Ben Ehrenreich, Rachel Kushner, and Tom McCarthy), they turned them over to artists (e.g., Derek Boshier, Andrea Bowers, Glenn Ligon) for illustrations, and then to designers (e.g., Gail Swanlund) to create the finished books. The project was featured in exhibitions in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas and Chicago. Additional public collaborations
In 2009, <mask> and Amy Thoner co-founded Las Cienegas Projects, an artist-run curatorial project and gallery space in Los Angeles, which presented over sixty collaborative and project-based artworks by local and international emerging and established artists. Its projects from 2009 to 2011 are documented in a catalog, Las Cienegas Projects: Time Runs Out (2015).In 2014, <mask> was invited to develop the visual environment for the second Festival Supreme, a music and comedy event in Los Angeles organized by Tenacious D (Jack Black and Kyle Gass). He produced an enormous art theme park called Circus of Death, which featured two prop-festooned trains, a haunted church/bouncy house by Jim Shaw, monster costumes by Marnie Weber, puppets and figurative sculptures with sound, videos, and performances by himself and others. <mask> organized a multimedia environment for "Glow," a one-night interactive art festival in Santa Monica in 2013; it featured a puppet show, sculpture by <mask> and Demaree, and sounds by Gibby Haynes and music by Petra Haden, Tanya Haden and Anna Huff, which were captured on the album A Puppet Show. In 2017, he participated in the "Murals of La Jolla" public art project with Man, Myths and Magic, a vibrant, billboard-sized reproduction of a five-by-seven-inch drawing of his, which combined abstract, referential and fantastical qualities in its depiction of a humanoid figures emerging from a surreal landscape. References

External links
Nothing Moments Press, collaborative project-based publisher
<mask>, artist page, Meilisetian Briggs
<mask> Felsen Gallery

21st-century artists
American artists
Artists from Los Angeles
American abstract artists
California Institute of the Arts alumni
1967 births
Living people

masks:
Steven Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
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Steven Hull
Steven Hullmund


title: Johannes Rebmann

texts:
<mask> (January 16, 1820 – October 4, 1876) was a German missionary, linguist, and explorer credited with feats including being the first European, along with his colleague Johann Ludwig Krapf, to enter Africa from the Indian Ocean coast. In addition, he was the first European to find Kilimanjaro. News of <mask>'s discovery was published in the Church Missionary Intelligencer in May 1849, but disregarded as mere fantasy for the next twelve years. The Geographical Society of London held that snow could not possibly occur let alone persist in such latitudes and considered the report to be the hallucination of a malaria-stricken missionary. It was only in 1861 that researchers began their efforts to measure Kilimanjaro. Expeditions to Tanzania between 1861 and 1865, led by the German Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken, confirmed <mask>’s report. Together with his colleague Johann Ludwig Krapf they were also the first Europeans to visit and report Mount Kenya.Their work there is also thought to have had effects on future African expeditions by Europeans, including the exploits of Sir Richard Burton, John Hanning Speke, and David Livingstone. After losing most of his eyesight and entering into a brief marriage, he died of pneumonia. Early life
<mask> was born to a Swabian farmer and winegrower on January 16, 1820 in Gerlingen, Württemberg. The village he lived in was very small, with about 1,500 inhabitants. Even at an early age, he aspired to be a "preacher and canvasser of the gospel". Later, when <mask> became a young man, he chose to devote himself to being a missionary, and was trained in Basel. In 1844 he attended the Church Missionary Society College, Islington.The following year he was ordained as a priest by the Bishop of London and he became a member of the Church Missionary Society. Together with fellow missionary Johann Ludwig Krapf, <mask> traveled in 1846 by a ship called "Arrow" to East Africa, where he worked in what is now Kenya, as well as at various other locations. Their work was hard, and they had much trouble convincing tribal chiefs to let them speak to the people. Krapf noted (what he called) the "surge of Islam" that was going through Africa, and wanted to make some sort of Christian standing against its religious influence on the people of the continent. As the radius of the two missionaries' work expanded, plans for Christian missionary outposts in the area began to develop. During his time in Africa, <mask> kept a diary from 1848 until the end of his life. In the diary, <mask> writes of the way his trust in his Christianity kept him stable in the continent of Africa, where only very few Europeans had ventured before him.An extract from the diary, which Rebmann in turn took from the Bible (Psalm: 51, 12) reflects <mask>'s belief in his faith: "Restore to me joy of your salvation and grant me a willing spirit, to sustain me." Stumbling upon Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya

In 1848, <mask> was the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro. The following year, he saw Mount Kenya together with his colleague Krapf. On the October 16, 1847, the two men set out for the interior of Kenya. With them came eight tribesmen and a local caravan leader named Bwana Kheri. This expedition was designed with the goal of establishing some of the first mission posts in the region. The journey was successful, and the group of tribesmen and the missionaries returned to Mombasa on October 27.Sometime during their journey or their stay in the region, <mask> and Krapf learned of a great mountain referred to as 'Kilimansharo', which reached the clouds and which was 'capped in silver'. The two men, like most Europeans at the time, were under the impression that snow and ice could not exist so close to the equator, and failed to realize the significance of the mountain being 'topped with silver'. However, the two missionaries, who had become just as much explorers as they were missionaries, became quite interested in Kilimanjaro, and Krapf sought permission of the Mombasa governor for an expedition to the land of the Jagga, a people now known as the Chaga, who lived and live on the actual slopes of Kilimanjaro. Krapf told the governor that this journey would be work-based. Despite this, Krapf actually did not accompany Rebmann on the journey, so only Bwana Kheri and Rebmann left for Kilimanjaro on April 27, 1848. Within two weeks, <mask> and his guide were within sight of the mountain. He noted in his journal the strange white on the summit of Kilimanjaro, and he questioned his guide on what he thought it was.According to <mask>'s log, the guide 'did not know what it was, but supposed it was coldness'. It was then that Rebmann realised that Kilimanjaro was in fact capped in snow. In 1849, these observations were published, but the findings were not truly accepted by most of the scientific community at the time and even deemed as the result of hallucinations induced by malaria. On November 10, 1848, <mask> recorded an entry in his log about the mountain:

Mount Kenya was discovered by Krapf in the next year, on December 3, 1849. The finding of this mountain was also met with disbelief in Europe, but the effect of these discoveries was enough to trigger further investigation into other areas of Africa, thereby stimulating a growth of scientific (among other fields) knowledge of the regions, people, history, and geography of the African continent. Other work in Africa
<mask> stayed in Africa for almost thirty consecutive years. He kept to a policy that, in order to truly affect the African people, and to complete his task as a missionary, much patience was needed.It appears that this policy was the driving force behind his many years of work on the continent. As well as visiting Kilimanjaro, Rebmann and Krapf visited other areas of Africa, including the African Great Lakes and Mount Meru. He married to a fellow missionary, Anna Maria, née Maisch, with whom he spent fifteen years doing missionary work in Africa before her death in 1866, and with whom he had a child (who died only days after his birth). Also during his time in Africa, after his expeditions to Kilimanjaro and around the Great lakes, he learned to speak several native languages, and completed a dictionary (started by his colleague Ludwig Krapf) of the Nika (Mijikenda) language,<ref>J.L. Krapf, J. Rebmann [https://archive.org/details/anikaenglishdic00rebmgoog A Nika-English Dictionary], 1877.</ref> and a dictionary of Swahili (now lost, but of which some material may have been incorporated into Krapf's Dictionary of the Suaheli Language (1882)). He also translated the Gospel of Luke into Swahili. In addition, after meeting a Swahili-speaking slave known as Salimini, originally from Malawi, in 1853, he compiled the first ever Chichewa language dictionary, which was eventually published in 1877.Slug map

During their time in Africa, Krapf and Rebmann worked their way into the interior of the continent. They traveled to several areas in the regions of Central and Eastern Africa, including to what is now known as the African Great Lakes. The finding of one especially large lake (Uniamési) is depicted in a map known as the 'Slug' map. It was known by this name because the layout of the water body suggested a shape similar to that of a slug. The basis for the map was prepared by the missionary Jakob Erhardt from the reports of his companions Krapf and Rebmann, and from verbal information that he had acquired from local people. Erhardt was struck by the fact that travelers who had gone inland from different points on the coast had all come to an inland sea. In November 1854, while talking about the problem to Rebmann, "at one and the same moment, the problem flashed on both of us solved by the simple supposition that where geographical hypothesis had hitherto supposed an enormous mountain-land, we must now look for an enormous valley and an inland sea."On the map that he and Rebmann drew, the three lakes of Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa are shown as one very large L-shaped lake. On the map, several subtle but interesting things can be discovered, including, in the northeast section of the cartograph, a reference to a stream flowing into Lake Victoria, then known by the missionaries as "the Ukerewa". A note describes how the waters of the stream were very sweet, but stained the teeth a sickly yellow. This note is probably the first known text referring to the drinking water, found primarily around Mount Meru, which has a high content of fluorine and causes a yellow-brown stain to the incisors which cannot be removed. Another piece of writing on the Slug Map – "From where the Magad [soda] is bought" – provides evidence that the trade in soda originating in Lake Natron (obviously not known by that name then) was already active at that time. In 1855 Erhardt was repatriated due to poor health, and took his map with him. It was first published in the Calwer Missionsblatt in 1855, and then in the Church Missionary intelligencer in 1856.The map is now in the care of the Royal Geographical Society in London. It is described by the Society as:

Later life and death
Having almost lost his eyesight for unknown reasons, <mask> went back to Europe in September 1875. He returned to Germany for the first time in 29 years after being persuaded to do so by a fellow missionary who was working in the area. He then proceeded to take up residence in Korntal near Stuttgart, where he was close to his old friend Krapf. In spring 1876, upon the advice of Krapf, he married  the widow of another missionary from India, <mask> née Däuble. The marriage did not last long, as on October 4, 1876, <mask> died of pneumonia. Engraved on <mask>'s tombstone in the cemetery of Korntal are the words (in English) "Saved in the arms of Jesus" (a photo can be seen here).The legacy that he left behind him is preserved by the Johannes Rebmann Foundation, a religious society devoted to Rebmann and his memory. <mask>'s work in Africa, both as a missionary and as an explorer, allowed other Europeans to follow in his footsteps. See also
Tanzania
Rebmann Glacier - Glacier named after Rebmann

References

Sources

Goodson, Andrew (2011, revised 2015). Salimini's Chichewa in Paas, Steven (2011). <mask>: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism, pp. 239–50. (An examination of the Chichewa in Rebmann's Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language)

 - publication of an unpublished document from 1853.Krapf, Johann Ludwig & <mask> (ed. Thomas Henry Sparshott) (1887). A Nika-English Dictionary
Rebman, John (= <mask>) (1877). A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968). Paas, Steven (2011). <mask>: A Servant of God in Africa Before the Rise of Western Colonialism'', 276 pages, Nűrnberg: Verlag fűr Theologie und Wissenschaft.External links

The Johannes Rebmann Foundation website
Biography - operational area - Information and a map of Rebmann's area of Missionary operation in Africa

German Anglican missionaries
1820 births
1876 deaths
Anglican missionaries in Kenya
Anglican missionaries in Tanzania
Deaths from pneumonia in Germany
Linguists of Chewa
German explorers of Africa
Missionary linguists

masks:
Johannes Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
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Louise Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Rebmann
Johannes Rebmann
Johannes Rebmann
Johannes Rebmann
Johannes Rebmann


title: Marianne Faithfull

texts:
<mask> (born 29 December 1946) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She achieved popularity in the 1960s with the release of her hit single "As Tears Go By" and became one of the lead female artists during the British Invasion in the United States. Born in Hampstead, London, Faithfull began her career in 1964 after attending a Rolling Stones party, where she was discovered by Andrew Loog Oldham. Her debut album Marianne Faithfull (1965) (released simultaneously with her album Come My Way) was a commercial success followed by a number of albums on Decca Records. From 1966 to 1970, she had a highly publicised romantic relationship with Mick Jagger. Her popularity was further enhanced by her film roles, such as those in I'll Never Forget What's'isname (1967), The Girl on a Motorcycle (1968), and Hamlet (1969). However, her popularity was overshadowed by personal problems in the 1970s.During that time she was anorexic, homeless, and a heroin addict. Noted for her distinctive voice, Faithfull's previously melodic and higher-registered vocals (which were prevalent throughout her career in the 1960s) were affected by severe laryngitis, coupled with persistent drug abuse during the 1970s, permanently altering her voice, leaving it raspy, cracked and lower in pitch. This new sound was praised as "whisky soaked" by some critics and seen as having helped to capture the raw emotions expressed in Faithfull's music. After a long commercial absence, Faithfull made a comeback with the 1979 release of her critically acclaimed album Broken English. The album was a commercial success and marked a resurgence of her musical career. Broken English earned Faithfull a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance and is often regarded as her "definitive recording". She followed this with a series of albums, including Dangerous Acquaintances (1981), A Child's Adventure (1983), and Strange Weather (1987).Faithfull also wrote three books about her life: Faithfull: An Autobiography (1994), Memories, Dreams & Reflections (2007), and <mask>: A Life on Record (2014). Faithfull is listed on VH1's "100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll" list. She received the World Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Women's World Awards and was made a Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the government of France. Early life and links to nobility
Faithfull was born in Hampstead, London. Her half-brother is artist <mask>. Her father, Major Robert Glynn <mask>, was a British intelligence officer and professor of Italian Literature at Bedford College of London University. Robert Glynn <mask>'s family lived in Ormskirk, Lancashire, while he completed a doctorate at Liverpool University.Faithfull's mother, Eva, was the daughter of an Austro-Hungarian nobleman, Artur Wolfgang, Ritter von Sacher-Masoch (1875–1953). Eva chose to style herself as Eva von Sacher-Masoch, Baroness Erisso. Eva had been a ballerina for the Max Reinhardt Company during her early years, and danced in productions of works by the German theatrical duo Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill. Faithfull's mother had been born in Budapest and moved to Vienna in 1918. The family of Sacher-Masoch had secretly opposed the Nazi regime in Vienna. Faithfull's father's intelligence work for the British Army brought him into contact with the family, and he thus met Eva, his future wife. Faithfull's maternal grandfather had aristocratic roots in the Habsburg Dynasty, while Faithfull's maternal grandmother was Jewish.Faithfull's maternal great-great-uncle was Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, whose erotic novel, Venus in Furs, spawned the word "masochism." In regard to her roots in the Austrian nobility, Faithfull discovered on the British television series Who Do You Think You Are? that the title used by family members was Ritter von Sacher-Masoch, the corresponding English title being that of Baroness, an inherited knighthood. She spent some of her early life at the commune at Braziers Park, Oxfordshire, formed by John Norman Glaister, where her father, who was also instrumental in its foundation, lived and participated. Her parents divorced when she was six years old, after which she moved with her mother to Milman Road in Reading. Her primary school was in Brixton. Living in reduced circumstances, Faithfull's girlhood was marred by bouts of tuberculosis.She was a charitably subsidised (bursaried) pupil at St Joseph's Roman Catholic Convent School, Reading, where she was, for a time, a weekly boarder. While at St Joseph's, she was a member of the Progress Theatre's student group. Singing career

1960s

Faithfull began her singing career in 1964, landing her first gigs as a folk music performer in coffeehouses. She soon began taking part in London's exploding social scene. In early 1964 she attended a Rolling Stones launch party with artist John Dunbar and met Andrew Loog Oldham, who discovered her. Her first major release, "As Tears Go By", was written and composed by Jagger, Keith Richards, and Oldham, and became a chart success. (The Rolling Stones recorded their own version one year later, which also became successful.)She then released a series of successful singles, including "This Little Bird", "Summer Nights", and "Come and Stay With Me". Faithfull married John Dunbar on 6 May 1965 in Cambridge with Peter Asher as the best man. The couple lived in a flat at 29 Lennox Gardens in Belgravia just off Knightsbridge, London SW1. On 10 November 1965, she gave birth to their son, Nicholas. She left her husband shortly after to live with Mick Jagger. In 1966 she took Nicholas to stay with Brian Jones and Anita Pallenberg in London. During that time period, Faithfull started smoking marijuana and became best friends with Pallenberg.She also began a much-publicised relationship with Mick Jagger that same year. The couple became notorious and largely part of the hip Swinging London scene. She is heard on The Beatles' song "Yellow Submarine". She was found wearing only a fur rug by police executing a drug search at Keith Richards's house in West Wittering, Sussex. In an interview 27 years later with A.M. Homes for Details, Faithfull discussed her wilder days and admitted that the drug bust fur rug incident had ravaged her personal life: "It destroyed me. To be a male drug addict and to act like that is always enhancing and glamorising. A woman in that situation becomes a slut and a bad mother."In 1968, Faithfull, by now addicted to cocaine, miscarried a daughter (whom she had named Corrina) while retreating to Jagger's country house in Ireland. Faithfull's involvement in Jagger's life would be reflected in some of the Rolling Stones's best known songs. "Sympathy for the Devil", featured on the 1968 album Beggars Banquet, was partially inspired by The Master and Margarita, written by Mikhail Bulgakov, a book which Faithfull introduced to Jagger. The song "You Can't Always Get What You Want," on the 1969 album Let It Bleed, was supposedly written and composed about Faithfull; the songs "Wild Horses" and "I Got the Blues" on the 1971 album Sticky Fingers were also allegedly influenced by Faithfull, and she co-wrote "Sister Morphine" (the writing credit for the song was the subject of a protracted legal battle that was ultimately resolved with Faithfull listed as co-author). In her autobiography, Faithfull said Jagger and Richards released it in their own names so that her agent did not collect all the royalties and proceeds from the song, especially as she was homeless and battling with heroin addiction at the time. In 1968, Faithfull appeared in The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus concert, giving a solo performance of "Something Better". 1970s
Faithfull ended her relationship with Jagger in May 1970, after initiating an affair with Lord Rossmore and she lost custody of her son in that same year, which led to her attempting suicide.Faithfull's personal life went into decline, and her career went into a tailspin. She made only a few appearances, including an October 1973 performance for NBC with David Bowie, singing Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe". Faithfull lived on London's Soho streets for two years, suffering from heroin addiction and anorexia nervosa. Friends intervened and enrolled her in an NHS heroin-assisted treatment programme. She failed at controlling or stabilising her addiction at that time. In 1971, producer Mike Leander found her on the streets and made an attempt to revive her career, producing part of her album Rich Kid Blues. The album was shelved until 1985.Severe laryngitis, coupled with persistent drug abuse during this period, permanently altered Faithfull's voice, leaving it cracked and lower in pitch. While the new sound was praised as "whisky soaked" by some critics, journalist John Jones, of the Sunday Times, wrote that she had "permanently vulgarised her voice". In 1975 she released the country-influenced record Dreamin' My Dreams (a.k.a. Faithless), which reached No.1 on the Irish Albums Chart. Faithfull moved into a squat without hot water or electricity in Chelsea with then-boyfriend Ben Brierly, of the punk band the Vibrators. She later shared flats in Chelsea and Regent's Park with Henrietta Moraes. In 1979, the same year she was arrested for marijuana possession in Norway, Faithfull's career returned full force with the album Broken English, one of her most critically hailed albums.Partially influenced by the punk explosion and her marriage to Brierly in the same year, it ranged from the punk-pop sounds of the title track, which addressed terrorism in Europe (being dedicated to Ulrike Meinhof), to the punk-reggae rhythms of "Why D'Ya Do It? ", a song with aggressive lyrics adapted from a poem by Heathcote Williams. The musical structure of this song is complex: though on the surface hard rock, it is a tango in 4/4 time, with an opening electric guitar riff by Barry Reynolds in which beats 1 and 4 of each measure are accented on the up-beat, and beat 3 is accented on the down beat. Faithfull, in her autobiography, commented that her fluid yet rhythmic reading of Williams' lyric was "an early form of rap". Broken English was also the album which revealed the full extent of Faithfull's drinking and drug use and its effect on her singing voice, with the melodic vocals on her early records being replaced by a raucous, deep voice which helped capture the raw emotions expressed in the album's songs. 1980s
Faithfull began living in New York after the release of the follow-up to Broken English, Dangerous Acquaintances, in 1981. The same year, she appeared as a vocalist on the single "Misplaced Love" by Rupert Hine, which charted in Australia.Despite her comeback, she was still battling with addiction in the mid-1980s, at one point breaking her jaw tripping on a flight of stairs while under the influence. In another incident her heart stopped. A disastrous appearance on Saturday Night Live was blamed on too many rehearsals, but it was suspected that drugs had caused her vocal cords to seize up. Rich Kid Blues (1985) was another collection of her early work combined with new recordings, a double record showcasing both the pop and rock 'n' roll facets of her output to date. In 1985, Faithfull performed "Ballad of the Soldier's Wife" on Hal Willner's tribute album Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill. Faithfull's restrained readings lent themselves to the material, and this collaboration informed several subsequent works. In 1985, she was at the Hazelden Foundation Clinic in Minnesota for rehabilitation.She then received treatment at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. While living at a hotel in nearby Cambridge, Faithfull started an affair (while still married to Brierly) with a dual diagnosis (mentally ill and drug dependent) man, Howard Tose, who later committed suicide by jumping from a 14th floor window of the flat they shared. In 1987, Faithfull dedicated a "thank you" to Tose within the album package of Strange Weather, on the back sleeve: "To Howard Tose with love and thanks". Faithfull's divorce from Brierly was also finalised that year. In 1995, she wrote and sang about Tose's death in "Flaming September" from the album A Secret Life. In 1987, Faithfull again reinvented herself, this time

masks:
Marianne Evelyn Gabriel Faithfull
Marianne Faithfull
Simon Faithfull
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title: Marianne Faithfull

texts:
 as a jazz and blues singer, on Strange Weather, also produced by Willner. The album became her most critically lauded album of the decade.Coming full circle, the renewed Faithfull cut another recording of "As Tears Go By" for Strange Weather, this time in a tighter, more gravelly voice. The singer confessed to a lingering irritation with her first hit. "I always childishly thought that was where my problems started, with that damn song," she told Jay Cocks in Time magazine, but she came to terms with it as well as with her past. In a 1987 interview with Rory O'Connor of Vogue, Faithfull declared, "forty is the age to sing it, not seventeen." The album of covers was produced by Hal Willner after the two had spent numerous weekends listening to hundreds of songs from the annals of 20th-century music. They chose to record such diverse tracks as Bob Dylan's "I'll Keep It with Mine" and "Yesterdays", written by Broadway composers Jerome Kern and Otto Harbach. The work also includes tunes first made notable by such blues luminaries as Billie Holiday and Bessie Smith; Tom Waits wrote the title track.In 1988, Faithfull married writer and actor Giorgio Della Terza, but they divorced in 1991. 1990s
When Roger Waters assembled an all-star cast of musicians to perform the rock opera The Wall live in Berlin in July 1990, Faithfull played the part of Pink's overprotective mother. Her musical career rebounded for the third time during the early 1990s with the live album Blazing Away, which featured Faithfull revisiting songs she had performed over the course of her career. Blazing Away was recorded at St. Ann's Cathedral in Brooklyn. The 13 selections include "Sister Morphine", a cover of Edith Piaf's "Les Prisons du Roy", and "Why D'Ya Do It?" from Broken English. Alanna Nash of Stereo Review commended the musicians whom Faithfull had chosen to back her—longtime guitarist Reynolds was joined by former Band member Garth Hudson and pianist Dr. John.Nash was also impressed with the album's autobiographical tone, noting "Faithfull's gritty alto is a cracked and halting rasp, the voice of a woman who's been to hell and back on the excursion fare which, of course, she has." The reviewer extolled Faithfull as "one of the most challenging and artful of women artists," and Rolling Stone writer Fred Goodman asserted: "Blazing Away is a fine retrospective – proof that we can still expect great things from this greying, jaded contessa." A Collection of Her Best Recordings was released in 1994 by Island Records to coincide with the release of the Faithfull autobiography; the two products originally shared the same cover art. It contained Faithfull's updated version of "As Tears Go By" from Strange Weather, several cuts from Broken English and A Child's Adventure and a song written by Patti Smith scheduled for inclusion on an Irish AIDS benefit album. This track, "Ghost Dance", suggested to Faithfull by a friend who later died of AIDS, was made with a trio of old friends: Stones' drummer Charlie Watts and guitarist Ron Wood backed Faithfull's vocals on the song, while Keith Richards coproduced it. The retrospective album also featured one live track, "Times Square", from Blazing Away as well as a new Faithfull original, "She", penned with composer and arranger Angelo Badalamenti to be released the following year on A Secret Life, with additional songs co written with Badalamenti. Faithfull also sang "Love is Teasin," an Irish folk standard, with The Chieftains on their album The Long Black Veil, released in 1995.Faithfull sang a duet and recited text on the San Francisco band Oxbow's 1997 album Serenade in Red. Faithfull also sang interlude vocals on Metallica's song "The Memory Remains" from their 1997 album Reload and appeared in the song's music video; the track reached No. 28 in the U.S. (No.3 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart) and No.13 in the UK. As her fascination with the music of Weimar-era Germany continued, Faithfull performed in The Threepenny Opera at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, playing Pirate Jenny. Her interpretation of the music led to a new album, Twentieth Century Blues (1996), which focused on the music of Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht as well as Noël Coward, followed in 1998 by a recording of The Seven Deadly Sins, with the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. A hugely successful concert and cabaret tour accompanied by Paul Trueblood at the piano, culminated in the filming, at the Montreal Jazz Festival, of the DVD <mask> Sings Kurt Weill.In 1998, Faithfull released A Perfect Stranger: The Island Anthology, a two-disc compilation that chronicled her years with Island Records. It featured tracks from her albums Broken English, Dangerous Acquaintances, A Child's Adventure, Strange Weather, Blazing Away, and A Secret Life, as well as several B sides and unreleased tracks. Faithfull's 1999 DVD Dreaming My Dreams contained material about her childhood and parents, with historical video footage going back to 1964 and interviews with the artist and several friends who have known her since childhood. The documentary included sections on her relationship with John Dunbar and Mick Jagger, and brief interviews with Keith Richards. It concluded with footage from a 30-minute live concert, originally broadcast on PBS for the series Sessions at West 54th. That same year, she ranked 25th in VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Rock and Roll. Roger Waters (Pink Floyd) wrote the song "Incarceration of a Flower Child" portraying Syd Barrett in 1968; it was never recorded by Pink Floyd.The song was eventually recorded by Faithfull on her 1999 album Vagabond Ways. 2000s

Faithfull released several albums in the 2000s that received positive critical response, beginning with Vagabond Ways (1999), which was produced and recorded by Mark Howard. It included collaborations with Daniel Lanois, Emmylou Harris, Pink Floyd's Roger Waters, and writer (and friend) Frank McGuinness. Later that year she sang "Love Got Lost" on Joe Jackson's Night and Day II. Her renaissance continued with Kissin Time, released in 2002. The album contained songs written with Blur, Beck, Billy Corgan, Jarvis Cocker, Dave Stewart, David Courts and the French pop singer Étienne Daho. On this record, she paid tribute to Nico (with "Song for Nico"), whose work she admired.The album also included an autobiographical song she co-wrote with Cocker, called "Sliding Through Life on Charm". In 2005, she released Before the Poison. The album was primarily a collaboration with PJ Harvey and Nick Cave, though Damon Albarn and Jon Brion also contributed. Before the Poison received mixed reviews from both Rolling Stone and Village Voice. In 2005 she recorded (and co-produced) "Lola R Forever", a cover of the Serge Gainsbourg song "Lola Rastaquouere" with Sly & Robbie for the tribute album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited. In 2007, Faithfull collaborated with the British singer-songwriter, Patrick Wolf on the duet "Magpie" from his third album The Magic Position and wrote and recorded a new song for the French film Truands called "A Lean and Hungry Look" with Ulysse. In March 2007 she returned to the stage with a touring show entitled Songs of Innocence and Experience.Supported by a trio, the performance had a semi-acoustic feel and toured European theatres throughout the spring and summer. The show featured many songs she had not performed live before including "Something Better", the song she sang on The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus. The show also included the Harry Nilsson song "Don't Forget Me", "Marathon Kiss" from Vagabond Ways and a version of the traditional "Spike Driver Blues". Articles published at that time hinted Faithfull was looking to retirement and was hoping that money from Songs of the Innocence and Experience would enable her to live in comfort. She said: "I'm not prepared to be 70 and absolutely broke. I realised last year that I have no safety net at all and I'm going to have to get one. So I need to change my attitude to life, which means I have to put away 10 per cent every year of my old age.I want to be in a position where I don't have to work. I should have thought about this a long time ago but I didn't." However, she still lived in her flat in Paris
(located in one of the most expensive streets of the capital) and had a house in County Waterford, Ireland. Recording of Easy Come, Easy Go commenced in New York City on 6 December 2007; the album was produced by Hal Willner who had previously recorded Strange Weather in 1997. A version of Morrissey's "Dear God Please Help Me" from his 2006 album, Ringleader of the Tormentors is one of the songs featured. In March 2009, she performed "The Crane Wife 3" on The Late Show. In late March, she began the Easy Come, Easy Go tour, which took her to France, Germany, Austria, New York City, Los Angeles and London.On 16 April 2009, while preparing to board a British Airways flight at London's Gatwick Airport bound for a concert appearance in Bologna, François Ravard, accompanying Faithfull, was detained and then later arrested. In a statement, British Airways said: "A male customer became aggressive and abusive at check-in when he was refused travel on a flight from Gatwick to Bologna. He appeared to be intoxicated on arrival at check-in. In such circumstances, an assessment is made as to whether the passenger is fit to travel. When he was refused travel, he became physically and verbally abusive. Police were called and he was arrested. Such behaviour will not be tolerated."Faithfull, however, had not been drinking and was allowed to board. The pair was flying to Italy on a leg of her world tour promoting Easy Come, Easy Go. According to her spokesperson, "<mask> was at Gatwick airport but was not involved in any way in the situation that occurred and she managed to travel on to Bologna as planned. Her gig tonight there will go ahead as planned, and Francois travelled from Britain to join her yesterday. <mask> hadn't been drinking at the time of the incident and she does not drink alcohol. She is enjoying life and loving it as she is sober and clean." On 3 May 2009, she was featured on CBS News Sunday Morning and interviewed by Anthony Mason in the "Sunday Profile" segment.Both in-studio and on-the-street (New York City) interview segments with Faithfull and Mason were interspersed with extensive biographical and musical footage. In November, Faithfull was interviewed by Jennifer Davies on World Radio Switzerland, where she described the challenges of being stereotyped as a "mother, or the pure wife". Because of this, she insisted, it has been hard to maintain a long career as a female artist, which, she said, gave her empathy for Amy Winehouse when they met recently. In 2010, she was honoured with the Icon of the Year award from Q magazine. 2010s
On 31 January 2011, Faithfull released her 18th studio album Horses and High Heels in mainland Europe with mixed reviews. The 13 track album contains four songs co-written by Faithfull; the rest are covers of mainly well known songs such as Dusty Springfield's "Goin' Back" and the Shangri-Las' "Past, Present, Future". A UK CD release was planned for 7 March 2011.Faithfull supported the album's release with an extensive European tour with a five-piece band, arriving in the UK on 24 May for a rare show at London's Barbican Centre, with an extra UK show at Leamington Spa on 26 May. On 7 May 2011, she appeared on BBC Radio 2's Graham Norton Show. She reunited with Metallica in December 2011 for their 30th anniversary celebration at the Fillmore where she performed "The Memory Remains". In 2012, Faithfull recorded a cover version of a Stevie Nicks track from the Fleetwood Mac album Tusk as part of a Fleetwood Mac tribute project. The track "Angel" was released on 14 August 2012 as part of the tribute album Just Tell Me That You Want Me. On 22 June 2013, she made a sell-out concert appearance at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, with jazz musician Bill Frisell playing guitar, as a part of Meltdown Festival curated by Yoko Ono. In September 2014, Faithfull released an album of all-new material, titled Give My Love to London.She started a 12-month 50th anniversary tour at the end of 2014. During a webchat hosted by The

masks:
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne
Marianne


title: Marianne Faithfull

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 Guardian on 1 February 2016, Faithfull revealed plans to release a live album from her 50th anniversary tour. She also had ideas for a follow-up for Give My Love to London, but had no intention of recording new material for at least a year and a half. Faithfull's most recent album, Negative Capability, was released in November 2018. It featured Rob Ellis, Warren Ellis, Nick Cave, Ed Harcourt, and Mark Lanegan. 2020s
A spoken word album titled She Walks in Beauty was released in May 2021. She is accompanied with musical arrangements by Warren Ellis, Brian Eno, Nick Cave and Vincent Segal.The album sees her recite the 19th-century British Romantic poets. Achievements

In 1999, Faithfull ranked 25th on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll. On 4 November 2007, the European Film Academy announced that Faithfull had received a nomination for Best Actress, for her role as Maggie in Irina Palm. At the 20th annual European Film Awards ceremony held in Berlin, on 1 December 2007, Faithfull lost to Helen Mirren. On 5 March 2009, Faithfull received the World Arts Award for Lifetime Achievement at the 2009 Women's World Awards. "<mask>'s contribution to the arts over a 45-year career including 18 studio albums as a singer, songwriter and interpreter, and numerous appearances on stage and screen is now being acknowledged with this special award." The award was presented in Vienna, with ceremonies televised in over 40 countries on 8 March 2009 as part of International Women's Day.On 23 March 2011, Faithfull was awarded the Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, one of France's highest cultural honours. Awards and Nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|
|-
!scope="row"|European Film Awards
| 2007
| Irina Palm
| Best Actress
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Grammy Awards
| 1981
| Broken English
| Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Q Awards
| 2009
| Herself
| Q Icon
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Women's World Award
| 2009
| Herself
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|
|

Health
Faithfull's touring and work schedule has been repeatedly interrupted by health problems. In late 2004 she called off the European leg of a world tour, promoting Before The Poison after collapsing on stage in Milan, and was hospitalised for exhaustion. The tour resumed later and included a US leg in 2005. In September 2006, she again called off a concert tour, this time after she was diagnosed with breast cancer. The following month, she underwent surgery in France and no further treatment was necessary owing to the tumour having been caught at a very early stage.Less than two months after she declared having beaten the disease, Faithfull made her public statement of full recovery. In October 2007, Faithfull stated she suffered from hepatitis C on the UK television programme This Morning, and that she had first been diagnosed with the condition 12 years before. She discusses both the cancer and hepatitis diagnoses in further depth in her second memoir, Memories, Dreams and Reflections. On 27 May 2008, Faithfull released the following blog posting on her MySpace page, with the headline "Tour Dates Cancelled" and credited to FR Management – the company operated by her boyfriend/manager François Ravard: "Due to general mental, physical and nervous exhaustion doctors have ordered <mask>l to immediately cease all work activities and rehabilitate. The treatment and recovery should last around six months." In August 2013, Faithfull was forced to cancel a string of concerts in the US and Lebanon following a back injury while on holiday in California. On 30 May 2014, Faithfull suffered a broken hip after a fall while on holiday on the Greek island of Rhodes and underwent surgery.Afterwards, an infection developed at the site of the prosthesis, causing Faithfull to cancel or postpone parts of her 50th anniversary tour for additional surgery and rehabilitation. On 4 April 2020, it was announced that Faithfull was in hospital in London receiving treatment for pneumonia after having tested positive for COVID-19. Her management company reported that she was "stable and responding to treatment". On 21 April she was discharged following a three-week hospitalisation. In a brief statement, Faithfull publicly thanked the hospital staff who "without a doubt" saved her life. She initially thought that she would not be able to sing again after the effects of the coronavirus on her lungs and continued to suffer memory loss because of it. However, she has since been working on her breathing and undertaking singing practice as a part of her recovery.Discography

Filmography
 2005: Live in Hollywood (USA, 110 minutes) directed by Mark Lucas (this is the film of her concert in Spring 2005 at the Henry Fonda Theater in Los Angeles, California during the US leg of her 40th anniversary celebration tour, including the best songs from her (then) recent album Before The Poison (2005), songs such as John Lennon's "Working Class Hero" and Roger Waters's "Incarceration Of A Flower Child" and hits such as "The Ballad of Lucy Jordan", "Guilt", "As Tears Go by", "Broken English" and "Sister Morphine"; musicians: Lew Soloff, Fernando Saunders, Barry Reynolds, Courtney Williams; released by Eagle Rock Entertainment Ltd on 20 September 2005, the 2-disc (CD + DVD) set includes a 30-minute interview with <mask> as a bonus featured on the DVD; the set includes the main concert on both DVD and CD; DVD total timing: 2h23min. ; tracklisting: 1. Trouble In Mind, 2. Falling From Grace, 3. Mystery Of Love, 4. Ballad Of Lucy Jordan, 5. She, 6.No Child Of Mine, 7. Last Song, 8. Kissin' Time, 9. Times Square, 10. Working Class Hero, 11. Incarceration Of A Flower Child, 12. Strange Weather, 13.Guilt, 14. As Tears Go By, 15. Sister Morphine, 16. Crazy Love, 17. Broken English, 18. Why D'ya Do It)
 2016: <mask> – Fleur d'âme (France, 62 minutes) directed by Sandrine Bonnaire (this is a <mask> video portrait and interview by French actress Sandrine Bonnaire)

Acting career
In addition to her music career, Faithfull has had a career as an actress in theatre, television and film. Her first professional theatre appearance was in a 1967 stage adaptation of Chekhov's Three Sisters, at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in which she played Irina, co-starring with Glenda Jackson and Avril Elgar.The year before she had played herself in Jean-Luc Godard's film Made in U.S.A.. Faithfull featured in the 1967 film I'll Never Forget What's'isname, Orson Welles receiving top billing, opposite Oliver Reed, notably becoming the first actor to use "fuck" in the dialogue of a mainstream studio picture. In the French television film Anna, starring Anna Karina, Faithfull sang Serge Gainsbourg's "Hier ou Demain". 1968 found a fetishist portrayal, a black leather-clad motorcyclist in the French film La Motocyclette (English titles: The Girl on a Motorcycle and Naked Under Leather) opposite Alain Delon, and 1969 Kenneth Anger's Lucifer Rising, her role Lilith. In London 1969 at the Round House, Faithfull played Ophelia to Nicol Williamson's title role in Hamlet. The production was filmed, Hamlet, Tony Richardson director. Her stage work also included Edward Bond's Early Morning at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in which she played a lesbian Florence Nightingale, The Collector at St Martin's Theatre in the West End opposite Simon Williams, Mad Dog at Hampstead Theatre opposite Denholm Elliott, A Patriot for Me by John Osborne, at the Palace Theatre, Watford and the role of Lizzie Curry in N. Richard Nash's The Rainmaker, which toured the UK and in which Faithfull's co-star was Peter Gilmore. Other film roles in the 1970s included Sophy Kwykwer in Stephen Weeks's Ghost Story (AKA Madhouse Mansion), released on a newly mastered DVD in the UK in 2009, and Helen Rochefort in Assault on Agathon.Her television acting in the late 1960s and early 1970s included The Door of Opportunity (1970) with Ian Ogilvy, adapted from W. Somerset Maugham's story, followed by August Strindberg's The Stronger (1971) with Britt Ekland, and Terrible Jim Fitch (1971) by James Leo Herlihy, which once more paired Faithfull with Nicol Williamson. In 1991, she played the role of Pirate Jenny in The Threepenny Opera at the Gate Theatre in Dublin. Later she performed Kurt Weill's "The Seven Deadly Sins" with the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, a CD of which was released in 1998. She has played both God and the Devil. She appeared as God in two guest appearances in the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous opposite friend Jennifer Saunders, with another close friend, Anita Pallenberg, playing the Devil. In 2004 and 2005, she played the Devil in William Burroughs' and Tom Waits' musical, The Black Rider, directed by Robert Wilson, which opened at London's Barbican Theatre, toured to San Francisco, but from which she was forced to withdraw prior to performances at the Sydney Festival, owing to exhaustion. In 2001 Faithfull appeared with Lucy Russell and Lambert Wilson in C.S.Leigh's Far From China. She has also appeared in Patrice Chéreau's Intimacy (2001) and, in 2004, in Jose Hayot's Nord-Plage. Faithfull appeared as Empress Maria Theresa in Sofia Coppola's 2006 biopic, Marie Antoinette. She starred in the film Irina Palm, released at the Berlinale film festival in 2007. Faithfull plays the central role of Maggie, a 60-year-old widow who becomes a sex worker to pay for medical treatment for her ill grandson. Faithfull lent her voice to the 2008 film Evil Calls: The Raven, although this was recorded several years earlier when the project was still titled Alone in the Dark. She has appeared in the 2008 feature documentary by Nik Sheehan on Brion Gysin and the dreamachine, entitled FLicKeR.In 2008, Faithfull toured readings of Shakespeare's sonnets, drawing on the "Dark Lady" sequence. Her accompanist was the cellist Vincent Ségal. In 2011 and 2012 Faithfull had supporting roles in the films Faces in the Crowd and Belle du Seigneur. Faithfull starred in a production of Kurt Weill's The Seven Deadly Sins at Landestheater Linz, Austria. The production ran from October 2012 to January 2013. On 18 September 2013, Faithfull was featured in the genealogy documentary series, Who Do You Think You Are?, tracing her family's roots, in particular her mother's side of the family in pre World War II Austria. TV and filmography

Stage work

Work as an author
 Faithfull: An Autobiography, <mask> (1994), Cooper Square Press
 Memories, Dreams & Reflections, <mask> (7 July 2008), Harper Perennial
 <mask>l: A Life on Record, edited by <mask> and Francois Ravard, Contribution by Will Self and Terry Southern, Introduction by Salman Rushdie (2014), Rizzoli

References

Further reading
 Stieven-Taylor, Alison (2007).Rock Chicks:The Hottest Female Rockers from the 1960s to Now. SYD. Rockpool Publishing. "As years go by." The Independent, 1 September 1996, p. 18. An interview with Faithfull in which she specifically denies the notorious Mars Bar incident. Epinions.com entry on <mask>l

External links

 <mask>l fansite
 Faithfull Forever – Inspired by <mask>l
 Innocence and Experience: <mask>l at Tate Gallery Liverpool

1946 births
Dark cabaret musicians
Decca Records artists
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Living people
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People educated at St Joseph's Convent School
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masks:
Marianne
Marianne Faithful
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithful
Marianne Faithfull
Marianne Faithful
Marianne Faithful
Marianne Faithful
Marianne Faithful