title: Kathy Burke

texts:
<mask> (born 13 June 1964) is an English actress, comedian, writer, producer, and director. She achieved fame with her appearances on sketch shows such as French and Saunders (1988–1999) and her recurring role as Magda on the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (1992–2012), as well as her frequent collaborations with fellow comedian Harry Enfield. For her portrayal of Valerie in the 1997 film Nil by Mouth, she won Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role. <mask> made her film debut in the 1982 drama Scrubbers, and played Queen Mary I in the award-winning biographical film Elizabeth (1998). Her other film appearances include Sid and Nancy (1986), Dancing at Lughnasa (1998), This Year's Love (1999), Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000), The Martins (2001), Anita and Me (2002), and Once Upon a Time in the Midlands (2002). From 1999 to 2001, she starred as Linda La Hughes on the BBC sitcom Gimme Gimme Gimme, for which she received a British Comedy Award and two BAFTA nominations. Having spent most of the 2000s concentrating on her work as a theatre director, she returned to film roles in the 2010s with Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Pan (2015), and Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016).Early life
<mask> was brought up in Islington, North London to Irish Catholic parents Paddy and Bridget. She has two elder brothers. Her mother, known as Bridie, died of cancer when she was two years old. She lived with her father, a builder who was an alcoholic and was sent to the Maria Fidelis Convent School in Euston. She then studied at the Anna Scher Theatre School. Career
<mask>'s first role was in the 1982 film Scrubbers, directed by Swedish actress Mai Zetterling and featuring Pam St. Clement, Robbie Coltrane, Miriam Margolyes, Honey Bane, Debby Bishop and Eva Mottley. The film was set in a young offenders' institute for girls and was seen as a female version of the film Scum.<mask> appeared in a non-speaking role in a 1985 public information film about heroin addiction. The following year she appeared in a non-speaking role as 'witness in doorway' in an award-winning advert for The Guardian'''s ‘Points of View’. <mask> first became familiar to television audiences as a player of minor roles in sketches by better-known performers such as Harry Enfield, Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders. Early TV work included regular appearances on the chat show The Last Resort hosted by Jonathan Ross on UK Channel 4 in the mid-1980s, playing the characters 'Tina Bishop' and 'Perry the Pre-pubescent Schoolboy". Bishop was a continually pregnant "expert" offering advice on household chores, always with disastrous results. Along with French and Saunders, she has contributed to two Comic Relief charity singles. She first appeared as a member of Bananarama parody band Lananeeneenoonoo in 1989, and then as a member of Spice Girls' look-alike band the Sugar Lumps in 1997.In real life <mask> is a big fan of Morrissey and appeared in the video for his 1989 single "Ouija Board, Ouija Board" and later in the 2002 Channel 4 documentary The Importance of Being Morrissey. She quickly became successful in her own right and although mainly associated with comedy, she has played several serious roles including that of Queen Mary I of England in Elizabeth. <mask> was awarded the Royal Television Society Award for Best Actress, for her performance as the mute Martha in the 1993 BBC TV series Mr. Wroe's Virgins. <mask> won the Best Actress award at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for her role in the gritty drama Nil by Mouth. <mask> was so convinced she would not win that she made no plans to attend the ceremony; when told shortly beforehand she had won, she found her passport was out of date. The film also earned her a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. Since then she has appeared as Perry in Kevin & Perry Go Large, and as Linda La Hughes in Gimme Gimme Gimme (which she developed with writer Jonathan Harvey) where she was nominated for 3 British Comedy Awards (winning one), 2 BAFTA TV Awards and a National Television Award for her performance.In 2000, she appeared in the cult film Love Honour and Obey with Ray Burdis. In 2003, she was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. Beginning in 2001, she refrained from acting and threw herself into theatre directing; something she considers to be one of her true passions. She said in an interview with Dawn French in Dawn French's Girls Who do Comedy that she no longer felt the same creative energy associated with acting that she used to (she described it as a "feeling in my belly") and that this was the reason she had stopped acting. However, she has done some voiceover work in the past few years, including adverts for Ski yoghurt (in the UK) as well as Flushed Away (2006). She also appeared in the 2007 Christmas Special of The Catherine Tate Show as Nan's daughter. In February 1990 she wrote and directed her first play, Mr Thomas, at the Old Red Lion Theatre.It was subsequently filmed and shown on Channel 4 the next year. In 2007, <mask> contracted Clostridium difficile while in hospital for an operation, resulting in her having to pass directing duties on Dying for It at the Almeida Theatre (which starred Charlie Condou and Sophie Stanton who she worked with on Gimme Gimme Gimme). In 2009, <mask> made her television directorial debut with the BBC Three sketch show series Horne & Corden, starring Mathew Horne and James Corden. In 2010, <mask> completed a short autobiographical film, "Better Than Christmas", for Little Crackers, a collection of comic shorts. <mask> plays a nun. On 19 January 2012, it was announced that <mask>'s short for Little Crackers would be turned into a four-part series, "Walking and Talking", written by <mask>. <mask> appeared as a nun in each of the episodes.The series aired in the summer of 2012 on Sky Atlantic. In 2011, <mask> played Connie Sachs in the film adaptation of the novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. She was long-listed for a BAFTA nomination for her performance as Supporting Actress in 2012. <mask> appeared in the 2015 Peter Pan prequel film, Pan, as Mother Barnabas. In November 2015 <mask> presented the BBC topical news panel show Have I Got News for You. In 2019, <mask> starred in her own self-titled three part documentary, <mask>'s All Woman. The programme aired on Channel 4 and focused on the stereotypes and expectations of modern women.<mask> touched on subjects such as marriage, pregnancy and cosmetic surgery. In 2021, <mask> appeared as a guest judge on season 3 of RuPauls Drag UK. Filmography

Theatre
 Lilli in Amongst Barbarians by Michael Wall at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1989)
It's a Great Big Shame! by Mike Leigh (Theatre Royal Stratford East, 1993)

As director
Mr Thomas (1990) by <mask> at the Old Red Lion, also shown on Channel 4
Boom Bang-a-Bang (1995) by Jonathan Harvey at the Bush Theatre. Out in the Open (2001) by Jonathan Harvey at the Hampstead Theatre. Betty (2002) by Karen McLachlan at the Vaudeville Theatre. Kosher Harry (2002) by Nick Grosso at the Royal Court Theatre.Born Bad (2003) by Debbie Tucker Green at the Hampstead Theatre. The Quare Fellow (2004) by Brendan Behan for Oxford Stage Company. Love Me Tonight (2004) by Nick Stafford at the Hampstead Theatre. Blue/Orange (2005) by Joe Penhall at the Cambridge Arts Theatre. The God of Hell (2005) by Sam Shepard at the Donmar Warehouse. Smaller (2006) by Carmel Morgan at the Lyric Theatre, London. Once a Catholic (2014) by Mary O'Malley at the Tricycle Theatre.Lady Windermere's Fan (2018) by Oscar Wilde at the Vaudeville Theatre, West End, London. Awards

References

External links
KathyBurke.co.uk

English film actresses
English people of Irish descent
English stage actresses
English voice actresses
English television actresses
English theatre directors
Actresses from London
People from Islington (district)
English women comedians
British comedy actresses
Comedians from London
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
1964 births
Living people
Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School
People from the London Borough of Camden
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Women theatre directors

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Katherine Lucy Bridget Burke
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title: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

type: original

texts:
<mask> (July 15, 1793 – July 15, 1884) was an American scientist, educator, author, and editor. Her botany writings influenced more early American women to be botanists, including Eunice Newton Foote and her daughter, Augusta Newton Foote Arnold. Though she primarily wrote regarding nature, she also was a writer of novels, essays, and memoir. <mask> was a native of Connecticut. Her long and active life was devoted to the education of young women. She published several popular science textbooks in the fields of botany, chemistry, and geology. Some of her works worthy of special commemoration include, The Blue Ribbon Society; The School Girls Rebellion; Christian Households; Familiar Lectures on Botany; Our Country and its Relation to the Present, Past and Future; and The Fireside Friend.Her views on topics ranging from elocution to corsets are contained in Lectures to Young Ladies, Comprising Outlines and Applications of the Different Branches of Female Education for the User of Female Schools, and Private Libraries. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on July 15, 1793, in Berlin, Connecticut. She was the youngest of 17 children, growing up in an intellectual, independently thinking, and religious environment. She and her family lived on a farm, where there was much to do and much to learn. Her mother, Lydia, took interest in anatomy, examining the animals she cooked and thereby developing a rudimentary knowledge of the human anatomy. This afforded her the ability to reset dislocated joints and perform other basic first aid for her family and community, in cases where a doctor was not immediately available. Lydia also studied the properties of plants, and she later discussed these observations with her daughter <mask>, later on after her interest in botany had begun.<mask> taught her children the value of the world around them, and they learned to work hard on the farm. Through these lessons, Lydia also taught her daughters what she believed to be their place in the world, as women. The <mask> home was an open place where members of the community would often gather to debate a vast array of subjects. Almira's father, <mask>, himself loved to argue and debate, and there was often a dissenter or a preacher in their home who had stopped by to argue with him. The <mask> children were encouraged to question things, and to create their own opinions on various matters. Almira and her family often gathered around the fireplace, where her father and mother would share tales of their ancestors and family anecdotes. Almira's favorite tales concerned the Revolutionary war.It was in this environment, which nurtured learning and independent thought, where <mask> <mask> grew up. Through her close friendship with the elderly mother of a bookseller, Almira had access to a vast array of books from an early age. She loved to read, and at first seemed to enjoy reading anything she could get her hands on. One of Almira's most influential mentors was her older sister, <mask> Willard. Emma would become an influential reformer of women's education, and advised her sister early on to choose good books with which to educate herself, instead of merely reading for the pastime of it. When Almira was 17, she went to live with Emma and her husband, as her sister was in charge of the female academy at Middlebury. While living with her sister, she was also mentored by John Willard and three of his fellow students who also came to live in the Willard household.She studied mathematics and philosophy. Young men from Middlebury College often boarded with the Willards, or in homes nearby, while they were attending college. This allowed Almira, and other women like her, the chance to gain a secondhand college education, engaging in discussions with the boarders and thereby learning subjects which were at that time not taught, or taught only basically, at the female academies. It was in this secondhand fashion that Almira was able to learn higher mathematics. Career

At the age of 16, Almira began her teaching career in district schools. She later continued her own education. In 1814, she opened her first boarding school for young women at her home in Berlin; and two years later, she became principal of a school in Sandy Hill, New York.In 1817, Almira married Simeon <mask> and left her career for six years to be a housewife and mother to her three children. After her husband's untimely death in 1823, she returned to the education world as "Almira <mask>". She became a teacher and later, in 1829, vice-principal, at the well-known Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, which was run by her sister <mask> Willard. While teaching at Troy, her interests in science increased, and her botanical career began under the influence of Amos Eaton. As a teacher, Almira noticed the lack of scientific books which catered to beginning college students, and determined to remedy the issue. She sought to write a textbook which was easy to understand and which would thus make it easier for young academics, particularly young women, to study the sciences. While Almira taught at the Troy Seminary, scientific study became a popular subject.She led her students in botanical field research in the vicinity of the seminary, and students who attended her lectures were excited about the field of botany. Under Eaton's influence, she also took up an interest in chemistry. When the Troy Seminary added a laboratory for the study of chemistry, Almira worked hard to make sure it was stocked with chemicals, so that she and her students could take part in scientific experiments. She was thus able to give lectures on chemistry which were illustrated through experiments, thereby enriching the quality of scientific education at the Troy Seminary. Encouraged by Eaton and her sister's success and driven by her own financial needs, <mask> began to write such textbooks in the late 1820s. Her first and most notable textbook Familiar Lectures on Botany was published in 1829, going through seventeen editions and selling over 275,000 copies by 1872. Amos Eaton believed in women's capacity for higher education, and made it a priority to invite women from the Troy Seminary to his lectures at Renessalaer Polytechnic Institute whenever possible.Eaton believed that men and women should be educated together, and made an effort throughout his life to include women in scientific instruction. From Eaton, Almira learned much about several fields, including botany, chemistry, geology, and natural philosophy. A second professional mentor of Almira's was botanist William Darlington. He influenced her presentation of botany in her textbooks, and encouraged her to add introductory material on the Natural System of Botanical Classification, rather than solely including the Linnean System in her book. Almira took this suggestion in subsequent editions of her textbook. In 1830, with the absence of her sister, <mask> served as acting principal of the Troy Female Seminary and gave a series of lectures related to female education that she would later publish as her second book, Lectures to Young Ladies. During this time, Almira gained important managerial experience, and began to write down some of her own ideas for women's education.During her acting principalship, Almira expanded the property of the Troy Seminary to include room for the students to cultivate their own botanical specimens on the grounds. Almira was remarried in 1831 to <mask>, a lawyer and politician from Vermont. Taking the name "<mask> <mask> <mask>", she once again gave up her career to raise a second family but continued to write new textbooks on chemistry, natural philosophy, and education. In 1838, <mask> was appointed principal of the literary department of the West Chester Young Ladies Seminary in West Chester, Pennsylvania run by a local medical doctor, Jesse W. Cook. <mask>' step-daughter Eunice was appointed assistant principal, another step-daughter Ann and daughter <mask> were appointed teachers. <mask>'s own textbooks were used in several of the classes. Almost from the very beginning there was conflict between the Cooks and <mask>es.The <mask>es were unhappy about Mrs. Cook's interference in running the school, including bothering the staff. <mask> considered Dr. Cook to be an amiable and courteous man, but unable to run the school properly and with no idea about how to properly educate young women. Another major point of contention between Almira and some of the Seminary's trustees was the place of religion in the curriculum. Almira wished to include religious instruction and worship into the curriculum, and the board of trustees wished to remain secular. Almira ultimately cited this as one of the main reasons for her later departure from the school. As early as December 1838, <mask> <mask> was considering leaving. She consulted a member of the Biddle family trying to gain support for opening a girls' school in Philadelphia.No support was forthcoming and Almira remained at West Chester. In April 1839, Almira offered her position to step daughter, <mask>. Almira considered her position as defined by Dr. Cook as beneath her. Helen refused the offer. In the spring of 1839, <mask> had conditionally leased a building in Philadelphia, so that Almira could open her own school. However, Almira refused to leave West Chester. She and John were at an impasse.He believed his strong willed wife should not be working for anyone else. Almira was concerned about self-financing her own school. The break with the Cooks was final by the summer of 1839. <mask> <mask> traveled to New York to interview with the Reverend John F. Schroeder (1800–1857) who opened a school, St. Ann's Hall at Flushing, Long Island that year. <mask> followed after his wife and finally persuaded her to open her own school. <mask> made arrangements to lease a building in Rahway, New Jersey and <mask> <mask> had her own school in 1839. Many of the students from West Chester followed her to Rahway.The West Chester School did not survive the split between <mask> <mask> and Dr. Cook and closed. None of <mask>'s step daughters taught at Rahway. Eunice married and remained at West Chester, Ann moved to Camden, South Carolina to teach for her sister Stella, and Helen had her own school in Brooklyn, New York. Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City) had both a boys' school, Rock Hill, and a girls' school, the Patapsco Female Institute (PFI). By 1840, neither was doing well. The Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, William R. Whittingham, had a personal interest in education and became involved in both schools. The Rev.Alfred Holmead transferred from Baltimore County to run Rock Hill and Bishop Whittingham, personally interviewed <mask> <mask> to become the principal of the PFI. One of the conditions for her hire was that she had to have a chaplain on the payroll. Reverend Holmead became the first chaplain at PFI. In 1841, the <mask>es closed the Rahway school and took over the PFI on a seven years lease. <mask> <mask> was very hands on with her students, and had a good relationship with them. She emphasized academic achievement to enable a young woman to support herself, if necessary, as a teacher or governess. To that end, Almira actively sought positions for her students.While at PFI, Almira's textbook sales made her a successful author. Her daughter, <mask>  and step daughter <mask> helped to edit new editions of her text books. The <mask>es renewed their lease in 1848 for another seven years, and <mask> died in 1849. Almira toured Europe in 1854 and her oldest daughter, <mask> O’Brien, ran the PFI while she was gone. In 1855, her second lease had expired. She stayed on an extra year. The school was expanded so that the student body at the girls' school run in Baltimore by her successor, Robert H. Archer, could be accommodated at PFI.In 1859, <mask> <mask> was the third woman elected as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. After gaining her membership, she continued to write, lecture, and revise her textbooks until she died in Baltimore on July 15, 1884, her 91st birthday. Personal views and philosophies
<mask> <mask> saw science as an aid to religion, and as something which was important for women to learn. She believed that the study of science would enrich the minds of women and better prepare them to become intelligent wives to men of science, and knowledgeable mothers who were better equipped to raise children. Raised to believe that men and women had specific roles in the world, Almira saw the things she taught as an important aid toward helping women thrive in their roles as wives and mothers. Similarly, Almira believed that science and religion supported each other, and encouraged women to study science as a way of strengthening their religious convictions. She believed strongly that such a firm faith would be beneficial to future mothers, who could rear their children to honor God.Though she was a strong advocate for the education of women in the nineteenth century, Almira herself was adamantly and vocally against women's suffrage. She championed feminine grace and delicacy, and firmly believed that a woman's place was ultimately in the home. Among Almira's students' generation especially, there were many suffragists who advocated for equal rights. Select works

Familiar Lectures on Botany (1829)
Dictionary of Chemistry (1830)
Botany for Beginners (1831)
Geology for Beginners (1832)
Female Student; or, Fireside Friend (1833)
Chemistry for Beginners (1834)
Lectures on Natural Philosophy (1835)
Lectures on Chemistry (1837)
Natural Philosophy for Beginners (1837)
Hours With My Pupils (1869)
Caroline Westerly (1833)
Ida Norman (1850)
Christian Household (1860)

See also

Timeline of women in science

References

Notes

Attribution

Bibliography

Arnold, L. B. (1984). 3: <mask> <mask> <mask>. In Four lives in science: Women's education in the nineteenth century (pp.37–60). New York: Schocken Books. Bolzau, E. L. (1936). <mask> <mask> <mask>, her life and work. In <mask> <mask> <mask>, her life and work. Science press printing company], 1936. Rudolph, E. (1984).<mask> <mask> <mask> (1793-1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America. American Journal of Botany, 71(8), 1161–1167. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392

External links

1793 births
1884 deaths
19th-century American women scientists
19th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American botanists
American women botanists
Emma Willard School
People from Berlin, Connecticut
People from Hudson Falls, New York
Writers from Troy, New York
People from Ellicott City, Maryland
Educators from Connecticut
19th-century American women educators
Writers from Connecticut
American textbook writers
Women textbook writers
American women non-fiction writers
Scientists from New York (state)
19th-century American educators

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title: Robert Benchley

texts:
<mask> (September 15, 1889 – November 21, 1945) was an American humorist best known for his work as a newspaper columnist and film actor. From his beginnings at The Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University, through his many years writing essays and articles for Vanity Fair and The New Yorker and his acclaimed short films, <mask>'s style of humor brought him respect and success during his life, from his peers at the Algonquin Round Table in New York City to contemporaries in the burgeoning film industry. <mask> is best remembered for his contributions to The New Yorker, where his essays, whether topical or absurdist, influenced many modern humorists. He also made a name for himself in Hollywood, when his short film How to Sleep was a popular success and won Best Short Subject at the 1935 Academy Awards. He also made many memorable appearances acting in films such as Alfred Hitchcock's Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Nice Girl? (1941). His legacy includes written work and numerous short film appearances.Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on September 15, 1889, in Worcester, Massachusetts, the second son of Maria Jane (Moran) and Charles Henry <mask>. They were of Northern Irish (Protestant) and Welsh descent, respectively, both from colonial stock. His brother Edmund was thirteen years older. <mask> was later known for writing elaborately misleading and fictional autobiographical statements about himself (at one point asserting that he wrote A Tale of Two Cities before being buried at Westminster Abbey). His father served in the Union army for two years during the Civil War and had a four-year hitch in the Navy before settling again in Worcester, marrying and working as a town clerk. <mask>'s grandfather Henry Wetherby <mask>, a member of the Massachusetts Senate and Lieutenant Governor in the mid-1850s, went to Houston, Texas and became an activist for the Underground Railroad for which he was arrested and jailed. Brother Edmund's death

<mask>'s older brother Edmund (born March 3, 1876) was a 4th year cadet at West Point in 1898 when his class was graduated early to support preparations for the Spanish–American War; he was killed July 1 at the Battle of San Juan Hill.When news reached the family, Maria's stunned reaction was to cry out, "Why couldn't it have been <mask>?! "; accounts conflict as to whether <mask> (who was nine at the time) heard this. Edmund's fiancée Lillian Duryea, a wealthy heiress, doted on <mask> for many years, and Edmund's death may have seeded the pacifist leanings seen in <mask>'s writing. Additionally, because the news about Edmund had arrived during a July 4th celebration, <mask> for the rest of his life associated fireworks with Edmund's death. Meeting his wife
<mask> met Gertrude Darling in high school in Worcester. They became engaged during his senior year at Harvard University, and they married in June 1914. Their first child, <mask>, was born a year later.A second son, <mask>, Jr., was born in 1919. Nathaniel also became a writer, and he published a biography of his father in 1955. He was also a well-respected fiction and children's book author. Nathaniel married and also had talented sons who became writers: <mask> was best known for the book Jaws (which was adapted as the film of the same name), and <mask> wrote and performed in an acclaimed one-man production based on their grandfather <mask>'s life. Education
<mask> grew up and attended South High School in Worcester and was involved in academic and traveling theatrical productions  during high school. Thanks to financial aid from his late brother's fiancée, Lillian Duryea, he could attend Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire for his final year of high school. Benchley reveled in the atmosphere at the academy, and he remained active in creative extracurricular activities, thereby damaging his academic credentials toward the end of his term.<mask> enrolled at Harvard University in 1908, again with Duryea's financial help. He joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity in his first year, and continued to partake in the camaraderie that he had enjoyed at Phillips Exeter while still doing well in school. He did especially well in his English and government classes. His humor and style began to reveal themselves during this time: <mask> was often called upon to entertain his fraternity brothers, and his impressions of classmates and professors became very popular. His performances gave him some local fame, and most entertainment programs on campus and many off-campus meetings recruited Benchley's talents. During his first two years at Harvard, <mask> worked with the Harvard Advocate and the Harvard Lampoon. He was elected to the Lampoons board of directors in his third year.The election of <mask> was unusual, as he was the publication's art editor and the board positions typically fell to the foremost writers on the staff. The Lampoon position opened a number of other doors for Benchley, and he was quickly nominated to the Signet Society meeting club as well as becoming the only undergraduate member of the Boston Papyrus Club at the time. Along with his duties at the Lampoon, Benchley acted in a number of theatrical productions, including Hasty Pudding productions of The Crystal Gazer and Below Zero. He also held the position of κροκόδιλος for the Pudding in 1912. Benchley kept these achievements in mind as he began to contemplate a career for himself after college. Charles Townsend Copeland, an English professor, recommended that Benchley go into writing, and Benchley and future Benchley illustrator Gluyas Williams from the Lampoon considered going into freelance work writing and illustrating theatrical reviews. Another English professor recommended that Benchley speak with the Curtis Publishing Company; but Benchley was initially against the idea, and ultimately took a position at a civil service office in Philadelphia.Owing to an academic failure in his senior year due to an illness, <mask> would not receive his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard until the completion of his credits in 1913. His shortcoming was the submission of a "scholarly paper" – which <mask> eventually rectified by a treatise on the U.S. – Canadian Fisheries Dispute, written from the point of view of a cod. He took a position with Curtis shortly after he received his diploma. Early professional career

Benchley did copy work for the Curtis Company during the summer following graduation, while doing other odd service jobs, such as translating French catalogs for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In September, he was hired by Curtis as a full-time staff member, preparing copy for its new house publication, Obiter Dicta. The first issue was roundly criticized by management, who felt it was "too technical, too scattering, and wholly lacking in punch." Things did not improve for Benchley and Obiter Dicta, and a failed practical joke at a company banquet further strained the relationship between Benchley and his superiors.He continued his attempts to develop his own voice within the publication, but <mask> and Curtis were not a good match, and he eventually left, as Curtis was considering eliminating <mask>'s role and he had been offered a position in Boston with a better salary

<mask> held a number of similar jobs in the following years. His re-entry into public speaking followed the annual Harvard–Yale football game in 1914, where he presented a practical joke involving "Professor Soong" giving a question-and-answer session on football in Chinese. In what the local press dubbed "the Chinese professor caper," Soong was played by a Chinese-American who had lived in the United States for over thirty years, and pretended to answer questions in Chinese while Benchley "translated." While his public profile rose, <mask> continued with freelance work, which included his first paid piece for Vanity Fair in 1914, titled "Hints on Writing a Book," a parody of the non-fiction pieces then popular. While <mask>'s pieces were bought by Vanity Fair from time to time, his consistent work dried up, and he took a position with the New York Tribune. <mask> started at the Tribune as a reporter. He was a very poor one, unable to get statements from people quoted in other papers, and eventually had greater success covering lectures around the city.He was promised a position at the Tribunes Sunday magazine when it launched, and he was moved to the magazine's staff soon after he was hired, eventually becoming chief writer. He wrote two articles a week: the first a review of non-literary books, the other a feature-style article about whatever he wanted. The liberty gave his work new life, and the success of his pieces in the magazine convinced his editors to give him a signed byline column in the Tribune proper. <mask> filled in for P. G. Wodehouse at Vanity Fair at the beginning of 1916, reviewing theatre in New York. This inspired staff at the Tribune magazine to creativity for articles (such as arranging for the producers of The Thirteenth Chair to cast <mask> as a corpse), but the situation at the magazine deteriorated as the pacifist <mask> became unhappy with the Tribunes position on World War I, and the Tribune editors were unhappy with the evolving tone and irreverence of the magazine. In 1917, the Tribune shut down the magazine, and <mask> was out of work again. When a rumored opening for an editorial position at Vanity Fair fell through, <mask> decided he would continue freelancing, having made a name for himself at the magazine.This freelancing attempt did not start out well, with <mask> selling just one piece to Vanity Fair and accumulating countless rejections in two months. When a position as press agent for Broadway producer William A. Brady was offered, <mask> accepted it, against the advice of many of his peers. This experience was a poor one, as Brady was extremely difficult to work for. <mask> resigned to become a publicity director for the federal government's Aircraft Board at the beginning of 1918. His experience there was not much better, and when an opportunity was offered to return to the Tribune under new editorial management, <mask> took it. At the Tribune, <mask>, along with new editor Ernest Gruening, was in charge of a twelve-page pictorial supplement titled the Tribune Graphic. The two were given a good deal of freedom, but Benchley's coverage of the war and focus on African-American regiments as well as provocative pictorials about lynching in the southern United States earned him and Gruening scrutiny from management.Amid accusations that both were pro-German (the United States was fighting Germany at the time), <mask> tendered his resignation in a terse letter, citing the lack of "rational proof that Dr. Gruening was guilty of...charges made against him..." and management's attempts to "smirch the character and the newspaper career of the first man in three years who has been able to make the Tribune look like a newspaper." <mask> was forced to take a publicity position with the Liberty Loan program, and he continued to freelance until Collier's contacted him with an associate editor position. <mask> took this offer to Vanity Fair to see if they would match it, as he felt Vanity Fair was the better magazine, and Vanity Fair offered him the position of managing editor. He accepted and began work there in 1919. An often overlooked influence upon Benchley's early professional career was the admiration and friendship of the Canadian economist, academic, and humorist Dr. Stephen Leacock. From Toronto Leacock closely followed the increasing body of Benchley's published humor and wit, and opened correspondence between them. He admitted to occasional borrowing of a Benchley topic for his own reflection and writings.Eventually, he began lobbying gently for <mask> to compile his columns into book form, and, in 1921, was delighted when the result of his nagging - Of All Things - was published. The British edition of the book carried a Leacock introduction, and <mask>, for his part – in a tribute to Leacock – later said he wrote everything Leacock ever wrote. They had a marvelous friendship. Vanity Fair and its aftermath

<mask> began at Vanity Fair with fellow Harvard Lampoon and Hasty Pudding Theatricals alumnus <mask> Sherwood and future friend and collaborator Dorothy Parker, who had taken over theatre criticism from P. G. Wodehouse years earlier. The format of Vanity Fair fit <mask>'s style very well, allowing his columns to have a humorous tone, often as straight parodies. <mask>'s work was typically published twice a month. Some of <mask>'s columns, featuring a character he created, were attributed to his pseudonym Brighton Perry, but he took credit for most of them himself.Sherwood, Parker, and <mask> became close, often having long lunches at the Algonquin Hotel. When the editorial managers went on a European trip, the three took advantage of the situation, writing articles mocking the local theatre establishment and offering parodic commentary on a variety of topics, such as the effect of Canadian ice hockey on United States fashion. This worried Sherwood, as he felt it could jeopardize his forthcoming raise. The situation at Vanity Fair deteriorated upon management's return. They sent out a memo forbidding the discussion of salaries in an attempt to rein in the staff. <mask>, Parker, and Sherwood responded with a memo of their own, followed by placards around their necks detailing their exact salaries for all to see. Management attempted to issue "tardy slips" for staff who were late.On one of these, <mask> wrote out, in very small handwriting, an elaborate excuse involving a herd of elephants on 44th Street. These issues contributed to a general deterioration of morale in the offices, culminating in Parker's termination, allegedly due to complaints by the producers of the plays she skewered in her theatrical reviews. Upon learning of her termination, <mask> tendered his own resignation. Word of it was published in Time by Alexander Woollcott, who was at a lunch with <mask>, Parker, and others. Given that <mask> had two children at the time of his resignation, Parker referred to it as "the greatest act of friendship I'd ever seen." Following word of <mask>'s resignation, freelance offers began piling up. He worked constantly while claiming he was intensely lazy.(According to legend, he submitted a magazine piece titled "I Like to Loaf" two weeks after deadline. His explanatory note: "I was loafing.") He was offered $200 per basic subject article for The Home Sector, and a weekly freelance salary from New York World to write a book review column three times per week for the same salary he received at Vanity Fair. The column, titled "Books and Other Things," ran for one year and roved beyond literature to mundane topics such as Bricklaying in Modern Practice. Unfortunately for <mask>, however, his writing a syndicated column for David Lawrence drew the ire of his World bosses, and "Books and Other Things" was dropped. <mask> continued to freelance, submitting humor columns to a variety of publications, including Life (where fellow humorist James Thurber stated that Benchley's columns were the only reason the magazine was read). He continued meeting with his friends at the Algonquin, and the group became popularly known as the Algonquin Round Table.In April 1920, <mask> landed a position with Life writing theatre reviews, which he would continue doing regularly through 1929, eventually taking complete control of the drama section. His reviews were known for their flair, and he often used them as a soapbox for issues of concern to him, whether petty (people who cough during plays) or more important (such as racial intolerance). Things changed again for Benchley a number of years into the arrangement. A theatrical production by the members of the Round Table was put together in response to a challenge from actor J. M. Kerrigan, who was tired of the Table's complaints about the ongoing theatre season. The result, which played for one night April 30, 1922 at the 49th Street Theatre, was No Sirree! (the name being a pun of the European revue La Chauve-Souris), "An Anonymous Entertainment by the Vicious Circle of the Hotel Algonquin." Benchley's contribution to the program, "The Treasurer's Report," featured Benchley as a nervous, disorganized man attempting to summarize an organization's yearly expenses.The revue was applauded by both spectators and fellow actors, with <mask>'s performance receiving the biggest laughs. A reprise of "The Treasurer's Report" was often requested for future events, and Irving Berlin (who had been musical director for No Sirree!) prompted producer Sam H. Harris to request <mask> to perform it as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue. Reluctant to appear onstage as a regular performer, <mask> decided to ask Harris for the outlandish sum of $500 a week for his short act in order to get out of the situation entirely; when Harris replied "OK, Bob. But for $500 you better be good," Benchley was completely surprised. The Music Box Revue opened in September 1921 and ran until September 1922, with <mask> appearing in his eleven-minute turn eight times a week (evening performances on Monday through Saturday and matinees on Wednesday and Saturday). Hollywood and The New Yorker call
<mask> had continued to receive positive responses from his performing, and in 1925 he accepted a standing invitation from film producer Jesse L. Lasky for a six-week term writing screenplays at $500.While the session did not yield significant results, <mask> did get writing credit for producing the title cards on the Raymond Griffith silent film You'd Be Surprised (released September

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title: Robert Benchley

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 1926), and was invited to do some titling for two other films. <mask> was also hired to help with the book for a George Gershwin musical, Smarty, starring Fred Astaire — <mask>'s name and Fred Thompson’s were listed as the book writers on the sheet music issued during the try—out period. This experience was not as positive, and most of <mask>'s contributions were excised and the final product, Funny Face, did not have <mask>'s name attached. Worn down, <mask> moved to his next commitment, an attempt at a talkie version of "The Treasurer's Report". The filming went by quickly, and though he was convinced he was not good, The Treasurer's Report was a financial and critical success upon its release in 1928. <mask> participated in two more films that year: a second talking film he wrote, The Sex Life of the Polyp, and a third starring but not written by him, The Spellbinder, all made in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system and released by Fox Films. The films enjoyed similar success and were critically acclaimed, and <mask> was signed to a deal to produce more films before heading back to New York to continue writing.As Life would say following his eventual resignation in 1929, "Mr. <mask> has left Dramatic Criticism for the Talking Movies". During the time that <mask> was filming various short films, he also began working at The New Yorker, which had started in February 1925 under the control of <mask>'s friend Harold Ross. While <mask>, along with many of his Algonquin acquaintances, was wary of getting involved with another publication for various reasons, he completed some freelance work for The New Yorker over the first few years, and was later invited to be newspaper critic. <mask> initially wrote the column under the pseudonym Guy Fawkes (the lead conspirator in the English Gunpowder Plot), and the column was well received. Benchley tackled issues ranging from careless reporting to European fascism, and the publication flourished. He was invited to be theatre critic for The New Yorker in 1929, leaving Life, and contributions from Woollcott and Parker became regular features in the magazine. The New Yorker published an average of forty-eight Benchley columns per year during the early 1930s.With the emergence of The New Yorker, <mask> was able to stay away from Hollywood work for a number of years. In 1931, he was persuaded to do voice work for RKO Radio Pictures for a film that would eventually be titled Sky Devils, and he acted in his first feature film, The Sport Parade (1932) with Joel McCrea. The work on The Sport Parade caused Benchley to miss the fall theatre openings, which embarrassed him (even if the relative success of The Sport Parade was often credited to Benchley's role), but the lure of filmmaking did not disappear, since RKO offered him a writing and acting contract for the following year for more money than he was making writing for The New Yorker. Benchley on film and "How to Sleep"

Benchley re-entered Hollywood at the height of the Great Depression and the large-scale introduction of the talkie films he had begun working with years before. His arrival put him on the scene of a number of productions almost instantly. While Benchley was more interested in writing than acting, one of his more important roles as an actor was as a salesman in Rafter Romance, and his work attracted the interest of MGM, who offered Benchley a considerable sum to star in a series of short subjects. <mask>, who had also been offered a syndicated column by Hearst, was able to film the shorts in New York and keep up with his new column.Before heading back to New York, <mask> took a role in the feature film Dancing Lady (1933), which also featured Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Fred Astaire, Nelson Eddy, and the Three Stooges. In 1933, <mask> returned to Hollywood, completing the short films Your Technocracy and Mine for Universal Pictures, How to Break 90 at Croquet for RKO, and the lavish feature-length production China Seas for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, starring Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, and Rosalind Russell; <mask>'s character was a slurring drunk throughout the movie. Upon its completion, MGM invited <mask> to write and perform in a short production inspired by a Mellon Institute study on sleep commissioned by the Simmons Mattress Company. The resulting film, How to Sleep, was filmed in two days, and it featured <mask> as both the narrator and sleeper—the latter a role <mask> claimed was "not much of a strain, as [he] was in bed most of the time." The film was well received in preview screenings, and promotions took over, with a still from the film being used in Simmons advertisements. The only group not pleased was the Mellon Institute, who did not approve of the studio mocking their study. This was followed in 1936 by How to be a Detective.The early success of How to Sleep prompted MGM to rush two more short films featuring <mask>, How to Train a Dog, a spoof of dog-training techniques, and How to Behave, which lampooned etiquette norms. How to Sleep was named Best Short Subject at the 1935 Academy Awards, while the latter two shorts were not as well received. <mask> returned to the cinema in 1937, cast in the revue Broadway Melody of 1938 and in his largest role to that point, the critically panned Live, Love and Learn. A short that Benchley completed for MGM, A Night at the Movies, was <mask>'s greatest success since How to Sleep: it was Oscar-nominated, and secured him a contract for more short films that would be produced in New York. These films were produced more quickly than his previous efforts (while How to Sleep needed two days, the later short How to Vote needed less than twelve hours), and took their toll on Benchley. He still completed two shoots in one day (one of which was The Courtship of the Newt), but rested for a while following the 1937 schedule. <mask>'s return yielded two more short films, and his high-profile prompted negotiations for sponsorship of a Benchley radio program and numerous appearances on television shows, including the first television entertainment program ever broadcast, an untitled test program using an experimental antenna on the Empire State Building.The radio program, Melody and Madness -  with the “Melody” provided by Artie Shaw - was a showcase for <mask>'s acting, as he did not participate in writing it. It was not well received, and it was removed from the schedule. Later life

1939 was a bad year for <mask>'s career. Besides the cancellation of his radio show, <mask> learned that MGM did not plan to renew his contract, and The New Yorker, frustrated with <mask>'s film career taking precedence over his theatre column, appointed Wolcott Gibbs to take over in his stead. Following his final New Yorker column in 1940, <mask> signed with Paramount Pictures for another series of one-reel shorts, all filmed at Paramount's Long Island studio in Astoria, New York. Most of them were adapted from his old essays ("Take the Witness!," with Benchley fantasizing about conquering a tough cross-examination, was filmed as The Witness; "The Real Public Enemies," showing the criminal tendencies of sinister household objects, was filmed as Crime Control, etc.). In 1940 <mask> appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's Foreign Correspondent for which he is also credited as one of the dialogue writers.In 1941 <mask> received two more feature-length roles: Walt Disney's The Reluctant Dragon, in which <mask> tours the various departments of the Disney studio, and Nice Girl? with Deanna Durbin, noteworthy for a rare dramatic performance by <mask>. <mask>'s roles primarily came as a freelance actor, as his Paramount shorts contract didn't pay as well as feature films. <mask> was cast in minor roles for various romantic comedies, some shoots going better than others. He appeared in prominent roles with Fred Astaire in You'll Never Get Rich (1941) and The Sky's the Limit (1943). Paramount did not renew his contract in 1943, and <mask> signed back with MGM with an exclusive contract. The situation was not positive for Benchley, as the studio "mishandled" him and kept Benchley too busy to complete his own work.His contract concluded with only four short films completed and no chance of signing another contract. Following the printing of two books of his old New Yorker columns, <mask> gave up writing for good in 1943, signing one more contract with Paramount in December of that year. While <mask>'s books and Paramount contract were giving him financial security, he was still unhappy with the turn his career had taken. By 1944 he was taking thankless roles in the studio's least distinguished films, like the rustic musical National Barn Dance. By this time <mask>'s screen image was established as a comic lecturer who tried but failed to clarify any given topic. In this capacity Paramount cast him in the 1945 Bob Hope-Bing Crosby comedy Road to Utopia; Benchley interrupts the action periodically to "explain" the nonsensical storyline. On April 22, 1945, he guest starred on the Blue Network's (soon to be ABC) top-rated radio series The Andrews Sisters Show, sponsored by Nash motor cars & Kelvinator home appliances.Death
Though <mask> had been a teetotaler in his youth, in later life he drank with increasing frequency, and eventually he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. While he completed his year's work, his condition continued to deteriorate, and he died in a New York hospital on November 21, 1945. His funeral was private, and his body was cremated and interred in a family plot on the island of Nantucket. In 1960, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion pictures star at 1724 Vine Street. Algonquin Round Table

The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers and actors who met regularly between 1919 and 1929 at the Algonquin Hotel. Initially consisting of <mask>, Dorothy Parker, and Alexander Woollcott during their time at Vanity Fair, the group eventually expanded to over a dozen regular members of the New York media and entertainment, such as playwrights George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly and journalist/critic Heywood Broun, who gained prominence due to his positions during the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. The table gained prominence due to the media attention the members drew as well as their collective contributions to their respective areas.Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle is a 1994 American film that depicts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. Campbell Scott portrays <mask>. Humor style
<mask>'s humor was molded during his time at Harvard. While his skills as an orator were already known by classmates and friends, it was not until his work at the Lampoon that his style formed. The prominent styles of humor were then "crackerbarrel" — which relied on devices such as dialects and a disdain for formal education, in the style of humorists like Artemis Ward and David Ross Locke, through his alter-ego Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby — and a more "genteel" style of humor, very literary and upper-class in nature, a style popularized by Oliver Wendell Holmes. While the two styles were, at first glance, diametrically opposed, they coexisted in magazines such as Vanity Fair and Life. The Lampoon primarily used the latter style, which suited <mask>.While some of his pieces would not have been out of place in a crackerbarrel-style presentation, <mask>'s reliance on puns and wordplay resonated more with the literary humorists, as shown by his success with The New Yorker, known for the highbrow tastes of its readers. <mask>'s definition of humor was simple: "Anything that makes people laugh." <mask>'s characters were typically exaggerated representations of the common man. They were designed to create a contrast between himself and the masses; the character is often befuddled by society and is often neurotic in a "different" way—the character in How to Watch Football, for instance, finds it sensible for a normal fan to forgo the live experience and read the recap in the local papers. This character, labeled the "Little Man" and in some ways similar to many of Mark Twain's protagonists, was based on <mask> himself; the character did not persist in <mask>'s writing past the early 1930s, but survived in his speaking and acting roles. This character was apparent in <mask>'s Ivy Oration during his Harvard graduation ceremonies, and would appear throughout his career, such as during "The Treasurer's Report" in the 1920s and his work in feature films in the 1930s. Topical, current-event style pieces written for Vanity Fair during the war did not lose their levity, either.He was not afraid to poke fun at the establishment (one piece he wrote was titled "Have You a Little German Agent in Your Home? "), and his common man observations often veered into angry rants, such as his piece "The Average Voter," where the namesake of the piece "[F]orgets what the paper said...so votes straight Republicrat ticket." His lighter fare did not hesitate to touch upon topical issues, drawing analogies between a football game and patriotism, or chewing gum and diplomacy and economic relations with Mexico. In his films, the common man exaggerations continued. Much of his time in the films was spent spoofing himself, whether it was the affected nervousness of the treasurer in The Treasurer's Report or the discomfort in explaining The Sex Life of the Polyp to a women's club. The longer, plot-driven shorts, such as Lesson Number One, Furnace Trouble, and Stewed, Fried and Boiled, likewise show a <mask> character overmatched by seemingly mundane tasks. Even the more stereotypical characters held these qualities, such as the incapable sportscaster <mask> played in The Sport Parade.<mask>'s humor inspired a number of later humorists and filmmakers. Dave Barry, author, onetime humor writer for the Miami Herald, and judge of the 2006 and 2007 Robert Benchley Society Award for Humor, has called <mask> his "idol" and he "always wanted to write like [<mask>]." Horace Digby claimed that, "[M]ore than anyone else, <mask> influenced [his] early writing style." Outsider filmmaker Sidney N. Laverents lists <mask> as an influence as well, and James Thurber used <mask> as a reference point, citing <mask>'s penchant for presenting "the commonplace as remarkable" in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. In 1944, <mask> starred as Mitty in an adaptation of the story for the radio anthology series, This Is My Best. Works

Benchley produced over 600 essays, which were initially compiled in twelve volumes, during his writing career. He also appeared in a number of films, including 48 short treatments that he mostly wrote or co-wrote and numerous feature films.Posthumously, <mask>'s works continue to be released in books such as the 1983 Random House compilation The Best of <mask>ley, and the 2005 collection of short films <mask> and the Knights of the Algonquin, which compiled many of <mask>'s popular short films from his years at Paramount with other works from fellow humorists and writers Alexander Woollcott and Donald Ogden Stewart. Works cited
 Billy Altman, Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of <mask>. (New York City: W. W. Norton, 1997. ). Amazon.com: The Best of <mask>ley product listing. Published by Wings (January 30, 1996) . URL accessed May 19, 2007.Amazon.com: <mask>, a biography product listing. URL accessed May 21, 2007. Amazon.com: <mask> and the Knights of the Algonquin product listing. URL accessed May 19, 2007. <mask>, <mask>, a biography. (New York City, McGraw-Hill, 1955). The Blue Pencil: Interview with Horace J. Digby, January 19, 2007.URL accessed May 21, 2007. Jeff Chu, "10 Questions for Dave Barry." Time Magazine, January 8, 2006. James R. Gaines, Wit's End: Days and Nights of the Algonquin Round Table. (New York City: Harcourt Brace, 1977. ). Dolores Gregory, "'Benchley': Seeing a Famous Forebear Whole."The Washington Post, February 18, 2003. Also hosted at the American Century Theater. URLs accessed June 6, 2007. Matt Haber, "A One-Man Band Who Created an Oeuvre." The New York Times, January 25, 2004. URL accessed May 21, 2007. The Paris Review: "The Art of Fiction No.10: James Thurber." 2004. URL accessed May 21, 2007. The Robert Benchley Society. URL accessed May 6, 2007. Babette Rosmond, <mask>: His Life and Good Times. (New York City: Athena Books, 1989.). The Writer: Dave Barry. May 2003. URL accessed May 21, 2007. Norris W. Yates, <mask>. (New York City, Twayne Publishers, 1968. ).References

External links

 Texaco Star Theatre with Fred Allen:  Recording of "Trouble Hearing the Show" from November 1, 1942. From Archive.org. URL accessed May 21, 2007. National Review: "The work of <mask> is as funny as it was 80 years ago." S. T. Karnick, June 16, 2005. URL accessed May 21, 2007. The Robert Benchley Society
 Literary 'Sconset, the Benchleys, and John Steinbeck from the Nantucket Historical Association Digital Exhibition: 'Sconset 02564
 <mask><mask> Biography, Photos and Works
 Literature on <mask>ley
 <mask>ley papers, 1920–1956, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

American columnists
American humorists
American male comedians
American male film actors
1889 births
1945 deaths
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Vaudeville performers
Alcohol-related deaths in New York (state)
Male actors from Worcester, Massachusetts
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American male actors
Journalists from New York City
Harvard Advocate alumni
Hasty Pudding alumni
20th-century American comedians
Algonquin Round

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title: Nick Popaditch

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<mask> (born July 2, 1967) is a medically retired United States Marine Corps gunnery sergeant who gained fame as the "Cigar Marine", recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart. He ran unsuccessfully as the 2010 Republican candidate for California's 51st congressional district, losing to incumbent Democrat Bob Filner. He ran again in 2012 in the 53rd congressional district, losing to incumbent Democrat Susan Davis. Military career
<mask> was born in East Chicago, Indiana and was raised in Terre Haute, Indiana. After choosing not to take up a college scholarship, he enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1986, served as a tank commander, and eventually rose to the rank of gunnery sergeant. He saw action in the first Gulf War in 1991 and was honorably discharged in 1992. In 1995, he rejoined the Corps and served with the 1st Tank Battalion at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms and later became a drill instructor at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego.During the Iraq War, Staff Sergeant <mask> was assigned as a tank commander and platoon sergeant. Participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, his unit gained fame when it helped topple the statue of Saddam Hussein in Firdos Square on April 9, 2003. Associated Press photographer Laurent Rebours photographed <mask> in his tank's cupola, smoking a cigar with the statue of Saddam looming in the background. The image, which earned him the nickname "The Cigar Marine," appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world to describe the Battle of Baghdad. He would later reveal that his smoking was a celebration of his and his wife's twelfth wedding anniversary as well as victory. Following his return to the United States, he was promoted to gunnery sergeant and volunteered to return to Iraq in 2004. During his second deployment, Popaditch commanded tanks again in the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004.During the battle on April 7, supported dismounted infantry with a pair of M1A1 Abrams, and turning onto a narrow street, he opened his hatch for better visibility despite the constant RPG-7 attacks. He was wounded in action in an ambush when a rocket propelled grenade struck him in the head. Blinded and deafened, he struggled to maintain consciousness until his tank was moved out of danger, then was evacuated to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany. After a prolonged stay, he was sent back to the United States, ultimately losing his right eye (due to damage to the optic nerve) and hearing in his right ear. At Naval Medical Center San Diego, some of the vision in his remaining left eye was restored by the hospital's medical professionals, while his ocular prosthesis features the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor instead of a pupil. On November 10, 2005, he was awarded the Silver Star for actions in combat. and medically retired at the rank of Gunnery Sergeant on April 22.Civilian career
After a brief recovery period living in Monterey, California, <mask> became an active advocate of veteran's issues. In addition to advising and consulting, he serves on the boards of multiple organizations advancing the care of wounded veterans and their families, such as the Purple Heart Advisory board of the Freedom is Not Free organization, the Vet Foundation, the US Department of Veterans Affair's Patient-Centered Care Steering Committee, and speaks for the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund, The Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation of the Desert Cities, and the Independence Fund. Popaditch was profiled by MTV when he was trained by the Wounded Marine Career Foundation in sound production, and later graduated magna cum laude earning a Bachelor of Arts in education from San Diego State University. In 2008, Popaditch authored, with Mike Steere, the memoir Once a Marine: An Iraq War Tank Commander's Inspirational Memoir of Combat, Courage, and Recovery, (Savas Beatie LLC, 2008), which detailed his combat experiences, recovery, and difficulties with disability and Veterans Administration. It received favorable reviews, was featured on the Commandant of the Marine Corps' recommended professional reading list for all ranks, won The Military-Writers Book of the Year for 2009, and was a national book club selection. In 2012, <mask> was residing in Chula Vista, and was married, and has two sons. In 2013, <mask> authored a 178-page book The Ultimate Marine Recruit Training Guidebook, a book for potential Marine recruits.In 2014, <mask> was studying to become a math teacher. Political campaigns

2010

On November 10, 2009, <mask> announced his campaign for California's 51st congressional district as a Republican. The incumbent, Democrat Bob Filner, has held the seat since 1992. It is viewed by most as a Democratic district, though George W. Bush earned 46% of the vote there in 2004. <mask> was endorsed by former presidential candidate and Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee and former Congressman Duncan L. Hunter; he cited his "love of country" for why he was running for political office. There was also a controversy within the Veterans of Foreign Wars when members disagreed over endorsement, another when the Imperial Valley Press published an editorial cartoon mocking his eyepatch (which Filner called "in poor taste"), and a third when Filner's campaign ran an advertisement accusing Popoditch of not voting in the past eleven years. He was unopposed in the Republican primary, was profiled in the Wall Street Journal, but lost 60%-40% to Filner.2012

In January 2012, <mask> announced his intention to seek the congressional seat in the newly redistricted 53rd Congressional District against incumbent Democrat Susan Davis, after receiving 42% of the vote during the June primary. Endorsed by the San Diego Union Tribune, he lost to Davis in the general election, receiving 39.6% of the vote. Awards
<mask> is the recipient of the following awards:

Silver Star citation

References

External links

Once a Marine: An Iraq War Tank Commander’s Inspirational Memoir of Combat, Courage, and Recovery
Popaditch for Congress 2010

1967 births
Living people
United States Marines
California Republicans
People from Chula Vista, California
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Gulf War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
People from East Chicago, Indiana
San Diego State University alumni
Tank personnel
Recipients of the Silver Star
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections

masks:
Nicholas Allen Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch
Popaditch


title: Samantha Womack

texts:
<mask> (née Janus; born 2 November 1972) is an English actress, singer, model and director who has worked in film, television and stage. Womack made her name in the mid-1990s with her role as Mandy Wilkins in Game On leading onto roles in the BBC One drama Pie in the Sky (1995–1996) and the sitcom Babes in the Wood (1998). She has since been best known for playing the role of Ronnie Mitchell in EastEnders (2007–2011, 2013–2017). Her portrayal as Ronnie has gained her more prominence and acting roles after being out of the limelight for numerous years. She also played Tanya Porter in Sky One comedy-drama Mount Pleasant from 2013 until the final episode in 2017. Womack has also toured across the United Kingdom playing Morticia in the stage musical The Addams Family. Womack initially planned a career in singing and she represented the United Kingdom in the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest.Her song for the contest, "A Message to Your Heart", was released as her first (and only) single in April 1991 and reached No. 30 in the UK Singles Chart. The song placed 10th in the contest with a total of 47 points. Early life
Womack was born in Brighton. Her singer-songwriter father, Noel Janus (born Janes), left the family when she was six, and soon after, her model-actress mother, Diana O'Hanlon, married a doctor and the family moved to Edinburgh. Womack lived on the QE2 with her choreographer grandmother, Sheila Holt (a former actress and choreographer to magician David Nixon for a short time). Womack has a younger half-sister, Zoe.During an appearance on Big Star's Little Star in 2014, it was revealed that she attended the same school as members of All Saints, sisters Nicole and Natalie Appleton. before going to the Sylvia Young Theatre School in London. At the age of 15, as a self-confessed ‘wild child’, she left home for a life squatting, drinking, smoking and taking drugs. Womack is the niece of Angie Best, her father's sister and former wife of footballer George Best. Angie's son, Calum Best, is Womack's cousin. As revealed on an episode of Who Do You Think You Are? in 2012, Womack's great-great-grandmother Jessie Ryder was an actress in New York City in the early 20th century.Career

Eurovision and early career
The actress first came to prominence in March 1991 aged 18, when she won the annual A Song for Europe competition to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest. She finished joint tenth and the song, "A Message to Your Heart", peaked at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart. Despite her achievements, her entry into the Eurovision is frequently remarked upon. She has said regarding the experience that her failure in the contest devastated her at the time and thought it would spell the end of her career. She has also called her appearance 'ridiculous', in that she was dressed in a pink mini-dress while singing about starving children and says the lyrics of the song are burned into her memory forever. Womack developed her first love of acting, appearing in episodes of The Bill and Press Gang; in 1993 she appeared in Demob with Griff Rhys Jones and Martin Clunes; and took to the West End stage, replacing Debbie Gibson as Sandy in Grease. From 1994 to 1998 Womack played Mandy in the BBC Two sitcom Game On opposite Ben Chaplin (later replaced by Neil Stuke).She remained on the show until its end in 1998. In between series of Game On, she had a part in the BBC One drama Pie in the Sky from 1995 to 1996 as Nicola Dooley, a waitress. Womack then appeared in the pilot for The Grimleys with Jack Dee, and the film Up 'n' Under with Neil Morrissey. In 1998 she starred in the ITV1 series Liverpool 1 with her future husband <mask>. She then returned to comedy in the sitcom Babes in the Wood co-starring another Sylvia Young Theatre School student, Denise van Outen, it was critically panned despite respectable ratings, and Womack left after the first series. In 1999 Womack starred as Cinderella in the ITV Christmas pantomime alongside Harry Hill, Alexander Armstrong, Frank Skinner, Paul Merton, Ronnie Corbett and many more. A popular choice for photo shoots in men's magazines such as FHM, she came 21st in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World poll in 1998 and 41st in 1999.Smaller roles
In 1990, she appeared as a guest in two episodes of the CITV comedy sitcom Spatz; Series 1 Episode 2 and 3. It is rumoured that a possible falling out may have occurred leading to her swift exit from the show after such a brief stint. This is fuelled by her reluctance to admit for many years that she was part of the show. In 2002 she returned to TV in BBC One drama Strange and she appeared in films The Baby Juice Express, Lighthouse Hill and Dead Man's Cards. In January 2005 she narrated Jordan & Peter: Laid Bare for ITV2. She later directed an anti-bullying music video for Liverpool band Just 3, entitled Stand Tall. The video starred her and Liverpool F.C.footballer Jamie Carragher. The video was heavily backed by Childline ambassador Esther Rantzen. In 2006, <mask> starred in the BBC One comedy Home Again as Ingrid, and as Miss Adelaide in the West End production of the musical Guys and Dolls at London's Piccadilly Theatre, initially with Patrick Swayze and then Miami Vice star Don Johnson. She reprised the role at the Sunderland Empire opposite Alex Ferns in 2007. EastEnders
On 11 May 2007 it was announced that she would be joining EastEnders as Ronnie Mitchell, a cousin of the well known Mitchell brothers. She had previously appeared in the soap in a minor role as a girlfriend of Simon Wicks. During her first stint, <mask>'s character Ronnie was central to many storylines including the controversial baby-swap story which was aired during 2011.It was reported that this is the reason why <mask> quit the soap, although this has never been confirmed. <mask> made her final appearance as Ronnie on 7 July 2011 when the character was sent to prison. Since appearing on EastEnders she has made regular television appearances on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Paul O'Grady Show, Richard & Judy and Loose Women. In November 2007, she sang with EastEnders co-stars in the 2007 Children in Need charity appeal. In May 2013, it was confirmed that <mask> would return to EastEnders as Ronnie Mitchell. <mask>'s character Ronnie Mitchell was later killed off on the episode broadcast 1 January 2017 when she was trying to save Roxy Mitchell from drowning and drowned herself. Her last appearance was on the episode broadcast 19 January 2017 when Ronnie was shown as a corpse lying in her coffin.Theatre and continued success
In 2011 Womack played the lead role, Ensign Nellie Forbush, a US Navy nurse from Little Rock, Arkansas, in the Lincoln Center production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical South Pacific at the Barbican Theatre in London. In March 2013, Womack starred opposite her husband on stage in the world premiere of Hope at the Royal Court Theatre in Liverpool. From September 2013, Womack played the regular role of Tanya in series three of Sky Living's Mount Pleasant. She continued in this role until the final episode in 2017. Altogether, Womack appeared in 25 episodes as Tanya Dawson (later Porter when the character married). In 2015, she appeared in the film Kingsman: The Secret Service as lead actor Taron Egerton's character's mother. This was Womack's first main role in such a high-profile film.<mask> appeared as Michelle once again for Kingsman: The Golden Circle in 2017 but in a more cameo role as opposed to the larger role she had in Kingsman: The Secret Service. In 2017, Womack toured as Morticia Adams in the musical-comedy Addams Family as Morticia around the UK and Ireland. She was announced to reprise the role in 2021 for a tour around  UK  and Ireland, however she did not reprise the role on tour for unknown reasons. The role of Morticia Addams was instead played by Strictly Come Dancing champion Joanne Clifton

In September 2018, it was announced that she would be playing Fairy Bow Bells in the pantomime Dick Whittington. Womack appeared in Silent Witness in early 2019. On an episode of Loose Women in February 2019, Womack confirmed that offers had been made to her about a project with co-star and best friend Rita Simons. In response to this, they both said that they would wait for the right one to come along.Other ventures
In January 2011 she appeared as one of the celebrity contestants on the BBC show The Magicians, working with magician Chris Korn. For her "celebrity's choice" trick, she chose being sawn in half by Korn in an illusion called Clearly Impossible. In March 2011 she appeared with Lenny Henry, Angela Rippon and Reggie Yates in the BBC fundraising documentary for Comic Relief called Famous, Rich and in the Slums, where the four celebrities were sent to Kibera in Kenya, Africa's largest slum. In November 2011, it was reported that <mask> was in the running, alongside Dannii Minogue to become a judge on the 2012 series of Britain's Got Talent. However, it was later confirmed that the judging panel for series six would be Simon Cowell, Alesha Dixon, Amanda Holden and David Walliams. Womack has since confirmed that she was offered a place on the judging panel and that she had a meeting with Cowell in Los Angeles. She has said that although she was grateful, she rejected the offer as "it’s just not me".In 2012 Womack appeared in series nine of the BBC's Who Do You Think You Are? The episode revealed her descent on her father's side from two musicians, her great grandfather Alexander Cunningham Ryan, his partner's father Pierre François Odilon Garraud, & Pierre's partner, an actress, Jessie Ryder. In February 2013, she took part in All Star Family Fortunes, donating money to Comic Relief and ActionAid. Womack was interviewed on John Bishop: In Conversation With... in November 2017. This episode titled John Bishop: In Conversation With...<mask>ck included an in depth conversation about her life and career. In February 2020, it was announced that Womack would be taking part in the challenge for Sport Relief. Personal life
Janus married an Italian citizen Junfan Mantovani in 1997 after a long relationship.The relationship broke down and the couple divorced in 1998. In 2007 Womack won "substantial" damages from the Sunday Sport newspaper over a story headlined "Sam's sex and drugs shame". She sued the Sport over an article published on 22 July, which claimed she had "coke fuelled threesomes" and took part in a "three-hour drug fuelled lesbian orgy". Womack began a relationship with Liverpool 1 co-star <mask>. They married in 2009 after ten years together. The couple have two children: son Benjamin Thomas <mask> (born 2001) and daughter Lili-<mask> (born 2005). <mask> also has a son, <mask>, from a previous marriage.In 2009, <mask> took her husband's surname and began to use it professionally. In August 2020, Womack announced that she and Mark had quietly separated in 2018, but that they are still living together in the same house with their children. <mask> and her husband Mark are best friends with Scott Maslen and his wife Estelle Rubio. They have known each other since they were teenagers. Maslen is godfather to Womack's two children and she is godmother to Maslen's son, Zak. They often go on holiday together with their children, which Womack revealed during an appearance on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross in January 2008. In late 2007 Maslen joined the cast of EastEnders as Jack Branning, who has a relationship with Womack's character, Ronnie.This was something that both Maslen and Womack were initially uncomfortable with when they read the scripts, with Maslen commenting in various interviews that having to kiss Womack was like having to kiss his sister. Womack is also best friends with her former EastEnders co-star Rita Simons, who played her sister Roxy Mitchell. In April 2008, several future scenes featuring Ronnie had to be scrapped after Womack broke her shoulder when she tripped and fell down the stairs at her home while rushing to get ready for work. In September 2015, it was reported that she was "living in fear" and had alerted the police that she was being stalked. The stalker was given a suspended-sentence in December, the same year. Awards and nominations

(*) There were two main rounds of nominations for asterisked categories. The "Result" indicates Womack's progress: if shown as "Nominated", she only achieved the first round of the nominations; if "Shortlisted", she advanced to the second and final round of nominations, the outcome to be decided by either a public vote or by a judging panel.Roles

Television

Film

Theatre

Discography
May 1991 "A Message to Your Heart" / "Heaven is a Place for Heroes"  (Hollywood Records), UK Singles Chart No. 30

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Actresses from Brighton
Alumni of the Sylvia Young Theatre School
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for the United Kingdom
English expatriates in Italy
English film actresses
English people of French descent
English people of Irish descent
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
English stage actresses
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1991
People from Brighton
People from Cardington, Bedfordshire
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
20th-century English women singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers

masks:
Samantha Zoe Womack
Mark Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Womack
Samantha Woma
Mark Womack
Womack
Rose Womack
Mark Womack
Michael Womack
Womack
Womack


title: Nampalys Mendy

texts:
<mask> (born 23 June 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Leicester City and the Senegal national team. Due to his small stature, simple distribution, and reliable style of play, <mask> has been compared to former French international, Claude Makélélé. Monaco club scout Didier Christophe, for example, referred to <mask> as a "carbon copy" of Makélélé. Mendy featured in the 2021 AFCON final match against Egypt. Club career

Early career
After leaving Sporting Toulon in June 2007, Mendy went on trial with the football section of RC Toulon. According to Monaco scout Didier Christophe, the Toulon coaches stated that Mendy was there to "make up the numbers". However, while observing Mendy in training, Christophe noticed the player's intelligence and understanding of the game and recommended him to Dominique Bijotat, who was serving as head of the Monaco youth academy.Monaco
On 27 April 2010, <mask> signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a three-year deal with Monaco until June 2013. In July 2010, he was called up to the first team by manager Guy Lacombe for pre-season training, again to make up the numbers with Lacombe missing several players such as Diego Pérez, Nicolas Nkoulou, Park Chu-young, and Lukman Haruna, who had all participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. On 7 August 2010, <mask> made his professional debut in the club's opening league match against Lyon. He played the entire 90 minutes, receiving a yellow card in the second half. Mendy picked up his first ever red card on 19 August 2011 against Amiens SC, sent off at the 70th minute mark in a 1–1 draw. During the 2012–13 season, Mendy played a key role in Monaco's promotion back to Ligue 1. Despite the successful season, <mask> decided to leave Monaco at the end of the season after his contract expired.Nice
Mendy was linked to teams such as Manchester United and Arsenal. Despite calling Manchester United his "dream club", Mendy rejected the move to the English side because he wanted to stay in France. After some positive talks with Nice's manager, Claude Puel, Mendy decided to join OGC Nice on a free transfer. Mendy made his debut on 17 August 2013, in a 2–1 win against Stade Rennais. After club captain Didier Digard left for Real Betis on a free transfer at the end of 2014–15 season, and new captain Mathieu Bodmer was injured, Mendy was named captain. Mendy made 110 appearances in three seasons for Nice and helped them to a fourth-place finish in Ligue 1 in 2015–16. He had the second highest number of passes behind Thiago Motta (2950), the most passes per game (78), and a passing accuracy of (92%), best of any player not a member of Paris Saint-Germain.Leicester City

On 3 July 2016, <mask> moved to English Premier League champions Leicester City, managed by his former boss at Monaco, Claudio Ranieri, signing a four-year deal for £13 million, a club record at the time. The transfer record was broken again when Ahmed Musa joined Leicester for £16 million five days later, and yet again less than two months later when Islam Slimani joined Leicester for £29 million. Mendy played his first competitive game for Leicester in a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United in the 2016 FA Community Shield on 7 August, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Andy King. He suffered an ankle injury on his league debut at home against Arsenal on 20 August 2016 and was substituted in the 53rd minute. Mendy was sidelined for more than three months, and did not make his return until 7 December 2016 in a Champions League group stage match away to Porto, playing the entire game in a 5–0 defeat. He ultimately made only four league appearances for the season. On 31 July 2017, Mendy rejoined Nice on loan.On 24 August 2020, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with the club. On 10 September 2021, <mask> was left out of Leicester's final 25-man Premier League squad for the 2021–22 season. However he was then included again when the squad was updated after the January 2022 transfer window. International career
<mask> was born in France, and is of Senegalese descent. <mask> is a former French youth international having earned caps at the under-17, under-18, and under-19 levels. With the under-17 team, he went unnoticed by coach Philippe Bergeroo until the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship when he was finally called up to the team. Mendy appeared in all three group stage matches as France were eliminated without winning a match.With the under-18 team, he made his debut on 29 October 2009 in a friendly match against the Denmark. <mask> was initially called up to the under-19 team in August 2010 only to play in the Sendai Cup in Japan, but due to his consistent performances domestically, Monaco coach Guy Lacombe convinced Bergeroo to make him a permanent part of the squad. He was officially called up to the under-19 team for qualification matches for the 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. <mask> made his debut with the team in a 3–0 victory over San Marino and appeared as a starter in the next two qualification matches against Montenegro and Austria, as France won both matches to finish the round undefeated. On 9 November 2010, while still eligible to represent the under-19 and under-20 teams, Mendy was called up to the under-21 team for a friendly match against Russia. In March 2021, <mask> received a first call-up to the Senegal national team, making his debut in a goalless draw with Congo. Personal life
<mask> is the cousin of fellow footballers Bafétimbi Gomis and <mask>.Style of play
<mask> is a defensive midfielder known for his resilience, intelligence, and good distribution of the ball. Despite his age and size, <mask> has been praised for his mature and robust play, inviting comparison with former France international Claude Makélélé. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Monaco
Ligue 2: 2012–13

Leicester City
FA Cup: 2020–21

Senegal
Africa Cup of Nations: 2021

Individual
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2021

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
People from La Seyne-sur-Mer
Sportspeople from Var (department)
French footballers
France youth international footballers
France under-21 international footballers
Citizens of Senegal through descent
Senegalese footballers
Senegal international footballers
Association football midfielders
AS Monaco FC players
OGC Nice players
Leicester City F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Premier League players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players
French expatriate footballers
Senegalese expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in England
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent

masks:
Nampalys Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Mendy
Alexandre Mendy
Mendy
Mendy