title: Isabella of France

texts:
 in a casket to <mask>. After the funeral, there were rumours for many years that Edward had survived and was really alive somewhere in Europe, some of which were captured in the famous Fieschi Letter written in the 1340s, although no concrete evidence ever emerged to support the allegations. There are, however, various historical interpretations of the events surrounding this basic sequence of events. According to legend, <mask> and Mortimer famously plotted to murder Edward in such a way as not to draw blame on themselves, sending a famous order (in ) which, depending on where the comma was inserted, could mean either "Do not be afraid to kill Edward; it is good" or "Do not kill Edward; it is good to fear". In actuality, there is little evidence of anyone deciding to have Edward assassinated, and none whatsoever of the note having been written. Similarly, accounts of Edward being killed with a red-hot poker have no strong contemporary sources to support them.The conventional 20th-century view has been that Edward did die at Berkeley Castle, either murdered on <mask>'s orders or of ill-health brought on by his captivity, and that subsequent accounts of his survival were simply rumours, similar to those that surrounded <mask> Arc and other near contemporaries after their deaths. Three recent historians, however, have offered an alternative interpretation of events. Paul Doherty, drawing extensively on the Fieschi Letter of the 1340s, has argued that Edward in fact escaped from Berkeley Castle with the help of William Ockle, a knight whom Doherty argues subsequently pretended to be Edward in disguise around Europe, using the name "William the Welshman" to draw attention away from the real Edward himself. In this interpretation, a look-alike was buried at Gloucester. Ian Mortimer, focusing more on contemporary documents from 1327 itself, argues that Roger de Mortimer engineered a fake "escape" for Edward from Berkeley Castle; after this Edward was kept in Ireland, believing he was really evading Mortimer, before finally finding himself free, but politically unwelcome, after the fall of <mask> and Mortimer. In this version, Edward makes his way to Europe, before subsequently being buried at Gloucester. Finally, Alison Weir, again drawing on the Fieschi Letter, has recently argued that Edward II escaped his captors, killing one in the process, and lived as a hermit for many years; in this interpretation, the body in Gloucester Cathedral is of Edward's dead captor.In all of these versions, it is argued that it suited <mask> and Mortimer to publicly claim that Edward was dead, even if they were aware of the truth. Other historians, however, including David Carpenter, have criticised the methodology behind this revisionist approach and disagree with the conclusions. Later years
<mask> and Mortimer ruled together for four years, with <mask>'s period as regent marked by the acquisition of huge sums of money and land. When their political alliance with the Lancastrians began to disintegrate, <mask> continued to support Mortimer. <mask> fell from power when her son, Edward III deposed Mortimer in a coup, taking back royal authority for himself. Unlike Mortimer, <mask> survived the transition of power, remaining a wealthy and influential member of the English court, albeit never returning directly to active politics. As regent, 1326–1330

<mask>'s reign as regent lasted only four years, before the fragile political alliance that had brought her and Mortimer to power disintegrated.1328 saw the marriage of <mask>'s son, Edward III to Philippa of Hainault, as agreed before the invasion of 1326; the lavish ceremony was held in London to popular acclaim. <mask> and Mortimer had already begun a trend that continued over the next few years, in starting to accumulate huge wealth. With her lands restored to her, <mask> was already exceptionally rich, but she began to accumulate yet more. Within the first few weeks, <mask> had granted herself almost £12,000; finding that Edward's royal treasury contained £60,000, a rapid period of celebratory spending then ensued. <mask> soon awarded herself another £20,000, allegedly to pay off foreign debts. At Edward III's coronation, <mask> then extended her land holdings from a value of £4,400 each year to the huge sum of £13,333, making her one of the largest landowners in the kingdom. <mask> also refused to hand over her dower lands to Philippa after her marriage to Edward III, in contravention of usual custom.<mask>'s lavish lifestyle matched her new incomes. Mortimer, in effect her first minister, after a restrained beginning, also began to accumulate lands and titles at a tremendous rate, particularly in the Marcher territories. The new regime also faced some key foreign policy dilemmas, which <mask> approached from a realist perspective. The first of these was the situation in Scotland, where Edward II's unsuccessful policies had left an unfinished, tremendously expensive war. <mask> was committed to bringing this issue to a conclusion by diplomatic means. Edward III initially opposed this policy, before eventually relenting, leading to the Treaty of Northampton. Under this treaty, <mask>'s daughter Joan would marry David Bruce (heir apparent to the Scottish throne) and Edward III would renounce any claims on Scottish lands, in exchange for the promise of Scottish military aid against any enemy except the French, and £20,000 in compensation for the raids across northern England.No compensation would be given to those earls who had lost their Scottish estates, and the compensation would be taken by <mask>. Although strategically successful and, historically at least, "a successful piece of policy making", <mask>'s Scottish policy was by no means popular and contributed to the general sense of discontent with the regime. Secondly, the Gascon situation, still unresolved from Edward II's reign, also posed an issue. <mask> reopened negotiations in Paris, resulting in a peace treaty under which the bulk of Gascony, minus the Agenais, would be returned to England in exchange for a 50,000-mark penalty. The treaty was not popular in England because of the Agenais clause. Henry, Earl of Lancaster was amongst the first to break with <mask> and Mortimer. By 1327 Lancaster was irritated by Mortimer's behaviour and <mask> responded by beginning to sideline him from her government.Lancaster was furious over the passing of the Treaty of Northampton, and refused to attend court, mobilising support amongst the commoners of London. <mask> responded to the problems by undertaking a wide reform of royal administration and local law enforcement. In a move guaranteed to appeal to domestic opinion, <mask> also decided to pursue Edward III's claim on the French throne, sending her advisers to France to demand official recognition of his claim. The French nobility were unimpressed and, since <mask> lacked the funds to begin any military campaign, she began to court the opinion of France's neighbours, including proposing the marriage of her son John to the Castilian royal family. By the end of 1328 the situation had descended into near civil war once again, with Lancaster mobilising his army against <mask> and Mortimer. In January 1329 <mask>'s forces under Mortimer's command took Lancaster's stronghold of Leicester, followed by Bedford; <mask>—wearing armour, and mounted on a warhorse—and Edward III marched rapidly north, resulting in Lancaster's surrender. He escaped death but was subjected to a colossal fine, effectively crippling his power.<mask> was merciful to those who had aligned themselves with him, although some—such as her old supporter Henry de Beaumont, whose family had split from <mask> over the peace with Scotland, which had lost them huge land holdings in Scotland—fled to France. Despite Lancaster's defeat, however, discontent continued to grow. Edmund of Kent had sided with <mask> in 1326, but had since begun to question his decision and was edging back towards Edward II, his half-brother. Edmund of Kent was in conversations with other senior nobles questioning <mask>'s rule, including Henry de Beaumont and <mask> Vesci. Edmund was finally involved in a conspiracy in 1330, allegedly to restore Edward II, who, he claimed, was still alive: <mask> and Mortimer broke up the conspiracy, arresting Edmund and other supporters—including Simon Mepeham, Archbishop of Canterbury. Edmund may have expected a pardon, possibly from Edward III, but <mask> was insistent on his execution. The execution itself was a fiasco after the executioner refused to attend and Edmund of Kent had to be killed by a local dung-collector, who had been himself sentenced to death and was pardoned as a bribe to undertake the beheading.<mask> Vesci escaped punishment, despite having been closely involved in the plot. Mortimer's fall from power, 1330
By mid-1330, <mask> and Mortimer's regime was increasingly insecure, and <mask>'s son, Edward III, was growing frustrated at Mortimer's grip on power. Various historians, with different levels of confidence, have also suggested that in late 1329 <mask> became pregnant. A child of Mortimer's with royal blood would have proved both politically inconvenient for <mask>, and challenging to Edward's own position. Edward quietly assembled a body of support from the Church and selected nobles, whilst <mask> and Mortimer moved into Nottingham Castle for safety, surrounding themselves with loyal troops. In the autumn, Mortimer was investigating another plot against him, when he challenged a young noble, William Montagu, during an interrogation. Mortimer declared that his word had priority over the king's, an alarming statement that Montagu reported back to Edward.Edward was convinced that this was the moment to act, and on 19 October, Montagu led a force of twenty-three armed men into the castle by a secret tunnel. Up in the keep, <mask>, Mortimer and other council members were discussing how to arrest Montagu, when Montagu and his men appeared. Fighting broke out on the stairs and Mortimer was overwhelmed in his chamber. <mask> threw herself at Edward's feet, famously crying "Fair son, have pity on gentle Mortimer!" Lancastrian troops rapidly took the rest of the castle, leaving Edward in control of his own government for the first time. Parliament was convened the next month, where Mortimer was put on trial for treason. <mask> was portrayed as an innocent bystander during the proceedings, and no mention of her sexual relationship with Mortimer was made public.Mortimer was executed at Tyburn, but Edward III showed leniency and he was not quartered or disembowelled. In retirement, 1330–1358

After the coup, <mask> was initially transferred to Berkhamsted Castle, and then held under house arrest at Windsor Castle until 1332, when she then moved back to her own Castle Rising in Norfolk. Agnes Strickland, a Victorian historian, argued that <mask> suffered from occasional fits of madness during this period but modern interpretations suggest, at worst, a nervous breakdown following the death of Mortimer. <mask> remained extremely wealthy; despite being required to surrender most of her lands after losing power, in 1331 she was reassigned a yearly income of £3000, which increased to £4000 by 1337. She lived an expensive lifestyle in Norfolk, including minstrels, huntsmen, grooms and other luxuries, and was soon travelling again around England. In 1348, there were suggestions that she might travel to Paris to take part in peace negotiations, but eventually this plan was quashed. She was also involved in the talks with Charles II of Navarre in 1358.As the years went by, <mask> became very close to her daughter Joan, especially after Joan left her unfaithful husband, King David II of Scotland, who was imprisoned by her brother in the Tower of London at the time where she visited him once. Joan also nursed her just before she died. She doted on her grandchildren, including Edward, the Black Prince. She became increasingly interested in religion as she grew older, visiting a number of shrines. She remained, however, a gregarious member of the court, receiving constant visitors; amongst them appear to have been her friend Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke, and her cousin Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. King Edward and his children often visited her as well. She remained interested in Arthurian legends and jewellery; in 1358 she appeared at the St George's Day celebrations at Windsor wearing a dress made of silk, silver, 300 rubies, 1800 pearls and a circlet of gold.She may also have developed an interest in astrology or geometry towards the end of her life, receiving various presents relating to these disciplines. <mask> took the nun's habit of the Poor Clares before she died on 22 August 1358 at Hertford Castle, and her body was returned to London for burial at the Franciscan church at Newgate, in a service overseen by Archbishop Simon Islip. She was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding and at her request, Edward's heart, placed into a casket thirty years before, was interred with her. <mask> left the bulk of her property, including Castle Rising, to her favourite grandson, the Black Prince, with some personal effects being granted to her daughter Joan. Cultural depictions

Literature and theatre
Queen <mask> appeared with a major role in Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II (c. 1592) and thereafter has been frequently used as a character in plays, books and films, often portrayed as beautiful but manipulative or wicked. Thomas Gray, the 18th-century poet, combined Marlowe's depiction of <mask> with William Shakespeare's description of Margaret of Anjou (the wife of Henry VI) as the "She-Wolf of France", to produce the anti-French poem The Bard (1757), in which <mask> rips apart the bowels of Edward II with her "unrelenting fangs". The "She-Wolf" epithet stuck, and Bertolt Brecht re-used it in The Life of Edward II of England (1923).Film
In Derek Jarman's film Edward II (1991), based on Marlowe's play, <mask> is portrayed (by actress Tilda Swinton) as a "femme fatale" whose thwarted love for Edward causes her to turn against him and steal his throne. In contrast to the negative depictions, Mel Gibson's film Braveheart (1995) portrays <mask> (played by the French actress Sophie Marceau) more sympathetically. In the film, an adult <mask> is fictionally depicted as having a romantic affair with the Scottish hero William Wallace. However, in reality, she was nine years old at the time of Wallace's death. Additionally, Wallace is incorrectly suggested to be the father of her son, Edward III, despite Wallace's death being many years before Edward's birth. Issue
Edward and <mask> had four children, and she suffered at least one miscarriage. Their itineraries demonstrate that they were together 9 months prior to the births of all four surviving offspring.Their children were:

 Edward III, born 1312
 John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, born 1316
 Eleanor of Woodstock, born 1318, married Reinoud II of Guelders
 Joan of the Tower, born 1321, married David II of Scotland

Arms

Ancestry

<mask> is descended from Gytha of Wessex through King Andrew II of Hungary and thus brought the bloodline of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, Harold Godwinson, back into the English royal family. See also
 <mask> Baker
 Hundred Years' War
 Vita Edwardi Secundi

Notes

Sources
 Ainsworth, Peter. (2006) Representing Royalty: Kings, Queens and Captains in Some Early Fifteenth Century Manuscripts of Froissart's Chroniques. in Kooper (ed) 2006. Boutell, Charles. (1863) A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton.Carpenter, David. (2007a) "What Happened to Edward II?" London Review of Books. Vol. 29, No. 11. 7 June 2007.Carpenter, David. (2007b) "Dead or Alive." London Review of Books. Vol. 29, No. 15. 2 August 2007.Doherty, P.C. (2003) Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II. London: Robinson. .
 Ewan, Elizabeth. "Braveheart." American Historical Review. Vol. 100, No.4. October 1995. Given-Wilson, Chris. (ed) (2002) Fourteenth Century England. Prestwich: Woodbridge. Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition.Oxford: Blackwell. Kibler, William W. (1995) Medieval France: an Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. Kooper, Erik (ed). (2006) The Medieval Chronicle IV. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Lord, Carla.(2002) Queen <mask> at the Court of France. in Given-Wilson (ed) (2002). Mortimer, Ian. (2004) The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England 1327–1330. London: Pimlico Press. Mortimer, Ian. (2006) The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation.London: Vintage Press. .
 Myers, A. R. (1978) England in the Late Middle Ages. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Neillands, Robin. (2001) The Hundred Years War. London: Routledge. Sumption, Jonathan. (1999) The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle.Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press. Weir, Alison. (1999) Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head. Weir, Alison. (2006) Queen <mask>: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. London: Pimlico Books. .External links

 Heidi Murphy <mask> of France (1295–1358), Britannia biographical series

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1295 births
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13th-century French people
14th-century French people
14th-century English people
13th-century French women
14th-century English women
14th-century French women
14th-century women rulers
Duchesses of Aquitaine
Edward II of England
English rebels
English royal consorts
Founders of English schools and colleges
French princesses
French expatriates in England
French Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
House of Capet
Irish royal consorts
Nobility from Paris
Philip IV of France
Poor Clares
Regents of England
Women in 14th-century warfare
Women in medieval European warfare
Women in war in France
Daughters

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title: Bill Mercer

type: original

texts:
William A<mask> (born February 13, 1926) is an American sportscaster, educator and author. Originally from Muskogee, Oklahoma, he has retired to Durham, North Carolina after a long residence in Richardson, Texas. In 2002, he was inducted into the Texas Radio Hall of Fame. Personal
During World War II, <mask> served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946 aboard the USS Rixey and USS LCI(G)–439 (Landing Craft Infantry – Gunboat) as a Signalman. <mask>'s ships participated in five invasions: Marshall Islands, Guam, Leyte, Luzon and Okinawa. He is included in the List of notable surviving veterans of World War II. <mask> first attended college at Northeastern State College in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, after the war.He then earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Denver in 1949 and a master's degree from North Texas State University in Denton, Texas in 1966. <mask>'s Granddaughter Emma Tiedemann is the play-by-play voice of the Portland Sea Dogs in Portland, Maine. Career
<mask> is best known as a play-by-play radio announcer for baseball, football, basketball and wrestling. He was also a news reporter for Dallas, Texas television station KRLD, covering the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1963. He and fellow reporters George Phenix, Wes Wise and Bob Huffaker wrote When the News Went Live about their experiences during that time. <mask> also wrote,  Play-by-Play: Tales from a Sportscasting Insider, about his experiences in sportscasting. He enjoyed a stint as a sports anchor at KVIL radio station in Dallas-Fort Worth during the 1970s and 80s, alongside longtime morning host Ron Chapman.<mask> also spent over 35 years teaching new generations of sports broadcasters in the University of North Texas's Radio/TV Department. He was also recognized by the University of Texas at Dallas Athletic Department for his involvement with their live game broadcasts. Play by Play
In his 60+ year career, <mask> provided play-by-play broadcasting for several minor league teams: First, the Muskogee Giants of the Class C Western Association, then the Dallas Rangers (Triple A baseball) from 1959 to 1964, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs (Texas League baseball) from 1965 to 1971. He then moved up to broadcast for major league baseball's Texas Rangers (major league baseball) in 1972 (with Don Drysdale) and Chicago White Sox in 1974. <mask> also provided play-by-play for University of North Texas (known as North Texas State College until 1961, and North Texas State University from 1961 to 1988) football and basketball from 1959 to 1994. <mask>'s first broadcasts for professional teams began with the Dallas Texans (American Football League) in 1960 with Charlie Jones, then for the Dallas Cowboys (National Football League) from 1966 to 1971. Initially, <mask> provided color commentary with Jay Randolph in 1965 for the Cowboys, then became the play-by-play announcer when Randolph moved to St. Louis the following year.In the 1980s, <mask> broadcast Southwest Conference football and basketball for Mutual Radio. In the 2000s, he assisted Mike Capps with play-by-play for Round Rock Express minor league baseball of the Texas League (currently in the Pacific Coast League,) and for three years with Scott Garner of the Frisco RoughRiders of the Texas League. While at KRLD-AM/TV in Dallas, he served seven years as color commentator for CBS Radio's annual broadcasts of the Cotton Bowl Classic college football game. <mask> is also noted for calling the "Ice Bowl," the NFL championship game between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers in 1967, along with the Cowboys' second Super Bowl appearance in January, 1972. Wrestling
During his time at UNT, he called games involving Kevin Adkisson and Steve Williams, who both became professional wrestlers under the names Kevin Von Erich and Stone Cold Steve Austin, respectively. He also was the announcer in 1959 at UNT when Abner Haynes broke the color line in Texas and later became a star with the second incarnation of the Dallas Texans (American Football League). <mask> provided play-by-play announcing for the internationally acclaimed World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW,) based in Dallas, from 1982 to 1987.Telecasts were originally shown on Dallas-Fort Worth station KXTX, Channel 39. <mask> became a wrestling announcer in the 1950s in Muskogee, Oklahoma during the course of broadcasting all area sports for local radio station KMUS. By the late 1950s, <mask> had relocated to Dallas and began calling televised wrestling matches at the Dallas Sportatorium and in the studio for KRLD-TV (present day KDFW-TV,) Channel 4. In early 1976, <mask> took over announcing duties for the long-running Saturday Night Wrestling program on KTVT, Channel 11, in Fort Worth, when original announcer Dan Coates retired. Awards
 Texas Sports Hall of Fame (2020 inductee)
Texas Radio Hall of Fame (2002 inductee)
 University of North Texas Athletic Department Hall of Fame
 Texas Baseball Ex-Pro's Baseball Hall of Fame
 Oklahoma Sports Museum, Guthrie, Oklahoma: The <mask>ins Award
 Texas Intercollegiate Press Association Hall of Fame, April 2009
 University of Texas-Dallas Athletic Department Hall of Honor, 2011
 Namesake of the Bill <mask> Press Club at the University of North Texas's Apogee Stadium, awarded in 2012
Muskogee High Athletics Hall of Fame (2014)

Bibliography
 When the News Went Live: Dallas 1963. Play-by-Play: Tales from a Sportscasting Insider

References

1926 births
American Football League announcers
American radio sports announcers
Chicago White Sox announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Dallas Cowboys announcers
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
North Texas Mean Green football
Writers from Muskogee, Oklahoma
People from Richardson, Texas
Professional wrestling announcers
Sportswriters from Texas
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
United States Football League announcers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors

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title: Mikola Dziadok

texts:
<mask> is a Belarusian journalist, anarchist activist, blogger, and political prisoner. He was released in 2015 and became in involved in the 2020 Belarusian protests. He was arrested by authorities and is currently again a political prisoner. Biography
<mask> was born on August 23, 1988, in Brahin. He graduated from the BSU College of Law. After graduating from college, he was enrolled in the 3rd year of the Faculty of Law of BSU, but didn't study there. He left BSU, entered the European Humanities University at the political science department (he studied in absentia; at the time of his arrest he was a 2nd year student).He worked in a collection firm, where he acted as a journalist, lawyer and programmer at the same time. He also became a member of the Belarusian anarchist movement. In May 2011, <mask> was sentenced to 4.5 years in prison in a maximum security colony for participating in attacks on government buildings. In February 2015, Dedok was sentenced to an additional year in prison under Article 411 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus. After his release, he continued his social and political activities, took up journalism and research in the field of political science. Arrest and prison sentence
Before his arrest, Dedok, according to himself, was an activist unknown to the general public. His name appeared in the media for the first time only in connection with his arrest.<mask> <mask> was detained on September 3, 2010, as a suspect in the case of the attack on the Russian Embassy in Minsk on the night of August 31. The law enforcement bodies of Belarus arrested the young man for three days and placed him in a temporary detention center. Failing to collect a sufficient amount of evidence that would confirm <mask>'s involvement in the case, law enforcement agencies extended the term of his detention, but in a different case – an attack on the House of Trade Unions. However, when the accusation of his participation again did not receive sufficient evidence, <mask> was detained for the third time as a suspect in the case of an attack on a Belarusbank branch. After that, when all possibilities for detention were exhausted, they began to ascribe other illegal actions to Mikola, in particular, theft and hooliganism. On September 24, 2010, having already served more than 20 days under arrest, <mask> <mask> was accused of participating in an unauthorized rally near the General Staff of Belarus, and on October 1 he was charged under Article 339, part 2 – "hooliganism." On May 27, 2011, the Zavodskoy Court of Minsk sentenced Dedok to 4 and a half years in a high security prison.<mask> was held in the so-called "anarchist case" together with Igor Olinevich (sentenced to 8 years) and Alexander Frantskevich (sentenced to 3 years). At the trial, Dedok did not admit his guilt and later in prison refused to sign a petition for pardon addressed to the president. While imprisoned, on September 13, 2011, <mask> <mask> married Valeria Khotina in the Mogilev colony. In October 2011, the Viasna Human Rights Centre and the Belarusian Helsinki Committee recognized those convicted in the "anarchist case", including <mask> <mask>, as political prisoners. <mask> was taken under the patronage of Sari Essayah, member of the European Parliament from Finland, in November 2011. In prisons No. 15 and 17 of Shklov, <mask> received more than 10 penalties for various far-fetched violations.By a court decision on December 5, 2012, the conditions of serving the sentence were changed to stricter ones – he was transferred from prison No. 17 in Shklov to prison No. 4 in Mogilev. In November 2014, a new criminal case was opened against Dedok under Article 411 for "willful disobedience to the requirements of the administration of the correctional institution". Five days before the end of his term on February 26, 2015, the Leninsky District Court of Mogilev sentenced <mask> Dziadok to 1 year in a strict regime prison, under Article 411 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus for "malignant disobedience to the demands of the administration". Grandpa was charged with 16 violations of the regime in places of detention. For each of these 16 violations, <mask> had already been punished in a disciplinary order, having received a reprimand of from 5 to 10 days in a punishment cell.After the conviction, he wrote an open letter to the press, in which he criticized Art. 411 of the Criminal Code as inhumane and repressive. On May 12, 2015, <mask> was transferred to prison IK-9 in Gorki, where out of the first 50 days of his stay, he spent 42 days in a punishment cell "for violation of the sentence serving regime" and "refusal to work". To draw attention to the unbearable conditions of detention, on May 20, 2015, Dedok was forced to inflict cut wounds on his stomach and arms. On June 24, 2015, Manuel Sarrazin, Member of the German Bundestag and representative of the Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group in the European Parliament, took over the "patronage" of the political prisoner <mask> <mask>. On August 22, 2015, Alexander Lukashenko pardoned six political prisoners – <mask> <mask>, Igor Olinevich, Nikolai Statkevich, Yevgeny Vaskovich, Artem Prokopenko and Yuri Rubtsov. The report notes that the decision to pardon was made in accordance with the "principle of humanism".After release
After his release, <mask> <mask> returned to the European Humanities University under the International Politics and Economics program, which he graduated from in 2019. He is a member of the anarchist movement. He works as a journalist for the Novoe Vremya newspaper, writes for other publications, maintains a number of blogs on social networks and a channel in the Telegram messenger, as well as a Radix video blog on "revolutionary political analysis, social struggle and anarchism in Belarus." He has written several books. Since October 2019, he has been a fellow of K. Kalinowski's master's degree program and a student of Polish language courses at the Center for Language and Polish Culture of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie University. Continued persecution
On March 25, 2017, <mask> <mask> was detained in Minsk and taken to the Partizanskiy ROVD, and then to the Center for Isolation of Offenders. On the same day, he was taken with a head injury to the emergency hospital, accompanied by police.After 4 days spent in the hospital, <mask> was escorted to court, where he received 10 days of arrest under Articles 23.34 (Violation of the procedure for holding mass events) and Art. 23.4 Administrative Code (Disobedience to police orders). 2018
On June 30, 2018, along with 17 other anarchists, he was detained by a special forces group SOBR and employees of the GUBOPiK during the dispersal of an informal meeting of anarchists in a forest near Krupki. According to <mask> himself, he spent five hours in handcuffs with his face to the ground. Dziadok appealed to law enforcement agencies with a request to initiate a criminal case against employees of the GUBOPiK for abuse of office. On July 12, 2018, <mask> was detained near his house by riot policemen, when he was going to the trial of journalist Dmitry Galko. He was taken to the Frunzensky District Department of Internal Affairs, and then to the Frunzensky District Court, where he received a fine of 10 basic units under Art.17.10 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus. "Demonstration of Nazi symbols". The reason for initiating an administrative case was a post on Facebook condemning Nazism. On December 27, 2018, <mask> was fined by the Frunzensky District Court of Minsk in the amount of 40 base units under Article 17.10 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus. He was accused of distributing extremist products: posting on his Facebook page an illustration depicting the symbols of the Misantropic Division (an international association of neo-Nazi groups), which was included in the republican list of extremist materials by the court of the Central District of Minsk. But <mask>'s post was directed precisely against Nazism: “The picture from July 2016 is an illustration for a post in which I criticize people for standing next to the Nazis (!!!). Photos are driven to confirm their words.Do you understand the charm of the whole situation? Indeed, how can Nazism be condemned when any illustrative material can be retroactively outlawed? If we proceed from the GUBOPiK's information, then we should judge, for example, those who broadcast military newsreels on television, employees of the Belarusian television who show Nazis and do not retouch them,” he explained his position. The case was heard by judge Maria Erokhina. 2019
<mask> <mask> became a defendant in a high-profile scandal involving the Russian media. The reason was seven articles in the Novy Chas newspaper, where Dedok works, dedicated to Chechen political and military leaders, in particular, Shamil Basayev. In the 2017 article "Basayev: Your Great Russian dream – sitting up to your throat in shit to drag everyone else there ...", dedicated to the 11th anniversary of the murder of the field commander, <mask> <mask> presented Basayev as an ambiguous personality, from which, however, "they make a monster from hell".In January 2019, two years later, the Russian media drew attention to it, criticizing and condemning the author of the article, <mask>, as well as Alena Anisim, who is the head of the Belarusian Language Association and the founder of the newspaper "Novy Chas". From the point of view of a number of media outlets, the publication is a “glorification of terrorists". The article on the Belarusian pro-Russian website Teleskop, which started the information attack, was rewritten and supplemented by dozens of Russian media outlets. A number of pro-Russian Belarusian media, as well as a member of the Bureau of Belarusian Left Party Sergei Voznyak and Liberal Democratic Party leader Oleg Gaidukevich, also joined in the persecution. In turn, a number of Belarusian mass media spoke out in defense of Dziadok and Anisim, in particular Belarusian Partisan and Nasha Niva. The authors of the Teleskop website sent statements to the Ministry of Information and the Procurator, demanding that Novy Chas and Mikola Dziadok be brought to justice. Veteran of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Oleg Ivannikov appealed to the Procurator of the Chechen Republic and personally to Ramzan Kadyrov with a request "to initiate an inspection of the publication of the newspaper Novy Chas".However, none of these appeals had legal consequences for <mask> Dziadok or the newspaper Novy Chas. On March 4, 2019, <mask> was detained near the Frunzensky District Court of Minsk, immediately after he was fined under Art. 17.11 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus "Distribution of extremist materials" for a post on social networks. <mask> spent more than 2 days in a temporary detention center, after which the judge of the Central Court of Minsk Victoria Shabunya sentenced him to a fine of 25 basic units for participating in the action "Freedom for political prisoners". On June 10, 2019, in the Frunzensky District Court, Judge M. Erokhin found <mask> <mask> guilty of "public demonstration and distribution of extremist materials" and sentenced him to a fine of 50 basic units (1,275 rubles or 624 dollars). According to the court ruling, Nikolai posted on the Vkontakte social network a post with four extremist letters "ASAV". The blogger himself was not present at the trial and did not decide to appeal the decision to a higher court.On September 16, 2019, the Frunzensky District Court again convicted <mask> Dziadok for using the abbreviation "ACAB" in the social network "Vkontakte", and imposed a fine on him in the amount of 40 basic units. The trial was conducted by judge E. V. Pisarevich. "You can endlessly look at three things: how the fire burns, how the water flows, how the GUBOPiK fights my social networks..." – the blogger commented on this judgment on his page. 2020
On January 9, 2020, the Frunzensky District Court convicted <mask> Dziadok under Article 23.34 for participating in an unauthorized action in defense of the independence of Belarus in Minsk on December 21, 2019. The fine was 50 basic units. The trial was conducted by judge A. V. Busheva. On March 19, 2020, <mask> <mask> was detained by police officers on charges of minor hooliganism (17.1.Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus). The activist was taken to the Center for Isolation of Offenders and accused of putting an anti-police inscription on the wall of the dormitory. The next day, when the activist was taken to the Moskovsky district court of Minsk, it turned out that on the day of the inscription, <mask> <mask> was outside Belarus, which is stamped in his passport. The case was sent to the Moscow District Department of Internal Affairs in Minsk for revision, and later terminated for lack of corpus delicti. On November 12, 2020, he was detained by employees of GUBOPiK in an apartment in the village of Sasnovy of the Asipovichy District. During the arrest, pepper gas was used, and Dziadok was severely beaten. The arrested in the framework of a criminal case on "violation of public order" (Art.342 of the Criminal Code) was forced to appear on camera for the video of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After the arrest, he was taken to Minsk to GUBOPiK, where was tortured: siloviki kept him pressed with his head to the floor, beat him with a truncheon and a Taser, strangled, and threatened to rape. Then he was taken to the detention center Okrestina, later was transferred to SIZO No. 1 in Minsk. In detention, the activist was deprived of sleep, heat, food, and contact with the outside world. On November 24, by a joint statement of 11 organizations, including the Viasna Human Rights Centre, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, he was recognized as a political prisoner. On January 15, 2021, godparenthood for the political prisoner was undertaken by Tamara Funiciello, member of the Federal Assembly (Switzerland).In March 2021, the Investigative Committee of Belarus opened new criminal cases against the political prisoner on calling for the seizure of power (part 3 of article 361 of the Criminal Code) and illegal actions in relation to combustible materials (part 1 of article 295-3 of the Criminal Code). Awards
In May 2017, he received the Ales Korol Award in the category "Best Social and Political Material" for the article "Тунеядские протесты и перспектива Майдана" in the Novy Chas newspaper. In December 2017, he received the Francisk Alekhnovicha Award for the best work written in captivity (the book "Цвета параллельного мира"). In May 2018, he received the Ales Korol Award in the category "Best Social and Political Article" for the article "Тюрьма и воля: культурный обмен". Bibliography
 "Untouchables in prison hierarchy" — 2016 — social caste hierarchy in the Belarusian prison system
 The decision making in Hamas — 2016
 «Цвета параллельного мира» — 2017
 «Народные моджахеды: Муджахедин Хальк» — 2019
 Territorial achievements of IS outside Middle East — 2019
 «Теория интерсекциональности: анархистская критика» — 2020

References

External links
 Mikola Dziadok's page on the website of the Viasna Human Rights Centre

1988 births
Belarusian anarchists
Belarusian dissidents
Belarusian journalists
Political prisoners according to Viasna Human Rights Centre
Belarusian writers
Living people
People from Brahin District
People from Gomel Region
Belarusian political prisoners

masks:
Mikola Dziadok
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title: Félix Archimède Pouchet

texts:
<mask> (26 August 1800 – 6 December 1872) was a French naturalist and a leading proponent of spontaneous generation of life from non-living materials, and as such an opponent of Louis Pasteur's germ theory. He was the father of <mask> (1833–1894), a professor of comparative anatomy. From 1828 he was director of the Rouen Jardin des Plantes. Later, in 1838, he became professor at the School of Medicine at Rouen. His major scientific work Hétérogénie was published in 1859. He also wrote a layperson's encyclopedia The Universe, published in 1870, which gives an overview of the sciences, but in which Pouchet ridicules Louis Pasteur's theories (calling them panspermism) and atomic theory. In 1847, Pouchet effectively launched the study of the physiology of cytology.In 1848, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. Early career

<mask> was born in Rouen, France, on August 26, 1800. His father was a respected manufacturer in Rouen. In 1827, Pouchet received his M.D. in Paris, and later became the director of the Rouen Museum of Natural History. He also held a chair at one of the local medical preparatory colleges in Rouen in the field of zoology, and in 1843, he received the Legion of Honour. In 1830, botanists A.Rich.ex DC. published
Pouchetia, a genus of flowering plants from Africa, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It was named in Felix's honour. Pouchet had extensive experience in the field of traditional biology before the debate, where his main interest was animal generation. In the 1840s, he published two scientific articles. Both publications seemed to contradict his eventual support of spontaneous generation. In these publications, he believed that in the animal kingdom, generation happened through eggs that existed before fertilization.He also demonstrated reservations in spontaneous generation by supporting the beliefs of Christian Ehrenberg. Ehrenberg believed that infusoria had complex organ systems while other protozoologists, like Fèlix Dujardin, believed that infusoria were simple organisms that could appear spontaneously. Pouchet did not seem very interested in spontaneous generation during this time, and instead studied ovule production and menstruation. Debate with Pasteur

<mask> was 60 years old while Louis Pasteur was 37 years old when the heart of the debate about spontaneous generation began. Their opinions on generation originated from two competing theories. Pouchet believed in heterogenesis, which assumed that new living organisms came from inanimate objects, such as air. The parents of these new organisms were not the same species as the new organism.Pasteur supported the germ theory that said microorganisms arose from germs and those microorganisms came from parents of the same species. He supported the idea that germs were mostly everywhere, including things like air and those germs explained the appearance of microorganisms on different inanimate things. It is unclear why Pouchet shifted his interest to spontaneous generation, but in December 1858, Pouchet presented results to the French Academy of Sciences of two experiments he conducted that he claimed supported the notion of spontaneous generation. He said that his results were the opposite of Theodore Schwann’s results that demonstrated spontaneous generation did not exist. Schwann observed that after heating oxygen in a vessel, which was thought to be important for spontaneous generation, no microorganisms grew. He said that this was a result of the germs in the oxygen or air being destroyed by the heat. Pouchet claimed that when he did Schwann's experiment, microorganisms did grow, and thus germs in the air did not produce microorganisms.His experiments did not receive a positive reaction from the academy. Most of them thought his experiments were conducted poorly and that he did not effectively control for the intrusion of germs. The debate between the two men was not very public or intense at first. Pouchet received a letter from Pasteur on February 1859 that said that Pasteur respected his belief in spontaneous generation but did not agree with his evidence. Pasteur held the same belief of the academy and thought that Pouchet's experiments did not support spontaneous generation because his experiments were contaminated with germs. Pouchet took the criticism from the academy and tried to revise his experiments. However, this time, Pasteur took a stronger and more specific stance about his new experiments.He critiqued the fact that Pouchet again did not control for germs and that his flasks were contaminated by the dust in the mercury that was in his lab. Despite the criticism, Pouchet published his famous book Hétérogénie ou traité de la génération spontanée in 1859, which publicized his support of spontaneous generation. He claimed that his views of spontaneous generation were not like that of the older views of spontaneous generation that were labeled as atheistic, but were rather in agreement with the orthodox scientific and religious beliefs of the time. Pouchet claimed that it was the eggs of adult organisms that were spontaneously generated, not the adult organisms themselves. On January 30, 1860, the French Academy of Sciences declared that it would give out a prize for detailed and precise experiments that expanded on the subject of spontaneous generation. Pasteur decided to partake in this competition to combat Pouchet's support of spontaneous generation. He designed an experiment to deny the notion of spontaneous generation.He thought that if spontaneous generation were true in which air itself could cause generation, then all sterile swan neck flasks that were later exposed to air would generate microorganisms. If the germ theory were true, then he believed some of the sterile swan neck flasks would generate microorganisms when exposed to air and some would not because germs are distributed unevenly in air. Pasteur's results supported the germ theory and he showed them to the French Academy of Sciences. Pouchet rejected Pasteur's results because he thought that the atmosphere did not have enough germs to support these results; therefore, the microorganisms that were generated in his vessels were still not from germs. The French Academy of Sciences viewed Pasteur's experiments and observations as sophisticated and viewed Pouchet's experiments as ambiguous and unrefined. Along with this and due to the religious climate of this time, Pasteur had an advantage because his view that only life produces life was aligned with the views of the church. Pouchet eventually dropped out of the competition in November 1862 and Pasteur was awarded for his studies on spontaneous generation.History of science in the Middle Ages
Pouchet also wrote a history of science during the Middle Ages, which he titled Histoire des sciences naturelles au moyen age, ou Albert le Grand et son epoque considere comme point de depart de I'ecole experimentale. As the subtitle makes clear, the work centres on Albertus Magnus, the 13th century Dominican friar who was famous for his work on botany and astrology. In the work, Pouchet divides the history of Western science into three epochs: Greek, Roman and Christian. This was part of a general rewriting of Western intellectual history to mythologise it as a single inevitable progress towards the modern age. Pouchet also wrote a work titled L'univers: les infiniment grands et les infiniment petits, which detailed the richness of the earth's life forms within the context of the divine universe as a whole. References

"Felix Archimede Pouchet" Britannica article
 Obituary in:

External links

1800 births
1872 deaths
People from Rouen
French botanists
French biologists
French physiologists
Germ theory denialists
Recipients of the Legion of Honour

masks:
Félix Archimède Pouchet
Georges Pouchet
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Pouchet


title: Julius Nepos

texts:
<mask> (died 9 May 480), also known as just <mask>, ruled as Roman emperor of the West from 24 June 474 to 28 August 475. After losing power in Italy, <mask> retreated to his home province of Dalmatia, from which he continued to claim the western imperial title, with recognition from the Eastern Roman Empire, until he was murdered in 480. Though that distinction is most often awarded to <mask>' successor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus (475–476), <mask> is regarded by some historians as the last western Roman emperor, being the last widely recognised claimant to the position. A native of Dalmatia, <mask> began his career as the semi-autonomous governor of the province, succeeding his uncle Marcellinus, a prominent general, as  ('master of troops') of Dalmatia. After the death of the western emperor  Anthemius (467–472), who had been appointed by the eastern emperor Leo I (457–474), as well as Anthemius' successor Olybrius (472), Leo sought to assert his authority in the west, granting <mask> command of an army in December 473 to attack Italy and depose Glycerius (473–474), who had been proclaimed emperor by the Burgundian king Gundobad. <mask> left for Italy in the spring of 474, backed by Leo's successor Zeno, and landed with his army at Portus, near Rome. <mask> swiftly deposed Glycerius and was crowned western emperor in Rome on 24 June 474.He was the last emperor to be crowned in the city until Charlemagne in the ninth century. Whether the original intention of the invasion was to install <mask> as western emperor is unclear, but in any event, he was quickly recognised as the legitimate western emperor by Zeno. Nepos worked to restore the prestige and authority of the western empire, though mostly unsuccessfully. He may have repelled a Visigothic attack on Italy and managed to once more reduce the Burgundians into foederati. <mask> focused most of his attention on reasserting imperial control and authority in Gaul, but the western empire could no longer project enough strength to halt Visigothic conquests in the region. The failure to defeat the Visigoths in Gaul and Zeno's brief overthrowal in Constantinople by the usurper Basiliscus, weakened Nepos' already shaky position in Italy. In 475, <mask>' newly appointed magister militum Orestes revolted and marched on Ravenna, capital of the western empire.Unable to deal with Orestes' forces, <mask> fled back to Dalmatia and two months later, Orestes proclaimed his young son Romulus Augustulus as emperor. Although no longer in control of Italy, <mask> never renounced his claim to the western empire and continued to be recognised as the legitimate western emperor by the eastern empire. In 476, the barbarian general Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and became the first king of Italy. <mask> repeatedly petitioned Zeno, who by then had defeated Basiliscus, for help in regaining control of Italy, though all he achieved was nominal recognition by Odoacer, who minted coins in <mask>' name but otherwise mostly ignored him. In 480, <mask> was murdered by two of his generals, Ovida and Viator, perhaps in Diocletian's Palace, possibly while planning an expedition of his own to recover Italy. Background

Geopolitical background

The idea that the Roman Empire had grown too large to efficiently be managed by one emperor, and was more appropriately governed by two co-ruling emperors, had become established by the time of emperor Diocletian (284–305) in the late 3rd century. Throughout the fourth century, various different divisions were made, until the empire was firmly and permanently divided into western and eastern spheres of imperial administration from the death of emperor Theodosius I (379–395) in 395 onwards.Though modern historians typically use the terms Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire to describe the new political situation, the Romans themselves never considered the empire to have been formally divided, still viewing it as a single unit, although most often having two rulers rather than one. The Western Roman Empire, more rural than the east, with fewer people and a less stable economy, and prone to an increasing number of Germanic barbarian invasions and settlements, experienced catastrophic decline throughout the 5th century. In 410, the Visigoths under Alaric I had sacked Rome and in 455, the last western emperor of the Theodosian dynasty, Valentinian III (425–455), was deposed and murdered. That same year, Rome was sacked again for the second time in less than fifty years, this time by the Vandals under Gaiseric, who captured Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia, and two of his daughters, Eudocia and Placidia. The Western Roman army gradually became increasingly reliant on barbarian mercenaries. After Valentinian's murder, the most powerful barbarian generals, such as Ricimer, became politically dominant, ruling through proclaiming puppet emperors. In the time between the death of Valentinian and the accession of <mask>, a period of less than twenty years, seven different emperors ruled the west and effective imperial control was only exercised in Italy, Raetia and some regions of Gaul.Ancestry and family

<mask> was a native of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Dalmatia, although politically, economically and geographically oriented towards the Western Roman Empire, had formally been under the authority of the Eastern Roman Empire since 437, when the western emperor Valentinian III had ceded it to the east. In practical terms, the province was often more or less autonomous. <mask> was the son of Nepotianus (died 465), a general who served under the western emperor Majorian (457–461), and the nephew of the  ('master of troops', a high-ranking military officer) Marcellinus (died 468), being the son of one of Marcellinus' sisters. <mask> may have been part of a prominent local Roman family in Dalmatia. This is supported by memorial inscriptions from four roughly contemporary individuals; Aelia Nepotes, Aelia <mask>, another <mask> and Nepotes, having been identified from Dalmatia. <mask>' uncle Marcellinus was a prominent late Roman general, having fought the Vandals in several campaigns and playing a notable role in momentarily fending off Vandal attempts at controlling Sardinia.In 461, after the murder of emperor Majorian by Ricimer, Marcellinus appears to have planned to invade Italy to depose Ricimer's puppet emperor Libius Severus (461–465), but he was dissuaded from this course of action by the eastern emperor Leo I (457–474). <mask> married a Roman noblewoman whose name is not recorded, but who was related to the eastern empress Verina, possibly a niece of Leo I.

Marcellinus had by the time of his death been a semi-autonomous governor in Dalmatia and after his death, <mask> inherited this position. <mask> is first attested on 1 June 473, when he is described as , although it is possible that he had held that rank ever since Marcellinus' death. <mask> might have held this position until he became emperor in 474, by which point he had also become a patrician. Appointment
After the death of the western emperor Anthemius (467–472) as well as his successor Olybrius (472), who had not been recognised in the east, Leo I, the sole remaining Roman emperor, maintained that he had the right to select the new western emperor. At first, Leo did not act on this right, perhaps because he had no suitable candidates to promote or because of the violent end of Anthemius, who had been previously appointed by Leo I. In March 473, the Burgundian king Gundobad, nephew of Ricimer, appointed the  (commander of the palace guard) Glycerius as western emperor.Angered by this, Leo appointed <mask> as the commander of an army to attack Italy and depose Glycerius. Why Leo waited so long to appoint <mask> is not known, but by this time the winter meant that <mask> could not take action against Glycerius for a few months. By appointing <mask> to lead the invasion, Leo not only sought to assert his authority in the west, but perhaps also hoped to rid himself of a possible rival in the east. After the political situation in Constantinople had stabilised sufficiently in the aftermath of Leo I's death on 18 January 474, <mask> left for Italy in the spring of 474, with the backing of the new eastern emperor Zeno. Reign

Emperor in Italy (474–475)

<mask> and his force landed at Portus, near Rome, where he was promptly proclaimed , per the procedure preceding elevation to the rank of  (emperor). On 24 June, having deposed Glycerius, <mask> was proclaimed the western Augustus in Rome. Nepos thus accomplished the exact intervention into Italy that had been planned by his uncle Marcellinus some years prior.<mask> was the last emperor to be crowned in Rome until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800. Glycerius put up no resistance against <mask>, and his life was spared, being consecrated as bishop of Salona, the provincial capital of Dalmatia. It is not clear if <mask> becoming emperor had been the eastern plan, but in any event he was swiftly recognised as the legitimate western emperor by Zeno. Few records of <mask>' reign survive and little is known of his activities. He is known to have issued coins throughout Italy, such as at Rome, Ravenna and Mediolanum. Coinage minted in northern Gaul in his name indicates that his rule was accepted by the Roman general

masks:
Julius Nepos
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title: Julius Nepos

texts:
 Syagrius, who ruled a more or less autonomous province of his own there. Nepos also issued symbolic coins of Zeno and his junior colleague Leo II, indicating his close ties and gratitude to the eastern court.Nepos worked to restore imperial prestige. Through his initial efforts, a Visigothic attack on Italy appears to have been repelled and the Burgundians were once again made into foederati (barbarian allies of the empire). It appears that <mask> mainly directed his efforts to attempting to restore and consolidate imperial authority in Gaul. The remaining imperial territories in Gaul were at the time being invaded by Euric, king of the Visigoths, who hoped to take control of the province Aquitania Prima. To combat the threat, <mask> appointed Ecdicius, a son of the former western emperor Avitus (455–456) as patrician and magister militum. Per the surviving writings of contemporary Gallo-Roman authors, such as Sidonius Apollinaris, <mask>' accession was enthusiastically accepted in the remaining imperial possessions in Gaul. Ecdicius successfully managed to relieve a Visigothic siege of Arles in 474, but he was less successful in 475 as there simply was not enough remaining military resources to achieve victory.Even after Ecdicius had proven unable to defeat the Visigoths, the threat of imperial invasion made Euric willing to negotiate with Nepos. In the spring of 475, <mask> sent as his ambassadors to Euric a group of Roman bishops, which included Epiphanius of Pavia, who had previously brokered peace between Ricimer and emperor Anthemius. Although Epiphanius and his delegation apparently achieved peace, a second delegation was sent later in 475, consisting of the bishops Leontius of Arles, Faustus of Riez, Graecus of Marseilles, and Basilius of Aix, possibly tasked with working out the concrete terms of the peace treaty. The Romans in Gaul, including Sidonius Apollinaris, were shocked to learn that the peace had involved ceding the Auvergne region to the Visigoths in turn for them leaving the rest of what remained under imperial control in Gaul alone. <mask>' failure to actually defeat the Visigoths, combined with Zeno being overthrown in Constantinople in early 475 by the usurper Basiliscus, weakened <mask>' position, which had been shaky in Italy from the very beginning. In his foreign policy <mask> also had to deal with the Vandals, who ruled North Africa, and their renewed and increased pirate attacks throughout the Mediterranean. Because of the weak position of the western empire, there was little else Nepos could do than to recognise the Vandal rule over the territories they had already taken in Africa and throughout the Mediterranean, such as the islands of Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearics, as well as parts of Sicily.After the failure of the Nepos' politics in Gaul, <mask> dismissed Ecdicius and replaced him as  with Orestes, a distinguished officer who had once served as  (secretary) to the Hunnic king Attila. <mask> tasked Orestes with again leading an army against the Visigoths, and against the Burgundians, who were rebelling, in southern Gaul. Orestes' army included many foederati ally troops, and Orestes learnt that they were upset with the emperor, who had refused their requests to be granted land. With the backing of this army, Orestes betrayed <mask>' orders and instead marched on Ravenna, the capital of the western empire. Hoping to maintain control, <mask> recalled Ecdicius from Gaul, but he was unable to arrive in time. On 28 August 475, Orestes entered Ravenna with his army and <mask> escaped across the Adriatic Sea to Salona in Dalmatia, having ruled in Italy for only 14 months. On 31 October, Orestes proclaimed his young son, Romulus Augustulus, as emperor.Exile in Dalmatia (475–480)

Little is known of <mask>' later activities in Dalmatia due to the scarcity of surviving sources. <mask> never renounced his claim to the western empire, and continued to be recognised in the east instead of Romulus Augustulus. Throughout his time in exile, <mask> hoped to regain control of Italy. On 4 September 476, Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the barbarian general Odoacer, who became the first king of Italy. Odoacer sent Romulus' western imperial regalia to Zeno in the east, and swore allegiance to him, ruling without further imperial successors in the west. Odoacer considered the Roman Empire from this point on as only requiring a single emperor, ruling from Constantinople. At the same time, an embassy from Nepos arrived in Constantinople, congratulating Zeno on regaining Constantinople from Basiliscus and requesting his assistance in restoring <mask> to power in Italy.Zeno responded to the ambassadors sent by Odoacer, members of the Roman Senate, that they had killed one east-supported emperor (Anthemius) and driven one out (<mask>) and that they would do well in receiving <mask> back as their ruler. Zeno also stated that Odoacer would do best in receiving the rank of patrician, which he had requested, not from Zeno, but from the legal western ruler, <mask>, although Zeno promised to grant the rank if <mask> would not. Zeno also urged Odoacer to accept <mask> back as emperor in Italy. Although Zeno, and Verina, who remained influential at court, officially supported <mask>' restoration and continued to regard him as the western emperor, he was not granted the necessary military support or funding to retake Italy. Odoacer only nominally accepted <mask>' rule, minting coins in the names of <mask> and Zeno in Italy and perhaps providing Nepos with a pension, and in practice ignored him. In 477 or 478, <mask> again petitioned Zeno to help him retake Italy. Also in 477, some of the remaining imperial possessions in southern Gaul rebelled against Odoacer, probably intending to fight for the restoration of Nepos.Zeno received embassies from both Odoacer and Gaul, but was forced to support Odoacer given that supporting the Gallic rebels against Odoacer would have amounted to declaring war on Odoacer, which Zeno was not prepared to do. In 479, <mask>' hopes may have been ignited when Theodoric, the king of the Ostrogoths, offered to pledge his troops to fight for <mask>' claim. <mask> was murdered on 9 May 480, at his villa near Salona, possibly the same building as Diocletian's Palace, by members of his retinue, the  Ovida and Viator. It is possible that the former emperor Glycerius, whom Nepos had deposed, also played a leading role in the murder, possibly as the instigator. If Glycerius was not the instigator, it is possible that the murder was caused by <mask> in 480 actively beginning to prepare his forces for a real attempt at recovering Italy militarily, and that his supporters in Dalmatia were unwilling to embark on such an adventure. Though the chroniclers of the time wrote of <mask>' violent and unexpected death, it was given little attention and no actions were taken against his murderers for quite some time. Only in late 481 or 482 did Odoacer invade Dalmatia and put Ovida, who had become the ruler of the province, to death, using <mask>' murder as a convenient pretext to conquer the province for himself, a move that was indirectly acknowledged by the eastern empire given that there was no attempt to stop him.After <mask>' death, Odoacer recognised Zeno as his new suzerain and Zeno did not appoint a new western emperor, becoming the first proper sole Roman emperor of the entire empire since the death of Theodosius I in 395 (though he continued to only formally control the eastern provinces). Legacy
<mask>' successor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus, is typically regarded as the last western Roman emperor, though several historians argue that this distinction is better applied to <mask>, given that he continued to rule in Dalmatia with the imperial title and the full recognition, albeit not full military support, of the eastern empire until he was murdered in 480. Romulus Augustulus by strange coincidence shares the name of both the founder of Rome (Romulus) and its first emperor (Augustus), which may, in addition to being the last western emperor to rule Italy, have contributed to him being viewed as the last emperor over <mask>. <mask> shares a similar coincidence, in that he shares his first name, <mask>, with <mask>, Augustus' adoptive father and predecessor as authoritarian ruler of the Roman state. By the time of <mask>' death in 480, the Western Roman Empire was gone and <mask> had, in the words of the Roman historian Ralph W. Mathisen, become an "unwanted anachronism"; a hindrance to Odoacer who wished to expand into Dalmatia himself and an embarrassment to Zeno, who could not offer him his full support. Though his death was seen as marking the end of the line of emperors in the west, it was barely acknowledged at the time. By the 6th century, eastern Roman historians no longer recognised <mask>' reign in Dalmatia from 475 to 480 as a legitimate continuation of his imperial reign: the 6th-century eastern historians Marcellinus Comes, Procopius and Jordanes all considered Romulus Augustulus to have been the last western emperor.Notes

References

Bibliography

5th-century births
480 deaths
5th-century Christians
5th-century murdered monarchs
5th-century Roman emperors
Deaths by stabbing in Croatia
House of <mask>
Murdered Roman emperors
Year of birth

masks:
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title: Bruce Anstey

texts:
<mask>  (born 21 August 1969 in New Zealand) is a professional motorcycle road racer. He is a former lap record holder on the world-famous Snaefell Mountain Course with a time of 17 minutes 6.682 seconds, at an average speed of  set during the 2014 Superbike TT Race. Anstey was signed to race for the Padgett's Honda Racing Team having previously ridden for TAS Suzuki Racing, Valmoto Triumph and DTR Yamaha. For thirteen consecutive seasons, from 2002 - 2015, <mask>y managed to secure a top three finish at the world's three most prestigious road races; the North West 200, the Isle of Man TT and the Ulster Grand Prix. A press release issued on behalf of Anstey on 10 April 2018, stated that due to illness he would not compete during the 2018 racing season. He did however ride a parade lap on board a Honda RC213V-S during the 2018 Isle of Man Festival of Motorcycling in late August.Anstey announced a return to competitive racing in July 2019 stating he would compete at the Classic TT, and secured a victory in the 250 cc event. In a BBC interview in September 2021, Anstey stated that it his intention to resume racing at the 2022 Classic TT.Racing career
Said to have been inspired to take up a career as a motorcycle racer after watching Mike Hailwood's comeback victory at the 1978 Isle of Man TT Races, Anstey made his competitive debut on Boxing Day, 1990, at the Cemetery Circuit, Whanganui in his native New Zealand, competing on a Suzuki RGV250. Isle of Man TT

Yamaha (1996-2002)

1996
Anstey made his Isle of Man TT debut at the 1996 event. Riding a Yamaha he finished in 29th place in the Lightweight TT before retiring in the Senior TT. 1996 TT Results

1998
Due to illness Anstey did not participate at the 1997 TT, with his next appearance being at the 1998 races. Again featuring in the Lightweight and Senior races, Anstey took his Yamaha TZ250 to a 26th-place finish in the Lightweight and followed this by taking 20th in the Senior TT, being the third 250cc mounted rider to finish behind Gavin Lee and his fellow New Zealander, Shaun Harris. 1998 TT Results

1999
Campaigning in the same classes as the previous year and riding the same Yamaha TZ250, Anstey's form continued to improve in 1999, with him securing his first top 10 finish by claiming 7th in the Lightweight and following this up with 24th in the Senior. 1999 TT Results

2000
The 2000 Isle of Man TT saw Anstey gain his first podium place at the event, finishing second behind Joey Dunlop in the Lightweight TT.The second race of his week saw him again riding the DTR Yamaha TZ250 in the Senior where he took the Denis Trollope machine to the highest place of any 250cc machine in the race, 14th. 2000 TT Results

2002
The 2001 Isle of Man TT was cancelled as a precaution against the Foot and Mouth Outbreak reaching the Island. Racing resumed in 2002, with Anstey being entered in five races. He retired in the week's curtain raiser, the Formula 1 TT, however his fortunes improved as race week progressed. In the Ultra-Lightweight TT Anstey took his DTR 125cc Yamaha to 10th place and then followed this with 3rd place in the Production 1000cc class. He then secured his maiden victory at the TT taking the honours in the Lightweight TT on a DTR 250cc Yamaha. Anstey then recorded a 2nd-place finish in his final race of the week, the Production 600cc.2002 TT Results

Triumph (2003)

2003
At the 2003 meeting, Anstey competed in four categories. Opening his account with the runner up position in the Production 1000cc race, he followed this up with a victory in the Junior TT aboard the Valmoto Triumph Daytona, giving Triumph its first TT win in 27 years. In the Production 600cc class, Anstey managed an 8th-place finish for Triumph and completed the racing programme with 7th place in the Senior aboard a 1000cc Suzuki. 2003 TT Results

Suzuki (2004-2010)

2004
Signed by TAS Suzuki in 2004, Anstey's reputation for consistency saw him finish on the podium in all the races he entered at the TT. A 3rd place in the opening Formula 1 was followed by victory in the 1000cc Production race. A trio of 2nd-place finishes then followed as Anstey took the runner up spot in the Junior 600cc, the Production 600cc and the Senior TT respectively. 2004 TT Results

2005
Again Anstey was entered in five races at the 2005 Isle of Man TT, producing mixed results.Problems with his TAS Suzuki GSX-R1000 Superbike saw him retire in both races in which the machine featured. On the plus side Anstey took victory in the Superstock TT cementing his reputation in the class. Following this he took 4th place in the opening Supersport race but retired in the following one. Anstey's week ended with his retirement in Friday's Senior. 2005 TT Results

2006
In the 2006 TT practices, Anstey achieved the unofficial current top speed record for the Mountain Course of  at the end of Sulby straight on a Suzuki 1000cc machine. This speed value was registered by the on-board datalogging equipment and so cannot be considered as an official record. 2006 TT Results

2007
At the Centenary TT of 2007, Anstey failed to finish in the opening Superbike Race, but swiftly made up for it by claiming victory in the Superstock event winning by 40 seconds over John McGuinness.Anstey missed out on a podium place in the Supersport race finishing 4th, which was followed by another retirement in the highlight Senior TT. 2007 TT Results

2008
In 2008, Anstey opened his account by claiming the runner up spot in the Superbike race. This was followed by an initial victory in the opening Supersport only for Anstey to be subsequently stripped of the 1st place. Having defied a heavy cold to win the race, he was disqualified following an inspection of his machine, which found the exhaust cam did not meet regulations. However just two days later on Wednesday 4 June Anstey swept to victory in the second Supersport Junior race in which he was involved in a thrilling dice on corrected time with Ian Hutchinson. Following over 150 miles of racing, Anstey came home in a time of 1'13:35.71 at an average speed of 123.041 mph. On his second lap he also broke the lap record for the race with an average speed of 125.359 mph.The Senior TT again proved a disappointment for Anstey, with him posting a retirement. To celebrate his Supersport Junior TT win, Suzuki released a GSXR-600 K8 replica of Anstey's Relentless by TAS Suzuki race bike. 2008 TT Results

2009
Anstey's campaign at the 2009 Isle of Man TT proved particularly frustrating. A 2nd place in the second Supersport race being the highlight with retirements in the other four races. 2009 TT Results

2010
The 2010 meeting again provided a mixed bag of fortunes for Anstey. Finishing just outside the top 10 in the opening Superbike race, he failed to finish in either the opening Supersport or the Superstock races. An 8th place followed in the second Supersport race and, comparatively, the meeting ended on a positive note with Anstey securing the final place on the rostrum after a hard-fought Senior.2010 TT Results

Honda (2011-Present)

2011
Anstey had switched teams for the 2011 season, and compared with the previous two seasons an upturn in fortune was evident. Although he failed to finish in the Superbike TT, he enjoyed a win in the opening Supersport race, followed by a further retirement in the Superstock. A 5th place in the second Supersport was followed by Anstey again taking 3rd in the finale race, the Senior TT. 2011 TT Results

2012
At the 2012 Isle of Man TT Anstey took a well earned 3rd place in the Superbike race followed by victory in the opening Supersport race. A brace of 4th places followed in the Superstock and second Supersport races. 2012 TT Results

2013
Anstey achieved a commendable list of results at the 2013 Races, where he secured an 8th place in the opening Superbike race, followed by taking second place on the podium in the first Supersport. A 5th place in the Superstock was followed by another 2nd in the second Supersport race.Anstey rounded off the week's racing with 3rd place in the Senior. 2013 TT Results

2014
Anstey's renowned consistency was particularly evident at the 2014 TT. He posted a 4th place in the Superbike race, followed by 2nd in the Supersport and 3rd in the Superstock. The 2014 TT also saw <mask>'s debut in the TT Zero Class in which he finished in 2nd place to John McGuinness on an identical Mugen Shinden San. Another 2nd place followed in the second of the Supersport events and the week was rounded off with 4th in the Senior. In the Superbike TT, Anstey set a new outright lap record for the Mountain Course. In addition to his haul of six silver replicas, Anstey was also awarded the prestigious John Williams Trophy for the fastest lap in the Superbike TT Race and the Jimmy Simpson Trophy, which is presented to the rider who has achieved the fastest lap of the meeting.2014 TT Results

2015

Superbike TT

On Sunday 7 June 2015 Anstey achieved the highlight of his career, winning the Superbike TT. Lying in second place behind race leader Ian Hutchinson Anstey took the race lead following the pit stops at the end of lap four. Astride a Padgett's Honda Anstey began to extend his lead, claiming victory by 10.97 seconds on corrected time following  of racing. Added to the victory, Anstey also set a new race record and the fastest lap of the race on his sixth lap at an average speed of 131.977 mph. Following his success in the Superbike race Anstey also claimed the John Williams Trophy for the second year in succession. Supersport (Race 1)

Anstey's 2015 campaign continued when he took a 2nd place behind the rejuvenated Hutchinson in the first of the Supersport races and followed this by finishing 9th in the Superstock. TT Zero

Riding for the Mugen Shinden team, Anstey then competed in the TT Zero, his second year competing in the class, taking his electrically powered machine to second place behind Mugen teammate, John McGuinness.Supersport (Race 2)

In the second Supersport race of the week Anstey continued his run of podium positions, again finishing 2nd to Ian Hutchinson. Senior TT

The Senior TT was red flagged midway through lap 2, following an incident involving Jamie Hamilton. A restart followed with the race reduced to 4 laps. Anstey concluded a highly satisfactory week's racing by taking 8th place in the restarted race. 2015 TT Results

2016
Remaining with Honda for 2016, it was announced that <mask> was to ride a Honda RC213V-S at the TT, specially prepared by the Valvoline Racing by Padgett's Motorcycles Team. Various adjustments had to be made to the machine in order for it to withstand six laps of the punishing 37.73 mile Snaefell Mountain Course with such parts as the wheels, the forks, the rear shocks, the brakes and the radiator guards all having to be specially made. Anstey was enjoying a reasonably successful qualifying week until he came off his Honda Fireblade, CBR1000RR Superbike at Keppel Gate during qualifying on Thursday 2 June, as a result of which he received various injuries.Superbike TT

After a check up at Noble's Hospital, Douglas, he was passed fit to compete in the opening Superbike race on Saturday 4 June. Despite his injuries, Anstey came home in a respectable 8th place on board the Honda RC213V-S.

Supersport (Race 1)

Still evidently feeling the effects of the injuries sustained during the Practice Week, Anstey managed to hold station within the top 10 for the first two laps of the opening Supersport 600 race. However, following the pit stops at the end of lap 2 he subsequently retired on lap 3 at Ballacraine. Superstock TT

Later, on 6 June, Anstey lined up on the Glencrutchery Road for the afternoon race, the Superstock TT. Again riding in significant discomfort he retired at the TT Grandstand at the end of the opening lap. Supersport (Race 2) & TT Zero

A rest day during race week combined with a spell at the Isle of Man's hyperbaric chamber paid dividends for Anstey. Notably improved form followed when he took 5th place in the Junior TT, followed by victory in the TT Zero, his first triumph in that particular category.Although trailing at Ballaugh Bridge to Mugen teammate John McGuinness, Anstey took the lead after McGuinness had stopped to make adjustments, leading home William Dunlop and Jamie Hamilton. Senior TT

A further day's recuperation continued to aid Anstey prior to the Senior TT. Following a delayed start due to poor visibility, Anstey was lying in 4th place by the end of lap 1 having lapped at an average speed of . With the retirement of Peter Hickman, Anstey moved up to 3rd place at the pit stop at the end of lap 2, until he was displaced by John McGuinness at the end of lap 3. Anstey was then overtaken on corrected time by Dean Harrison following the second round of pit stops at the end of lap 4, holding 5th place until the end of the 6 laps. 2016 TT Results

2017

In addition to his participation in the main classes at the 2017 Isle of Man TT for Padgett's Honda, it was announced on May 23 that following the injuries sustained by John McGuinness at the North West 200, and his subsequent withdrawal from the TT, Anstey had renewed his association with the Mugen Team in order to compete in the TT Zero class taking the place vacated by McGuinness. Poor weather blighted the qualifying week at the TT, with competitors completing only a fraction of the required laps.A reshuffle of the race schedule was required with the first race day given over to qualifying and practice, meaning the traditional curtain raiser the Superbike TT moving to Sunday June 4. Superbike TT

Anstey formed up on the Glencutchery Road with the Honda RC213V-S, having by the standards of the week, enjoyed a reasonable qualifying period. Anstey took the RC213V-S across the line in 8th place on corrected time at the end of lap 1 involving himself in a close tussle with Conor Cummins and Michael Rutter. By the pit stops at the end of the second lap Anstey had slipped to 10th position, however he had reclaimed 8th by the end of lap 3. During lap 4 Anstey was forced to stop at Ramsey Hairpin in order to inspect the rear of the machine following concern about the degradation of the tyre, and this saw him relegated to 13th place by the time he exited the pits at the end of the lap. Working his way ahead of Horst Saiger and Sam West during lap 5, Anstey began the final lap just outside the top 10, holding 11th place. However over the course of the final lap he was overtaken on corrected time by both Saiger and West and after  of racing he brought his machine home in 13th place.Supersport (Race 1)

The first of the Supersport 600cc races was held on the afternoon of Monday June 5. Anstey made a steady start lying in 11th place by the end of the opening lap. Progress was made during lap 2 with Anstey edging into the top 10, having moved up to 9th place at the pit stops at the end of the lap. Continuing to work his way up the field, Anstey crossed the line in 7th place by the end of the third lap, managing to hold station until the end of the 4 lap race. Superstock
Anstey suffered disappointment in the Superstock race, retiring at the pits at the end of the opening lap. Supersport (Race 2)
Poor weather continued to plague the racing programme forcing the itinerary of the meeting to be rescheduled. As a consequence of inclement weather on Thursday June 8 the second Supersport 600cc race, the Junior TT, was cancelled.TT Zero
Rescheduled for Friday June 9 and starting first on the road, Anstey lead the field for the one lap race from start to finish to claim his 12th TT win. 2017 TT Results

North West 200
Making his debut at the 2002 North West 200, Anstey has managed to chalk up ten victories between 2002 and 2017, making him sixth on the all-time winners

masks:
Bruce Anstey
Bruce Anste
Anstey
Anstey


title: Bruce Anstey

texts:
 list; his last victory being at the 2015 meeting. 2002 - 2003

His maiden victory came in 2002 when he won the Production race. Whilst featuring on the podium at the 2003 North West, Anstey failed to secure a win. 2004
Making his International Road Race debut for Suzuki in 2004, Anstey won the Supersport 600cc race in addition to the Production race. Making up for his 2003 disappointment, a hat-trick appeared to beckon with Anstey leading the Superbike race until the final lap when he crashed. 2005
At the 2005 North West 200 he won the rain affected Superbike event and finished runner-up to Ian Lougher in the Superstock race.2006
At the 2006 meeting he won the first Supersport race and the Superstock race. 2007
The 2007 meeting proved to be his best year up to that date, winning a hat-trick of races that could have been more, had he not crashed out of the first Superbike event. While running in 2nd on the third lap, he "highsided" at York Corner, and he was placed 2nd in the results because they were taken from the last completed lap. He went on to win the two Supersport events, and the Superstock event as well. He may well have increased his tally, but was unable to race in the main Superbike event, as his bike was damaged from the previous crash. 2008
Relevant disappointment affected Anstey at the 2008 North West 200 Races; a 5th place in the first Superbike outing was followed by runner-up spot in the Superstock race and 4th in the second of the Superbike races. 2009
The 2009 North West 200 Races saw a return to the top of the podium for Anstey, with him claiming 1st spot in the opening Superbike race ahead of John McGuinness which was followed up by a 3rd and 4th place in the Superstock and Supersport races, respectively.A brace of runner-up places followed in the subsequent Supersport races. 2010
Opening his account with a 6th place in the first Superbike race in 2010, Anstey continued to suffer from misfortune in the subsequent races, posting a retirement in the opening Supersport 600cc race which was followed by a further retirement in the Superstock before recording 10th in the feature Superbike race and concluding the meeting with 3rd in his second Supersport outing. 2011
The 2011 North West 200 was blighted by misfortune including inclement weather, an oil spill and a hoax bomb alert. Only one race was able to run before the programme was curtailed and in which Anstey claimed 3rd place in a rain sodden Supersport 600cc race. 2012
Again the victim of inclement weather, the 2012 North West 200 saw further interruption to the racing programme. Anstey came home in 7th place in his first outing in the Supersport category, followed with a 6th place in the Superbike race. 2013
Having qualified strongly across the range of classes at the North West 200 in 2013, Anstey claimed 4th place in the opening Supersport race on Thursday May 16.However the weather was again the main talking point of the meeting, putting paid to the majority of the race schedule on Saturday May 18. This again saw Anstey take 4th spot in a rain blighted Supersport race. 2014
Anstey claimed the top spot on the rostrum at the first of the Supersport races in 2014 with an average speed of . However this was his only positive in the meeting. 2015
The 2015 North West 200 Races again saw Anstey feature prominently in the opening race where he just missed out on a podium position, coming home in 4th position. An improvement followed in the feature Superbike race when he claimed the third tier behind Alastair Seeley and Ian Hutchinson. 2016
At the 2016 North West 200 Anstey made a good start from a middle grid position in the opening Superbike Race.Dicing for a position within the top three, Anstey set a new absolute top speed record on the run to Coleraine at . Anstey continued to cement his position in the field when, towards the end of lap 4, he crashed his Honda Fireblade at Church Corner as a result of running a wider line. As a consequence of the crash the race was red flagged. This was the first time at the North West that Anstey failed to take a place on the podium. 2017

Anstey remained a member of the Pagett's Honda squad for the 2017 North West 200 races which saw him campaigning a Honda Fireblade in the Superbike category as well as a new Honda SP2 in the Superstock and a Honda CBR600RR in the Supersport race. In qualifying for the Supersport race, Anstey posted the 8th quickest time in the opening practice session followed by 12th quickest in the second session - although he did manage to attain the highest speed on the approach to University, clocked at . Starting from row four on the grid, Anstey finished in 12th place in the Supersport race.Anstey's disappointing qualifying continued into the Superstock practice which saw him record a lowly 44th quickest time in the opening session followed by a failure to post a time in the second session and consequently he failed to start the race. A more positive performance occurred in opening practice session for the Superbike class in which Anstey managed to qualify 15th fastest aboard the Honda Fireblade recording an impressive speed of  through the speed trap on the approach to University. In the second session Anstey managed to improve this by moving up to 11th quickest. Starting the race from 14th on the grid Anstey's disappointment continued as he was forced to retire at the end of lap 2. Ulster Grand Prix
Anstey has also claimed numerous successes at the Ulster Grand Prix, taking the top step on the podium on 13 occasions. 2003 - 2010

At the 2003 Ulster Grand Prix Anstey took his maiden victory, when he claimed the honors in the 1000cc Production Race. Building on his 2003 exploits, 2004 saw Anstey secure a hat-trick of successes in the Superbike, Production 600, and Production 1000 classes.Whilst failing to take the top spot in 2005, he did manage to secure 2 podiums. In 2006, he was victorious in the Superstock class once more. Further success belonged to Anstey at the 2010 meeting, securing another hat-trick to bring his winning tally to eight. This was Anstey's last appearance for TAS Suzuki and saw him sign off by obliterating the previous lap record, setting a new average lap speed of  making him then the fastest rider on the fastest motorcycle racing circuit in the world. 2011

Having signed for Padgett's Honda, Anstey took a solitary victory at the 2011 meeting taking the winner's garland in the Superspport 600cc class. 2012

Again a single victory was all Anstey was able to secure at the 2012 UGP when he again came home at the head of the field in one of the Supersport races. 2013

Whilst he failed to gain top spot on the podium at the 2013 Ulster Grand Prix, the meeting saw a return of the consistency of which Anstey is so renowned.Clinching the runner-up position in the opening Superbike race, this was followed by a brace of runner up positions in both Supersport outings and a 3rd place in the Superstock. The signature race, the Ulster Grand Prix, saw Anstey come home in 4th place to conclude a very rewarding meeting. 2014

Anstey's campaign at the 2014 event saw him take the honors once more in the opening Supersport race. He then enjoyed further success when he went on to win the blue riband Superbike race. Anstey's brace of wins saw him named 'Man of the Meeting'. 2015

At the 2015 Ulster Grand Prix Anstey took the honours in the associated event, the Dundrod 150 as well as taking victory in the main event, in controversial circumstances. The feature event, the Ulster Grand Prix, was red flagged following an incident towards the end of lap 7.The race organisers decided to give the victory to <mask>, who had been leading at the end of lap 4, citing they could not take the standings after the fifth lap because some riders had not completed it when the red flags went up. Anstey secured victory over Ian Hutchinson who had been leading the race at the end of lap 5 (two-thirds distance). 2016

The 2016 Ulster Grand Prix was a meeting dominated by Ian Hutchinson, however Anstey also enjoyed a respectable meeting being reunited with the Honda RC213V-S. Having recovered from the injuries he sustained earlier in the season at the Isle of Man TT, Anstey took the runner up spot behind Hutchinson in both the Superbike races and victory in the opening (red flagged) Supersport event. Anstey concluded the meeting by taking 4th spot in the second Supersport race. 2017
Anstey's participation at the 2017 Ulster Grand Prix was confirmed in mid July. A press release from the Padgett's Honda Team confirmed  Anstey would campaign both a Honda RC213V-S and for the Classic Lightweight event, a Honda RS250. Anstey enjoyed renewed success, with a first and second in two of the three Supersport 600 cc races.In his first outing Anstey took a 2nd aboard the Pagett's Honda behind Man of the Meeting, Peter Hickman. Anstey fared less well when he retired the Padgett's Honda RS250R at the end of the opening lap due to mechanical problems. feature race
Anstey's luck returned for the Superbike feature race, which saw Anstey secure a maiden win in an International Road Race for the Honda RC213V-S. The race saw Anstey dicing at the head of the pack with up to five other riders in which lap records tumbled, and it finally came down to a two-way duel between Anstey and Hickman on the final lap. Taking the lead midway through the lap at Joey's Windmill, Anstey held on from Hickman to claim his first victory since 2015. In his second outing in the Supersport 600 cc class Anstey finished  second behind Hickman, who claimed a popular hat-trick at the event. Classic TT
Following changes to the Manx Grand Prix Races in 2013, the Classic TT became part of the newly revamped festival allowing established TT competitors the opportunity to compete on classic and post-classic machinery.2013
Anstey campaigned a classic bike at the 2013 Classic TT. He failed to finish in the Bennett's 500cc Classic on which he rode a 1961 Manx Norton. 2013 Classic TT Results

2014
At the 2014 Manx Festival of Motorcycling, Anstey was entered in the 500cc Classic TT and Formula 1 Classic TT. Again on board the Manx Norton Anstey took 3rd in the 500cc Classic and notched up his maiden victory at the event when he took a Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 to 1st place in the Formula 1 Classic. 2014 Classic TT Results

2015
Entering in the Motorsport Merchandise F1/F2 Classic TT, Anstey lined up astride the same Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 which he had taken to 1st place in the Formula 1 Classic the previous year. A strong depth of field joined Anstey on the grid as he went head to head with Michael Dunlop, Michael Rutter, Ryan Farquhar and Peter Hickman amongst others. As a consequence of various delays during the course of the day, racing finally got underway at 5pm with Anstey's Yamaha YZR500 pitted against Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha Superbikes.Tussling with the pugnacious Dunlop at the head of the field, Anstey crossed the line in 1st place at the end of the opening lap with a time of 18:13.707 producing an average speed of 124.190. As the second lap progressed Anstey began to secure the lead from Dunlop taking an increasing advantage into the 3rd lap. However Anstey was then black flagged as he approached Cronk-ny-Mona at the end of lap 3. The result of this being Anstey  having to return to the pits with a loose left exhaust. The Valvoline Racing by Padgetts Motorcycles team battled to fix the problem and Anstey rejoined the race, but he'd lost a minute to Michael Dunlop, handing victory to Dunlop on a plate. Anstey had the consolation of clawing back a gap of over thirty seconds on James Hillier on the last lap and with Ryan Farquhar losing time on the Mountain section, Anstey snatched 2nd place by a second from Farquhar. 2015 Classic TT Results

2016
Anstey enjoyed success in the Classic 250cc race, leading from start to finish.Campaigning a Padgett's Honda RS250R, he recorded a fastest lap of 118.74 mph breaking John McGuinness' lap record which had stood since 1999. Anstey is now the current lap record holder on the Snaefell Mountain Course in both two stroke categories, set at the Classic TT. Anstey failed to make an impact in the Superbike Race. On board the Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 Anstey was lying in 8th place at the end of the opening lap behind a rampaging Michael Dunlop, who went on to break Anstey's lap record for the Superbike class (although Anstey's record for two stroke machinery still stands). Anstey made no impression at the head of the field, and retired on lap four at Glen Tramman. 2016 Classic TT Results

2017
Anstey returned to the Isle of Man for the Classic TT Races in August, 2017. Practice saw him amongst the higher end of the field prior to his opening race, the Dunlop Classic Lightweight TT.On a Honda RS250R, <mask> lead the field from the start during the four lap race,  breaking his previous year's lap record, becoming the first 250 cc rider to pass the 120 mph barrier, recording a fastest lap of . 2017 Classic TT Results

2019
Having recovered sufficiently from the effects of his cancer treatment, Anstey made a return to racing at the 2019 Classic TT in August. From the start of the four-lap post-classic 250 cc race, Anstey took the lead bringing his 250 cc Honda into first place by a margin of 70 seconds over his team mate, Davy Todd. 2019 Classic TT Results

Personal life
Anstey tends to shy away from un-warranted media attention, although he is not averse to giving interviews. Together with his partner, Anny, he spends his time away from racing at his home in Cullybackey, County Antrim, having moved there from Windsor or in New Zealand. A popular joke amongst the motorcycle racing paddock surrounds Anstey's propensity for sleeping. It is often referred to that his racing results reflect which time the race occurs – the later in the day, the better.Illness

<mask>'s racing career suffered a setback in 1995 when he was diagnosed with testicular cancer. Having made his first appearance at the Isle of Man TT Races in 1996, he was forced to miss the 1997 meeting as a consequence of undergoing treatment. Although being declared free of the disease, he has stated that he still feels the lingering effects part of which affect his immune system. In April 2018 it was revealed that Anstey needed treatment after several cancerous tumours had been found in his lungs and on his spine, in addition to a blood clot on one of his lungs, which ruled him out of racing for the 2018 season. Anstey underwent an operation in 2019. In an interview with the BBC in September 2021 he stated that he believes the operation to have been successful, however he still has to undergo blood tests every three months. Pre-ride rituals
On numerous occasions prior to races, a traditional New Zealand Haka has been performed for Anstey.He also received a Haka following his win at the 2015 Ulster Grand Prix. Helmets
Anstey is contracted to the Arai Helmet Company, his current helmet design is the Arai RX7-RC. Awards
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Anstey was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to motorsport. <mask> was inducted into the Motorcycle NZ Hall of fame on 15 May 2021. Nicknames
Anstey is widely recognized as one of the most laid-back racers in motorcycling and is known by at several nicknames; one being "Smiler," a name bestowed on him by members of his family, and used by motorcycle racing commentator Fred Clarke. Other nicknames by which Anstey is popularly known are "<mask>," "The Wellington Wonder" and "The Flying Kiwi." Complete TT record

References

External links

1969 births
Sportspeople from Wellington City
Isle of Man TT riders
New Zealand motorcycle racers
Living people
Members of the New Zealand Order of

masks:
Anstey
Anstey
Anstey
Bruce
Bruce Almighty