title: Sayaka Yamamoto

texts:
is a Japanese singer and songwriter most widely known for her work as a former member of the Japanese idol girl group NMB48, where she served as the leader of the group and as the captain of Team N. She is also a former member of AKB48's Team K. She made her debut as a solo artist in October 2016 with her first album "Rainbow" while she was still a NMB48 member. Career

Pre-2010: Early life and initial debut
The youngest of four and influenced by her family's love for music, <mask> started taking dance and singing classes in 2nd grade. In 5th grade, inspired by Avril Lavigne, she started learning guitar. <mask> initially debuted in the band MAD CATZ in 2008 as their lead guitarist. The bassist of the band left in 2009, and the band disbanded altogether by the end of the year. 2010–2012: Debut with NMB48
In September 2010, <mask> passed auditions for the first generation of NMB48 and was selected to debut in the group along with 25 other girls. They were announced as a group on October 9, 2010, and officially began performing at the NMB48 Theater on January 1, 2011.<mask> was also officially announced as captain of NMB48 on this day. On March 10, 2011, <mask> was selected as one of 16 members who would form Team N, of which she was selected to serve as captain alongside her captaincy of the entire group. Team N made their debut at the NMB48 Theater on March 21. In May, <mask> and fellow Team N member Miyuki Watanabe were the first NMB48 members to be selected for an A-side senbatsu with the release of AKB48's 21st single "Everyday, Katyusha." Also in May, NMB48 revealed their first original song "Seishun no Lap Time" during a theater performance. It was centered by <mask>, and was released later as a B-side on the group's first single. On June 9, <mask> was the only member of NMB48 to rank in AKB48's 3rd general election.She placed 28th with 8,697 votes and as a result, sang on the B-side "Dakishimecha Ikenai" on AKB48's 22nd single "Flying Get." On July 20, NMB48 made their major CD debut with their first single "Zetsumetsu Kurokami Shoujo," for which <mask> was selected as a senbatsu member. She would go on to be a senbatsu member in all 19 NMB48 A-sides released during her time in the group, and the center for 13 of those singles. On October 19, NMB48 released their second single titled "Oh My God! ", for which <mask> served as center with fellow Team N member Nana Yamada. This marked the first time <mask> was chosen as a center for a NMB48 A-side track. On October 26, <mask> participated in her second A-side senbatsu with AKB48 on their 23rd single "Kaze wa Fuiteiru."<mask> was given her first solo A-side center on NMB48's third single "Junjou U-19," which was released on February 8, 2012. This was also the first NMB48 single to include a solo song, "Jungle Gym," sung by <mask>. On March 15, <mask> was a part of the senbatsu for AKB48's 25th single "GIVE ME FIVE!". On May 9, NMB48 released their fourth single "Nagiichi," centered by <mask> and Miyuki Watanabe. On May 23, <mask> was included as a part of the media senbatsu for AKB48's 26th single "Manatsu no Sounds Good!". On June 6, <mask> ranked 18th in AKB48's 4th general election with a total of 23,020 votes and as a result, sang on B-side "Nante Bohemian" as a member of "Undergirls" on AKB48's 27th single "Gingham Check." On August 8, NMB48 released their fifth single "Virginity," featuring <mask> as the sole center.On October 31, <mask> participated as a senbatsu member on AKB48's 28th single "UZA." On November 7, NMB48 released their 6th single "Kitagawa Kenji," for which <mask> served as center with Miyuki Watanabe. On November 21, <mask> released her first photobook entitled "Sayagami," which sold over 55,000 units. The photobook was released on the same day as Miyuki Watanabe's photobook and was marketed as a battle between the two members, which was ultimately "won" by Watanabe. On December 5, AKB48 released their 29th single "Eien Pressure," for which <mask> sang on the B-side "HA!" as NMB48 and served as center along with Miyuki Watanabe. This marked the first time <mask> served as a center for a B-side on an AKB48 single.2013–2015: Rise in popularity and concurrency with AKB48
<mask> participated as a senbatsu member in AKB48's 30th single "So long!" and 31st single "Sayonara Crawl," released on February 20 and May 22, 2013, respectively. On June 8, <mask> ranked 14th in AKB48's 5th general election with 51,793 votes. The release of AKB48's 32nd single "Koisuru Fortune Cookie" on August 21 marked the first time <mask> entered an AKB48 senbatsu through the election. On June 19, NMB48 released their 7th single "Bokura no Eureka," and on October 2, their 8th single ""Kamonegix." <mask> was the sole center for both singles. On October 30, <mask> participated in AKB48's 33rd single "Heart Ereki" as a senbatsu member.On February 24, 2014, it was announced that <mask> would hold a concurrent position in AKB48's Team K, coming into effect in May. On February 26, <mask> participated in AKB48's 35th single "Mae Shika Mukanee" as a senbatsu member. Over the next four years, she would continue participating in AKB48 A-sides as a senbatsu member for the rest of her tenure as an idol, through their 52nd single "Teacher Teacher." On March 26, NMB48 released their 8th single "Takane no Ringo," for which <mask> again served as a solo center. On May 21, <mask> participated as a media senbatsu member on AKB48's 36th single "Labrador Retriever" and also served as the center for B-side "Itoshiki Rival" with Jurina Matsui as a member of Team K. This marked <mask>'s first participation in an AKB48 single as a concurrent AKB48 member. On June 7, <mask> ranked 6th in AKB48's 6th general election with 67,916 votes, marking her first entry into the "Kami 7". As a result, <mask> participated as a senbatsu member on AKB48's 37th single "Kokoro no Placard."<mask> was also the only NMB48 member to rank in senbatsu that year. On July 4, a JT-sponsored commercial of <mask> <mask> singing "Hitoiki Tsukinagara" a cappella began airing. Several different arrangements of the song featuring <mask> have been made since for subsequent commercials, and it was also later recorded on her first solo album in 2016. In 2014, she also began collaborating with other artists as both a guitarist and a singer on music programs like "FNS Music Festival" and "UTAGE!". In October, her radio program "NMB48 Yamamoto Sayaka no Regular Toretemouta!" started airing. On November 5, NMB48 released their 9th single entitled "Rashikunai," for which <mask> participated in as a senbatsu member.This was the first single since "Oh My God!" to not be centered by <mask>. On February 10, 2015, <mask> released her second photobook titled "SY," which sold 42,779 in its first week of sales according to Oricon and topped the Oricon sales charts. The high sales volume prompted a second printing of the gravure photobook. On June 6, <mask> ranked 6th in AKB48's 7th general election with 97,866 votes, and participated as a senbatsu member on AKB48's 41st single "Halloween Night," as a result. On August 18, it was announced that <mask> <mask> would be the center of AKB48's "365nichi no Kamihikouki," which was the theme song for the NHK drama “Asa ga Kita” and was later released as a B-side on AKB48's 42nd single "Kuchibiru ni Be My Baby." This marked the first time she served as a solo center on a full-senbatsu AKB48 track, not including those recorded as NMB48.On October 7, NMB48 released their 13th single "Must be now," with <mask> returning as center for a NMB48 A-side. 2016–2017: Solo debut
On January 8, 2016, <mask> released her third photobook "Minna no Yamamoto Sayaka." On April 18, she began co-hosting the radio show “Appare Yattemasu” on Mondays, a position she would hold for four years. On April 27, NMB48 released their 14th single "Amagami Hime," centered by <mask>. This single also included a solo version of the aforementioned "365nichi no Kamihikouki" by <mask>. On May 26, she graduated from her concurrent position in AKB48's Team K and returned as a full-time member of NMB48. On June 18, <mask> ranked 4th, her highest rank, in AKB48's 8th general election with 110,411 votes, and participated as a senbatsu member on AKB48's 45th's single “LOVE TRIP / Shiawase wo Wakenasai" as a result.Prior to the election, she stated that 2016 would be the last year she participated in the event. On August 3, NMB48 released their 15th single "Boku wa Inai," which included a B-side track Yamamoto composed, "Ima Naraba." On August 24, <mask> <mask> announced she would be releasing her first solo album. It would be produced by Seiji Kameda and include tracks written and composed by her. On October 26, she released her album "Rainbow" and it debuted at 3rd place on the weekly Oricon albums chart. She also embarked on her first solo tour, eponymously named "Rainbow," with five performances in four venues. On December 28, NMB48 released their 16th single "Boku Igai no Dareka," featuring <mask> as center.It also included another B-side composed by her, "Kodoku Guitar." On December 31, she ranked 1st place at AKB48's special election during the 67th NHK Kouhaku Uta Gassen with 41,990 votes. On March 29, 2017, <mask> released her essay book, "Subete no Riyuu." She also announced the same month she would not participate in the upcoming 9th AKB48 general election, reiterating her statement from last year. In May, she was one of two artists to record and have their version of the Hanshin Tigers' song "Rokko Oroshi" air at the team's home stadium before matches as well as after winning games. On July 7, she was one of the featured artists on "The best covers of DREAMS COME TRUE DoriUta Vol. 1" with her cover of "Nando Demo," which was also later re-released as a B-side on her second solo album.The following day on July 8, she also appeared in her first music festival as a solo artist at DoriUta Fes,

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title: Sayaka Yamamoto

type: original

texts:
 hosted by DREAMS COME TRUE. On October 4, <mask> <mask> released her second solo album "identity," which debuted at 2nd place on the weekly Oricon album charts. It was again produced by Seiji Kameda and seven of the tracks included were written and composed by her. She also held her second tour with 8 performances in 7 venues. 2018–present: Graduation from NMB48 and continued solo success
On April 4, 2018, NMB48 released their 18th single "Yokubomono," for which <mask> served as center. In May, <mask> appeared in her first official rock festival, METROCK. On July 30, <mask> <mask> announced during NMB48 LIVE TOUR 2018 in Summer that she would be graduating from NMB48.On October 17, NMB48 released their 19th single "Boku Datte Naichau yo," <mask>'s final single with the group. In addition to her graduation solo song and the two tracks centered by her, the single also includes another B-side she composed, "Yume wa Nigenai." On October 27, 2018, her graduation concert titled "SAYAKA SONIC~<mask>, Sasayaka, Sayonara, Sayaka~" was held at Expo '70 Commemorative Park, marking NMB48's first outdoor concert and their largest concert to date. She officially graduated from NMB48 on November 4, 2018, with graduation performances on November 3 and 4 at the NMB48 Theater. On January 1, 2019, <mask> <mask> announced her third tour “I’m ready,” consisting of 27 performances in 24 venues, and the opening of her fan clubs SYC and SYC Mobile on January 7. On February 17, she announced her transfer to Universal Music Japan as her record company, with Universal Sigma as her label. In 2019, she appeared in more rock festivals, including METROCK, ROCK IN JAPAN, and MONSTER BaSH.On April 17, <mask> <mask> released her first solo single "Ichirinsou." In August, her radio show "Yamamoto Sayaka Kakeru" began airing. On September 4, <mask> released her second single "Toge." On September 17, <mask> announced via her YouTube channel that her third single "Tsuioku no Hikari" would be released on November 20, with her third album α (Alpha) following on December 25. In February 2020, she embarked on her fourth tour and held 3 performances before ultimately canceling the rest of the tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She held a final no-audience performance via livestream on August 28. On September 17, <mask> pre-released “Ai Nante Iranai,” which served as a CM song for a MOS Burger commercial, in which she also starred.On October 28, <mask> released her fourth solo single "Zero Universe," the ending song for TV Tokyo's "Anoko no Yume wo Mitan desu." Also in October, she started hosting the radio show "SPARK" on Mondays. In December, her song "Boku wa Omocha" for NHK's Minna no Uta began airing on the program. On February 24, 2021, <mask> <mask> released her fifth single "Dramatic ni Kanpai," which was the theme song for Tokai TV/Fuji TV's "Sono Onna, Jiruba." In May, her radio show "HEART STUDIO" began airing. On July 14, <mask> <mask> released her first digital single "yonder," which was the CM song for Yamagata Nissan Group's 60th Anniversary commercial. On August 25, <mask> surprise released her second digital single "Don't hold me back."In September, she embarked on her fifth tour, titled "re," with 12 performances scheduled in 11 venues. On October 27, <mask> released her third digital single "Aimatte," which was first revealed during her tour. On December 1, she was a featured artist on Night Tempo's "I Don't Wanna" from his major debut album “Ladies in the City.”

Musical style and influences
Since 2019, <mask> <mask> composes and writes lyrics for all her releases. The majority of her first two albums consist of self-compositions as well. In addition to her own music, she also has composed for her former group, and provided background vocals for songs she participated in while in NMB48 and AKB48. While her roots are in rock music, <mask>'s own work encompasses a wide spectrum and is not limited to a specific genre nor defined by a particular label, as noted by columnists. In her own words, she wants her music “to go beyond genres…so [she doesn’t] think about making a particular type of music” and creates what she wants to at the time.Yamamoto often credits Avril Lavigne, Takeshi Hosomi, and yui as her biggest musical inspirations and people she admires, among others. <mask> also frequently collaborates with Takahiro Konagawa, who serves as bandleader of her backing band Team SY in addition to producing and arranging many of her songs. Other main collaborators and backing band members include Koji Kusakari, Shota Okuno, SATOKO, asami, and Ayasa. As a guitarist, <mask> currently uses a Gibson Custom True Historic '59 Les Paul and a Les Paul Traditional 2015 Japan Limited as her main electric guitars, and a Martin D-28 and a Martin D-15 Streetmaster as her main acoustic guitars. Discography

Albums

Singles

As lead artist

Digital singles
 "yonder" (2021)
 "Don't hold me back" (2021)
 "Aimatte." (あいまって。) (2021)

As featured artist

 "Nando Demo," DREAMS COME TRUE (2017, The best covers of DREAMS COME TRUE DoriUta Vol. 1)
"I Don't Wanna," Night Tempo (2021, Ladies in the city)

Singles with NMB48

Albums with NMB48
 Teppen Tottande!"Teppen Tottande!" (Center)
 "12/31" (Center)
 "Lily" / Team N (Center)
 "Dazai Osamu wo Yonda Ka?" (Center)

 Sekai no Chuushin wa Osaka ya ~Namba Jichiku~
 "Ibiza Girl" (Center)
 ""Seito Techo no Shashin wa Ki ni Haittenai" no Hoshoku" (Center)
 "Densha wo Oriru" / Team N (Center)
 "Dakishimetai Kedo" / Solo
Namba Ai ~Ima Omou Koto~

 "Masaka Singapore"
 "Namba Ai"

Singles with AKB48

Albums with AKB48
 Koko ni Ita Koto
 "Koko ni Ita Koto"

 1830m
 "Aozora yo Sabishikunai Ka?" Tsugi no Ashiato
 "10 Krone to Pan" (Center)

 Koko ga Rhodes da, Koko de Tobe! "Ai no Sonzai"
 "Conveyor" / Team K
 "Ai to Kanashimi no Jisa" / Solo

 0 to 1 no Aida
 "Ai no Shisha" / Team K
 "LOVE ASH" / Duet with Minami Takahashi

 Thumbnail
 "Ayamachi" / Duet with Junichi Inagaki

 Bokutachi wa, Ano Hi no Yoake wo Shitteiru
 "Kutsuhimo no Musubikata"
 "Kusaimono Darake" (Center)

Stage Units with NMB48 and AKB48
NMB48 Team N 1st Stage
 "Bird"

NMB48 Team N 2nd Stage
 "Blue rose"

NMB48 Team N 3rd Stage
  / Solo

NMB48 Team N 3rd Stage Revival
  / Solo

AKB48 Team K 6th Stage Revival "RESET"

AKB48 Team K 4th Stage Revival

NMB48 Team N 4th Stage "Mokugekisha" (目撃者)

AKB48 general elections
 In 2011, Yamamoto placed 28th with 8,697 votes. In 2012, she placed 18th with 23,020 votes. In 2013, she placed 14th with 51,793 votes.In 2014, she placed 6th with 67,916 votes. In 2015, she placed 6th with 97,866 votes. In 2016, she placed 4th with 110,411 votes. Live Performances

Concert tours

 Yamamoto Sayaka LIVE TOUR 2016 ~Rainbow~
 Yamamoto Sayaka LIVE TOUR 2017 ~identity~
 <mask> Sayaka LIVE TOUR 2019 ~I'm ready~
 Yamamoto Sayaka LIVE TOUR 2020 ~α~
 SAYAKA YAMAMOTO LIVE TOUR 2021 ~re~

Single-day concerts

 AbemaTV 1st ANNIVERSARY LIVE (2017)
 MTV LIVE PREMIUM: SAYAKA YAMAMOTO (2019)

Fan club-exclusive concerts

 Sayaka Yamamoto Celebration 2019
 Congregation 2019
 Sayaka Yamamoto Celebration 2020 (livestream only)
 CUE 2021
 Sayaka Yamamoto Celebration 2021 in Tokyo and Osaka

Filmography

Radio
 NMB48 Gakuen (April 9, 2011 – September 28, 2013, ABC Radio)
NMB48 Yamamoto Sayaka no Regular Toretemouta! (October 2, 2014 – March 27, 2016, Nippon Cultural Broadcasting)
Appare Yattemasu!, Monday (April 18, 2016 – April 6, 2020, MBS Radio)
Yamamoto Sayaka Kakeru (August 10, 2019 – March 27, 2021, CROSS FM)
SPARK (October 6, 2020 – December 27, 2021, J-WAVE)
HEART STUDIO (May 2, 2021 – present, FM802)

Television

Variety shows

 Wakeari! Red Zone (October 4, 2013  – 2017, Yomiuri TV)
 NMB48 Yamamoto Sayaka's M-Nee ~Music Onee-San~ (November 30, 2013 – 2015, Space Shower TV Plus)
 Viking (April 4, 2014 – March 31, 2017, Fuji TV)
 UTAGE! (May 19, 2014 – August 22, 2019, TBS)
 Chichin Puipui (June 7, 2018 – February 14, 2019, MBS TV)
 Toraban (March 2016 – 2018, Asahi Broadcasting)
 Mint!(April 2019 – March 2020, MBS TV)

Dramas
 Majisuka Gakuen 4 (2015, Nippon TV) as Antonio
 Majisuka Gakuen 5 (2015, Nippon TV) as Antonio
 AKB Horror Night: Adrenaline's Night Ep.3 - Product Storage (2015, TV Asahi) as Anna
 Rekishi Hiwa Historia Ep. 250 - An Inner Palace Tale of Love and Sadness (2016, NHK) as Hiroko Konoe
 AKB Love Night: Love Factory Ep.11 - Love Letters of the Past (2016, TV Asahi) as Mizuki Kyōno
 Hibana (2016, Netflix)
 Cabasuka Gakuen (2016, Nippon TV) as Antonio
 Ueki Hitoshi to Nobosemon Ep. 5 (2017, NHK) as Mari Sono

Film
 NMB48 Geinin! The Movie Owarai Seishun Girls! (2013)
 NMB48 Geinin! The Movie Returns Sotsugyō! Owarai Seishun Girls!!Aratanaru Tabidachi (2014)

Documentary

 To Everest for the 5th Time ~Kuriki Nobukazu's Challenge From Rock Bottom~ (2016, NHK), Narrator
 Ikimonogakari Yoshiki Mizuno's Dialogue on Aku Yū (2017, NHK BS Premium)
 Yamamoto Sayaka Graduation Special ~8 Years with NMB48~ (2018, BS SKY PerfecTV!) ZARD Forever: How Sakai Izumi's Songs Came to Life (2019, NHK BS Premium), Narrator
 Yamamoto Sayaka Time Triangle (2019, Fuji TV TWO)

Bibliography

Magazines
 Smart, Takarajimasha 1995-, (October 2012 – present)
 Tarzan, MAGAZINE HOUSE 1986-, (August 20, 2015 – July 6, 2017)
 Skream!, GEKI-ROCK ENTERTAINMENT, (September 2018 – November 2019)

Essay Books

 Subete no Riyuu (March 29, 2017, Gentosha) ISBN 9784344030879

Photobooks
 Saya Gami (November 21, 2012, Shueisha)
 SY (February 10, 2015, Yoshimoto Books)
 Minna no Yamamoto Sayaka (January 8, 2016, Yoshimoto Books)

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
21st-century Japanese women singers
Japanese women singer-songwriters
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese women rock singers
21st-century Japanese singers
Japanese guitarists
Universal Music Japan artists
Japanese idols
NMB48 members
AKB48 members
People from Ibaraki, Osaka
Musicians from Osaka

masks: Sayaka Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Sayaka Yamamoto Yamamoto Sayaka Sayaka Yamamoto Sayaka Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Sayaka Yamamoto Sayaka Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Sayaka Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto Yamamoto


title: Francesco Alberoni

texts:
<mask> (born 31 December 1929, in Borgonovo Val Tidone, Piacenza) is an Italian journalist and a professor of sociology. He was a board member and senior board member (chairman) of RAI, the Italian state television network, from 2002 to 2005. <mask> was among the few regular front page writers of Corriere della Sera, Italy's most popular newspaper, which published his articles from 1973 to 2011. He wrote a four-column editorial titled "Public & Private" (begun in 1982) for the Monday edition. He is the widower of Rosa Giannetta. Early days
Although <mask> claims he was a model student and real perfectionist at school, he admits he did not like the military-like discipline imposed on schoolchildren by the Fascist regime. According to his autobiography he was a born leader, who always invented games and adventures for the group of boys who usually gathered around him.Because there weren't any books in his house, he discovered the pleasures of reading only after the end of Second World War in 1945. Reading took most of his afternoons at the City Library, his favoured subjects being history and philosophy. <mask> studied at the Liceo Scientifico, and then moved to Pavia to study medicine where he graduated. Here he also met the friar Agostino Gemelli, who was intrigued by <mask>'s thinking and bright intelligence, and pushed him to pursue studies in the field of social behavior. During his studies in Pavia met Vincenza Pugliese (1929–1992) whom he married in 1958. From his marriage to Vincenza Pugliese he has three children: Margherita (born in 1959), Francesca (born in 1961) and Paolo Giovanni Agostino (born in 1968) named after friar Agostino Gemelli. Later he lived with Laura Bonin, from whom had a fourth son: Giulio (named after the famous ancestor).In 1998 married Rosa Giannetta, the former mistress of the Italian architect Roberto Guiducci. Academic career
His academic career includes the following positions:
Adjunct professor of Psychology at the Catholic University of Milan in 1960
Adjunct professor of Sociology in 1961, and then full professor of Sociology (again at the University of Milan) in 1964
Member of the Bi-national Committee Olivetti Foundation-Ford Foundation Social Science Research Council
Dean of the University of Trento (Italy) from 1968 to 1970. Professor at the University of Lausanne, the University of Catania, and then again back at the University of Milan (1978)
Former Teacher of IULM University. He was Dean of the School until 2001
board member of Cinecittà Cinema Holding of Rome (2002–2005)
Dean of the Experimental Center for Cinematography (2003–current)

Published works

Alberoni has carried out numerous studies on Sociology of Movements and Individuals, and especially on the nature of Love and relationships among individuals and groups. The building block of Alberoni though is found in Movement and Institution, which is among the first books on the sociological analysis of movements, their start, development and end. This book has been considered a milestone in the analysis of social movements. The concept developed here is the so-called Statu Nascenti, the "nascent state", the moment in which leadership, ideas, and communication, come together and fuel the birth of movements.This first work was followed by Consumption and Society, which contributed to fuel the growth of marketing schools in Italy. In 1979 <mask> published his best-seller Falling in Love. In the book, which further develops and expands the ideas and theoretical models from Movements and Institutions, he maintains that the experience of falling in love is in essence the nascent state (or "ignition state") of a collective movement made up exclusively of two people. This time, however, <mask> explores the subject in greater detail, using as much as possible the language of love stories rather than the abstract jargon of psychoanalysis or sociology. This book, which was rigorously scientific and at the same time innovative in its linguistic slant, turned into an international best-seller translated into twenty languages. After more than ten editions, it is still in print in Italy. <mask>'s next works were L'amicizia ("Friendship") of 1984, and Erotismo ("Eroticism") of 1986, in which he compares male and female eroticism.Then followed The Nuptial Flight (Garzanti, Milan, 1992), where he took a closer look at pre-adolescent and adolescent crushes on film stars, and then at the general feminine tendency to seek out superior love objects. His sociology books includes Genesi (1989), which illustrates his theories about the fundamental experience of the nascent state, the difference between the nascent state and Nirvana, the concept of democracy, and what he terms "Cultural Civilizations". Collections of brief essays on the subject of collective movements, a number of which were included in The Sources of Dreams (Rizzoli, Milan, 2000), were later published under the more appropriate title of My Theories and My Life. His essays from Corriere della Sera are usually in collected into book editions by Rizzoli. <mask>'s books have had a great success both in Italy and abroad, having been translated not only in countries like Japan, Spain, France, Denmark, Brazil, Sweden and many others such as Turkey and Israel. His books composed of newspaper articles have been pointed out by some critics as lacking scientific analysis, allegedly reducing to platitudinous advice about today's life and love matters. The most recent books are considered by critics innovative and notable both for originality of the content as well as writing style.Specifically  "Mystery of falling in love" in the second part of the treatise offers an original critique to the most important theories of falling in love, especially with reference to the French social school. "Sex and Love" is the first systematic analysis in the field and is a break-through in its approach to the subject.

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title: Skeme

texts:
Lonnie Alphonso Kimble (born January 3, 1990), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American rapper and actor from Inglewood, California. Skeme has collaborated with various West Coast rappers such as the group Black Hippy, Bizzy Bone, The Game, Dom Kennedy, Nipsey Hussle, E-40, Casey Veggies and Problem among others. On October 16, 2012, Skeme released his debut studio album Alive & Living under RBC Records. His second studio album Ingleworld was released on December 17, 2013 by MADE Headlines. In July 2014, The Game announced that he had signed Skeme to Blood Money Entertainment. In 2016, Skeme told HotNewHipHop that he is not signed to Blood Money Entertainment anymore, but only affiliated with them. Later that year, Skeme signed a deal with DJ Drama and Don Cannon's Generation Now label alongside frequent collaborator Lil Uzi Vert.Early life
Lonnie Kimble was born on January 3, 1990. His parent split when he was two years old and his father was in the military. As a result, he moved in with his grandmother in Inglewood, California. Once his father came into picture at age 10, he started listening to hip hop and memorizing his favorite songs. His dad originally gave him the idea to come up with his own material and start rapping. Skeme acquired his stage name at 13, when a friend noticed his craftiness at generating money. He said most of these money making strategies, were of the illegal nature, but they allowed him to purchase a BMW 525I while he was in the twelfth grade at Gardena's Junipero Serra High School.He grew up affiliated with the Piru Blood gang and was a gangbanger throughout his high school years. Career

2007–2010: Early mixtapes and Pistols and Palm Trees
Skeme first began rapping around age 12 and began writing around age 15. He recorded his first song at a studio in Long Beach, California, at age 16. When he first began taking rapping seriously at age 17, he was graduating high school. He shortly after met Dolla, whom he began hanging out and frequently working with. He credits Dolla for significantly influencing him. He has said, "Dolla kind of molded me when I was young.He shaped me into being somebody and trying to tell me what could happen if you took this shit seriously." In 2007 he released Skeme Of Things, which was then followed by Skeme Of Things 2 in June 2009. On February 17, 2010, Skeme released his third official mixtape, All Rap'd Up, hosted by DJ Ill Will. During those early years, he forged friendships with Los Angeles-area rappers such as Kendrick Lamar, Nipsey Hussle and Dom Kennedy. On October 19, 2010, Skeme released his fourth official mixtape Pistols and Palm Trees. He recorded the entire mixtape at Top Dawg Entertainment's studio in Carson, California. It featured collaborations with Tyga, Ty Dolla Sign, Dom Kennedy and Kendrick Lamar.On the strength of that mixtape, Skeme begun building his buzz. 2011–2013: The Statement and Alive and Living
On May 19, 2011, Skeme released his fifth mixtape The Statement. It featured collaborations with Casey Veggies and Dom Kennedy, with production by Boi-1da, Bink! and The Futuristiks, among others. Later that year, on November 29, Skeme released his sixth mixtape Before My Next Statement. With basketball player Baron Davis, Skeme started a Los Angeles-based entertainment management company named L.A. UNFD. Then he signed a one-album deal with RBC Records to release his debut studio album.On October 10, 2012, <mask> revealed that track listing for his debut album, titled Alive & Living. The album contained guest appearances by Iggy Azalea, Schoolboy Q, Kendrick Lamar, Dom Kennedy and Problem. The album's production was handled by Boi-1da, The Futuristiks, DJ Mustard, THC, and DJ Dahi. The album was then released digitally on October 16, 2012. It was supported by the singles "Ain't Bout Dat Life" and "Kidz With Gunz", the latter which featured Schoolboy Q. In April 2013, <mask> told Bruce Smith of HipHopDX that he was in heavy talks with Top Dawg Entertainment about signing to their record label. He commented on it saying, ""It's yet to be seen where exactly I’m gonna go.I'm just trying to make the right move. The next move has to be the best one. [...] With that being said, I am very close to TDE, them is the homies, and we are in heavy talks. It could be something." He later stated that he chose not to sign to TDE so he did not get lost in the mix, wanting instead to remain independent and build his brand more. Skeme also revealed that he had been in talks with Def Jam Recordings, Universal and Roc Nation about record deals during 2013. However, he stated that he was in no rush to sign to a major record label.He was featured on an October 2013 commercial for Colt 45 along with Snoop Dogg, YG, Snow Tha Product, and Lil Debbie. 2013–2015: Ingleworld and first two sequels
On September 27, 2013, Skeme released his seventh mixtape Bare With Me. It featured guest appearances by The Game, Nipsey Hussle, Problem and TeeFlii. It was met with a positive review by HipHopDX. Bare With Me consisted of left over songs from Ingleworld, that either did not fit the theme of the album, or had sample clearance issues. Following its release, Skeme appeared on E-40's "Turn Up or Burn Up" from The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 6 and on The Game's "Welcome to California" from OKE. Skeme toured in promotion of his second studio album, in the United States, along with internationally in countries such as the United Kingdom and Sweden.On November 15, 2013, <mask> released the music video for "Millions" from Ingleworld. On November 26, 2013, <mask> revealed the cover artwork and the track listing for his second studio album Ingleworld. The track listing revealed that it would contain 15 songs, including guest appearances from Wale, Nipsey Hussle, Iggy Azalea and Dom Kennedy, with production handled by Boi-1da, Wizzo and Sean Momberger, among others. He explained that the album had a serious tone, which is why he choose to release it at the end of the calendar year. The album's lead single "Different" was released on December 4, 2013. Ingleworld was released digitally by MADE Headlines on December 17, 2013. The album was met with generally positive reviews.Bruce Smith of HipHopDX said, "On Ingleworld, Skeme combines an array of styles and cadences and an unheralded but highly skilled production team to craft an album with charm and depth." Olivia Arezes of Exclaim! gave it a six out of ten saying, "Ingleworld is a valiant effort from Skeme but mediocre overall. Still, with some growth and improvement, Skeme could easily become a leader of the new West Coast sound." Following the release of the album, MTV called him one of "hip-hop's top prospects for 2014." Starting January 23, 2014, Skeme begun touring with Dom Kennedy on the Get Home Safely tour, in promotion of Kennedy's album Get Home Safely that Skeme also made an appearance on. The tour ran through February 27, 2014.<mask> was nominated for the 2014 XXL freshman class, however he was not selected. On July 14, 2014, The Game announced that Skeme had been signed to his Blood Money Entertainment Label. He released a collaboration with The Game titled "No Limit" after the announcement. He was featured heavily on the Blood Money Entertainment collaborative project released by The Game entitled Blood Moon: Year of the Wolf. In 2015, Skeme worked heavily with DJ Drama and Don Cannon as an artist in their generation.now label/company. He is still currently a part of this organization which consists of himself, DJ Drama, Don Cannon and Lil Uzi Vert. His first single of 2015 was "Red Carpet (Roll Out)".On June 9, 2015, Skeme released the mixtape Ingleworld 2 (hosted by DJ Drama), which featured artists such as The Game, T.I., RJ, Young Thug, BJ The Chicago Kid and Lil Uzi Vert. Ingleworld 2 was later released as an album as a no DJ version. Later he announced a third album in his "Ingleworld" series, which was to be released on November 13, 2015. 2015–present Ingleworld4Eva
Skeme featured on The Game's second disc of The Documentary 2 on the song "My Flag/Da Homies", which was also released as a single prior to the album's release. A video for this song was released on December 17, 2015. Skeme also featured on a track released by rapper Wale, "Know Me". Recently, Skeme announced another and possibly final addition to his Ingleworld album series, to be entitled Ingleworld4eva.In preparation for this album, he has released a mixtape entitled "Before 4Eva" through datpiff.com and other music sites that stream free music. On May 6, 2016, DJ Drama released a single off his "Quality Street Music 2" album, title "Wishing" featuring Chris Brown, Skeme and LyQuin. A music video has been shot for the single and features DJ Drama, Chris Brown, <mask> and LyQuin, with cameo appearances by 50 Cent and The Game. Personal life
Skeme's great-uncle is the late blues legend Howlin' Wolf. Skeme has one sibling. Skeme's first son Khalil Amari Kimble, nephew to Nipsey Hussle, was born during September 2013. Musical style
Brooklyne Gipson of Complex said that Skeme is a "testament to diversity in L.A.'s sound.With his raspy voice, marked by a slight southern drawl hidden under a distinctly West Coast dialect." She then stated that his raps have the "passion of 2Pac and the wit of Lil Wayne" also complimenting his production choices. Discography

=Studio mixtapes

Mixtapes
2007: Skeme of Things
2009: Skeme of Things 2
2010: All Rap'd Up
2010: Pistols and Palm Trees
2011: The Statement
2011: Before My Next Statement
2013: Bare with Me
2015 :Ingleworld 2
 Ingleworld 3 2015
2016: Before 4Eva
2016: Paranoia
2017: First Notice
2017: Second Notice
2018: One Night Only Vol.2
 2021: Ingleworld 4
 TBA:

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

References

External links

Living people
1990 births
African-American male rappers
West Coast hip hop musicians
People from Inglewood, California
Rappers from California
Bloods
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians

masks: Skeme Skeme Skeme Skeme Skeme Skeme Skeme


title: Zac Goldsmith

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Richmond Park,  (born 20 January 1975), is a British politician, life peer and journalist serving as Minister of State for the Pacific and the International Environment. A member of the Conservative Party, he was its candidate at the 2016 London mayoral election and was Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond Park from 2010 to 2016 and 2017 to 2019. Ideologically characterised as having liberal and libertarian views, he is known for his support for environmentalism and localism. Born in London as a member of the Goldschmidt family, the son of billionaire businessman and financier <mask>, he was educated at Eton College and the Cambridge Centre for Sixth-form Studies. In 1998, his uncle <mask> made him editor of The Ecologist, a position he retained until 2007. <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Quality of Life Policy Group in 2005, co-authoring its report published in 2007. <mask> was placed on the Conservative "A-List" of potential candidates in 2006 and, in March 2007, was selected through an open primary to contest the constituency of Richmond Park against incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Susan Kramer.At the 2010 general election, he was elected to Parliament winning the seat with a majority of 4,091 votes. At the 2015 general election, <mask> was returned to the Commons with a majority of 23,015, an increase of almost 19,000 votes since 2010, against his nearest opponent. He was chosen as the Conservative candidate for the 2016 election for mayor of London, which he subsequently lost to Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party. <mask> announced his resignation as an MP following the government's decision in October 2016 to approve construction of a third runway at Heathrow Airport. His resignation triggered a by-election in the Richmond Park constituency in which <mask> stood as an independent candidate. He was defeated by Sarah Olney of the Liberal Democrats with a majority of 1,872 votes. After Theresa May called the 2017 general election, <mask> was reselected as the Conservative Party candidate for Richmond Park and won with a narrow majority of 45 votes.<mask> was made Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Environment and International Development on 27 July 2019 and was promoted to Minister of State with the right to attend Cabinet on 10 September 2019. He was defeated at the 2019 general election, again by Sarah Olney, with a majority of 7,766 votes. After the election, Boris Johnson awarded <mask> with a life peerage, making him a member of the House of Lords and allowing him to retain his ministerial position. On 13 February 2020, he acquired the additional role of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs with responsibility for the Pacific. Early life and career

<mask> was born on 20 January 1975 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Chelsea, London. He is the middle child of Sir <mask>, a member of the <mask> family of German Jewish and French descent, and his third wife, the Anglo-Irish aristocrat, Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the daughter of The 8th Marquess of Londonderry. <mask> has stated "I was brought up by my father to identify very strongly as Jewish."He was raised at Ormeley Lodge in Ham with his siblings, Jemima and Ben. He is half-brother to Robin and India Jane Birley, his mother's children from her first marriage. As a child, he was an avid reader of naturalist Gerald Durrell's works and developed a committed passion for David Attenborough's wildlife documentaries. He later recalled, "He was my hero, and it was his work that made me fall in love with the natural world". His ecological interests were nurtured further when his father gave him a copy of Helena Norberg-Hodge's book Ancient Futures, with a note saying: "This will change your life". <mask> was educated at four independent schools: King's House School in Richmond and The Mall School in Twickenham, followed by Hawtreys School, near Great Bedwyn in Wiltshire, and Eton College in Berkshire; he was expelled from Eton after drugs were found in his room. <mask> later said of the event "Cannabis was found in my room.I was guilty throughout my time at school, but on this one occasion I was innocent. But it seemed pointless at the time to put up any resistance. I learned my lesson, I think you could say." He went on to achieve four A-Levels at Cambridge Centre for Sixth-Form Studies. <mask> travelled throughout the world with the International Honours Programme (courtesy of his uncle <mask>), including to Thailand, New Zealand, Mexico, Hungary and Italy. <mask> lived in California for two years, working at first for the think tank Redefining Progress from 1995 to 1996, and later as a researcher for Norberg-Hodge's International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC) during 1996–98. While working with ISEC, <mask> travelled to India, spending a short time on an ashram in Rajasthan and later lived in Ladakh for six months, studying traditional cultures and helping run a tourist education programme.In 1997, <mask> was appointed reviews editor of The Ecologist by his uncle <mask>, the magazine's founding editor, owner and publisher. In 1998, he became editor-in-chief and director of The Ecologist but did not draw a salary. He relaunched The Ecologist on 28 March 2000 in a new format, transforming its academic journal-style into a current affairs-magazine format, thereby broadening its appeal and trebling its circulation. In January 2006, when assuming a post as the reviewer of the Conservative Party's environmental policies, it was announced that he was to step down as editor. Political career

Joining the Conservatives: 2005–2010

<mask> joined the Conservative Party in 2005. He had previously supported the election campaigns of Michael Gove and Joanne Cash. He stated he regarded Labour as "the party of big business" which had become shaped by big lobbying groups and which had become too authoritarian and centrist.After the Conservatives lost the 2005 general election to Labour, they elected David Cameron as their new leader. <mask> thought highly of Cameron, expressing the view that while he was generally "cynical about politicians", he felt that Cameron was different. Describing Cameron, he said "I don't know David Cameron very well... [but] I like him. I think you can judge a book by its cover... [and] I think the cover is pretty good." At the 2005 Conservative annual conference, <mask> stated he saw no contradiction between his interest in environmental issues and being a Conservative. In December 2005, David Cameron approved <mask>'s appointment as deputy chairman of the Quality of Life Policy Group, under former Environment Secretary John Gummer. The group was tasked with examining matters such as carbon emissions, climate change, clean air and transport with a view to formulating Conservative policy.The group's 600-page report, jointly authored by <mask> and Gummer, was presented at the Royal Institute of British Architects on 13 September 2007. Its proposals included a moratorium on airport expansions; taxing short-haul flights and highly polluting vehicles, with proceeds being used to cut the cost of clean alternatives; and rebates on stamp duty and council tax for people who improved the energy efficiency of their homes. The report drew criticism from Labour, several Conservative politicians and the aviation industry. For Cameron, the report was an important part of rebranding the party to escape its reputation as the "Nasty Party" and pledged many of its recommendations would be included in the manifesto. David Cameron recognised <mask> as a good prospective parliamentary candidate and in May 2006 placed him on the Conservative A-List of young and diverse candidates whom he wanted to stand at the 2010 general election. The Conservatives initially placed <mask> as their candidate for the safe seat of East Hampshire. <mask> felt uneasy about representing this constituency, with which he had no previous connection, and thus pulled out to avoid carpetbagging.He then entered the Richmond Park Conservative Association's open primary, which he won in March 2007. In 2007, <mask> opposed the opening of a superstore by supermarket chain Sainsbury's in Barnes. He spearheaded a referendum conducted by the Electoral Reform Society to poll local residents on the issue, working closely with a local campaign group. With a turnout of 61.6%, more than 4,000 residents, who made up 85% of the votes cast, came forward to oppose the construction of the store at White Hart Lane. Sainsbury's ultimately opened the branch after revising its planning application. In 2008 <mask> was asked to comment about donations of £7,000 to his Party while not on the electoral register. Commenting on the issue, <mask> explained: "everything has been declared on time and accurately; however, for a few weeks last year I was not on the Electoral Roll, my name having been removed from Kensington and Chelsea's voter list, given that I was in the process of signing up for Richmond.Whatever was donated in that time may have to be repaid, but there is no suggestion that anything other was improprietous". In late 2009, the press asserted that <mask> had non-domiciled status and that as a London resident, albeit a discretionary beneficiary, he had use of British properties through a trust set up by his late father. <mask> responded, in a statement about the suggestion of tax avoidance, that he has "always chosen to be tax resident in the UK" and virtually all his income was paid into British banks. Of non-dom status as a result of his late father's international status, <mask> added that he had already instructed his accountants to relinquish it of his own volition by early 2009. However, Chris Huhne, the Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesperson, said that <mask> was likely to have avoided paying £580,000 per year for each year in the previous decade as a result of his non-dom status. In February 2016, The Evening Standard quoted <mask> stating that non-domiciled status let individuals "make lifestyle choices to avoid paying tax" and saying "I've never been accused of not paying tax." In 2010, the Labour government sought to recover its expenditure on a programme of remedial works on the public car parks in Richmond Park through the introduction of parking fees for visitors to the royal park.<mask> organised a rally attended by over 1,000 people in the royal park on 30 January 2010 in conjunction with other local Conservatives to protest the proposed charging. Parliamentary career: 2010–2015
<mask> defeated the Liberal Democrat MP Susan Kramer in Richmond Park at the 2010 general election; he saw a 7% swing in the vote go to him. The election resulted in a hung parliament and the formation of a coalition government led by Cameron and the Conservatives. At the next general election, in May 2015, he increased his majority from 4,091 to 23,015 votes. He achieved an increase of 8.5 percent of the share of the vote from the 2010 general election, receiving a total of 58.2 percent of all votes cast by his constituents. This was the biggest increase in majority of any MP at the 2015 general election. In July 2010, Channel 4 News questioned whether <mask> <mask>" and "Vote Conservative" could be charged to the election budget for a local election candidate when that other candidate was not mentioned on the sign. <mask> responded that it had been "checked" and was "standard practice" across the country. The second question was about jackets with "I back Zac" stickers on the back."They cost £2,168 but you only said you paid (spent) £170". <mask> said the stickers cost £170 and the jackets were "off the shelf" and would be reused for other campaigns. <mask> clashed with presenter Jon Snow, who accused him of "prevaricating" in a confrontational live interview on Channel 4 News. Both parties criticised each other in the aftermath. Snow suggested <mask> take the matter to OFCOM, which rejected <mask>'s complaint about Snow and Channel 4 News''' conduct. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism complained to the Electoral Commission over the report about <mask>'s expenses. The Commission announced, following their initial 5-day assessment, they had decided to upgrade the investigation to the status of "case under review" and to make enquiries "in order to establish the facts of the matter".They reported in December 2010, deciding in "the absence of any evidence of intentional circumvention of the rules, we do not consider that a referral to the police is appropriate." However, they did observe the cost-sharing between general election and local election contests was "not consistent with the Commission's guidance or good practice", the submission was "unclear in places" and <mask>'s campaign may have overspent by £966 in the short campaign. "Case Summary: Case review concerning campaign expenditure return in respect of <mask> <mask> MP" , The Electoral Commission website; accessed 16 May 2016. <mask> co-ordinated a cross-party group of MPs to call for a Hillsborough-style inquiry into child sex abuse. He co-wrote a letter to Home Secretary Theresa May demanding a full independent inquiry with six other MPs: Tim Loughton, Tom Watson, Simon Danczuk, John Hemming, Tessa Munt and Caroline Lucas. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, initially rejected the call but was subsequently forced to concede, after 145 further MPs added their names to <mask> et al.s letter. In December 2015, <mask> voted in support of the government's plans to expand the aerial bombing of Islamic State targets.He also endorsed a government bill that would have restricted trade unions in their ability to strike. London mayoral campaign

<mask> had initially ruled out standing as a candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election, stating that "I think people have had quite enough of white male Etonians". However, as the election approached, it became apparent that he was the Conservatives' strongest potential candidate. On 9 June 2015, <mask> announced his interest in running for the mayoralty of London after encouragement both from members of his own party and others (notably the former Green Party Candidate Jenny Jones, Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb).London Evening Standard: Baroness Jones indicates Green Party support for <mask> <mask> as Mayor  Before declaring himself as a nominee, <mask> spent around £50,000 of his own money sending a postal ballot to his 77,000 Richmond Park constituents, asking them if they would consent to him standing for Mayor. A majority who responded supported him. On 23 June 2015, he formally put his name forward with his three rivals being Andrew Boff, Syed Kamall, and Stephen Greenhalgh. The London Conservatives held an open primary, in which 9,227 votes were cast; of these, 6,514 went to <mask>.In October, <mask>'s selection as Conservative Mayoral candidate was announced in a press release without accompanying ceremony. During his campaign, <mask> repeatedly spoke out against proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport. He stated that he was confident that the Cameron government would reject Heathrow expansion but that if they did not then he would resign as an MP and trigger a by-election. In July 2015, he also condemned the Airports Commission report written by the economist Howard Davies which backed Heathrow expansion;

masks:
Frank Zacharias Robin Goldsmith
Baron Goldsmith
James Goldsmith
Edward Goldsmith
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James Goldsmith
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Edward Goldsmith
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title: Zac Goldsmith

texts:
 <mask> claimed that Davies had already decided on his conclusion before producing the three-year study. Davies responded by alleging that <mask> was lying, but the latter stood by his claim, as evidence citing that information he supplied to Davies' commission was not taken seriously. A key issue in the campaign was London's housing shortage. To deal with the problem, <mask> suggested building "high density, low-rise buildings which are in keeping with communities" on publicly owned land currently controlled by the boroughs or Transport for London.He went against prevailing opinion in London by welcoming foreign investment into the property market, arguing that this investment could help to finance more house building. He ruled out supporting development on London's Green Belt, although stated that option might need to be considered in ten or fifteen years hence if the city's population continued to rise. He also suggested an expansion of the London congestion zone, and endorsed Boris Johnson's plans to construct a Garden Bridge across the River Thames. <mask> hired Lynton Crosby's company to run his campaign and appointed Mark Fulbrook as his campaign director. <mask>'s campaign emphasised connections between London Labour candidate Sadiq Khan and newly elected socialist Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, despite Khan's own attempts to distance himself from Corbyn. Both the Conservative campaign and several Conservative-aligned newspapers sought to tar Khan as an apologist for, or even sympathiser with, Islamic extremism. <mask>'s campaign material referred to Khan as "radical and divisive", while comments on the Conservatives' Facebook campaign material often displayed anti-Muslim sentiment.Labour accused <mask>'s campaign of using 'dog-whistle politics' and racist or Islamophobic campaigning. In April 2016, Labour MP Yvette Cooper wrote "What started as a subtle dog-whistle is becoming a full blown racist scream". Conservative politician Baroness Warsi also criticised <mask> for using an image of the bus destroyed in the 7/7 terrorist attacks to illustrate an article he wrote. <mask> was also accused of 'racial profiling' voters in the London mayoral campaign. <mask> strongly denied claims his campaign had been racist and accused his rival Khan of 'playing the race card'. The Conservatives responded it was "utterly predictable that Labour label their opponents as racists", citing the fact that during the 2008 mayoral campaign, the party had also accused Johnson of employing racist rhetoric. Khan's campaign emphasised <mask>'s comparative lack of political experience and employment history.Khan portrayed <mask> as a spoiled dilettante, stating that he "never finished anything he starts ... he's somebody who before becoming a member of parliament has had one proper job, which was given to him by his uncle." <mask> went on to lose the election to Sadiq Khan in the second round by 315,529 votes. Khan achieved 57% of the vote to <mask>'s 43% and polled a record number of votes after second round votes were counted. <mask>'s campaign was later criticised by Labour MP David Lammy for being "divisive" by focusing on attempts to link Khan to Islamist extremists. By-election and political return: 2016–2019
<mask> had promised, as far back as a June 2012 edition of the BBC's Sunday Politics programme, he would not stand as a Conservative candidate at the next election if the Conservative Party backed the expansion of Heathrow Airport, an issue to which he was strongly opposed. In December 2016, he lost a by-election in Richmond Park he had initiated by the act of resigning his seat. He stood as an independent instead of as a Conservative but was endorsed by UKIP who did not stand a candidate.He lost to Sarah Olney of the Liberal Democrats, who overturned his majority of 23,000. In April 2017, <mask> was reselected as the Conservative Party candidate for Richmond Park prior to the upcoming snap general election to be held on 8 June. He regained the constituency as a Conservative candidate but winning with a majority of just 45 votes, the fifth-slimmest in the election. Following Boris Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister in July 2019, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at both the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Department for International Development. After Amber Rudd's resignation as Work and Pensions Secretary in September 2019, Johnson reshuffled his frontbench and promoted <mask> to Minister of State with the right to attend Cabinet. Upon his promotion, he was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council, giving him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life. He appeared at number 98 on the 'Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives of 2019' by LBC's Iain Dale.Liberal Democrat Sarah Olney defeated <mask> by 7,766 votes in the 12 December 2019 snap general election (despite the election providing the Conservative Party's largest share of votes since 1979) and won back the Richmond Park seat. Shortly after his electoral defeat, it was announced he would continue to serve as a minister in the government by being awarded a life peerage and sitting as a member of the House of Lords. House of Lords: 2019–present
On 7 January 2020, <mask> was created Baron <mask> of Richmond Park', of Richmond Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. His ennoblement to the House of Lords was criticised by the Muslim Council of Britain as "rewarding racism", and by opposition politicians as being "cronyist" and "hypocritical" in light of a tweet <mask> had made in 2012 which described the House of Lords Reform Bill as being one that promoted "party apparatchiks" and "insulated" them from "democratic pressure". However, Labour MP and former Shadow Environment Secretary Kerry McCarthy said she believed Goldsmith was committed to the government's promise to maintain standards in environmental regulation after Brexit, adding: "because of that I welcome the fact that he is still around to carry on and do that work". In his maiden speech in the House of Lords, <mask> rebutted accusations of cronyism, saying "One political rival described me as a 'turd that won't flush' – a phrase my children are very unlikely to let me forget. But equally I know many of those heroic people engaged in the battle to protect this extraordinary planet and the species it holds are cheered by having another voice in Parliament and it is an enormous privilege."In Boris Johnson's post-Brexit reshuffle, <mask> was given the additional role of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs with responsibility for the Pacific. In June 2020, Johnson announced the Department for International Development would be merged with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to form the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office which was subsequently created in September of that year. On 1 June 2020, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards concluded <mask> had breached the standards commission's code of conduct by his use of publicly-funded stationery and postage for political purposes around 1 November 2019, shortly before the 2019 general election. The commission released a report in June upholding an allegation made against <mask> on 5 November 2019. The report said they had considered the "timing, tone, and content of the letter and concluded that it was of a party-political nature rather than a communication for parliamentary purposes". He accepted the commission's finding and agreed to re-pay £8,954.33 to cover the mailing costs. Political positions and viewsThe Guardian described <mask> as "a bit of a liberal and a bit of a libertarian" on social issues, who has also gained a reputation for environmentalism due to his opposition to his government's plans to expand Heathrow airport.Journalist Dave Hill noted that the "young <mask> was pro-small business and small communities, localist and conservationist" and was "against overbearing government from whatever the source". <mask> has spoken and written about environmental causes in Britain and has twice been invited to debate at the Oxford Union, where he has delivered keynote addresses. As a contributing author of the book We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples, published in late 2009, <mask> has explored global diversities and threats facing humankind. Among the other contributors are western writers, such as Laurens van der Post, Noam Chomsky, Claude Lévi-Strauss and indigenous persons, such as Davi Kopenawa Yanomami and Roy Sesana. The book is composed of a collection of photographs, statements from tribal people, and essays from international authors, politicians, philosophers, poets, artists, journalists, anthropologists, environmentalists and photojournalists. In his essay, <mask> writes about how his travel around the world in his youth gave him first-hand experience of the misery brought by the promise of western "progress" and "development". He reflects on the culture of tribal people and, in reverence to it, urges people in the modern world to question what "progress" can really mean.<mask> advocates greater direct democracy, such as Switzerland's model of using referendums. <mask> believes that direct democracy would help combat feelings of disenfranchisement among people and increase accountability. He has also argued in favour of introducing measures so that MPs can be subject to recall referendums midway through their term if a sufficiently large number of their constituents petition for it. <mask> is a long-standing Eurosceptic and supporter of Brexit. He first announced he was in favour of the UK leaving the European Union in 2013 and has consistently voted against UK membership of the EU in Parliament. In March 2019, he was one of 265 Conservative MPs that backed a no-deal Brexit being left on the table. Among <mask>'s key interests is education; in an interview with Fairtrade fashion designers People Tree, he said "I've put a big emphasis on schools.One campaign is to ensure every school [is] fitted with a proper kitchen that can double up as a classroom. Children need to know where their food comes from and how to cook it. We're also trying to help every school source its food sustainably and locally". Less than 24 hours after the 2017 Barcelona attacks, <mask> shared his brother's controversial post on social media which compared ISIS's antisemitism to that of the left-wing British campaign group Momentum. Fundraising

<mask> funded the Organic Targets Bill Campaign to promote organic farming in 1999. He has been a member of the advisory board of the JMG Foundation, which disburses grants globally to a range of environmental advocacy groups using the financial legacy left by <mask> Eminescu Trust which conserves and maintains communities in Transylvania and the Maramureş, and the philanthropic organization, Fortune Forum (together with Jimmy Wales). He is a longstanding donor to the Soil Association. In 2007, he was a participant at the Soil Association Annual Conference, during which he competed in an organic fashion show on 25 January and afterwards debating on a Question Time panel on 27 January. Family and personal life

<mask> has been described as having a "soft voice and unhurried manner". Referring to <mask>'s actions in the 2016 Mayoral campaign, journalist Dave Hill described <mask> as "the courtly patrician who [would have] hired a heavy mob to do his fighting for him". After his father's death in 1997, <mask> is believed to have inherited between £200 million and £300 million out of the reported £1.2 billion estate. In a 2009 article in The Guardian, some tax experts speculated his income could amount to £5 million per year from the trust left to him alone.He was the second richest member in the 2010–2015 Parliament after Richard Benyon. He enjoys gambling; in 2004 he won £53,000 in a televised card game and he has had a financial stake in the Mayfair-based bookmakers Fitzdares. A backgammon and poker player, he also pursues other sporting interests including cricket. <mask> was married for ten years to Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley with whom he has three children: two daughters, Uma Romaine and Thyra, and a son, James. The couple married on 5 June 1999 at St Simon Zelotes Church in London. The <mask> couple separated in April 2009, and received a decree nisi on 10 May 2010. Sheherazade and <mask> were featured in Vanity Fair 67th Annual International Best-Dressed List among "Best-Dressed Couples".<mask> said in 2000 that he wore Savile Row suits which had belonged to his late father. His divorce from Ventura-Bentley was much covered in the gossip columns. <mask> married banking heiress Alice Rothschild in 2013 at London Wetland Centre in his constituency. They have a daughter, <mask>, born in July 2013. Their second child, a son named Max, was born in January 2016. On 25 April 2017, Alice gave birth to a daughter named Edie. Alice's sister, Kate Rothschild, and his brother, <mask>, had been married until 2012.He and his family live in Barnes. Awards

 In 2003, <mask> was awarded the Beacon Prize as Young Philanthropist of the Year for his contribution to environmental awareness and protection. In 2004, he received the Mikhail Gorbachev-founded Green Cross International's Global Green Award for International Environmental Leadership. In 2011, he was joint winner of the inaugural BusinessGreen Politician of the Year Award with Tim Yeo MP. In 2014, he was also awarded by The Patchwork Foundation for being The Best Conservative Newcomer MP of the Year. Ancestry
<mask> is a member of the prominent <mask> family. <mask>'s family has a long history in politics.His grandfathers were both Conservative Members of Parliament: his paternal grandfather, <mask>, was a Conservative MP, while his mother's father, The 8th Marquess of Londonderry, represented County Down as a Unionist MP in the British House of Commons, when he was still styled Viscount Castlereagh. His maternal great-grandfather, The 7th Marquess of Londonderry, was an Ulster Unionist politician. Another maternal ancestor was Robert, Viscount Castlereagh, Chief Secretary for Ireland and British Foreign Secretary. See also

 Family of Imran Khan
 List of people with non-domiciled status in the UK

 Bibliography

 Gummer, John; <mask>, <mask> (September 2007). Blueprint for a Green Economy – Submission to the Shadow Cabinet. Conservative Quality of Life Policy Group''. Notes

References

Sources

External links

<mask> <mask> | Politics | The Guardian
<mask> <mask> | Financial Times

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1975 births
Living people
People from Barnes, London
English people of French descent
English people of Irish descent
People educated at Hawtreys
People educated at The Mall School
People educated at Eton College
People educated at the Cambridge Centre for Sixth-form Studies
Writers from London
British magazine editors
British philanthropists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English environmentalists
English male writers
Green thinkers
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs who were granted peerages
British Jews
Zac
British people of German-Jewish descent
English Jewish writers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth

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title: Conrad Meit

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<mask> or (usual in German) <mask> (1480s in Worms; 1550/1551 in Antwerp) was a German-born Late Gothic and Renaissance sculptor, who spent most of his career in the Low Countries. The royal tombs that were his largest works still had elaborate Late Gothic architectural frameworks by others, but Meit's figures were Renaissance in conception and style. Meit's work, with its delicately worked plasticity and pronounced corporality, brought an entirely new form of expression to Late Gothic church sculpture. The anatomy of his nude figures draws more from Albrecht Dürer than from classical sculpture. Later many of his works in Brussels, Antwerp, Tongerlo Abbey, and elsewhere were destroyed in the Reformation and French Revolution, leaving the three royal monuments at the then newly built Royal Monastery of Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, as his outstanding surviving large works. A number of small works, including portrait busts in wood, and small statuettes in various materials have survived. The documented tombs and the signed alabaster statuette of Judith (illustrated below) are the main secure works for defining his style.Life and works
Meit's date of birth at Worms on the Rhine is unknown, and his early life and training are not recorded. He was employed at the court of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony before 1506 and came to work at the Wittenberg court at the request of Lucas Cranach the Elder, where he probably worked in Cranach's workshop between 1505 and 1511. He then went to Middelburg to work for Philip of Burgundy, the illegitimate son of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who was later to be suddenly made Bishop of Utrecht. From 1514 until her death in 1530 Meit was court sculptor to the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, the regent of the Netherlands, mainly based at Mechelen. In 1534 he moved to Antwerp, buying a house there and joining the Guild of St Luke there in 1536. Works produced by Meit there are documented until 1544, but were all lost to later iconoclasm. Tomb group at Brou
For Margaret of Austria Meit made his most famous works, the figures on the group of three monumental royal tombs for Margaret, her husband Philibert II, Duke of Savoy and his mother Margaret of Bourbon, produced from 1526 to 1531.These are at the then newly built Royal Monastery of Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, today in France, but then in the province of Bresse, part of the Duchy of Savoy. The Late Gothic architectural surrounds were already mostly completed, but not installed, by a Flemish team, and Meit's team added the five life-size effigy figures and the many smaller figures. Meit's team was himself and three assistants, one of whom was his brother. By no means all the carving of the figures seems to be by Meit himself, and for example he does not seem to have carved any of the putti himself, though he may well have designed them. Philibert had died at the age of 24 in 1504, so Meit's images of him are based on other portraits, and rather idealized. His majestic grave monument is placed in the middle of the Abbey's choir, with the two female tombs set against the wall on either side of it. The three aligned figures are turned towards each other, as though in communication.Though to the side, Margaret's tomb is the largest. Philibert's tomb consists of two levels and two effigies, one above the other. The upper part, in expensive imported white Carrara marble, represents the Duke in ceremonial costume, surrounded by Italian-style angels (putti). Below this ten small female figures, called the sibyls, point towards the lower effigy, which shows him naked except for a cloth over his genitals. The putti used to be turned to face the effigy, but in a modern restoration several were turned to face outwards. Margaret of Austria's tomb also has an upper effigy in marble and a lower one in alabaster. In the upper one she is shown as an older woman (she died at 50) in full state dress, wearing the crown-like archducal hat.Below she is shown in her youth, wearing a loose robe with her long hair unbound, and somewhat idealized. The two lower figures of the married couple vary the normal "transi" or cadaver tomb iconography, where a lower figure is shown as decayed remains, and connects to a broader theme of Resurrection in the abbey's art. Below their formal effigies, the couple are shown in their most perfect state, as they would be at the resurrection of the dead. To the north, the tomb of Margaret of Bourbon consists of a single effigy placed within an enfeu and lying upon a piece of black marble, with pleurants beneath, a traditional Burgundian feature. The princess is dressed in an ermine cloak and her feet rest on a greyhound, symbol of loyalty. Behind the effigy, putti bear escutcheons with the initials of Margaret and her husband. Other large works

When the young Philibert of Chalon, Prince of Orange died in war on 3 August 1530, his mother Philiberta of Luxembourg decided to honour him in the most grandiose way possible.After a princely funeral at Lons-le-Saunier on 25 October 1530, she hired <mask> and another famous artist of the time, Jean-Baptiste Mario of Florence, to create a fitting tomb. They began work at the church of Cordeliers de Lons-le-Saunier immediately after completing work on the tombs at Brou Abbey. Work on Philibert's unfinished tomb was abandoned in 1534 after Philiberta died and a fire destroyed the church; a portion remained visible in 1637 but it was later completely destroyed. The work included 25 life-size statues, now lost, and the Virgin and Child now at Brussels Cathedral. Another project for Tongerloo Abbey, just outside Antwerp, included 16 life-size statues, now lost, for which he received a payment in 1542. He also carved a Pietà, now in Besançon Cathedral, at the request of Margaret of Austria's chaplain, the Abbot Antoine de Montécut. The abbey of Saint Vincent de Besançon received it from the Abbot and displayed it in a small chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows.Among his other works are two sculptures of Mary holding the baby Jesus, one at the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels, and the other at the Benedictine Abbey in Saint-Amand-les-Eaux. Portraits and statuettes
From surviving letters, Margaret had initially sought out Meit for his reputation as a portraitist, and he produced a range of portraits of her and her many relations. A terracotta bust of her nephew Charles V is now kept at the Gruuthuse Museum, Bruges. He produced a great quantity of small sculptures in bronze and boxwood, with some of the nudes, such as Adam and Eve (there are a number of pairs) and Judith with the Head of Holophernes, often similar in style to the paintings of Cranach. A striking wood Lucretia in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is in a more expressive style. There is also an early Falconer in Vienna, and a wood Entombment in Munich. Together, these works look forward to later small-scale sculpture in the German Renaissance.Meit's portraits of Margaret varied between those showing her at the age when her husband was still alive, before Meit knew her, and those showing her at her age when they were made, and also reflect her different roles as Regent, archduchess, widow and family member. Some remain in the main Habsburg collections in Vienna. There are also small boxwood busts of Philibert and Margaret in the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum, with similar ones in Berlin and Munich; a larger pair in marble, for her library, are now lost. An alabaster head, perhaps representing Cicero, is in the Getty Museum. There are bronzes, which are probably designed by Meit but with others doing the casting. Fame
Meit placed his own portrait bust in the library of Margaret of Austria at Malines, which can be seen as a significant step in the development of the status of the artist. Meit's work was valued by both Albrecht Dürer, who met him in the Netherlands in 1520–21, and may also have known him from Germany, and Lucas Cranach the Elder.Dürer referred to him as the ...gute[…] bildtschniczer mit nahmen <mask>, desgleichen ich kein gesehen hab, der dienet des kaisers tochter, frau Margareth (the good sculptor named <mask>, the like of which I have not seen, who served the Emperor's daughter, lady Margaret). His reputation as an important sculptor stretched across the whole of northern Europe in the early Renaissance, but after his death both he and his sitters were lost to memory, unidentified by inscriptions on the works, and one figure was recorded in the 17th century as by Dürer, of an unidentified figure. It did not help that many works were lost, and that he memorialized the last of the Chalons Princes of Orange in the Brou tombs, and that these soon became sited in French territory, ruled by kings with no family interest in those buried there. Interest in his work revived in the late 20th century, especially in his statuettes, where "sculpture exists for its own sake in a manner unprecedented in the north, with no relation to or support by architecture". Notes

References
Belkin, Kristin. "Meit, <mask>." The Oxford Companion to Western Art.Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. subscription required
Burk, Jens Ludwig, "Conrat Meit, Margaret of Austria's Court Sculptor in Malines and Brou", PDF version, Centre des monuments nationaux (France)
Bernard Ceysson.La Escultura:La tradición de la escultura antigua desde el siglo XV al XVIII. Barcelona, Carroggio, 1996. .
Cohen, Kathleen, Metamorphosis of a Death Symbol: The Transi Tomb in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 1973, University of California Press, , 9780520018440, google books
Fusco, Peter, et al., Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum: European Sculpture, 1997, Getty Publications, , 9780892365135, google books
Mueller, Theodor, Sculpture in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain: 1400–1500, 1966, (Pelican History of Art) Penguin Books
 Thornton, Dora, A Rothschild Renaissance: The Waddesdon Bequest, 2015, British Museum,
Woods, Kim W., "Meit, Conrat." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 21 Apr.2015. subscription required

Further reading
 Jacques Baudoin, La sculpture flamboyante en Bourgogne et Franche-Comté, éd. de Borée, 1993
 Renate Eikelmann (ed. ): Conrat Meit. Bildhauer der Renaissance – „desgleichen ich kein gesehen …“ Hirmer, München 2006,
 Constance Lowenthal: Conrat Meit. Ann Arbor (Michigan) Univ. Microfilms International, 1981; Originally: New York University PhD Dissertation. 1976
 von der Osten, G., and Vey, H., Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands (1969)
 Marie-Anne Sarda et Magali Philippe, Le Monastère royal de Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, Fondation BNP Paribas, 2005,
 Georg Tröscher: Conrat <mask> von Worms.Ein rheinischer Bildhauer der Renaissance. Urban, Freiburg im Breisgau 1927
 Exposition: Vivre et mourir à la Renaissance, la destinée européenne de Philibert de Chalon, Prince d'Orange (1502–1530) 20 September 2002 – 23 March 2003, Archaeological Museum of Lons le Saunier

External links

 Blogpost with good pictures
 Commemorative Exhibition, Conrat Meit Bildhauer der Renaissance at the Bavarian National Museum (in German, on Internet Archive)
 <mask>'s boxwood sculptures

People from Worms, Germany
15th-century German sculptors
16th-century German sculptors
German male sculptors
Early Netherlandish sculptors
Renaissance sculptors
Court sculptors

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title: Kamini Kaushal

texts:
<mask> (born Uma Kashyap, 24 February 1927) is an Indian actress who worked in Hindi films and television. She is noted for her roles in films such as Neecha Nagar (1946), which won the 1946 Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at Cannes Film Festival and Biraj Bahu (1955), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1955. She played lead heroine in films from 1946 to 1963, wherein her roles in Do Bhai (1947), Shaheed (1948), Nadiya Ke Paar (1948), Ziddi (1948), Shabnam (1949), Paras (1949), Namoona (1949), Arzoo (1950), Jhanjar (1953), Aabroo (1956), Bade Sarkar (1957), Jailor (1958), Night Club (1958) and Godaan (1963) are considered her career's best performances. She played character roles since 1963, and was critically acclaimed for her performance in Shaheed (1965). She appeared in three films of Rajesh Khanna, namely Do Raaste (1969), Prem Nagar (1974), Maha Chor (1976), in Anhonee (1973) with Sanjeev Kumar and in eight films with Manoj Kumar namely Shaheed, Upkar (1967), Purab Aur Paschim (1970), Shor (1972), Roti Kapda Aur Makaan (1974), Sanyasi (1975), Dus Numbri (1976) and Santosh (1989). Early life
<mask> was born in Lahore. She is the youngest of two brothers and three sisters.She is the daughter of Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap, Professor of Botany, University of Punjab at Lahore, British India (now in Pakistan). Prof. Kashyap is widely regarded as the father of Indian Botany. Her father was a distinguished botanist who discovered six species of plants. She was only seven when her father died on 26 November 1934. She did her B.A. (honors) in English literature from Government College in Lahore. She got an offer to act in films through Chetan Anand in 1946 with Neecha Nagar.Talking about her teenage years, she said in an interview, "I had no time to fool. I didn't have any crush. I was busy swimming, riding, skating and doing radio plays on Akashwani, for which I was paid Rs 10." When her elder sister died in a car accident, leaving behind two daughters, <mask> had to marry her brother-in-law, B.S. Sood in 1948. She set up home in Bombay where her husband was a chief engineer in Bombay Port Trust. Her elder sister's daughters are Kumkum Somani and Kavita Sahni.Kumkum Somani has written a book for children on Gandhi's philosophy and Kavita Sahni is an artist. <mask> had three sons after 1955, Rahul, Vidur and Shravan. In the 1950s, the couple lived in a spacious manor-type house "Gateside" in Mazagaon, which was allotted to her husband by BPT. Career
<mask> had been a stage actress in Delhi during her college days from 1942 to 1945. She worked as a radio child artist with the name "Uma" in Lahore before the Partition, from 1937 to 1940. She said in an interview about whether she wanted to be an actress in her childhood: "I come from a very intellectual family. My dad, S. R. Kashyap, was a professor at Government College, Lahore and the President of the Science Congress.He'd written about 50 books on botany. Growing up, our family concentrated more on knowledge, but he never deterred us from doing anything we wanted as long as it was positive." Though she had no dreams of joining the film industry while being in college, she was a fan of actor Ashok Kumar. Once she said in an interview: "We were to perform for the war relief fund in college. Ashok Kumar and Leela Chitins were the chief guests. After the show we went to meet him. I thought of having some fun.As he stood talking to the students, I pulled his hair from behind." Chetan Anand gave her the role of the leading heroine in his film Neecha Nagar. This movie was done by her before marriage and released in 1946. She quoted in an interview, when asked about why her name was changed from Uma to <mask>: "Chetan's wife Uma Anand was also part of the film. My name also being Uma, he wanted a different name for me. I asked him to give me a name beginning with 'K' to match with the names of my daughters Kumkum and Kavita." She won an award at the Montreal Film Festival for her performance in her debut film.She quoted in an interview about how she got her debut film: "Ravi Shankar was new, he had not done music for anybody. It was Zohra Segal's debut. Uma Anand (Chetan's wife) was with us in college — we were together. Chetan had been teaching at The Doon School and got to me through my brother.". After Neecha Nagar, she returned to Lahore, but offers started coming in, hence she used to come for shooting from Lahore. After her sudden marriage in 1947, she settled in Bombay with her husband. She became the first leading heroine to continue working as lead film heroine after her marriage as well.<mask> was one of the first well educated heroines (BA in English) in Hindi cinema. She learnt Bharatnatyam at Mumbai's Sri Rajarajeswari Bharata Natya Kala Mandir, where Guru T. K. Mahalingam Pillai, doyen among nattuvanars taught. Since 1948, <mask> Kaushal worked with all the top leading men of her time, such as Ashok Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, Raaj Kumar and Dilip Kumar. In every film starring her as lead heroine, except when opposite Ashok Kumar, in the period 1947 to 1955, her name used to appear first in the credits before the leading hero's name appeared. Her pairing opposite Dilip Kumar was popular with audiences with box office hits such as Shaheed (1948), Pugree, Nadiya Ke Paar (1949), Shabnam (1949) and Arzoo (1950)). The popularity as an actress increased with Filmistan's Do Bhai (1947), aided by Geeta Roy's impassioned singing of songs such as "Mera sundar sapna", which, incidentally, was shot in a single take. <mask> was paired opposite Dev Anand in his very first success, Bombay Talkies' production Ziddi (1948), a light romance.The pair followed this up with Namoona. <mask> played the third angle to the Dev-Suraiya pair in Shayar. In Raj Kapoor's directorial debut Aag (1948), she did a cameo as one of his three heroines (Nargis and Nigar were the other two), whose relationship with the hero doesn't fructify. She also starred with Raj Kapoor in Jail Yatra. <mask> Kaushal was the first lead heroine for whom Lata Mangeshkar ever sang for and it was for the film Ziddi in 1948. <mask> quoted in an interview: "Lata sang for me in Ziddi for the first time. That was the first time she sang for the leading lady in a film.Before that, she sang for actresses in supporting roles. Shamshad Begum and Surinder Kaur — whose voices had more bass — used to sing my songs. On the music credits on the record, Lata's name was not mentioned. Instead, it was mentioned that Asha sang the songs — Asha was my screen name (in the film Ziddi). That's why people thought I had sung it. The playback singers - Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar recorded their first duet - "Ye Kaun Aya Re" together in the 1948 film Ziddi. Her other successful films as lead heroine in films from 1946 to 1963 include Paras (1949), Namoona, Jhanjar, Aabru, Night Club, Jailor, Bade Sarkar, Bada Bhai, Poonam and Godaan.<mask> became a producer and signed on then-matinee idol Ashok Kumar in Poonam and Night Club. She did lighthearted roles in Chalis Baba Ek Chor (1954) and also did serious tragedy genre  roles in Aas, Ansoo and Jailor. In the Sohrab Modi-directed Jailor (1958), <mask> gave a goosebump-raising performance as Modi's wife, who is pushed towards adultery by his ruthless tyranny. Trilok Jetley, who adopted Premchand's famous story Godaan on screen, put his film on hold, while <mask> was pregnant with her second child, because he wanted to capitalise on the softness in her voice. Pandit Ravi Shankar composed the score for her first (Neecha Nagar in 1946) and last (Godaan in 1963) films as a heroine. In 1965, she moved to playing character roles with a film called Shaheed. She made the transition from playing leading heroine roles to character roles very easily.Her performances were appreciated in Waris, Vishwas, Yakeen, Aadmi Aur Insaan,  Uphaar, Qaid, Bhanwar, Tangewala and Heeralaal Pannalaal. As a character artist she was a fixture in seven Manoj Kumar films - Shaheed (1965 film), Upkar, Purab Aur Paschim, Sanyasi, Shor, Roti Kapda Aur Makaan, Dus Numbari and Santosh (1989). <mask> has had a long stint in films with releases till 2014. She stunned audiences by playing a mercenary vamp with aplomb in the film Anhonee (1973). <mask> <mask> played mother to Rajesh Khanna in Prem Nagar in 1974, and in Maha Chor in 1976, and as sister in law to Khanna in Do Raaste. Dilip Kumar, in his biography, has admitted his attraction to her while they acted in films together, but <mask> rejected his proposal as she was already married to her elder sister's widower and was taking care of her elder sister's kids. Dilip said that she was his first love.<mask> quoted in an interview on this: "We were both shattered. We were very happy with each other. We shared a great rapport. But what to do? That's life. I can't dump people and say 'Enough now, I'm going!' I had taken on the girls.I wouldn't be able to show my face to my sister. My husband, a fine human being, understood why it happened. Everyone falls in love." She made a popular puppet show broadcast on the national channel at the time, "Doordarshan", which ran for a year (1989 to 1991), and was the first such children's series in Hindi. She stepped into writing children's stories. Her stories used to be published in the children's magazine Paraag, featuring the antics of 'Bunty', and 'Chotbhai' and 'Motabhai' – who were all loosely based on her own son and his cousin contemporaries. She dabbled in television doing serials such as Chand Sitare on Doordarshan.In 1986, <mask> made an animation film, Meri Pari. She appeared in "The Jewel in the Crown" (1984), a popular British television serial, as Aunt Shalini. <mask> worked in the highly popular serial Shanno Ki Shaadi, on STAR Plus. She played Bebe, the grandmother of Shanno, the main protagonist played by Divya Dutta. She also acted in Sri Adhikari Brothers' TV Serial Waqt Ki Raftaar (DD National). She said in an interview: "I, along with only few Indian heroines like Saroja Devi, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna, Sowcar Janaki, Mala Sinha, Moushumi Chatterjee, Padmini and Sharmila Tagore were the few who got married early and had success in the film industry even after our marriages as well as led a happy married life." Awards
 1956: Filmfare Award for Best Actress: Biraj Bahu
 1964: BFJA Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Hindi): Shaheed
 2011: Kalakar Awards: Lifetime Achievement
 2013: Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award
 2015: Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award
 2015: BBC's 100 Women.2020: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress : Kabir Singh
 2020: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress : Kabir Singh (Nominated)

Filmography

Bibliography

References

External links

Indian film actresses
Indian television producers
Indian television actresses
Indian women television producers
1927 births
Living people
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Actresses from Lahore
Actresses in Hindi cinema
People of British India
Kinnaird College for Women University alumni
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Filmfare Awards winners
Women television producers
BBC 100 Women
20th-century Indian women
20th-century Indian people

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