title: Joseph Görres

texts:
<mask>, since <mask> (25 January 1776 – 29 January 1848), was a German writer, philosopher, theologian, historian and journalist. Early life
Görres was born in Koblenz. His father was moderately well off, and sent his son to a Latin college under the direction of the Roman Catholic clergy. The young Görres' sympathies were initially with the French Revolution, and the French exiles in the Rhineland confirmed his beliefs, which would then evolve over time. He harangued the revolutionary clubs, and insisted on the unity of interests which would ally all civilized states to one another. He began a republican journal called Das rote Blatt, and afterwards Rübezahl, in which he strongly condemned the administration of the Rhenish provinces by France. After the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) there was hope that the Rhenish provinces would be constituted into an independent republic.In 1799 the provinces sent an embassy, of which Görres was a member, to Paris to put their case before the directory. The embassy reached Paris on 20 November 1799; two days before this Napoleon had assumed power. After much delay he received the embassy; but the only answer they obtained was "that they might rely on perfect justice, and that the French government would never lose sight of their wants". <mask> on his return published a tract called Resultate meiner Sendung nach Paris, in which he reviewed the history of the French Revolution. During the thirteen years of Napoleon's dominion Görres lived a quiet life, devoting himself chiefly to art or science. In 1801 he married Catherine de Lasaulx, and for some years taught at a secondary school in Koblenz; in 1806 he moved to Heidelberg, where he lectured at the university. British lawyer and diarist Henry Crabb Robinson met Görres during this time.A quote from his diary:

Görres has the wildest physiognomy – looks like an overgrown old student. A faun-like nose and lips, fierce eyes, and locks as wild as Caliban’s. Strong sense, with a sort of sulky indifference toward others, are the characteristics of his manner. Clemens Brentano compared his appearance to that

[...] of an old lion shaking and pulling his mane caught in the bars of his cage. As a leading member of the Heidelberg Romantic group, he edited together with Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim the Zeitung für Einsiedler (subsequently renamed Trost-Einsamkeit), and in 1807 he published Die deutschen Volksbücher (literally, The Books of the German People). He returned to Koblenz in 1808, and again found occupation as a teacher in a secondary school, supported by civic funds. He now studied Persian, and in two years published a Mythengeschichte der asiatischen Welt (History of the Myths of the Asiatic World), which was followed ten years later by Das Heldenbuch von Iran (The Book of Heroes of Iran), a translation of part of the Shahnama, the epic of Firdousi.Editor of the Merkur
In 1813 he again took up the cause of national independence, and in the following year founded Der rheinische Merkur. The outspokenness of its hostility to Napoleon made it influential, and Napoleon himself called it "a fifth power". It campaigned for a united Germany, with a representative government, but under an emperor, Görres having abandoned his earlier advocacy of republicanism. When Napoleon was at Elba, <mask> wrote an ironic imaginary proclamation issued by him to the people. He criticised the second peace of Paris (1815), declaring that Alsace and Lorraine should have been demanded back from France. Stein used the Merkur at the time of the meeting of the congress of Vienna to give expression to his hopes. But Hardenberg, in May 1815, warned Görres to remember that he was not to arouse hostility against France, but only against Napoleon.There was also in the Merkur an antipathy to Prussia, expression of the desire that an Austrian prince should assume the imperial title, and also a tendency to liberalism—all distasteful to Hardenberg, and to his master Friedrich Wilhelm III. Görres disregarded warnings sent to him by the censorship, so that the Merkur was suppressed early in 1816, at the instance of the Prussian government; and soon after <mask> was dismissed from his teaching post. Life as an independent writer
He supported himself by his pen, and he became a political pamphleteer. In the excitement which followed Kotzebue's assassination, the reactionary decrees of Carlsbad were framed, and these were the subject of Görres’ pamphlet Teutschland und die Revolution ("Germany and the Revolution", 1820). In this work he reviewed the circumstances which had led to the murder of August von Kotzebue, and, while expressing horror at the deed itself, he urged that it was impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion. The success of the work was marked, despite a ponderous style. It was suppressed by the Prussian government, and orders were issued for the arrest of Görres and the seizure of his papers.He escaped to Strasbourg, and thence went to Switzerland. Two more political tracts were Europa und die Revolution ("Europe and the Revolution", 1821) and In Sachen der Rheinprovinzen und in eigener Angelegenheit ("In the matter of the Rhine Province and in a matter of my own", 1822). In the former book – read with avidity throughout Germany. – Görres describes the moral, intellectual and political corruption of France in the course of the eighteenth century as the major cause which led to the revolution:

In his pamphlet Die heilige Allianz und die Völker auf dem Congresse von Verona ("The Holy Alliance and the peoples represented at the congress of Verona", 1822) Görres asserted that the princes had met together to crush the liberties of the people, and that the people must look elsewhere for help. The "elsewhere" was to Rome; and from this time <mask> became an Ultramontane writer. He was summoned to Munich by King Ludwig of Bavaria as professor of history in the university, and there his writing enjoyed popularity. Since his sojourn in Strasbourg, Görres had studied the mystic testimonies of various epochs.He went into the mystical writers of the Middle Ages such as María de Ágreda as well as observing, partly in person, the ecstatic young women of his time (Maria von Mörl, and others), and strove to comprehend more thoroughly the nature of Christian mysticism. His Christliche Mystik ("On christian mysticism", 4 vols., 1836–1842; 2nd ed., 5 vols., 1879) gave a series of biographies of the saints, together with an exposition of Roman Catholic mysticism. But his most celebrated ultramontane work was a polemical one. Its occasion was the deposition and imprisonment by the Prussian government of the archbishop Clement Wenceslaus reportedly due to his refusal to sanction in certain instances the marriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics. In his Athanasius (1837), Görres upheld the power of the church, although liberals of later claimed he never insisted on the absolute supremacy of Rome. Athanasius went through several editions, and initiated a long and bitter controversy. In the Historisch-politische Blätter ("Historical-political pages"), a Munich journal, Görres and his son Guido (1805–1852) continued to uphold the claims of the church.On New Year's Day of 1839, <mask> received the "Civil Order of Merit" from the king for his services. Death
He died 29 January 1848, the year of the fall of Metternich, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich. Publications

 Der allgemeine Frieden, ein Ideal (1798). Aphorismen über Kunst (1802). Glauben und Wissen (1805). Die teutschen Volksbücher. Nähere Würdigung der schönen Historien-, Wetter- und Arzneybüchlein […] (1807).Schriftproben von Peter Hammer (1808). Über den Fall Teutschlands und die Bedingungen seiner Wiedergeburt (1810). Mythengeschichte der asiatischen Welt (1810). Lohengrin, ein altteutsches Gedicht (1813). Rheinischer Merkur (1814–1816). Teutschland und die Revolution (1819). Beantwortung der in den jetzigen Zeiten für jeden Teutschen besonders wichtigen Frage: Was haben wir zu erwarten?(1814). Europa und die Revolution (1821). Firdusi (1822). Die heilige Allianz und die Völker auf dem Congresse von Verona (1822). Introduction to Melchior von Diepenbrock's Heinrich Susos, genannt Amandus, Leben und Schriften (1829). Über die Grundlage, Gliederung und Zeitenfolge der Weltgeschichte (1830). Nachruf auf Achim von Arnim (1831).Vier Sendschreiben an Herrn Culmann, Sekretär der Ständeversammlung (1831). Ministerium, Staatszeitung, Rechte und Unrechte Mitte (1831). Athanasius (1837). Die Triarier H. Leo, Dr. P. Marheinecke, D. K. Bruno (1838). Die christliche Mystik (1836–1842). Kirche und Staat nach Ablauf der Cölner Irrung (1842). Der Dom von Köln und das Münster von Strasburg (1842).Introduction to Das Leben Christi, by Johann Nepomuk Sepp (1843). Die Japhetiden und ihre gemeinsame Heimat Armenien. Akademische Festrede (1844). Die drei Grundwurzeln des celtischen Stammes und ihre Einwanderung (1845). Die Wallfahrt nach Trier (1845). Die Aspecten an der Zeitenwende. Zum neuen Jahre 1848 (last and unfinished article, 1848).Works in English translation
 Germany and the Revolution. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820. Influences
 Richard Wagner was an avid reader of Görres' Lohengrin introduction, since the 1840s, as well as (less enthusiastically) of the Christliche Mystik (read in 1875). Carl Jung mentions reading Görres as a young man in his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Pantheon Books, 1963, p. 99) . The Görres Society was founded on 25 January 1876 in honour of Görres to advance Roman Catholic studies. See also
 Guido Görres

References

Further reading
 Berger, Martin (1921). Görres als politischer Publizist.Bonn und Leipzig: K. Schroeder. Coker, F. W. (1910). “The Organismic Analogies of Görres.” In: Organismic Theories of the State. Columbia University Press, pp. 44–47. Dickerhof, Harald (1999). Görres-Studien.Paderborn: Schöningh. Heuvel, Jon Vanden (2001). A German Life in the Age of Revolution: <mask>, 1776–1848, Catholic University of America Press. Menzel, Wolfgang (1840). German Literature, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Münster, Hans A. (1926). Die öffentliche Meinung in Johann Josef <mask>' Politischer Publizistik. Berlin: Staatspolitischer Verlag. Raab, Heribert (1978). <mask>, ein Leben für Freiheit und Recht.Paderborn: Schöningh. External links
 Biography of <mask>, German and English
 Encyclopædia Britannica: <mask> Görres

 <mask>rres: "Something to Sell," 1798

1776 births
1848 deaths
Politicians from Heidelberg
19th-century German Catholic theologians
Writers from Heidelberg
Writers from Koblenz
Roman Catholic activists
Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof

masks:
Johann Joseph Görres
1839 von Görres
Görres
Görres
Görres
Görres
Görres
Joseph Görres
Görres
Joseph Görres
Joseph Görres
Joseph von
Joseph Gö


title: Bernice Fisher

type: original

texts:
<mask> (December 8, 1916 – May 2, 1966) was a civil rights activist and union organizer. She was among the co-founders of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. Civil rights leader and union organizer
As an activist <mask> headed a cell with the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) in Chicago to concentrate on race relations. This small cell provided the people for the beginnings of the Committee on Racial Equality which they soon renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). James Farmer was among the co-founders. The founding members of CORE were James Farmer, <mask>, George Houser, Homer A. Jack, James Russell Robinson, and Joe Guinn. Bayard Rustin, while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the Fellowship of Reconciliation; he worked with and advised the founders.Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that <mask> was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later St. Louis. Houser mentioned pre-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, <mask> <mask>, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit-in, and White City roller-rink among others. He spoke highly of <mask> <mask> and of her importance to the development of CORE. <mask> has been called the "godmother of the restaurant 'sit-in' technique" by fellow activist and union organizer Ernest Calloway, who worked closely with <mask> in St. Louis and admired her. <mask> worked tirelessly to establish the Committee On Racial Equality. Soon the founders, including <mask>, changed the name to Congress of Racial Equality CORE.This group introduced the sit-in as a tactic in challenging racial segregation in public accommodations. <mask> was instrumental in establishing the sit-in as a nonviolent technique in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1942 CORE's six founders followed the nonviolent organizing techniques outlined in Krishnalal Shridharani's War Without Violence. This was Shridharani's doctoral thesis at Columbia, and within the year had become a national bestseller. Shridharani, an intimate of Gandhi, who had been jailed in the Salt March, had codified Gandhi's techniques. Gandhi had not wanted his followers to codify his teachings, as he had wanted people to come to India, study intensively and experience the movement first-hand. However, the British Indian authorities were restricting Gandhi's non-Indian followers from coming into India, and travelling outside of the subcontinent was beyond the means of most of his followers.<mask> made a list of rules to follow at demonstrations, based on Gandhi's teachings, that was distributed as a handbill at some demonstrations. Following Gandhi's first rule of involving the community and finding out its priorities, this first group of <mask>'s concentrated on integrating housing, repealing laws against integrating neighborhoods in Chicago, and integrating restaurants and amusement venues in Chicago. News of CORE's work spread and others followed their lead. In 1943, shortly after the first CORE sit-ins, a group of seventeen young women at Howard University in Washington DC began an unpublicized sit-in at a luncheonette in the Howard neighborhood. They had become acquainted with CORE through Fellowship of Reconciliation Campus Travelers Bayard Rustin and James Farmer. The group at Howard included Ruth Powell, Marianne Musgrave, Patricia Roberts, & Juanita Morrow Nelson, and they were represented by Pauli Murray, who was then in Howard Law School. <mask> became an organizer of department store workers in Chicago.During World War II, wages were frozen by government order, but despite a freeze on prices, inflation was rampant. Working conditions for department store employees were  onerous: women were not allowed to sit at work, they had no regular breaks, wages were low, and the stores were understaffed. Better pay for women was available in industry, for those who were free to take advantage of the opportunity. <mask> was brought to St. Louis by Harold Gibbons of the Teamsters, one of the most progressive labor leaders in America at the time. Gibbons had hired Ernest Calloway, an African-American organizer, who would work in the segregated mid-South for the Teamsters. He hired <mask> on the recommendation of Calloway, who had been impressed by her work in Chicago. During her years in St. Louis, <mask> organized that city's chapter of CORE, which produced many of the organization's national leaders.St. Louis CORE kept the national organization going in the late 1940s and the 1950s. They refined many of the techniques promoted by the Chicago group. Others associated with the St. Louis chapter were Marian O'Fallon Oldham, Charles Oldham, Irving & Margaret Dagen, Joe & Billie Ames, Marvin Rich, Norman Seay and Wanda Penny. St. Louis CORE became a leading exponent of the nonviolent direct action as applied to race relations. During the last ten years of her life, <mask> was active with the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York. She was Co-Chairman with Cyprian Belle Concord of the Social Action Committee created by the Concord Baptist Church. <mask> lived most of her adult life in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago.She participated in many civil-rights nonviolent direct-action activities and labor union anti-discrimination efforts in those cities. She was long associated with the labor movement and served as an official with several unions, including the United Federation of Teachers, Retail Wholesale and Department Stores Union, CIO; the Government and Civic Organizing Committee in Chicago; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers in New York, and others. She had also been active with the Housing Conference of Chicago. She was also serving on the executive board of Brooklyn NAACP and on the National Board of the Workers Defense League. She is buried at The Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.<ref>BROOKLYN EDITION, Amsterdam News; CORE Founder Dies Saturday, May 7, 1966-B.</ref>THE CONCORD BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST; Services of Homegoing, Brooklyn, New York, May 4, 1966. Education
<mask> graduated from the University of Chicago on June 18, 1943, with a major area of Divinity. She previously studied at Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, N.Y., which she attended from 1939 to 1941, and studied at the Rochester Collegiate Center, 1935 to 1936.She graduated from Monroe High School in Rochester in 1934. Family
<mask>'s father was Jay Merritt <mask>, born August 21, 1877, Syracuse, New York to Charles Gold <mask>, M.D., and Annie (Schutt) <mask>. He moved with his family to Pennsylvania about 1880. Her mother was Annie Rosetta (Morrison<mask>, born April 17, 1881, Ambrose, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, daughter of George Morrison and Emma (Goodwin) Morrison. Her brother was Donald Morrison <mask>, born March 10, 1911, Punxsutawney, Pa., and died March 21, 1983, Syracuse, New York. Donald with E. Ruth (Loke) had five children, Thomas G<mask>, Dennis G<mask>, Frank W<mask>, Craig W<mask> and Christine E<mask>. See also
Civil Rights Movement
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Greensboro sit-ins

 Books Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years Of The St. Louis Committee Of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947-1957 by Mary Kimbrough and Margaret W. Dagen, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000.The dedication page to Victory Without Violence reads: "To <mask> <mask>, whose voice sounded the call to action. And to the memory of the members of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality who pursued a quiet but determined crusade for human rights. "Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of The Civil Rights Movement by James Farmer, 1985, Plume Book, New American Library. Frazier, Nishani (2017). Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism. University of Arkansas Press. .

 Miscellaneous sources PERSONAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE, The City of New York, Department of Personnel, 4 pages, completed by <mask> <mask>; undated but contains these years and cities of residence: 1931 Jamestown, N.Y.; 1931-1941 Rochester, N.Y.; 1941-1945 Chicago, Ill; 1945-1946 Chicago and Detroit; 1946-1949 St. Louis, Mo. ; 1953-1956 Chicago, Ill.; 1956–present Brooklyn, N.Y. (Note: <mask> was still living in Brooklyn, New York when she died in May 1966.Ledger No.5281 Union Card expires December 31, 1942, Sister <mask> <mask>, Warehousemen, Loaders, Stackers and Graders, Local 688...of the I.B. of T.C.W. and H. of A. affiliated with the A. F. of L. and Honorable Withdrawal Card of Bernice <mask>, Local No. 688, is dated 9 May 1949 are in the possession of Frank W<mask>.Unacknowledged Leaders: Sarah Lawrence Conference, Sisters in Struggle, Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 8 March 2003; Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 11 November 2002.Oral Histories, The Reminiscences of George Houser, James R. Robinson and Marvin Rich in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.United Federation of Teachers newspaper, UFT Expands Union Organizing Staff page 5; my copy has only pages 5 through 8 and doesn't give the date of publication, but it contains the page 5 story, and board meeting minutes of Nov. 4 and 16, 1964 on page 8. There is much discussion by Farmer and Houser on the founding of CORE in several issues of Fellowship
magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues). Participants in a conference on Oct. 22 1992, "Erasing the Color Line in the North," attended by both Houser and Farmer, agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and <mask> <mask>. James Farmer, in his book Lay Bare The Heart'', discusses "CORE IS BORN" (Chapter 10)He mentions Bob "Chino" (the Hispanic nickname for a Chinese man, by which he was widely known), and Hugo Victoreen as well as George Houser, Bernice <mask>, Jimmy Robinson, Joe Guinn, Homer Jack and himself as participants when the organization CORE was formed.Bernice became secretary and Jimmy became treasurer. The Wisconsin Historical Society is home to a large collection of the papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706

An extensive oral history collection related to the Congress of Racial Equality is kept at Howard University, Washington, DC 20059. Interviews can be found online here. The University of Texas at Austin retains the papers of James and Lula Farmer. These contain material related to <mask> <mask>. The inventory of the archive is available online here. References

1916 births
1966 deaths
People from Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
American civil rights activists
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni

masks:
Elsie Bernice Fisher
Fisher
Bernice Fisher
Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
) Fisher
Fisher
. Fisher
. Fisher
. Fisher
. Fisher
. Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Fisher
. Fisher
Bernice
Fisher
Fisher
Bernice
Fisher


title: Robbie Fowler

texts:
<mask> (born 9 April 1975) is an English football manager and former player, who most recently managed East Bengal in the Indian Super League. As a player he was a striker, and is the seventh-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. He is best known for his time at Liverpool, initially from 1993 to 2001. He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, earning the nickname "God" from the Anfield fans, and he remains Liverpool's top scorer in the Premier League. He subsequently played for Leeds United and Manchester City, before returning to Liverpool in January 2006. He moved to Cardiff City eighteen months later. He played there for a year before transferring to Blackburn Rovers on a short-term deal.In December 2008, he departed Blackburn and played in Australia with North Queensland Fury and Perth Glory. In 2011, he joined Thai side Muangthong United as a player, but later was appointed player-manager, which he remained until his retirement in 2012. He was capped for England 26 times, scoring 7 goals. <mask> was included in England's squads for Euro 1996, Euro 2000 and the 2002 World Cup. Socially aware, <mask> showed support for the Liverpool dockers' strike during a goal celebration in 1997 where he unveiled a t-shirt which incorporated the Calvin Klein "CK" into the word doCKer. Early life
<mask> was born in Toxteth, Liverpool, and brought up in the inner city area of Liverpool. At this time he was known as Robert Ryder, his mother's surname.He lived in Toxteth at the time of the 1981 Toxteth riots, when he was six years old. As a youngster he supported Everton F.C. He played regularly for schoolboy team Thorvald, and once scored 16 times in a 26–0 rout. Club career

Liverpool

Despite growing up as an Everton fan, <mask>'s career began with Liverpool. He signed as a youth team player on leaving school in the summer of 1991, signing professional terms on his 17th birthday, 9 April 1992. <mask>'s first involvement with the Liverpool first team came on 13 January 1993, when he was an unused substitute in an FA Cup third round tie against Bolton Wanderers. In the following close season, <mask> helped the England under-18 team win the 1993 European Championship, before making a scoring first-team debut in Liverpool's 3–1 win in a first round League Cup tie at Fulham on 22 September 1993.<mask> scored all five goals in the second leg at Anfield two weeks later, making him the fourth player in Liverpool's history to score five in a senior fixture. He scored his first league hat-trick against Southampton in only his fifth league game. His very first league goal for the Reds had come on 16 October 1993, when an 87th-minute equaliser at home to struggling Oldham Athletic saved the Reds from what would have been one of the biggest Premier League shocks of the season, with a last gasp own goal giving Liverpool a 2–1 win. He scored twice in a thrilling 3–3 draw at Tottenham Hotspur on 18 December. His first 13 games for the club yielded 12 goals, and he was rewarded with an England Under-21 debut against San Marino in November 1993, in which he scored England's opening goal in the third minute. <mask> was unable to sustain his goal-a-game ratio throughout the season, but finished his first season as the club's second top scorer with 18 goals in all competitions, Ian Rush had scored 19. It was, however, a disappointing season for Liverpool, as they finished eighth in the Premier League without making an impact in any of the major competitions, though the departure of Graeme Souness as manager and the appointment of Roy Evans as successor built up hope for a brighter future at Anfield after the disappointment of the first two FA Premier League seasons.Success and fame
During the 1994–95 season <mask> was a constant member of the Liverpool side, playing in all of their 57 competitive matches, including the victory in the 1995 League Cup final, and a match against Arsenal in which he scored what was then the Premier League's second-fastest hat-trick ever, in four minutes and 33 seconds. His record stood for twenty years until broken by Sadio Mané on 16 May 2015 for Southampton against Aston Villa, who scored three goals in two minutes and 56 seconds. He scored braces against Aston Villa, Ipswich Town, Chelsea and Norwich City in the league that season. <mask> was voted the PFA Young Player of the Year in two consecutive years in 1995 and 1996, a feat also achieved only by Ryan Giggs, Wayne Rooney and Dele Alli. Throughout the mid and late 1990s, <mask> was widely considered to be the most natural finisher playing in England. <mask> sealed this reputation as he scored more than 30 goals for three consecutive seasons, up to 1997. He remains the only player to have scored 30 plus goals in his first three full seasons in England scoring 98 goals with a total of 116 in just over three years.<mask>'s partnership with Steve McManaman was largely described as the reason why Liverpool had become the club known for being the most potent attacking force in England at the time, and <mask> was renowned for scoring goals of all varieties, from every angle and distance, with McManaman describing him as the "greatest goalscorer of all time". Stan Collymore, <mask>'s regular strike partner for two seasons from 1995, said in his autobiography that <mask> was the best player he has ever played alongside. <mask> and Collymore were among the most prolific goal-scoring strike partnerships in England during the 1995–96 season, with £8.4million signing Collymore replacing the veteran Ian Rush as <mask>'s regular partner in attack after his arrival in June 1995. In the same season, he scored twice in a 4–3 victory over Newcastle United, a match voted the best of the decade in a Premier League poll. The match helped prevent Newcastle from winning the league, but it was not enough for Liverpool to clinch the title; they finished third while Manchester United were crowned champions. <mask> also played in his first FA Cup final that season, but was on the losing side as Manchester United won 1–0. He had scored four goals against United in the league that season, scoring twice in a 2–2 draw at Old Trafford on 1 October 1995, and twice in a 2–0 win at Anfield on 16 December.<mask> received a call-up to the full England squad and won his first cap on 27 March 1996 as a substitute in a friendly against Bulgaria. His first start at international level was against Croatia which was the England game following his substitute appearance. <mask> was part of the England squad for Euro 1996, making two appearances in the tournament. On 14 December 1996, he scored four against Middlesbrough, including his hundredth for Liverpool. This meant he reached a century of goals one game quicker than his first strike partner, Ian Rush, in just 165 games. That year, he also won a UEFA Fair Play award for denying that he had been fouled by Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman at Highbury after a penalty had been given. After unsuccessfully trying to persuade the referee to change his decision about the penalty, <mask> took it tamely and Seaman saved.However, Seaman failed to hold on to the ball and Jason McAteer scored from the rebound. Although many people believe that he deliberately took the penalty kick poorly for reasons of fair play, <mask> said at the time: "As a goalscorer it's part of my job to take it and I wanted to score it. I tried to score. I never missed on purpose. It just happened, it was a bad penalty." Spice Boys
<mask> was part of a group of Liverpool players from the mid-1990s who were dubbed "The Spice Boys" by the press following a series of off-field controversies. The term was coined by the Daily Mail, and arose due to misplaced rumours that <mask> was dating Spice Girl Emma Bunton.The term was subsequently used in a derogatory manner, implying <mask> and colleagues such as Jamie Redknapp, Stan Collymore, David James and Steve McManaman were underachieving playboys. Still, Liverpool were top of the Premier League by Christmas 1996. By the end of January, however, they had been leapfrogged by Manchester United, who remained top for the rest of the season. <mask>'s performance in the 1997–98 football season was marred by an anterior cruciate (knee) ligament injury that kept him out of action for half of the season and caused him to miss the 1998 World Cup. During this period of injury, fellow Liverpool striker, Michael Owen rose to prominence, making his debut in 1997. Owen established himself in the Liverpool team in <mask>'s absence and played alongside him when <mask> regained his fitness. In 1999, <mask> was fined £60,000 by his club for bringing the game into disrepute.While celebrating his goal against Liverpool's Merseyside rivals, Everton, <mask> used the white line of the penalty area to simulate cocaine use. Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier stated that this was a Cameroonian grass-eating celebration, learnt from teammate Rigobert Song. Defending himself, <mask> later said this was a response to Everton fans who had insulted him with false accusations of drug abuse. <mask> received a four-match suspension from the FA for this incident. At the same FA disciplinary hearing, <mask> received a further two-match suspension due to a separate incident in which he had homophobically taunted the Chelsea defender Graeme Le Saux by waving his backside at him as Le Saux's wife and children watched from the stands. <mask> later attempted to justify his actions by suggesting his taunts were simply an extension of gamesmanship. The FA imposed a £32,000 fine and a six-match ban for the two incidents.While <mask> sent a "letter of apology " to Le Saux for the incident, Le Saux retained that it was "not an apology". Winning the cup treble
The 2000–01 season was <mask>'s most successful season. He scored 17 goals, appeared in three finals, and lifted three trophies in a unique cup treble. In the absence of Jamie Redknapp, who was sidelined by injury, <mask> was named as Liverpool captain when he started. However he found himself the third-choice Liverpool striker, with Houllier favouring a forward partnership of Michael Owen and Emile Heskey. He took part in a fourth-round League Cup hammering of Stoke City, scoring a hat-trick in an 8–0 victory, which was second only to the club's biggest ever win in 1986 – a 10–0 defeat of Fulham. In the League Cup final against Birmingham City, the club's first cup final since 1996, he captained the side and scored in the 30th minute.Liverpool went on to win the trophy on penalties, with <mask> scoring Liverpool's fifth in the shootout. <mask> picked up the Alan Hardaker Man of the Match award and lifted the trophy. <mask>'s season picked up from there as he scored several important goals including one against runaway champions Manchester United and a free kick in the FA Cup semi-final against Wycombe Wanderers. <mask> featured as a substitute in the 2001 FA Cup Final coming on as a 77th-minute replacement for Vladimír Šmicer. Liverpool, who were 1–0 down at that point, eventually won the game 2–1 with two goals from Owen. <mask> raised the trophy along with Sami Hyypiä and Jamie Redknapp. Four days later he was a substitute again in Liverpool's third final, the 2001 UEFA Cup Final against Deportivo Alavés.He came on in the 64th minute for Heskey with the score at 3–3. He scored seven minutes later but Alavés equalised before full-time and Liverpool eventually won with a golden goal, an own goal, in the 116th minute. <mask> and Hyypiä then raised Liverpool's third trophy of the season together. Liverpool's next and final game of the season was against Charlton Athletic and <mask> scored twice in a 4–0 victory at The Valley that assured them UEFA Champions League qualification for the next season. Liverpool departure
<mask> began the 2001–02 season controversially, after being dropped by the then manager Gérard Houllier from the Liverpool squad for the 2001 Charity Shield match, following a training ground confrontation with assistant manager Phil Thompson. He made an appearance in Liverpool's 3–2 European Super Cup victory over Bayern Munich, but starts were intermittent. In October 2001, he scored his first league hat-trick for three years, helping Liverpool beat Leicester City 4–1, but was dropped for the following league match.Though <mask> had been on a contract extension from 1999 (unlike Steve McManaman – who exercised his Bosman entitlement the very same year), <mask> was linked to Lazio, Arsenal and Leeds United, and Liverpool's management as well as fans and the media constantly reported that what happened with McManaman (regarded as a huge financial loss) would never be repeated and thus the club never rejected those bids without consideration. This meant that coupled with <mask>'s relationship with Houllier, speculation over <mask>'s future persisted for most of Houllier's tenure and became an issue that divided Liverpool fans. His last appearance for Liverpool was against Sunderland, in which he was substituted at half-time. Leeds United
Despite his popularity with Liverpool fans, who referred to <mask> as "God", Michael Owen and Emile Heskey had established themselves as Liverpool's regular strike partnership, leaving <mask> on the fringes of the first team. This, along with his difficult relationship with Houllier, made him seek regular first team football away from Anfield in the form of a £12 million move to Leeds United. <mask> maintains that Houllier forced him out of Liverpool, and accused Houllier of pressuring the Liverpool Echo newspaper to use its influence to

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title: Robbie Fowler

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 turn opinion against him. The transfer went ahead just one month after his hat-trick at Leicester.He made his Leeds debut in an away game against Fulham in December 2001, the same ground where he had made his Liverpool debut eight years earlier. <mask> scored 12 goals in the remainder of the season, helping Leeds to a UEFA Cup qualifying place. <mask> was included in the England squad for the 2002 World Cup, but only made one appearance, coming on as a substitute in a second-round win over Denmark. <mask> suffered an aggravation of a pre-existing hip injury in the 2002–03 pre-season, and did not recover until December. Struggling to gain fitness, and seeing teammates sold off due to a financial crisis, <mask>'s form and market value diminished. It was despite this decrease in form that he still, in total, scored 15 goals in 31 appearances for Leeds; achieving an impressive strike rate of just less than one goal every two games. In 2002–03, Leeds finished 15th in the Premier League and a severe financial crisis was developing.Manchester City
In the 2002–03 season, <mask> was transferred to Manchester City following a protracted transfer saga. <mask> initially turned down the move and a dispute between Manchester City manager Kevin Keegan and chairman David Bernstein over whether the transfer should take place due to medical concerns resulted in Bernstein leaving the club. Following encouragement from Keegan, <mask> finally signed for Manchester City on 16 January 2003 for an initial fee of £3 million and a further £3 million dependent upon appearances. Bizarre transfer conditions meant Leeds United still paid a significant proportion of <mask>'s wages. <mask> made his Manchester City debut against West Bromwich Albion on 1 February 2003, but made a poor start to his Manchester City career, scoring just two goals in the remainder of the season. <mask> continued to struggle with fitness problems in the 2003–04 season, completing the full 90 minutes only nine times, however, he did score against his old club, Liverpool, in a 2–2 draw at home. The arrival of close friend Steve McManaman from Real Madrid gave <mask> hope, but the pair failed to rekindle their prolific partnership from their time at Liverpool, and received criticism from the fans and tabloids for their salaries and alleged excesses; they were named and shamed in a sex scandal covered by the News of the World that year.Despite the slump, <mask> rallied for the following campaign, and showed a marked improvement in the second half of the 2004–05 season, scoring his 150th Premiership goal in the 3–2 win over Norwich City on 28 February 2005. However, his failure to convert a 90th-minute penalty kick against Middlesbrough's Mark Schwarzer in the final game of the season prevented Manchester City from gaining a place in the UEFA Cup. Despite this, <mask> ended the season as the club's joint top goal scorer and gained the approval of the fans, finishing in the top three in the fans' Player of the Year poll. <mask> later described this as "one of the proudest achievements of my career". <mask> had injury problems at the start of the 2005–06 season and rarely featured when fit, making just two substitute appearances in the first four months of the season. His first start of the season came against Scunthorpe United in the FA Cup on 7 January 2006, in which he scored a hat-trick. The following week he scored Manchester City's third goal in their 3–1 win against local rivals Manchester United after coming on as a substitute.However, <mask> made only one more appearance for Manchester City before returning to Liverpool on a free transfer. Return to Liverpool

On 27 January 2006, <mask> rejoined Liverpool from Manchester City on a free transfer, signing a contract until the end of the season. <mask> had remained a Liverpool fan after he left the club; he was in the Istanbul crowd when Liverpool won the Champions League in 2005. Liverpool fans were delighted to learn that <mask> had returned; there were large banners in the game against Birmingham City which read 'God – number eleven, welcome back to heaven', with 'God' being <mask>'s nickname while he was previously at Liverpool. <mask>'s return against Birmingham City in February 2006 was labelled by the tabloid press as the stuff of fairytales, and he said he felt like "a kid waking up on Christmas morning every day". <mask>'s first appearance back at Anfield was as a substitute against Birmingham, receiving a standing ovation upon his introduction. After his return, he had three goals ruled out for offside, before finally getting off the mark on 15 March 2006 in a home game against Fulham, the same opponents against which he scored his first-ever goal for Liverpool 13 years earlier.<mask>'s next Liverpool goal, against West Bromwich Albion, meant he overtook Kenny Dalglish in the club's all-time top scorers. His resurgence continued as he marked his 31st birthday with a goal against Bolton Wanderers. He made it four goals in five games when he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers on 16 April 2006. However, <mask>'s fitness remained a concern. In March 2006, manager Rafael Benítez commented on <mask>'s work and progress by saying, "to buy a <mask> who is fit and scoring goals would cost a lot, maybe £10m or more". Despite concerns about his fitness, <mask> finished the 2005–06 season scoring on a more consistent basis than Liverpool's other strikers. In May 2006 he was offered a new one-year contract with the club, and celebrated by scoring the first goal in Liverpool's last league game of the season in a 3–1 away win at Portsmouth.It was his final game of the season as he was unable to take part in the club's FA Cup Final success due to being cup-tied. <mask> featured rarely in his final Liverpool season, making only six league starts. Bizarrely, all three of his League goals were penalties against Sheffield United. One of these was in the away game on the opening day of the season, and the other two in the reverse fixture at Anfield. Appearances in other competitions were more common due to Rafael Benítez's squad rotation policy. On 25 October 2006 <mask> was named as Liverpool's captain for the first time since his return in a League Cup tie against Reading, scoring just before half-time in a 4–3 win. On 5 December, <mask> scored his first two goals in the UEFA Champions League competition proper against Galatasaray (he had previously scored during a qualifying tie some six years prior against FC Haka), though Liverpool lost 3–2.On 1 May 2007, he was a substitute in the Champions League semi-final against Chelsea, brought on in the last few minutes of extra-time. He set up an attack for Dirk Kuyt but the shot went straight at the Chelsea goalkeeper. The match went into a penalty shoot-out that Liverpool won. <mask> was due to take the fifth and final spot-kick, but the game had already ended when Kuyt slotted home his winning penalty. In what transpired to be his last appearance for the club, against Charlton Athletic on 13 May, <mask> was given the captain's armband one final time. He was substituted two minutes from the final whistle and given a standing ovation. He finished his second run as a Liverpool player with a UEFA Champions League runners-up medal, although he was not named in either the starting eleven or the seven substitutes.He became a free agent on 1 July having scored 183 goals in 369 appearances during his two spells at the club. Cardiff City
On 21 July 2007 <mask> signed a two-year contract to play for Cardiff City. He missed the season's opening fixtures due to a lack of fitness, making his debut in a League Cup tie on 28 August. He scored his first two Cardiff goals on 22 September against Preston North End, scoring with two headers. <mask> scored twice in his next game, a third round League Cup tie against West Brom, which Cardiff won 4–2. This led to a fourth round tie against <mask>'s former club Liverpool, at Anfield, to which even the Liverpool faithful crowd urged <mask> to score seeing that it may be the last time he would play in Anfield but Cardiff were knocked out in a 2–1 defeat. In November, <mask> travelled to Frankfurt, Germany to see Dr. Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Wohlfahrt, a specialist sports injuries doctor, to try and resolve a recurring hip problem that had left him lacking fitness in early season fixtures for the Bluebirds.The treatment involved taking around twenty-eight injections into his hip. He returned to full training in late November and made his comeback on 15 December as a late substitute in a 1–0 defeat against Bristol City. However he went on to suffer another injury blow just days later after a mistimed tackle in training from club captain Darren Purse left him with damaged ankle ligaments. Due to the new injury blow Cardiff and <mask> made plans for him to go to Colorado, United States to undergo keyhole surgery on the hip problem, which had plagued him in recent seasons, in the hope that it would finally resolve the problem. On 17 January 2008, it was announced that <mask> could miss the rest of the 2007–08 season for Cardiff after his hip operation revealed that the injury was worse than previously thought. Surgeons were forced to perform a micro-fracture for the hip to heal properly. Despite this, he attempted to make a comeback at the end of the season to play in the FA Cup final against Portsmouth and was included in the 18-man match squad.He did not feature in the game in and thus did not receive a runners-up medal having not made an appearance in the competition. Blackburn Rovers
<mask> was offered a new pay-as-you-play contract with Cardiff for the 2008–09 season in May 2008 and was expected to sign the contract. However, he pulled out of the deal, preferring to accept an offer of a trial at Blackburn Rovers from former Liverpool colleague Paul Ince. The move left Cardiff manager Dave Jones and chairman Peter Ridsdale furious after the club had assisted <mask>'s rehabilitation throughout the summer. After training with Blackburn and appearing in a handful of friendlies he was offered a six-month deal by the club to last until January, but <mask> turned down the deal due to it being a shorter offer than the previous one he had rejected at Cardiff. After turning down the offer, <mask> made a shock enquiry about returning to Cardiff on the deal he had originally turned down, prompting anger from supporters and a swift "no thanks" from the club. <mask> concluded the trial period at Blackburn by agreeing to a three-month pay-as-you-play deal.He stated that he was eager to return to the Premier League and that his pre-existing relationship with Ince would not earn him any preferential treatment. He made his first appearance against Everton in a 1–0 win in the League Cup on 24 September. With a month left on his contract at Blackburn, <mask> received interest from League Two side Grimsby Town. <mask>, a friend of then Grimsby manager Mike Newell had held talks at Blundell Park over a possible Player/Coach role with the club. His three-month deal at Blackburn expired on 12 December 2008, and after not being offered a new contract was released by the club, he entered talks with new Australian A-League club North Queensland Fury. North Queensland Fury

<mask> signed with the North Queensland Fury on 4 February 2009 and became their inaugural marquee player; with his family relocating to Townsville for the 2009–10 season of the Australian A-League. It was an important signing for the new franchise who struggled to sign a marquee player, while some questioned whether <mask> would be able to cope with the heat and humidity of North Queensland.<mask> made his debut in July 2009 in a 2–1 pre-season loss against Wolverhampton Wanderers in Perth after recovering from groin and hip complaints. <mask> was subsequently named North Queensland Fury's captain for the 2009–10 season and the first  in the club's history. He scored his first A-League goal from a penalty kick in his club's first competitive match against Sydney FC on Saturday 8 August 2009. In rounds four, five, and six <mask> scored Solo's Hyundai A-League Goal of the Week. Shortly after his arrival in Australia, it was reported in the British media that <mask> would be making a swift return to his homeland and sign for League One side Tranmere Rovers, who had just appointed <mask>'s former Liverpool teammate John Barnes as manager. However, <mask> was quick to dismiss talk of a quick return to England. When Barnes was dismissed three months later, it was reported that Tranmere had approached <mask> about becoming player-manager, but these reports too were dismissed.Controversy erupted around <mask> after he reportedly refused to play against the Brisbane Roar on 23 January after being named on the interchange bench for the clash. He, however, returned to the starting line up for two of the last three games of the season. <mask> ended the season collecting a hat-trick of awards at the club's end-of-season awards night, he was awarded the club's Player of the Year, Players' Player of the Year and the Golden Boot as top goal scorer. On 15 June 2010, <mask> confirmed that he was taking legal action over the ending of his playing contract with North Queensland Fury. He was suing the Fury and Football Federation Australia, which took over the running of the club. Perth Glory
On 27 April 2010, it was announced that <mask> had agreed to become part of Glory's squad for the 2010–11 A-League season. <mask> reportedly ignored offers from Middle East clubs as well as

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title: Robbie Fowler

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 Sydney FC to play in Perth.He joined the Glory for pre-season training in mid-June, following World Cup sponsorship commitments. <mask> scored his first goal for Perth on 29 August, a penalty against Melbourne Heart. He followed this up with a headed goal the following week against the Wellington Phoenix. In the following match, <mask>'s hat-trick gave the Glory a 3–1 victory against Melbourne Victory at the Dairy Farmers Stadium in Townsville. <mask> ended the year as top scorer for the club. Later career
On returning to England, <mask> briefly worked with League One side Milton Keynes Dons on an ad hoc basis to assist the club's coaching staff. On 7 April 2011, Bury confirmed that <mask> would join their coaching staff for a week to assist Richie Barker.<mask> then briefly coached Liverpool's strikers in April 2011. On 7 July 2011, <mask> agreed to play with Muangthong United, signing a one-year contract. In a press conference he stated that the weather conditions of Nonthaburi should not be a problem as he had played in Townsville and Perth. He was quickly a hit with Muangthong fans and the Thai public in general; he attended Thailand's World Cup Qualifier against Oman wearing the national team's shirt. He has since played a handful of scoreless games, both at the Yamaha Stadium and on the road in the AFC Cup, until the Twin Qilins were eliminated from the competition by Al-Kuwait. After the sacking of Henrique Calisto as head coach, <mask> was made player/coach. On 16 October 2011, after 250 minutes of play, <mask> scored his first goal for MTU against Chiangrai.He scored his 250th club career goal on 21 December 2011 against TTM Phichit. On 28 February 2012, <mask> announced he had left the club following Slavisa Jokanovic's appointment as coach. On 1 March 2012, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that <mask> was training with the Seasiders and that he could earn a deal until the end of the season. However, they could not agree a deal and <mask> decided against signing when Karl Oyston offered the striker £100 a week with £5,000 for every first-team appearance. On 22 September 2012, <mask> announced that he is "all but retired from professional football." He said this on the television show Soccer AM. In an interview in March 2013, he said that he was "not officially retired" and would "jump at the opportunity to play again."<mask> has also stated in other interviews that he is currently completing his coaching licences. <mask> was on a six-man shortlist and interviewed for the vacant manager's job at Conference side Macclesfield Town in May 2013, but caretaker manager John Askey was eventually appointed on a full-time basis. <mask> featured in Steven Gerrard's testimonial match against Olympiacos F.C. on 3 August 2013. He came off the bench in the 73rd minute to a warm reception from Liverpool fans, but failed to score a goal. On 21 April 2014, <mask> also featured in a charity match to commemorate the lives of the 96 Liverpool fans who died in the Hillsborough Disaster. <mask> scored both goals for his team in a 2–2 draw.On 2 January 2015, <mask> tweeted "Gutted about Steven, but what an unbelievable player... I'm officially hanging my boots up as from now...A sad day for me" and so officially announced his retirement. In May 2016, it was revealed that <mask> would return to the pitch to play for England in Soccer Aid, a charity football match in aid of UNICEF, alongside Jamie Carragher. International career
<mask> earned his first cap for England on 27 March 1996, coming on as a 76th-minute substitute in the 1–0 friendly win against Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium. On 24 April, he won his second cap and made his first start for England in the 0–0 draw with Croatia. Despite only having 3 caps to his name, England manager Terry Venables selected <mask> in his 22-man squad for Euro 1996. <mask> went on to make two substitute appearances in the tournament, featuring in the 4–1 win against the Netherlands in the final group game, and in the 0–0 draw against Spain in the quarter-finals, a game England won on penalties.<mask> did not feature during England's qualifying campaign for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, mainly due to a serious knee ligament injury late in the 1997–98 season, and thus missed out on Glenn Hoddle's 22-man squad for the tournament. He did, however, manage to score his first goal for his country on 29 March 1997, netting the second goal in a 2–0 friendly win against Mexico at Wembley Stadium. A second goal followed in his next cap on 15 November, netting just before half-time in the 2–0 friendly win against Cameroon. On 9 June 1999, <mask> played in his first competitive game for England in nearly three years, starting in the 1–1 draw with Bulgaria during Euro 2000 qualifying. Kevin Keegan named <mask> in the preliminary squad for Euro 2000, and after featuring in the three warm-up games against Brazil, Ukraine, and Malta, he was named in the final squad on 1 June 2000. <mask> did not play in the tournament as England were eliminated in the group stages. <mask> scored his fourth goal for England on 25 May 2001, netting the second goal in the 4–0 friendly win against Mexico at Pride Park, Derby.On 5 September, he scored his first competitive goal for England in the 2–0 win against Albania at St James' Park, Newcastle. This was during qualifying for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. England qualified for the World Cup, and after scoring in friendlies against Italy and Cameroon, <mask> was selected in Sven-Göran Eriksson's 23-man squad for the tournament in South Korea and Japan. He didn't appear in any of England's group matches, but on 15 June 2002, he came on as a second-half substitute in the 3–0 win against Denmark in the Round of 16. This turned out to be <mask>'s last cap for his country. He won a total of 26 caps for England and scored 7 goals. Managerial career

Muangthong United
On 1 October 2011, <mask> was appointed as the manager of Muangthong United, where he was already an existing player.Muangthong had taken action and sacked Henrique Calisto; a statement made by the club read, "The board have appointed <mask> as the acting head coach and have terminated the contract of Portuguese boss Henrique Calisto. The contract is until the end of the season and the team must adapt to long-term goals if it is to succeed in Asia", thus making <mask> player-manager. In October 2013, it was announced that <mask> would be taking up a coaching role with Liverpool's academy. On 9 September 2014, it was reported that <mask> had applied for the vacant managerial role at his former club Leeds United. Brisbane Roar
On 23 April 2019, it was announced by Australian Hyundai A-League club Brisbane Roar that <mask> had signed a two-year contract to act as the club's new head coach ahead of the forthcoming 2019–20 season. Upon his appointment, it was also announced that Tony Grant and Darren Davies would be joining his coaching staff, with Davies having acted as caretaker manager prior to <mask>'s arrival. To mark the managerial contrast, Brisbane announced a major clear-out during the off-season, where fourteen senior players were released, notably marquee player Eric Bautheac.<mask> then made his first signing as a manager in June, when Roy O'Donovan signed from Newcastle United Jets. <mask>'s first competitive match in charge came in a 2–0 thriller, which ended in Brisbane's favour against reigning A-League champions Sydney on 7 August in the FFA Cup. Independently, <mask> won the league's Coach of the Month accolade for January and February 2020. With play halted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic for the past three months, <mask> announced his decision to leave the club, stating that he was unwilling to be apart from his family; he and Grant had returned to England in March. East Bengal
On 9 October 2020, Indian Super League side SC East Bengal announced the signing of <mask> as their new manager. Under him they collected seventeen points from first eighteen league fixtures and were placed ninth of eleven. All India Football Federation's (AIFF) disciplinary committee issued a four-match ban and a substantial fine of  against <mask> during the 2020–21 season, for involvement in a verbal disagreement with the match officials and league organizers after their match with FC Goa.Style of play
A prolific goal-scorer, <mask> was a quick and opportunistic striker, with good technical ability. Although naturally left-footed, he possessed an accurate, powerful shot from both inside and outside the area with both feet; he was also effective in the air. Despite his reputation as a "goal-poacher", he was also a creative forward, capable of linking up well with other players, and laying off the ball to other strikers. Despite his talent, he was also known to be injury-prone throughout his career. Sponsorship
In his playing career, <mask> was sponsored by the sportswear company Nike, and appeared in Nike commercials. In 1997 he starred in Nike's "Park Life" commercial (set to the tune "Parklife" by Blur) where a group of amateur pub league players playing football at Hackney Marshes in east London are suddenly joined by top Premier League footballers, including <mask>, Eric Cantona and Ian Wright. In 2000, "Park Life" ranked number 15 in Channel 4's poll of the 100 Greatest TV Ads.Personal life
<mask> married wife Kerrie on 9 June 2001 in the town of Duns, Scottish Borders in Scotland. Together they have three daughters and one son. <mask> is a supporter of Liverpool F.C. and regularly attends matches at Anfield. He does media work for Abu Dhabi Sports Channel, Sky Sports and ITV. In association with long-term friend Steve McManaman, <mask> has invested in several racehorses through their company The Macca and Growler Partnership, most notably 2003 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Celebration Chase runner-up Seebald. In 2005, <mask> was listed as one of the 1,000 wealthiest Britons by the Sunday Times Rich List, with the paper estimating he has a property portfolio of more than 80, while his <mask> Sports Promotions company has been reported to have net assets of £1.58 million.Other business interests including a large property portfolio have resulted in <mask>'s net wealth totaling £28 million. This gave rise to the affectionate Manchester City Football Club chant, "We all live in a <mask> house", sung to the tune of "Yellow Submarine". On 2 September 2005, <mask> released a book called <mask>: My Autobiography, about his time as a footballer and the issues surrounding him. Since his transfer to Liverpool, he has updated it and included a section about his return to Anfield. Excerpts published in newspapers included criticism of the England management. In June 2008, <mask> participated alongside McManaman in Steve Nash and Claudio Reyna's Showdown in Chinatown, an 8-on-8 charity football game at Sara D. Roosevelt Park in Manhattan with McManaman making five of the goals, including one for <mask>. In 2011, <mask> and McManaman participated in a Select World XI against Chechen dictator Ramzan Kadyrov and his select XI in a public relations fundraiser in the war-torn nation's capital of Grozny.The match caused much press bewilderment in the western world, mainly due to Kadyrov's abysmal human rights record and known practices of torture and rape as weapons of rule. British press also cited the use of and payment of footballers to parade the event as particularly "evil", with The Guardian labelling it "Football's moment in Bed with Kadyrov". <mask> is a cousin of boxer and 2014 Commonwealth Games gold medallist <mask>. Career statistics

Club
Sources:

International
Sources:

International goals
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each <mask>'s goal. Managerial

Honours

Club
Liverpool
FA Cup: 2000–01
Football League Cup: 1994–95, 2000–01
UEFA Cup: 2000–01
UEFA Super Cup: 2001
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006–07

International
England U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1993

Individual
Premier League Player of the Month: December 1995, January 1996
PFA Young Player of the Year: 1995, 1996
UEFA Fair Play Award: 1997
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2001
North Queensland Fury Player of the Year: 2010
North Queensland Fury Golden Boot: 2010
North Queensland Fury Players' Player of the Year: 2010
Perth Glory Golden Boot: 2011

References

Bibliography

External links

 Goal.com profile
 <mask> player profile at liverpoolfc.com
 LFC History Profile
 England Record

1975 births
Footballers from Liverpool
Living people
English footballers
Association football forwards
Liverpool F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Manchester City F.C.players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Northern Fury FC players
Perth Glory FC players
<mask>
Premier League players
English Football League players
A-League Men players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
<mask>
UEFA Cup winning players
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Expatriate footballers in Thailand
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. non-playing staff
Bury F.C. non-playing staff
Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
<mask>
Brisbane Roar FC managers
<mask>
A-League Men managers
Expatriate football managers in Thailand
Expatriate soccer managers in Australia
English autobiographers
FA Cup Final

masks:
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
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Robbie Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
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Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
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Fowler
Fowler
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Fowler
Fowler
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Robbie Fowler
Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Fowler
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Anthony Fowler
Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler


title: Yannick Bolasie

texts:
<mask> (born 24 May 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish Süper Lig club Çaykur Rizespor. Born in Lyon, he has played in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle, Barnet, Bristol City, Crystal Palace, Everton and Aston Villa. <mask> has been capped at international level by the DR Congo national football team. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his career with Rushden & Diamonds at age 16. He spent four months as a member of their youth team and then had a spell with Hillingdon Borough in the Southern Football League before moving across Europe to play for Floriana in the Maltese Premier League. He returned to England in 2008 after being offered a trial with Plymouth Argyle and impressed enough to be offered a two-year contract. He joined Dagenham & Redbridge on trial with a view to a loan move before returning to Rushden & Diamonds on loan near the end of the year.He made his debut against Eastbourne Borough on 29 November, and made seven appearances in the Conference before returning to Argyle in January 2009. <mask> then joined Barnet on loan, making his Football League debut against Accrington Stanley on 24 January 2009. He scored his first goal two weeks later, opening the scoring in a 3–3 draw against Grimsby Town. <mask> returned to Argyle at the end of the 2008–09 season having made 20 league appearances for Barnet, scoring three goals. The club's manager, Ian Hendon, was keen to bring Bolasie back, but dismissed the chances of signing him permanently. Hendon said, "Yannick is still under contract at Plymouth, so it is likely that he will return there at the end of the season." He rejoined the Barnet squad in July 2009 ahead of the new season on a six-month loan, and hoped it would act as a springboard to winning a place in the Argyle first team.<mask> scored against Grimsby again in October 2009, capping a fine display with a fierce shot from 30 yards <mask> scored his second goal of the season three weeks later against Darlington, as Hendon's side maintained a place in the top half of the League Two table. Plymouth Argyle

Bolasie returned to Plymouth Argyle in January 2010, having made a further 22 league appearances for Barnet, scoring twice. He was given a chance to impress by Paul Mariner, who had succeeded Sturrock a month earlier, and included him in the squad to take on Barnsley on 13 February 2010. He made his debut for the club in that game, coming off the substitute bench to provide the momentum to turn a one nil deficit into a 3–1 win for the visitors. He scored his first goal for the club two weeks later at Sheffield United. The pacy winger, ended the season with 16 Championship appearances to his name, but could not prevent the club from being relegated to League One. <mask> was offered a new contract by the club in April 2010, and <mask> signed it in July after the arrival of Peter Reid as the club's new manager.Bristol City
<mask> was transferred to Bristol City on 6 June 2011 for an undisclosed fee and signed a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 win against Coventry City on 9 April 2012. Prior to the match against Barnsley later that month, <mask> was named Young Player of the Year by the Supporters Club and Trust after a fans vote. He submitted a written transfer request in August 2012 because he wanted to move back to London. Crystal Palace
In August 2012, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat at Middlesbrough, and scored his first goal for Palace in a 5–0 home win against Ipswich Town. He was an unused substitute for Palace in the 2013 Football League Championship play-off Final as the Eagles defeated Watford 1–0 to gain promotion to the Premier League for the 2013–14 season.<mask> made his Premier League debut as a substitute against Liverpool at Anfield on 5 October 2013. He was sent-off in the 78th minute of a 1–0 win at Hull City on 23 November 2013, and scored his first Premier League goal in a 3–2 win over Everton at Goodison Park on 21 September 2014. On 11 April 2015, <mask> scored an 11-minute hat-trick against Sunderland in a 4–1 win at the Stadium of Light, becoming the first Crystal Palace player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League. He signed a new three-and-a-half-year deal for Crystal Palace early in the 2015–16 season. Everton
On 15 August 2016, <mask> joined Everton for a reported £25 million transfer fee. He made his debut as a substitute in a 2–1 win away against West Bromwich Albion five days later, and three days after that made his first start for Everton, in a 4–0 EFL Cup win at home to Yeovil Town. <mask> sustained an injury to his right anterior cruciate ligament in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United on 4 December 2016, and was out injured until 26 December 2017.On 2 October 2020, manager Carlo Ancelotti said that although Bolasie was training well, he was not in his plans and was free to leave the club. He left the club in June 2021. Loans
<mask> signed for Aston Villa on a season-long loan in August 2018, but returned, early, the following January, before being loaned to Belgian side Anderlecht for the remainder of the 2018–19 season. In September 2019 he joined Portuguese club Sporting CP on loan for the 2019–20 season. On 28 January 2021, <mask> moved to EFL Championship club Middlesbrough, on a loan deal until the end of the season. He scored his first goal for Middlesbrough on 5 April 2021 in a 1–1 draw with Watford. Caykur Rizespor
In August 2021, <mask> moved to Turkey to join Süper Lig club Çaykur Rizespor.International career
<mask> was eligible to represent France, England and DR Congo internationally through birth, upbringing and heritage respectively. In January 2013 while playing in the Championship for Crystal Palace, <mask> rejected the chance to represent the DR Congo in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations claiming that he did not want to disrupt making progress in his club career. In March 2013, <mask> was again called up to the Democratic Republic of Congo squad, and made his international debut in a 2014 World Cup qualification 0–0 draw with Libya. <mask> was selected in the Congolese squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea. He scored the equaliser in their first group game, a 1–1 draw against Zambia at the Nuevo Estadio de Ebebiyín on 18 January. The team finished in third place. Personal life
His parents were born in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<mask> was born in the French city of Lyon, but moved to England when he was seven months old and grew up in the London borough of Brent. Lomana LuaLua, Kazenga LuaLua and Trésor Kandol are his cousins. His younger brother Ruddock Yala is a footballer, who played for Harrow Borough F.C., Grays Athletic F.C., Borehamwood F.C. and Maldon & Tiptree F.C. Bolasie holds an active interest in grime music. In 2014, he filmed a rap battle with fellow professional footballer Bradley Wright-Phillips for the long running grime DVD series Lord of the Mics. Career statistics

Club

International

DR Congo score listed first, score column indicates score after each Bolasie goal

Honours
Crystal Palace
Football League Championship play-offs: 2013
FA Cup runner-up: 2015–16

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2012–13 Championship

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Lyon
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
Citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo through descent
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
French footballers
Association football wingers
Rushden & Diamonds F.C.players
Hillingdon Borough F.C. players
Floriana F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Everton F.C.players
Aston Villa F.C. players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Sporting CP footballers
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Çaykur Rizespor footballers
Southern Football League players
Maltese Premier League players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Belgian First Division A players
Süper Lig players
Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate footballers
French expatriate footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in England
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Malta
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Malta
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Yannick Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
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Bolasie
Bolasie


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
<mask> (; sometimes spelled Awliya; 1238 – 3 April 1325), also known as <mask>, and Mahbub-e-Ilahi ( lit. "Beloved of God") was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, and is one of the most famous Sufis from the Indian Subcontinent. His predecessors were Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, and Moinuddin Chishti, who were the masters of the Chishti spiritual chain or silsila in the Indian subcontinent. <mask>, like his predecessors, stressed love as a means of realising God. For him his love of God implied a love of humanity. His vision of the world was marked by a highly evolved sense of religious pluralism and kindness. It is claimed by the 14th century historiographer Ziauddin Barani that his influence on the Muslims of Delhi was such that a paradigm shift was effected in their outlook towards worldly matters.People began to be inclined towards mysticism and prayers and remaining aloof from the world. it is also believed that Ghiyas-ud-din tughluq founder of Tughluq dynasty interacted with <mask>. Initially,they used to share good relationship but soon this got embittered and
relation between Ghiyas-ud-din tughluq and <mask> Auliya never been reformed due to opinion disharmony and their antagonism resulted regular disputes between them during that era. Life
<mask>  <mask> was born in Badayun, Uttar Pradesh (Also, spelled as Budaun, it is located near the Ganges river in the center of Western Uttar Pradesh). At the age of five, after the death of his father, Syed Abdullah bin Ahmad AlHussaini Badayuni, he came to Delhi with his mother, Bibi Zulekha. His biography finds mention in Ain-i-Akbari, a 16th-century document written by Mughal Emperor Akbar’s vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak. At the age of twenty, Nizāmuddīn went to Ajodhan (the present Pakpattan Sharif in Pakistan) and became a disciple of the Sufi saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar, commonly known as Baba Farid.Nizāmuddīn did not take up residence in Ajodhan but continued with his theological studies in Delhi while simultaneously starting the Sufi devotional practices and the prescribed litanies. He visited Ajodhan each year to spend the month of Ramadan in the presence of Baba Farid. It was on his third visit to Ajodhan that Baba Farid made him his successor. Shortly after that, when Nizāmuddīn returned to Delhi, he received news that Baba Farid had died. Nizāmuddīn lived at various places in Delhi, before finally settling down in Ghiyaspur, a neighbourhood in Delhi undisturbed by the noise and hustle of city life. He built his Khanqah here, a place where people from all walks of life were fed, where he imparted spiritual education to others and he had his own quarters. Before long, the Khanqah became a place thronged with all kinds of people, rich and poor alike.Many of his disciples achieved spiritual height, including Shaikh Nasiruddin Chirag Delhavi, and Amir Khusro, noted scholar/singer, and the royal poet of the Delhi Sultanate. He died on the morning of 3 April 1325. His shrine, the Nizamuddin Dargah, is located in Delhi. and the present structure was built in 1562. The shrine is visited by people of all faiths, through the year, though it becomes a place for special congregation during the death anniversaries, or Urs, of <mask> <mask> and Amīr Khusro, who is also buried at the Nizāmuddīn Dargāh. Key beliefs

Besides believing in the traditional Sufi ideas of embracing God within this life (as he was opposed to the idea that such partial merger with God is possible only after death), by destroying the ego and cleansing the soul, and that this is possible through considerable efforts involving Sufi practices, <mask> also expanded and practised the unique features introduced by past saints of the Chisti Sufi order in India. These included:
 Emphasis on renunciation and having complete trust in God.The unity of mankind and shunning distinctions based on social, economic and religious status. Helping the needy, feeding the hungry and being sympathetic to the oppressed. Strong disapproval of mixing with the Sultans, the princes and the nobles. Exhortation in making close contact with the poor and the downtrodden
 Adopting an uncompromising attitude towards all forms of political and social oppression. Adopting the permissibility of Sema. Holding the stance however that Sema is only permissible when musical instruments and dancing are not present. Holding the orthodox Sunni belief that musical instruments are prohibited.<mask> did not much bother about the theoretical aspects of Sufism, believing rather that it were the practical aspects that counted, as it was anyway not possible to describe the diversified mystical experiences called spiritual states or stations which a practicing Sufi encountered. He discouraged the demonstration of Keramat and emphasised that it was obligatory for the Auliya (which roughly means the friends of God) to hide the ability of Keramat from the commoners. He also was quite generous in accepting disciples. Usually whoever came to him saying that he wanted to become a disciple was granted that favour. This resulted in him being always surrounded by people from all strata of society. Ancestral history
Like many saints before him, <mask> Aulia traced his lineage from the family of Muhammad. Spiritual history

He was merely sixteen or seventeen years old when he first heard the name of Farīduddīn Ganjshakar, and feelings of love and respect arose in his heart right then.He narrates to his disciples that he never felt the same after hearing or even meeting any other Sufi. The love kept increasing like a burning fire. If his classmates would like to have some work out of him they used to invoke the name of Baba Farid, and he never refused anything asked in his name. He didn't feel the same for anyone else in his entire lifetime. He became his disciple after completing his studies at the age of 20. He visited him thrice in his lifetime. Students
He had more than 600 khalifas (a khalifa is a disciple who is given the authority to take his own disciples and thus propagate the spiritual lineage) who continued his lineage all over the world.Some of his most famous disciples are:

Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi
He was the spiritual successor of <mask> <mask>. He is considered fifth amongst the big five of the Chisti order in India (the others being Moinuddin Chishti, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, <mask> <mask>). His shrine is in Chirag Dilli, New Delhi, India. Amir Khusrow
He was the most loved disciple of his master. He was so close to his master that once Nizāmuddīn Auliyā' said, "If the sharī'ah allowed me I would have liked him to be buried with me in the same grave." It is said that he also said once that whoever comes to visit his grave must visit the grave of Amīr Khusro first and then his. He died within a few months of his master's death.He was buried at the feet of his master. His shrine is in Nizāmuddīn Dargāh, New Delhi. Qazi Qawam-Udeen Siddiqui
He was given the title Zubtadul Awliya and was a disciple of his master. He along with his father-in-law Qazi Sultan Zulqarni build Rohtak fort. His descendants are named Qawami Siddiquis and now number in thousands, all have migrated to Pakistan and can be found in Mirpur AK, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Multan. Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind
He was given the title of Āainae-Hind (Mirror of India) by Nizāmuddīn Auliyā' and lived with him for a long time. He was amongst the earliest disciples of Nizāmuddīn Auliyā', who sent him to Bengal.His shrine is at Pirana Pir Dargah, Malda City, Malda, West Bengal. Burhanuddin Gharib
He is also amongst the earliest disciples of <mask> <mask> and lived with the master until his death. After the death of <mask> <mask>, he went to the Deccan, and the place where he lived became famous thereby. His shrine is in Khuldabad in Maharashtra. Jalaluddin Peer Manik Bhandari
He is also amongst the earliest disciples (Khalifa)of <mask> Auliya Mehbub e Ilahi Delhi. He ran the Langar khana of <mask> <mask>. He went to the Deccan with Burhanuddin Gharib with 1400 palki, and became famous by the name of Bhandari.His shrine is in Fatehabad Taluka Gangapur District Aurangabad of Maharashtra. His Grand family is living in Aurangabad Maharashtra. And they are conducting Urs shareef every year continuously. His current Gaddi Nashin is Sufi Shaikh Tajuddin Chisty Bhandari & Nayab Sajjada Nashin is Sufi Shaikh

masks:
Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya
Harat Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin Auliya
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Auliya
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Auliya


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 Fayazuddin Chisty Bhandari (Tausif Jalal). Descendants
<mask> <mask> had one brother named Jamaluddin. He told him, "your descendants will be my descendants". Jamaluddin had one son named Ibrahim.He was nurtured by <mask> <mask> after Jamaluddin's death. <mask> <mask> sent his nephew to Bengal in Eastern India along with one of his disciples (khalifa) Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind, known as Aaina-e-Hind. Alaul Haq Pandavi (the master (Pir) of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani) became his disciple and khalifa. Ala-ul-Haq Pandwi married his sister-in-law (sister of Syed Badruddin Badr-e-Alam Zahidi) to Ibrahim. They had one son, Fariduddin Tavaela Bukhsh, who became a well known Chisti Sufi of Bihar. He was married to the daughter of Alaul Haq Pandavi. He became the khalifa of Noor Qutb-e-Aalam Padwi (the eldest son and spiritual successor of Alaul Haq Pandavi).His shrine is in Chandpura, Bihar Sharif, Bihar. Many of his descendants are well known Sufis, namely Moinuddin Sani,  Naseeruddin Sani,  Sultan Chisti Nizami,  Bahauddin Chisti Nizami,  Deewan Syed Shah Abdul Wahab (his shrine is in Choti Takiya, Biharsharif),  Sultan Sani, Amjad Hussain Chisti Nizami, among others. He spread Chisti Nizami order all over Northern India. Ijaza of his Silsila  (order) is present in all the existing khanqahs of Bihar. His descendants still reside in Bihar Sharif and can be found in many parts of the world. The current Sajjada Nasheen of Chillah of Usman Harooni is his direct descendant. Fariduddin Tavaela Bukhsh commemorated (originated) the Urs of Usman Harooni at his chillah in Belchi, Bihar Sharif (First Sajjada Nasheen).<mask> Aulia also had one sister named Bibi Ruqayya who is buried next to Bibi Zulekha, the mother of Khwaja <mask> Aulia in Adhchini village in Delhi. <mask> <mask> did not marry. He brought his Pir/Shaikh's grandson named Khwaja Muhammad Imam, who was the son of Bibi Fatima (daughter of Baba Farid and Badruddin is'haq) as mentioned in Seyrul Aulia book, Nizami bansari, The life and time of Khwaja <mask> Aulia by Khaliq Ahmed Nizami. Still the descendants of Khwaja Muhammad Imam are the caretakers of dargah sharif. The Chisti Nizami order

<mask> <mask> was the founder of the Chisti Nizami order. He had hundreds of disciples (khalifa) who had Ijaza (khilafat) from him to spread the order. Khuwaja Noman Nayyir Kulachvi (Khalifa e Majaz) Kulachi, Pakistan, Khalifa Omer Tarin Chishti-Nizami Ishq Nuri, Qalandarabad, Pakistan.Branches
The Chisti order branched out with <mask> Auliya to form the Chisti Nizami order. A parallel branch which started with Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, another disciple of Baba Farid, was the Chisti Sabiri branch. People started adding Nizami gracefully after their name. He spiritually made many great Sufis amongst his students, descendants and the Sufis of the Nizami order. The branches of the Chisti Nizami order are as follows:

Naseeria
His disciple Nasiruddin Muhammad Chirag-e-Dehli started the Nizamia Naseeria branch. Hussainia
The Hussainia branch is named for Syed Muhammad Kamaluddin Hussaini Gisudaraz Bandanawaz. He was the most famous and loved disciple of Nasiruddin Muhammad Chirag-e-Dehli.The khanqah he established in Gulbarga, Karnataka,  is still in existence. Fakhri
The "Fakhri" branch is named for Muhib Un Nabi Maulana Fakhr Ud Din Fakhr E Jahan Dehlvi, peer o murshid of Shah Niyaz Be Niyaz. Niyazia

Shah Niyaz Ahmad Barelvi, in the 19th century started the Niyazia branch. Serajia

The Nizamia Serajia branch was started by Serajuddin Aqi Seraj. This branch is also known as Chistia Serajia. Ashrafia
The Chistia Ashrafia  branch was started by Ashraf Jahangir Semnani. He established a khanqah, still in existence at Kichaucha sharif, Uttar Pradesh, India.Faridia
The Chistia Serajia Faridia order was started by Fariduddin Tavaelabukhsh, a descendant of <mask> <mask> and a Sufi of the Serajia branch of the Chisti order. This branch is also known as Nizamia Serajia Faridia. Ishq-Nuri
The Ishq Nuri order, branch of the main Chishti- Nizami, was founded by Shaikh Khwaja Khalid Mahmood Chishti sahib, in Lahore, Pakistan, in the 1960s. It is the most contemporary expression of this traditional Sufi lineage. It is mostly found in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, although now some followers are also to be found in the West. Lutfia
Silsila Chishtia-Nizamia-Lutfia was continued by Moulana Lutfullah Shah Dankouri. The disciples of this silsila are found in Pakistan, India, England, Canada and USA.During the short reign of Qutbu'd-Din Mubarak Shah

During the last years of 'Ala'u'd-Din's life, the intrigues of Malik Na'ib deprived Khizr Khan of succeeding legitimately to the throne. Malik Na'ib had Khizr Khan blinded and Qutbu'd-Din Mubarak Shah (1316–20), another claimant to the throne, narrowly escaped death. When Mubarak Shah ascended the throne he had Khizr Khan and the latter's brothers executed. Shaikh Nizamu'd-Din took no interest in political upheavals but could not escape the brunt of Sultan Mubarak Shah's fury for having made Khizr Khan his disciple. Speaking disparagingly of the Shaikh he began to hatch schemes against him. He prohibited his nobles from visiting Ghiyaspur. Mubarak Shah also constructed a mosque, the Masjid-i Miri, Where all the Sufis and 'ulama' were ordered to perform their prayers.The Shaikh refused to comply with the Sultan's orders, remonstrating that the mosque in his neighborhood had a greater claim on him. On the first day of each month, the entire religious community of Delhi, gathered at the palace to offer congratulations prayer to the Sultan. The Shaikh further angered the Sultan by sending a servant as his delegate. The Sultan threatened the Shaikh with serious consequences if he personally failed to pay homage. Refusing to heed the threat, the Shaikh quietly prayed at his mother's tomb and returned to his jama'at-khana. As the last day of the month approached, the capital was filled with anxiety, while the Shaikh himself remained calm. But the first day of the next month did not come for the Sultan.He was assassinated on the first night of Jumada II, 720/8 July 1320 by his favorite and protege, Khusraw Khan Barwar, who was later overthrown by Ghazi Malik who later came to be known as Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq. Urs
The Urs (death anniversary) of <mask> <mask> is celebrated at the Nizamuddin Dargah on the 17th-18th of Rabi II (Rabi-ul-Aaqir), and that of Amir Khusro on the 18th of Shawwal. In popular culture
Aulea-E-Islam, a 1979 Indian Muslim social film by A. Shamsheer pays tribute to various Islamic saints including <mask> <mask>, featuring a song "Nizamuddin Aulia" sung by Jani Babu Qawwal and written by Viqar Nagri. Arziyan, a qawwali in the film Delhi 6 (2009) composed by A. R. Rahman, is dedicated to <mask> <mask>. Kun Faya Kun a song in the film Rockstar (2011) is also dedicated to him, and was shot at the dargah. A famous Bangla song 'Nizamuddin Aulia" is dedicated to him on his historic return to Delhi. Further reading
 "Nizami Bansari" by Khwaja Hasan Nizami; also available in Urdu & Hindi by his successor Khwaja Hasan Sani Nizami
 The Life and Times of Shaikh Nizam-u'd-din <mask>, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami; Idarah-i Adabyat-i Delli, 1991.Nizam Ad-Din Awliya: Morals for the Heart, by Bruce B. Lawrence; 1991, Paulist Press. .
 Khwajah Nizamuddin Auliya, by Abdurrahman Mumin; Qazi Publishers and Distributors, 1998, . Sheikh <mask> Auliya, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami; National Book Trust, 2004, . The Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya, by Laxmi Dhaul; Pallee, Anoop Kamath, Rupa & Co., 2006. .
 Fawa'id al-Fu'ad : Spiritual and Literary Discourses of Shaikh <mask> Awliya. Originally Compiled by Amir Hasan 'Ala' Sijzi Dehlawi. English translation with introduction and historical annotation by Ziya-ul-Hasan Faruqi. New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 1996, 495 p. .

See also
 Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah
 Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
Ali Hujwiri
Moinuddin Chishti
Aaj Rang Hai
Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind
Alaul Haq Pandavi
Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

References

External links
 A website about <mask> Aulia
 The Life of <mask> Auliya
  <mask> Aulia at Moinuddin Chishti website

1238 births
1325 deaths
Chishtis
People from Budaun
People from Delhi
Indian people of Arab descent
Indian Sufi saints
13th-century Indian Muslims
13th-century Indian scholars
Hanafis
Maturidis
13th-century Indian philosophers
13th-century Indian people
14th-century Indian people
14th-century Indian philosophers
14th-century Indian

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin


title: Mary Fisher (activist)

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1948) is an American political activist, artist and author. After contracting HIV from her second husband, she has become an outspoken HIV/AIDS-activist for the prevention, education and for the compassionate treatment of people with HIV and AIDS. She is particularly noted for speeches before two Republican Conventions: Houston in 1992 and San Diego in 1996. The 1992 speech has been hailed as “one of the best American speeches of the 20th Century”. She is the founder of a non-profit organization to fund HIV/AIDS research and education, the <mask> Clinical AIDS Research and Education (CARE) Fund. Since May 2006, she has been a global emissary for the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Early life
<mask> was born Lizabeth Davis Frehling on April 6, 1948, in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Marjorie Faith (née Switow) and George Allen Frehling.Her parents were of Russian Jewish descent. Her parents divorced when she was four, and the following year her mother married multimillionaire <mask>, who adopted her and whose surname she took. Raised in Michigan, <mask> attended Kingswood School (today's Cranbrook Kingswood School) in Bloomfield Hills (where she had briefly dated politician Mitt Romney), and attended college at the University of Michigan for a year before taking a volunteer position at ABC television in Detroit, Michigan, which she left when afforded an opportunity to join the staff of Gerald R. Ford, then President of the United States, as the first female "advance man". In 1977, <mask> entered her first marriage, which soon dissolved. In 1984, she sought treatment at the Betty Ford Center for alcoholism; while there, she realized she was artistically inclined. After rehabilitation, she resettled to New York City, New York, and in 1987 she married fellow artist Brian Campbell. The couple relocated to Boca Raton, Florida, and expanded their family.<mask> gave birth to son Max and after several miscarriages, adopted a second son, Zachary, with her husband. In 1990, Campbell requested a divorce and in 1991 informed <mask> that he was HIV positive. <mask> soon learned that she had contracted the virus from him, although their children tested negative. Activist
<mask> decided to be open about her HIV status, and after the Detroit Free Press published her story in February 1992, she was invited to speak at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. There, she urged the Republican Party to handle the AIDS crisis and those living with HIV with compassion. In 1995, The New York Times credited <mask>, along with Elizabeth Glaser, who spoke on her experience with AIDS at the 1992 Democratic National Convention, with having "brought AIDS home to America." <mask>'s Republican convention speech was listed as #50 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).After that appearance, <mask> created a support group for families affected by AIDS and healthcare workers, the Family AIDS Network, and continued speaking as its representative, promoting education, prevention and acceptance of sufferers. In October 1992, President George Bush appointed her to the National Commission on AIDS to replace Magic Johnson. <mask> spoke again at the 1996 Republican National Convention in San Diego, California. <mask> did not return for the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; she was replaced by fellow AIDS activist (and "abstinence-only" proponent) Patricia Funderburk Ware. In 1999, <mask> made news when she, like some other HIV-positive people, decided to stop taking anti-HIV medications which she felt were hurting her quality of life. But she and her doctors continued to try new drug combinations and, by 2001, were able to suppress the virus without unmanageable side effects. Finding medications that could prolong healthy life marked a turning point, <mask> said in a 2007 More magazine interview: "For years it was waiting to die, and then it was turning everything around and trying to figure out how to live."<mask> expanded her AIDS activism from public speaking into writing, art and international advocacy. She founded the non-profit Mary Fisher CARE Fund, based at the Center for AIDS Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, to support clinical AIDS research and promote public education about HIV/AIDS medicine and policy. She serves on the leadership council of the 'Global Coalition on Women and AIDS and with other HIV-positive women has toured the United States to raise awareness about the disease. <mask>'s international work has focused on Africa and especially Zambia, where she has led fact-finding tours and has promoted income-generation projects to employ HIV-positive women. She has taught African women to create handmade jewelry which is then sold online and in U.S. galleries, with profits returned to the women artisans. Art and design
<mask>'s art has been exhibited in public and private collections around the world. Collectors include: President and Mrs. George H. W. Bush, President and Mrs. Gerald Ford, Mrs. Henry Ford II, President and Mrs. Mwanawasa of Zambia, and many others.Seven of her sculptures are displayed at the Geneva, Switzerland, headquarters of UNAIDS, as part of Art for AIDS, a collection created to recognize the role art has played in the response to AIDS. <mask>'s work also has been shown at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. <mask> is represented year round by Goldenstein Gallery. Uptown Sedona, Arizona. A special show featuring her work is held annually in November. The show is titled: CHI: Art as a Healing Medium. The opening reception is held the first Friday in November.<mask> speaks in the gallery at least once a year. She is active with the Sedona Visual Artists Coalition. Author
<mask> is the author of six books: An autobiography called My Name is <mask>: A Memoir; Angels in Our Midst, a photographic tribute to AIDS caregivers; ABATAKA, a collection of her 'AIDS-themed and African-influenced arts works; two books containing transcripts of speeches, Sleep With the Angels and I'll Not Go Quietly and in 2012, Messenger: A Self-Portrait (Greenleaf Book Group, Austin, Texas). References

External links
 MaryFisher.com, <mask>'s official website

 American Rhetoric – clips and transcript of <mask>'s 1992 RNC speech

1948 births
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
HIV/AIDS activists
People with HIV/AIDS
American adoptees
American activists
American women artists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Artists from Louisville, Kentucky
Michigan Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Florida Republicans
Kentucky women artists
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

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