title: Su Liangsi

texts:
<mask> (蘇良嗣) (606 – February 24, 690), formally the Duke of Wen (溫公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the regency of Empress dowager Wu. Background
<mask> was born in 606, during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui. His father <mask> () was then an official for Sui Dynasty, and had been an official for <mask>i's predecessor Northern Zhou. After <mask>'s fall in 619, <mask> initially submitted to one of the contenders to succeed <mask>i, Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, but after Zheng was defeated by Tang Dynasty forces in 621, submitted to Tang and became a Tang official, subsequently serving under its first two emperors Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong. <mask>'s family was from Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi) -- the capital prefecture for both Sui and Tang. During Emperor Gaozong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, <mask>si served as the military advisor to Emperor Gaozong's son Li Xian the Prince of Zhou. It was said that because Li Xian was young, his behaviors were often against regulations; <mask> would sternly advise against such behavior, and Li Xian feared and respected him.It was also said that many staff members were not capable officials, but <mask> carefully governed the staff and there were few violations against regulations, earning him much praise from Emperor Gaozong. Later in Emperor Gaozong's reign, he was made the secretary general at Jing Prefecture (荊州, roughly modern Jingzhou, Hubei). On an occasion in 682, Emperor Gaozong sent eunuchs to the Yangtze River region to seek out unusual bamboo plants, hoping to transplant them to the imperial garden. The eunuchs were said to abuse this authority to overpower the people, and when they went through Jing Prefecture, <mask> arrested them and submitted a petition to Emperor Gaozong, stating, "Looking for unusual things afar and disturbing the regions on the way is not the way for holy ones to show that they love the people. Further, these frivolous persons are abusing their authority and causing damage to the imperial reputation." Emperor Gaozong commented to his powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), "I did not think this through carefully, and I drew a rebuke from <mask>si." He wrote an edict thanking <mask>, and ordered that the collected bamboo plants be thrown into the river.However, while serving at Jing Prefecture, <mask> was also involved in an embarrassing event that caused people to believe that he did not study well. In Jing Prefecture was a Buddhist temple that Emperor Xuan of Western Liang had built named Hedong Temple (), dedicated to Emperor Xuan's older brother Xiao Yu () the Prince of Hedong, who had been killed early by their uncle Emperor Yuan of Liang. <mask>, when he saw the temple, unaware of its connection with the Prince of Hedong, commented, "What does Hedong have to do with this region between the Yangtze and the Han River?" (Hedong originally referred to the region east of the Yellow River, in modern Shanxi.) He submitted a request, later approved, that the temple be torn down. This caused the people of the region to complain that he was unaware of history. During Emperor Gaozong's Yongchun era (682-683), <mask> was made the secretary general of Yong Prefecture.At that time, the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around the capital Chang'an) was suffering from a famine that was so severe that people resorted to cannibalism, and there were many thefts and robberies. <mask> was said to be a strict governor, and criminal cases were usually solved within three days. During Empress dowager Wu's regency
Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by Li Xian (then Crown Prince with the name Li Zhe) (as Emperor Zhongzong), but actual power was in the hands of Empress Wu, as empress dowager and regent. In 684, when Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with his brother Li Dan the Prince of Yu (as Emperor Ruizong), but thereafter held onto power even more firmly. Around this time, <mask>si was made the minister of public works, and in 685 he was made Nayan () -- the head of the examination bureau of government and a post considered one for a chancellor, replacing Wang Dezhen. As Empress Dowager Wu had taken up permanent residence at the eastern capital Luoyang, <mask> was made the official in charge of Chang'an; he was also created the Duke of Wen. As he departed Luoyang, Empress Dowager Wu personally recited a poem to send him off.At that time, the director of imperial constructions, Pei Feigong (), was in charge of the imperial garden at Chang'an and proposed that the fruits and vegetables in the garden be gathered and sold to supplement the imperial budget. <mask> rejected the proposal, pointing out that it was inappropriate for the imperial government to be competing on the market with farmers. In 686, <mask> was recalled to Luoyang to serve as Wenchang Zuo Xiang () -- one of the heads of the executive bureau and also a post for a chancellor—and further given the chancellor designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin (). Around this time, there was an incident where he encountered Empress Dowager Wu's lover, the Buddhist monk Huaiyi. Huaiyi did not greet him and displayed himself arrogantly. In anger, <mask> ordered his guards to seize Huaiyi and slap him. When Huaiyi complained to Empress Dowager Wu, she responded semi-jocularly, "Your Eminence should enter through the North Gate [(i.e., directly into the palace without going through the governmental buildings to the south of the palace)].The Southern Palace is where chancellors gather; do not violate it." In spring 690, <mask> was removed from his post as head of the executive bureau, but was given the honorific title Tejin () and continued to serve as a chancellor de facto with the Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin designation. He was said to have a poor relationship with fellow chancellor Wei Fangzhi, and later that spring, when Wei was accused of capital offenses, Wei, during interrogation, intentionally stated that <mask> was related to the case as well. Empress Dowager Wu, however, stated publicly herself that she did not believe <mask> was involved, and <mask>, in fear, bowed to her to thank her, but could not get up after bowing. He was delivered on an imperial wagon back to his house, and Empress Dowager Wu sent the imperial physicians Zhang Wenzhong () and Wei Cizang () to look after him. Still, he died that same day and was buried with great honors. However, soon, after his son <mask>an () was accused of crimes and exiled to the Lingnan region, <mask>si's honors were posthumously stripped, and his assets were seized.His other sons <mask> () and <mask> () were also involved. <mask> died in Lingnan. In 707, after Emperor Zhongzong had been restored to the throne in 705, <mask>'s titles were restored, and <mask>'s son <mask> () was allowed to inherit the title of Duke of Wen. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 75. New Book of Tang, vol. 103.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 204. Sui dynasty people
Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang
606 births
690 deaths
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi

masks:
Su Liangsi
Su Liangsi
Su Shizhang
Su
Sui
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Jiany
Su Liang
Su Jianzhong
Su Jianyi
Su Jianyan
Su Liangsi
Su Jianyan
Su Wuxuan


title: Bernard Haitink

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (; 4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He was the principal conductor of several international orchestras, beginning with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1961. He moved to London, as principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and of the Royal Opera House from 1987 to 2002, when he became principal conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden. Finally, he was principal conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 2006 to 2010. The focus of his prolific recording was classical symphonies and orchestral works, but he also conducted operas. He conducted 90 concerts at The Proms in London, the last on 3 September 2019 with the Vienna Philharmonic. His awards include Grammy Awards and the 2015 Gramophone Award for his lifetime achievements.Early life
Haitink was born on 4 March 1929 in Amsterdam, the son of <mask>, a civil servant who later became director of the Amsterdam electricity board, and Anna Clara (Verschaffelt), who worked for Alliance française. His maternal grandmother was Jewish, and left the country during World War II. He studied the violin and conducting, with Felix Hupka, who conducted the school's orchestra, at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam. He then played the violin in orchestras before taking courses in conducting under Ferdinand Leitner in 1954 and 1955. Career

Haitink conducted his first concert on 19 July 1954 with the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra (later the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra [RFO]). He became second conductor of the orchestra in 1955 and chief conductor in 1957. His conducting debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra was on 7 November 1956, substituting for Carlo Maria Giulini.After the sudden death of Eduard van Beinum, <mask> was named first conductor of the Concertgebouw on 1 September 1959. He became principal conductor in 1961, sharing that position with Eugen Jochum until 1963, when Haitink became sole principal conductor. With the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Haitink made many recordings for the Philips label, and later for Decca and EMI Classics. He toured widely with the orchestra. In the early 1980s, <mask> threatened to resign his Concertgebouw post in protest at threatened reductions to its subsidy from the Dutch government, which could have led to the dismissal of 23 musicians from the orchestra. The financial situation was eventually settled, and <mask> remained chief conductor until 1988. In 1999, he was named the honorary conductor of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra.In December 2012, following his advocacy for the RFO in the wake of proposed budget cuts to the orchestra and Dutch music in general, <mask> accepted the title of patron of the RFO. In March 2014, <mask> told the Dutch newspaper Het Parool that he wished to renounce the title of RCO conductor laureate and to no longer guest-conduct the orchestra in protest of the orchestra's administrative management. In September 2015, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra announced a rapprochement with <mask>, with a scheduled guest-conducting engagement with the orchestra in the 2016–17 season. <mask> was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979. He was also music director at Glyndebourne Opera in England from 1978 to 1988. He was music director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, from 1987 to 2002, where his musicianship was praised, though he also received criticism for his degree of attachment to the organisation as a whole. From 2002 to 2004, <mask> was chief conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden.His original contract with Dresden ran to 2006, but he resigned in 2004 over disputes with the Staatskapelle's Intendant, Gerd Uecker, over the orchestra's choice of successor. <mask> was principal guest conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1995 to 2004, when he took on the new title of conductor emeritus. In addition, he appeared with l'Orchestre National de France and the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). In the early 2000s, he recorded the complete Beethoven and Brahms symphony cycles with the LSO for the LSO Live label. Haitink was an honorary member of the Berlin Philharmonic. In April 2006, after an acclaimed two-week engagement in March 2006 with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO), the CSO appointed <mask> to the newly created position of principal conductor, effective from the 2006–07 season. The contract's duration was four years.Haitink had declined the CSO's offer to be music director, citing his age. Of this contract, Haitink said, "every conductor, including myself, has a sell-by date." He concluded his Chicago principal conductorship in June 2010 with a series of concerts of the complete Beethoven symphonies and was awarded the Theodore Thomas Medallion by the orchestra. In 2004, Haitink said he would no longer conduct opera, but he made exceptions in 2007, directing three performances of Parsifal in Zürich in March and April and five of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande in Paris (Théâtre des Champs-Élysées) in June. Also in 2004 he said he did not plan to conduct again at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, but he returned to the Royal Opera in December 2007, with the same Zurich production of Parsifal. Haitink led master classes for young conductors in Lucerne for several years. In June 2015, the European Union Youth Orchestra announced his appointment as its conductor laureate, effective immediately.In June 2019, <mask> said in an interview with the Dutch daily De Volkskrant that his final concert as conductor was to be in September 2019, formalising his previously announced sabbatical into retirement. His final concert  with the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra was on 15 June 2019. His final UK concert was at The Proms in London on 3 September 2019, his 90th Prom, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. His last concert was in Lucerne at the KKL on 6 September 2019, with the Vienna Philharmonic. Personal life
<mask> had five children from his first marriage to Marjolein Snijder. Their marriage ended in the late 1970s. His second and third marriages, in the 1980s and 1990s, were respectively to a cellist, and to a violinist from the Concertgebouw Orchestra.Both those marriages also ended in divorce. <mask> married his fourth wife, Patricia (née Bloomfield), a barrister and former viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1994. They lived in West London. In 2019, Bärenreiter published the book Dirigieren ist ein Rätsel (Conducting is a Mystery), a collaboration between Haitink and the journalists Peter Hagmann and Erich Singer that includes personal reflections by Haitink on his life and career. Haitink died on 21 October 2021, aged 92, at his home in London. Awards and honours

National
 Kilyeni Medal of Honor, Bruckner Society of America (US, 1970)
 Knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 1972)
 Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (UK, 1977)
 Officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium, 1977)
 Honorary medal for Arts and Science of the Order of the House of Orange (Netherlands, 2000)
 Honorary Companion of Honour (UK, 2002)
 Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands, 2017)

Music industry and cultural
 Gold Medal of the  Vienna
 Gramophone Awards for his recordings in 1980 (Debussy orchestral works), 1985 (Mozart's Don Giovanni), 1986 and 1990 (Vaughan Williams symphonies)
 Erasmus Prize (Netherlands, 1991)

 Musical America "Musician of the Year" (USA, 2007)
 Grammy Awards (USA, 2003 and 2008)
 Echo Klassik (Germany, 2013) for his recording of Mahler's Ninth Symphony (BR-KLASSIK)
 Gramophone Awards Lifetime Achievement Award (United Kingdom, 2015)
 BBC Music Magazine 2018 "Recording of the Year" / "Orchestral Winner" Award for his recording of Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 3 (BR-KLASSIK)
 Honorary member of the Wiener Philharmoniker (2019)

Recordings

Haitink recorded with several orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra and Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra.He focused on classical symphonies and other orchestral works, conducting cycles of the complete symphonies by Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Bruckner, Mahler, Vaughan Williams and Shostakovich. Haitink recorded the complete five piano concertos of Beethoven and the two piano concertos by Brahms with Claudio Arrau. Other recordings include the complete orchestral works of Debussy, and the two symphonies of Elgar. In the field of opera, he conducted the three Mozart/Da Ponte operas, and Wagner's Tannhäuser and Der Ring des Nibelungen.

masks:
Bernard Johan Herman Haitink
Willem Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink


title: Edward Murray East

texts:
<mask> (October 4, 1879 – November 9, 1938) was an American plant geneticist, botanist, agronomist and eugenicist. He is known for his experiments that led to the development of hybrid corn and his support of 'forced' elimination of the 'unfit' based on eugenic findings. He worked at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University where he performed a key experiment showing the outcome of crosses between lines that differ in a quantitative trait. Work in eugenics
<mask> was a prominent figure in early American genetics and a strong supporter of the eugenics movement in the United States. He was strongly influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus, especially Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). This influence led <mask> to create many of his ideas concerning birth control and immigration policy. He applied many of the ideas that he had developed in his research on the applications of genetics to agriculture to his ideas about human society.<mask> wrote two major works on eugenics, Mankind at the Crossroads (1923) and Heredity and Human Affairs (1927), in which he compared groups of people based upon the racial categorizations of the time. In his book Heredity and Human Affairs (1927), he made quite a few pointed comments against interbreeding and miscegenation in the human species, stating that "the negro race as a whole is possessed of undesirable transmissible qualities both physical and mental, which seem to justify not only a line but a wide gulf to be fixed permanently between it and the white race". Another principal concern of <mask>'s was the existing social policy, and his perception that it favored the "imbecile" over the "genius", and that the continued use of public funds to this end would have negligible value, if not directly causing harm. Work in biology: inbreeding and outbreeding
In 1919, <mask><mask> and Donald F. Jones worked together on monographs on experimental biology, including a book on inbreeding and outbreeding and their genetic and sociological significance. This work covers reproduction among plants and animals, the mechanism of reproduction, the mechanism of heredity, mathematical considerations of inbreeding, inbreeding experiments with animals and plants, hybrid vigor or heterosis, conceptions as to the cause of hybrid vigor, sterility and its relations to inbreeding and crossbreeding, the role of inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution, and the value of inbreeding and outbreeding in plant and animal improvement. <mask> and Jones explicitly considered inbreeding and outbreeding in man, their effect on the individual, and the intermingling of races and review the national stamina literature. In Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Their Genetic and Sociological Significance, East proposed the theory that inbreeding in a genetically diverse stock caused increased homozygosity.Believing with the Drosophila workers that most mutations were recessive and deleterious, <mask> concluded that the increased homozygosity caused by inbreeding should generally be accompanied by detrimental effects. His theory also explained why inbreeding was not necessarily deleterious in all cases. Unless deleterious recessives were present, inbreeding caused no ill effects. Outbreeding of course had the opposite effect of increasing heterozygosity and was often accompanied by heterosis, or hybrid vigor. In later years <mask> continued to work on the physiological interpretation of heterosis and published a long paper on the subject only two years before his death. The Jones and East book was well received, the theory presented with a wealth of evidence. It was widely read and cited by geneticists.Biography
<mask> was born on October 4, 1879 in DuQuoin, Illinois to William Harvey <mask> and Sarah Granger Woodruff. William had considerable mechanical skills and had studied mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois from 1875 to 1876. He then worked as a machinist, manufacturer of machinery, and chief engineer for a clay products firm. When <mask> was young he rapidly developed reading and writing skills. He diligently studied his collection of birds' eggs, which he purchased with money he earned working at the local grocery store. He acquired a .22 rifle, as did most boys his age, and became a very skilled marksman. After graduating high school at age fifteen he worked in a machine shop for two years developing mechanical drawing skills and shop methods.Here he saved money for college and eventually attended the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland in 1897. One lasting impression the experience gave him was when a professor gave him a zero on an essay for making one mistake, an experience he often mentioned. As <mask> advanced in his studies, he decided that he was more interested in general science rather than applied mechanics. He transferred to the University of Illinois, and received his Bachelor of Science in 1900, Master of Science in 1904, and Doctor of Philosophy in 1907. During this time he met and married Mary Lawrence Biggs; they had two daughters. His master's thesis was in the study of the chemical and bacteriological studies on the self-purification of running streams. <mask>'s first scientific position was as an assistant chemist in C.G.Hopkins' Laboratory. His job was to take chemical analyses of samples of corn. <mask> was recommended to undertake the new work of improving the chemical compositions in corn, and accepted the appointment in Newhaven in 1905. Although he only spent four years at New Haven, he completed a lot work in that time. He continued intensive studies of the three economy plants: tobacco, potato, and maize. Some of his studies done in New Haven were used in his submission of his thesis to the University of Illinois. His work on tobacco paved the foundation for his genetic work on the Nicotiana plant.His most notable research was with maize, where he discovered the genetic mechanism known as multiple factors. His work done at New Haven was on inbreeding and cross-breeding. His published paper  "Inheritance in Maize" was the result of this work. The first inbred strains were grown in 1908. His first book, Inbreeding and Outbreeding, was on this subject. East played an important role in the development of hybrid corn. His main interest was in the theoretical interpretations from inbreeding leading to reduction and crossbreeding leading to increased growth.His ideas were developed further, led to the introduction of alleles, and were published in 1936 in Heterosis. Much of <mask>'s life was spent battling an illness. References

External links
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Cohen, E. 2016. Harvard's Eugenics Era. Harvard Magazine 118 (4), 48-52

American geneticists
American botanists
1879 births
1938 deaths
American agronomists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Du Quoin, Illinois

masks:
Edward Murray East
Edward Murray East
East
East
East
Edward M
. East
East
East
East
Edward East
East
East
East
East
East
East


title: Charles Momsen

texts:
<mask> (June 21, 1896 – May 25, 1967), nicknamed "Swede", was born in Flushing, New York. He was an American pioneer in submarine rescue for the United States Navy, and he invented the underwater escape device later called the "Momsen lung", for which he received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal in 1929. In May 1939, <mask> directed the rescue of the crew of Squalus (SS-192). Early years in the Navy
<mask> entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1914, but he was dismissed after a widespread cheating scandal during the spring of his first year there. However, <mask> pursued another appointment to the Academy, received it, repeated his plebe year, and graduated in 1919 — one year early, due to the involvement of the United States in World War I. From 1919 to 1921, <mask> served on the battleship Oklahoma (BB-37).In 1921, he entered the Submarine School in New London, Connecticut, graduating in January 1922. 18 months later, he took command of the submarine O-15 (SS-76). A few years later, he was given command of S-1 (SS-105), one of the newest US Navy designed submarines of that time. Diving and rescue

Early interest
It was aboard S-1 <mask>'s attention became drawn to the urgent need for a way to rescue trapped submariners. On September 25, 1925, S-1s sister ship, S-51 (SS-162), collided with freighter City of Rome in the vicinity of Block Island and sank in  of water. <mask> was ordered to take S-1 to search for the crippled submarine. S-1 found the oil slick marking the spot where S-51 had sunk, but without any sonar, there was no way for his crew to locate her on the bottom, nor was there a way for trapped crewmen to escape.<mask> began to look for ways to rescue submariners. He conceived a diving bell, which could be lowered to a submarine in distress, mated to an escape hatch, and opened to allow trapped submariners to climb in. A watertight seal to the submarine could be achieved by placing a rubber gasket around the diving bell's bottom and reducing the air pressure once the bell was over the escape hatch. Then, the hatch could be opened, and the trapped submariners could climb aboard. <mask> diagrammed his idea and sent it up the chain of command. He waited more than a year for a response, heard nothing, and concluded there must have been something technically wrong with the concept. <mask>'s next tour of duty took him to the Submarine Division of the Bureau of Construction and Repair.Shortly after he reported aboard, he came across his diving bell drawings. They had been disapproved as impractical. He stated his case again, but to no avail. Shortly thereafter, in December 1927, another submarine, the S-4 (SS-109), sank off Cape Cod. All forty of her crew died. Six sailors survived three days in the forward torpedo room, but had no way to escape. The Momsen lung

After the S-4 incident, Momsen began working on a device to help trapped submariners escape safely to the surface.Officially called the Submarine Escape Lung, it consisted of an oblong rubber bag that recycled exhaled air. The press enthusiastically received the device and they dubbed it the "Momsen lung", a name that stuck. The Momsen lung contains a canister of soda lime, which removes poisonous carbon dioxide from the exhaled air and then replenishes the air with oxygen. Two tubes lead from the bag to a mouthpiece: one with which to inhale air and the other to with which to exhale spent air. The device hangs around the wearer's neck and is strapped around the waist. Besides providing oxygen for the ascent, it also allows a submariner to rise slowly to the surface, thus avoiding embolisms. Between June 1929 and September 1932, Lieutenant <mask> developed the lung along with Chief Gunner's Mate Clarence L. Tibbals and Frank M. Hobson, a civilian employee of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (later the Bureau of Ships).In 1929, <mask> received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for personally testing the device at a depth of . The Momsen lung saved its first lives in October 1944, when eight submariners used it to reach the surface after Tang (SS-306) sank in  of water in the East China Sea. The Momsen lung was eventually supplemented by the Steinke hood and free-ascent techniques. The diving bell
<mask> returned to his diving bell idea in 1930. He built a prototype, constructed from a water-tight aircraft hangar pirated from S-1 and tested it off Key West, Florida. <mask> stated the bell was unstable, tipped, and leaked, and had several changes in mind for the diving bell, but was sent to the Bureau of Construction and Repair to teach submariners how to use the Momsen lung before he could make the changes. He charged Lieutenant Commander Al McCann to make the changes he wanted and McCann was put in charge of the final revisions on the Momsen / McCann diving bell.When the redesigned diving bell was completed in late 1930, it was introduced as the McCann Submarine Rescue Chamber. The final bell, with the revisions and changes that <mask> authorized, included a floor bulkhead, pneumatic winch and a pressure seal allowing direct transfer of survivors to the diving bell in a dry environment. Gas mixtures
From 1937 to 1939, <mask> led an experimental deep-sea diving unit at the Washington Navy Yard which achieved a major breakthrough in the physiology of the human lung's gas mixtures under high pressure. At depths greater than , on pure oxygen, and , on air, the oxygen turns toxic. Underwater, breathing air, nitrogen enters the blood, then tissues, and below  may cause euphoria commonly called "nitrogen narcosis". Also, divers who ascend too rapidly can get decompression sickness, commonly known as "the bends," which happens when nitrogen in the blood forms bubbles. These bubbles can block blood flow and cause intense pain, even death.In experiments often performed by <mask> himself, the team replaced the nitrogen with nontoxic helium and mixed it with varying levels of oxygen depending on the depth. Today's divers use the knowledge to operate safely deeper than . The Squalus rescue

<mask>, already famous for the invention of his Momsen lung, achieved even more fame for directing the rescue and recovery of the 33 crewmen of the submarine Squalus, which sank in May 1939 in  of water off the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire. Working from the submarine rescue ship USS Falcon (ASR-2), <mask> instructed the team of deep-sea divers as they dived to the submarine and attached cables to the rescue chamber. He also supervised rescue chamber operators  as it made four dives to bring the submariners to the surface and a fifth to check the flooded aft section for survivors. The fourth dive was marred by a cable jam, and the chamber had to be hauled to the surface by hand over hand pulling by all on board. All 33 surviving crewmen were rescued.26 men had perished. <mask> led the diving operations in the effort to salvage the Squalus, which took 113 days. She was taken to the drydock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard. Along with Commander McCann, <mask> received a letter of commendation from President Franklin D. Roosevelt for the successful rescue of the crewmen from the Squalus and the subsequent salvage of the submarine. After her repairs, the Squalus was renamed the USS Sailfish, and the name Squalus was never used by the U.S. Navy again. World War II

During World War II, <mask> served as Commander, Submarine Squadron 2 (ComSubRon 2) and Commander, Submarine Squadron 4 (ComSubRon 4). While <mask> was ComSubRon 2 in the U.S. Pacific Fleet, captains under his command reported their Mark 14 torpedoes were not functioning properly.When fired from the preferred perpendicular angle of impact, the torpedoes did not always explode. However, when fired to hit at acute angles, the torpedoes usually exploded. When officers of <mask>'s own squadron complained, he decided to find out why. He took torpedoes to the shallow waters and sheer cliffs of the Hawaiian Island of Kahoolawe and fired until he got a dud. Then, risking his own life, he dove into the water to find the unexploded torpedo. With help, he recovered the dangerous live torpedo and brought it on board. A small problem with the firing pin inside the primer cap of the warhead was causing the duds: it was becoming crushed, rather than firing the warhead.In Fall 1943, ComSubPac initiated the Navy's first wolfpack. <mask> drilled his captains and their executive officers in tactics, planning to have three boats act in company, one boat making the first attack on a convoy then acting as "trailer", while the other two attacked alternatively on either flank afterward. He also developed a simple code for use on Talk Between Ships (TBS). The pack consisted of Edgar McGregor's Shad, experienced skipper Dave White's new Cero, and Grayback, fresh from refit in Mare Island (and with one of the Submarine Force's first  deck gun), under newcomer John Moore. <mask>, without any combat experience, flew his flag in Cero. The pack arrived in the East China Sea in October 1943. It proved unable to solve the problems of communication and risk of fratricide, and made only one joint attack on a single convoy, but was credited at the time with sinking five Japanese ships for 88,000 tons and damaging eight others for 63,000 tons between them.(This was reduced to three sunk for 23,500 tons by JANAC postwar.) <mask> also received the Legion of Merit for work on the Navy's wolfpacks from February 1943 to June 1944. <mask> earned a Navy Cross for his efforts. <mask> commanded the battleship South Dakota from December 1944 through August 1945. For his distinguished service in command, <mask> was awarded a Gold Star (with Combat "V"), in lieu of a third award of the Legion of Merit. Military decorations
In addition to the Navy Cross once and the Legion of Merit with two Gold Stars (to show repeat awards) and "V" device, <mask> earned the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Army Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Commendation Medal with "V" device, World War I Victory Medal with escort clasp, American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four service stars, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Philippine Liberation Medal with one bronze star and the Submarine Warfare insignia. Later years
In November 1945, he directed a fleet of nearly 200 surplus Army and Navy ships, manned by Japanese crews, that evacuated the first of nearly six million Japanese from Manchuria, Formosa, and islands in the Pacific.<mask> served on the Navy General Board from June 1947 until May 1948. He served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Undersea Warfare from 1948 to 1951, then became Commander of the Submarine Force's Pacific Fleet. <mask> also took part in developing the streamlined Albacore submarine. To avoid Navy interference, Admiral <mask> directed Bureau of Ships to design an unarmed submarine for speed, and told the Navy that the submarine would be a practice target for anti-submarine aircraft from aircraft carriers. Vice Admiral <mask> died of cancer on May 25, 1967. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Namesake
The 42nd  guided missile destroyer,  is named in his honor.<mask> Hall, the 75-man Bachelor Officer Quarters at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), Andros Island, Bahamas, was named in his honor in 1969. On November 10, 2009, the U.S. Navy's newest trainer, the Submarine Escape Trainer, was named in honor of Admiral <mask> in ceremonies at the New London Submarine Base. See also

References

Additional references
 (Television movie.) <mask>.org points to a biographical page on his granddaughter's otherwise unrelated website, Hart Enterprises: Professional Embroidery. "Rescue and Salvage of U.S.S. Squalus" by Commander <mask><mask>, USN, (Lecture delivered to the Harvard Engineering Society on 6 October 1939)

1896 births
1967 deaths
People from Flushing, Queens
Military personnel from New York City
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Submarine pioneers
United States submarine commanders
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American people of Swedish descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

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Charles Bowers Momsen
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title: Shilpa Rao

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 11 April 1984) is an Indian singer, born and raised in Jamshedpur. She completed her Master's in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, before working as a jingle singer for three years. During her college days, Mithoon offered her to record the song "Javeda Zindagi" from Anwar (2007), making her Bollywood career debut. "Javeda Zindagi" is one of the most popular songs of 2007. <mask> rose to widespread prominence with the release of Woh Ajnabi from "The Train" 2007 and "Khuda Jaane" from Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008). She was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award for the song, in 54th Filmfare Awards. The following year, she collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja for Paa (2009), where she performed the song "Udi udi Ittefaq Se" for which she received another nomination in the same category during 55th Filmfare Awards ceremony.In 2012, <mask> teamed up with A.R. Rahman and came up with the song "Ishq Shava" from Jab Tak Hai Jaan which was a commercial success, followed by Pritam-composed "Malang" from Dhoom 3 (2013) and Vishal-Shekar's "Meherbaan" in Bang Bang! (2014). <mask>'s collaborations with Amit Trivedi were particularly described "delightful hearings" with songs like "Manmarziyan" from Lootera (2013), being critically acclaimed. She had the honour of becoming the second and the last musician from India to get a chance of singing in the famous and critically acclaimed Coke Studio Pakistan with the song "Paar Chanaa De" (2016) and received praise for singing the song "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo" from the deluxe edition of the Ae Dil Hai Mushkil soundtrack (2016). These accomplishments have led <mask> to become one of the top female singers in India. <mask> <mask> is particularly known in the media for trying new styles in her songs and singing for different genres.<mask>, who considers her father as her biggest inspiration in the music career, has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes. Early life
Born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, <mask> was initially named as Apeksha <mask> but later changed to <mask> <mask>. According to her, she relates to the name <mask> more, since the name has "to do with art". She started singing while she was a kid, tutored and instructed by her father, S Venkat <mask>, who holds a degree in music. He taught <mask> to understand the "nuances" of different ragas: "His method of teaching was casual and at the same time very effective because it was designed to pique my interest". For her education, <mask> went to Little Flower School and Loyola School, Jamshedpur, where she was part of the choir group in school. In 1997, she visited to Mumbai along with her family, to do a postgraduate diploma in statistics from the University of Mumbai.<mask> was motivated to be a singer upon meeting with Hariharan, at the age of 13, and commenced training under Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, insisted by Hariharan. Initially, she found herself struggling in "finding references" and meeting music composers since she was not "so active" in social networking media during the time. About her early days in the city, <mask> said: "Jamshedpur is home for me but Mumbai with the people, the place, the pace everything has made a more patient person and a more hardworking artist I could ever be". In 2001 she began performing live with Hariharan at different venues, subsequently winning a national-level talent hunt in New Delhi. Shankar Mahadevan—one of the judges in the contest—asked her to settle in Mumbai. In 2004, she shifted to Mumbai and completed Master's in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Mahadevan gave <mask> few contacts of people who helped her in getting to sing jingles.<mask> mentioned that singing jingles was "perhaps the best way" to start in Mumbai as it helped her making the best contacts in the studios. She worked as a jingle singer for three years and established a life of her own. She sang songs for products such as Cadbury's Munch, Sunsilk, Anchor Gel and No Marks. Career

2007–08: Career beginnings and Bachna Ae Haseeno

While <mask> was studying at college, she met with Mithoon, who called her for recording of the song "Tose Naina" from Anwar (2007). Considering the song as her "most innocent rendition" she had done, <mask> said, "This song is extremely close to my heart and has taught me what thrill and gratitude of music is and can be". Though <mask> credits "Tose Naina" as her career debut song, the soundtrack of the film Ek Ajnabee (2005) has a semi-instrumental track titled "Stranger On The Prowl" which has <mask>'s alap incorporated within it. She collaborated with Mithoon in two other projects during the year; Aggar and The Train.Though "Sehra" from the former met with negative reactions from music critics, both "Woh Ajnabee" and "Teri Tamanna" from the latter was well received; Raja Sen from Rediff.com praising <mask>'s "strong vocals" in particular. While shooting for Salaam-e-Ishq, music composer Shankar Mahadevan from the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy suggested <mask>'s name to director Nikhil Advani, landing up with the song "Saiyaan Re". Sukanya Verma who praised <mask>'s "perfectly impish delivery" of the song wrote: "Despite Shankar Mahadevan's dynamic presence, [<mask>], to watch out for, is never once intimidated". She again teamed up with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy for the Hindi version of the track "All For One" from the soundtrack of High School Musical 2. <mask>'s first release of 2008 came with Raghav Sachar-composed remix version of "Gup Chup" from One Two Three, followed by "Ek Lau" from Aamir, composed by Amit Trivedi. According to <mask>, "Ek Lau" was a song of "hope for many people for the 26/11 Mumbai attacks". She affirmed that the song will inspire people and picked "Ek Lau" as one of the "few compositions" that is "close" to her.Apart from rendering "Main Sajda" for Anu Malik in Good Luck!, she was heard in a "faint alaap" at the beginning of the song "Koi Na Jaane" from Hijack, along with KK. The duo, earlier worked during the year, in Vishal–Shekhar's "Khuda Jaane" from Bachna Ae Haseeno. <mask>, calling the song a "timeless classic", felt it was beautifully composed and written. She mentioned that she feels "fortunate to be a part" of the song. It fetched her first nomination in Filmfare Awards for Best Female Playback Singer. 2009–12: Paa and Jab Tak Hai Jaan
<mask>, a friend of music composer Amit Trivedi, introduced him to Anurag Kashyap, director of the film Dev.D (2009) who was searching for a new composer with a "distinct vision" for his film. The song, "Dhol Yaara Dhol" from the soundtrack of the film was recorded three years ago, "free of cost".She was next heard in Piyush Mishra-composed Gulaal, where she performed the track "Aisi Sazaa". Sen from Rediff.com credited <mask>'s "distinctively dulcet tones" for making the song a memorable track. After recording "Manzaraat" from Sikandar, <mask> performed the track "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" for Ilaiyaraaja's Paa. She described the song as the "most difficult experience" and believed that lyrics and "musical bounces" in the song was a "test" in proving her versatility. The song garnered positive response from critics; Chandrima Pal from Rediff.com picked the track as the "most significant song of the album". The soundtrack album had another track titled "Udi Udi Ittefaq Se" by <mask>, with slight variations in the arrangements and lyrics. "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" garnered her second Filmfare Award nomination in Best Female Singer category.[[File:<mask> <mask> 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|250px|alt=<mask> <mask> looking at the camera in a maroon dress|<mask> at the Hindustan Times'''s Brunch Dialogues, 2012]]
In 2010, <mask> collaborated with Pritam for the first time, and performed "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" for Mallika and "Dil Le Jaa" for Toh Baat Pakki!. She again teamed up with Trivedi for Admissions Open and Vishal–Shekhar for Anjaana Anjaani. Though her previous releases during the year received mixed response from critics, "I Feel Good" and "Anjaana Anjaani" from the latter was positively received; Joginder Tuteja from Bollywood Hungama ascribed the "beauty of the songs" to <mask> for holding fort and giving "good company" to her co-singers. She did playback for Bappi Lahiri in "Ankhiya Na Maar" of Apartment and performed two tracks for Lahore; Piyush Mishra's Sufi song "O Re Bande" and M.M. Kreem's Punjabi flavored "Rang De". The Times of India appraised the work of <mask> in Lahore, since she tried performing different tracks within the same album. In the year, <mask> Shankar Raja-composed Naan Mahaan Alla along with Javed Ali.<mask>'s third collaboration with Pritam came along with the song "Allah Maaf Kare" from Desi Boyz (2011). She lent her voice for Trivedi in "Yeh Pal" from No One Killed Jessica, where NDTV noted that the song is "effectively voiced" by <mask>. The year marks her first collaboration with Salim–Sulaiman, by recording "Jazba" from Ladies vs Ricky Bahl. <mask>'s vocals in the energetic track was critically acclaimed; Vivek Warrier from Koimoi declared that her vocals are "refreshing" and "have great presence". During the year, she teamed up with Raghu Dixit as the composer and Ash King as the co-singer in "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh" from Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge. <mask> collaborated with lyricist Neelesh Misra and composer Amartya Rahut and formed the Band Called Nine, which works for the traditional Indian craft of storytelling. During the year, they released their debut album, Rewind, consisting of songs and storytelling, put together with a narrative.Besides, <mask> appeared in several TV series including MTV Unplugged and The Dewarists, where she performed acoustic versions for some of her previously released songs for the former and the song "I Believe" with Parikrama and Agnee for the latter. <mask> considered MTV Unplugged "very challenging" to do since she had to create a totally different version of songs and "present it to people, who have heard it earlier and liked it". After Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, <mask> worked again with Salim–Sulaiman for "Jab Main Tumhare Saath Hun" from Jodi Breakers (2012). Tuteja reviewing the song from Bollywood Hungama perceived that she "deserves to be heard much more often". Apart from rendering "Yaariyaan" of

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Shilpa Rao
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title: Shilpa Rao

texts:
 Cocktail, <mask> teamed up with Trivedi in two other films, English Vinglish and Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu. The title track and "Gustakh Dil" from the latter received positive reception; Jaspreet Pandohar from BBC Online regarded the title track as a "likeable listen" for <mask>'s "warm Hinglish" vocals. Tuteja complimenting the "charisma of her voice" in the song "Gustakh Dil" wrote: "Her voice carries a certain depth and edge to it that always makes one wonder why she isn't brought behind the mike far more often".The year concluded with <mask>'s collaboration with A.R. Rahman, by recording the track "Ishq Shava" from Jab Tak Hai Jaan, which was a fusion of Arabic and techno sounds. Shivi from Koimoi declared that the song proves <mask>'s versatility as a singer. 2013–present: Lootera and Coke Studio Pakistan
After <mask>'s debut and The Train with Mithoon, the duo collaborated once again for 3G (2013), where she performed "Khalbali" alongside Arijit Singh. She was part of the song "Apna Bombay Talkies" from Bombay Talkies which celebrated the 100th year of Indian cinema and the beginning of a new era in modern cinema. In the song, the singers recorded for actors whom they generally do the playback singing, and <mask> dubbed for Sonam Kapoor and Deepika Padukone. She next featured along with Sreeram Chandra for Pritam-composed "Subhanallah" from Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani.Her next release, "Manmarziyan" from Trivedi's Lootera was widely acclaimed by critics; while Filmfare's Devesh Sharma complimented <mask>'s "wistful rendering" in the song, Mohar Basu from Koimoi mentioned that she is "flawless" in her part. Her last release of the year was Pritam's "Malang" from Dhoom 3 along with Siddharth Mahadevan. According to <mask>, "Malang" is unique and sets itself apart from other tracks because of the blend of "high energy and a Sufi touch". <mask>'s first release of 2014 was Soumik Sen-composed "Gulaabi" from Gulaab Gang, followed by Vishal–Shekhar's "Meherbaan" from Bang Bang!. 2015, started with "Thode Se Hum" from Badmashiyaan, composed by Bobby–Imran. According to The Times of India, <mask> rendered a "quieter female version" of the song with as much "soulfulness" as Mohit Chauhan does in his version. Similar was the case in her next release, the reprise version of "Le Chal Mujhe" from NH10, where she tried a "low octave" kind of voice texture for the song.Initially recorded to be a duet between Chauhan, it was later released as a solo by the two, and received positive response from critics for separate versions. Rucha Sharma from Daily News and Analysis affirmed that, <mask> in her version "managed to outshine two most sought after singers, Chauhan and Singh". In 2016, <mask> became the second Indian singer after Sharmistha Chatterjee who appeared with Mekaal Hasan Band, to have the honour of singing in the critically acclaimed musical show Coke Studio Pakistan. <mask> made her debut with the folk-song "Paar Chanaa De", that aired in the fourth episode of the ninth season. Composed by the band Noori, the song narrates the story of a folk-tale Sohni Mahiwal. <mask> described the song as "a theatrical saga because the song has emotion, anxiousness, longing to meet your loved one and hope. It's a folk song and the words are very hard hitting."Upon release, "Paar Chanaa De" received positive reviews. Srikanth Prabhu of The Express Tribune said that the song is "very different and gracing perfection in its own way." Sharing the experience, she said that "[Coke Studio Pakistan] is a place where all the musicians are in an environment where they have their instruments, their space and the freedom to choose anything and convey it to the people in their own style; it's very powerful." Artistry
Voice and musical style

<mask> relates, singer's voice as his or her "own identity". The Times of India described her voice as "somber" yet "soulful". Deccan Herald mentioned that <mask> has "enhanced" her reputation by modulating and experimenting with her voice. <mask> often changes her vocal texture to express and relate the "way she wants to".In the song "Le Chal Mujhe" she tried a "low pitched" voice though "Malang" and "Meherbaan" represented an "open voice" of <mask>. Bollywood Hungama's Rajiv Vijayakar in a review of "Malang" said: "Siddharth and Shilpa are made to sing in a welcome full-throated manner, and that is indeed a good change from Shilpa's trademark "closed" vocals". <mask> believes, upbeat and classical-based beats are best suited for her kind of vocals. As a kid, <mask> dedicated most of her time in voice training. When her father comes back from work, they sit with the harmonium and tanpura and do their training together. According to <mask>, her father follows a systematic training where the main focus is not on "just practicing the vocals", but about precision. As she grew up, she learnt how to place the vocals and how to protect the vocal chords from damage that might be caused by singing in the wrong pitch or by overusing.She works to maintain her vocal texture. She has a vocal tutor with whom she trains once a week to keep her vocals "fresh" and also try "newer textures". <mask> has not restricted herself to any particular genre while performing to music. She mentioned that she always tries a newer style in her song and has been open to all kinds of music. <mask> grew up to ghazals, had a different taste of music while being on the choir group, subsequently moving into Rock music while in teens. "As you grow older, your taste in music changes. Now, I listen to everything; anything that makes me smile".She credited her music influences and training for the shaping of her voice and style of singing; "I have attempted diverse genres and have always tried to put out something new for audiences with every song". Mid-Day'' noted that though she has rendered a number of songs in various genres, it is difficult to "categorise" her voice. Inspiration
<mask> considered her father as her biggest inspiration since he has "exposed" her to good music, taught her to have "good judgement" and to "analyse what is good and what is not". While she was a kid, her father used to play songs of Ustad Amir Khan, Mehdi Hassan and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. It was then, <mask> learned to appreciate Hassan's "perfect interpretation" of emotion and inspiring to learn his "effortless style" of singing. After moving to Mumbai, <mask> was succoured by Hariharan and Shankar Mahadevan whom she considers her as "constant source of inspiration". <mask> perceived that Hariharan has the perfect voice, training and vocal styling; further complimenting the work of Bombay Jayashri.After working with Pritam and Vishal–Shekhar, she considered them as fantastic composers who are influential to her in taking good music and found the work of KK delightful. A Kishore Kumar admirer, <mask> learnt from him that "singing is more than music and lyrics"; should come "straight from heart". <mask> has also been influenced by many artists outside the country. She considers artistes like Sade, Sting and Eddie Vedder as constant influences for her. <mask> mentioned that she wants to lend her voice for Tabu the most and looks forward to working with Vishal Bhardwaj and Sachin–Jigar; "Bhardwaj is someone I really admire. I respect the work he has done so far and the new wave in music that he has brought about". Personal life and philanthropy

Describing herself as a "movie buff", she watches films from all over the world.She does not consider language as an issue. "If the plot clicks my fancy, I can watch anything". She considers Shruti Pathak and Meiyang Chang as her closest industry friends. Giving prior importance to hygiene, <mask> avoids dusty places since she is allergic to dust. Maintaining a healthy diet, <mask> restricts too much sweet, and "strong smelling fruits" since she is "very sensitive" to odors. <mask> gives importance to be fit by taking the stairs instead of the elevator, "eating right" foods and "sleeping well". In 2021, <mask> married visual artist Ritesh Krishnan in a registered wedding at her home.In an interview with Bombay Times about her wedding, <mask> said, "We met three years ago on (music composer) Pritam's USA tour. Ritesh seemed to be an affectionate person, and we started hanging out together. On the first day that I met him, I felt that he was a chilled-out guy, which was very attractive for me. We started traveling together in 2018, and did many shows across India." In addition to singing for films, <mask> has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes. In March 2010, she appeared on NDTV's Greenathon, an initiative to support eco-friendliness and investigate poor electricity supplies in rural villages, to lend her support. In October 2011, <mask> performed the track "Haseen Zindagi" along with Teesha Nigam, Shruti Pathak, Neha Bhasin, Shefali Alvares and Akriti Kakkar, composed by Sonu Nigam for the project in aid of breast cancer awareness.She performed in Delhi at the "100 Pipers Play for a Cause" which is a musical extravaganza dedicated to raising funds for people affected by the Nepal earthquake. On 2 March 2012, celebrated as Seagram's Fuel Music Day, <mask> performed live along with 50 other artistes, on a digital platform ArtistAloud.com, to show their support for independent music in India. In February 2013, <mask> contributed in Coca-Cola NDTV "Support My School" which is a 12-hour telethon which raised funds and pledges for the revitalization of 272 schools. In May 2013, <mask> performed in an event focused to create awareness about the effects and influence of tobacco and to raise funds for cancer patients. In October 2014, <mask> took part in the musical concert held in New Delhi for raising funds for the flood affected people of Assam. In July 2015, <mask> started "I am 100% Bihar" campaign for the state's clean energy project, through various social media. Discography

Awards and achievements

See also
 List of Indian playback singers

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Bollywood playback singers
Hindi-language singers
Indian women playback singers
People from Jamshedpur
21st-century Indian singers
Singers from Mumbai
Singers from Jharkhand
Women musicians from Jharkhand
21st-century Indian women

masks: Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao Rao


title: Edward MacDowell

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1860January 23, 1908) was an American composer and pianist of the late Romantic period. He was best known for his second piano concerto and his piano suites Woodland Sketches, Sea Pieces and New England Idylls. Woodland Sketches includes his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose". In 1904 he was one of the first seven Americans honored by membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Studies
<mask> was born in New York City to <mask>, a Manhattan milk dealer, and Frances “Fanny” Mary Knapp. He received his first piano lessons from Juan Buitrago, a Colombian violinist who was living with the <mask> family at the time. He also received music lessons from friends of Buitrago, including the Cuban pianist Pablo Desverine and Venezuelan pianist and composer Teresa Carreño.<mask>'s mother decided to take her son to Paris, France, where in 1877 he was admitted to the Paris Conservatory after receiving a competitive scholarship for international students. After two years of studies under Antoine François Marmontel and being at the top of his class, he continued his education at Dr. Hoch's Conservatory in Frankfurt, Germany, where he studied piano with Carl Heymann and composition with Joachim Raff. When Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann visited the conservatory in early 1880 and attended a recital of student compositions, <mask> performed Robert Schumann's Quintet, Op. 44 along with a transcription of a Liszt symphonic poem. Next year, he paid a visit to Liszt in Weimar and performed some of his own compositions. Liszt recommended <mask>'s First Modern Suite, Op. 10 to Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein for performance and also introduced him to Leipzig music publishers at Breitkopf & Härtel.After finishing his studies in 1881, <mask> remained for a while in Germany, where he composed, performed on stage and gave piano lessons. He taught piano in Darmstadt during 1881–1884, including at the  (now known as the ), and in Wiesbaden, 1884–1888. Marriage and family
In 1884, <mask> married Marian Griswold Nevins, an American who had been one of his piano students in Frankfurt for three years. About the time that <mask> composed a piano piece titled Cradle Song, Marian suffered an illness that resulted in her being unable to bear children. Career

In Germany, the <mask>s settled first in Frankfurt, then in Darmstadt, and finally, in Wiesbaden. From 1885 to 1888 <mask> devoted himself almost exclusively to composition. That brought financial difficulties, and he decided to return to the United States in the autumn of 1888.He made Boston his new home, where he became well known as a concert pianist and piano teacher. He performed in recitals with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and other American musical organizations. The <mask>s lived in Boston until 1896, when <mask> was appointed professor of music at Columbia University, the first music professor in the university's history. He was personally invited to Columbia University by its president Seth Low to create a music department. He stayed at Columbia until 1904. In addition to composing and teaching, from 1896 to 1898 he directed the Mendelssohn Glee Club. <mask> composed some music for the group to perform.In 1896, <mask> purchased Hillcrest Farm, to serve as their summer residence in Peterborough, New Hampshire. <mask> found his creativity flourished in the beautiful rural setting. His compositions included two piano concertos, two orchestral suites, four symphonic poems, four piano sonatas, piano suites, and songs. He also published dozens of piano transcriptions of mostly 18th century pre-piano keyboard pieces. From 1896 to 1898, <mask> also published 13 piano pieces and 4 part songs under the pseudonym of Edgar Thorn. These compositions were not mentioned in Lawrence Gilman's 1909 biography of <mask>. They were listed without opus numbers in <mask>'s Critical and Historical Essays (1912) and in John F. Porte's Edward MacDowell (1922).They were listed with opus numbers in Oscar Sonneck's Catalogue of First Editions of <mask> (1917). <mask> was also a noted teacher of the piano. His students included Frances Tarbox and John Pierce Langs, a student from Buffalo, New York, with whom he became very close friends. Langs was also close to noted Canadian pianist Harold Bradley, and both championed <mask>'s piano compositions. The linguist <mask> was also among his students. <mask> was often stressed in his position at Columbia University, due to both administrative duties and growing conflict with the new university president Nicholas Murray Butler around a proposed two-course requirement in fine arts for all undergraduate students, as well as creation of combined Department of Fine Arts overseeing music, sculpture, painting and comparative literature. After Butler stripped the academic affairs voting rights of Columbia faculty members in the arts and accused <mask> of unprofessional conduct and sloppy teaching, in February 1904, <mask> abruptly announced his resignation, raising an unfortunate public controversy.After stepping down from Columbia professorship, <mask> fell into depression and his health rapidly deteriorated. E. Douglas Bomberger's biography notes that <mask> suffered from seasonal affective disorder throughout his life, and often made decisions with negative implications in the darkest months of the year. Bomberger advances a new theory for the sudden decline of <mask>'s health: bromide poisoning, which was sometimes mistaken for paresis at the time, as was the case with <mask>'s death certificate. Indeed, <mask> had long suffered from insomnia, and potassium bromide or sodium bromide were the standard treatment for that condition, and in fact were used in many common remedies of the day. <mask> also was in contact with bromides through his avid hobby of photography. A 1904 accident in which <mask> was run over by a Hansom cab on Broadway may have contributed to his growing psychiatric disorder and resulting dementia. Of his final years, Lawrence Gilman, a contemporary, described: "His mind became as that of a little child.He sat quietly, day after day, in a chair by a window, smiling patiently from time to time at those about him, turning the pages of a book of fairy tales that seemed to give him a definite pleasure, and greeting with a fugitive gleam of recognition certain of his more intimate friends." The Mendelssohn Glee Club raised money to help the MacDowells. Friends launched a public appeal to raise funds for his care; among the signers were Horatio Parker, Victor Herbert, Arthur Foote, George Whitefield Chadwick, Frederick Converse, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, New York Mayor Seth Low, and former President Grover Cleveland. <mask> cared for her husband to the end of his life. In 1907, the composer and his wife founded MacDowell (artists' residency and workshop) (formerly known as The MacDowell Colony) by deeding the Hillcrest Farm to the newly established Edward MacDowell Association. <mask> died in 1908 in New York City and was buried at MacDowell at his beloved Hillcrest Farm. Legacy and honors
In 1896, Princeton University awarded <mask> an honorary degree of Doctor of Music.In 1899, he was elected as the president of the Society of American Musicians and Composers (New York). In 1904, he became one of the first seven people chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters. After this experience, the MacDowells envisioned establishing a residency for artists near their summer home in Peterborough, New Hampshire. The MacDowell (artists' residency and workshop), a multidisciplinary artists' retreat, continued to honor the composer's memory after his death by supporting the work of other artists in an interdisciplinary environment. With time, it created an important part of <mask>'s legacy. <mask> led the Edward MacDowell Association and Colony for more than 25 years, strengthening its initial endowment by resuming her piano performances and creating a wide circle of donors, especially among women's clubs and musical sororities and around 400 MacDowell music clubs. The Edward MacDowell Association backed many American composers, including Aaron Copland, Edgard Varese, Roger Sessions, William Schuman, Walter Piston, Samuel Barber, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein, in the beginning phases of their careers by awarding them residencies, fellowships, and the Edward MacDowell Medal.Between 1925 and 1956, Copland received a fellowship eight times; in 1961 he was awarded the Edward <mask> Medal, and he served himself for 34 years on the board of Association and Colony. Amy Beach was at MacDowell on fellowships from its beginning for many summers while she was in her middle to later career. After his death, <mask> was considered as a great, internationally known American composer. In 1940, <mask> was one of five American composers honored in a series of United States postage stamps. The other four composers were Stephen Foster, John Philip

masks:
Edward Alexander MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Thomas MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Edward
MacDowell
Marian MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Edward Sapir
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Marian MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Marian MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell


title: Edward MacDowell

texts:
 Sousa, Victor Herbert, and Ethelbert Nevin. However, as the twentieth century progressed, his fame was eclipsed by such American composers as Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, and Roy Harris. In 1950s, Gilbert Chase, an American music historian and critic, wrote, "When <mask> appeared on the scene, many Americans felt that here at last was 'the great American composer' awaited by the nation.But <mask> was not a great composer. At his best he was a gifted miniaturist with an individual manner. Creatively, he looked toward the past, not toward the future. He does not mark the beginning of a new epoch in American music, but the closing of a fading era, the fin de siecle decline of the genteel tradition which had dominated American art since the days of Hopkinson and Hewitt." In the 1970s, John Gillespie reaffirmed Chase's opinion by writing that <mask>'s place in time "accounts for his decreasing popularity; he does not belong with the great Romantics, Schumann and Brahms, but neither can be regarded as a precursor of twentieth century music." Other critics, such as Virgil Thomson, maintained that <mask>'s legacy would be reconsidered and regain a place proper to its significance in the history of American music. As romantic tradition in music never lost its relevance and importance, the twenty-first century brought a reassessment of <mask>'s legacy not only as a talented piano virtuoso and piano composer, but also as one of America's preeminent composers.On February 14, 2000, he was inducted into a national Classical Music Hall of Fame. <mask>'s two concertos now perceived as the "most important works in the genre by an American composer other than Gershwin." His four sonatas, two orchestral suites and multiple solo piano pieces are performed and recorded. Works

The following lists were compiled from information in collections of sheet music, Lawrence Gilman's <mask>: A Study (1908), Oscar Sonneck's Catalogue of First Editions of <mask>Dowell (1917), and John F. Porte's Edward MacDowell (1922). Published compositions for piano, a complete listing

Op. 1 Amourette (1896) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op. 2 In Lilting Rhythm (1897) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op.4 Forgotten Fairy Tales (1897) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op. 7 Six Fancies (1898) (as Edgar Thorn)
In 1895, an "Op. 8 Waltz" for piano by MacDowell was listed by Breitkopf & Härtel, but no price was shown, and the piece was not published. Op. 10 First Modern Suite (1883)
Op. 13 Prelude and Fugue (1883)
Op. 14 Second Modern Suite (1883)
Op.15 Piano Concerto No. 1 (1885)
Op. 16 Serenata (1883)
Op. 17 Two Fantastic Pieces (1884)
Op. 18 Two Compositions (1884)
Op. 19 Forest Idylls (1884)
Op. 20 Three Poems (1886) duets
Op.21 Moon Pictures (1886) duets after Hans Christian Andersen's "Picture-book without Pictures"
Op. 23 Piano Concerto No. 2 (1890)
Op. 24 Four Compositions (1887)
Op. 28 Six Idylls after Goethe (1887)
Op. 31 Six Poems after Heine (1887,1901)
Op. 32 Four Little Poems (1888)
Op.36 Etude de Concert (1889)
Op. 37 Les Orientales (1889)
Op. 38 Marionettes (1888,1901)
Op. 39 Twelve Studies (1890)
Op. 45 Sonata Tragica (1893)
Op. 46 Twelve Virtuoso Studies (1894)
Op. 49 Air and Rigaudon (1894)
Op.50 Sonata Eroica (1895) "Flos regum Arthurus"
Op. 51 Woodland Sketches (1896) (for Robert La Fosse's ballet, see Woodland Sketches (ballet))
Op. 55 Sea Pieces (1898)
Op. 57 Third Sonata (1900)
Op. 59 Fourth Sonata (1901)
Op. 61 Fireside Tales (1902)
Op. 62 New England Idylls (1902)

MacDowell published two books of Technical Exercises for piano; piano duet transcriptions of Hamlet and Ophelia for orchestra (Op.22); First Suite for orchestra (Op. 42); and a piano solo version of Op. 42, No. 4, The Shepherdess' Song, renamed The Song of the Shepherdess. Published compositions for orchestra (complete)

Op. 15 Piano Concerto No. 1 (1885)
Op.22 Hamlet and Ophelia (1885)
Op. 23 Piano Concerto No. 2 (1890)
Op. 25 Lancelot and Elaine (1888)
Op. 29 Lamia (1908)
Op. 30 Two Fragments after the Song of Roland (1891) I. The Saracens - II.The Lovely Alda
Op. 35 Romance for Violoncello and Orchestra (1888)
Op. 42 First Suite (1891–1893) I. In a Haunted Forest - II. Summer Idyl - III. In October - IV. The Shepherdess' Song - V. Forest Spirits
Op.48 Second ("Indian") Suite (1897) I. Legend - II. Love Song - III. In War-time - IV. Dirge - V. Village Festival

Published songs

Op. 3 Love and Time and The Rose and the Gardener, for male chorus (1897) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op. 5 The Witch, for male chorus (1898) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op. 6 War Song, for male chorus (1898) (as Edgar Thorn)
Op.9 Two Old Songs, for voice and piano (1894) I. Deserted - II. Slumber Song
Op. 11 and 12 An Album of Five Songs, for voice and piano (1883) I. My Love and I - II. You Love Me Not - III. In the Skies - IV. Night-Song - V. Bands of Roses
Op.26 From an Old Garden, for voice and piano (1887) I. The Pansy - II. The Myrtle - III. The Clover - IV. The Yellow Daisy - V. The Blue Bell - VI. The Mignonette
Op. 27 Three Songs, for male chorus (1890) I.In the Starry Sky Above Us - II. Springtime - III. The Fisherboy
Op. 33 Three Songs, for voice and piano (1894) I. Prayer - II. Cradle Hymn - III. Idyl
Op.34 Two Songs, for voice and piano (1889) I. Menie - II. My Jean
Op. 40 Six Love Songs, for voice and piano (1890) I. Sweet, Blue-eyed Maid - II. Sweetheart, Tell Me - III. Thy Beaming Eyes - IV. For Love's Sweet Sake - V. O Lovely Rose - VI.I Ask but This
Op. 41 Two Songs, for male chorus (1890) I. Cradle Song - II. Dance of the Gnomes
Op. 43 Two Northern Songs, for mixed chorus (1891) I. The Brook - II. Slumber Song
Op. 44 Barcarolle, for mixed chorus with four-hand piano accompaniment (1892)
Op.47 Eight Songs, for voice and piano (1893) I. The Robin Sings in the Apple Tree - II. Midsummer Lullaby - III. Folk Song - IV. Confidence - V. The West Wind Croons in the Cedar Trees - VI. In the Woods - VII. The Sea - VIII.Through the Meadow
Two Songs from the Thirteenth Century, for male chorus (1897) I. Winter Wraps his Grimmest Spell - II. As the Gloaming Shadows Creep
Op. 52 Three Choruses, for male voices (1897) I. Hush, hush! - II. From the Sea - III. The Crusaders
Op.53 Two Choruses, for male voices (1898) I. Bonnie Ann - II. The Collier Lassie
Op. 54 Two Choruses, for male voices (1898) I. A Ballad of Charles the Bold - II. Midsummer Clouds
Op. 56 Four Songs, for voice and piano (1898) I. Long Ago - II.The Swan Bent Low to the Lily - III. A Maid Sings Light - IV. As the Gloaming Shadows Creep
Op. 58 Three Songs, for voice and piano (1899) I. Constancy - II. Sunrise - III. Merry Maiden Spring
Op. 60 Three Songs, for voice and piano (1902) I. Tyrant Love - II.Fair Springtide - III. To the Golden Rod
Summer Wind, for women's voices (1902)
Two College Songs, for women's voices (1907) I. Alma Mater - II. At Parting

Selected recordings
 Piano Concerto No. 2: Van Cliburn, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Walter Hendl (1960)
 Piano Music by <mask>, Sandra Carlock, pianist (2005)
 Heroic Tales: Piano Music of <mask>, Fred Karpoff, pianist (2002)

Bibliography
 Gilman, Lawrence: <mask>: A Study (New York, 1909; reprint N.Y., 1969). Baltzell, W. J. (ed.): Critical and Historical Essays: Lectures Delivered at Columbia University by <mask> (Boston, 1912). Sonneck, Oscar: Catalogue of First Editions of <mask> (Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, 1917). Humiston, W. H.: <mask> (New York, 1921). Porte, John F.: <mask>: A Great American Tone Poet, His Life and Music (New York, 1922). Lowens, Margery Morgan: The New York Years of <mask> (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1971). Levy, Alan H.: <mask>, an American Master (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998).Bomberger, E. Douglas: <mask> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); . See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 206: The MacDowell Graves

References

External links

 online book
 online book

Oscar Sonneck, Catalogue of First Editions of <mask> (Library of Congress, 1917) online book
Art of the States: <mask>

A Tribute to <mask> on American Music Preservation.com
"To a Wild Rose" free PDF and MIDI

, Thomas Pandolfi

Sheet music for "To a Wild Rose", A.P. Schmidt Company, 1919
Sheet music for "Sea Pieces", Boston: Arthur P. Schmidt Co, 1898. From Wade Hall Sheet Music Collection
Finding aid to <mask> papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.1860 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century American male musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century classical composers
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Germany
American male classical composers
American Romantic composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Columbia University faculty
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Hoch Conservatory alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Musicians from New York City
People from Peterborough, New

masks:
Edward MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward Mac
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward Macdowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell
Edward MacDowell


title: Adolph Hofner

texts:
<mask> (June 8, 1916 – June 2, 2000) was an American Western swing bandleader and singer. Biography
Hofner was born into a family of Czech-German origin. He grew up listening to Czech and Hawaiian music. When he was ten years old his family moved to San Antonio. He and his younger brother Emil and Simon Garcia formed the Hawaiian Serenaders and performed locally. Influenced by Milton Brown and Bob Wills, Hofner became a singer in a band that played what was later called Western swing, a combination of country music and jazz. He kept his day job as a mechanic while performing at night in clubs in San Antonio.In the 1930s, <mask>, Emil, and fiddler Jimmie Revard started the band the Oklahoma Playboys. <mask>  made his first recordings with them as singer and guitarist. He made his solo debut in 1938 when he was offered a contract with Bluebird Records. With support from Eli Oberstein, the recording manager of Bluebird, <mask> formed the western swing band Adolph Hofner and His Texans. They made their recording debut on April 5, 1938 and they played their first gig outside Leming, Texas on May 13, 1939. Meanwhile, he recorded with Tom Dickey's Show Boys. This band had a surprise hit with Floyd Tillman's melancholy honky tonk song "It Makes No Difference Now" with Adolph singing.<mask> and his Texans had their first and biggest hit in 1940 with "Maria Elena". In 1941, <mask> signed a recording contract with Okeh. During World War II, he and his band were hired by the Burt "Foreman" Phillips chain of dance halls to perform around Los Angeles under the name Dolph Hofner and His San Antonians. Some of his hits during this period were "Alamo Rag", Cotton-Eyed Joe", and "Jessie Polka". Despite his relative success, he failed to have his contract renewed and he returned to Texas. Sponsored by Pearl Beer in 1950, he formed the Pearl Wranglers, performing at KTSA in San Antonio with a musical mix of swing, country, rockabilly, and polka. They recorded for the obscure Sarg label.Among the Czech-American songs they recorded, many with the original Czech lyrics, are the "Happy Go Lucky Polka", "The Prune Waltz", "Julida Polka", "Green Meadow Polka", "Barbara Polka", and "Farewell to Prague" ("Kdyz Jsme Opustili Prahu"). In order to accommodate their sponsor, Pearl Beer, the Hofners recorded the original version of "Farewell to Prague", which had been known in the old country, instead of the more recent Czech-American "Shiner Beer Polka", the same song with the word "Prague" ("Prahu") changed to "Shiner". This avoided the implied reference to rival Spoetzl Brewery in Shiner, Spoetzl's being closely identified with the "Shiner Beer Polka". But the brothers could not resist inserting a joke in Czech at the end of the recording. When one of the Hofners asks the other to "give me a dark beer" ("Daj mne cervene pivo"), Spoetzl's Shiner Bock being the most well-known dark beer in Texas at that time, the other brother firmly replies, "No!" ("Ne!"). In the mid-1980s, Hofner and the Pearl Wranglers were filmed at 'The Farmer's Daughter' dance hall for the British Channel 4 series "The A to Z of C & W".Hofner's career ended in 1993 when he suffered a stroke. He died in June 2000. Discography
 Dude Ranch Dances (Columbia H-13 [4-disc 78rpm album set], 1949; Columbia HL-9017 [10"], 1950)
 German Folk Dances (Imperial FD-541 [10"], 1954)
 Country and Western Dance-O-Rama, No. 4 (Decca DL-5564 [10"], 1955)
 Your Friend <mask> <mask> (Sarg SLPS-1803, 1973)
 Western Swing – Vol. 2 (Historic Recordings) (Arhoolie/Old Timey OT-116, 1975)
 Western Swing – Vol. [British Archive of Country Music] CD-D-297, 2010)
 You Oughta See My Fanny Dance (Previously Unissued Western Swing 1935–1942) (Bear Family BCD-16532, 2011)

Footnotes

References
 Carlin, Richard Peter. (2003) Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary, Taylor & Francis
 Russell, Tony (2007) Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost, Oxford University Press
 Russell, Tony - Pinson, Bob (2004) Country Music Records: A Discography 1921-1942, Oxford University Press
 Tribe, Ivan M. (2006) Country: A Regional Exploration, Greenwood Publishing Group
 Erlewine, Michael, et al (1997) All Music Guide to Country — The experts' guide to the best recordings in country music, edited by Michael Erlewine, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine, San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books
 Larkin, Colin (1998) The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, third edition, eight volumes, London: Muze; New York: Grove's Dictionaries

1916 births
2000 deaths
Western swing performers
American bandleaders
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Texas
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Texas
20th-century American male singers

masks:
Adolph John Hofner
Hofner
Hofner
Hofner
Hofner
Hofner
Adolph
Hofner


title: Oleg Blokhin

texts:
<mask>, or <mask> (, ; born 5 November 1952), is a former Ukrainian and Soviet football player and manager. Regarded as one of the greatest footballers of his generation, <mask> was formerly a standout striker for Dynamo Kyiv and the Soviet Union. He holds the all-time top goalscorer record for both Dynamo Kyiv (266 goals) and the Soviet Union national team (42 goals), as well as being the overall top goalscorer in the history of the Soviet Top League (211 goals). He is also the only player to have been capped over 100 times for the Soviet Union and holds Dynamo's appearance record with 582 appearances during his 18-year spell at the club. With Dynamo, Blokhin won eight Soviet league titles, five national cups and two European Cup Winners' Cups. He also competed for the Soviet Union at the 1972 and 1976 Olympic Games and 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cups. During his playing career he won the Soviet Footballer of the Year award three times and the Ukrainian Footballer of the Year award nine times (both records).In 1975, he was named European Footballer of the Year, winning the Ballon d'Or, becoming the second Soviet and the first Ukrainian player to achieve such a feat. As a coach, he has had two spells in charge of the Ukrainian national team, managing the team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012. In 2011, <mask>, together with Igor Belanov and Vitaliy Starukhin were named as "the legends of Ukrainian football" at the Victory of Football awards. Career
<mask> was born in Kyiv, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1952. His mother Kateryna Adamenko was multiple champion of USSR in the pentathlon, sprint and long jump. He was born to a Russian father and Ukrainian mother. His father <mask> was a police officer, a World War II veteran, and a competitive sprinter.Owing to his parents, Blokhin quickly mastered sprint, and by the age of 16 ran 60 m in less than 7 seconds, and 100 m in 11.0 seconds. Playing
<mask> was one of the greatest players in the world throughout the 1970s, hitting the target regularly through a period of great success at his hometown club Dynamo Kyiv and becoming the greatest goalscorer in the history of the Soviet League, which was one of Europe's strongest. Normally a forward or winger, <mask> was most renowned for possessing exceptional pace. <mask> played during most of his career for Dynamo Kyiv, becoming the USSR national championship's all-time leader and goalscorer with 211 goals, as well as making more appearances than any other player with 432 appearances. He won the championship 8 times. He led Dynamo to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1975 and 1986, scoring a goal in each final. <mask> is also the USSR national football team's most capped player with 112 caps, as well as their all-time leading goalscorer with 42 goals; he played in the 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cups where he scored 1 goal in each.He was one of the first Soviet players to play abroad, signing for Austria's Vorwärts Steyr in 1988, he also played in Cyprus with Aris. In 1979 <mask> played a couple of games for the Ukraine at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR. Coaching
After retiring as a player, Blokhin coached Greek clubs Olympiacos (Under him they won the Greek Cup and the Greek Super Cup in 1992), PAOK, AEK Athens, and Ionikos. He began serving as the head coach of the Ukrainian national team in September 2003. Under his leadership, Ukraine qualified for a major tournament for the first time as an independent nation, reaching the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Ukraine reached the quarter-finals of the tournament, losing to eventual champions Italy. Following the side's failure to reach UEFA Euro 2008, <mask> stepped down as coach on 6 December 2007.On 14 December 2007, he was named head coach of FC Moscow. The club finished 9th (from 16) and after the season ended <mask> was fired from the club. At the end of the season, Blokhin announced that if he knew how things would go in FC Moscow, he would have never signed there. This was because the club released many important players without Blokhin's permission yet still had many high expectations. Others said that the reason Blokhin failed in FC Moscow was that he and the press didn't have a friendly relationship, and because of that the press was constantly attacking Blokhin and that damaged his status among the players. On 21 April 2011 <mask> was again appointed head coach of the Ukrainian national team. He led the team in UEFA Euro 2012 on home soil, beating Sweden but exiting at the group stage after defeats to France and England.On 25 September 2012, Dynamo Kyiv signed Blokhin to lead the club for the next four years. His final matches in charge of Ukraine were World Cup qualifiers against Moldova and Montenegro in October 2012. <mask> was dismissed as Dynamo's manager by the club's President Ihor Surkis on 17 April 2014 because of the "unsatisfactory results of the team". The day before, in a press conference after Dynamo had lost a match against Shakhtar Donetsk, <mask> had already stated that he had decided to resign. Under his leadership Dynamo never qualified (a rare occasion for the club) for the UEFA Champions League and performed poorly in the UEFA Europa League. In his first year his team finished third in the Ukrainian Premier League and in his second year (when he was fired) Dynamo was seven points behind Ukrainian Premier League leaders Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and Shakhtar Donetsk. Career statistics

Club

The statistics in USSR Cups and Europe is made under the scheme "autumn-spring" and enlisted in a year of start of tournaments

International

International goals

Score and results list Soviet Union's goal tally first.Managerial statistics

Politics
In 1998 <mask> was elected to Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) for Hromada. He joined Hromada while still being a member of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In 2002, <mask> was elected to Verkhovna Rada for a second term. In October 2002, he joined the United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine. Family
<mask>'s father, Vladimir Ivanovich <mask>, is a native of Moscow, a veteran of the World War II, survivor of the Leningrad blockade, and a former Soviet law enforcement agent. <mask> later worked as a sports functionary for the Soviet Dynamo Society. Blokhin's mother Katerina Zakharivna (née Adamenko) is from a village in the Borodyanka Raion.She originally worked at a Kyiv sewing factory, but eventually discovered hidden athletic talents and became the Soviet champion in track and field as well as pentathlon. After retiring from sports, she became a staff member at one of Kyiv's universities. Blokhin was married to Irina Deriugina, a top coach and former world champion in rhythmic gymnastics, but the couple divorced in the early 1990s. <mask> and Deriugina have a daughter, singer Iryna <mask>, who wrote and performed the Euro 2012 anthem. <mask> and his second wife, Angela, have two daughters, Hanna (born 2001) and Katerina (born 2002). Honours

Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Soviet Top League (8): 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986
Soviet Cup (5): 1974, 1978, 1982, 1984–85, 1986–87
USSR Super Cup: (3): 1981, 1986, 1987
UEFA Cup Winners Cup (2): 1974–75, 1985–86
UEFA Super Cup: 1975; Runner-up: 1986

Individual

 Merited Master of Sports (1975)
 Merited Coach of Ukraine (2005)
 Ballon d'Or: 1975
 IOC European Footballer of the Season: 1974–75
 Golden Foot: 2009, as a legend
 Soviet Footballer of the Year (3): 1973, 1974, 1975
 Ukrainian Footballer of the Year (9): 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981
 Soviet Top League top scorer (5): 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977
 Soviet Top League All-Time Goals and Appearances Leader
 Soviet Cup All-Time Goals
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1985–86 top scorer
 European Cup 1986–87 second place on top scorers list. USSR national football team All-Time Goals and Caps Leader
 Ukraine's Golden Player representative
 The best 33 football players of the Soviet Union (15): No.1 (1972—1982, 1985, 1986), No. 2 (1983, 1984)
 Club Loyalty Award: 1986
 IFFHS Legends

Ballon d'Or
1974 – 19th
1975 – 1st
1976 – 19th
1981 – 5th

See also
 List of top international men's football goalscorers by country
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
 Oleh Blokhin club

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyiv
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 2012 managers
AEK Athens F.C. managers
Aris Limassol FC players
Cypriot First Division players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
Dynamo sports society athletes
Ballon d'Or winners
FIFA Century Club
Association football forwards
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympiacos F.C. managers
PAOK FC managers
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic footballers of the Soviet Union
Soviet expatriate footballers
Soviet footballers
Soviet Union international footballers
Soviet Top League players
UEFA Golden Players
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
SK Vorwärts Steyr players
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Ukrainian football managers
Ukrainian footballers
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian sportsperson-politicians
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
FC Moscow managers
Russian Premier League managers
Super League Greece managers
Expatriate football managers in Greece
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Oleg Vladimirovich Blokhin
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Vladimir Blokhin
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title: Brian Johnson (American football coach)

texts:
<mask> (born February 16, 1987) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the quarterbacks coach for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at the University of Florida in 2020 and also served as an assistant coach at the University of Houston, Mississippi State University and University of Utah. <mask> played college football at Utah and was drafted by the New York Sentinels in the UFL Premiere Season Draft in 2009. Early years
<mask> was born to parents Stacey and <mask> of Barrett Station, Texas. His father played college football for the UTEP Miners at the University of Texas, El Paso. His mom a beloved Nurse in Baytown, TX. <mask> attended Robert E. Lee High School, where he lettered in football and basketball.During his senior year in 2003, in which he took over starting quarterback duties from Drew Tate, <mask> passed for 2,900 yards and 33 touchdowns, completed 71.6% of his passes, and rushed for 540 yards and 12 touchdowns. <mask> was named the district Most Valuable Player, first-team all-district, and second-team all-state. After graduating early from Robert E. Lee High School <mask> was a two-star recruit coming out of high school, and not ranked among the top quarterback prospects of his class. <mask> was recruited by Utah, Illinois and Louisiana Tech. Playing career

College
As a true freshman in 2004, <mask> saw action in ten games as back-up to Heisman Trophy finalist Alex Smith. He passed for a touchdown and ran for another, and compiled a 129.7 passer rating. In 2005, <mask> took over the starting quarterback position, where he remained for the first ten games until a season-ending knee injury against New Mexico on November 12.He threw for 2,892 yards and 18 touchdowns. Against Wyoming, he was named the Mountain West Conference (MWC) Offensive Player of the Week for completing 32 of 45 passes for 384 yards and four touchdowns and rushing for 67 yards and a touchdown. He was first in the MWC and fourth nationwide in total offensive yards with an average 337.0 yards per game. He was second in the MWC in passing yardage with 289.2 yards per game. The Utes record with <mask> at quarterback in 2005 was 5–5, before ultimately finishing the season 7–5. After surgery on December 1, 2005 to correct his knee injury, <mask> redshirted his third year in order to convalesce during the 2006 season. In 2007, <mask> returned to see action in 11 games, ten of which were starts.In the first game of the season against Oregon State, he injured his shoulder and subsequently missed two following games. During the season, he threw for 2,636 yards and 24 touchdowns. In the 2007 Poinsettia Bowl against Navy, <mask> completed 20 out of 25 passes for 226 yards and a touchdown and rushed for 69 yards and one touchdown. For his performance, he was named the 2007 Poinsettia Bowl Most Valuable Player. In 2008, <mask> returned as the Utes' starting quarterback for his final season. In the first game against Rich Rodriguez's Michigan, he threw for 305 yards in Utah's 25–23 win. They went on to compile wins against Air Force, Oregon State (who the previous week defeated USC), and then 12th-ranked TCU, a team that only had one other loss in the season against future BCS Championship Game participants second-ranked Oklahoma.In their final regular season game against 14th-ranked BYU, <mask> threw for 303 yards and four touchdowns in a 48–24 victory. Utah's performance was good enough to secure a sixth-ranked ranking the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) poll and the only BCS non-AQ conference team to secure a berth in a BCS game, the 2009 Sugar Bowl, against Southeastern Conference (SEC) Western Division champions Alabama. Alabama had previously been 12–0 and ranked #1 in all the major polls before a defeat in the SEC Championship Game against Florida. In the Sugar Bowl, <mask> led then seventh-ranked Utah with 336 passing yards and three passing touchdowns in a 31–17 surprise upset over fourth-ranked Alabama. For his performance, <mask> was named the 2009 Sugar Bowl Most Outstanding Player. Utah finished the season as the only undefeated team with a 13–0 record. <mask> was featured as the cover athlete of the PlayStation 3 edition of the NCAA Football 10 video game.<mask> went 26-7 as a starting quarterback in his career at Utah and finished as the winningest quarterback in school history. College statistics

Professional
After going undrafted in the 2009 NFL Draft, he was invited to the Green Bay Packers rookie mini-camp along with Tulsa quarterback <mask>. He was not subsequently signed by an NFL team, but the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League were reportedly interested in him. <mask> was selected in the inaugural United Football League (UFL) draft by the New York Sentinels. <mask> had said at UFL tryouts, "It's a chance to keep playing football ... You have to take every opportunity you can get. You have to keep knocking on doors. You have to show them you can compete, that you have the physical tools they want."He signed with the team on August 5, 2009, but was released on September 28, 2009. Coaching career

Utah
In January 2010, at 23 years of age, <mask> was named the quarterbacks coach at the University of Utah by head coach Kyle Whittingham. On February 2, 2012, two weeks before his 25th birthday, <mask> was named offensive coordinator at Utah by Whittingham. Mississippi State
On February 10, 2014, <mask> was named as the quarterbacks coach at Mississippi State reuniting him with coach Dan Mullen who offered him a scholarship to sign with Utah during Urban Meyer's tenure as the Utes head football coach. Houston
On December 27, 2016, <mask> was hired as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at the University of Houston. Florida
On December 10, 2017, <mask> was hired as the quarterbacks coach at the University of Florida, reuniting with head coach Dan Mullen. Prior to the 2020 season, <mask> was promoted to offensive coordinator, making him the first African-American offensive coordinator in team history.Philadelphia Eagles
On January 27, 2021, <mask> was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles as their quarterbacks coach under head coach Nick Sirianni. References

External links

Utah Utes bio (archived webpage)

1987 births
Living people
People from Baytown, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
American football quarterbacks
Utah Utes football players
Utah Utes football coaches
New York Sentinels players
Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
Houston Cougars football coaches
Florida Gators football coaches
Sportspeople from Harris County, Texas
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
African-American players of American football
African-American coaches of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

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