title: Clay Shirky

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<mask> (born 1964) is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism. In 2017 he was appointed Vice Provost of Educational Technologies of New York University (NYU), after serving as Chief Information Officer at NYU Shanghai from 2014 to 2017. He also is an associate professor at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and Associate Arts Professor at the Tisch School of the Arts' Interactive Telecommunications Program. His courses address, among other things, the interrelated effects of the topology of social networks and technological networks, how our networks shape culture and vice versa. He has written and been interviewed about the Internet since 1996. His columns and writings have appeared in Business 2.0, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Harvard Business Review and Wired. Shirky divides his time between consulting, teaching, and writing on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies.His consulting practice is focused on the rise of decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer, web services, and wireless networks that provide alternatives to the wired client–server infrastructure that characterizes the World Wide Web. He is a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board. In The Long Tail, Chris Anderson calls <mask> "a prominent thinker on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies." Education and career

After graduating from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in fine art in 1986, he moved to New York. In the 1990s he founded the Hard Place Theater, a theatre company that produced non-fiction theater using only found materials such as government documents, transcripts and cultural records and also worked as a lighting designer for other theater and dance companies, including the Wooster Group, Elevator Repair Service and Dana Reitz. During this time, <mask> was vice-president of the New York chapter of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and wrote technology guides for Ziff Davis. He appeared as an expert witness on cyberculture in Shea v. Reno, a case cited in the U. S. Supreme Court's decision to strike down the Communications Decency Act in 1996.<mask> was the first Professor of New Media in the Media Studies department at Hunter College, where he developed the MFA in Integrated Media Arts program. In the Fall of 2010, <mask> was a visiting Morrow Lecturer at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government instructing a course titled: "New Media and Public Action". Views
In his book Here Comes Everybody, <mask> explains how he has long spoken in favor of crowdsourcing and collaborative efforts online. He uses the phrase "the Internet runs on love" to describe the nature of such collaborations. In the book, he  discusses the ways in which the action of a group adds up to something more than just aggregated individual action borrowing the phrase "more is different" from physicist Philip Warren Anderson. <mask> asserts that collaborative crowdsourced work results from "a successful fusion  of a plausible promise, an effective tool, and an acceptable bargain with the users." He states that the promise of what the user will get out of participating in a project leads to a person's desire to get involved.Collaborators will then choose the best social networking tool to do the job. One that "must be designed to fit the job being done, and it must help people do something they actually want to do." The bargain, <mask> states, defines what collaborators expect from each other's participation in the project. <mask>'s 'Promise, Tool, Bargain' premise restates aspects of the Uses and Gratifications Theory of mass media research. He points to four key steps. The first is sharing, a sort of "me-first collaboration" in which the social effects are aggregated after the fact; people share links, URLs, tags, and eventually come together around a type. This type of sharing is a reverse of the so-called old order of sharing, where participants congregate first and then share (examples include Flickr, and Delicious).The second is conversation, that is, the synchronization of people with each other and the coming together to learn more about something and to get better at it. The third is collaboration, in which a group forms under the purpose of some common effort. It requires a division of labor, and teamwork. It can often be characterized by people wanting to fix a market failure, and is motivated by increasing accessibility. The fourth and final step is collective action, which <mask> says is "mainly still in the future." The key point about collective action is that the fate of the group as a whole becomes important. <mask> also introduces his theory of mass amateurization:

Combined with the lowering of transaction costs associated with creating content, mass amateurization of publishing changes the question from "Why publish this?"to "Why not?" Tied to mass amateurization is the idea of publish-then-filter which is now required due to the mere size and amount of material being created on a daily basis. <mask> calls this mass amateurization of filtering a forced move. He uses the Portland Pattern Repository, which introduced the wiki concept that inspired Wikipedia, as an example of this new marriage of mass content creation and mass filtering. In 2010 <mask> published Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age which expands on themes introduced in Here Comes Everybody. The book follows concepts he introduced in a Web 2. 0 conference presentation April 23, 2008 called "Gin, Television, and Social Surplus", Herein he popularizes the concept of cognitive surplus, the time freed from watching television which can be enormously productive when applied to other social endeavors.Technology has turned many past consumers into producers. This new production capacity, combined with humanity's willingness to share, can change society if applied to civic endeavors. <mask> introduces Cognitive Surplus as a continuation of his work in Here Comes Everybody. "This book picks up where that one left off, starting with the observation that the wiring of humanity lets us treat free time as a shared global resource, and lets us design new kinds of participation and sharing that take advantage of that resource." <mask> has also written about "algorithmic authority," which describes the process through which unverified information is vetted for its trustworthiness through multiple sources. Institutions vs collaboration
In July 2005, <mask> gave a talk titled "Institutions vs collaboration" as a part of TEDGlobal 2005. This presentation reveals many of the ideas and concepts that would ultimately be presented in Here Comes Everybody and in future TED talks.Shirky compares the coordination costs between groups formed under traditional institutions and those formed by groups which "build cooperation into the infrastructure." Classic institutions have to create economic, management, legal and physical structures and inherently, by creating these rigid structures, must exclude large numbers of people. Companies like Flickr, however, having built "cooperation into the infrastructure" of their company, do not have to build massive infrastructure nor exclude large groups of potential contributors. Shirky states that since many social systems follow the Pareto principle wherein 20% of contributors account for 80% of contributions, traditional institutions lose out of the long tail of contributors by turning only the few that dominate the distribution into employees. The cooperative infrastructure model escapes having to lose this resource. Shirky presents an institution as enabler and institution as obstacle concept. The relatively small number of high-volume contributors can be assimilated, as employees, into the old-style corporate model and thus can live in an "institution-as-enabler world".The long tail of contributors, however, who make few and infrequent contributions, see institutions as an obstacle as they would never have been hired, therefore, disenfranchised. <mask> argues that an idea or contribution may be infrequent and significant. Furthermore, all of the long tail contributors, taken in aggregate, can be substantial. One pitfall of the "mass amateurs" creating their own groups is that not all niches that are filled will be positive ones; <mask> presents pro-ana groups as an example. Shirky closes by stating that the migration from institutions to self-organizing, collaborative groups will be incomplete and will not end in a utopian society. Rather, chaos will follow as was created by the advent of the printing press before it, and that this period of transition will last roughly fifty years. <mask> claims that our actions and behavior are generated by convenience.Writer and analyst Megan Garber writes: "The more people we have participating in media, and the more people we have consuming it—and the more people we have, in particular, creating it—the better. Not because bigger is implicitly better than the alternative compact, but because abundance changes the value proposition of media as a resource." According to Jay Baer by making collaboration more convenient for the user, it will eventually become a more commonplace. Further, enhancing the outcome of collaboration will instill motivation within the users. According to Audrey Tang, <mask> has coined the phrase "cognitive surplus", to describe the way that time spent on the internet can have an increasing social value. Evolution of asymmetric media
In June 2009, <mask> participated in a TED@State talk titled "How cellphones, Twitter and Facebook can make history" aka "How social media can make history." In the talk, he explains that this is the first time in history that communication is possible from many to many.In the past, communication to a large group excluded the possibility of having a conversation, and having a conversation meant not interacting with a group and instead was necessarily a one-to-one structure. <mask> labels this incongruous exchange as asymmetric. In <mask>'s view, this feature is one of the main reasons that the internet revolution is different from communication revolutions that preceded it. The second difference between the twentieth and twenty-first century communication revolution, Shirky states, is now all media is digitized. This means that the Internet now encapsulates all forms of media from the past and the medium itself has become the site of exchange, not just a means of exchange. Finally, the Internet allows people to create content, thus the line between producers and consumers has become blurred. As <mask> puts it, "Every time a new consumer joins this media landscape, a new producer joins as well."Even countries like China, as <mask> gives as an example, go to great lengths to control information exchange on the Internet but are having trouble as the "amateurization" of media creation has effectively turned every owner of a cellphone and Twitter account into a journalist. The populace as a whole, <mask> claims, is a force much harder to control than a handful of professional news sources. He compares the "Great Firewall of China" to the Maginot Line as both were built to protect from external threats but that is not where the majority of content is being created in this new media landscape. As an example of the potential of this two-way, collaborative environment <mask> believes we are now living in, he presents as a case study MyBarackObama.com. Over the issue of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, members of the website were upset over Obama's announcement that he was changing his stance and that now he was going to sign the bill "that granted immunity for possibly warrantless spying on American persons." Despite the disagreement between the President and the posters opposed to his altered view, <mask> cites the mere fact that the President posted a reply to their concerns, instead of persecuting/ignoring the group, as hope for the future of this new form of mass media. Shirky principle

In April 2010, Kevin Kelly cited the phrase "Institutions will try to preserve the problem to which they are the solution", and called it the "Shirky Principle", as the phrasing reminded him of the clarity of the Peter Principle.Communal value vs civic value
In June 2010, <mask> participated in TED@Cannes wherein he spoke about cognitive surplus and its role furthering communal and civic value. The talk was titled, "How cognitive surplus will change the world," and the possibility for change, which <mask> presents, runs the spectrum at one end with communal value being increased and at the other end with civic value being furthered. Digital technology has allowed human generosity and "the world's free time and talents," which <mask> calls cognitive surplus, to combine and create a new form of creative expression. This creative expression can take the form of lolcats or endeavors such as Ushahidi; the former <mask> says increases communal value, "it is created by the participants for each other" for simple amusement, whereas the latter he cites furthers civic value meaning the group action is taken to benefit society as a whole. <mask> then presents the view that society lives under social constraint and that these social constraints can create a culture that is "more generous than" the environment created by contractual constraints alone. Understanding where the economic or contractual motivation of a situation ends and where the social part begins, <mask> claims is key when designing to maximize generosity. This being the case, to have society use its "trillion hours a year of participatory value" to advance civic value, society itself simply needs to prize, and collectively praise, endeavors like Ushahidi.<mask> wrote an essay about the aspects of online community building through broadcast media. As members of a broad social community and users of media outlets, Shirky suggests ways in which we can  build up this type of society. Shirky suggests five different things to think about when dealing with broadcast media outlets:
Audiences are built. Communities grow. Communities face a tradeoff between size and focus. Participation matters more than quality. You may own the software, but the community owns itself.The community will want to build. Help it, or at least let it. Response to Evgeny Morozov on consulting for the Libyan government
In March 2011, <mask> responded to questions raised by Evgeny Morozov about consulting he had done for the Libyan government. Morozov tweeted "With <mask> consulting the Libyan govt, it's now clear why dictators are so smart about the Web". <mask> explained he had been invited in 2007 to speak in Boston to Libya's IT Minister. <mask> stated the talk was "about using social software to improve citizen engagement in coastal towns. The idea was that those cities would be more economically successful if local policies related to the tourist trade were designed by the locals themselves."<mask> added that nothing came of the project beyond his initial talk. He defended his underlying desire to expand representative government in Libya and concluded that "the best reason to believe that social media can aid citizens in their struggle to make government more responsive is that both citizens and governments believe that." Reaction to SOPA
In January 2012, at TED Salon NY, <mask> gave a talk titled "Why SOPA is a bad idea." He cites SOPA as a way for traditional, mass media producers to "raise the cost of copyright compliance to the point where people simply get out of the business of offering it as a capability to amateurs." After an offending internet site is identified, with the identification process itself not specified in the bill, the targeted site will be removed from the Domain Name System (DNS). <mask> claims since you can still use the static IP address of the site in question, removal from DNS is futile. He identifies the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 as a law that was able to delineate between sharing with your friends as being legal and selling for commercial gain as illegal.Unsatisfied, media companies, <mask> claims, continued to push government to create more sweeping legislation which would hinder any form of sharing. This pressure, in 1998, created the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It was now legal for media companies to sell uncopyable material although uncopyable digital material does not exist. To remedy this fact, <mask> states that media companies now tried to break consumer's computer hardware to create the illusion that the media they purchased was indeed uncopyable. Whereas DMCA was "surgical," SOPA is "nuclear" since the law stipulates any sites pointing to "illegal" content may be censored. Ultimately, <mask> points out the public-at-large is by far the largest producers of content and they are the ones which will be censured. They will be presumed guilty until they can prove the content they published is not illegal.This turns the American legal system on its head. He closes by encouraging Americans to contact their senators and congressmen and reminding them they prefer "not to be treated like a thief." Distributed version control and democracy
On June 29, 2012, <mask> participated in Session 12: Public Sphere of TEDGlobal 2012. <mask> made the observation that many of the technological advancements in communication throughout history, from the printing press to the television, were heralded as harbingers of world peace yet ended up creating greater dissent. "The more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with." However, <mask> claims, with this increased "arguing," comes an increased "speed" of information exchange. <mask> cites "The Invisible College" as an example of a group that was able to utilize this effect created by the printing press, via the scientific journal, to help launch the scientific revolution.He then states we are in a similar period today with open-source programmers and their use of distributed version control or DVCS. DVCS, he argues, allows for "more arguments" to be made into "better arguments". DVCS also allows for "cooperation without coordination" which <mask> states is "the big change". He then suggests that DVCS fits naturally with law as it, and software development, are "dependency-related." <mask> presents another application for DVCS – drafting legislation. He cites Open Legislation, a listing of legislative information from the New York State Senate and Assembly, as an early step in that direction. The talk culminates with <mask> posing the open question of whether or not government will transition from striving towards one-way transparency to mutual collaboration and suggests if it does, there is already a "new form of arguing" centered around DVCS to aid the transition.Bibliography
 The Internet by E-Mail (1994) –
 Voices from the Net (1995) –
 P2P Networking Overview (2001) –

 Planning for Web Services: Obstacles and Opportunities (2003) –
 Selected Articles in The Best Software Writing I, Joel Spolsky ed. (2005) –
 "A Group is its Own Worst Enemy" by <mask>
 "Group as User: Flaming and the Design of Social Software" by <mask>
 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (2008) –
 Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (2010) –
 Little Rice: Smartphones, Xiaomi, and the Chinese Dream (2015) –

See also
 Networked advocacy

Footnotes

References

External links

  <mask>'s Bio

 Clay Shirky's writings on the O'Reilly Network

 Socially Intelligent Computing A Dialogue with Daniel Goleman
 "It's Not Information Overload. It's Filter Failure." Video, <mask> at Web 2.0 Expo NY, Sept. 16–19, 2008. Video (and audio) of interview/discussion with <mask> by Will Wilkinson on Bloggingheads.tv
 Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom A talk about journalism and pay walls. – Colloquium @ NYU. Ontology is Overrated: Links, Tags, and Post-hoc Metadata – a presentation (MP3) from the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference held in San Diego, California, March 14–17, 2005.1964 births
American technology writers
Internet culture
Living people
New York University faculty
Writers from Columbia, Missouri
Technology evangelists
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
Yale University alumni

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title: Kathleen M. Adams

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is a cultural anthropologist, Professorial Research Associate at SOAS, University of London, Professor Emerita at Loyola University Chicago, and an Adjunct Curator at the Field Museum of Natural History. Her award-winning books include Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia and The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond (with N. Leite and Q. Casteneda)'. Additional books authored by <mask> include 'Everyday Life in Southeast Asia (With K. Gillogly), Indonesia: History, Heritage, Culture, and Home and Hegemony: Domestic Service and Identity Politics in South and Southeast Asia (with S. Dickey). <mask> is best known for her research on cultural transformations in island Southeast Asia, (especially Toraja society in Indonesia), and her contributions to critical tourism studies, heritage studies, and museum studies. A former Fulbright recipient, <mask> received a B.A. in anthropology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and an M.A./Ph.D. in cultural anthropology at the University of Washington.<mask> previously held the Mouat Family Endowed Chair for Junior Faculty  at Beloit College in Wisconsin, and was visiting professor at Loyola University Chicago's John Felice Rome Center, Ateneo de Manila University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, the National University of Singapore and on several University of Virginia Semester at Sea voyages. <mask> is currently (2021-2022) a Visiting Fellow at The Center for Tourism Research at Wakayama University. <mask>' book on the politics of art and tourism in Sulawesi (Indonesia) won the Alpha Sigma Nu award as the best social science book published in 2007–2009 by faculty at Jesuit institutions. Her book The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond(co-edited with Leite and Casteneda) received the Anthropology of Tourism Interest Group's 2020 best book award. A Fulbright awardee (1984–85) and Isaac Manasseh Meyer Fellowship (1999) recipient, <mask>' work has been supported by the American Philosophical Society and other foundations. She received Loyola University's Sujack Master Researcher Award twice (2016 and 2020), Loyola University Chicago's 2007 Sujack Award for Teaching Excellence, and recognition by Princeton Review as one of the "300 best professors" in the US and Canada in 2012. Significant publications
 2020 "(Post-) Pandemic Tourism Resiliency: Southeast Asian Lives and Livelihoods in Limbo."Tourism Geographies. 2020 "What Western Tourism Concepts Obscure: Intersections of Tourism and Migration in Indonesia." Tourism Geographies. 2019 "Indonesia: History, Heritage, Culture Key Issues in Asian Studies Series. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies Press. 2019 "The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond (Co-edited with N. Leite and Q. Casteneda. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.2018 "Revisiting "Wonderful Indonesia": Tourism, Economy, and Society". The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, ed. by Robert Hefner. Abingdon on Thames: Routledge. 2018 "Local Strategies for Economic Survival in Touristically Volatile Times: An Indonesian Case Study of Microvendors, Gendered Cultural Practices, and Resilience." Tourism Culture & Communication 18(4): 287–301. 2018 "A Room with a View: Local Knowledge and Tourism Entrepreneurship in an Unlikely Indonesian Locale.” (with D. Sandarupa), Asian Journal of Tourism Research.3(1): 1-26. 2018 "Leisure in the 'Land of the Walking Dead': Western Mortuary Tourism, the Internet, and Zombie Pop Culture in Toraja, Indonesia." In Leisure and Death: An Anthropological Tour of Risk, Death and Dying, ed. by A. Kaul and J. Skinner. Boulder: Univ. of Colorado Press. 2015 "Families, Funerals and Facebook: Reimag(in)ing and Curating Toraja Kin in Translocal Times.” TRaNS: Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3(2).2015 Guest Editor of Special Issue "Back to the Future? Emergent Visions for Object-Based Teaching in and Beyond the Classroom.” Museum Anthropology, Vol 38(2). 2012  "Love American Style and Divorce Toraja Style: Lessons from a Tale of Mutual Reflexivity in Indonesia,” Critical Arts 26(2). 2011 Everyday Life in Southeast Asia. Indiana University Press. (With <mask>ly). 2010 "Courting and Consorting with the Global: The Local Politics of an Emerging World Heritage Site in Sulawesi, Indonesia.” In V.T.King, M. Parnwell & M. Hitchcock (eds.) Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia, NIAS Press & Univ. of Hawai'i Press. 2008 “The Janus-Faced Character of Tourism in Cuba: Ideological Continuity and Change.” Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1):27-46. Co-authored with Peter Sanchez. 2006	Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism, and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press.(Winner of the 2009 Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities Alpha Sigma Nu National Book Award, best in Social Sciences 2007-2009)
 2005	“Public Interest Anthropology in Heritage Sites: Writing Culture and Righting Wrongs.” International Journal of Heritage Studies, 11(5):433-439. 2005 “Generating Theory, Tourism & “World Heritage” in Indonesia: Ethical Quandaries for Practicing Anthropologists.” National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin, 23:45-59. Part of a Special Issue on “Anthropological Contributions to Travel & Tourism: Linking Theory with Practice.”
 2004  “The Genesis of Touristic Imagery: Politics and Poetics in the Creation of a Remote Indonesian Island Destination.”  Tourist Studies, 4(2):115-135. 2000 Home and Hegemony: Domestic Service and Identity Politics in South and Southeast Asia''. University of Michigan Press. (With Sara Dickey). References

Other sources

External links
<mask><mask> at Academia.edu
<mask>. <mask> Faculty Page

Living people
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of Washington alumni
Indonesianists
Beloit College faculty
Cultural anthropologists
Tradition
Tourism researchers
People from San Francisco
Writers about globalization
Social anthropologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women

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title: Henry Smith Lane

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<mask> (February 24, 1811 – June 19, 1881) was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion. Early life

Family and background
<mask> was born in Bath County, Kentucky near Sharpsburg on February 24, 1811, the son of James H. and <mask>. He received a classical education from private tutors and studied law; he was admitted to the bar in Mount Sterling, Kentucky in 1832.He moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana, in 1835 working at the Bank of Indiana and opening a law office, taking mainly criminal cases. <mask> was an opponent of slavery early in life, and came to support <mask> while he lived in Kentucky. At age 20, he delivered an anti-slavery speech to the Colonization Society in October 1831. In the speech he declared, "The History of all times admonishes us that no man or community of men can be kept forever in slavery." While <mask> opposed to expansion of slavery he was not in favor of abolition, but like <mask> he believed that over time slavery would die out if it was prevented from spreading. In 1833 he married to Pamela Bledsoe Jameson. The couple had no children, and his wife was killed in a stage coach accident 1842; <mask> escaped the accident with only minor injuries.Active in Whig politics, he was a member of the Indiana Senate in 1837 as a representative of Montgomery County and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1838–39. <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1840 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Tilghman A. Howard, he won reelection defeating John Bryce by overwhelming majority the next year, and served until 1843. He did not seek reelection to a second full term. While in office, he was in favor of compromising with the south over the slavery issue and openly condemned the abolitionists agitators as promoting disunity. Mexican–American War
During the 1844 elections, <mask> stumped most of Indiana for presidential candidate <mask>. He married Joanna Maria Elston, a daughter of Isaac Compton Elston, a major investor in the Bank of Indiana in 1845. <mask> returned to his law practice after the election and remained there until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War.In May 1846, <mask> attended the war meeting held in Indianapolis, and became and active member, writing part of the resolutions the meeting issued, pledging troops for the invasion of Mexico. After the meeting, <mask> set out to personally raise a company of men to join the war effort, and he served during the war at its head, and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment Indiana Infantry. His regiment spent most of the war in Mexico, guarding supply lines and military posts, and saw little action. When his companies' enlistment expired, <mask> returned to Indiana by ship, landing in Madison, Indiana. He there confronted many members of the Whig party who were opposed to the war and publicly decried their lack of support for the cause. <mask> then set out to organize a new company and set out again for Mexico as part of the Fifth Indiana Regiment Infantry, and remained in Mexico for the duration of the war. Shifting parties
After returning from the war, <mask> was a candidate for Congress in 1849, challenging Joseph E. McDonald.The election was a close contest, but <mask> was ultimately defeated and returned to private life. He abandoned the profession of law and engaged in the banking business at Crawfordsville in 1854. The same year the Know Nothing Party was established and <mask> joined, along with many other disaffected Whigs. In the legislature he was a strong supporter of sending a Know-Nothing candidate to the United States Senate. The debate began the start of a period of divisive state politics that would continue until the American Civil War. The Democrats refused to allow the new party any national representation, and Ashbel Willard, who was President of the State Senate, was able to lock up voting and prevent any Senator from being elected. The situation exploded and the Know-Nothings responded by locking up the entire General Assembly.The results were disastrous and the Know-Nothing party quickly fell apart, but the battle brought <mask> national fame in standing up to the Democrats. In 1856 <mask> attended the first Republican National Convention. He was elected president of the convention and gained national recognition for his oratory. After the convention he returned to Indiana and stumped the state for the new party. That year Republicans gained a strong representation in the General Assembly and, with the support of some Democrats, were able to elect <mask> and William McCarty to the United States Senate. The two men went to Washington to challenge the state's sitting senators, but the Senate refused to accept the new senators. In 1857, the Missouri Compromise was repealed.The act had a profound effect on <mask>'s position on slavery. While before he had supported compromise on the issue, the law's repeal led him to become a full-fledged abolitionist and favor anti-slavery action on the national level. Republican

Gubernatorial campaign
<mask> returned to Indiana where he continued to spread the ideas of the new party. In 1860, the state Republican convention chose <mask> to run for governor, and Oliver Morton as lieutenant governor. They challenged Thomas Hendricks on the Democratic ticket. Prior to the election it was negotiated that <mask> would be elected to the Senate and Morton would continue as governor. The men canvased the entire state.After a major speech in Evansville, <mask> attended the second Republican National Convention, and was influential in helping Abraham Lincoln win the presidential nomination. <mask> and Lincoln had a friendly relationship and Lincoln once said of <mask>, "Here comes an uglier man than I am". Returning to Indiana after the convention, he held a final debate with Hendricks in Fort Wayne. <mask> was not as skilled a debater as Hendricks, but was considered a superior orator. <mask> refused to have any more debates with his opponent, and instead traveled across the state again giving speeches. The election was close and <mask> defeated Hendricks by about 1,000 votes and was elected governor; he was inaugurated January 14, 1861. However, he served just two days, and resigned to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate to honor the agreement with running mate Morton, who then became governor.Senator
<mask> was again elected by the Republican-controlled Indiana Legislature, but again the Democratic-dominated U.S. Senate refused to seat him. As southern states began to secede from the Union, however, the Southern majority quickly gave way and <mask> was permitted to be seated. He served from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1867, and was a supporter of President Lincoln's policies during the Civil War. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Thirty-seventh through Thirty-ninth Congresses) and a member of the Committee on Pensions (Thirty-ninth Congress). Return to private life

After his Senate term ended, <mask> returned to Crawfordsville, never again to hold elected office. He served as special Indian commissioner from 1869 to 1871, and was commissioner for improvement of the Mississippi River, appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant. On June 18, 1881, <mask> entertained some friends at his home in Crawfordsville for the evenings.After the party he began to have severe chest pains, and he died the next afternoon, June 19 around 1 pm, of an apparent heart-attack. His death was reported nationally, and biers were held nationwide. <mask> was buried on June 21, his pallbearers being former governors of the state, and fellow senators. He was buried in a vault in Oak Hill Cemetery, and that state erected a monument over his grave. See also

 List of governors of Indiana

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Dumas Malone (ed. ), Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 5, part 2, New York:Charles Scribner's Sons (1961), pp.574–575. External links
 Retrieved on 2009-04-23

 Biography and Jacob Cox portrait from the Indiana Historical Bureau

1811 births
1881 deaths
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Indiana state senators
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Governors of Indiana
United States senators from Indiana
Indiana lawyers
American bankers
Indiana Republicans
Indiana Whigs
United States Army officers
People from Bath County, Kentucky
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union political leaders
People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War
American Methodists
Indiana Know Nothings
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Republican Party United States senators
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Indiana

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Henry Smith Lane
Henry Smith Lane
Mary Higgins Lane
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Henry Clay
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Henry Clay
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Henry Clay
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title: Josep Maria Castellet

texts:
<mask> (15 December 1926 – 9 January 2014), also known as <mask>, was a Spanish Catalan writer, poet, literacy critic, publisher and editor. Born in Barcelona, he began his career in writing in 1955, and wrote novels and poetry in both Catalan and Spanish. His final novel was published in 2012. He played an outstanding role in the Spanish and Catalan culture life of the second half of the 20th century. He was the chief editor of the publishing house Edicions 62 (1964–1996) and afterwards president of the Grup 62. He was the founder and first president of the Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (Catalan writers association), a board member of the Comunità europea degli scrittori, the Prix international de Littérature jury and the dean of the Institució de les Lletres Catalanes (Institution of Catalan letters). <mask> died on 9 January 2014, aged 87, in his hometown of Barcelona.Biography
Castellet received his education as a literary critic by working for university magazines. His biographers stress his active participation in the editorial board of the magazine Laye (1950–1954), where he held a critical position towards contemporary Spanish literature, and the first publication of an article collection Notas sobre literatura española contemporánea (Notes on contemporary Spanish literature, 1955). His willingness for renewal and the discovery of the European literary critique through the Laye group led him to write La hora del lector (The reader's hour, 1957). As he wanted to make known a group of young poets that had started publishing in Laye (Carlos Barral, Jaime Gil de Biedma and José Agustín Goytisolo), he published the polemic anthology Veinte años de poesía española (20 years of Spanish poetry, 1960) that postulated historic realism. Ten years later a new anthology, Nueve novísimos poetas españoles (Nine brand-new Spanish poets, 1970), marked a change to new poetic tendencies after realism. In 1963 Castellet published, together with Joaquim Molas, Poesia catalana del segle XX (20th century Catalan poetry) guided by historic realism, a concept that he developed theoretically in Poesia, realisme, història (Poetry, realism, history, 1965). His work as a critic during that time centered on two important books that are still considered works of reference: the structuralist reading of the poetry by Espriu —Iniciació a la poesia de Salvador Espriu (Initiation to Salvador Espriu's poetry, 1971)— and the analysis of the narrative richness of <mask> Pla's work, Josep Pla o la raó narrativa (Josep Pla or narrative reason, 1978).In Per un debat sobre la cultura a Catalunya (For a debate on culture in Catalonia, 1983) he reflected on the role of culture in the recently democratic state and the frame of the autonomous region of Catalonia. His last works consisted of memories; the first one, not published until 2007 was Dietari de 1973 (Diary of 1973). He started this presentation of himself and his times in {{lang|ca|Els escenaris de la  (Memory's stages, 1988), went on with  (Seducers, enlightened and visionaries, 2009) and  (Confidential memories of a publisher. Three befriended writers, 2012). Work
 1955. (Notes on contemporary Spanish literature), Laye, Barcelona. 1957.(The reader's hour), Seix Barral, Barcelona (Italian translation: Einaudi, Torino, 1957). 1958. (The spiritual evolution of E. Hemingway), Taurus, Madrid. 1960. (Twenty years of Spanish poetry), Seix Barral, Barcelona, 2d ed., 1969; 3d ed., 1962. (Italian translation: Feltrinelli, Torino, 1962). Further editions under the title:  (A Quarter of a Century of Spanish Poetry), Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1966, 1969, 1973.1963. (20th century Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona, 5th ed., 1980. (Together with Joaquim Molas). 1965. (Poetry, realism, history), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1969. (Reading Marcuse), Edicions 62, Barcelona.(Originally published in Catalan. Spanish version: Seix Barral, Barcelona, Reprinted 1971). 1969. (Eight centuries of Catalan poetry), Alianza Editorial, Madrid. (Bilingual anthology, together with J. Molas) Reedited 1976. 1970. (Nine brand-new Spanish poets), Barral Editores, Barcelona.(Italian translation: Einaudi, Torino, 1976). 1971. (Introduction to Salvador Espriu's poetry), Taurus Ediciones, Madrid, Taurus essay prize 1970. (Catalan edition: Edicions 62, Barcelona. Reedited: 1978, 1984). 1975. (Questions of literature, politics and society), Edicions 62, Barcelona.1976. (Literature, ideology and politics), Anagrama, Barcelona. 1977. (<mask>. Painting in liberty), Edicions 62, Barcelona. (Together with <mask> Moix). 1978.(Josep Pla or narrative reason), Edicions Destino, Barcelona. Josep Pla prize, 1978. (Spanish translation: Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 1982). 1979. (General anthology of Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona. (Together with J. Molas). 1983.(For a debate on culture in Catalonia), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1984. (The generation of 27. Poems), Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. (Together with Pere Gimferrer). 1985. (Culture and the cultures), Argos Vergara, Barcelona.1987. (The reader's hour. Followed by Poetry, realism and history), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1987. (Informal memories of a literary editor, taken from the book 'Edicions 62, 25 years (1962–1987)), Edicions 62, Barcelona. Edició novenal. 1988.(Memory's stages). Edicions 62, Barcelona. Reedited, 1995, 2009. 1988. (Memory's stages, in Spanish), Anagrama, Barcelona. 2001. {{lang|ca|La hora del lector (The reader's hour).(Critical edition by Laureano Bonet), Ediciones Península, Barcelona. 2001. (Nine brand-new. With a documentary appendix), Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2001. New, corrected edition, with a  “sentimental appendix”, Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2006. 2005. (Eight centuries of Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona.(Together with J. Molas). 2007. (1973 Diary), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 2009. (Seducers, enlightened and visionaries). Edicions 62, Barcelona. 2010.(Seducers, enlightened and visionaries, in Spanish), Anagrama, Barcelona. 2012. (Confidential memories of a publisher. Three befriended writers), Edicions 62, Barcelona. Awards
 Taurus d'assaig (Taurus essay award), 1970. Gaziel de periodisme (Gaziel journalism award), 1977. Premi <mask> Pla de narrativa (Josep Pla Award) for Josep Pla o la raó narrativa, 1977.Premi Joanot Martorell de narrativa (Joanot Martorell award) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1987. Premi Crítica Serra d'Or de Literatura i Assaig#Biografies i memòries (Serra d'Or Critics award in the section of biography and memory) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1989. Premi de literatura catalana de la Generalitat, modalitat prosa (Catalan literature award for prose, awarded by the regional government of Catalonia), 1989. Premi Lletra d'Or (Golden Letter award) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1989. Premi Nacional a la Trajectòria Professional i Artística (National award for the professional and artistic lifetime achievement), 2009. Premi Crítica Serra d'Or de Literatura i Assaig#Biografies i memòries (Serra d'Or Critics award in the section of biography and memory) for Seductors, il·lustrats i visionaris. Sis personatges en temps adversos'', 2010.Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas (National award of Spanish letters), 2010. Medals
 Creu de Sant Jordi of the Generalitat de Catalunya, 1983. Hungarian Medal Proculture of the Republic of Hungary, 1987. Officier de l'Ordre National du Mérite of the French government, 1988. Medalla de oro de las Bellas artes del Ministerio de Cultura, 1992. Medalla d'or al mèrit artístic de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1993. Medalla d'Or de la Generalitat de Catalunya, 2003.References

External links

1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Barcelona
Catalan-language poets
Spanish literary critics
Spanish publishers (people)
Spanish editors
Spanish male poets
20th-century Spanish poets
20th-century Spanish male writers

masks:
Josep Maria Castellet Díaz de Cossío
José María Castellet
Josep Maria Castellet
Josep
Maria Girona
Anna Maria
Josep


title: Myuran Sukumaran

texts:
<mask> (17 April 1981 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian who was convicted in Indonesia of drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, <mask> was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with eight others. Police found  of heroin in a suitcase in the room. According to court testimonies of convicted drug mules, <mask> and Andrew Chan were the co-ringleaders of the heroin-smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial, Sukumaran was sentenced on 14 February 2006 by the Denpasar District Court to execution by firing squad. After lodging an appeal against his sentence, <mask>'s appeal was initially dismissed by the Bali High Court. A judicial review by the Indonesian Supreme Court on 6 July 2011 affirmed the death sentence.<mask>'s plea for clemency was rejected by the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo on 30 December 2014. He and Chan were executed on 29 April 2015. Early life and family
Myutan <mask> was born on 17 April 1981 in London. He was the eldest child of Sam and Raji <mask> who are Hindus of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Sukumaran had a brother (Chintu) and a sister (Brintha). The family moved to Australia in 1985 and lived in Auburn, a western suburb of Sydney. <mask> was educated at Homebush Boys High School where he was known as "Myu."Although Andrew Chan also attended Homebush the pair were four years apart and mixed in different circles. Sukumaran told a psychiatrist that he faced bullying and racism at school. Only in his adolescence did he start making friends, mostly Chinese and Vietnamese, and started to feel accepted. After dropping out of university in the first year of his course, Sukumaran worked as a mail-room clerk at State Street Corporation, an American investment bank, and at the passport office in Sydney. He started using drugs and, attracted by fast cars, nightclubs and instant rewards, got involved in drug selling after a university friend introduced him to the criminal world. Sukumaran met Andrew Chan at a friend's party in 2002 and got involved in smuggling drugs from Indonesia to Australia. Trafficking conspiracy
Media reports based on the testimony of co-conspirator Renae Lawrence claim that she met Sukumaran through Andrew Chan.Sometimes referred to in the media as a "martial arts expert" or "the enforcer", Sukumaran trained in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In an interview broadcast on SBS TV's Dateline program following his sentencing and appeal, <mask> said:

According to Lawrence, following earlier alleged threats from Chan, on 5 April 2005 Sukumaran met with Si Yi Chen, Martin Stephens and Lawrence at a Sydney hotel where police allege drug smuggling tools such as sealable plastic bags, medical tape, elastic waist bands and skin tight bike shorts were stuffed into the bags of Stephens and Lawrence. Lawrence claimed she was given cash; whilst Stephens claimed that his life was threatened. The following day, Sukumaran allegedly provided another group with cash for airflight tickets. On arrival in Bali, Sukumaran checked into the Hard Rock Hotel, where Chan had already arrived. Other members of the Bali Nine were staying at other hotels across Kuta. It is unclear what Sukumaran's movements were whilst in Bali.On the evening of 17 April, appearing like tourists, Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen, Chen and Matthew Norman checked into the Melasti Hotel. <mask>, who was also with them with his bags, left the bags with the others as he decided to go back to the Hard Rock Hotel complex. Arrest
<mask> was arrested on 17 April 2005, the day of his 24th birthday, at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen, Si Yi Chen and Matthew Norman. Indonesian police claim the group were in possession of  of heroin and bundles of plastic wrapping, Elastoplast tape, and a set of scales, indicating involvement in a plan to transport drugs to Australia. Earlier that day at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Indonesian police also arrested the following drug mules after they were found carrying various amounts of heroin concealed on their bodies. Martin Stephens was found to be carrying ; Renae Lawrence was found to be carrying ; Michael Czugaj was found to be carrying  and Scott Rush was found to be carrying  of heroin. Alleged co-ringleader, Andrew Chan, was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an Australian Airlines flight waiting to depart Denpasar for Sydney.At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession. <mask> denied any involvement with the heroin seized at the airport or any heroin located at the premises upon his arrest. Up until his arrest in Indonesia, Australian and Indonesian police did not know the identity of the "dark skinned man". Indonesian police speculated that Sukumaran was Chan's bodyguard, because they were always together. Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff

Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush, a fellow member of the Bali Nine, said that he contacted the Australian Federal Police (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior said he received assurances from the AFP that it would tell his son he was under surveillance to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia.Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests. When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens. Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty was reported as saying:

Rush took action in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP for breach of the bilateral treaty between Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the Attorney-General. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged. The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.In 2015, Nick Xenophon, Clive Palmer and Cathie McGowan announced they would support a private member's bill to impose jail terms on public officials who disclose information that could lead to the execution of Australians overseas, with a maximum prison sentence of 15 years. Trial

Criminal trials for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005. Chen, Nguyen, and Norman were tried together, with <mask> being one of the remaining six defendants tried separately. In December 2005, as the trials began, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan. Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the Director of Public Prosecutions to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law. However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment, with Australian lawyers counter-claiming that the fairness of the trial was in jeopardy. During the trial of Czugaj, Sukumaran refused to give testimony, stating "...I am also on trial."During his trial, Sukumaran denied knowing Czugaj and Rush, or any knowledge of a heroin importation plan, and frequently blamed amnesia on his inability to remember events leading to his arrest. Sukumaran denied signing police statements, and when asked by judges to sign his name as an example of his signature, signed his name in four different styles. During his testimony, Sukumaran claimed he met Nguyen on the flight to Bali, and went out drinking with him, Chen, Norman and Chan whilst in Bali. Sentencing and appeal
On 24 January 2006, prosecutors called for the death penalty to be handed down on Sukumaran, the first time a demand of death was put forward by prosecutors for any of the Bali Nine. Days later, prosecutors advanced the same call followed for Chan. Prosecutors told a Bali court there was no reason to show any leniency towards Sukumaran because he helped organise the heroin smuggling operation. Prosecutors also claimed Sukumaran and Chan strapped heroin to the bodies of the fellow accused.Indonesian police identified Sukumaran as one of the main players in what they say was a major smuggling ring. Sukumaran was found guilty of drug trafficking on 14 February 2006 by three judges in the Denpasar District Court, who sentenced him to death by firing squad. Despite being relatively free of emotion during criminal proceedings, on the day verdicts were handed down, Sukumaran lunged at photographers. The sentencing was carried live on Australian television as <mask> and Chan both showed little emotion during the proceedings. Commenting on the sentences at the time, AFP Commissioner Keelty stated:

The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, was reported as commenting:

It was also reported that the Australian government had, since December 2005, used diplomatic channels to plead with the Indonesian government that the death penalty not be sought. Following the handing down of the death sentence for both Sukumaran and Chan, The New Zealand Herald speculated the circumstances under which the execution would occur. Julian McMahon, a Melbourne human rights lawyer who took over the case in 2006 on a pro-bono basis, appealed against the severity of Sukumaran's sentence to the Indonesian Supreme Court.During the appeal hearings, it was revealed that the governor of Kerobokan Prison described Sukumaran and Chan as model prisoners and that <mask> and Chan have a positive influence on other prisoners. In the meantime, the Australian Government elected to not intervene until the outcome of the appeals was known. On 7 July 2011, it was announced that the Indonesian Supreme Court had rejected <mask>'s appeal against his death sentence. Indonesian President at that time, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, had the power to grant clemency, although media reports considered this unlikely and expected that Sukamaran would be executed. In October 2014, Joko Widodo ("Jokowi") succeeded Yudhoyono as president. Jokowi, who held a hardline position against drugs, declined <mask>'s plea for clemency in December 2014. In January 2015 the Australian prime minister, Tony Abbott, together with the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Julie Bishop, made further representations to Jokowi and Indonesia's Foreign Minister, Retno Marsudi, for clemency on behalf of <mask>.In late January lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran filed an application for a judicial review into their cases; which was rejected by the Denpasar District Court a few days later. Meanwhile, Indonesian officials continued planning for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran:

In a final attempt to avert the death penalty, on 9 February lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran launched a rare challenge against the Indonesian president's refusal to grant them pardons; which was dismissed by the Indonesian government a day later. On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the transfer of Andrew Chan and <mask> <mask> from Kerobokan prison to Nusa Kambangan in preparation for execution. The transfer was carried out on 4 March. Reaction in Australia
A candlelight vigil hosted by the Mercy Campaign, entitled Music for Mercy, was held in Sydney's Martin Place on the evening of 29 January 2015 in support of <mask> and Chan. The concert featured performances by singer-songwriter Megan Washington, Josh Pyke, Kate Miller-Heidke, Paul Mac, Glenn Richards from Augie March, and The Presets' Julian Hamilton; with Ben Quilty, Andrew Denton, his partner, Jennifer Byrne, and Missy Higgins who recorded video messages of support for <mask> and Chan. Similar vigils were organised in Perth, Federation Square and Toongabbie near <mask>'s family home.Amnesty International organised similar vigils in Federation Square, , Adelaide, Canberra, and . In January 2015, Roy Morgan Research completed a poll that found over half of Australians opposed the execution of Andrew Chan and <mask> Sukumaran. The poll asked "Andrew Chan and <mask> Sukumaran have been convicted of drug trafficking by the Indonesian courts. Should the death penalty be carried out?" 53% of responses were negative. However, 62% said the Australian Government should not do more to stop the execution of <mask> and Chan. On 13 February, Australia's foreign minister, Julie Bishop, raised the potential for a boycott of Bali as a tourism destination should the executions proceed.Former high court judge Michael Kirby stated that he expected a decline in tourism was a potential consequence of executing Chan and Sukumaran. Both Bishop and Tanya Plibersek, Labor's foreign affairs spokeswoman, made pleas for clemency in the Australian parliament. Quilty and Victorian Supreme Court judge Lex Lasry visited Chan and Sukumaran in Bali. Human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson addressed a vigil in Sydney on 28 April 2015, ahead of the planned execution in the early morning on 29 April, calling for last-minute intervention by the Australian Government. Prison life
Sukumaran taught English, computer, graphic design and philosophy classes to prisoners. He was instrumental in opening up a computer and art room and also pushed unsuccessfully for an accountancy and law course to be set up. In February 2015 Curtin University conferred Sukumaran with an associate degree in Fine Arts.He also started a business which sells artworks and a clothing brand called Kingpin Clothing. <mask> was appointed head of a group of over 20 prisoners, including those facing execution and housed in the prison's maximum security wing. His role included assigning tasks to prisoners under him, liaising with the guards, resolving disputes and overseeing modest penalties for those who transgress in their jobs cleaning, gardening and making small repairs in the prison. Sukumaran painted multiple self-portraits while on Nusakambangan. His final painting resembles a bleeding Indonesian flag. Along with Andrew Chan, he converted to Christianity while imprisoned. Prior to his death, he was working on a bachelor's degree on Fine Arts from Curtin University.Australian artist Matthew Sleeth, who ran art workshops inside Kerobokan prison, called him the "best student" he had seen. <mask> had his first major Australian exhibition at the Campbelltown Arts Centre in January 2017, curated by Australian artist Ben Quilty. Execution and funeral
By order of the Indonesian government, <mask> was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 at 12:25am WITA along with Chan and six other prisoners (four Nigerians, a Brazilian and an Indonesian). <mask> and the other seven prisoners refused to be blindfolded. <mask>'s funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, Castle Hill on 9 May 2015. See also
 List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad
 List of convicted Australian criminals
 List of Australian criminals

References

External links
Raji and Brintha <mask>, ABC Radio

1981 births
2015 deaths
Bali Nine
Bali Nine
21st-century Australian criminals
Australian art teachers
Australian Christians
Australian drug traffickers
Australian graphic designers
Australian painters
Australian prisoners sentenced to death
Australian people executed abroad
Executed Australian people
Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Converts to Christianity
Criminals from Sydney
Curtin University alumni
Inmates of Nusa Kambangan prison
People executed by Indonesia by firing squad
English emigrants to Australia
21st-century executions by Indonesia
People executed for drug offences
Criminals from London

masks:
Myuran Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Myuran
Sukumaran
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Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Myuran
Myuran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Art Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran


title: Thomas Christian David

texts:
<mask> (22 December 1925 – 19 January 2006) was an Austrian composer, conductor, choral conductor, and flutist. <mask> was born in Wels, Upper Austria in 1925. He moved to Germany in 1934 at the age of nine with his father, composer <mask>, and mother. <mask>'s younger brother, <mask>, (born 1934) later became a violinist. In 1967, at the age of forty-two, he married  (), a Persian Opera singer and they moved to Iran. <mask> was the chief conductor of the orchestra of the National Iranian Television NITV, and also taught at the University of Tehran for seven years until 1973. He had an enormous and invaluable role in the growth and development of the Classical music in Iran.He conducted numerous masterpieces in different venues in Iran from late 1960s to late 1990s. Life
<mask> studied at the St. Thomas School in Leipzig, and was a member of the Thomanerchor. He then studied at the Leipzig Conservatory and at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 1948, he moved to Stuttgart and studied musicology studies in Tübingen. He taught at the Mozarteum, from 1945 to 1948. Additionally, he was the head of the South German Madrigal choir and vocal coach at the Stuttgart Opera between 1948 and 1957. Starting in 1957, he taught at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.In 1960, he led the Chamber Choir in Vienna. In 1967, at the age of forty-two, he married Mansooreh (Behjat) Ghasri, a famous Persian opera singer after they worked together on Atossa opera. After their marriage, they moved to Iran. <mask> was the chief conductor of the orchestra of the National Iranian Television NITV and also taught at University of Tehran for seven years until 1973. From 1974 to 1988, he was professor of music theory and composition at the Vienna Academy of Music. From 1980 to 1995, he was principal conductor of the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester, Berlin. Between 1986 and 1988, he was the president of the Austrian Composers' Association.In 1992, he was the artistic director at the Cairo Opera House. <mask> <mask> had an enormous and invaluable role in the growth and development of classical music in Iran. He conducted numerous masterpieces in different venues in Iran from late 1960s to late 1990s. While they were in Iran, Mansooreh taught singing. Mansooreh died a couple of months before <mask> in 2005, in Vienna, due to cancer. <mask> <mask> died at age 80, in 2006 in Vienna. He was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery.Recorded Works
List of <mask> <mask>'s works:
 http://db.musicaustria.at/en/node/52379
Some recorded works of <mask> <mask>:
 Parts of the Carmen Suite, arranged by <mask>, conducted by Leon Gregorian
 Bijan Manijeh composed by Hossein Dehlavi
 Ranginkamoon composed by Samin Baghtcheban
 Aziz Joon composed by <mask> performed by The Verdehr Trio
Video of Atossa Opera by <mask> <mask> with Persian libretto, performed at Rudaki Hall, Tehran, 1967
 Atossa Opera
On-sale records of <mask> <mask>:
 On-Sale Records

Awards
State Prize for Music, 1961, Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture

Culture Prize of Upper Austria for music, 1979

Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art, First Class, 1981

Literature
Sussan Khalladeh: <mask> <mask>, Conductor and Composer, Biography; Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2005, . The catalog of the German National Library Biography of <mask> <mask> on musicaustria. http://www.musicaustria.at/magazin/neue-musik/artikel-berichte/100-jahre-oekb-vorschau-auf-die-jubilaeumswoche-mit-konzerten
Flyer for his 70th birthday celebration, Vienna 1995.
 http://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=15951860

His words
Here is what <mask> wrote about his life in 1988. It was never translated into English:
"Es geht darum, aus der Fülle banaler Begebenheiten meines Lebens etwas herauszufiltern, das vielleicht Interesse finden könnte und das ich darum hier erwähnen möchte. 1984 hat für mein Schicksal zwei Jubiläen gebracht, die für den ersten Abschnitt meines Lebens wichtig und entscheidend wurden. 50 Jahre (1934) sind es her, daß ich als Kind mit meinen Eltern nach Deutschland kam und 40 Jahre (1944) sind vergangen, daß sich dieses Kapitel abschloß mit dem Beginn meiner Zeit in der Kriegsgefangenschaft. Die dazwischenliegenden Jahre haben gewiß aus mir einen Musiker gemacht.Das Mitsingen im Leipziger Thomanerchor, die Zeit meiner Aushilfstätigkeit als Flötist in manchen Programmen des Gewandhausorchesters, erste Erfahrungen in der Kammermusik und die starken Eindrücke großer Musiker und großer Persönlichkeiten, wie Karl Straube, Theodor Biebrich und meines Flötenlehrers Carl Bartuzat haben ihre Wirkung nicht verfehlt. Zeitlich davor liegt die Zeit im Elternhaus mit dem Eindruck von Harmonie und Glück der Kindheit, aber auch mit der Selbstverständlichkeit, daß der Mensch erst mit dem Musiker anfängt, als solcher diskutabel zu werden. Ohne Zweifel hat mein Vater meine ganze Jugend von Anfang an aufs entschiedenste beeinflußt und geprägt. Einerseits habe ich bei ihm, spielend und nachahmend, alle Facetten des musikalischen Handwerks und die dazugehörige Weltanschauung gelernt. Anderseits hat er aber auch klargestellt, daß Musik ein edler Teil unseres Lebens sei, daß man aber auch dieses ganze Leben kennen müsse. Mit anderen Worten, er hat einen umfassenden Bildungsanspruch an mich gestellt und ich bemühe mich noch heute, diesem nachzukommen. Die folgenden Ereignisse der Gefangenschaft möchte ich insoweit übergehen, als ich annehme, daß jedermann weiß, daß das für keinen ohne Schrammen abgegangen ist.Ein russischer Freund, dem ich vor kurzem einiges erzählte, meinte dazu aber: "Sie haben wirklich ein romantisches Leben gehabt." Ich hatte das bisher nicht so empfunden, muß aber zugeben, daß mein Schicksal von unglaublichem Glück begünstigt war, in der Gestalt einiger weniger Personen auf der russischen Seite, die mein Leben retteten, meine Wunden pflegten und schließlich meine recht frühe Heimfahrt ermöglichten. Das wird für mich immer ein Wunder reiner Menschlichkeit bleiben. Die Liebe zu diesen Menschen und zur russischen Sprache ist mir davon geblieben. Die für mich schwierigen Jahre und die teilweise chaotischen Probleme der Nachkriegsjahre in Salzburg, Tübingen und Stuttgart möchte ich übergehen. Wesentlich daran ist, daß ich sie überwinden und daß ich sie durch meinen Beginn in Wien abschütteln konnte. Dr. Hans Sittner hat mir zu diesem Beginn geholfen und darum meinen unvergänglichen Dank.Wien brachte mir die allmähliche geistige Lösung von meinem Vater und in der Folge die Findung meiner selbst. Das Jahr in Rom und die 7 Jahre in Teheran betrachte ich als Gewinn neuer Dimensionen. Dazu gehören erstens viele Sprachen und kulturelle Einsichten, die erst den Stil meines heutigen Lebens möglich machen. Der Orient brachte mich in Beziehung zum Wesen seiner Menschen und erweckte in mir eine verstärkte Sensibilisierung des Lebens und bewirkte dadurch auch eine Wendung zu noch mehr Ausdruck in der Kunst. Gerne wollte ich ein Wort von Hokusai etwas abwandeln und für mich ummünzen:
Ich habe immer gerne und viel gearbeitet, war am Anfang leider eigensinnig und stolz. Ich wollte immer nur tun, was mir Freude und Vergnügen bereitete und hatte es daher immer besonders schwer. Langsam erkannte ich, daß Musik erst jenseits alles Technischen und aller Doktrine beginnt, nämlich dort, wo Freude und Leid mit den gleichen Tönen in uns dringen.Seither bin ich auf diesem Wege bemüht, dieser Wahrheit noch präziser nachzuspüren. Vielleicht gelingt es mir einmal, etwas zu schreiben, das in jeder Note Ausdruck dieser Wahrheit sein darf, bevor ich an die Schwelle komme, hinter der die Vollkommenheit jeder Musik verborgen ist." References

1925 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian composers
Austrian flautists
Austrian male composers
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Leipzig
University of Tehran faculty

masks:
Thomas Christian David
David
Johann Nepomuk David
Thomas
Lukas David
David
David
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
David
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas


title: Hou Yifan

texts:
<mask> ( ; born 27 February 1994) is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and the second highest rated female player of all time. Once a chess prodigy, she was the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of grandmaster (at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 2 days) and the youngest ever to win the Women's World Chess Championship (at age 16). At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to participate in the Women's World Championship (Yekaterinburg 2006) and the Chess Olympiad (Torino 2006). In June 2007, she became the youngest Chinese Women's Champion ever. She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004, Woman Grandmaster in January 2007, and Grandmaster in August 2008. In 2010, she won the 2010 Women's World Championship in Hatay, Turkey at age 16. She won the next three championships in which the title was decided by a match (in 2011, 2013 and 2016, with a total of ten wins to zero losses and fourteen draws against three different opponents), but was either eliminated early or she declined to participate in the championships in which the title was decided by a knockout tournament (in 2012, 2015 and 2017).<mask> is the third woman ever to be rated among the world's top 100 players, after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár. She is widely regarded as the best active female chess player, "leaps and bounds" ahead of her competitors. she has been the No. 1 ranked woman in the world since September 2015, and is 56 points ahead of the No. 2 ranked Aleksandra Goryachkina. She was named in the BBC's 100 Women programme in 2017. She has been semi-retired since 2018, and became a professor at Shenzhen University in 2020, at the age of 26.Career
Hou started playing chess regularly at the age of five, but already was fascinated by the game when she was three years old. Hou's father, <mask> Xuejian, a magistrate, often took his young daughter to a bookstore after dinner. He noticed that the little girl liked to stare at glass chess pieces behind the window. He later bought his daughter her first chess set. The three-year-old was able to beat her father and grandmother after a few weeks. In 1999, her father engaged a chess mentor, IM Tong Yuanming, for his five-year-old daughter. Tong later said that Hou was an unusual talent, showing "strong confidence, distinguished memory, calculating ability and fast reaction".Hou has said that she took up chess because she was fascinated by the pieces. In 2003, Hou played against the chief coach of the Chinese national men's and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The chess master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of his weak moves. "Then I knew she was an exceptional genius", Ye said. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team and won first place at the World Youth Championship for girls under age ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion. She was admitted to the National Chess Center, an academy for young talented players from all over the country, in Beijing when she was ten, with leading Chinese grandmasters Ye Jiangchuan and Yu Shaoteng as her trainers.In order to better support her chess career, her family relocated to Beijing in 2003. Hou's mother, Wang Qian, a former nurse, accompanies her daughter on the international tournament circuit. Her mother accompanied her to many international tournaments when she was young. Hou was homeschooled. As a teenager, she listed her interests as reading and studying and she listed her favorite chess player as Bobby Fischer. Life outside chess
Hou has attempted to balance chess with life outside of it. Against the wishes of her trainer, she enrolled in Peking University in 2012, studying International Relations.She took a full course load and participated in many extracurricular activities. She was offered a Rhodes Scholarship, and studied for a Master of Public Policy at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the Blavatnik School of Government. Competitors give her credit for what she has achieved in spite of her lack of preparation, and for her life outside of chess. Vladimir Kramnik said: "If she wants to stay the best female player, she can probably do nothing. If she wants to achieve her potential, she must concentrate fully on chess." Hou is aware of this as well, but nonetheless chooses to treat chess as a hobby, not a career. She said in 2018: "I want to be the best, but you also have to have a life."In 2020, at age 26, Hou became the youngest ever professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the School of Physical Education, which includes chess in its Sports Training Program. Results

2003
<mask> <mask>'s first major tournament was on 31 August–12 September 2003 at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Men's) in Tianjin. She scored 3/7 with a 2246 performance rating. She won her first international tournament when she came first (9½/11; +8 =3 −0, TPR 2121) in the girl's under-10 section of the World Youth Championship in Halkidiki, Greece in October–November 2003. In November, she made her debut in the National Women's Chess Championship, held at Shanwei, Guangdong. She finished in 14th place with 3½/9 with a performance rating of 2202. 2004
On 1 January 2004, she received her first International FIDE rating of 2168, which automatically qualified her for the title of Woman FIDE Master.In April, she competed at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Jinan, Shandong. She scored 1½/7 (TPR 2096) having faced an average opposition rating (Rc) of 2316. In November, she finished first jointly with Yu Yangyi, Jules Moussard, and Raymond Song, but third on tiebreaks in the boy's under-ten section of the World Youth Championship, held in Heraklio, Crete (9/11; +8 =2 −1; TPR 2119). At the 11th Asian Women's Championship in Beirut, Lebanon from 4–11 December 2004, she came in eleventh with a score of 4½/9 (+4 =1 −4; TPR 2278). The event was won by Wang Yu with 6½/9. 2005

In February, she competed at the fourth Aeroflot Open (Group C) in Moscow, where she scored 2/5(TPR 2111). In April, she finished fifth with a score of 7/11 (+6 =2 −3) (tied for fourth) at the Three Arrows Cup 2005 ladies tournament in Jinan, China.In that tournament, she defeated international master Almira Skripchenko and achieved a performance rating of 2393. From 28 June–6 July at the second China-France Youth Match at Shenzhen, Guangdong, <mask> Yifan scored 3/8 (+2 =2 −4, TPR 2324). The Chinese team (Zhou Jianchao, Zhao Jun, Zhao Xue and Hou) won the match 19–13. In July, at the Festival Open International des Jeunes in Saint-Lô, France, she came second out of 75 players with 6/8(TPR 2305), behind Wen Yang. In 18–29 July at the World Youth Chess Championship in Belfort, France, <mask> <mask>, seeded eighth, came in fifth in the Boy's Under-12 Section with 8/11 (+5 =6, TPR 2171). In October, she qualified for the World Women's Chess Championship to be held in March 2006. Despite being rated only 2220 and ranked women's number 28 in her own country, she qualified by winning the Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament, scoring 6/9 points with a performance rating of 2526 against a rating opposition of 2401, ahead of several better-known Chinese players.The sixth World Team Chess Championship was staged in Beersheva, Israel from 31 October to 11 November. China fielded two teams – the men's and women's, which was only the second time in the championship history when a women's team competed in what traditionally has been a male team event. This was <mask> <mask>'s first major team tournament and she was the youngest participant there, at eleven years of age. She played as second reserve and finished with 0/3. The Chinese women's team drew one match and lost all of their others (+0 =1 −7), finishing last. The tournament was won by Russia, with China (men's) coming in second and Armenia third. In December, <mask> came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Beijing for the 37th Chess Olympiad to be held in May–June 2006 in Turin, Italy.She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She made the Olympiad team with the other top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang. 2006
Hou reached the third round (the last 16) of the Women's World Chess Championship in March 2006. Despite being rated 2269 and seeded 56th out of 64 players, she defeated IM Nadezhda Kosintseva (rated 2480) of Russia 1½–½ in the first round, then the former 2000 European champion WGM Natalia Zhukova (2432) of Ukraine 2–0 in the second round. She was beaten 0–2 by IM Nino Khurtsidze (2430) of Georgia in the third round to finish with a performance rating of 2504. In May–June 2006, China came in third and won the bronze metal at the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin, Italy. <mask> <mask> scored 11/13 (+10, =2, −1), all played on the fourth board, at her Olympiad debut.For her winning percentage of 84.6%, she won a silver medal for fourth (reserve) board performance, and her performance rating of 2596 was the third highest overall. The Chinese Championships for men and women took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu, 25 June–6 July 2006. Ni Hua took the men's title and Li Ruofan the women's. <mask> <mask> came fourth in the women's category V (2369) event with a score of 7/11 (+5 =4 −2) and a performance rating of 2477. In July–August, she performed badly at what has been traditionally the strongest women's tournament, the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia. Although seeded third, she failed to win a game scoring 3/9 (+0 =6 −3) with a performance rating of 2357. She finished eighth out of ten players.In 10–20 August, she played in the China–Russia Summit Match in Ergun, Inner Mongolia. The tournament was a two double-round-robin Scheveningen, one for men and one for women (category VIII (2444)). Russia won the men's event 26½–23½ but China won the women's section 28–22, winning the match 51½–48½. <mask> <mask> was the highest scoring female player on tiebreak with 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2563). China and France played for the Trophée MULTICOMS in Paris 4–9 September 2006. This was also a Scheveningen team match with six men and three women in the teams. France edged out China 20–16 in the men's event.The women's section was a complete mismatch in terms of Elo ratings in favour of the Chinese and they confirmed this over the board winning 12½–5½. The overall result was China 28½ France 25½. <mask> <mask> was again the highest scoring female player with 5/6 and a performance rating of 2498. In October in Yerevan, Armenia at the World Junior Chess Championship (Girl's section) despite being only 12 years old, Hou was the top rated girl with a 2481 FIDE Rating and went on to take second place on tiebreak with a score of 9/12 (+6 =4 −2), tied for first on points behind her compatriot Shen Yang. Her rating performance was 2469. 2007
In January 2007, Hou achieved a respectable fifth place in Group C (Cat. 10, 2486) of the Corus Chess Tournament with a score of 7/13 (+4 =6 −3) and a 2513 performance rating.This result, together with WGM norms she had earned at the 2005 Zonal 3.5 Women's Championship, the 37th Chess Olympiad and the 2006 Chinese Championship (Women's) won her the Woman Grandmaster title, formally conferred by FIDE in late January 2007. At the Aeroflot Open in February 2007, a few weeks before Hou's thirteenth birthday, she played in the A1 group for the first time. Hou started well with two wins out of two, defeating first the Russian IM Nikita Vitiugov (rated 2604) and then the 2001 European Champion, GM Emil Sutovsky of Israel (rated 2629). However, in the third round she was defeated by the Russian Championship runnerup, Dmitry Jakovenko, and only managed one draw in her next five games. She rallied in the final round with a victory against the Greek grandmaster, Vasilios Kotronias, and finished with a score of 3½/9(TPR 2540). In March, at the first Ruy Lopez International Festival (cat. XV (2607)) in Zafra, Hou performed badly to finish last with 2/7 (+1 =2 −4).Her performance rating was 2462. In April, she came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Ningbo for the 2007 Asian Indoor Games to be held in October. She scored 8/14 (+6 =4 −4, TPR 2434). From 1–11 May 2007, at the eighth Russian Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Dagomys, Hou played for Southern Ural Chelyabinsk on board one and scored 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2523). At the 1st World Women's Team Chess Championship in Ekaterinburg later that month, Hou was part of the winning China national team that also included Zhao Xue, Ruan Lufei, Shen Yang, and Huang Qian. <mask> <mask> played on board two in every round and scored 7½/9 (+7 =1 −1), winning the gold medal for that board. Her performance rating was 2559.In June 2007, she won her first Chinese Women's Chess Championship in Chongqing. Hou was thirteen years old at the time, breaking WGM Qin Kanying's record as the youngest

masks:
Hou Yifan
Hou
Hou
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Yifan
Hou
Yifan


title: Hou Yifan

texts:
 champion (she was fourteen years old when winning the title in 1988). Hou scored 9/11 (+7 =4 -0, TPR 2585). Second and third place went to Zhao Xue and Shen Yang, respectively. In July, she improved on her previous year's performance at the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, finishing in seventh place out of ten players. She scored 4/9 (+3 =2 −4) with a performance rating of 2436. The tournament was won by Zhu Chen and with Zhao Xue in second place.In 4–15 August, she competed in what was then her strongest closed tournament – the fifth Győrgy Marx Memorial (Cat. 14, 2582) in Paks, Hungary. Being the lowest rated player and the only non-Grandmaster (out of Pentala Harikrishna, Peter Acs, Csaba Balogh, Ferenc Berkes, and Viktor Korchnoi), she finished in last place in the double round-robin event with 3/10 (+1 =4 −5; TPR 2444). At the UK-China Match in Liverpool 3–9 September 2007, China defeated the UK team with a comfortable score of 28–20. Hou played for the men's team and scored 2½/6 (+1 =3 −2) with a performance rating of 2540. The average rating of her opponents (Rc) was 2598. In late September, she came in first at the 2007 Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament in Tianjin with a score of 8/9 (+7 =2 −0, TPR 2675).In October 2007, she competed at the twelfth European Club Cup in Kemer, Turkey for team Southern Ural Cheliabinsk. Hou played on board two for the team, which finished fourth in the women's tournament. In the individual women's standings, Hou came in fifth with a score of 5/7 (+3 =4 −0) and a performance rating of 2556. From October 26 to November 3, she competed for Team China at the second Asian Indoor Games in Macau. The national team won team gold in the classic chess mixed team event with 11 match points (18½ game points out of 24). The Chinese team members were Zhao Xue, Xu Yuhua, <mask> <mask>, Wang Hao, Ni Hua, and Bu Xiangzhi. <mask> <mask> won an individual gold medal for her board two display with a score of 5½/6 (+5 =1 −0; 91.7%) and a performance rating of 2649.Hou participated in the 2007 season of the China Chess League, officially known as the "Torch Real Estate Cup Chinese Chess League Division A". She played for the Shandong Qilu Evening News Chess Team, who became the 2007 champions when they defeated the 2006 champion Beijing team, 3½ to 1½. 2008
In the January Corus 2008 chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Hou competed in Group B where she finished in a tie for seventh–tenth place (ninth by tiebreak) achieving 6/13 (+3 −4 =6) with a performance rating of 2598. She scored victories over three grandmasters, including a 23-move win over former World Champion challenger Nigel Short. In February 2008, Hou gained her first Grandmaster norm (GM norm) at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow by finishing in 31st place with a score of 4½/9 (+2 =5 −2, TPR 2605). This was followed in March 2008 with a victory at the first Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament (cat. IX (2461)) in Istanbul, Turkey where she finished a point ahead of the rest of the field on 7/9 (+5 =4 −0) with a performance rating of 2674.Her victory in this tournament earned her a GM norm conditional on FIDE ratifying then WGM Zhao Xue's attainment of her GM title. However this GM norm was not used in her eventual official grandmaster title application. In April 2008, she competed in Mérida, Spain at the second Ruy Lopez Chess Festival tournament. In the category XV (2616) round-robin event she finished seventh out of eight players with 2/7 (+1, =2, −4) and a rating performance of 2467. Hou competed in the Chinese Chess League again in the 2008 season, which had eighteen rounds in six different cities from March to August. Hou's teammates were GM Bu Xiangzhi, GM Zhao Jun, GM Wen Yang, and WGM Zhang Jilin. In May–June 2008, she became the Chinese Women's Champion for the second consecutive time with 9/11 points (+7 =4 −0) in Beijing and a performance of 2599.At the July 2008 First Saturday GM Tournament in Budapest, <mask> was top seed, but came in second place with 9/12, missing a GM norm by half a point. Her performance rating was 2574. In August 2008 she competed in the World Junior Chess Championship held at Gazientep, Turkey where she competed in the general ("boys'") section for the first time in her career. She was the only girl in this section and was the sixteenth seed on the entrant's list. Hou finished joint third–seventh on 9/13 (+6 =6 −1), achieving a performance rating of 2661 and her second GM norm. In September 2008, FIDE referred to her as a "GM-elect", indicating that her Atatürk norm had been confirmed. This meant that <mask> <mask> qualified for the grandmaster title in August at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 2 days, making her one of the youngest grandmasters in history, as well as the youngest female.In August–September 2008, she competed in her second Women's World Chess Championship at Nalchik, Russia. She had qualified by being one of the six highest rated players from the average of the July 2006–January 2007 period. In this knockout tournament, she was seeded third out of 64 players. She defeated WGM Mona Khaled (Egypt) 2–0 in the first round and WGM Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul (Mongolia), 2–0 in the second. In third round, she had to go to rapid playoffs to eventually beat IM Elena Sedina (Italy) 3–1 (1–1, 2–0). In the quarterfinals she defeated Armenian IM Lilit Mkrtchian 1½–½, followed by Indian GM Humpy Koneru, the second seed, in the semifinals (4–2 overall, 1–1, 1–1, 2–0). She lost the final to Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia, 2½–1½.Nonetheless, she became the youngest ever finalist for the Women's World Championship title, earning an automatic International Master (IM) title and a "runner-up 9-game grandmaster norm", her fourth GM norm overall. Her performance rating for the entire championship was 2536. Hou participated at the first World Mind Sports Games in Beijing from 3–18 October as a member of the Chinese team, winning the bronze medal in the Women's Individual Blitz event, the gold medal in the Mixed Pairs Rapid event (with Ni Hua), the silver medal in the Women's Teams Blitz event, and the gold medal in the Women's Teams Rapid event. In mid-late October, playing board one for team Spartak Vidnoe in the thirteenth European Club Cup held in Kallithea, Greece she scored 2/4 (+1 −1 =2, TPR 2448) helping her team to a second-place finish. Very shortly thereafter she played in the Cap d'Agde Rapid tournament from 24 October to 1 November, losing to former world champion Anatoly Karpov in a tiebreaker match at the end of the qualifying stage, despite winning the second tiebreak game. At the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden from 12 to 25 November, she played at the number 1 board in the Chinese women's team. Although her team did not win a prize, she still placed third in the individual board prize.She played in every round with a final result of 7½/11 (+5, =5, −1, TPR 2563). At the 79th FIDE Congress, held on 16–26 November 2008 in Dresden, Germany, her GM title was approved making her the 27th Chinese Grandmaster. Her three approved GM norms were:

 Aeroflot Open Tournament A1 in Moscow, February 2008; score 4½/9 (requirement=4½ points)
 World Junior Chess Championship in Gaziantep, August 2008; score 9/13 (requirement=8 points)
 World Women's Chess Championship in Nalchik, September 2008; reached the final round (equivalent to a 9-game GM norm)

2009
<mask> <mask> competed in the Grandmaster Group B of the 71st Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee from 16 January to 1 February 2009. She was seeded twelfth out of fourteen players and finished joint ninth–tenth with a performance rating of 2620. Between 7–19 March, she finished third in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament in Istanbul, scoring 8/11 (+6=4–1, TPR 2649). From 12 to 23 May, she competed at the 8th Asia Continental Chess Championship at the Subic Exhibition and Convention Center, Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Olongapo City, Philippines. She scored 7½/11 with a 2640 performance, finishing seventh out of 86 on tiebreak.By finishing in the top ten she qualified for the 2009 World Cup. From 9–15 August 2009 at the Jubilee Open, Zürich, she won the "best female player" prize by coming joint seventeenth with 6½/9 (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2590). From 19 August to 1 September at the NH Hotels Risings Stars vs Experienced, Amsterdam, she finished with a score of 3½/10 (+1 −4 =5, TPR 2548). She was defeated in the first round at the Chess World Cup 2009, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, 20 November – 15 December 2009. 2010
In January, she finished with 4½/9 at the Moscow Open. In February, she finished with 4/9 at the Aeroflot Open. In April, she won the third Kuala Lumpur Open 7.5/9 (+6 = 2, TPR 2730).In August, she won the 2010 Women's Grand Prix in Mongolia. In October, she was on board two for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte Carlo in the 15th European Club Cup for Women held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She helped her team to a gold medal win with a 4.5/6 score (+3 =3, TPR 2651). In November, she won the women's individual gold medal in the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China. She finished with 8½/9 and with a performance rating of 2798. She won another gold medal from the women's team event, representing China as the first board, along with her teammates Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian and Wang Yu, beating Uzbekistan 2½–1½ in the final. In December she won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her the youngest women's world champion in history.Her compatriot Ruan Lufei was her opponent in the finals. After four games at classical time controls, the score was tied at 2–2, but Hou won the rapid playoffs 3–1 to take the title. Her performance rating was 2585. 2011
In January 2011 she was due to take part in the Gibraltar Chess Festival, but pulled out because of a family illness. In April, she won the First Women Master Tournament in Wuxi with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 =2, TPR 2639). In June, she took part in a tournament in India, the AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011. She finished with a dismal last place, but in August, she rebounded to win clear first place in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 tournament in Rostov, Russia.She then went on to win the second Grand Prix stage in Shenzhen in September 2011. In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. She was one of the two female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Sergei Movsesian, to whom she lost 2–0, resulting in her elimination. In October she played on board one for team Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo in the 16th European Club Cup for women held in Rogaska Slatina, Slovenia. Her top rated team placed a disappointing 4th place, with Hou scoring 4/6 (+4 −2, TPR 2526)

In November Hou successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won 3 games and drew 5 in the ten-game match, winning the title with two games to spare.Her performance rating for the match was 2741. Beginning December, Hou played in the 2011 SportAccord World Mind Games, held in Beijing, China which consisted of 3 events, rapid, blitz and blindfold. She placed joined 5–7th, 6th on tiebreaks with a 4/7 score (+2 −1 =4) in the rapid portion, but winning both the blitz and the blindfold portions with 11.5/15 (+9 −1 = 5) and 5.5/7 (+5 −1 =1) scores respectively. Afterwards, Hou played for China in the Women's World Chess Team Championship in Mardin, Turkey. The 5 person team, arranged according to rating, consisted of herself, WGM Ju Wenjun, GM Zhao Xue, WGM Tan Zhongyi and WGM Zhang Xiaowen. China was the clear winner with 16 match points, having lost but one match to Ukraine in the 8th round and winning the rest, ahead of the runner-up Russia by three match points. Georgia grabbed bronze with 12 match points.Hou scored five points from the seven games she played (Wenjun played the first board for Round 1 and Round 2) (+3 = 4, TPR 2648). 2012
Hou started 2012 by taking equal first place at Tradewise alongside Nigel Short at the Gibraltar Chess Festival scoring 8/10 (+7 −1 =2) with a tournament performance of 2872. She came second on tiebreak when she lost the 2 game blitz playoff against Short by 1.5–0.5. She scored 5/7 against the 7 GMs she played rated 2700 or higher. This included 4 wins against Zoltan Almasi (2717), Judit Polgar (2710) (Polgar's first loss against a female player after 22 years), Lê Quang Liêm (2714) and Alexei Shirov (2710), 2 draws against Michael Adams (2724) and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (2747), whilst her only loss came against Krishnan Sasikiran (2700) in a close endgame of Q (with a pawn up) versus R+R with black. From 6 to 13 March, she played and finished joint 2nd–8th in the 2012 Reykjavik Open 7/9 (+5 =4, TPR 2677). From 27 March to 7 April, she participated in the 2012 China Chess Individual Tournament

masks: Hou Yifan Hou Yifan Hou Hou Yifan Hou Yifan