title: Emma Stone

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<mask> (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award. In 2017, she was the world's highest-paid actress and named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, <mask> began acting as a child in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. As a teenager, she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother and made her television debut in In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004), a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot. After small television roles, she appeared in a series of teen comedy films which received positive media attention, such as Superbad (2007), The House Bunny (2008), Zombieland (2009), and Easy A (2010)—<mask>'s first leading role, earning her nominations for the BAFTA Rising Star Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. Following this breakthrough, she had supporting roles in the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011) and the period drama The Help (2011), and gained wider recognition as Gwen Stacy in the 2012 superhero film The Amazing Spider-Man and its 2014 sequel.She went on to voice the lead female character Eep in The Croods (2013) and its 2020 sequel. In 2014, <mask> played a recovering drug addict in the black comedy Birdman (2014), which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and made her Broadway debut as Sally Bowles in a revival of the musical Cabaret. For her performance as an aspiring actress in the romantic musical La La Land (2016), <mask> won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. She received Golden Globe nominations for the roles of Billie Jean King in the biographical sports film Battle of the Sexes (2017) and Abigail Masham in the historical comedy-drama The Favourite (2018). After a leading role in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries Maniac (2018), she reduced her workload, starring in only a few films, including the comedy sequel Zombieland: Double Tap (2019), and the crime comedy Cruella (2021). <mask> is married to comedian and writer Dave McCary, with whom she has a daughter. Early life and education
Emily Jean <mask> was born on November 6, 1988, in Scottsdale, Arizona, to Jeffrey Charles <mask>, the founder and CEO of a general-contracting company, and Krista Jean (née Yeager) <mask>, a homemaker.She lived on the grounds of the Camelback Inn resort from ages twelve to fifteen. She has a younger brother, Spencer. Her paternal grandfather, Conrad Ostberg Sten, was from a Swedish family that anglicized their surname to "<mask>" when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. She also has German, English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. As an infant, <mask> had baby colic and cried frequently; she consequently developed nodules and calluses on her vocal cords while she was a child. She has described herself as having been "loud" and "bossy" while growing up. <mask> was educated at Sequoya Elementary School and attended Cocopah Middle School for the sixth grade.Although she did not like school, she has stated that her controlling nature meant that "I made sure I got all As". <mask> suffered panic attacks and anxiety as a child, which she says caused a decline in her social skills. She underwent therapy but claims it was her participation in local theater plays that helped cure the attacks; she recalled:

<mask> wanted to act since age four; she wanted a career in sketch comedy initially, but shifted her focus toward musical theater, and took vocal lessons for several years. Her acting debut, at age eleven, came in a stage production of The Wind in the Willows, playing the part of Otter. <mask> was homeschooled for two years, during which time she appeared in sixteen productions at Phoenix's Valley Youth Theatreincluding The Princess and the Pea, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoatand performed with the theater's improvisational comedy troupe. Around this time, she traveled to Los Angeles and auditioned unsuccessfully for a role on Nickelodeon's All That. Her parents later sent her for private acting lessons with a local acting coach, who had worked at the William Morris Agency in the 1970s.<mask> attended Xavier College Preparatoryan all-girl Catholic high schoolas a freshman, but dropped out after one semester to become an actress. She prepared a PowerPoint presentation for her parents titled "Project Hollywood" (featuring Madonna's 2003 song "Hollywood") to convince them to let her move to California to pursue an acting career. In January 2004, she moved with her mother to an apartment in Los Angeles. She recalled, "I went up for every single show on the Disney Channel and auditioned to play the daughter on every single sitcom", adding, "I ended up getting none." Between auditions for roles, she enrolled in online high-school classes, and worked part-time at a dog-treat bakery. Career

Early roles (2004–2008)
<mask> made her television debut as Laurie Partridge on the VH1 talent competition reality show In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004). The resulting show, retitled The New Partridge Family (2004), remained an unsold pilot.She followed this with a guest appearance in Louis C.K. 's HBO series Lucky Louie. She auditioned to star as Claire Bennet in the NBC science fiction drama Heroes (2007) but was unsuccessful and later called this her "rock bottom" experience. In April 2007, she played Violet Trimble in the Fox action drama Drive, but the show was canceled after seven episodes. <mask> made her feature film debut in Greg Mottola's comedy Superbad (2007), co-starring Michael Cera and Jonah Hill. The film tells the story of two high school students who go through a series of comic misadventures after they plan to buy alcohol for a party. To play the role of Hill's romantic interest, she dyed her hair red.A reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter found her to be "appealing", but felt that her role was poorly written. <mask> has described the experience of acting in her first film as "amazing ... [but] very different than other experiences I've had since then". The film was a commercial success, and earned her the Young Hollywood Award for Exciting New Face. The following year, <mask> starred in the comedy The Rocker (2008) playing <mask>, the "straight face" bass guitarist in a band; she learned to play the bass for the role. The actress, who describes herself as "a big smiler and laugher", admitted that she found it difficult playing a character whose personality traits were so different from her own. The film, and her performance, received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure. Her next release, the romantic comedy The House Bunny, performed better at the box office, becoming a moderate commercial success.The film saw her play the president of a sorority, and perform a cover version of the Waitresses' 1982 song "I Know What Boys Like". Reviews for the film were generally negative, but <mask> was praised for her supporting role, with TV Guides Ken Fox stating she "is well on her way to becoming a star". Breakthrough (2009–2011)

<mask> appeared in three films released in 2009. The first of these was opposite Matthew McConaughey, Jennifer Garner and Michael Douglas in Mark Waters' Ghosts of Girlfriends Past. Loosely based on Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, the romantic comedy has her playing a ghost who haunts her former boyfriend. Critical reaction to the film was negative, though it was a modest commercial success. Her most financially profitable venture that year was Ruben Fleischer's $102.3 million-grossing horror comedy film Zombieland, in which she features alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Woody Harrelson and Abigail Breslin.In the film, she appeared as a con artist and survivor of a zombie apocalypse, in a role which Chris Hewitt of Empire magazine found "somewhat underwritten." In a more positive review, Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "[T]he hugely promising <mask>... [is] a tough cookie who projects the aura of being wiser than her years." <mask>'s third release in 2009 was Kieran and Michelle Mulroney's Paper Man, a comedy-drama which disappointed critics. <mask> voiced an Australian Shepherd in Marmaduke (2010), a comedy from director Tom Dey, which is based on Brad Anderson's long-running comic strip of the same name. Her breakthrough came the same year with a starring role in Easy A, a teen comedy directed by Will Gluck. Partially based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 historical romance novel The Scarlet Letter, the film tells the story of Olive Penderghast (<mask>), a high school student who becomes embroiled in a comic sex scandal after a false rumor circulates that she is sexually promiscuous. <mask> read the script before the project was optioned for production, and pursued it with her manager while production details were being finalized.She found the script "so different and unique from anything I'd read before", saying that it was "funny and sweet". When <mask> discovered that the film had begun production, she met with Gluck, expressing her enthusiasm for the project. A few months later, the audition process started and she met again with Gluck, becoming one of the first actresses to audition. The film received positive critical reviews, and <mask>'s performance was considered its prime asset. Anna Smith of Time Out wrote, "<mask> gives a terrific performance, her knowing drawl implying intellect and indifference with underlying warmth." The film was a commercial success, grossing $75 million against its $8 million budget. <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA Rising Star Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance.In October 2010, <mask> hosted an episode of NBC's late-night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live; her appearances included a sketch playing off her resemblance to Lindsay Lohan. <mask> described it as "the greatest week of my life". She hosted it again in 2011, appeared in an episode in 2014, and in its 40th anniversary special in 2015. A brief appearance in the sex comedy Friends with Benefits (2011) reunited her with Gluck. She followed this with a supporting role in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa's romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011) alongside Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Julianne Moore. The film featured her as a law school graduate, and the love interest of Gosling's character. Despite finding "some inevitable collapses into convention" in the film, Drew McWeeny of HitFix wrote that <mask> "ties the whole film together".At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards, she won the Choice Movie Actress – Comedy award for her performance in the film. Crazy, Stupid, Love was a box office success, grossing $142.9 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million. Dismayed at being typecast as "the sarcastic interest of the guy", <mask> co-starred with Viola Davis in Tate Taylor's period drama The Help (2011), a film she found challenging. The film is based on Kathryn Stockett's 2009 novel of the same name and is set in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi. She met with Taylor to express a desire to work on the film. The director said, "[<mask>] was completely awkward and dorky, with her raspy voice, and she sat down and we got a little intoxicated and had a blast, and I just thought, 'God! God!This is Skeeter." She was cast as Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, an aspiring writer learning about the lives of the African-American maids. In preparation for the part, she learned to speak in a Southern accent and educated herself on the Civil Rights Movement through literature and film. With a worldwide gross of $216 million against a $25 million budget, The Help became <mask>'s highest-grossing film to that point. The film, and her performance, received positive reviews from critics. Writing for Empire, Anna Smith thought <mask> was "well-meaning and hugely likable" despite finding flaws in the character. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, and won Best Ensemble Cast from the Women Film Critics Circle and the Broadcast Film Critics Association.The Amazing Spider-Man, Birdman, and Broadway (2012–2015)

<mask> turned down a role in the action comedy 21 Jump Street after signing on to Marc Webb's 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man, a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series. She portrayed Gwen Stacy, the love interest of the titular superhero (played by Andrew Garfield). <mask> returned to her natural blonde hair color for the role, having dyed it red previously. She admitted to having never read the comics, and therefore felt responsible to educate herself about Spider-Man: "My experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love", adding that she was only familiar with Stacy's character as portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3. The Amazing Spider-Man was a commercial success and was the seventh highest-grossing film of the year with global revenues of $757.9 million. Entertainment Weeklys Lisa Schwarzbaum found <mask> to be "irresistible", and Ian Freer of Empire was particularly impressed with <mask>'s and Garfield's performances.At the annual People's Choice Awards ceremony, she was nominated for three awards, including Favorite Movie Actress. Later that year, <mask> voiced a role in the crime-based video game, Sleeping Dogs, which earned her a Spike Video Game Award for Best Performance by a Human Female. <mask> began 2013 with a voice role in the DreamWorks Animation film The Croods, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. This followed with an appearance in Movie 43, an anthology film which consists of sixteen short stories—she played the title role in the segment entitled "Veronica". She next starred alongside Ryan Gosling and Sean Penn in Ruben Fleischer's Gangster Squad (2013), a crime thriller set in Los Angeles during the 1940s. A. O. Scott of The New York Times dismissed the film as "a hectic jumble of fedoras and zoot suits", but praised <mask>'s pairing with Gosling. She expressed a desire to work with Gosling on more projects.In 2014, <mask> reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. She believed that her character did not depend on the film's protagonist, asserting: "She saves him more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man ... He's the muscle, she's the brains." Her performance was well received by critics; an Empire reviewer commended her for standing out in the film, writing, "<mask> is the Heath Ledger of this series, doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character." The role won her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards. Later that year, <mask> took on a role in Woody Allen's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight, a modest commercial success.A. O. Scott criticized her role, and pairing with Colin Firth, describing it as "the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect". The black comedy-drama Birdman, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, was <mask>'s final film release of 2014. Co-starring Michael Keaton and Edward Norton, it featured her as Sam Thomson, the recovering-addict daughter of actor Riggan Thomson (Keaton), who becomes his assistant. Iñárritu created the character based on his experience with his daughter. Birdman

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title: Emma Stone

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 was critically acclaimed, and was the most successful film at the 87th Academy Awards; it was nominated for nine awards, winning four, including Best Picture. The Movie Network deemed it one of <mask>'s best performances to date, and Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph found her to be "superb" and "tremendous" in her role, while also highlighting her monologue in the film which he believed to have been "delivered like a knitting needle to the gut." She received numerous accolades for her performance, including nominations for an Academy, a BAFTA, a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild, and a Critics' Choice Movie award for Best Supporting Actress.From November 2014 to February 2015, <mask> starred in a revival of the Broadway musical Cabaret as Sally Bowles, taking over the role from Michelle Williams. Deeming it "the most nerve-racking thing ever", <mask> listened to a French radio station to mentally prepare herself for the role. Marilyn Stasio of Variety was critical of her singing abilities and found her performance to be "a bit narrow as an emotional platform, but a smart choice for her acting skills, the perfect fit for her sharp intelligence and kinetic energy." Both of <mask>'s 2015 films—the romantic comedy-drama Aloha, and the mystery drama Irrational Man—were critical and commercial failures, and her roles were panned by critics. In Cameron Crowe's Aloha, she played the role of an air force pilot alongside Bradley Cooper, and in Woody Allen's Irrational Man, she played the love interest of Joaquin Phoenix's character, a philosophy professor. The former was controversial for whitewashing the cast, as <mask>'s character was meant to be of Asian, Hawaiian, and Swedish descent. She later regretted taking part in the project, acknowledging whitewashing as a widespread problem in Hollywood.Despite the backlash, <mask> was nominated for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. She also appeared in the music video for Win Butler's single "Anna". Established actress (2016–present)
During her run in the Cabaret revival, <mask> met filmmaker Damien Chazelle, who, impressed with her performance, cast her in his musical comedy-drama La La Land. The project, which marked her third collaboration with Gosling, starred <mask> as Mia Dolan, an aspiring actress living in Los Angeles. <mask> borrowed several real-life experiences for her character, and in preparation, watched The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and films of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. For the film's soundtrack, she recorded six songs. La La Land served as the opening film at the 2016 Venice Film Festival, where it generated critical acclaim and earned <mask> the Volpi Cup for Best Actress.In addition to being her best-reviewed film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it emerged as a commercial success, with a worldwide gross of over $440 million against a production budget of $30 million. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that "<mask> has never been better: superbly smart, witty, vulnerable, her huge doe eyes radiating intelligence even, or especially, when they are filling with tears." For her performance, <mask> won the Academy, Golden Globe, SAG, and BAFTA Award for Best Actress. <mask>'s sole release of 2017 was the sports comedy-drama Battle of the Sexes, based on the 1973 eponymous match between tennis players Billie Jean King (<mask>) and Bobby Riggs (Steve Carell). In preparation, <mask> met with King, watched old footage and interviews of her, worked with a dialect coach to speak in King's accent, and drank high-calorie protein shakes to gain . The film premiered to positive reviews at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and certain critics considered <mask>'s performance to be the finest of her career. Benjamin Lee of The Guardian praised her for playing against type, and for being "strong" and "convincing" in the part.Even so, the film earned less than its $25 million budget. <mask> received her fourth Golden Globe nomination for it, and attended the ceremony with King. In 2018, <mask> and Rachel Weisz starred as Abigail Masham and Sarah Churchill, two cousins fighting for the affection of Queen Anne (Olivia Colman), in Yorgos Lanthimos' historical comedy-drama The Favourite. She found it challenging being an American among an all-British cast, and struggled with mastering her character's accent. The film premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival to critical acclaim. Michael Nordine of IndieWire praised <mask> for taking on such a bold role following the success of La La Land, and termed the three lead actresses "a majestic triumvirate in a period piece that's as tragic as it is hilarious." For The Favourite, she received her fifth Golden Globe nomination and third Oscar nomination.She then executive-produced and starred in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries Maniac, directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga. It featured <mask> and Jonah Hill as two strangers, whose lives are transformed due to a mysterious pharmaceutical trial. An admirer of Fukunaga's work, she agreed to the project without reading the script. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian commended both <mask> and Hill for playing against type and delivering career-best performances; Judy Berman of Time magazine was similarly impressed with their growth as actors since Superbad and noted the complexity in their performances. In the same year, <mask> appeared alongside Paul McCartney in a music video for his song "Who Cares". Throughout 2019 and 2020, <mask> reprised her role as Wichita in Zombieland: Double Tap (2019), the sequel to 2009's Zombieland, which received mixed reviews and has grossed $122 million worldwide. She also narrated the Netflix documentary series The Mind, Explained and reprised the voice role of Eep in The Croods: A New Age, which served as the sequel to 2013's The Croods.In 2021, <mask> played as Cruella de Vil (originally played by Glenn Close in the 1996 live-action adaptation and its 2000 sequel) in the crime comedy Cruella, a Disney live-action spin-off/prequel/reboot of the 1961 animation One Hundred and One Dalmatians, directed by Craig Gillespie and starred opposite <mask> as the Baroness, and also served as an executive producer of the film alongside Close. The film was released May 28, 2021 in US theaters and on Disney+ with Premier Access to positive reviews and has grossed $233 million worldwide against its $100 million budget. Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised <mask>'s performance of the titular protagonist villain as "wholly committed, glammed-to-the-nines" and described it as a far cry to Close's "shrieking" portrayal of the villain in the previous 101 Dalmatians live-action versions while remarking of her titular protagonist villain role of having a "trickier, more complicated notes to play" and favorably drawing comparisons to her previous performance in The Favourite in which he stated that "<mask> nailed every nuance as another lowly young woman turned ambitious schemer" while complimenting her for juggling the Jekyll and Hyde personality of Estella/Cruella character, despite the flaws of the film's screenplay. For Cruella, <mask> garnered her sixth Golden Globe nomination (and her fourth nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy category) at the 79th Golden Globes Awards. Upcoming projects
, <mask> will be starring on a film, Poor Things, based on the novel of the same name by Alasdair Gray, which reunites her with The Favourite director Yorgos Lanthimos and also starring alongside Willem Dafoe and Mark Ruffalo. She is also set to star in the drama film Love May Fail, based on Matthew Quick's novel of the same name, and the comedy series The Curse. Public image

Commenting on her performance in The Help, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called her "one of our very best young actresses".She is known for starring both in high-profile, mainstream productions and in low-budget independent films. Times Daniel D'Addario describes the latter as "substantive risk" and adds that taking on a role in them provides her an opportunity to "try something new and to get credibility". Analyzing her on-screen persona, Jessica Kiang of IndieWire noted that <mask> "usually [plays] the approachable, down-to-earth, girl-next-door type, [and] in person she demonstrates many of those qualities too, along with an absolute refusal to take herself too seriously." In 2008, she topped Saturday Night Magazines Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30 and was included in a similar list compiled by Moviefone. LoveFilm placed her on their list of 2010 Top 20 Actresses Under 30, and her performance in Easy A was included in Times Top 10 Everything of 2010. She appeared in the 2013 Celebrity 100 list, a compilation of the 100 most powerful people in the world, as selected annually by Forbes. The magazine reported that she had earned $16 million from June 2012 to June 2013.That same year, she was ranked first in the magazine's Top 10 Best Value Stars. In 2015, Forbes published that she had become one of the world's highest-paid actresses with earnings of $6.5 million. The magazine would rank her as the world's highest-paid actress two years later with annual earnings of $26 million. In 2017, she was included on Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. <mask> has been cited as a style iconthe media lists her hair, eyes, and husky voice as her trademark features. Vogue credits the actress for her "sophisticated, perfectly put-together looks", writing that "her charisma, both on-screen and off-, has charmed many." In 2009, she was featured on FHMs 100 Sexiest Women in the World and Maxims Hot 100; the latter also placed her on the list on three other occasions2010, 2011, and 2014.In 2011, she featured on Victoria's Secret's list of "What is Sexy?" as the Sexiest Actress. She was mentioned in other media outlet listings that year, including Peoples 100 Most Beautiful Women, each of FHMs and FHM Australias 100 Sexiest Women in the World, and Men's Healths 100 Hottest Women. She was ranked sixth on Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2013. <mask> was named the best-dressed woman of 2012 by Vogue and was included on similar listings by Glamour in 2013 and 2015, and People in 2014. Personal life
<mask> moved from Los Angeles to Greenwich Village, New York, in 2009. In 2016, she moved back to Los Angeles.Despite significant media attention, she refuses to publicly discuss her personal life. Concerned with living a "normal" life, <mask> has said she finds little value in media attention. She has expressed her fondness for her profession, and has cited Diane Keaton as an acting influence, calling her "one of the most covered-up actresses of all time". She has also named Marion Cotillard as one of her inspirations. <mask> has a close relationship with her family. She says, "I am blessed with a great family and great people around me that would be able to kick me in the shins if I ever for one minute got lost up in the clouds. I've been really lucky in that sense."During the filming of The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010, <mask> began dating her co-star Andrew Garfield. Their relationship was reported in the media with various speculations; the pair refused to speak publicly about it, though they made several appearances together. In 2014, on an occasion in New York City, <mask> and Garfield encouraged paparazzi to visit websites that spread awareness of causes such as autism. In 2015, they were reported to have broken up. In 2017, <mask> began a relationship with Saturday Night Live segment director Dave McCary. They became engaged in December 2019 and married the following year. In January 2021, the couple were reported to be expecting their first child together.In March 2021, they had their first child, a daughter. The couple named their daughter Louise Jean McCary—a tribute to <mask>'s grandmother, Jean Louise. Jean is also <mask>'s middle name. Philanthropy
<mask> has said she suffers from asthma, which she discovered after having difficulty breathing during the filming of Easy A. Her mother was diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer and was cured in 2008. <mask> and her mother celebrated by getting tattoos of birds' feet, designed by Paul McCartney, a reference to The Beatles song "Blackbird", which she and her mother love. She appeared in a Revlon campaign that promoted breast cancer awareness.In 2011, <mask> featured in a collaborative video between Star Wars and Stand Up to Cancer, which aimed to raise funds for cancer research. Two years later, she attended an event by Gilda's Club, an organization working for a similar purpose. From 2012 to 2014, she hosted the Entertainment Industry Foundation's Revlon Run/Walk, which helps fight women's cancer. <mask>, alongside three other celebrities, was present at the 2012 Nickelodeon HALO Awards, a television special that profiled four teenagers who are "Helping And Leading Others" (HALO). She attended the 2014 Earth Hour, a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2015, she was part of a fundraising event in support of the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which helps people in the film and television industries with limited or no resources. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination.Acting credits and awards

According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box-office site Box Office Mojo, <mask>'s most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are Superbad (2007), Zombieland (2009), Easy A (2010), Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), The Help (2011), The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Birdman (2014), La La Land (2016), Battle of the Sexes (2017), The Favourite (2018), and Cruella (2021). <mask> has been nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Birdman and The Favourite, and Best Actress for La La Land; and four British Academy Film Awards: BAFTA Rising Star Award, Best Supporting Actress for Birdman and The Favourite, and Best Actress in a Leading Role for La La Land. She won both her nominations for La La Land. Other awards for the film include Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards and Volpi Cup for Best Actress at Venice Film Festival. See also
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories

Notes

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Scottsdale, Arizona
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
Participants in American reality television series
People from Greenwich Village
American people of Swedish descent
Best Actress AACTA International Award winners
American people of German descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish

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title: Lotte Stam-Beese

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Charlotte Ida Anna "<mask>" Stam-Beese (28 January 1903 – 18 November 1988) was a German-Dutch architect, photographer and urban planner who helped with the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II. Biography
Beese was born in Reisicht, Silesia, Germany (now Rokitki, Poland). As a young adult she first found work as a weaver in Dresden. Before beginning her career as an architect, Beese was a successful photographer. Though she only worked with the medium professionally for a short period from 1926 to 1930, her work had a disproportionate impact and is now held in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts Houston. From 1926 to 1928 she attended the Bauhaus school in Dessau. In the next years of the interwar period she worked in office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam.From 1946 to 1968, Beese worked as an urban-planning architect, and later as chief architect, for the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, which had been heavily bombed in 1940 during the Second World War. Work

Bauhaus school

Starting in 1926, she attended the Bauhaus school, where she studied with Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Joost Schmidt, and Gunta Stölzl. She enrolled to study the more "feminine" subject of weaving, but later, Beese got accepted into an architecture course from Hannes Meyer as the first woman to study in the building department of Bauhaus Dessau. Compared to his predecessor, Meyer was less prejudiced about the idea of women studying subjects that were dominated by and previously reserved for men. Beese was a good student but Meyer was not convinced of Beese's future prospects, unless she would marry a male architect and work for his firm. Meyer, Bauhaus-director and a married man with two children, and Beese started a love affair. Despite the school's liberal climate, the affair was not approved of, and in December 1928, Meyer suggested Beese to leave Bauhaus, which she did.Office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam
In 1928 Hannes Meyer hired Beese at his office in Berlin, but she was dissatisfied. He then tried to find Beese another job through his network, in vain. She was turned down by Walter Traulau, because, as indicated in a letter to his friend, he did not "like working with women". Later, she followed him to Moscow, where she also met Mart Stam, whom she would later marry. Although reuniting with Meyer had not been a success, she had become pregnant. She moved back to Brno, to continue her work at Bohuslav Fuchs' architecture firm, and gave birth in Brno to her son, Peter. Beese took Fuchs to court because he, as correspondence with a lawyer reveals, refused to pay the necessary allowance for the three months' maternity leave that he had offered.She did not return to his firm, and, given her status as a single mother and the deepening economic crisis, she struggled to find new work in Brno. Later, Beese left to Ukraine and ran into her former Bauhaus lecturer and Dutch architect Mart Stam, with whom she started a love affair. Due to difficulties that were arising from the changing climate of the USSR, Stam and Beese decided to marry before moving to the Netherlands in 1934. In Amsterdam, the couple set up their own firm, Stam en Beese Architecten, and in 1935, they had a daughter, Ariane. Because of her early departure at the Bauhaus, she had never received a diploma. This made it harder for her to become an architect in the Netherlands, due to the union's pressure to the Association of Dutch Architects to dismiss non-graduates from the professional world before the end of the year, in 1940. That year, at age 37, she got admitted to start a degree in architecture at the VHBO in Amsterdam, due to her unique prior experience.The combination of her studies and the care for two children added pressure on her marriage with Stam. In 1943, they divorced, after Stam committed adultery. However, <mask> Stam-Beese decided to keep Stam's name, because the affiliation with his last name could give her a head start as an independent female architect in the Netherlands. She graduated in 1945. Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, 1946–1948

At the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam Beese was one of the few women who made such a huge contribution to the reconstruction. Designing in a Functionalist style and influenced by the planning ideologies of the CIAM association, Beese worked on several (social) housing districts around the city, including:
 Kleinpolder (1946–1952),
 Pendrecht (1948–1952),
 Westpunt in Hoogvliet (1956–1957),
 het Lage Land (1961–1962) and
 Alexanderpolder/Ommoord (1957–1971). Urban planning concepts
She included the 'neighborhood concept' (wijkgedachte) and 'cluster' (wooneenheid) in her plan for Pendrecht, which is considered to be her most significant architectural contribution.The neighborhood concept referred to the neighborhood as a self-supporting geographical unit, a city within a city, with a social structure and community reminiscent of that of a village. During the post-war reconstruction, the neighborhood idea became a widely employed model for the creation of communities and the harmonious ordering of society. The cluster was a form of spatial organization with a physical and social connection between each home and the neighborhood as a whole. Beese introduced a small-scale unit, the 'stamp' (stempel), to represent a microcosm of the larger community. The design of each stamp was tailored to the needs of different categories of residents such as families, single dwellers and elderly. The spatial arrangement of the freestanding blocks of different heights also reflected the social diversity. Shopping centers, schools and churches of different denominations were divided over the neighborhoods, with some traffic-free streets in between.Buildings were separated by communal gardens and strips of greenery, with the hope that residents of these different stamps would meet and interact in the open spaces. The diversity of residents in a small-scale district would be representative of an open, democratic society, with a close-knit neighborhood quality. However, in the following decades, the idea of the neighborhood unit had been abandoned and large parts of Pendrecht were modified or torn down. References

External links
 Lotte Stam-Beese, vrouw van de (weder)opbouw
 Lotte Stam-Beese en de wederopbouw van Rotterdam

1903 births
1988 deaths
Bauhaus alumni
20th-century German architects
German urban planners
German women architects
20th-century German women artists
Polish women photographers
Women architects
Dutch women architects
20th-century women photographers

masks: Lotte Lotte


title: Brian Protheroe

texts:
<mask> (born 16 June 1944) is an English musician, actor and narrator. He is best known for his first single, "Pinball", which was released in August 1974, and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 40 and reached a peak of number 22. He has narrated the Channel 4 dating show First Dates since 2015. Career

Music
<mask> was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, to a Welsh father and English mother. He joined a local church choir when he was twelve years old, and started piano lessons at about the same time. The music of Cliff Richard and the Shadows inspired him to start learning the guitar. He joined a rock band called the Coasters (not to be confused with the similarly titled United States outfit) as lead singer in 1961, and also joined an amateur theatre group called the Studio Theatre.<mask>'s first job was a library assistant for a year followed by three years as a student technician in a hospital pathology laboratory. Musical influences around this time were Elvis Presley, the Everly Brothers, Josh White, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. <mask> joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, <mask> began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months then spent the next five years in various theatre companies around Britain, developing his musical skills as well as becoming an experienced actor.In 1968, he worked for nearly two years in a theatre company in Lincoln, where he met Martin Duncan who was also a musician, writer and actor. Over the next few years they collaborated on various musical and artistic projects. In 1973, <mask> was playing the part of a pop singer in a play called Death on Demand, when a representative from Chrysalis Records heard a song he had written for the show. His first single, "Pinball", was released in August 1974, and it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 40 and reached a peak of number 22. Then followed by an album of the same name. The follow-up single "Fly Now" made Capital Radio's "Capital Countdown" chart. This was followed over the next couple of years by two more albums – Pick Up and I/You (which featured Simon Phillips, as well as Ian Anderson and Barriemore Barlow of Jethro Tull).All three of <mask>'s original Chrysalis albums were produced by Del Newman and engineered by Richard Dodd. The song "Pick-Up"" was the centrepiece of a cabaret show called KinoTata which was put on by Martin Duncan, Protheroe's oft-times lyrical collaborator. <mask>'s songs are noted for their use of wordplay, some nonsensical, in the vein of John Lennon. Most of his songs feature lyrics he wrote, but "Changing My Tune", "Oh, Weeping Will" and "Dancing on Black Ice" had lyrics written by Martin Duncan, and it seems Duncan was the one responsible for more of the wordplay. Acting
A developing acting career found <mask>, in 1976, starring in the London production of the rock musical, Leave Him to Heaven at the New London Theatre. Temporarily laying aside his career in music, he focused on theatre, television and film. He also has a small role in the 1978 film Superman as a co-pilot of Air Force One.In 1982 he was cast in the BBC Two play Spider's Web by Agatha Christie, and in the following year played the role of Edward IV in the BBC Television Shakespeare productions of Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3 and Richard III. In 1984 he played in the West End musical Pump Boys and Dinettes on piano and vocals and percussion. In 1997 Basta Records released a compilation album of the first three albums from the 1970s, with an additional disc of unreleased material in a box set, <mask>'s Big Box. The advent of the internet allowed for a resurgence in interest in his musical career. He released the collection Citysong in 2005. It was described as a "new single with seventeen bonus tracks and two movies". It included the new song "Holyoke Hotel" as well as two homemade videos.After remastering his original tapes at Abbey Road Studios, EMI studios released a greatest hits collection called Pinball and Other Stories in 2006. In 2002 <mask> played the role of Gower in Adrian Noble's production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre. In 2007 he was cast as Saruman in the original stage musical version of The Lord of the Rings. Performances began at London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 21 June 2007. <mask> played his final performance at the end of his year contract in June 2008. In 2012 he appeared in Hunted for BBC One and HBO. His television work includes: Reilly, Ace of Spies, Gentlemen and Players, Lovejoy, Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less (for which he also sang the title song), 55 Degrees North, North and South, Holby City, Love Soup, Midsomer Murders and Doctors.More recently he appeared in the eighth series of Spooks, in which he played the part of Samuel Walker, a senior CIA officer based in London. His personal website includes his extensive theatre, television and theatre experiences.

masks:
Brian Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Brian
Protheroe
Protheroe


title: Harold Snepsts

texts:
<mask> (born October 24, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent 17 seasons in the National Hockey League between 1975 and 1991. He is one of the most popular players in the history of the Vancouver Canucks, the club where he spent the majority of his career. Snepsts was born in Edmonton, Alberta. Both parents came from Latvia. Playing career
A "stay-at-home defender," Snepsts played his junior hockey for the Edmonton Oil Kings and was selected 59th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1974 NHL amateur draft. He made a strong impression during his first training camp, and appeared in 27 games for the Canucks in 1974–75, recording his first NHL goal. In 1975–76, he became a regular for the Canucks, appearing in 78 games and recording three goals and 18 points.He would quickly become a fan favourite for his hard-working, effective, blue-collar defensive game as well as his likeable personality and large moustache. Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, Snepsts was Vancouver's most effective defender. His physical, error-free brand of hockey saw him selected to the NHL All-Star Game in 1977 and 1982, and he was named the club's top defender four times in five years between 1977 and 1982. He also showed improvement offensively, scoring a career-high 31 points in 1978–79, and on February 2, 1980 became the first defender in club history to score on a penalty shot. Throughout this period, however, the Canucks were one of the weaker franchises in the NHL. However, they caught fire late in the 1981–82 season and went on an extended playoff run, reaching the Stanley Cup Finals. Snepsts, along with goalie Richard Brodeur, was the heart-and-soul of the team defensively and was a tower of strength during the playoff run.However, he would commit a terrible turnover in overtime of the first game of the finals against the New York Islanders which led to the winning goal by Mike Bossy, and the club was swept in four games. The 1982–83 season would be a disaster for Snepsts, as he missed 30 games due to a number of injuries, and was also suspended five games for fighting Doug Risebrough under the stands at the Pacific Coliseum. He would have a better year in 1983–84, but at the end of the season was a victim of General Manager Harry Neale's youth movement on the blueline and, in a highly unpopular move, was dealt to the Minnesota North Stars. He left Vancouver as the club's all-time leader in games played and penalty minutes, although Stan Smyl would break those records a few years later. Snepsts never really found his game in Minnesota and lasted only a season with the North Stars. It was the worst offensive season of his career, as he failed to score a goal and recorded seven assists, although he did set a career high with 232 penalty minutes. He was also suspended for two games for actions in a game against the Detroit Red Wings.Let go by Minnesota, Snepsts signed as a free agent with the Detroit Red Wings. However, his time in Detroit would be plagued with injury. Knee problems limited him to just 35 games in 1985–86, and he failed to score a goal for the second consecutive year. In 1986–87, he was having his best campaign in years for a rejuvenated Detroit team until he injured his shoulder in February, and then re-injured it during the playoffs. The resulting off-season surgery forced him to miss the first half of the 1987–88 season, although he returned to help the Wings reach the Campbell Conference finals for the second consecutive year. The 1988–89 season would be a homecoming for Snepsts, as he signed a free-agent contract with the Canucks and returned to Vancouver. Now a depth defender, he was a steadying influence as the team set a club record for fewest goals against.That year Canucks fans began to chant "Har-Old!" from the stands, something that will follow him for the rest of his career and sometimes shouted to later players such as <mask>n. Late in the 1989–90 season he was dealt to the St. Louis Blues to add experience for the playoffs. He played out his final season with the Blues, during which he played in his 1000th NHL game, before retiring in 1991. He was one of the last players to play in the NHL without a helmet. After his retirement only five helmetless players remained in the league. Snepsts appeared in 1,033 NHL games over his career, recording 38 goals and 195 assists for 233 points, along with 2009 penalty minutes.On March 14, 2011, the Canucks organization inducted Snepsts into their "Ring of Honour". Coaching career
Following his retirement, Snepsts remained with the St. Louis organization and became head coach of their top minor-league affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen of the International Hockey League. Despite having no coaching experience, he led the team to a 48–25–9 mark for a 105-point season before losing in the second round of the playoffs. For 1992–93, he was promoted to an assistant coaching position in St. Louis under head coach Bob Plager; however, he remained in that position for only a year before being replaced by new head coach Bob Berry. Following his departure from the Blues, he spent a season as head coach of the San Diego Gulls of the IHL, leading them to a 93-point season. He signed on as head coach of the Portland Winter Hawks of the WHL for the 1998–99, but inherited a rebuilding team and was fired midway through his second season. Snepsts was subsequently hired as a scout for the NHL's Central Scouting Service (CSS) in 2000, but left in 2005 to become part of the Canucks' Amateur Scouting staff.He would hold this position for 12 years before retiring in 2017. He remains with the organization, however, as an ambassador. Personal life
When Snepsts was 13, his mother was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), and he spent much of his career raising money for MS charities. Career statistics

References in popular culture
Snepsts was the subject of the song "Harold Snepsts", by Hamilton, Ontario garage band The Dik Van Dykes. See also
List of NHL players with 1,000 games played
List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes

References

External links

Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1954 births
Adirondack Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of Latvian descent
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Indianapolis Racers draft picks
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Portland Winterhawks coaches
St. Louis Blues coaches
St. Louis Blues players
Seattle Totems (CHL) players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players
Vancouver Canucks scouts
Canadian ice hockey coaches

masks:
Harold John Snepsts
Harold Druke


title: Henri Gaebelé

texts:
<mask> (10 March 1860 – 27 October 1936) was a French cotton yarn and fabric manufacturer and politician who was Mayor of Pondicherry in French India from 1907 to 1928, and Senator of French India from 1922 to 1924. He played a leading role in the violent conflict in this period between the upper-caste Indian party and the lower-caste and Muslim French party, and at times held almost dictatorial power in the colony. Early years

Jean Fritz (Frédéric) <mask> was born on 10 March 1860 in Munster, Haut-Rhin, Alsace. His parents were <mask> and Marie Anne Laeuffer. After the Franco-Prussian War Alsace came under German administration in 1871. <mask> left Alsace before he was 20 to avoid serving in the German army. He directed two spinning mills in the Vosges, then arrived in Pondicherry on 13 April 1884 as director of the Établissements Textiles de Savana.That year he married Marie Joséphine Anna Blin (1857–1929). Their children were Robert François Gaebelé (1888–1945) and <mask> <mask> (died 1940). In 1888 the Banque de l'Indochine helped Gaebelé install the first telephone network in French India. On his advice the bank began to build large and hygienic warehouses for storing peanuts. In 1889 after a short but violent contest <mask> was elected mayor of the commune of Oulgaret and resigned from his position with the Établissements Textiles de Savana. He and his two brothers founded the Filatures et Tissages Gaebelé. The business started with 1,500 spindles and 50 looms.In 1890 the "Filatures et tissages Gaebelé" was directed by <mask>, Albert and <mask>. It had three spinning mills in Modéliarpeth, Cossépaléom and Pondicherry, with 10,300 spindles and 270 looms. The company manufactured cotton fabrics dyed with indigo called "guinées" for sale in India, Senegal, Sudan, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, blue fabric for Madagascar, Réunion and the Pacific islands, and unbleached canvasses. A dyehouse was attached to the business. The company had its headquarters in Colmar and shareholders in Bordeaux, so it retained strong links to metropolitan France. Pondicherry politics

<mask> left Oulgaret and settled in Pondicherry, where he lived the rest of his life. He was quickly elected to the municipal council.Around 1890 <mask> was one of the founders of the opposition group commonly called the French Party. The party gained from the defection of the Vannia (farmer) caste from the Indian Party led by Chanemougam due to resentment of the arrogance of the high castes. The Vannias were over 30% of the population. The French policy of assimilation, hated by the upper castes, also helped revive the caste war. In 1892 <mask> was elected to the General Council of French India for the first time. During the parliamentary elections around this time the candidates, few of whom had visited India, paid local agents to ensure they were elected, and the agents hired gangs of hooligans to control the polls. The 1893 legislative elections were fought between the French Party and the Indian Party.There was widespread fraud, with many dead people on the voter lists, and much violence. In one incident <mask>, who was a candidate, was wounded by a bullet. In the years that followed the lower castes were oppressed under the rule of Chanemougam, the "King of French India". <mask> became a general councilor in 1905 and held office until his death in 1936. In 1905 he was appointed President of the Chamber of Commerce. He was also President of the Chamber of Agriculture. In the legislative elections of 6 May 1906 <mask>'s associate, the former governor Philema Lemaire, was elected with the support of the Vannias and the Muslims.The French Party, now called the Gaebelé Party, forced Chanemougam to flee to British territory in 1906, where he died in 1908. <mask> was Mayor of Pondicherry from 19 September 1908 to 15 May 1928. The "Neo-Chanemougamists", the Indian party, recovered quickly from the defeat of 1906. They openly supported the Indian nationalists of British India. In the 1910 elections the violence was even worse than usual. On 24 April 1910 the Indian party's candidate, Paul Bluysen, defeated Lemaire. Acting governor Ernest Fernand Lévecque sent a telegram to the Colonial Ministry on 24 April 1910 giving the first results.He reported, "Yesterday many incidents common to Pondicherry and Mudaliarpet; scuffles, blows, violent disputes around ballot-boxes, some wounded; exchange of blows, a few mortal wounds." <mask> was blamed for the violence in 1910. He was ousted from power that year. For the next four years there were violent clashes between the followers of <mask> and Lemaire on one side, and of Gaston Pierre and Bluysen on the other. Houses were looted and burned, politicians were assassinated and bombs were exploded. In 1914 <mask> regained control through an extraordinary reversal, where he became an ally of Bluysen and helped him get reelected, while Lemaire sided with Pierre. While Europe was engaged in World War I (1914–18) the political situation in India calmed down.<mask> controlled French India from the start of World War I until 1927, with increased importance in the 1920s. He arranged for supply of drinking water to Pondicherry, Karaikal and Chandannagar, and suppressed the epidemics that had been endemic until then. Gaebelé was responsible for various public works, including upgrades to the port facilities, purchase of the warehouses and a power station. He also reformed the taxation system. He often gave his favours to a handful of people without considering the needs of the bulk of the population, and began to be seen as a dictator. His most serious rival was the former magistrate Gaston Pierre. Senator

<mask> was elected Senator of French India on 17 December 1922 in a by-election after Senator Étienne Flandin had died in office.<mask> received 99 votes against 4 for his competitor, Jules Godin, who had been Senator of French India from 1891 to 1909. Godin strongly protested the election, and backed his claims up with massive documentation. Senator Marius Roustan reviewed the case and reported to the Senate on 23 June 1923 that the election was valid, which was accepted without debate. <mask>'s election confirmed his grip on power in the colony, but to strengthen his position he courted the poorest of the population, the outcasts,  and . Gaebelé resigned from the Senate by letter on 25 December 1923 since he had found that after 40 years living in the tropics he was unable to cope with the climate of Paris, and had to spend the whole year in Cannes. On 9 March 1924 he was replaced by Paul Bluysen, until then Deputy of French India. Last years

Gaebelé returned to Pondicherry.During the 1920s the hegemony of the Gaebelé party was similar to a dictatorship. The authorities in metropolitan France were unconcerned, and were mainly interested in the value of the colony from its exports of peanuts. In 1926 Filatures et tissages Gaebelé was transformed into a société anonyme with capital of 250,000 rupees. The mill had 20,600 spindles and 310 looms. Gaebelé lost power in 1927. In the elections to the Pondicherry General Council on 21 October 1934 all the candidates of the Gaebelé-Salvaradjou party were beaten. After this there was a long period of unrest in French India.Gaebelé died in Pondicherry on 27 October 1936 aged 76. He was an Officer of the Legion of Honour, Grand Officer of the Order of Glory (Tunisia) and Commander of the Ordre du Nichan El-Anouar. Notes

Sources

1860 births
1936 deaths
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Senators of French India
French Senators of the Third Republic

masks:
Jean Fritz Henri Gaebelé
Henri Gaebelé
Jean Martin Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Henriette
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Henri
Fritz Gaebelé
Henri Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé


title: Benjamin Lay

texts:
<mask> (January 26, 1682 – February 8, 1759) was an Anglo-American Quaker humanitarian and abolitionist. He is best known for his early and strident anti-slavery activities which would culminate in dramatic protests. He was also an author, farmer, an early vegetarian, and distinguished by his early concern for the ethical treatment of animals. Born in England, into a farming family, his early trade was as a shepherd and glove-maker. After becoming a Quaker, he worked as a sailor, and in 1718 moved to Barbados. Here he witnessed the poor treatment of African slaves that instilled in him his lifelong abolitionist principles. <mask> later settled in Philadelphia, and was made unpopular among his fellow Quakers by his strident anti-slavery stance, which would often culminate in acts of public protest.He published several pamphlets on social causes during his lifetime, and one book—All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates—one of the earliest North American works against slavery. Biography
<mask> was born in 1682 to Quaker parents in Copford, near Colchester, England. After working as a farmhand and shepherd, then an apprentice glove-maker, <mask> ran away to London and became a sailor at age 21; he later returned to England and married Sarah Smith by 1718. In 1718, <mask> moved to Barbados as a merchant, but soon his abolitionist principles, fueled by his Quaker radicalism, made him hugely unpopular with those fellow residents who broadly profited from slavery and human trafficking. In 1731, <mask> emigrated to the British Pennsylvania colony, settling first in Philadelphia (in what is now the Olney neighborhood), and later in Abington. In Abington, he was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of slavery, at a time when Quakers were not yet organized in opposition to slavery. <mask> stood barely over four feet tall, referring to himself as "Little <mask>".He was a hunchback with a protruding chest, and his arms were as long as his legs. He was a vegetarian; he ate only fruits, vegetables, and honey, and drank only milk and water. He did not believe that humans were superior to non-human animals and created his own clothes to boycott the slave-labor industry. He would not wear anything, nor eat anything, made from the loss of animal life or provided by any degree by slave labor. Refusing to participate in what he described in his tracts as a degraded, hypocritical, tyrannical, and even demonic society, <mask> was committed to a lifestyle of almost complete self-sustenance after his beloved wife died. Dwelling in the Pennsylvania countryside in a cave with outside entryway attached, <mask> kept goats, farmed notably with fruit trees, and spun the flax he grew into clothing for himself. Inside the cave he stowed his library: two hundred books of theology, biography, history and poetry.He was distinguished less for his eccentricities than for his philanthropy. He published over 200 pamphlets, most of which were impassioned polemics against various social institutions of the time, particularly slavery, capital punishment, the prison system, the moneyed Pennsylvania Quaker elite, etc. Abolitionism

He first began advocating for the abolition of slavery when, in Barbados, he saw an enslaved man commit suicide rather than be hit again by his owner. His passionate enmity of slavery was partially fueled by his Quaker beliefs. <mask> made several dramatic demonstrations against the practice. He once stood outside a Quaker meeting in winter with no coat and at least one foot bare and in the snow. When a passersby expressed concern for his health, he said that slaves were made to work outdoors in winter dressed as he was.On another occasion, he kidnapped the child of slaveholders temporarily, to show them how Africans felt when their relatives were sold overseas. The most notable act occurred in Burlington, New Jersey, at the 1738 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Quakers. Dressed as a soldier, he concluded a diatribe against slavery, quoting the Bible saying that all men should be equal under God, by plunging a sword into a Bible containing a bladder of blood-red pokeberry juice, which spattered over those nearby. Friendship with <mask>

<mask> had printed <mask>'s book All Slave Keepers That keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates, a polemic against slavery, and sold it for two shillings a copy, twenty shillings a dozen. He regularly visited <mask> in his later years i.e. when <mask> had become a hermit. Franklin then owned a slave by the name of Joseph and by 1750 he owned two more slaves, Peter and Jemima.<mask> pressed him for the justification: With What Right? In April 1757, Franklin drafted his new will in which he promised Peter and Jemima that they would be freed after his death. As a gift to her husband <mask>, Deborah Read commissioned William Williams to paint a portrait of <mask> (portrayed above). This portrait became known in the 18th century, but disappeared from view, until it was sold at auction in 1977 for four dollars, restored by conservators at the Winterthur Museum, and subsequently sold to the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC. Death and legacy

<mask> died in Abington, Pennsylvania, in 1759. His legacy continued to inspire the abolitionist movement for generations; throughout the early and mid-19th century, it was common for abolitionist Quakers to keep pictures of <mask> in their homes. <mask> was buried in Abington Friends Meeting's burial ground in a grave whose exact location is unknown, but next to the meeting house and adjacent to Abington Friends School in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.In 2012, during the brief Occupy Jenkintown encampment, protesters symbolically rechristened the Jenkintown Town Square as "Benjamin Lay Plaza". In 2018, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected an historical marker in Abington commemorating <mask>. On April 21, 2018, Abington Friends Meeting unveiled a grave marker for <mask> and <mask> in its graveyard. Four Quaker meetings had disowned <mask> for his inconvenient campaigning. In 2018, Southern East Anglia Area Meeting, part of Britain Yearly Meeting, became the last of the four to "undisown" him. The others were Abington Monthly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in the USA and North London Area Meeting in Britain. Publications

See also
Thomas Tryon, one of <mask>'s influences; in the Williams painting, <mask> is holding a copy of one of Tryon's works
List of abolitionist forerunners

References

Further reading

 Rediker, Marcus (2017) The Fearless <mask>: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist,
 <mask>: Biographical Anecdotes of <mask>.In: The Annual Monitor, or, New Letter-Case and Memorandum Book. vol. I. York 1815
 Richard Vaux: Memoirs of the lives of <mask> and Ralph Sandiford, two of the earliest public advocates for the emancipation of the enslaved Africans. Philadelphia 1815. London 1816. William Allan: An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, containing an Account of the Lives, Characters, and Writings of the most eminent Persons in North America from its first settlement, and a summary of the History of the several colonies and of the United States Boston 1832
 John Hunt: Notices of <mask>. In: John Comly, Isaac Comly (eds.): Friends Miscellany. Being a Collection of Essays and Fragments, Biographical Religious Epistolary, Narrative and Historical. Designed for the Promotion of Piety and Virtue to Preserve in Remembrance the Characters and Views of Exemplary Individuals, and to Rescue from Oblivion those Manuscripts, Left by them which may be useful to Survivors. vol. IV,6. Philadelphia 1833, 274–276
 Lydia Maria Francis Child: Memoir of <mask>, Compiled from Various Sources. New York 1842
 Account of the life of <mask>, one of the early antislavery advocates.In: The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. XXIX, 1856, 180f. <mask>: Account of the life of <mask>, given in connection with the biographical sketch of her husband, <mask>. In: The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. XXIX, 1856, 180f.Biographical Anecdote of <mask>. In: Evert Augustus Duyckinck, George Long Duyckinck, Michael Laird Simons (eds. ): Cyclopaedia of American literature embracing personal and critical notices of authors, and selections from their writings, from the earliest period to the present day, with portraits, autographs, and other illustrations. vol. I. Philadelphia 1856, 279–280
 Certificate for <mask> from Colchester Monthly Meeting, dated 12mo. 4, 1731, and addressed to Philadelphia Monthly Meeting. In: The Friend.A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. LIII, 1879, 135
 <mask>. Born 1677—died 1759—aged eighty-two years. In: W. Beck, W. F. Wells, H. G. Chalkley, H. G.: Biographical Catalogue, being an Account of the Lives of Friends and others whose Portraits are in the London Friends' Institute. Also descriptive Notices of Friends' Schools and Institutions of which the Gallery contains Illustrations. London 1888, 418–422
 John Hunt: "Anecdotes of <mask>". In: Journal of Friends' Historical Society, vol.XXII, 1925, 72f (from The Friend. A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal, vol. C, 1926, 18–19)
 "<mask>". In: The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, vol. XXIII, 1/2, 1926, 59f. C. Brightwen Rowntree: "<mask> (1681–1759) of Colchester, London, Barbados, Philadelphia". In: The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, vol.XXXIII, 1936, 3–19
 Stevenson, Janet Marshall: Pioneers in freedom. Adventures in courage. Chicago 1969
 William Kashatus III: Abington's Fierly Little Abolitionist. In: Old York Road Historical Society Bulletin, vol. XLV, 1985, 35–39
 Nathaniel Smith Kogan: "Aberrations in the Body and in the Body Politic: The Eighteenth-Century Life of <mask>, Disabled Abolitionist". In: Disability Studies Quarterly, 36(3), . Marvin Perry: <mask>.In: Alden Whitman (ed. ): American Reformers. An H. W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary. New York 1985, 514–515
 <mask>, <mask> (1677–1759). In: Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. vol. I. Wilmington 1998 (2), 31–33
 Paul Rosier: <mask>.In: John Garraty, Mark Carnes (eds. ): American National Biography. vol. XIII. New York 1999, 305–307
 Gil Skidmore: <mask>. 1683–1759. In: Dear friends and bretheren.25 short biographies of Quaker men. Reading 2000, 19–21. Joseph Smith: A descriptive catalogue of friends' books, or books written by members of the society of friends, commonly called quakers, from their first rise to the present time, interspersed with critical remarks, and occasional biographical notices, and including all writings by authors before joining, and those after having left the society, whether adverse or not, as far as known. vol. I. London 1867, 92–93. External links

 https://benjaminlay.org contains an online edition of <mask>'s 1738 book, All Slave-Keepers: Apostates!'' Text on Lay (13 pages)

1682 births
1759 deaths
17th-century Quakers
18th-century American male writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century Quakers
American abolitionists
American activists
American animal rights activists
American anti–death penalty activists
American humanitarians
American pamphleteers
American male non-fiction writers
American Quakers
British anti–death penalty activists
British emigrants to Barbados
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Quaker abolitionists
English abolitionists
English activists
English humanitarians
English pamphleteers
English Quakers
Pennsylvania political activists
People from Colchester
People of colonial Pennsylvania
People with dwarfism
Vegetarianism activists

masks:
Benjamin Lay
Lay
Benjamin Lay
Lay
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Lay
Lay
Benjamin
Lay
Lay
Lay
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
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Lay
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin
Sarah Lay
Lay
Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Sarah Lay
Sarah Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
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Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay
Benjamin Lay


title: Everett M. Gilmore

texts:
<mask> "Ev" <mask>, Jr. (December 13, 1935 – April 14, 2005) was an American tubist best known for his association with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, in which he served as principal tubist from 1965 until his retirement in 1995. He was also closely associated with the University of North Texas College of Music and Southern Methodist University. <mask>’s thirty-year tenure was one of the longest with an American orchestra for this time period. He was also one of the few American orchestral tubists during his time who played BBb tuba as their primary instrument. <mask> had a diverse influence on music in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, not only as a performer but as teacher and mentor to other professional musicians. Life and performing career
<mask> was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, to <mask>, Sr. and his wife Elizabeth, the middle child of three brothers. He began studying music with piano lessons while in elementary school, his interest in music inspired by Elizabeth, who was a classically-trained pianist.In junior high, <mask> began playing the trombone and continued performing on that instrument through college, the Army Bands, a career with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and into retirement. <mask> attended George Williams College and Lebanon Valley College as a double major, receiving bachelor's degrees in both psychology and music. After his undergraduate schooling, <mask> joined the United States Army Field Band in Washington, D.C. The tuba section included two musicians who became professional tubists with major symphony orchestras: <mask> and Ronald Bishop, tubist for the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell. <mask> volunteered for the opportunity to transfer to the NORAD Command Band located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Once his military commitment was fulfilled, he left the NORAD Band and earned a Master of Arts in library science from the University of Denver and worked for the Denver area public libraries. He soon won the audition for and performed with the Wichita Symphony Orchestra for two years.In May 1965, he won the principal tuba position in the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, where he played for thirty years until his retirement in 1995. He studied tuba performance with Charles Guzsikoff of the Philadelphia Orchestra, William Bell of the New York Philharmonic and Arnold Jacobs of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The Music Directors of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra during <mask>’s tenure included Donald Johanos, Anshel Brusilow, <mask>, <mask> and Andrew Litton. <mask> continued his wide-ranging interests in music during his years with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. He was the founder of several ensembles outside the orchestra. He was a charter member of The Dallas Symphony Brass Quintet, which recorded on Crystal Records. <mask>'s colleagues in the quintet were David Battey, horn; John Kitzman, trombone; Bert Truax and Richard Giangiulio, trumpets.He was a co-founder of TUBACHRISTMAS concerts in both Dallas and Fort Worth. These two annual events have been among the most successful of TUBACHRISTMAS performances across the nation. <mask> was a leader in forming the Texas Tuba Quartet and later the Dallas Tuba Quartet, writing and arranging much of the music in those early days of the tuba quartet. He was also a charter member of the Texas Wind Symphony, which was conducted by Ray Lichtenwalter. In addition to being a performer and an educator, <mask> was a music copyist; he produced handwritten scores and parts for many composers and arrangers, including Alberto Ginastera, Phil Kelly, <mask> and Robert Xavier Rodriguez. Throughout his career, <mask> was a Miraphone tuba artist. Personal life
<mask> married <mask> in 1977.They had one daughter. Music influence
<mask> taught advanced tuba players through private lessons and at Southern Methodist University during his tenure with the Dallas Symphony. Following his retirement from the orchestra, <mask> taught at the University of North Texas College of Music. <mask>’s legacy of musicians he influenced includes tuba students who play and teach professionally. Among his students were Donald Little, retired principal tubist of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra and current principal tubist of the Dallas Opera who worked on several recitals and concerts with <mask>; <mask>, principal tubist of the East Texas Symphony Orchestra, the Texas Chamber Orchestra, the Dallas Jazz Orchestra and the American Chamber Brass; Ed Jones, current principal tubist of the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra; <mask>, retired principal tubist of the Dallas Wind Symphony; Karl Hovey, retired principal tubist of the United States Navy Band; Lee Hipp, principal tubist of the San Antonio Symphony; Alex Cauthen, principal tubist of the Dallas Wind Symphony; Jeffery Cottrell, tubist of the Key City Brass Quintet; Justin Benavidez, principal tubist of Symphoria and the Syracuse Opera; and Wade Rackley of the Mississippi Symphony Orchestra. Legacy

<mask> recorded with most of the Music Directors of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the majority of his discography of over 45 recordings on which <mask> performs were with Maestro <mask>. The album recorded with the Dallas Symphony Brass Quintet was among the few quintet recordings available at the time.In addition to his music career, <mask> was involved in local and state political issues. He felt his progressive ideals of civil liberties were outlined in the Bill of Rights. One instance resulted in the James v. <mask> case for the United States Supreme Court in late 1967, which dealt with unconstitutional loyalty oaths and <mask> was the plaintiff in that case. Hired as an adjunct teacher for one student for the Dallas County Junior College, it insisted that <mask> was to sign a loyalty oath. Eventually, on January 15, 1968, the court ruled that the oaths were unconstitutional. References

American classical tubists
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American musicians
1935 births
2005 deaths
Southern Methodist University faculty
Musicians from West Virginia
Deaths from cancer in Texas
University of Denver alumni
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
Musicians from Colorado
American music educators
American tubists
Lebanon Valley College alumni
Aurora University alumni
Classical musicians from Texas
20th-century classical musicians

masks:
Everett Millard
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Everett Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Max Rudolf
Eduardo Mata
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Tom Merriman
Gilmore
Gilmore
Mary Crisp
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Richard Murrow
Richard Morgan
Gilmore
Gilmore
Eduardo Mata
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore
Gilmore


title: Kosta Perović

texts:
<mask> (; born February 19, 1985) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. He represented the Serbian national basketball team internationally. In the 2006 NBA draft he was a second-round selection of the NBA's Golden State Warriors, with whom he signed on August 3, 2007. A  center, <mask> was the tallest player taken in the 2006 NBA Draft. His game has been compared to that of Slovenian center Radoslav Nesterović. Professional career

<mask> was born in Osijek, SR Croatia, in the former Yugoslavia. He played basketball professionally for Partizan Belgrade at the time of his being drafted by the Golden State Warriors.After being drafted in 2006, <mask> did not immediately come to the NBA. Rather, he played the 2006–07 season in the Serbian League. NBA
On August 3, 2007, <mask> was signed to a two-year contract worth about US$3.5 million with a team option for a third season by Golden State. On November 18, 2007, he was assigned to the NBA D-League after going without an appearance in Golden State's first seven games. He played for the Warriors' affiliate team, the Bakersfield Jam until January 6, 2008, when he was recalled to the Warriors' squad after they waived D. J. Mbenga. <mask> played his first minutes in an NBA game with the Warriors on January 19, 2008 against the Milwaukee Bucks, in which he scored 4 points (on 2 of 2 field goal shooting) and 4 grabbed rebounds (2 offensive), as well as blocking a shot. In 7 games in the NBA, he averaged 1.4 points and 1.9 rebounds per game.Spanish teams
After being waived by the Warriors on September 12, 2008, <mask> reportedly signed a three-year deal worth €3.3 million net income with  Pamesa Valencia of the Spanish ACB. After a mutual termination of the contract with Pamesa Valencia in June 2010, <mask> signed with FC Barcelona Bàsquet. In the 2009–2010 season, he averaged 8.4 points and 4.9 rebounds per game. On August 19, 2012, he signed a one-year deal with the Spanish club Unicaja Málaga. At the end of the season, <mask> was waived by Unicaja Málaga. Russia
In August 2013, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Yenisey Krasnoyarsk of Russia. In July 2014, he extended his contract with Yenisey for one more season.In December 2014, he got injured and missed the rest of the season. Return to Partizan and retirement
On September 29, 2015, he returned to Partizan Belgrade. Struggling to return to his previous form after few months of absence due to a knee injury, he retired from professional basketball on December 15, 2015. He appeared in 12 games of the ABA League, averaging 3.1 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. National team career
<mask> played for the FR Yugoslavian U16 national team at the 2001 European Championship and won a gold medal. He began his senior national team career at the EuroBasket 2003 when Serbia and Montenegro finished with 6th place. <mask> has also been a member of the senior men's Serbian national basketball team.With them he won the silver medal at the EuroBasket 2009. In the following year, he was member of team that finished 4th at the World Championship in Turkey. At the EuroBasket 2011 in Lithuania, where he was capped, Serbia finished 8th. Post-playing career
<mask> owns and operates a cherry orchard and a small pig farm.

masks:
Kosta Perović
Perović
Europe Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović
Perović


title: Csanád Telegdi

texts:
<mask> (; died 1349) was a Hungarian prelate in the first half of the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Eger from 1322 to 1330, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 until his death. Descending from an old Hungarian kindred, he was a confidant of the ruling Capetian House of Anjou. He crowned Louis I of Hungary in July 1342. The complete renovation of the Esztergom Cathedral took place during his archiepiscopate. Ancestry and early life
<mask> was born into the ancient Hungarian gens Csanád around 1280, as one of the four sons of comes Thomas. The namesake founder of the clan was the nephew of the first Hungarian king Stephen I of Hungary, who sent his relative to defeat the rebellious lord Ajtony around 1030.Thereafter Csanád County and its capital, in addition to the clan, was named after him. The Telegdis' first known direct ancestors are Benedict (or Belenig) and his son, Clement (also Kelemenes), the ispán of Arad County in the early 13th century. Csanád's father Thomas was an educated man with the title of magister. He had various conflicts with the Cuman tribes, who lived in Temes. He left his estates in Csanád County in the 1290s and moved to Bihar County, establishing his manor seat in Telegd (present-day Tileagd, Romania). His descendants took their surname after the village. Csanád had three brothers: Lawrence I, Nicholas I, ispán of various counties, who fought in the Battle of Rozgony, and Pancras, the father of Thomas Telegdi, also an archbishop of Esztergom.Csanád also had two unidentified sisters: one of them married vice-voivode Nicholas Vásári, their son was Nicholas, Csanád's immediate successor in the archiepiscopal seat of Esztergom. Csanád's second sister was the wife of a certain Michael, they had a son named Stephen. Telegdi studied in the collegiate school of Várad (present-day Oradea Mare, Romania). He was referred to as cantor of the cathedral chapter by a document in 1295. He attended an Italian universitas – presumably the University of Padua – between 1296 and 1299, obtaining the degree of decretorum doctor, which indicated his competence in canon law. Returning Hungary, he stayed in the chapter of Várad, where he was again styled as cantor. He was first mentioned as lector in October 1306.In this capacity, he issued a charter on 9 June 1315, which reflected his theological and Christian philosophical knowledge. He used Biblical terminology (for instance, a reference to Adam as "first creature" and his "vile offspring") in the document's prelude (arenga), in which he determined the importance of registering official documents ("through the courtesy of the Heavenly Creator [...] people have found this knowledge"), while recorded the donation of two landholdings to the Diocese of Transylvania. On 12 May 1316, Telegdi was referred to as the vicar and prothonotarius ("principal clerk") of the elderly Emeric, Bishop of Várad. Telegdi was elected provost of the chapter of Várad on 5 February 1318, replacing Ivánka, who became Emeric's successor in the episcopal seat. In this capacity, he founded three altars at the Cathedral of St. Mary based on his own wealth. He also established a minor provostship in opposite the cathedral. At the same time, he has gained wealth in the area, for instance, he bought vineyard in January 1321, in the neighborhood of the land of his late brother Lawrence's orphans.The entire Telegdi family supported the claim of Charles during the period of Interregnum in the first decade of the 14th century and the subsequent unification war against the oligarchs. It resulted that <mask> Telegdi became a confidant of Charles in his royal court. He was styled as head (count) of the royal chapel () and "secret notary" () in a document issued in July 1319. In this quality, he supervised the convent of the royal chaplains, guarded the royal relic treasures and exercised jurisdiction over those servant laymen, who secured the liturgical activity of the court clergy. Under his tenure, the restructured royal chapel became a separate diploma issuing institution and place of authentication, which also proved to be a school of highly qualified diplomats and legal staff. Telegdi also served as keeper of the royal seal and director of the place of authentication in the royal court beside that. A bull of Pope John XXII called him "secret chancellor" of the Hungarian royal court in July 1320.In that year, Telegdi visited the papal court at Avignon in order to fulfill both ecclesiastical and diplomatic functions. Charles I requested Pope John to marry Elizabeth, the daughter of King Władysław I of Poland, and Telegdi's main task was to negotiate the matter in the Roman Curia. His success was marked by two papal letters issued in July and August 1320. Through Telegdi, the pope also allowed Charles I to choose his own confessor in order to get absolution from the sins which he had committed against the church. Telegdi also requested absolution for the visitors of the altars in the Diocese of Várad which had been established by him previously. Telegdi submitted to the Pope the King's request for the confirmation of Andrew Szécsi as the Bishop of Transylvania, despite his young age and deficiency in priesthood. In addition, of the 11 papal letters issued at the time of his diplomatic mission, 7 dealt with church benefices (for instance, the installment of his nephew Nicholas Vásári to the chapter of Várad).In April 1320, Telegdi was appointed conservator of the Cistercian abbey of the Diocese of Chalon-sur-Saône, along with the provost of Avignon and the prior of St. Rufus monastery in the Diocese of Valence. Telegdi also bore the title of papal chaplain in 1321. Upon the request of Csanád Telegdi, Charles I returned the previously lost estates of Tömörkény, Zenta (Senta), Csóka (Čoka), Szanád (Sanad), Varsány and Tarján to his family in the same year. He was also granted lands in Szatmár County (e.g. Érvasad, present-day Vășad in Romania) by Charles' wife Queen Elizabeth. Bishop of Eger
Following the death of Bishop Martin in early 1322, Telegdi was elected unanimously as his successor by the grand provost and the cathedral chapter of Eger. He was first mentioned in this capacity on 8 October 1322.Under customary law, the cathedral chapter requested Boleslaus of Esztergom to confirm his election, but the archbishop was temporarily incapacitated for some reasons (possibly due to his involvement in the Dalmatian conflict) and handed over the task to his provost Theophil, giving him the rights. Conducting appropriate inquests, Theophil confirmed the election of Telegdi at the St. George's Cathedral in Temesvár (present-day Timișoara, Romania) on 21 January 1323. Temesvár was the royal residence of Charles I between 1315 and 1323. Telegdi was consecrated as bishop by Bishop Benedict of Csanád with the assistance of Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr and Ivánka, Bishop of Várad at the Dominicans' St. Ladislaus church on 23 January. The ceremony was also attended by Ladislaus Jánki, the Archbishop of Kalocsa. Shortly thereafter his consecration, Telegdi requested Charles on 24 April to revive and confirm the privileges of the Diocese of Eger, which were granted by Stephen V of Hungary in 1271. Upon his request, Charles forbade Palatine Philip Drugeth, who governed the whole province, where the diocese laid, to arbitrarily confiscate the tithe and other revenues of the bishopric on the next day.Charles I donated the land of Vrus (today Gyöngyösoroszi) in April 1324 to the diocese, which had formerly already belonged to them, but lost during the era of feudal anarchy. In September 1324, Charles I also transcribed the 1281 privilege letter of Ladislaus IV, regarding the lordship of Tiszanána. Telegdi was a founding member of the Order of Saint George, the first secular chivalric order in the world, which was established by Charles on 24 April 1326. During his episcopate, Telegdi was involved in various lawsuits within the Hungarian ecclesiastical institutional system. For instance, he represented the interests of Henry, Bishop of Veszprém in February 1327, when the prelate accused Archbishop Boleslaus with unauthorized possession of some churches and their benefices in his diocese (the so-called "trial over the tithes of Sasad"). He acted as a judge in the trial over a mill between the Pauline and Augustinian friars in Sátoraljaújhely. He was one of the four prelates, who excommunicated John, abbot of Pilis and monk Nicholas for their violent actions against the parsonage of Budakalász in September 1326.There are also some charters, which suggest, Telegdi validated his interests even against his own collegiate chapter and the provostships (e.g. Szepes), which laid in the neighboring territories. Under his own suzerainty, Telegdi established the Archdeaconry of Tárca (today Torysky, Slovakia), which laid in Sáros County, on 16 October 1323, separating from the territory of the existing Archdeaconry of Abaúj, which belonged to the authority of the Provostship of Szepes (Spiš). This resulted a long-standing conflict between the provostship and the Diocese of Eger over the sparsely populated area. Telegdi agreed with the local nobles who settled the area – who also exercised the right of patronage over the local churches – that the parishioners of the villages there owed tithes to the bishop of Eger, to the detriment of the Szepes Chapter. The local priests appealed against this decision to the Holy See, as under the jurisdiction of the provost of Szepes, a third of the

masks:
Csanád Telegdi
Csanád Telegdi
Csanád