title: Kate Sheppard

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<mask> ( Catherine Wilson Malcolm; 10 March 1848 – 13 July 1934) was the most prominent member of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and the country's most famous suffragist. Born in Liverpool, England, she emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1868. There she became an active member of various religious and social organisations, including the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand (WCTU NZ). In 1887 she was appointed the WCTU NZ's National Superintendent for Franchise and Legislation, a position she used to advance the cause of women's suffrage in New Zealand. <mask> promoted women's suffrage by organising petitions and public meetings, by writing letters to the press, and by developing contacts with politicians. She was the editor of The White Ribbon, the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand. Through her skilful writing and persuasive public speaking, she successfully advocated women's suffrage.Her pamphlets Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote and Should Women Vote? contributed to the cause. This work culminated in a petition with 30,000 signatures calling for women's suffrage that was presented to parliament, and the successful extension of the franchise to women in 1893. As a result, New Zealand became the first country to establish universal suffrage. <mask> was the first president of the National Council of Women of New Zealand, founded in 1896, and helped reform the organisation in 1918. In later life, she travelled to Britain and assisted the suffrage movement there. With failing health, she returned to New Zealand, after which she continued to be involved in writing on women's rights, although she became less politically active.She died in 1934, leaving no descendants. <mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. A memorial to her exists in Christchurch. Her portrait replaced that of Queen Elizabeth II on the front of the New Zealand ten-dollar note in 1991. Early life

<mask> was born Catherine Wilson Malcolm on 10 March 1848 in Liverpool, England, to Scottish parents Jemima Crawford Souter and Andrew Wilson Malcolm. Her father, born in Scotland in 1819, was described in various documents as either a lawyer, banker, brewer's clerk, or legal clerk; he married Souter in the Inner Hebrides on 14 July 1842. Catherine was named after her paternal grandmother, also Catherine Wilson Malcolm, but preferred to spell her name "Katherine" or to abbreviate it to "<mask>".She had an elder sister Marie, born in Scotland, and three younger siblings – Frank, born in Birmingham, and Isabella and Robert, both born in London; evidently, the family moved often during that period. Details of the children's education are unknown, though <mask>'s later writings demonstrate extensive knowledge of science and law, indicating a strong education. She was known for her broad knowledge and intellectual ability. Her father loved music and ensured that the family had good musical training. <mask>'s father died in 1862, while in his early forties, but left his widow with sufficient means to provide for the family. After her father's death, <mask> lived with her uncle, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Nairn; he, more than anyone else, instilled in her the values of Christian socialism. During this time, the rest of the family stayed with relatives in Dublin, where <mask> later joined them.George Beath, the future husband of <mask>'s sister Marie, emigrated to Melbourne in 1863, and later moved to Christchurch. After Marie joined him there, they were married in 1867, and their first child was born the following year. Marie's accounts of Christchurch motivated Jemima to move her family to New Zealand, as she was seeking better prospects for her sons' employment and wanted to see her granddaughter. They sailed on the Matoaka from Gravesend on 12 November 1868, arriving in Lyttelton Harbour on 8 February 1869. In Christchurch, most of the family, including <mask>, joined the Trinity Congregational Church. The minister was William Habens, a graduate of the University of London who was also Classics Master at Christchurch High School. <mask> became part of Christchurch's intellectual and social scenes, and spent time with Marie and George's growing family.<mask> married Walter Allen <mask>, a shop owner, at her mother's house on 21 July 1871. Walter had been elected to the Christchurch City Council in 1868, and may have impressed <mask> with his knowledge of local matters. They lived on Madras Street, not far from her mother's home, and within walking distance of the city centre. The Trinity Congregational Church raised funds for a new building from 1872 to 1874, and <mask> was most likely involved in this. She formed a friendship with Alfred Saunders, a politician and prominent temperance activist who may have influenced her ideas on women's suffrage. <mask> and her husband arrived in England in 1877 and spent a year there, then returned to Christchurch. Their only child, Douglas, was born on 8 December 1880.<mask> was an active member of various religious organisations. She taught Sunday school, and in 1884 was elected secretary of the newly formed Trinity Ladies' Association, a body established to visit parishioners who did not regularly attend church services. The association also helped with fundraising and did jobs for the church such as providing morning tea. <mask> wrote reports on the work of the Association, tried to recruit new members, and worked to retain existing ones. The following year she joined the Riccarton Choral Society. Her solo in a May 1886 concert was praised in the Lyttelton Times. She also served on the management committee of the YWCA.Women's suffrage movement

Early engagement
<mask>'s activism and engagement with politics began after listening to or reading about a talk by Mary Leavitt from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of the United States. In 1885 Leavitt toured New Zealand speaking not only about the problems caused by alcohol consumption, but also the need for women to have a "voice in public affairs". She spent two weeks in Christchurch, starting with a public speech at the Theatre Royal on 10 May. Journalists were impressed by the strength of public speaking displayed by a woman, something not witnessed often at that time in New Zealand. <mask> became involved in establishing a Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ prior to the formation of a national organisation. Her initial involvement was in promoting petitions to Parliament to prevent women being employed as barmaids, and to outlaw the sale of alcohol to children. This marked the beginning of her collaborations with Alfred Saunders, who advised her on her negotiations with politicians and who wrote to the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, seeking to further her campaign.The barmaid petitions (including some from other parts of the country) were rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament later in 1885. <mask> decided that politicians would continue to ignore petitions from women as long as women could not vote. In 1879 universal male suffrage had been granted to all men over the age of 21 whether they owned property or not, but women were still excluded as electors. A limited number of voting rights were extended to female voters in the 1870s. Female ratepayers were able to vote in local body elections in 1873, and in 1877 women "householders" were given the right to vote in and stand for education boards. The New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed under the leadership of Anne Ward at a conference in Wellington in February 1886. <mask> did not attend that conference, but at the second national convention in Christchurch a year later, she arrived ready to present a paper on women's suffrage, although there was no opportunity for her to do so.She was first appointed Superintendent for Relative Statistics, owing to her interest in economics. In 1887when more local Franchise departments were established within the WCTU NZshe replaced Mrs. G Clarke as National Superintendent for the Franchise and Legislation. Much of the support for moderation came from women, and the WCTU NZ believed that women's suffrage could advance their aim to prohibit alcohol while promoting child and family welfare. <mask> soon became prominent in the area of women's suffrage, but her interest in the cause went beyond practical considerations regarding temperance. Her views were made well known with her statement that "all that separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is inhuman, and must be overcome." <mask> proved to be a powerful speaker and a skilled organiser, quickly building support for her cause. The WCTU NZ sent a deputation to Sir Julius Vogel, a Member of Parliament and former Premier, asking him to introduce a suffrage bill to parliament.He did so in 1887, with the Female Suffrage Bill, and <mask> campaigned for its support. In its third reading, the part dealing with women's suffrage was defeated by one vote, and the bill was withdrawn. During the general election campaign later that year <mask> encouraged WCTU NZ members to ask parliamentary candidates questions about suffrage, but few women did so. In 1888 <mask> was President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ, and presented a report to the national convention in Dunedin, where the convention decided that prohibition and women's suffrage would be the organisation's central aims. <mask> made public speeches on suffrage in Dunedin, Oamaru, and Christchurch, developing a confident speaking style. To reinforce her message, she gave audiences leaflets produced in Britain and the United States. <mask> then published her own single-sheet pamphlet titled Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote, which displayed her "dry wit and logical approach".A copy was sent to every member of the House of Representatives. Petitions
The government introduced an Electoral Bill in 1888 that would continue to exclude women from suffrage, and <mask> organised a petition requesting that the exclusion be removed. She wrote to, and later met with, Sir John Hall, a well-respected Canterbury member of the House of Representatives, inviting him to present the petition and support her cause. He did so, but no action resulted. <mask> then produced a second pamphlet, Should Women Vote?, which presented statements on suffrage from notable people in New Zealand and overseas. The Electoral Bill was delayed until 1890, when on 5 August, Hall proposed a motion "That in the opinion of the House, the right of voting for members of the House of Representatives should be extended to women." After vigorous debate, this was passed 37 votes to 11.On 21 August, Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage, but it was defeated by seven votes. Following the defeat, Hall suggested to <mask> that a petition to parliament should be the next step. She drew up the wording for the petition, arranged for the forms to be printed, and campaigned hard for its support. During the 1890 election campaign, WCTU members attempted to ask all candidates about their position on women's suffrage. The petition contained 10,085 signatures (according to WCTU minutes), and Hall presented it to Parliament in 1891 as a new Electoral Bill went into committee. The petition was supported in Parliament by Hall, Alfred Saunders, and the Premier at the time, John Ballance. Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage; it passed with a majority of 25 votes.An opponent of suffrage, Walter Carncross, then moved an amendment which would also allow women to stand for parliament; this seemed a logical extension of Hall's amendment but was actually calculated to cause the Bill's failure in New Zealand's upper house, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Bill indeed failed in the Upper House by two votes. In 1890, <mask> was one of the founders of the Christian Ethical Society, a discussion group for both men and women, not limited to

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title: Kate Sheppard

type: original

texts:
 the members of a single church. In their first few meetings the topics included selfishness, conjugal relations, and dress reform. The Society gave <mask> more confidence debating her ideas with people from diverse backgrounds. During 1891, <mask> began editing a page in the Prohibitionist on behalf of the WCTU. The Prohibitionist was a fortnightly temperance paper with a circulation around New Zealand of over 20,000.<mask> used the pseudonym "Penelope" in this paper. <mask> promised that a second petition would be twice as large and worked through the summer to organise it; it received 20,274 women's signatures. Using paid canvassers, the Liberal MP Henry Fish organised two counter petitions, one signed by men and the other by women; they received 5,000 signatures between them. An Electoral Bill in 1892 included provision for women's suffrage and again it easily passed in the House of Representatives, but the Upper House requested that women's votes be postal rather than by ballot. As the two houses could not agree on this, the bill failed. A third petition for suffrage, still larger, was organised by <mask> and presented in 1893. This time 31,872 women signedthe largest petition of any kind presented to Parliament at this point.1893 Electoral Bill
The Electoral Bill of 1893, which granted women full voting rights, successfully passed in the House of Representatives in August. Few MPs were willing to vote against it, fearing that women would vote against them in the general election later that year. Many therefore chose to be absent from the house during votes. Henry Fish attempted to delay the proposed statute by calling for a national referendum, but the Bill progressed to the Legislative Council. After several attempts to stymie passage failed, the legislation passed 20 votes to 18 on 8 September. The Bill now needed the Governor's signature, and although Governor David Boyle did not support women's suffrage and was slow to sign, he eventually did so on 19 September. <mask> was widely acknowledged as the leader of the women's suffrage movement.1893 general election and further women's advocacy
<mask> had no time to rest, as the  was only ten weeks away, and the newspapers were spreading rumours that an early election might be called to reduce the number of women enrolled. Along with the WCTU NZ, she was highly active in encouraging women to register as voters. The main meeting venue in Christchurch was the Tuam Street Hall. One of her largest detractors was the liquor industry, which feared for its continued business. Despite the short notice, 88 percent of women had enrolled to vote by election date (28 November), and nearly 70 percent ended up casting a vote. Although women had gained the vote they were not eligible to stand in parliamentary elections until 1919, and it was not until 1933 that the first woman was elected to parliament. In around 1892 <mask> had started bicycling around Christchurchone of the first women in the city to do so.She joined the Atalanta Ladies' Cycling Club, which existed from 1892 to 1897, and was a founding committee member. The club was the first women's cycling club in New Zealand or Australia and attracted controversy as some of its members advocated "rational dress"such as knickerbockers rather than skirts for female cyclists. In December 1893, <mask> was elected President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU NZ. She chaired the first two meetings in 1894, before travelling to England with her husband and son. She was in great demand in England as a speaker to women's groups about the struggle for women's suffrage in New Zealand. In mid-1895, the WCTU launched a monthly journal, The White Ribbon, with <mask> as the editor, contributing to it from overseas. While in England <mask> experienced health problems, requiring an operation, possibly a hysterectomy.The family returned to New Zealand at the beginning of 1896. Later that year, <mask> was reappointed editor of The White Ribbon. Canterbury Women's Institute and the National Council of Women

The Canterbury Women's Institute was formed in September 1892, with <mask> playing a leading role and taking charge of the economics department. The institute was open to both men and women and worked to reduce inequalities between them. <mask> believed that enfranchisement was the first step towards achieving other reforms, such as reforming unfair laws on marriage, parenthood, and property, and towards eliminating the uneven treatment of the sexes in morality. The National Council of Women of New Zealand was established in April 1896 by the Canterbury Women's Institute and ten other women's groups from throughout New Zealand, and <mask> was elected president at its founding convention. The Council promoted the right of women to stand for Parliament, equal pay and equal opportunities for women, the removal of legal disabilities affecting women, and economic independence for married women.<mask>'s election as president, instead of fellow feminist Lady Anna Stout, had caused a rift. This, along with other disagreements such as whether the council should support New Zealand's involvement in the Second Boer War, contributed to the organisation going into recess in 1906. Later life

As editor of The White Ribbon and president of the National Council of Women, <mask> promoted many ideas related to improving the situation and status of women. In particular, she was concerned about establishing legal and economic independence of women from men. She was not only occupied with advancing women's rights, but also promoted political reforms such as proportional representation, binding referendums, and a Cabinet elected directly by Parliament. By 1902, <mask>'s marriage appears to have been under strain, and possibly had been for several years. Her husband sold their house and moved to England with their son, who wished to study in London.<mask> bought new furnishings and appeared to be planning for a new permanent residence in Christchurch, but sold them in 1903, stepped down from her positions at the National Council of Women, and moved to England without any fixed date to return. On the way she briefly stopped in Canada and the United States where she met the American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt. In London, she was active in promoting women's suffrage, but her health deteriorated further, forcing her to stop this work. In November 1904, <mask> returned to New Zealand with her husband, but he went back to England in March the following year. She moved into the house of her long-time friends William Sidney Lovell-Smith and his wife Jennie Lovell-Smith; their third daughter, <mask> Lovell-Smith, had been given her middle name after <mask>. She remained relatively inactive in political circles, and stopped giving speeches, but continued to write. She prepared a display on the history of women's suffrage for the 1906 Exhibition in Christchurch, and wrote the pamphlet Woman Suffrage in New Zealand for the International Women's Suffrage Alliance in 1907.The following year she travelled to England for her son's wedding, visiting the headquarters of the WCTU in Chicago on the way, and meeting with suffrage groups after arriving in Britain. In 1912 and 1913, she travelled with the Lovell-Smiths through India and Europe. While she did not recover her former energy, her health had stopped declining, and she continued to be effective in influencing the New Zealand women's movement. She was the first to sign a petition to the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, in 1916, asking him to urge the British government to enfranchise women, and she revitalised the National Council of Women along with a group of other prominent suffragettes in 1918. <mask> was elected president of the National Council that year before stepping down in 1919. <mask>'s husband Walter died in England in 1915. Jennie Lovell-Smith died in 1924, and <mask> and William Lovell-Smith married in 1925.Lovell-Smith died only four years later, and <mask> herself died in Christchurch on 13 July 1934 at the age of 86. As her son Douglas had died of pernicious anaemia at the age of 29 in 1910, and her only grandchild, Margaret Isabel <mask>, had died of tuberculosis at the age of 19 in 1930, <mask> left no living direct descendants. She was buried at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch, in a grave with her mother and her brother Robert. Commemoration

<mask> is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. Since 1992 her profile has featured on the New Zealand ten-dollar note. A 2005 television show New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers ranked <mask> as the second most influential New Zealander of all time. Similarly, The New Zealand Herald selected <mask> as one of their ten greatest New Zealanders in 2013.In 1972, Patricia Grimshaw's book Women's Suffrage in New Zealand identified <mask> as the leading figure of the suffrage movement. This was the first acclaimed book to do so and its publication marked a growth in recognition of <mask>'s life and activism. In 1993, the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, a group of Christchurch women established two memorials to <mask>: the <mask> National Memorial, on the banks of the Avon River, and the <mask> Memorial Trust Award, an annual award to women in research. That year a special paeony-style white camellia was created at Camellia Glen Nurseries in Kaupokonui, Taranaki; white camellias were a symbol of the suffragists. It was named after <mask> and planted extensively throughout New Zealand. The Fendalton house at 83 Clyde Road, where the <mask>s lived from 1888 to 1902 and now known as the <mask> House, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage building, in view of the many events relevant to women's suffrage that happened there. It was here that Sheppard pasted together the three main petitions onto sheets of wallpaper.<mask> House came into government ownership in 2019. New Zealand playwright Mervyn Thompson wrote the play O! Temperance! about <mask> and the temperance movement. It was first performed in 1972 at Christchurch's Court Theatre. In 2016 and 2017, the production That Bloody Woman, which re-imagined <mask>'s life as a punk rock musical, toured New Zealand. <mask> Place, located within Wellington's parliament precinct, is named in her honour; it is a short one-way street running from Molesworth Street opposite Parliament House to the intersection of Mulgrave Street and Thorndon Quay.There is a <mask> Avenue in the Auckland suburb of Northcross. In 2014, eight intersections near Parliament in Wellington were fitted with green pedestrian lights depicting <mask>. Several New Zealand schools have houses named after Sheppard. In 2014, Whangarei Girls' High School renamed a house that was named after Richard Seddon, an opponent of women's suffrage, to Sheppard House at the request of a student. On 8 March 2018, coinciding with International Women's Day and in celebration of the 125th anniversary of the women's suffrage movement, New Zealand Football renamed its premier women's knockout association football tournament the Kate Sheppard Cup. Works

  (Pamphlet)

See also
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 National Council of Women of New Zealand
 Timeline of women's suffrage
 Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand
 Gender equality in New Zealand

Notes

References

Sources
Books and journals

News

Theses

Web

Further reading

1848 births
1934 deaths
Burials at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch
English emigrants to New Zealand
English people of Scottish descent
New Zealand feminists
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand suffragists
New Zealand temperance activists
Politicians from Liverpool
19th-century New Zealand people
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
20th-century New Zealand people
New Zealand Christian socialists
20th-century New Zealand women
19th-century New Zealand women
Female Christian

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title: Linda Wang

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<mask> is an American actress. She traces her ancestry to Shanghai and Shandong, she was raised in Queens, New York. Also known as <mask>, <mask><mask> and Wáng Xiànlíng (王憲苓). She has been profiled in Chinese-language media in the United States.</ref> She currently resides in the Los Angeles area. Biography

Early life and education
At seven years old, <mask> began modeling for Kodak film. Later, during her first year in high school, she auditioned for the part of Field Reporter in Pushing Hands. The Oscar award winning director Ang Lee told her she was just too young for the part.They spent half an hour talking about <mask>'s pen and ink artwork "Repeating" which at the time was being exhibited at the New York Transit Museum. However, <mask> stated Lee also gave her valuable advice on where to study and how to continue to pursue her acting career. Three months later, <mask> auditioned and was accepted to study for two years under the teen program with Herbert Berghof (co-founder, with wife Uta Hagen, of the HB Studio, NYC). She then went on to New York University, and studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Academy. Career

Film
<mask>'s Hollywood film career includes a heartbreaking role in Neal Hollander's controversial film Birds of Passage as "Fu Ling" opposite Stacy Keach. The film was banned in certain locations in China due to the One-Child Policy story line, and was instead filmed on location in the Philippines and South China sea. She also starred with actor Ernie Rivera in the Indie film Red Betta, directed by Allena Rennee.Additional notable appearances were in The Violent Kind, Scarred City, Dead Air, Dark City and What Ever Happened to Mason Reese? which was directed by Brett Ratner. Her off-screen film credit was in the 2008 comedy Tropic Thunder. <mask> had previously worked as a Chinese script translator for the producer and writer David Milch on several episodes of his HBO hit television show Deadwood. She had openly expressed her regrets for not standing up for her rights for screen credit for her work on Deadwood to Milch. <mask> was later recommended by Milch to one of the casting directors of the film Tropic Thunder and was immediately hired by producer Eric McLeod as the Chinese script translator to aid writers Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen during pre-production. She was asked to come back but would only work under the condition that she received screen credit for her work.McLeod agreed and <mask> went on to work as the on-set script translator for director Ben Stiller and dialogue coach for Robert Downey, Jr., as well as All actors with in the film such as Reggie Lee and Brandon Soo Hoo that had Chinese dialogue in the film. <mask> played an evil villain named Contessa Dell"Oro, a non-Asian role, as the leader of an army of commandos who plot to destroy all human life on earth with the devastating X-bomb Nuclear Missile in a dark comedy called Blonde Squad

<mask> was in the film Low Down, which won Best Cinematography Award in the US Dramatic category at the Sundance Film Festival in 2014. Written by: Amy Albany and Topper Lilien. Directed by: Jeff Priess. Stars: Elle Fanning, Glenn Close, John Hawkes, Peter Dinklage, Lena Headey, Taryn Manning, Caleb Landry Jones and Flea. (Cast by Justine Baddeley & Kim Davis-Wagner ) Intriguingly, <mask> had previously worked with Hawkes on the HBO series Deadwood as a Chinese translator and character during the show in 2004 to 2005. The award-winning film is about Joe Albany, a well-known jazz musician; the story line was told through the wise eyes of his young daughter, Amy Elle Fanning.Low Down chronicles the torrid, true life of jazz pianist Joe Albany. Born into her beloved father's unorthodox segment of society, Amy's improvisational adolescence evolves in the shadow of Joe's struggle between his musical genius and a suffocating heroin addiction. Low Down was also at the November 2015 Lineup of the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival. The prestigious award is considered the Chinese Oscar. Elle Fanning Wins Best Actress Award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for Low Down. <mask> was in Martin Scorsese's Revenge of the Green Dragons, which she shot in her home town Elmhurst, Queens, New York. The film had its world premiere on September 10, 2014, at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and then went on to be screened at a number of other international film festivals.Written by : Michael Di Jiacomo. Stars: Ray Liotta, Harry Shum, Jr., Justin Chon, Kevin Wu and Jin Auyeung. Directed by the Dual Andrews -Andrew Lau and Andrew Loo (Cast by Avy Kaufman) <mask> played the mother of two boys drawn into the world of Asian gangs in Queens, New York. The film Revenge of the Green Dragons is close to heart to <mask> due to the fact that the lead characters including the victims and youth gang members all grew up with her from elementary school. Interesting fact; The film female character Tina Sham in  real life was <mask>'s best friend in junior high school who later was tragically murdered alongside Sham's boyfriend Tommy Mach in Sands points, Long Island, by the malicious Queens, New York gang The Green Dragons. <mask> was quoted saying in a recent interview: "The lead character Tina Sham was one of my real-life best friend. Unfortunately, she was tragically kidnapped, killed.Her disappearance and death broke my heart into a thousand pieces..." (Quoted from an article -Actress <mask> gives the lowdown on her role in the biopic drama 'Low Down' and her Life ... )

<mask> recently was just in a feature film My Favorite Five with Steven Williams, Rochelle Aytes and Brian White directed by Paul Hannah currently on Netflix, CENTRICTV and BET. Recently, <mask> was in a film "Girls on Film" in collaboration with as Kodak. Shot on Kodak 35mm and 16mm motion picture film and the new KODAK Super 8 Camera, stars Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask> and Anya Varda which was filmed in Los Angeles, CA. Suki Waterhouse, Poppy Jamie, <mask>, Anya Varda all used their first name in the film. Television
<mask> has appeared on HBO's Deadwood, House M.D., Comedy Central’s The Naked Trucker & the T Bone Show, and the Spanish series Secretos. She also had a cameo role on 8 Simple Rules as David Spade's speed date. For several years, <mask> worked on numerous sketch comedy skits on NBC's Late Night with Conan O'Brien show,  most notably as the recurring masturbating bear's girlfriend.<mask> also appeared alongside Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan as the three Nagano Geishas on Saturday Night Live. She has also had roles in the soap operas One Life to Live, Port Charles, Another World, Guiding Light, As the World Turns, and Days of Our Lives. <mask> also made a guest appearance in children's television including Sesame Street and Mathnet. <mask> can be seen doing a skit with Tracy Morgan and Jimmy Kimmel on Jimmy Kimmel Live! <mask> will also be co-starring with John Schneider, Carmen Electra, Dennis Haskins and Miguel A. Núñez Jr on a New TV Pilot called Back Nine directed by Jason Filardi and written by Mark Perez for Spike TV. <mask> worked on Sports Show with Norm Macdonald, a pilot for Comedy Central with Norm Macdonald and Ben Hoffman. <mask>  appeared as officer Maria Lee in Secretos (Ep: Persa) a crime series, currently airing on Hulu Channel worldwide.<mask> recently was recurred on the TV pilot Dragon Palace

Theatre
<mask>'s theatre experience includes starring as Rose Choy in Serenade In Blue written by Tony Award-nominated playwright Jerome Coopersmith, and directed by the Emmy Award-winning director Yanna Kroyt Brandt at the prestigious Lincoln Center Theater, New York City. <mask> also starred as Pocahontas in an AEA stage production of Disney Friends around the World. For the past few years, you may seen a glimpse of <mask>'s 3-minute stand-up comedy act at the M Bar on Sunset Blvd. Voice-overs
<mask> Channing. She also provided the voice of "Sexy bathhouse girl" in the video game James Bond 007: Rogue Agent—GoldenEye among others.She also provided the voice of Ming in Amy Tan's  children's animated series Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat. Music videos
In 2007, <mask> appeared in the music video "Home" for the Irish pop group Westlife. In 2014 you will see <mask> in a film starring Flea of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers called Low Down directed by Jeff Preiss which won the Best Cinematography award at the Sundance Film Festival 2014. Modeling
As a former Miss Teen Pola Asia, <mask> is the upcoming spokesmodel for Soho Sportswear for the Asian market. She was asked to design a few items under the <mask> Line. <mask> worked on a T-Mobile Commercial with Burt Reynolds and Paris Hilton in A Chinese Herb shop. She was quoted as saying Burt Reynold made faces when Paris Hilton was late on set.Reynold spoke about Viagra and working with Jackie Chan on the film The Cannonball Run. Having been previously a Pantene Pro-V hair model, <mask> has also been chosen as the first female hand-model for Scrabble in 75 years. Recently, <mask> was chosen to be Face Model on BIOLASE print ad worldwide., In summer of 2015 and 2016, <mask> did a campaign for Costco which will appeared in the Chinese section. <mask> completed an International UPS commercial for USA and China in 2018. Charity work
Since March 1997, <mask> has been a volunteer member promoting "Kids for Kids", the New York City Pediatric AIDS foundation benefit. In Los Angeles, <mask> participated in the VERB Campaigns for both Disney and Nickelodeon TV, a program designed to encourage children to take the hour gained from the fall time change to be more active physically. She also participates in various animal protection organizations' charitable events.In the summer of 2005 <mask> begin to Volunteer out of pocket to distribute bag called "A bag of smile" for the Homeless with in the City of Los Angeles and Orange County. This monthly program where <mask> pre-prepared individually a large size sandwich bag with a bottle of water,a pair of sox, banana, nut mix, mini sun block and tooth paste. "A bag of smile" program has reached over 10,000+ homeless people within the last 12 years. References

External links

<mask> on Myspace

Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American female models
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
New York University alumni
Living people
People from Queens, New York
Actresses from Taipei
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American actresses
American actresses of Chinese descent

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title: Hayv Kahraman

texts:
<mask> (born 1981) is an Iraqi artist, who was born in Baghdad and fled to Sweden with family during the Gulf War, studied in Florence, and is currently based in Los Angeles. She primarily paints, but also sculpts and sketches. Her works reflect the controversial issues of gender, specifically concerning female identity in relation to her experiences as a refugee, and all issues that plague her home country of Iraq. She explores the victimization of women within their own culture, and the effects of their subjugation which causes them the most suffering in the midst of war. She paints on linen panels and depicts dark haired, pale skinned women and decorates her work with Islamic geometric patterns. Her influences range from Persian, Japanese and Italian Renaissance paintings. Her works juxtapose traditional Eastern and Western beauty standards.She was born in Iraq in 1981. Her family fled to Sweden in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). Hayv lives and works in California, United States. Life and career
Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1981. During the Iran War, Hayv spent a lot of her time in the basement of her uncle's house. Her relatives would all huddle around candles and play card games. While living in Iraq, she attended the Music and Ballet School in central Baghdad.One night, her family packed their car and hired a smuggler to take them where it was safe. They had reached the Stockholm Arlanda, the airport in Sweden, and this is when she became a refugee. She then moved to Sweden at the age of 11. She enrolled in music and ballet classes, but decided to leave due to the teacher's racism. She began oil painting at the age of 12 and later had several successful exhibitions in Sweden. She studied at the Academy of Art and Design in Florence, Italy. She lives and works in California.<mask>'s artwork depict the effects of war, and how they affect women. Her wide stylistic references range from Japanese and Arabic calligraphy art nouveau, Persian miniature and Greek iconography. Works
War-aq, the Arabic word for playing cards, is a very personal group of her works. She combined the idea of a scattered deck of cards with the experiences of five million displaced Iraqis. Migrant 11 is a series of a contorted dancer that refers to the deformation of the self due to migration. This work relates to her personal experience of attending the music and ballet school in central Baghdad. Migrant 3 is a self portrait of herself cutting off her tongue to represent the loss of language and communication through her life experiences.Re-Weaving Migrant Inscriptions (2017) is a series of paintings that recalls the traditional Iraqi woven fan, or mahaffa, by cutting and weaving sections of her oil-painted self portraits, constructing a narrative of forced exile, displacement and cultural assimilation. Not Quite Human (2019)
Not Quite Human was exhibited at the Jack Shainman Gallery in Chelsea. Several oil on linen paintings. Female figures are depicted bending their bodies into a collection of extreme positions. Kahraman’s paintings transmit strength, distress, submission and erotism all at the same time. Exhibitions
Kahraman has participated in group shows extensively since 2003. Her solo exhibitions include shows at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai, the Frey Norris Gallery in San Francisco, the Thierry Goldberg Projects in New York.the Hälsingland Museum in Hudiksvall, Sweden, the Jack Shainman Gallery in New York, the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, and the Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects. Solo exhibitions

Honolulu Museum: Superfluous Bodies (March 23, 2019-August 4, 2019)

Her works in this exhibition juxtapose traditional Eastern and Western beauty standards

Abu Dhabi Art 2017 (November 8-11 2017)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

In 2017 her work was shown at a solo presentation. It was associated with the exhibit Focus: Beyond Territory. The works included are a part of <mask>’s series Mnemonic Object where she explored the subjective quality of past memories. 1: Audible Inaudible (September 18-October 22, 2016)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

<mask> Kahraman’s fourth solo show in Dubai. Kahraman uses linen, wood and paper and tells a story of her personal trauma after the Persian Gulf War as an Iraqi immigrant. Present Future PF4 (November 6-8 2015)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

A solo presentation of <mask>’s work that explores her identity as an Iraqi.Art Subai 2014 (March 19-22 2014)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Two solo presentations exhibiting her works alongside Farhad Moshiri. Extimacy (October 24-November 29 2012)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai This exhibit explored gender and gender identity. It explored self perception contrasted with society’s expectations. Pins and Needles 2010

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai, Frey Norris Gallery: San Francisco Seven Gates, Green Cardamom: London

Her debut solo exhibit in the UAE. Kahraman explored the struggle of feminist anthropology and the contrast between how humans act and how they identify. Marionettes 2009

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai, DOHA

This show examined female oppression in regards to domesticity. Celebrating Women in the Arts

Diyabakair, Turkey

Thoughts on Canvas

Hudiksvall’s Museum: Hudiksvall, Sweden

Group Exhibitions

I Will See It, When I Believe It (May 15-July 27, 2019)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Her work was displayed at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai.<mask>’s works were exhibited with works by abbas Akhavan, Farhad Moshiri, Laleh Khorramian, Rana Begum, Slavs and Tartars, and Sophia Al Maria. The exhibit explored the psychological concept of making split second decisions and perception. The works explored the disconnect between expectation versus reality. Frieze London 2017 (October 5-8 2017)

The Third Line Gallery: Dubai

Her works were a part of a group presentation along with works by Abbas Akhavan, Amir H. Fallah, Laleh Khorramian and Sara Naim. The exhibit looked at the idea of space, and environment, physical or conceptual. Disquieting Muses 2011

Contemporary Art Centre of Thessaloniki, State Museum of Contemporary Art: Greece

Of Women’s Modesty and Anger 2011

Villa Empain Centre for the Arts: Brussels, I Don’t Need Your Money Honey All I Need Is Love

Traffic: Dubai

The Silk Road 2010

Tri Postal: Lille France, Frieze: London, The Third Line: Dubai, Women Painters from 5 Continents, Osart Gallery: Milano Italy, Taswir, Martin Gropius-Bau: Berlin

Echo 2009

Frey Norris Gallery: San Francisco, Balla Drama: London, Volta Art Fair: Thierry Goldberk Projects NYC, Unveiled: New Art from the Middle East: The Saatchi Gallery London

Local Produce 2008

The Lise Sette Gallery, Arizona

Life Drawing 2007-2009

The Third Line Gallery : Dubai (December 19, 2007-January 10, 2008)

<mask>’s works were displayed with those of Neda Hadizadeh, Ghadah Al Kandari, and Lamya Gargash. It examined the depiction of the body.Daemons 2006

Phoneix Theatre, Arizona

Accademia di Arte e Design 2005

Florence, Italy

Solo and group exhibitions
<mask> has participated in group shows extensively since 2003. Her solo exhibitions include shows at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai, the Frey Norris Gallery in San Francisco, the Thierry Goldberg Projects in New York. the Hälsingland Museum in Hudiksvall, Sweden, the Jack Shainman Gallery in New York, the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, and the Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects. See also
 Iraqi art
 List of Iraqi artists
 List of Iraqi women artists

References

External links
images of Kahraman's work from the Jack Shainman Gallery
images of Kahraman's work at The Third Line

1981 births
American artists
American people of Iraqi descent
Artists from Baghdad
Iraqi painters
Iraqi women artists
Living people
Umeå University alumni

masks:
Hayv Kahraman
Kahraman
Kahraman
Hayv
Kahraman
Kahraman
Kahraman
Kahraman


title: Max Wright

texts:
<mask> (August 2, 1943 – June 26, 2019) was an American actor, known for his role as Willie Tanner on the sitcom ALF (1986–1990). Early life
<mask> was born August 2, 1943, in Detroit, Michigan. He moved to the suburb of Southfield as a child, graduating from Southfield Senior High School in 1961. While a student at Southfield, he was very active in the theatre program, and had leads in two different musical productions. Career

Film and television
<mask> made supporting appearances on television shows such as WKRP in Cincinnati, and was a regular cast member on Misfits of Science, AfterMASH, Buffalo Bill, and The Norm Show, and the made-for-TV adaptation of Stephen King's The Stand. He appeared in the first and second seasons of the sitcom Friends as Terry, the manager of Central Perk. He played Günter Wendt in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and Dr. Josef Mengele in Playing for Time.ALF
From 1986 to 1990, <mask> appeared in the sitcom ALF as Willie Tanner, a typical father of a middle-class family, who finds an alien who has crash-landed on Earth. Despite becoming his best-known performance, the actor despised the role due to its huge technical demands and the fact that he, a human, played a supporting character for an "inanimate object". "It was hard work and very grim", he stated in a 2000 interview to People. He was also, reportedly, very happy when the show was canceled in 1990. "I was hugely eager to have it over with", he said in the same interview. According to his co-star in the show, Anne Schedeen, "there was one take, and <mask> walked off the set, went to his dressing room, got his bags, went to his car and disappeared. Nobody had to say, ‘Wrap,’ and there were no goodbyes".However, <mask> later admitted that as the years passed he looked back at ALF with less animosity and conceded that "It doesn't matter what I felt or what the days were like, ALF brought people a lot of joy." Stage
<mask> also had a stage career. In 1968, he appeared in the original production of The Great White Hope at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. In 1998, he appeared on Broadway in Ivanov, which garnered him a Tony nomination, and played Sir Andrew in Twelfth Night at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. In 2007, he acted at the JET (Jewish Ensemble Theatre) in Detroit and in the production of No Man's Land at the American Repertory Theater. He also appeared in The Public Theater's 2010 production of The Winter's Tale and The Merchant of Venice at Shakespeare in the Park festivals. Personal life
<mask> was married to Linda Ybarrondo from 1965 until her death from breast cancer in 2017.The couple had two children. In 1995, he was diagnosed with lymphoma, which was successfully treated and remained in remission until 2019. He died from the disease on June 26, 2019, at the age of 75  at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey. Filmography

Film

Television

 Great Performances (1974, Episode: "In Fashion") as Etienne
 Red Alert (1977, TV Movie)
 Playing for Time (1980, TV Movie) as Dr. Mengele
 For Ladies Only (1981, TV Movie) as Shakespeare Director
 Hart to Hart (1982, Episode: "Hart of Diamonds") as Dr. Robert Chase
 CBS Afternoon Playhouse (1982, 1 episode)
 WKRP in Cincinnati (1982, 2 episodes) as Frank Bartman
 Taxi (1982, Episode: "The Road Not Taken: Part 2") as Mr. Ambrose
 Tales from the Darkside (1983, Episode: "Trick or Treat" (Pilot)) as Mr.

masks:
George Edward Maxwell Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Max
Wright
Wright
Wright


title: Jayanegara

texts:
<mask> or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara, or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet), Prince of Kediri in 1295, reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a Javanese King and the second monarch of Majapahit empire. <mask> was the heir, crown prince, the son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise as an important figure in the empire. Early life
Raden Wijaya took all of Kertanegara's four daughters' hands in marriage. The siblings were Paramesvari Tribhuvana the oldest, Prajnaparamitha, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. The reasons of Raden Wijaya's practice of sibling polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy, also to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's Singhasari legacy.Raden Wijaya also took Indreswari (also known as Dara Petak), the princess of Malayu Dharmasraya Kingdom whom brought to Majapahit court from Sumatra through Kertanegara's Pamalayu expedition. Raden Wijaya or Prince Nararya Sangramawijaya ascended to the Majapahit throne as King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. <mask> was King Kertarajasa's son, his name in Sanskrit-derived Old Javanese words: jaya ("glorious") and nagara ("city" or "nation"), which means "glorious nation". Without a doubt, Prince <mask> was a legitimate son of Raden Wijaya. However, there are several versions concerning <mask>'s mother. Some earlier historians consider him as the son of Queen Tribhuwaneswari (not to be confused with Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, <mask>'s half-sister daughter of Gayatri Rajapatni), thus earning him the right to become the crown prince. However, according to Pararaton, <mask> was Wijaya's son from Dara Petak, princess of Malayu Dharmasraya.While Queen Tribhuwaneswari and most of her sisters were childless, only Gayatri Rajapatni had two daughters; Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi. To reconcile these facts, some historians suggested that <mask> was Dara Petak's son adopted by childless Queen Tribhuwaneswari and raised as her own. Reign
The reign of <mask> was a difficult and chaotic one, as was his father's, marked with several rebellions by former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314 and the Kuti rebellion in 1319. The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous rebellion and a significant one, as Kuti managed to take control of palace and the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his palace guard, <mask> barely escaped from the capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to learn the situation.After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or the nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada led the resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion. Finally, the Kuti forces were crushed and <mask> safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada was promoted to higher office and began his career in court royal politics. According to tradition, although strikingly handsome, <mask> was notorious for his immorality and bad behavior. He was known for his unpopular acts of desiring the wives and daughters of his subordinates. For this, he was entitled Kala Gemet, or "weak villain". One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his own stepsisters, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Rajadewi, as wives.He put his half-sisters in the custody of a fortified palace and left them unmarried beyond their suitable age for marriage. However, his act was likely motivated to ensure his position and legitimacy, to prevent the future contest from the suitors of his half-sisters. His unpopularity in Javanese literature and traditions was fuelled by his origin as the son of a Sumatran Malayu princess, thus making him viewed as a foreigner, not a true Javanese. He also was not the son of any of Kertanegara's daughters, thus making him weak in his legitimacy on Rajasa dynastic legacy. He sent embassies to China from 1325 to 1328. Assassination
In 1328, <mask> was murdered by his doctor, Tanca, during a minor operation. Gajah Mada punished and killed Tanca right away before the thorough investigation commenced.The true nature of <mask>'s assassination has remained a mystery. George Coedes states he was "assassinated by a noble whose wife he had seduced." Some historians concluded that the afformentioned Tanca was this nobleman. Another theory suspects that Gajah Mada was the mastermind behind the assassination, as Gajah Mada was the loyal and trusted advisor for Princess Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. <mask> remained childless until his death without an heir, and his throne was passed to one of his siblings. Rajapatni Gayatri, first wife of Raden Wijaya, was supposed to secure the throne since <mask> had no sons. However, she became a bhikkhuni, so her daughter, Tribhuvana (Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, or Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani), became the regent.By 1330, she had married Chakradhara, or Chakresvara, who assumed the title of Prince of Singhasari and the name Kritavardhana. Their son, Hayam Wuruk, was born in 1334 and became king in 1350. The Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan was traditionally linked to Jayanegara. The gate was identified as the part of Çrenggapura (Çri Ranggapura), his pedharmaan, the Kapopongan of Antawulan, a holy compound to appease and honor the soul of the late King Jayanegara. References

 Slamet Muljana. 2005. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan.Jakarta: LKIS
 Slamet Muljana. 1979. Nagarakretagama dan Tafsir sejarahnya. Jakarta: Bhratara

Kings of Majapahit
Indonesian Hindu monarchs
Javanese people
Indonesian people of Malay descent
1328 deaths
14th-century monarchs in Asia
Assassinated royalty
Year of birth unknown
14th-century Indonesian people
13th-century Indonesian people

masks: Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara Jayanegara


title: Bob Bondurant

texts:
Robert L<mask> (April 27, 1933 – November 12, 2021) was an American racecar driver who raced for the Shelby American, Ferrari, and Eagle teams. Bondurant was one of the most famous drivers to emerge from the Southern California road racing scene in the 1950s, and achieved success in North America and in Europe. His <mask>urant School of High Performance Driving has been responsible for training generations of American racing drivers. Career
Bondurant was born in Evanston, Illinois. During his teens, Bondurant raced an Indian motorcycle on dirt ovals. In 1956 he switched to sports car racing with a Morgan and started to attract attention when he won the West Coast "B" production Championship, in a Chevrolet Corvette winning 18 out of 20 races. Santa Barbara Chevrolet dealer Shelly Washburn hired Bondurant in 1961 to drive his #614 1959 Corvette.Some of the best Corvette racing duels were between him and David McDonald on the West Coast during the early 1960s. At the L.A. Times Grand Prix in October 1962, Bondurant drove Washburn's new 1963 Corvette Z06 Stingray. Between 1961 and 1963, he won 30 out of 32 races in Washburn's Corvettes. In 1963 he became a member of Carroll Shelby's Ford Cobra team, winning his first race at the Continental Divide Raceway in Colorado, followed by an overall win at the LA Times Grand Prix GT race at Riverside in October 1963. For the 1964 FIA season after finishing 2nd in GT at Sebring, Bondurant was in Europe racing the new 289 FIA Cobras at the Targa Florio, Spa, and Nurburgring. His best-known victory was winning the GT class at Le Mans 24 Hours in 1964 in Shelby's new Cobra Daytona Coupe with Dan Gurney co-driving. In 1965 Bondurant won the FIA Manufacturers' World Championship for Shelby American and Ford, winning seven out of ten races against the class dominating Ferrari 250 GTOs in Europe.In the same year he drove a works Ferrari Formula 1 car during the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, and handled a Lotus 33 for Reg Parnell at the following Mexican race. In 1966 Bondurant served as a technical consultant for John Frankenheimer's film Grand Prix and trained the film's lead actor James Garner to drive Formula cars in the race sequences. Bondurant was one of two drivers (alongside Graham Hill) to help extricate Jackie Stewart from his fuel-leaking wrecked car during the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, the incident that led to Stewart's crusade for motor racing safety. Bondurant also drove BRMs in five Grands Prix for Team Chamaco Collect, finishing 4th at Monaco. He finished the Formula One season in North America in two races, driving an Eagle for Dan Gurney's Anglo American Racers. For 1967 he drove in the CanAm series and in a Corvette L88 Coupe at Le Mans. At Le Mans he led the GT class until a wrist pin failed putting the car out in the early morning.Later that month while driving a McLaren, at Watkins Glen, the steering arm broke at 150 mph approaching the Loop-Chute section of Watkins Glen (the current Turn 5, but without the bus stop, which was installed in 1992). Bondurant sustained serious rib, leg, foot and, most seriously, back injuries in the subsequent accident in which his car flipped eight times. Doctors told him he would likely never walk again, but through courage and hard work he overcame his injuries. While recuperating, Bondurant drafted an idea for a high performance driving school borrowing from the experiences he had while training James Garner for Grand Prix. The <mask>nt School of High Performance Driving opened in early 1968 at Orange County International Raceway then moved to Ontario and then to Sonoma, where he was an important figure in the track's development. Nissan Motor Company (under Datsun name in the U.S.) was Bondurant's sponsoring partner in his school from its beginning, and continued in that role at the Sonoma Raceway driving school. In the June 1969 run of the grueling offroad Baja 500 race, Bondurant with co-driver Tony Murphy took first place in the passenger car class driving an SC/Rambler for James Garner's "American International Racers" team that was sponsored by American Motors Corporation (AMC).Bondurant had four NASCAR starts, all at Riverside International Raceway, with his highest finish of 18th in 1981. Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake he moved the driving school to Phoenix, Arizona, where he enjoyed close ties to General Motors and Goodyear Tires. Bondurant was a driving instructor to actors James Garner, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Robert Wagner, Tim Allen, Tom Cruise, and Nicolas Cage. Award
Bondurant was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003. Death
Bondurant died in Paradise Valley, Arizona, on November 12, 2021, at the age of 88. He is survived by his wife Pat. A statement on his death reads, in part, "Bondurant is the only American to bring home the World Championship trophy back to the U.S. while racing for Carroll Shelby.He won his class at Le Mans and has been inducted into ten motorsports halls of fame. Bondurant Racing School was founded in 1968 and has graduated celebrities for car movies like James Garner, Paul Newman, Tom Cruise, Nicolas Cage, and Christian Bale, along with over 500,000 graduates from around the world. His legacy will remain with us forever." Racing record

SCCA National Championship Runoffs

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

Formula One Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

References

External links
 Bondurant Racing School
 Bondurant Kart Racing School
 Bondurant Driving & Racing School Programs
 The Bondurant Methodology
<mask>urant America's uncrowned World Driving Champion (2007, Editions Cotty; )
<mask>urant Des Cobra à la Formule1 la meme passion (2008, Editions Cotty; )

1933 births
2021 deaths
American Formula One drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
12 Hours of Reims drivers
Trans-Am Series drivers
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Racing drivers from Illinois
North American Racing Team Formula One drivers
Reg Parnell Racing Formula One drivers
Anglo American Racers Formula One drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
SCCA National Championship Runoffs participants

masks:
. Bondurant
Bob Bond
Bob Bondura
Bob Bond
Bob Bond


title: Eli Berman

texts:
<mask> (born 1960) is the Research Director for International Security Studies at the UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and since 2010 a Professor of economics at the University of California, San Diego. He is known for his work applying rational choice analysis to the behavior of radical religious groups. Research

On violent radical religious groups
<mask> argues that economics can provide a significant insight into the vulnerabilities of radical and terrorist organizations, although not only because of the common assumption that cutting their funding is key to their defeat. Instead <mask> says that "terrorist organizations are terribly vulnerable to defection, the same way that firms are vulnerable to workers stealing trade secrets, or just shirking on the job." He further argues that the economics of religion can provide explanations for the way in which "radical religious communities organize mechanisms to control defection in order to successfully conduct mutual aid—which they tend to be quite effective at." Using Laurence Iannaccone's theory of strict religious clubs (see club good theory), <mask> argues that successful radical religious groups, such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Mahdi Army and the Taliban, excel at providing social services to their members, while simultaneously filtering out "free riders"; <mask> calls these movements "some of the most accomplished rebels of modern times." He further argues that the success of groups such as Hamas and al-Qaeda are more due to their organizational structures than their theology.By way of counter example he examines the case of the militant Jewish organisation Gush Emunim Underground, which ultimately over-reached its ability to sustain a group without defections, by carrying out attacks on civilians while neglecting to induce the necessary loyalty in its members and political base through various welfare measures. (Previous low-level violent vigilante activity, argues Berman, had been treated as a public good by Gush Emunim settlers.) Many commentators assume that people willing to join extremist groups are irrational, motivated only by extreme hate or abstract ideas of rewards in the afterlife. Contrary to these notions, <mask> says that radical religious groups are rational in their selection of tactics. Berman does not see a dichotomy between insurgents and terrorists. He argues that they all belong to a single category he calls "rebels", and who, according to Berman, use a variety of techniques, depending on the circumstances, with suicide bombing being merely one end of the spectrum. <mask> does not ascribe suicidal terrorist acts to fanaticism or desperation, but instead he argues that these tactics are used "when the terrorist group begins to encounter hard targets, like American military bases, that are impervious to everything else."To support this thesis, <mask> gives the Taliban as an example of a group that switched from traditional guerrilla-warfare techniques they used against the Northern Alliance to suicide bombings used against the Americans and other Westerners, as the only means, <mask> argues, to make a significant impact against their new and more technologically advanced adversaries. <mask> argues that "Islamic fundamentalism" is a misnomer when applied to modern movements, and he prefers the term "Radical Islam", reasoning that many post-1920s movements starting with The Muslim Brotherhood, practice "unprecedented extremism", thus not qualifying as a return to historic fundamentals. He also approves of scholarship that argues that "the sanctification of political violence as Jihad by radical
Islam is a recent phenomenon, a break with mainstream Muslim theology". <mask> attributes the birth of the Taliban movement to a phenomenon that long preceded the birth of modern radical Islam. He writes that the Taliban are a direct descendant of the nineteenth-century Deobandi movement in India, which opposed the British colonial rule and, among other things, established a system of religious schools. In his 2009 book, <mask> writes that "four radical religious organizations, Hezbollah, Hamas, the Taliban, and the Mahdi Army, continue to surprise established militaries with both their resilience and their lethality." He credits the Hezbollah for being those "who invented the modern high-casualty suicide attack in Lebanon in 1982".<mask>'s book seeks to address the question: "Why are religious radicals, who often start out appearing benign and charitable and generally avoid conflict, so effective at violence when they choose to engage in it?" Previously, <mask> drew other parallels between Hamas, Hezbollah and the Taliban:
All three formed from affiliates of venerable nonviolent radical Islamic organizations, Hamas from the [Muslim Brotherhood] and the Taliban from the Jamiat-e-Ulema-Islam (JUI) in Pakistan, and Hezbollah from the clerical culture of the Shia holy cities in Iraq and Iran. All three movements arose in environments with weak local public good provision by government and responded by providing local public goods. Each developed into extremely effective insurgent organizations which produced specific local public goods (security) using violence. All three received generous subsidies from abroad, whether for geopolitical reasons, out of ideology, or in return for services. Younger members undergo some costly personal sacrifice in the case of the Taliban and Hamas (we know less about initiation of Hezbollah fighters). All three groups changed their ideologies drastically: Hamas in choosing armed conflict, the Taliban in deciding to protect Bin Laden and Hezbollah in shifting from a rebellion against Israeli occupation to an ethnic militia/political party after Israel's withdrawal from South Lebanon in 2000.There are differences: Hamas view most Palestinians as potential members, as Hezbollah regard Lebanese Shia, while the Taliban treated most Afghans as a conquered people. Yet the common elements, and especially the common puzzles, seem to justify analysis in parallel. <mask> argued that such parallels were common to other radical religious groups. On Ultra-orthodox religious groups
<mask> has also done field work among ultra-orthodox religious groups in Israel. Studying full-time Yeshiva students, who Berman finds study until 40 years old on average, and whose families have 7.6 children per woman (in the mid 1990s), he concludes that "Subsidies induce dramatic reductions in labor supply and unparalleled increases in fertility." In a 2000 NBER paper, <mask> describes Ultra-Orthodox Jews as "a fascinating and fast-growing sect which has held virtual veto power over [Israeli] public policy for more than two decades." On the relationship between unemployment and insurgency
Berman's NBER paper Do Working Men Rebel?, co-authored with Joseph Felter and Jacob N. Shapiro, drew the counterintuitive conclusion that reducing unemployment does not reduce insurgency-related violence.In an interview, <mask> explains the findings as "insurgencies are very small organizations which need very few fighters to keep them going, and are often not constrained by a lack of recruits—and even if they were there's nothing to stop young men from working by day and planting roadside bombs by night." Personal life
<mask> was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He describes his parents as "middle-of-the-road North American Jews." In 1981, <mask> became an Israeli citizen, saying that he had "thought the Jewish experience would be more interesting in Israel". He then participated in the 1982 Lebanon War. <mask> is now a US citizen. He is married and has two children.Education and academic career
After leaving the Israeli Defense Forces in 1985, <mask> studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He graduated with bachelor's degree in computer science and economics in 1987, and in 1989 obtained a master's in economics from the same university. He then obtained a PhD from Harvard University in 1993; his adviser was Zvi Griliches. After graduation from Harvard, <mask> became an assistant professor at Boston University. He moved to UCSD in 2003. Selected publications

 Radical, Religious and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism (MIT Press 2009),

 "Religious Extremism: the good, the bad and the deadly," (with Laurence R. Iannaccone), Public Choice, 128(1–2), 109–129, (2006). "Is Skill-Biased Technological Change Here Yet: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing in the 1990s," Annales d'Economie et de Statistique 79/80, 2006."Language-Skill Complementarity: Estimated Returns to Immigrant Language Acquisition," (with Kevin Lang and Erez Siniver), Labour Economics, 10 (3), (June 2003) 265–290. "Environmental Regulation and Productivity: Evidence from Oil Refineries," (with Linda Bui), Review of Economics and Statistics, August 2001. "Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand: Evidence from the South Coast Air Basin," (with Linda Bui), Journal of Public Economics, February 2001. See also
 Economics of religion
 Rational choice theory
 Religious terrorism
 Radicalization

References

Further reading
 Leonard Stern (May 29, 2010) Terrorist do-gooders, The Ottawa Citizen
 Aziz Huq (04/22/10) Book Brief: Do Religious Organizations Enable Terrorists?, Brennan Center for Justice
 Devin Leonard, (February 6, 2010) Terrorism and the Pocketbook, The New York Times
 Andrew Leigh (January 19, 2010) The Economics of Terrorism, Core Economics (economics.com.au) republishing his same day op-ed What Makes Martyrs Tick, from The Australian Financial Review
 David Lehman, Rational Choice and the Sociology of Religion, chapter 8 in Bryan S. Turner (ed.) The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley and Sons, 2010,

External links
 <mask>'s home page
 Official web site for his book and free 1st chapter
  Podcast interview with <mask>

Living people
Economists from California
Rationality theorists
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American scientists
University of California, San Diego faculty
1960 births
Insurgency
Experts on terrorism
Terrorism theorists
Cultural economists
Harvard University alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Boston University faculty
21st-century American economists

masks:
Eli Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman
Berman


title: Shelley Hack

texts:
<mask> (born July 6, 1947) is an American actress, model and producer. She is best known as the face of Revlon's Charlie perfume from the mid-1970s until the early 1980s, and for her role as Tiffany Welles in the fourth season of Charlie's Angels (1979–80). Early life
<mask> was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the eldest of six children. Her father was a Wall Street financial analyst, and her mother was a former Conover model. She graduated from Greenwich Academy and Smith College, where she spent her junior year studying archeology at the University of Sydney. <mask> began her career as a teen fashion model; her first job was the cover of Glamour magazine. Later she became the face of Revlon's "Charlie" perfume from the mid-1970s until the early 1980s.Life proclaimed her one of the "million-dollar faces" in the beauty industry able to negotiate previously unheard-of lucrative and exclusive deals with giant cosmetics companies, were instantly recognizable, and whose names became known to the general public. <mask> ranked among a handful of 1970s "supermodels". <mask>'s feature-film debut was a bit part in Woody Allen's Academy Award-winning film Annie Hall (1977), as "Street Stranger". In <mask>'s second film appearance, she was the leading lady in the Joe Brooks romance drama If Ever I See You Again ("A bomb", she admitted). Shortly thereafter she was cast as Kate Jackson's replacement on the television series Charlie's Angels playing the sophisticated character Tiffany Welles for one season (1979–1980). She beat out many competitors for the role, including Michelle Pfeiffer and Barbara Bach. Although there was an initial rise in the ratings (her debut episode rated number one for the week), they began to decline.ABC released <mask> from her contract in February 1980. A statement later issued by Spelling-Goldberg read: "When she signed her contract for the series, <mask> had a personal agreement that she could review her continuation with the show at the end of her first season since series television represented an enormous change in her career and lifestyle", implying that <mask> was included in the decision to exit Charlie's Angels. In an interview, Hack said, "They can say I didn't work out, but it isn't true. What happened was a network war. A business decision was made. Change the timeslot or bring on some new publicity. How to get publicity?A new Angel hunt. Who is the obvious person to replace? I am — the new kid on the block." Hack later said she "never expected to be there more than a year and I wasn't. I did my year and I moved on." Hack thereafter played a variety of starring and supporting roles. She starred with Annette O'Toole and Meredith Baxter Birney in Vanities (1981), a television production of the comedy-drama stage play about the lives, loves and friendship of three Texas cheerleaders starting from high school to post-college graduation; it aired as a part of Standing Room Only, a series on the premium-television channel HBO.She received positive reviews in Martin Scorsese's film The King of Comedy (1983), in which she played Cathy Long. She had leading roles in two cult films: the comedy-horror film, Troll (1986) and the horror film The Stepfather (1987). She was also a regular on two short-lived TV series of the 1980s, Cutter to Houston (1983) and Jack and Mike (1986–87). She had several more notable guest appearances in film and television up until 1997. Hack narrated the audiobook The Lord of Hawkfell Island, for which AudioFile stated "<mask>'s mellifluous voice brings this Viking tale alive." In 1987, <mask>, a former smoker, was named the national chairperson for the National Lung Association's and American Medical Association's campaign to educate young women on the dangers of cigarette smoking. Hack completed a master's degree in business administration from New York Institute of Technology and shortly afterwards retired from acting.<mask> became a voting registration and polling station supervisor in the 1997 elections in Bosnia-Herzegovina and produced the first-ever televised presidential debates there as well. She also produced the debates in Sarajevo, Mostar, and the two in Banja Luka. In 1997, <mask> founded the Shelley Hack Media Consultancy (SHMC), where she worked with the largest media conglomerate in Eastern Europe, primarily focused on the television sector for 10 years, creating ethnically diverse television programs in Eastern Europe. She established herself as a media consultant for pre- and post-conflict countries. Among her duties was to help spread independent media such as newspapers, radio and television, citing the fact that with autocratic governments, the population is often fed state television, which delivers biased content. Additionally, she became a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy (PCIP). In October 2000, appearing as herself, <mask> returned to the Charlie's Angels Townsend Agency office as a guest host on Biography, which featured profiles of several Charlie's Angels stars during '"Hello Angels Week".In January 2008, <mask> appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. The episode, "Classic Americana", featured <mask> as Revlon's Charlie perfume model in a 1976 television ad with Bobby Short at the piano. "It was a time when women were changing", Hack said; "women looked at [the ad] and said 'I want to be like that.'" Additionally, referring to the Revlon Charlie commercials and Charlie's Angels, she said, "I was lucky. There were two things I was in that were about making women feel a little more empowered." <mask> and her husband Harry Winer are co-presidents of the production company Smash Media, which develops and produces content for motion pictures, television and new media. Personal life
<mask> has been married to Harry Winer since 1990.The couple have one child, daughter Devon Rose Winer (b. 1990). Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Discography/Audio book

Home video

Production

References

External links

1947 births
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Actresses from Greenwich, Connecticut
Female models from New York (state)
Smith College alumni
20th-century American actresses
American female models
21st-century American women

masks:
Shelley Marie Hack
Hack
Career Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Miss Hack
Hack
Shelley Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack
Hack


title: Mattia Perin

texts:
<mask> (; born 10 November 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for  club Juventus. He represented the Italy national team. He began his career with Genoa in 2010, and, aside from two season-long loan spells with Padova in 2011–12, and Pescara in 2012–13, he then remained there until the summer of 2018, during which he was sold to Juventus. He won the league title with the club during the 2018–19 season, although he primarily served as a back-up. At international level, he was an unused member of the Italy national team that took part at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and made his senior debut later that year. Club career

Genoa
Born in Latina and a product of the Genoa youth system, <mask> was promoted to first team squad in January 2010, as a third-choice goalkeeper, and received the 88 jersey. He appeared on the bench in the matches against Grosseto (20 October 2010), Vicenza (24 November), Inter (12 January 2011) and Lazio (14 May).He made his professional and Serie A debut on 22 May 2011, playing as a starter in the 3–2 home victory against Cesena. In July 2011, he was loaned to Serie B club Padova. He made his Serie B debut on 1 October 2011, playing as a starter in the away match won 4–2 against Empoli. In the 2012 summer, he was loaned to Pescara, newly promoted in Serie A, obtaining 29 league appearances at the end of the season. On 8 January 2017, <mask> tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee in a 1–0 home defeat to Roma, ruling him out for the remainder of the 2016–17 season. Juventus

On 8 June 2018, <mask> signed for Juventus on a four-year contract for a fee of €12 million plus €3 million in bonuses; he was initially expected to compete with Wojciech Szczęsny for a starting spot, following the departure of Gianluigi Buffon. <mask> made his Juventus debut on 26 September 2018, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 home win over Bologna.On 1 April 2019, he injured the right shoulder. He only made a total of nine competitive appearances for the club throughout the season, all of which came in Serie A, as Juventus finished the season as league champions. In July, <mask> was linked with a move to Portuguese side Benfica; however, he failed his medical, due to a shoulder injury, and the transfer was not completed. Due to the return of Buffon as a back-up to Szczęsny, <mask> was relegated to the role of the club's fourth goalkeeper, behind Carlo Pinsoglio; as such, in September, he was subsequently excluded from Juventus's 22–player Champions League squad by manager Maurizio Sarri. On 2 January 2020, he rejoined Genoa on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season. He made his first appearance since his return three days later, in a 2–1 home win over Sassuolo in Serie A. On 5 September 2020, he rejoined Genoa on loan until the end of the 2020–21 season.In the summer of 2021, <mask> returned to Juventus. He made his debut from his return on 26 September, in a 3–2 win against Sampdoria. International career

Youth teams

With the Italy U17 he played as the first choice keeper in both the 2009 European U17 Championship, and the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Nigeria. As a member of the Italy U19 team he took part as the backup goalkeeper at the 2010 European U19 Championship. He made his debut for the Italy U21 team on 11 August 2010, aged only 17, in a friendly match against Denmark. In 2011–12 season <mask> played once for Italy under-21 Serie B representative team and twice for Italy national under-20 football team, both feeder teams of U21. Senior team
<mask> received his first call up for the Italian senior team by head coach Cesare Prandelli, for the friendly match against England held on 15 August 2012 in Bern; seven other new faces were in the squad.He was included in Prandelli's provisional 30-man squad ahead of 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, and then confirmed in the 23-man squad as the third choice goalkeeper behind Gianluigi Buffon and Salvatore Sirigu. He became the youngest player of the squad and the only one who had no previous caps. He made his debut with the national team on 18 November 2014, in a 1–0 friendly win against Albania, replacing Sirigu for the last 17 minutes at his club ground of the Stadio Luigi Ferraris. On 9 April 2016, he suffered an injury with Genoa in which he tore his anterior cruciate ligament and damaged his meniscus in his right knee, which would cause his absence as Italy's third goalkeeper at the UEFA Euro 2016. <mask> made his first start on his second cap on 4 June 2018, a 1–1 friendly draw against the Netherlands in Turin. Style of play
Considered one of the most promising young Italian players of his generation in his position, <mask> is an agile, athletic, and dynamic keeper, who is highly regarded for his excellent reactions, shot-stopping ability, positional sense, bravery, and consistency; possessing good technique, he is gifted with strong all-round fundamental goalkeeping skills, and is also known for his speed to get to ground and ability to come off his line to collect the ball. Standing at , although he is not the tallest shot-stopper, he is gifted with an excellent spring, a large frame, and a long reach, which aids him in commanding his area, claiming or punching out crosses, and also enables him to produce spectacular, acrobatic, diving saves.Due to his attributes, movements, and playing style, he has been compared to Walter Zenga. In spite of his talent, however, he has struggled with injuries on occasion. Controversy
<mask> had several run-ins with fans of Frosinone, the local rivals of his hometown of Latina. In May 2016, during an Instagram argument with a fan of the latter team, he wrote "your grandfather speaks Arabic", in reference to the Marocchinate atrocities in the region in 1944. The insult was condemned in the Italian Senate by the city's senator Maria Spilabotte. In September 2018, Juventus manager Massimiliano Allegri benched <mask> for the club's game away to Frosinone. Personal life
On 26 September 2020, <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy.Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Club
Juventus
 Serie A: 2018–19
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2018

Individual
 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the tournament: 2009

References

External links

 Career summary by aic.football.it
 Career summary by legaseriea.it

1992 births
Living people
People from Latina, Lazio
Italian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Genoa C.F.C. players
Calcio Padova players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Juventus F.C. players
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Italy international footballers

masks:
Mattia Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin
Perin


title: Frank Nighbor

texts:
Julius Francis Joseph "Pembroke Peach" <mask> (January 26, 1893 – April 13, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played primarily for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Toronto Blueshirts of the NHA, Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), and Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. Nighbor won the Stanley Cup once with the Millionaires and four times with the Senators. An excellent defensive forward, Nighbor's poke check, backchecking, and bodychecking abilities thwarted enemy forwards' scoring attempts. For his somewhat high penalty totals, he was a clean player and one of the last 60-minute hockey players. For his contributions on the ice, Nighbor was the first player to be awarded the Hart Trophy and the first to be awarded the Lady Byng Trophy. Playing career

<mask> began his career with the Pembroke Debaters in his hometown of Pembroke, playing in the Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League (UOVHL) in 1910–11.While playing in the UOVHL Nighbor won the Citizen Shield, as champions of the Ottawa Valley, after Pembroke defeated Vankleek Hill 10 goals to 8 on March 1, 1911. Nighbor first played professionally for the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Northern Ontario Hockey League (NOHL) in 1911. Fellow Pembroke native Harry Cameron was invited to play for Port Arthur but refused to go without Nighbor. The club agreed to bring Nighbor along, but they left him on the bench until injuries gave him an opportunity to play. He made the most of his opportunity by registering six goals in his first appearance. In 1912, Nighbor joined the new Toronto Blueshirts of the NHA where he scored 25 goals in 18 games. He only played the one season in Toronto, jumping to the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA the following season for two seasons, and was an important member of the Millionaires team which won the Stanley Cup over the Ottawa Senators in 1915.Nighbor returned east after the Stanley Cup series and joined the Senators, whom he would play for until 1930. He was an important part of the team's 1920s run, winning four more Cups in 1920, 1921, 1923, and 1927. He had his best season in 1916–17, scoring 41 goals in 19 games, finishing tied for the league lead with Joe Malone. In 1919–20 he scored 26 goals and had 15 assists in just 23 games, then had a further 6 goals in 5 playoff games and led the Senators to their first Cup in the NHL. Nighbor won the Stanley Cup again with Ottawa in 1921, 1923, and 1927. Late in the 1925 season, Lady Byng, wife of the Governor-General of Canada Lord Julian Byng and an avid Senators fan, invited Nighbor to Rideau Hall after a game. She showed Nighbor an ornate trophy and asked him if he thought the NHL would accept it as an award for its most gentlemanly player.Nighbor said he thought it would be a good idea—and to his surprise, Lady Byng presented him the trophy on the spot, making him the first winner of the Lady Byng Trophy. A year earlier, he had been the first winner of the Hart Trophy. In 1929–30, Nighbor was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs, as part of the fire sale of the failing Senators, for Danny Cox and cash. He played 22 games for the Maple Leafs and retired in the off-season. In 1931–32 he made a brief comeback, playing one game for the Buffalo Bisons in the IHL. Playing style
Nighbor was considered a master of the "sweep check," the act of laying the stick down flat on the ice and moving it in wide, circular motions, as well as the "poke check", an almost entirely different action, taking the puck off the opponent's stick. He was skilled and crafty with the puck and a good scorer.He impressed with his sportsmanship, inspiring Lady Byng to donate the Lady Byng Trophy in his honour to the "player adjudged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability", and she presented it personally to him. The February 25, 1916 issue of the Ottawa Citizen claimed that <mask>, up to that point in his career, had never taken a major penalty and that most of his fouls were tripping penalties or accidental fouls related to his famous poke check. Nighbor spent the majority of his playing career as a centre forward, but early on in his professional career, while with the Toronto Blueshirts and the Vancouver Millionaires, he was also deployed as a left winger. Outside of his strong stick techniques Nighbor also had good speed, and when the Ottawa Senators were at the top of the hockey world in the early 1920s they were known as a strong third-period threat who would run on all cylinders for all 60 minutes. Seattle Metropolitans star forward <mask>ston gave high praise to <mask> and the Senators after the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals, where the Senators won the deciding fifth game of the series 6 goals to 1 after having scored five unanswered goals in the third period. Foyston said Nighbor had the Seattle forward line "demoralized with his speed and poke check." In a 1960 interview with Bill Westwick (son of Harry "Rat" Westwick) of the Ottawa Journal, Nighbor claimed he had learned his famous poke checking technique from watching Port Arthur teammate Jack Walker, denying a claim from Jack Adams that he must have learned it from watching Fort William player Joel Rochon.Post-playing career
Nighbor coached the Buffalo Bisons and London Tecumsehs of the International League and the New York Rovers of the Eastern Amateur Hockey League. He would later turn to an insurance business he was a partner in and run it until he became ill. Nighbor died of cancer on April 13, 1966 in Pembroke at the age of 73. Nighbor was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1947. He has also been inducted into the Canada Sports Hall of Fame and the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was ranked number 100 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In March 2010, at a Quebec auction, an American collector paid $33,000 USD to secure Nighbor's game-worn Ottawa Senators sweater from the 1926–27 season. A street in Ottawa's Kanata neighbourhood is named in memory of Nighbor - "<mask> Place."Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Achievements
Stanley Cup – 1915 (with Vancouver), 1920, 1921, 1923, 1927 (with Ottawa)
Hart Trophy – 1924
Lady Byng Trophy – 1925, 1926
NHA scoring leader – 1916–17

References

Notes

External links

1893 births
1966 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Ottawa Senators (1917) players
Ottawa Senators (NHA) players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Sportspeople from Pembroke, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Blueshirts players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Millionaires players

masks:
Nighbor
Frank Nighbor
Nighbor
Frank Foy
Nighbor
Frank Nighbor


title: Dorothea Christina von Aichelberg

texts:
<mask> (alternative spellings: Dorothee, Dorothy, Chritine, Christiane, <mask> Echelberg, von Aichelburg; 23 January 1674 in Plön – 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld) was the spouse of Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg as <mask>. Later, as a widow and mother of Frederick Charles, she stood for many years at the center of a succession dispute. Life
<mask> was the daughter of <mask> (1629-1692), Hofmeister and bailiff in Norburg, and his wife Anna Sophia von Trautenburg gennant Beyer (1637-1694). Her father belonged to a Roman Catholic Carinthian family whose nobility had been confirmed as of the early 16th century. In the Habsburgs' Hereditary Lands the Aichelbergs' would receive elevation to the baronial title in 1655 and to the comital title in 1787. As a young woman <mask> was court lady of Duchess Elizabeth Charlotte. After the death of Duke Augustus and the accession of his son, Joachim Frederick in 1699, she followed the duchess to her dower house at Østerholm on Als.Here, she developed a relationship with Joachim Frederick's younger brother, Christian Charles, who at the time served as a colonel in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia. When his father died, he had only inherited the manors of Sebygaard and Gottesgabe on Ærø island, which his uncle Bernhard had held earlier. He estimated that probably every nobleman in this country is wealthier than me. He held that, under these circumstances, <mask> would appear to be an appropriate spouse. However, both the court in Norburg and his relatives opposed a morganatic marriage. In this situation, <mask> received an invitation to the court in Dillenburg. Christian Charles followed her and they rendez-voused in Frankfurt-am-Main.They were married by Superintendent Johann Jacob Müller at Curti Castle in Groß-Umstadt. Their witnesses were the host, high bailiff Carl Wilhelm <mask>, and his wife Anna Helena Schenk zu Schweinsberg. The wedding was initially kept secret, however Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel told his sister Charlotte Amalie, the Queen of Denmark, about it, and she told the ducal family. Duke Joachim Frederick challenged the status of the marriage, insisting that it be declared morganatic. However, despite the fact that <mask> was able to prove her pure noble descent by generations back Joachim Frederick forced his brother to accept a settlement. The settlement was prepared by the court, signed by both brothers in Norburg on 24 November 1702 and confirmed by the Danish king on 5 December 1702. In the settlement, Christian Charles renounced any share of the Schleswig-Holstein inheritance on behalf of himself, his wife, and any children they might have.This meant that the family's territory, which was very small already, would not be further fragmented. If, however, the descendants of Joachim Frederick were to die out in the male line, then Christian Charles's descendants would be reinstated as heirs. Meanwhile, Christian Charles and his family would take the family name von Karlstein. A loophole in the settlement was that it did not specify what would happen if the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön ducal branch were to die out. Under the terms of the will of Duke Augustus, Plön would then fall to Joachim Frederick and Norburg would fall to Christian Charles. This might have appeared highly unlikely in 1702, but it nevertheless happened only four years later: Duke John Adolph of Plön and his son Adolph Augustus both died in 1704, leaving Plön in the hands of Adolph Augustus's two-year-old son Leopold Augustus. Leopold Augustus then died in 1706, leaving Plön to Joachim Frederick.Christian Charles and <mask> initially had two daughters: Charlotte (b. 1703; died young) and Augusta (13 September 1704 – 1749). Christian Charles died of smallpox on 23 May 1706. On 4 August 1706, their son Frederick Charles was born posthumously. After her husband's death, <mask> lived another 56 years as a widow. She spent the next several years suing for her son's right to inherit Plön. She was assisted by her legal representative Count <mask> Reventlow, <mask> Ehrencron and C.G.<mask>, who had been appointed guardians of her son by the King. Her claim was supported by the opinions of the law school of the University of Kiel and foreign lawyers, such as Johann Peter <mask> and Christian Thomasius. Their view was the marriage had not been morganatic originally and that the 1702 agreement had not made it morganatic either. Nevertheless, Joachim Frederick refused to acknowledge his nephew's eligibility to inherit. He was still hoping to have a son himself. However, his two marriages only brought him daughters and he died in 1772, deeply in debt and without a male heir. King Frederick IV of Denmark finally recognized Frederick Charles as a true and born Duke of Schleswig and Holstein and raised <mask> to princely rank in two letters patent, dated 18 and 19 December 1722.However, this recognition was only valid for the Schleswig parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön which stood under Danish suzerainty. Frederick Charles's cousin John Ernest from the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Rethwisch line still claimed the Holstein parts of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, which stood under imperial suzerainty. Consequently, Frederick Charles could only take up the government of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön after John Ernest died on 24 May 1729. In 1731, he was finally recognized by the Aulic council. For <mask>, this meant that her marriage was finally recognized as "proper and legitimate". <mask> lived the rest of her life at her dower house in Reinfeld and the Widow's Palace in Plön. She died at a very advanced age on 22 June 1762 in Reinfeld, of a chest disease.She was buried on 30 June 1752 in the ducal crypt at Plön Castle. She left money to the orphanage in Plön, which she had founded in 1746; to pauper's relief in Reinfeld; and to the preacher's widow fund in Reinfeld. The Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and of Anhalt-Bernburg are among her descendants. Issue
The couple had the following children:
 Charlotte Amalie Ernestine (1703 – died as a child)
 Wilhelmina Augusta (1704–1749), married in 1731 with Count Conrad Detlev <mask> (1704-1749), the eldest son of Count Christian Detlev <mask>
 Frederick Charles (1706–1761)

References
 Christoph Gensch von Breitenau:  Gründlicher Bericht von der Fürstlich-Holstein-Plönischen Streitigen Successions-Sache, Copenhagen, 1725, Online at the Bavaria State Library
 Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck: <mask> <mask>chelberg. Historische Darstellung aus der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Geschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, in: Schleswig-Holsteinische Blätter, vol. 3, 1837, p. 406–443, Online; Genealogical tables after p. 451
 Siegfried Fitte: Unebenbürtige Fürstenehen in früheren Jahrhunderten, in: Die Grenzboten, vol.65, 1906, p. 632–644, esp. p. 636, Online

Footnotes

House of Oldenburg in Schleswig-Holstein
1674 births
1762 deaths
18th-century German people
Danish princesses

masks:
Dorothea Christina von Aiberg
von
Frau von Karlstein
Dorothea Christina
Johann Franz von Aiberg
Dorothea
Dorothea Christina
Dorothea Christina
von Ci
Dorothea Christina
Dorothea Christina
Dorothea Christina
Frederick von
Hansen von
von John
von Ludewig
Christina Dorothea
Dorothea Christina
Dorothea
von Reventlow
von Reventlow
Dorothea Christina
von Ai