title: Shu Lea Cheang

texts:
<mask>eang () (born April 13, 1954) is a Taiwanese-American artist and filmmaker who lived and worked in New York City in the 1980s and 90s, until relocating to the EuroZone in 2000. Cheang received a BA in history from the National Taiwan University in 1976 and an MA in Cinema Studies from New York University in 1979. Since the 1980s, as a multimedia and new-media artist, she has navigated topics of ethnic stereotyping, sexual politics, and institutional oppression with her radical experimentations in digital realms. She drafts sci-fi narratives in her film scenario and artwork imagination, crafting her own “science” fiction genre of new queer cinema. From homesteading cyberspace in the 1990s to her current retreat to post net-crash BioNet zone, Cheang takes on viral love, bio hack in her current cycle of works. Over the past decade, she has emerged as a prominent figure in new media art. Cheang is one of the leading multimedia artists dealing with multidisciplinary topics.She is regarded as a pioneering figure in internet-based art, with her multimedia approach at the interface between film, video, internet-based installation, software interaction and durational performance. Her work is often interactive. She is most noted for her individual approach in the realm of art and technology, creatively intermingling social issues with artistic methods. Cheang's work employs film, video, net-based installation, and interface to explore "...ethnic stereotyping, the nature and excesses of popular media, institutional – and especially governmental – power, race relations, and sexual politics." Cheang has also written and directed the feature films I.K.U. and Fluidø, and directed Fresh Kill. Life events
Cheang was born during a time when the island of Taiwan was under martial law in 1954.From Taiwan, Cheang moved to New York in the 1980s. She admitted to feeling liberated after moving, calling it a process of “self-acknowledgment and affirmation.” Her art career seeded and bloomed in New York. Shortly after she moved to New York, she joined the collective Paper Tiger Television and started producing live weekly programs that used public-access channels to reach cable subscribers. After 20 years in New York, she went on a decade of a self-imposed lifestyle as a digital nomad which she says “liberated me from monthly fixed payments of rent, electricity and phone bills.” She lived in Japan, Holland, the United Kingdom, and finally relocated to Paris in 2007, where she currently works and resides. Cheang concluded her 20 years spent in New York with Brandon (1998–1999), the first Guggenheim Museum web art commission/collection. Tough social themes such as racial politics help progress her work. She recalls, “When I first got to New York, I was more concerned about certain kinds of racial discrimination or stereotypes of being an Asian woman — there were many different kinds of fantasies about Asian women.”

2019 Venice Biennale
<mask> Cheang represented Taiwan at the 58th Venice Biennale in 2019.She is the first woman to represent Taiwan with a solo-exhibition. Her site-specific work was installed at the Palazzo delle Prigioni, a former prison across from the Palazzo Ducale in Piazza San Marco. Curated by philosopher Paul B. Preciado, the immersive installation explored pervasive technologies of control, from surveillance to incarceration, drawing from historical and contemporary cases in which people have been imprisoned due to their gender, sexual orientation, or race. The Influencers 2019
In her talk for The Influencers 2019, "Genre Bending Gender Fxxxking", Cheang reflects on her eventful trajectory mixing, messing genres and genders in her multi-disciplinary art practices, from BRANDON (1998-1999, Guggenheim Museum), 3x3x6 (2019, Venice Biennale) to her current projects in process, UNBORN0x9 and UKI, an interruptive cinema. Notable works
Color Schemes, is an interactive three-channel video installation exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1990. The video features people of different ethnicities and reveals the complex attitudes surrounding ethnic stereotyping embedded in American Culture. In 1994, Cheang directed the film Fresh Kill.The title refers to a garbage dump in Staten Island. The film "envisions a post-apocalyptic landscape strewn with electronic detritus and suffering the toxic repercussions of mass marketing in a high-tech commodity culture." Bowling Alley, commissioned by the Walker Art Center and funded by AT&T New Art/New Visions, was exhibited in 1995. The installation linked the Walker's Gallery 7, the city's community bowling alley (Bryant-Lake Bowl), and the World Wide Web. Bowling Alley mixed real-life with cyberspace to illustrate the similarities and differences of how people communicate with one another face-to-face and through the Internet. Bowling Alley  was Cheang's first cybernetic installation. Cheang collaborated with other Minneapolis artists to present a work which set to challenge the idea of what is personal and public, popular art and fine art by intertwining these oppositions.Another major Web-based project Cheang created was Brandon (1998–1999). The one-year narrative project explored the issues of gender fusion and techno-body in both public space and cyberspace. The site got its name from Brandon Teena, a trans man who was raped and murdered in 1993 after his biological sex was revealed. Brandon was the first Web-based artwork commissioned by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. It explores Brandon Teena's story in an experimental way that conveys the "fluidity and ambiguity of gender and identity in contemporary societies." In addition to the website, Brandon included live public events at the Guggenheim Museum, the De Waag Society for Old and New Media in Amsterdam, and Harvard University. Over time, as web browsers evolved, Brandon stopped displaying correctly.In 2017, the artwork was digitally restored and made publicly viewable again in a joint initiative by the Guggenheim's conservation department and New York University's department of computer science. Brandon was also featured in Rhizome's Net Art Anthology, an online exhibition of one hundred important net artworks. Brandon is currently accessible at http://brandon.guggenheim.org. The project was a major achievement in the conservation of net.born art. Contemporary web browsers could no longer recognize much of the early HTML code used on the site, or support the unique Java applets used to animate its text and images. In December 2016, Conserving Computer-Based Art (CCBA), a joint initiative of the Guggenheim and NYU, obtained approval from Cheang to restore the work. In 2000, Cheang directed the feature film I.K.U., a pornographic film which she claimed was inspired by Blade Runner.I.K.U. was nominated for an International Fantasy Film Award. Recent works
Cheang's Locker Baby Project (2001-2012) is a playfield of sonic imagery triggered only by human interaction. Her baby series project proposes a fictional scenario set in year 2030. The transnational DPT (DollyPolly Transgency) advances clone babies as an intelligent industry. The Clone Generation holds the key to unlock the networked inter-sphere of ME-motion (Memory+Emotion). Baby Play (2001), the first installment employs a large scale table football field.Opposing rows of 22 ball players are replaced by human sized cloned locker babies. The tracking of ball movement retrieves ME-data (texts and sound) deposited in respective lockers. Baby Love (2005), the second installment consists of 6 large size teacups and 6 clone babies. Each teacup is an auto-driving mobile unit with spinning wheels allowing direction maneuver and speed variation. Each baby is a situated mac-mini engine with wifi linked to the net depository of shuffles and remixes of popular love songs. Baby Work (2012), the third installment designates the public visiting the gallery to collect and rearrange scattered keys and compose words into collective sonic expression. Active participants are the clone babies who are entrusted to store and retrieve ME-data.Cheang wrote and directed the 2017 science fiction film Fluidø. In 2021, she was one of the participants in John Greyson's experimental short documentary film International Dawn Chorus Day. Filmography

Films
 1990 – How History Was Wounded: An Exclusive Report on Taiwanese Media (Short film; director)
 1994 – Fresh Kill (director)
 2000 – I.K.U. (director, screenwriter)
 2000 – Love Me 2030 (Short video; director)
 2017 – Fluidø (director, producer, screenwriter)
 2017 – Wonders Wander (director, producer, screenwriter)

See also
 List of female film and television directors
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women
Taiwanese art

References

External links
 Bowling Alley
 Brandon
 Baby Love
 Shu Lea Cheang in the Video Data Bank

 <mask> Lea Cheang's artworks and biographical information can be found in Experimental Television Center and its Repository in the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art|, Cornell University Library. <mask> Lea Cheang on Vimeo
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204921/http://tiger.towson.edu/~kbinya1/shu_lea_cheang.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081118051407/http://www.walkerart.org/archive/1/B7737137B85D01716161.htm
 http://the-artists.org/artist/<mask>-Lea-Cheang
 Tribe, Mark and Reena Jana. New Media Art. <mask> Lea Cheang Papers, Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University Special Collections
http://www.babywork.biz/proposal/lockerbaby-3parts.pdf

1954 births
Living people
Feminist artists
Installation artists
New media artists
Women pornographic film directors
Taiwanese women artists
Artists from New York City
Artists from Paris
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States

masks:
Shu Lea Ch
Shu Lea
Shu
Shu
Shu
Shu


title: Jimmy Cauty

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 19 December 1956), also known as Rockman Rock, is an English artist and musician, best known as one-half of the duo The KLF, co-founder of The Orb and as the man who burnt £1 million. He is married to artist, musician, and ex-Thompson Twin Alannah Currie. Early life and career
<mask> was born on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire. As a 17-year-old artist, he drew a popular The Lord of the Rings poster (and later, a counterpart based on The Hobbit) for British retailer Athena. In 1981-2 <mask> was guitarist in a band called Angels 1–5, who recorded a Peel session on 1 July 1981. Lead vocalist was Cressida Bowyer, whom Cauty later married. He then joined the band Brilliant with which he remained until its break-up in 1986.<mask> was also an original member of Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction, in 1985. Artistic partnership with Bill Drummond
Cauty joined with Bill Drummond to form The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs), a collaboration that played out in various guises and media over much of the next decade. As an A&R man, Drummond had signed Brilliant to WEA. Concocting a scheme for a hip-hop record on New Year's Day 1987, Drummond needed a like-minded collaborator with expertise in current music technology, and so contacted <mask>. Drummond later commented that Cauty "knew exactly, to coin a phrase, 'where I was coming from'". A week later, The JAMs had recorded their debut single, "All You Need Is Love". Several singles and three albums as The JAMs followed (their debut, 1987; the follow-up, Who Killed The JAMs?; and compilation Shag Times) before a change of direction saw the duo mutate into dance and ambient music pioneers, The KLF. The duo had their first British number one hit single as The Timelords with the Gary Glitter/Dr. Who novelty-pop mash-up "Doctorin' the Tardis", claimed to be sung by <mask>'s 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car. During this period, <mask> also worked with Tony Thorpe of The Moody Boys; besides remix and production work by the Moody Boys for The KLF and vice versa, Thorpe and Cauty recorded the single "Journey into Dubland" together at the KLF's Trancentral studios. The KLF released two albums, Chill Out and The White Room, and a string of top 5 singles, becoming the biggest selling singles act in the world in 1991. In 1992, suddenly and very publicly, The KLF retired from the music industry and deleted their entire back catalogue. Drummond and Cauty re-emerged in 1993 as the K Foundation, releasing one limited edition single ("K Cera Cera") and awarding the £40,000 K Foundation art award for the "worst artist of the year".In 1994, the duo courted infamy by setting fire to one million pounds in cash on the Scottish island of Jura. In 1995, they undertook a screening tour of a film of the burning, before signing a moratorium on K Foundation activities. <mask> worked with Drummond again in 1997 with a campaign to "Fuck the Millennium", the highlight of which was a 23-minute live performance satirising the "pop comeback", in which <mask> and Drummond appeared as grey-haired pensioners and wheeled around the stage in electric wheelchairs. They returned as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu in 2017, with a novel - 2023: A Trilogy - and a 3-day festival, "Welcome to the Dark Ages". <mask> confirmed that the duo's work is an ongoing project. Throughout their career, Drummond has often been the mouthpiece of the group and was sometimes viewed, subjectively, as their chief protagonist. NME, for example, wrote: "One suspects that the real boiling genius of the duo is initiated by Drummond.The elements of the K Foundation affair are classic Drummond – honesty mixed with deranged publicity-seeking, pop terrorism ideas mixed with utter strangeness and mysticism..., and a sense that the things pop groups do should be visionary and above all should not be mundane." However, the initial idea for the K Foundation's one million incineration was <mask>'s, although he was beginning to express regret in 1995 at which time Drummond remained resolute. Contrasting with Drummond's image, <mask> was perceived, or presented, as "Rockman Rock – cool dude"; the "quiet", enigmatic one, a "long-haired and quietly spoken chain-smoker: a leather-jacketed misfit [who] has carried his adolescent rock obsession into adulthood". However, as the previously quoted NME piece cautioned, "We can't underestimate the importance of <mask>". Cauty was the musical bedrock of The KLF, whether laying down the starting track for "Doctorin' the Tardis", or playing electric guitar, bass, drums and keyboard on "America: What Time Is Love?". He and his wife, Cressida, were at the centre of KLF operations, living and working at Trancentral (actually the Cautys' squat in Stockwell, London) and driving the "JAMsmobile" (Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car) as their regular, everyday vehicle. Cressida, too, helped out, taking on an organisational role for KLF Communications, in addition to design and choreography work for The KLF, and her own work as an artist.Engineer Mark Stent recalled Drummond as providing "big concepts and insane ideas", whereas <mask> - he said - was "literally a musical genius". John Higgs wrote in The KLF: Chaos, Magic and the Band who Burned a Million Pounds that:

Ambient house, 1988–1992
In the late 1980s, <mask> met Alex Paterson and the duo began DJing and producing together as The Orb. Paterson and <mask>'s first release was a 1988 acid house anthem track, "Tripping on Sunshine" released on the compilation Eternity Project One, put together by Paterson's childhood friend and Cauty's ex-bandmate, Martin "Youth" Glover. The following year, The Orb released the Kiss EP, a four-track EP based on samples from New York City's Kiss FM on Paterson and Youth's new record label WAU/Mr. Modo Records. After spending a weekend of making what Paterson described as "really shit drum sounds", the duo decided to abandon beat-heavy music and instead work on music for after-hours listening by "taking the bloody drums away". Paterson and Cauty began DJing in London and landed a deal in 1989 for The Orb to play the chill-out room at London nightclub Heaven.Resident DJ Paul Oakenfold brought in the duo specifically as ambient DJs for his "The Land of Oz" event at Heaven. Though initially The Orb's Monday night performances had only several "hard-core" followers, their "Chill Out Room" act grew popular over the course of their six-month stay at Heaven to the point that the small room was often packed with around 100 people. The Orb's performances became especially popular among weary DJs and clubbers who sought solace from the loud, rhythmic music of the dancefloor. The Orb would build up melodies using multitrack recordings linked to multiple record decks and a mixer. They incorporated many CDs, cassettes, and BBC sound effects into their act, often accompanied with pieces of popular dance tracks such as "Sueño Latino". Most often, they played dub and other chill out music which Bill Drummond described as "Ambient house for the E generation." Throughout 1989, Paterson, Cauty, Drummond and Youth developed the musical genre of ambient house through the use of a diverse array of samples and recordings.The culmination of Cauty and Paterson's musical work came towards the end of the year when The Orb recorded a session for John Peel on BBC Radio 1. The track, then known as "Loving You", was largely improvisational and featured a wealth of sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You". The Orb changed the title to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld". In 1990, <mask> and Drummond held a chillout party at Trancentral, Cauty's squat. A recording of Patersons DJing was made with a view to releasing it as an LP but the mix contained many uncleared samples and other records and was unusable. Later that year <mask> and Drummond went to the isle of Jura, Scotland to record a techno record called Gate. Instead they created a long form ambient film called Waiting (1990).During the same year <mask> and Drummond went into the studio and made the ambient LP Chill Out. The Grove Dictionary suggests Chill Out to be the first ambient house album. When offered an album deal by Big Life, The Orb found themselves at a crossroads. Cauty preferred that albums by The Orb were released on his KLF Communications label, whereas Paterson wanted to ensure The Orb did not become an offshoot of The KLF. Due to these issues, <mask> and Paterson split in April 1990, with Paterson keeping the name The Orb. Cauty removed Paterson's contributions from the recordings in progress and released the album as Space on KLF Communications. Post-KLF
In 1999 Cauty produced several remixes under the alias The Scourge of the Earth for Placebo, Marilyn Manson, Hawkwind, Ian Brown, The Orb, and others.In December 1999 he joined with Guy Pratt, Lloyd Stanton and Denise Palmer to record and release a mobile telephone-themed novelty-pop record "I Wanna 1-2-1 With You" under the name Solid Gold Chartbusters. It was released as competition for the Christmas Number One but only reached Number 62 in the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, <mask> joined with former collaborators Alex Paterson and Pratt in a London recording studio, together with Dom Beken, an associate of Pratt. Recording later continued in <mask>'s Brighton studio. In 2003, the group released their first single, "Boom Bang Bombay", under the name Custerd. Subsequently, they settled on the name "Transit Kings". <mask> left the band in 2004 to work on other projects.Two years later, the Transit Kings released their debut album, Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God; Cauty is listed as a composer on seven of the album's 12 tracks. In 2002, Cauty's two remixes of U2's "New York" were featured as B-sides on the band's Electrical Storm single. <mask> was, until mid-2005, part of art/music collective Blacksmoke, together with James Fogarty and manager Keir Jens-Smith. Cauty works with the L-13 Light Industrial Workshop, London which he explains "is not a gallery, it’s a support system, spiritual home and technical epicentre for a small group of artists" which includes Billy Childish, Jamie Reid, and Harry Adams. Cauty first worked in conjunction with L-13 on the Cautese Nationál Postal Disservice. Subsequent collaborations included the Riot in a Jam Jar exhibitions and the ADP Riot Tour - is a vast 1:87 scale model in a 40-foot shipping container which tours historic riot sites around the world. L-13 continue to collaborate with Cauty and Drummond, running "dead perch merch", official merchandise operatives to The JAMs.Following 2003 media speculation that Saddam Hussein could launch a poison chemical attack on London, Cauty designed the Stamps of Mass Destruction for Blacksmoke Art Collective. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd class stamps featuring the Queen's head wearing a gas mask were released as limited edition prints and exhibited at Artrepublic Gallery, Brighton. Following a legal battle over alleged copyright infringement, the stamps were sent to Royal Mail for destruction. In 2004, Cauty installed a gift shop, Blackoff, at the Aquarium Gallery, based on the UK government's Preparing for Emergencies leaflet. The installation included "terror aware" items, such as "terror tea towels", "attack hankies" and "bunker-buster jigsaw puzzles" (the latter missing one piece). He commented, "The gift shop becomes the place we can explore our branding ideas, Cash for trash – it represents the futility and the glory of it all." In response to the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, Cauty developed Operation Magic Kingdom, a series of images showing US forces in Iraq wearing masks of lovable and friendly Disney characters, adopting the UK's "winning hearts and minds" tactics in a bid to gain the confidence of the Iraqi people.In Operation Magic Kingdom "the rules of engagement have been changed to include 'try and be more fun' before firing." The images were launched at the Bayswater Road Sunday Art Exhibition, bombed onto billboards and fly-posted across London, as well as being released by The Aquarium as limited edition prints and stamps. In June 2011 he held a public exhibition at L-13 entitled A Riot in a Jam Jar consisting of a series of scale dioramas depicting violent confrontations between British rioters and police, each contained within an inverted glass jar. In 2012, <mask> premiered his short film, Believe the Magic, starring Debbie Harry, Nick Lehan and Branko Tomović, at Tate Modern as part of the annual Merge festival. The ideas of A Riot in a Jam Jar evolved into the Aftermath Dislocation Principle, shown at the Hoxton Arches in October 2013. The 448-square-foot installation at 1:87 scale (representing approximately one square mile) details the desolate and charred aftermath of what appears to have been a devastating riot. The sculpture, constructed by modifying components of traditional model railway kits, took approximately 8 months to complete includes nearly 3,000 police figures and a soundtrack pitched to match the 1:87 scale.The piece "makes a political statement about societal freedom and state control". The Aftermath Dislocation principle then toured the Netherlands, being shown at Piet Hein Eek Gallery, Eindhoven (November 2013), Cultuurwerf, Vlissingen (April 2014), and Mediamatic, Amsterdam (July–August 2014). In 2015, the work was exhibited at Banksy's Dismaland and then in London. Following this it was re-engineered to fit inside a 40-foot shipping container and now tours historic riot sites around the world. In 2014, Cauty released a series of limited edition Smiley Riot Shields. Each are all ex-police riot gear painted over with a yellow smiley face. He originally designed the shields in 2012 as a symbol of "non-violent direct action" and as a practical self-protective measure for his step-daughter during the Occupy St Paul's eviction.Personal life
<mask> was married to Cressida ( Bowyer), with whom he has twins, Daisy and Harry, and a younger son, Alfie. He later married artist and musician Alannah Currie (formerly of Thompson Twins) in 2011. See also
 Anti-art

References

External links

1956 births
British conceptual artists
English artists
English writers
English electronic musicians
English keyboardists
English record producers
English rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Liverpool
The Orb members
The KLF members
Remixers
Squatters
Tolkien artists
KLF Communications artists

masks:
James Francis Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Jimmy Cauty
Jimmy Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Cauty
Art Cauty
Cauty
Cauty


title: Kenny Vance

texts:
<mask> (born December 9, 1943 in Brooklyn as Kenneth Rosenberg) is an American singer, songwriter, and music producer who was a founding member of Jay and the Americans. His career spans from the 1950s to today, with projects ranging from starting doo-wop groups to music supervising to creating solo albums. Early career
<mask> grew up hanging around the famous Brill Building, the Tin Pan Alley song machine, and started his first vocal group, the Harbor Lites, at 15. The group recorded two singles for Ivy Records in 1959. He then formed another group and auditioned for Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, who signed them to United Artists Records, and named the group Jay and the Americans. Jay and the Americans
Jay and the Americans released fifteen albums, and their first hit was "She Cried", which was released in 1962. The group was the opening act for not only The Beatles' first US performance, but also for The Rolling Stones' first US performance.They also appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. They had many other hit singles in the 60s, and started their own publishing and production company, JATA Enterprises. Their last release was in 1971 and the group broke up in 1973. Steely Dan
In 1967, the songwriting duo of Walter Becker and Donald Fagen came to the Brill Building to sell their songs, and ended up knocking on <mask>'s door. <mask> liked what he heard, and offered to manage them. The duo arranged horn and string sections for Jay and the Americans and toured with them as bassist and keyboardist, eventually recording demos and masters with <mask> in 1969. He continued to work with Becker & Fagen until 1971, when he brought one of their songs ("I Mean to Shine") to Richard Perry, who then brought it to Barbra Streisand and recorded it on Barbra Joan Streisand.They were hired as songwriters at ABC Dunhill Records, and released their first Steely Dan album, Can't Buy a Thrill, in 1972. They went on to become one of the best selling and critically acclaimed bands of the 1970s. Film and television
After this, <mask> began doing session work, producing, and writing music for movies. He was the music supervisor for the movies Eddie and the Cruisers, Animal House (which also featured an uncredited Robert Cray as bass player with fictional group, Otis Day and the Knights) and American Hot Wax with Tim McIntire, Jay Leno, and Fran Drescher. He wrote the theme for the score, produced the soundtrack album (which made the Top 40), and appeared in the movie as "Professor La Plano" to lead his fictional group, the Planotones, in a performance of "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay". The Animal House soundtrack also made the charts and sold over one million copies and the Eddie and the Cruisers soundtrack album sold triple Platinum. He contributed music for many other films and TV shows.He was a guest vocalist on Saturday Night Live in 1977 (singing a live version of his current single "The Performer"), and became the program's musical director in 1980–1981. He booked Aretha Franklin and Prince, as well as James Brown, who on his only appearance on the show performed for far longer than his allotted time, forcing the producers to go to a commercial while he was still singing. 1990s-on
In 1992, <mask> started a doo wop group, the re-formed (no longer fictional) <mask> and The Planotones from American Hot Wax. They released two albums "Teenage Jazz" and "Looking for an Echo", and then created the whole soundtrack for the 1999 film Looking for an Echo, for which <mask> was also the musical director and the singing voice of Armand Assante. Since then the group has released five more albums, "Lover's Island", Countdown to Love", "Dancing and Romancing", "Oceans of Time", and their holiday album, "Mr. Santa". They continue to perform to audiences nationwide and on PBS. <mask> did not perform from 2014 to 2017 for health reasons.Other artists produced and performed with
Phoebe Snow, Danny O'Keefe, Delbert McClinton, The Kingsnakes, Rafi Pagan, Peter Himmelman, Toni Basil, Yusef Lateef, Brooklyn Dreams, Peter Allen, Don McLean, John Cafferty, Tracey Ullman, The Beaver Brown Band, among others. Discography
Studio albums:
 1975: <mask> 32
 1988: Short Vacation
 1994: Teenage Jazz
 1996: Looking For an Echo
 2000: Looking For an Echo (Motion Picture Soundtrack)
 2002: <mask> and the Planotones
 2005: Lover's Island
 2006: Soundtrack to the Doo Wop Era: A <mask> Collection Volume 1
 2007: Countdown to Love
 2007: Dancin' and Romancin'
 2009: Soundtrack to the Doo Wop Era: A Kenny <mask> Collection Volume 2
 2010: Oceans of Time
 2011: Mr. Santa
 2013: Acapella
 2014: Lost And Found: Archives – Vol. 1
 2015: Lost And Found: Archives – Vol. 2
 2017: <mask>

Live albums:
 2002: Live and Out of this World

Videos and DVDs:
 1978: American Hot Wax
 2000: Looking For An Echo
 2007: <mask> and the Planotones: Live at the Cuillo
 2015: Happy Holidays DVD

Filmography
Music Department:
 1978: American Hot Wax (music producer, music supervisor)
 1978: Animal House (music supervisor – uncredited)
 1979: The Warriors (music supervisor: additional music)
 1980: Hollywood Knights (soundtrack producer)
 1980–1981: Saturday Night Live (TV series) (musical director)
 1983: Eddie and the Cruisers (music producer, music supervisor, – Lead vocal on "Those Oldies but Goodies (Remind Me of You)")
 1988: Hairspray (Producer title song, composer)
 1989: Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!

masks:
Kenny Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Kenny Vance
Vance
Vance
Vance
Kenny Vance
Kenny Vance
Vance
Kenny Vance
Kenny Vance


title: Karl Schnörrer

texts:
<mask>Quax<mask> (22 March 1919 – 25 September 1979) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he claimed 46 enemy aircraft shot down in 536 combat missions, eleven of which while flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in Defense of the Reich. Born in Nuremberg, <mask> served in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in 1941, operating on the Eastern Front. He claimed his first aerial victory on 13 December 1941. In October 1942, <mask> became the wingman of his friend Walter Nowotny. In November 1943, he was severely wounded after he was shot down.After his convalescence, he was posted to Erprobungskommando 262, an experimental unit testing the Me 262 jet fighter. He then served with Kommando Nowotny, an operational test unit led by Nowotny, experimenting with the Me 262 under combat conditions. Following the death of his friend Nowotny on 8 November 1944, <mask> was posted to Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first jet fighter wing. Flying with this unit, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 March 1945. On 30 March, <mask> was forced to bail out from his damaged aircraft, sustaining severe injuries to his leg which then had to be amputated. <mask> died on 25 September 1979 in Nuremberg. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 22 March 1919 in Nuremberg, at the time in Free State of Bavaria.Prior to joining the military service, <mask> worked as a photo reporter. Starting in May 1940, <mask> was trained as a fighter pilot at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in Wien-Schwechat where he befriended Walter Nowotny. He "earned" his nickname "Quax" by crashing the difficult-to-control Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane three times during his flight-training. The name of a popular accident-prone cartoon character of the time, it was taken from the movie Quax the Crash Pilot released in 1941 with the famous German actor Heinz Rühmann as "Quax". World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. <mask> arrived on the Eastern Front as an Unteroffizier, soon after German forces had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. There, he was assigned initially to the Ergänzungsgruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing).The Ergänzungsgruppe was a supplementary training group attached to JG 54 under the command of Hauptmann Leo Eggers. There, he was again reunited with Nowotny. In July, he was posted to 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of JG 54. He claimed his first victory on 13 December 1941, which was not confirmed. On this mission, Schnörrer, against orders, had broken formation to attack the enemy aircraft. The Schwarm, flight of four aircraft, had been led by Horst Ademeit who later criticized Schnörrer for his behavior.Eastern Front
<mask> claimed his first confirmed aerial victory on 12 May 1942 over a Yakovlev Yak-1. On 13 August, he shot down a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber, his only other claim in 1942. At the time, 1. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Heinz Lange and subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) headed by Hauptmann Hans Philipp. On 25 October, Nowotny was transferred from 3. Staffel to take command of 1. Staffel from Lange.Nowotny then chose his friend <mask> to be his wingman. In mid-December, I. Gruppe began converting to the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-4 fighter aircraft. On 16 January 1943, 1. Staffel was ordered to Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, where most of the pilots received the Fw 190 aircraft. As of 1 February, Nowotny, <mask>, Anton Döbele and Rudolf Rademacher, formed a team known as the "chain of devils" () or the Nowotny Schwarm, which during the course of the war was credited with 524 combined aerial victories, making them the most successful team in the Luftwaffe. In February, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was fighting in the Siege of Leningrad. The combat area was predominantly in the east and southeast of Leningrad where Soviet forces had created a corridor to the city in Operation Iskra.On 23 February, Soviet forces launched an attack south of Leningrad as part of Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda. The attack was repelled by forces under the command of Generalleutnant Carl Hilpert. That day, all available aircraft of I. Gruppe flew missions in defense of this attack, predominantly attacking Soviet ground attack aircraft. By nightfall, the Gruppe reported 32 Soviet aircraft destroyed, including an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft claimed by Schnörrer in the vicinity of Mga, southeast of Leningrad. On 15 March, Soviet forces attacked the German positions of the X. Armeekorps (10th Army Corps) south of Lake Ilmen, breaching the German lines south of Staraya Russa. Operating from an airfield at Gorodets, I. Gruppe claimed 21 aerial victories that day, including <mask>'s fifth aerial victory. This victory was claimed over an Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down southeast Staraya Russa.On 1 April, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Philipp was transferred and temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Gerhard Koall until Major Reinhard Seiler took command on 1 May. On 5 June, I. Gruppe flew combat air patrols in the area of Volkhov as well as escorting bombers from Kampfgeschwader 53 (KG 53—53rd Bomber Wing) attacking the locks in the harbor of Novaya Ladoga. There, the Gruppe fought against many Soviet fighter aircraft during the course of which Schnörrer claimed a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter shot down. Three days later, I. Gruppe escorted bombers to the railroad bridges near Volkhovstroy. On this mission, Schnörrer claimed the destruction of a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter aircraft. On 15 June, the Nowotny Schwarm was sent on a mission to the coastal area near Kronstadt. On this mission, <mask> claimed another LaGG-3 fighter shot down, his eighth aerial victory in total, while Nowotny claimed his 99th to 101st aerial victory.Operation Citadel
In early July, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was ordered to move to Oryol, in the southern sector of Army Group Centre, where it fought in Operation Citadel which initiated the Battle of Kursk. Subordinated to Luftflotte 6 (Air Fleet 6), the Gruppe began relocating on 2 July and arrived at the airfield name Panikowo, a makeshift airfield created for the attack on the Kursk salient, on 4 July. The next day, the Wehrmacht launched Operation Citadel and I. Gruppe supported the attack of the 9th Army on the northern sector of the salient, escorting bombers of Kampfgeschwader 4, 51 and KG 53 (KG 4, KG 51—4th, 51st Bomber Wing), as well as Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing) to their target areas. That day, I. Gruppe claimed 59 aerial victories, including a LaGG-3 fighter by Schnörrer in the vicinity of Maloarkhangelsk. The next day, I. Gruppe targeted the airspace near Ponyri and during multiple combat missions claimed 29 aerial victories which included a LaGG-3 shot down by Schnörrer at 14:33. On 7 July, the Gruppe again operated over Ponyri where they claimed 35 aerial victories for no loss of their own, including a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, also known as "Boston", and a Lend-Lease Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter claimed by Schnörrer. By 14 July, Operation Citadel had failed after Soviet forces had launched Operation Kutuzov in the northern sector.Although in the southern sector, the offensive continued until 17 July in Operation Roland. That day, <mask> claimed an Il-2 ground attack aircraft and a LaGG-3 fighter destroyed. One of his opponents may have been a pilot from the Free French Régiment de Chasse Normandie-Niémen (Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen). That day, Mayor Jean Tulasne led his unit on an Il-2 ground attack aircraft escort mission to Znamenskaya,  northwest of Oryol, losing three aircraft to I. and IV. Gruppe of JG 54. With German forces in retreat, Oryol was cleared on 5 August. Over the following days, I. Gruppe operated from an airfield at Karachev, located approximately halfway between Oryol and Bryansk, predominately flying over the combat area of Oryol.On 7 August, <mask> shot down two Il-2 ground attack aircraft in this area. Battle at Kharkov and Smolensk
On 9 August, I. Gruppe was ordered  south to Poltava Airfield where they were placed under the control of Luftflotte 4 (Air Fleet 4). The reason for this was a response to the successful Soviet Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation following the Battle of Kursk. On 11 August, Nowotny was temporarily appointed commander of I. Gruppe, a position he held until 15 September when he was officially assigned as Gruppenkommandeur. The next day, the Gruppe flew multiple combat air patrols and fighter escort for Ju 87 dive bombers in the area west of Kharkov. On one of these missions, Schnörrer shot down a La-5 fighter. Over the following days, the Gruppe continued to escort for dive bombers to Grayvoron and Okhtyrka.On 16 August, Schnörrer shot down another La-5 fighter. Two day later, the Gruppe returned to Kharkov and Okhtyrka where Schnörrer

masks:
Karl "
" Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer
Schnörrer


title: Karl Schnörrer

texts:
 claimed a MiG-3 fighter shot down in the afternoon, his 20th claim. On 20 August, I. Gruppe again escorted Ju 87 dive bombers and Heinkel He 111 bombers to Okhtyrka. Without loss, I. Gruppe claimed 15 aerial victories, including a Pe-2 bomber and an Il-2 ground attack aircraft by Schnörrer. The next day, <mask> claimed another Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down on a mission to Kharkov. On 27 August, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the combat area of Kharkov and ordered to the airfield Iwanowka which was located at Ordschonikidsegrad, present-day part of Bryansk, which again placed them under the control of Luftflotte 6. Reason for this relocation was Soviet success in the Battle of Smolensk and the pressure exerted on the 9th Army.Nowotny claimed his 200th aerial victory on 8 September. On 17 September, the Gruppe moved to Vitebsk. <mask> claimed his next aerial victory on 28 September, a LaGG-3 fighter. That day, I. Gruppe operated over Velizh, located approximately  northeast of Vitebsk. On 7 October, I. Gruppe again flew missions to combat area of Velizh where <mask> claimed a Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-40 fighter aircraft. Two days later, in combat near Nevel, he was credited with shooting down another P-39 fighter and an Il-2 ground attack aircraft. On 14 October, to the southwest of Smolensk near Markovo, Nowotny became the first pilot to claim 250 aerial victories.That day, <mask> claimed his 33rd aerial victory, a P-40 shot down near Lyady. <mask> was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 21 October. On 11 November, the Nowotny Schwarm lost Döbele, who was killed in a mid-air collision with an Il-2 ground attack aircraft east of Vitebsk. The next day, Nowotny claimed his last aerial victory on the Eastern Front. A few minutes later <mask> shot down a Yakovlev Yak-9 attacking Nowotny for his own 35th victory claim. <mask> was then shot down in his Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 410021—factory number) south of Nevel by German anti-aircraft artillery. Bailing out at approximately , his parachute failed to deploy in time, and he crashed to the ground, breaking both legs and suffering a severe concussion.<mask> was then rescued by the German infantry and flown in a Junkers Ju 52 to a Luftwaffe hospital in Dölau, today part of Halle. Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262
Seven months later in June 1944, having recovered from his injuries, and commissioned as an officer, Leutnant <mask> was transferred to Erprobungskommando 262, a small unit doing flight-testing of the revolutionary new Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft. In September, the fighter was ready to proceed to advanced combat-testing and his friend Nowotny was brought in to lead the project. On 26 September, the unit was re-designated Kommando Nowotny. But progress was slow and with the war-situation getting worse, an impatient General Adolf Galland arrived in early-November to get a personal report. On 8 November, in very poor weather conditions, Nowotny led a Schwarm of Me 262s into one of its first group combat missions and was killed in action, probably shot down after an engine flame-out left him defenceless. On 15 November, <mask> and Major Rudolf Schoenert, Oberst Gordon Gollob, Major Georg Christl, Hauptmann Heinz Strüning, Major Josef Fözö formed the guard of honor at Nowotny funeral at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.The eulogy was delivered by Generaloberst Otto Deßloch. Following these events, Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) "Nowotny" was formed and placed under the command of Oberst Johannes Steinhoff. On 19 November, remnants of Kommando Nowotny was redesignated at Lechfeld Airfield to III. Gruppe of JG 7 and ordered to Brandenburg-Briest where they joined the Stab (headquarters unit). In consequence, the 1., 2. and 3. Staffel of Kommando Nowotny became the 9., 10, and 11. Staffel of III.Gruppe which Steinhoff had placed under the command of Major Erich Hohagen. <mask> was assigned to III. Gruppe of JG 7 flying in Defense of the Reich. From February to March 1945, he claimed eleven aerial victories flying the Me 262 jet-fighter, making him one of the top jet-aces of the war. On 3 February 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force attacked Brabag's synthetic fuel factory at Magdeburg. III. Gruppe of JG 7 was one of the Luftwaffe units scrambled to intercept the bombers.The USAAF lost 23 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and seven North American P-51 Mustang fighters in the attack. <mask> was one of the Luftwaffe pilots to have claimed a B-17 shot down that day. On 9 February, over 1,200 heavy bombers of the Eighth Air Force attacked synthetic fuel factories, railroad and other targets. Close to Berlin, III. Gruppe intercepted a formation of B-17 bombers and their fighter escort. In this encounter, <mask> claimed the destruction of a P-51 fighter aircraft. On 3 March, 29 Me 262s from Stab and III.Gruppe intercepted USAAF heavy.bombers heading for Magdeburg, Hannover, Hildesheim and Braunschweig. At approximately 10:15, Me 262s from 9. Staffel engaged in aerial combat with B-17 bombers between Braunschweig and Magdeburg. Schnörrer accounted for one of the B-17 bombers shot down that day. On 18 March, the Eighth Air Force headed for various railway stations and tank factories in the greater Berlin area with 1,329 heavy bombers, escorted by 632 fighter aircraft. Flying from Parchim Airfield, 37 Me 262 fighters led by Major Theodor Weissenberger took off to intercept the bombers. For the first time, six of the Me 262 fighters were armed with the R4M unguided air-to-air rocket.Firing his rockets, <mask> shot down two B-17 bombers. On that mission, Oberleutnant Günther Wegmann, the Staffelkäpitan of 9. Staffel of JG 7, was wounded in aerial combat. In consequence, <mask> was temporary given command of 9. Staffel, a command position referred to as Staffelführer. The following day, 1,273 heavy bombers from the USAAF 3rd Air Division again attacked the synthetic fuel factories. The bombers were intercepted by 28 Me 262 fighters north of Chemnitz.In this encounter, <mask> shot down a B-17 bomber. On 22 March, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () for 43 aerial victories claimed. On 30 March, the USAAF 3rd Air Division dispatched 1,320 heavy bombers, escorted by 852 fighter aircraft, to the U-boat pens and oil storage facilities at Hamburg, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven and Farge. Defending against this attack, Me 262s from I. and III. Gruppe of JG 7 were scrambled. The attack force was intercepted north of Lüneburg. At 13:30 <mask> shot down two B-17 bombers, his last aerial victories.He was then hit by crossfire from a third bomber. Pursued by P-51 fighters near Uelzen, he bailed out but his leg hit the tailplane on his exit. Although he landed safely his leg wounds were so serious that he had to have his leg amputated, thus ending his combat career. Command of 9. Staffel was then passed on to Oberleutnant Gustav Sturm

Later life
After the war, <mask> worked as a photographer for the Deutsche Presse-Agentur (dpa). <mask> died on 25 September 1979 in Nuremberg, aged 60. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 46 aerial victories claimed in 536 combat missions.This figure includes 35 claims on the Eastern Front and 11 flying the Me 262 jet fighter over the Western Allies. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 45 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This figure of confirmed claims includes 34 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 11 on the Western Front flying the Me 262 jet fighter, including nine four-engined bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 10662". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
Pilot's Badge (6 May 1941)
Eastern Front Medal (6 August 1942)
Wound Badge in Black (13 November 1943)
Order of the Cross of Liberty 2nd Class (22 November 1942)
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold for fighter pilots (14 November 1942)
Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (16 September 1942)
 1st Class (22 June 1943)
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1943 as Feldwebel and pilot
German Cross in Gold on 21 October 1943 as Leutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 54
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 March 1945 as Leutnant of the Reserves and Staffelführer of the 11./Jagdgeschwader 7

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1919 births
1979 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 2nd Class
German amputees
Military personnel from Nuremberg
Photographers from

masks: Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer Schnörrer


title: Kifayatullah Dehlawi

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>i jurist, who served as the first president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, and the second rector of the Madrasa Aminia. He was regarded as the Grand Mufti of India. He was a founding member of Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, and was on its foundation committee, which was headed by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. Lineage
<mask>’s family had shifted from Bhopal to Shahjahanpur. <mask>‘s father, Inayatullah, had four sons and two daughters and was poor. Early life
<mask> ibn Khairullah ibn 'Ibadullah Dehlvi was born in Shahjahanpur, a district in Uttar Pradesh, India in 1875.At the age of five, he commenced his education at the maktab of Hafiz Barakatullah. There, he completed the Qur'an and obtained instruction in Urdu and elementary Persian from Nasimullah. Thereafter, he enrolled at Madrasa 'Azeeziya. There, he completed his Persian studies, studying the most advanced kitab of Persian, Sikandar Naama, and commenced his Arabic studies under Budhun Khan. Then, Dehlawi was sent with a letter of recommendation from his teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq, to the administrator of the Madrasa 'Arabiya at Shahi Masjid in Muradabad. He was admitted and remained at the residence of Muhammad Isma'il. Since his father was poor, Dehlawi covered his educational expenses by weaving and selling topis.He studied there for two years. Dehlawi then enrolled at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1895. Because of his memory and intelligence, he did not exert as much effort, but quickly overtook his classmates and earned the highest marks on his examinations. He completed his studies at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1898 at the age of twenty-two. Career
After graduating, Dehlawi spent time in Delhi with his close friend, Aminuddin. Then, he returned to Shahjahanpur, where his former teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq, had founded Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm. Dehlawi became a teacher there and handled the secretarial and administrative duties.Dehlawi also taught Arabic and Persian. His salary was fifteen rupees per month. Along with his duties as a teacher and administrator, Dehlawi started to answer fatwas during this period. In his answer to each fatwa, Dehlawi was meticulous and cautious and would answer with well-written evidence. While at Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm, Dehlawi also started a monthly periodical, Al Burhan, in response to the Ahmadis. The first issue was published in Sha'baan of 1321 AH and made an attempt to refute Ahmadi beliefs. Around this time, Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm’s finances started to deteriorate.Thus, in 1321 AH, the teachers' salaries were reduced. <mask>’s salary was reduced from eighteen to sixteen rupees per month. However, he remained at Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm for five more years until the death of his teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq Khan. Thereafter, Dehlawi moved to Delhi and became a teacher at Madrasa Aminia. Besides teaching hadith and answering fatwas, Dehlawi managed the organizational affairs of the madrasa. His salary was twenty rupees per month. The courts of law benefited from his presence as well.After his arrival at Madrasa Aminia, Dehlawi commenced a step-by-step implementation of beneficial reforms to the educational structure of the madrasa. Then, in 1328 AH, he initiated an assembly called Anjuman Islahul Kalaam. The purpose of this gathering was to teach students how to deliver speeches and debate. Every eighth day, each student had to deliver a speech or engage in a dialogue and Dehlawi would help. This assembly was successful in its aim, but was eventually ended due to a lack of participation. After fifty years, Dehlawi had answered hundreds of thousands of fataawa and his rulings are a treasure to fiqh. The fatwas of Dehlawi were extremely concise yet full of well-written evidence.His fatwas were always answered according to the intent of the questioner. It was for this reason that he was renowned among common folk as well as the officials of the courts of law, who would prefer his rulings in religious cases. He was appointed the first president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, a position he served until 1940. He also drafted a fatwa recommending a boycott of British goods which was signed by around 500 Muslims scholars. Literary career
From an early age, Dehlawi enjoyed reading and writing. His first major endeavour was the magazine, Al Burhan, which he wrote in refutation of the Ahmadi beliefs. His second major work was an Arabic poem, Raudur Rayyaahin, published in 1909.It was first presented at the annual convention of Madrasa Aminia in 1908. The eloquence and grandeur of the poem was such that <mask> was requested to and produced an Urdu translation with footnotes, providing more details than and explaining difficult words from the original. <mask>’s  most renowned publication is Ta'limul Islam, four volumes of questions and answers for children in simple language. <mask> wrote other religious books which are no longer available. He actually produced few works because his teaching, political activities, domestic activities, and answering fatwas busied him to such an extent that he had no time to write. Final years and death
During his final years, due to what he saw as the deterioration of morality in society, clashes between Hindus and Muslims, and other reasons, Dehlawi withdrew from politics and became reclusive, not even giving public comment. In his final months he suffered severe liver illness, despite medical treatment.On 31 December 1952, he died at the age of 77. He was buried near Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, in Mehrauli, Delhi. His funeral was attended by 100,000 people. Students
Dehlawi‘s students include Muhammad Taqi Amini, Izaz Ali Amrohi. Hazrat Molana Allah Yar Khan, Chakrala Pakistan

References

Bibliography

1875 births
1952 deaths
Hanafis
Maturidis
Deobandis
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian Muslim scholars of Islam
Grand Muftis of India
Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind
Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind

masks:
Kifayatullah Dehlawi
Mufti Kifayatullahaf
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Kifayatullah ibnayatullah ibn Fhullah
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Dehlawi


title: Olivier Assayas

texts:
<mask> (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic. <mask> is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies. His work has become synonymous with the film movement known as the New French Extremity and has collaborated frequently with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart. The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, <mask> began his career as a critic for influential magazine Cahiers du Cinema. Here he wrote about the World Cinema and its film auteurs who would later influence his own works. <mask> made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter. He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986.He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) becoming a breakthrough film in his career. It would be his first film to be screened at the Cannes Film Festival. His follow up films Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006) with fellow directors such as Alexander Payne, Coen Brothers and Alfonso Cuarón. He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director. He has also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019). Life and career
<mask> was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter <mask>, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981).His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin who had settled in Italy, while his mother was of Protestant Hungarian origin. Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father. He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed. In a 2010 interview, <mask> stated that his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell. Speaking of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow General de Gaulle, <mask> in the same interview stated: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising. People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element." He made his debut in 1986, after directing some short films and writing for the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma.<mask>, starring Hong Kong star Maggie Cheung, which manages to be a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema. While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors. One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien. He married Cheung in 1998. They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Cheung made her film Clean with him. He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, seventeen at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but "[they] didn't get together until [she] was 20".They separated in 2017. In 2009, <mask> signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. He directed and co-wrote the acclaimed 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez. Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos. In April 2011, it was announced that he would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. His 2012 film, Something in the Air, was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. <mask> won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice.His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay. The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for American actress Kristen Stewart. In 2016, <mask> won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Kristen Stewart. In June 2017, it was announced that <mask> would preside over the 2017 70th anniversary Locarno Film Festival. Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:

Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, where he listed his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh. Filmography

Film

As a writer only
Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television

Short films

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading
 <mask>, A Post-May Adolescence.Letter to Alice Debord, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 17, Vienna: SYNEMA - Gesellschaft für Film und Medien, 2012,
 Kent Jones (Ed. ), <mask>, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 16, Vienna: SYNEMA - Gesellschaft für Film und Medien, 2012,

External links

 New York Times article on Assayas
 Bringing Down the House: A Conversation with <mask>, The Notebook, mubi.com

1955 births
Living people
Film directors from Paris
University of Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 alumni
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Georges Delerue Award winners
French people of Greek-Jewish descent
French people of Turkish-Jewish descent
French screenwriters
French film critics

masks:
Olivier Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Raymond Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayasep
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas


title: John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford

texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask> of Sleaford (sometimes spelled Hosey, Husey, Hussie, Huse; 1465/1466 – 29 June 1537) was Chief Butler of England from 1521 until his death. He was a member of the House of Lords, and a Chamberlain to King Henry VIII's daughter, Mary I of England. Early years
Hussey was born in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England, son of Sir <mask>, an English judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench. His mother was the former Elizabeth Berkeley. Hussey's siblings included Sir <mask> (d. 1546), the father of <mask>, the 'Mistress Crane' at whose home at East Molesey the first of the Marprelate tracts, Martin's Epistle, was printed in October 1588; <mask>, who married Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Kent; and <mask>, who married William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In 1497, at the Battle of Blackheath, Hussey was knighted. Six years later, he was made "Knight of the Body", bodyguard to King Henry VII, followed by an appointment as "Master of Lyfield Forest", Rutland in 1505 and Comptroller of the Household in 1509.On 16 August 1513, at Tournai, after the Battle of the Spurs, he and his brother William were promoted to Knights Banneret by Henry VIII. Career
In 1493 <mask> was appointed Sheriff of Lincolnshire and by 1513 he was custos rotulorum for the county. In June 1520 he travelled to France to take part in the Field of the Cloth of Gold meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I, King of France. On 6 July 1523, he was elected Member of Parliament as a knight of the shire for Lincolnshire. Three years later, 5 February 1526, he was appointed a judge. He was created <mask>, of Sleaford, by King Henry VIII in 1529. On 3 November 1529 he was re-elected to Parliament as knight of the shire for Lincolnshire but received a Writs of Summons on 1 December 1529 to the House of Lords as 'Johannes Hussey de sleford, chivaler'.In June 1530, Hussey was named Lincolnshire Castle's Commissioner for Gaol Delivery, and later that same year, Hussey sold some of his large holdings (the Somersetshire manors of Batheaston, Bathampton, Bathford, Twerton; the Wiltshire manors of Compton Bassett, Comerwell, and North Wraxall). Henry VIII "lodged" at Hussey's Sleaford estate where he held court the next morning before venturing to York to meet with the King of Scotland. On 10 September 1533, Lord Hussey attended the christening of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and carried the canopy over the three-day old child with George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, Lord Thomas Howard, and William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham. Hussey was Chamberlain to King Henry's daughter, Mary, while Hussey's second wife, Lady Anne, was one of Mary's attendants. Though King Henry forbade anyone from calling his daughter, Mary, by the title of Princess, Lady Anne did do so, after which she lost her attendant position around June 1534 and was imprisoned in the Tower of London in August. Asking for the King's pardon, she was released before the end of the year. In addition to his responsibilities at Court and Parliament, Hussey was steward to <mask>, the conservative Bishop of Lincoln, and King Henry's confessor.Downfall

Hussey was implicated along with his cousin Lord Darcy  as complicit in the 1536 uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. Though Hussey denied participation in the rebellion, he was accused of conspiring to change laws and depose the king, and that he abetted those who made war on the king in October 1536. The charges may have been levied in part because of Hussey's Catholic sympathies, and because Hussey and his wife, having served 'Princess' Mary, were partisans on her behalf. Hussey was indicted and tried for treason, and found guilty by the House of Lords. He was beheaded in Lincoln on 29 June 1537, while his cousin, Thomas Darcy, was executed on Tower Hill. Hussey's statement ("confession") survives. Family
<mask>y firstly married Margaret Barr (née Blount), widow of Sir <mask> and daughter of Sir Simon Blount, around 1492 at Keynsham, Gloucestershire, by whom he had issue:
 Sir <mask> (c. 1493 – 19 January 1556)
 <mask> (c. 1495)
 <mask> (c. 1499)

<mask> secondly married Lady Anne Grey in 1509 at Sleaford, Lincolnshire.According to historian Sir William Dugdale, in the documents written by Hussey, shortly before his death in 1537, he speaks of his wife as 'Anne'. She was the  daughter of George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent – by his second wife, Catherine Herbert. Lady Anne's paternal grandmother was Lady Katherine Percy, the great-great-granddaughter of King Edward III of England. <mask> and Lady Anne Grey had issue, including:
 Sir <mask> (c. 1495/1505) – Knighted by the Earl of Surrey at the Sacking of Morlaix in France in 1522, who married Jane Pigot, and had issue. <mask> (c. 1497)
 <mask> (c. 1501)
 Thomas Hussey
 Joan <mask>, wife of Sir Roger Forster. <mask>, second wife of Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, Warwickshire (d. 1586), and had four daughters and two sons. <mask> (c. 1526 – 13 January 1600/1601), married successively: Sir Richard Morrison of Cashiobury, Hertfordshire (d. 17 March 1556); Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland before 1563; and Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford on 25 June 1566, as his second wife, and had no issue.Anne (or Agnes<mask>, married to Sir Humphrey Browne, Justice of the Common Pleas, by whom she was the mother of Christian Browne, wife of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet. <mask>, who married three times, thirdly to Thomas Pallister, and had issue. Mary Hussey

After his execution, Hussey's home in Sleaford, as well as his other estates, were confiscated by the crown. In 1563, his children were restored to Parliament during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, but Hussey's title was forfeited, and the estates were not returned. Claim of Hussey Barony
Lord Hussey's brother – Sir Robert Hussey and his son Sir Charles Hussey – adapted to the political requirements of  the recently established  Church of England;  both serving in  the office of sheriff. However, the descendants of the anti-Church of England Lord Hussey, whose barony and estates were forfeited, were left in far less secure positions, both regarding their financial and social status; by 1633, the descendants of Lord Hussey's son, Sir Giles Hussey, had left England to freely practice their non-conformist religion in New England. Lord Hussey's descendants who remained in England included Molineux Disney, a direct descendant of Sir William Hussey,  who was  the "Son and Heir to the said <mask> Hussey."On 21 March 1680, Molineux Disney  made a claim to King Charles II   that as, "son and heir, in the direct line to Lord Hussey"  he was entitled to  claim the Hussey barony. However, W. B. Turnbull noted in 1836 that "no entry occurs in the Lords' Journal relative to any proceedings upon it". Molineux had apparently withdrawn his application. Honours
 6 December 1533, <mask>, Confessor-General of Syon Abbey, dedicated his book, The myrrour or glasse of Christes passion, to "the Honorable 'Lord Husey', from Syon". References

External links
Will of Sir William Hussey, PROB 11/10/592, proved 4 July 1496, National Archives 11 December 2013
Will of Dame <mask>, widow, PROB 11/14/415, proved 11 December 1504, National Archives 11 December 2013

1465 births
1537 deaths
People from Sleaford, Lincolnshire
Barons in the Peerage of England
English judges
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
Executed people from Lincolnshire
15th-century English people
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Knights Bachelor
John
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
People executed under Henry VIII
English MPs 1515
English MPs 1523
English MPs 1529–1536
Knights banneret of England
16th-century English judges
16th-century English lawyers
English politicians convicted of crimes

masks:
John Hussey
Baron Hussey
William Hussey
Robert Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Mary Hussey
Hussey
Lord Hussey
John Longland
John Husse
John Barr
William Hussey
Thomas Hussey
Gilbert Hussey
John Hussey
John Hussey
Giles Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Reginald Hussey
Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Bridget Hussey
) Hussey
John Tufton
Dorothy Hussey
John Lord
John Fewterer
Elizabeth Hussey


title: Rudolf von Laban

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask> (German; also <mask>, ; 15 December 1879 – 1 July 1958), was an Austro-Hungarian dance artist, choreographer and dance theorist. He is considered one of the pioneers of modern dance in Europe and the "Founding Father of Expressionist dance". His work laid the foundations for Laban Movement Analysis, Labanotation (Kinetography Laban), other more specific developments in dance notation and the evolution of many varieties of Laban movement analysis. After preparing the choreography for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, <mask> fled from Nazi Germany to Manchester, England in 1937. With the support of the Ministry of Education in England, <mask> founded a dance movement studio near London, where he worked until his death. Laban is considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of dance. Life and work

Laban was the son of <mask> senior (1843–1907), a military governor in Pressburg (Pozsony) and (from 1899) field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army in the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and his wife Marie née Bridling (1858–1926).In 1897, <mask> senior was ennobled by the Hungarian monarchy in recognition of his military merit and received the nobiliary predicate "de" to his family name (choosing Laban de Váralja; a place name associated with the <mask> family), whereupon <mask> junior was rightly entitled to use "<mask>" in his family name in the German-speaking world. <mask> grew up in the courtly circles of Vienna and Sarajevo. At a young age, <mask> joined a csárdás dance group. At age 15 <mask> entered the Theresian Military Academy, but later turned his back on military service. In 1899, <mask> moved to Munich and began studying at the Academy of Fine Arts (Akademie der bildenden Künste). There <mask> met the painter Martha Fricke from Hanover, whom he married on 15 December 1900. They moved to Arcisstr 44, where their daughter Azraela was born in 1901.Parallel to <mask>'s studies at the art academy, he took courses at the newly opened teaching and experimental studio for free and applied art (Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für Freie und Angewandte Kunst). There Laban met his future friend Hermann Obrist, who ran the nature studies course. In 1904 <mask> decided to leave Munich to visit the most famous art school in Europe, the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris to study architecture. <mask>'s son Arpad was born in Paris in 1905. After three years of a fulfilled bohemian lifestyle with his wife, Martha Fricke died suddenly. Barely two months after the death of <mask>'s wife, his father also died, who had made it possible for Laban to lead an independent life with substantial financial support. From then onwards, <mask>'s two children grew up with their maternal grandparents.In the years that followed, <mask> led an unsteady life between Paris and Vienna, Sanremo and Nice. Financially bankrupt, <mask> completed an apprenticeship as an accountant in Nice, from which he also successfully graduated. That was to be <mask>'s only encounter with a regular working life. Living with his mother in Vienna, <mask> made a living as a graphic artist and caricaturist. <mask> drew for the magazines Simplicissimus and Jugend and continued the studies he had begun in Paris on historical dance forms. At a cultural event, <mask> met the singer Maja Lederer from Munich and married her on 8 May 1910 in Pressburg. In the same year, they moved to Munich.With his second wife, <mask> moved into a dwelling in Schwabing at Hohenzollernstraße 120. In 1911 <mask> rented a room in a rear building in Munich's Theresienstraße, which he set up as a makeshift movement studio. Laban couldn't make a living with his school; he had to continue working as a commercial artist and caricaturist. Overworked to the point of exhaustion, Laban collapsed in 1912 and went to the  near Dresden for a cure, where patients were cared for according to the life-reform (Lebensreform) principles. In this natural healing institution, <mask> met and fell in love with Suzanne Perrottet, who was also a patient there. In the years that followed, a largely harmonious triangular relationship developed between Perrottet, <mask> and his wife. Perrottet was to become <mask>'s most important collaborator (along with Mary Wigman and Katja Wulff), lover and mother of his child Allar Perrottet (later André Perrottet <mask>) in Ascona and Zurich.During the First World War, <mask> created a school on the natural healing colony Monte Verità in the Swiss canton of Ticino, in the municipality of Ascona, which soon attracted many followers of the new dance art. It was here that <mask> conducted his famous summer dance courses from 1913 to 1919. Here the students also strived to live in harmony with nature by growing their own food, vegetarianism, weaving cloth and making their own reform-style clothing, and dancing in the great outdoors nature often nude experimenting with dynamic improvisations. Here <mask> experienced his intellectual and artistic breakthrough, celebrating the "neuen Menschen", "Fiur-Menschen", "Anarchos", and "Orgiastos" in expressionist dance dramas. In 1915 <mask>, his wife and their two children and Perrottet and son Allar moved to Hombrechtikon near Zurich. There, the extended family lived a self-sufficient lifestyle similar to that on Monte Verità, growing their own food, doing a lot of manual work and sewing their own clothes (e.g. Perrottet developed comfortable clothing for everyday work and dance, which can be attributed to the dress reform movement).At the same time, <mask> founded a school for the art of movement (Schule für Bewegungskunst) in Zurich. It included interdisciplinary dance art, pantomime, improvisation and experiments with the body, voice, instruments, texts and even drawing. Later <mask> only mentioned the terms: form, sound, word. The conclusion of a large vegetarian and pacifist congress at the end of summer 1917 on Monte Verità in Ascona was the three-part dance drama  to a text by Otto Borngräber. It began with the setting of the sun, which was followed by the dance of the demons of the night. This part was staged at midnight high in the mountains in front of poet-prophet Gustav Gräser's rock grotto. The face masks were created by the Dadaist Marcel Janco.Early in the morning the rising, "victorious" sun was greeted as an expression of the hope of overcoming the war and a utopian higher development of mankind. At these performances worked also Mary Wigman, Sophie Taeuber and Suzanne Perrottet. Freemasonry
<mask> had been a member of a Freemason association since 1913, and had founded his own masonic lodge "Johannis lodge of ancient Freemasons of the Scottish-and-Memphis-and-Misraim-Rites in the valley of Zurich" which had six brothers and ten sisters. Whilst on Monte Verità, Laban met the occultist Theodor Reuss, who had been on Monte Verità for some time and had established a local Freemason lodge. On 24 October 1917, Reuss issued a charter to Laban and <mask> Hilfiker-Dunn (1882-1955) to operate a III° Ordo Templi Orientis Lodge in Zurich called Libertas et Fraternitas. Weimar Germany

After the end of World War I, <mask> returned to Germany. The Zurich Laban School was taken over and continued by Perrottet.After an interlude in Stuttgart, where <mask> worked with the painter Max Ackermann, <mask> founded the Tanzbühne Laban (Dance Stage Laban) in Hamburg, Weimar Germany in 1922. The first public performance of a dance poem by Laban took place in Lübeck in the autumn of 1922 in the State Theatre. They called the performance poster by Karl Gatermann the Elder Der schwingende Tempel (The Swinging Temple), archived under the number PLK-Laban 29 in the Dance Archive Leipzig. In 1923 the first Laban school was founded, which had its own movement choir. The numerous graduates of the Hamburg School successfully carried <mask>'s method on to various cities in Germany and Europe. In the years that followed, 24 Laban schools were set up across Europe. In addition, Laban built up a "Choreographic Institute" in Würzburg (1926/27) and Berlin (1928/29).Together with Dussia Bereska, <mask> also directed the Chamber Dance Stage (Kammertanzbühne) (1925-1927). Bereska from the Laban School in Hamburg features in the popular 1925 German cultural silent film Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit (Ways to Strength and Beauty) performing Die Orchidee (The Orchid); also featuring in the same film is Mary Wigman and her dance group and the end scene from <mask>'s dance drama Das lebende Idol (The living Idol) where <mask> himself makes an appearance. From 1930 to 1934 <mask> took over the direction of the ballet of the Berlin State Opera. Laban integrated the ideas of psychologist Carl Jung, and in Laban's warm up program the practices of Joseph Pilates, whom according to Pilates, Laban had observed whilst Pilates was working with patients in Hamburg. Laban under National Socialism
Laban directed major festivals of dance under the funding of Joseph Goebbels' propaganda ministry from 1934 to 1936. Laban even wrote during this time that "we want to dedicate our means of expression and the articulation of our power to the service of the great tasks of our Volk (People). With unswerving clarity our Führer points the way".In 1936 <mask> become the chairman of the association "German workshops for dance" and received a salary of 1250 ℛℳ per month, but a duodenal ulcer in August of that year bed bound him for two months, eventually leading him to ask to reduce his responsibilities to consultancy. This was accepted and his wage reduced to 500 ℛℳ, Laban's employment then ran until March 1937 when his contract ended. Several allegations of Laban's attachment to Nazi ideology have been made, for instance, as early as July 1933 Laban was removing all pupils branded as non-Aryan from the children's course he was running as a ballet director. However, some Laban scholars have pointed out that such actions were necessary for survival in Nazi Germany at that time, and that his position was precarious as he was neither a German citizen nor a Nazi party member. In fact, the seizure of power by the National Socialists in 1933 had an immediate effect on Laban's work through the new law passed against racial overcrowding in German schools and universities of 25 April 1933 (), Laban was thus bound by this new law of vetting students with the racial characteristic of a "non-Aryan" descent. His work under the Nazi regime culminated in 1936 with Goebbel's banning of Vom Tauwind und der Neuen Freude (Of the Spring Wind and the New Joy) for not furthering the Nazi agenda. England
After preparing the choreography for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, <mask> fled from the Nazis to Manchester, England, in 1937.With the support of the Ministry of Education in England, <mask> founded a movement studio near London, where he worked until his death. <mask> was allowed to travel to Paris in 1937 and from there he went to England. Laban joined the Jooss-Leeder Dance School at Dartington Hall in the county of Devon where innovative dance was already being taught by other refugees from Nazi Germany. Laban was greatly assisted in his dance teaching during these years by his close associate and long-term partners Lisa Ullmann and Sylvia Bodmer. Their collaboration led to the founding of the Laban Art of Movement Guild (now known as Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance) in 1945 and The Art of Movement Studio in Manchester in 1946. In 1947, together with management consultant Fredrick Lawrence, Laban published a book Effort, Fordistic study of the time taken to perform tasks in the industrial workplace and the energy used. Laban tried to provide methods intended to help eliminate "shadow movements" (which he believed wasted energy and time) and to focus instead on constructive movements necessary to the job at hand.<mask> published Modern Educational Dance in 1948 when his ideas on dance for all including children were taught in many British schools. <mask> died in England in 1958.

Notable Laban dance students and associates
Among <mask>'s students, friends, and associates were Mary Wigman, Suzanne Perrottet, Katja Wulff, Kurt Jooss, Lisa Ullmann, Albrecht Knust, Dussia Bereska, Lilian Harmel, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Hilde Holger, Gertrud Kraus, Gisa Geert, Warren Lamb, Elizabeth Sneddon, Dilys Price, Yat Malmgren, Sylvia Bodmer, and Irmgard Bartenieff. Legacy
The Laban Collection in the Laban Archive at Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance documents <mask>'s life and work in the 1920s-1950s. The Rudolf Laban Archive at the National Resource Centre for Dance documents his educational work in the UK and contains many of his original drawings. The John Hodgson Collection in the Brotherton Library at Leeds University holds original documents relating to <mask>'s career in Europe in the early twentieth century. Other archives holding material about <mask> include the Tanzarchiv Leipzig, Dartington Archive, and the German Dance Archives, Cologne. <mask>'s students went on to found their own schools of modern dance, influencing their own pupils through the 20th century:

<mask> Laban
Kurt Jooss (Ausdruckstanz)
Pina Bausch (Tanztheater)
Mary Wigman (Expressionist dance)
Ursula Cain
Heike Hennig (see Dancing with Time)
Hanya Holm
Valerie Bettis
Alwin Nikolais—decentralization
Murray Louis
Beverly Schmidt Blossom

Works and publications
 (Undated).Harmonie Lehre Der Bewegung (German). (Handwritten copy by Sylvia Bodmer of a book by <mask>) London: Laban Collection S. B. 48. (1920). Die Welt des Taenzers [The world of Dancers] (German). Stuttgart: Walter Seifert. (3rd edition, 1926)
 (1926).Choreographie: Erstes Heft (German). Jena: Eugen Diederichs. (1926). Gymnastik und Tanz (German). Oldenburg: Stalling. (1926). Des Kindes Gymnastik und Tanz (German).Oldenburg: Stalling. (1928). Schriftanz: Methodik, Orthographie, Erlaeuterungen (German). Vienna: Universal Edition. (1929). "Das Choreographische Institut Laban" in Monographien der Ausbildungen fuer Tanz und Taenzerische Koeperbildung (German). Edited by Liesel Freund.Berlin-Charlottenburg: L. Alterthum. (1947). with F. C. Lawrence. Effort: Economy of Human Movement London: MacDonald and Evans. (4th reprint 1967)
 (1948). Modern Educational Dance. London: MacDonald and Evans.(2nd Edition 1963, revised by Lisa Ullmann)
 (1948). "President’s address at the annual general meeting of the Laban art of movement guild". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 1 (April): 5–8. (1950). The Mastery of Movement on the Stage. London: MacDonald and Evans.(1951). "What has led you to study movement? Answered by R. Laban". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 7 (Sept.): 8–11. (1952). "The art of movement in the school".Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 8 (March): 10–16. (1956). Laban’s Principles of Dance and Movement Notation. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd edition 1975, annotated and edited by Roderyk Lange)
 (1960). The Mastery of Movement.(2nd Edition of The Mastery of Movement on the Stage), revised and enlarged by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (3rd Edition, 1971. London: MacDonald and Evans) (1st American Edition, 1971. Boston: Plays) (4th Edition, 1980. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House)
 (1966). Choreutics.Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (1974). The Language of Movement; A Guide Book to Choreutics. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. Boston: Plays. (American publication of Choreutics)
 (1975).A Life For Dance; Reminiscencs. Translated and annotated by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1935.) (1984). A Vision of Dynamic Space. Compiled by Lisa Ullmann.London: The Falmer Press. References

External links

Guide to the Rudolf Laban Icosahedron. Special Collections and Archives, The University of California Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California
<mask> - biography from Trinity Laban site
Limsonline Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies - LIMS NYC
Short biographies of Laban and some leading Laban practitioners - website of Laban Project
EUROLAB - European Association of Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies
EUROLAB Certificate Programs in Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies

1879 births
1958 deaths
People from Bratislava
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Hungarian nobility
French untitled nobility
19th-century Hungarian people
20th-century Hungarian people
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
Dance research
Dance notators
Dance teachers
Hungarian male dancers
Austrian male dancers
Austrian dancers
Austrian choreographers
Hungarian choreographers
Hungarian people of French descent
Hungarian people of British descent
Austrian people of French descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Laban movement analysis

masks:
Rudolf von Laban
Rudolf Laban
Rudolph von Laban
Laban
Laban
Rudolf Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
von
Laban
Laban
Laban
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Laban
Laban
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Laban
Laban
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von Laban
Laban
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Hans Rudolf
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Rudolf von
Rudolf Laban
Rudolf Laban


title: Josiah Leavitt

texts:
<mask> (1744–1804) was an early Massachusetts physician and inventor. Possessed of an early love for mechanical movements and for music, Dr. Leavitt eventually gave up his medical practice and moved to Boston, where he became one of the earliest manufacturers of pipe organs in the United States. Early life

<mask> was born October 21, 1744, in Hingham, Massachusetts, the son of Hezekiah and Grace (Hatch) <mask>. <mask> was a prosperous Hingham merchant who owned one of the town's largest warehouses on the harbor, a large wharf and a share of the town's gristmill and fisheries business. <mask>'s father was a close friend and business associate of Rev. Ebenezer Gay, third minister of Old Ship Church, Hingham's Meetinghouse. Following his education at Harvard College, Dr. <mask> became a practicing physician at Hingham.On the side, the mechanically-inclined Leavitt tinkered with inventions and mechanical movements. One of the first products of Leavitt's sideline was a large clock, manufactured in 1772–73, which was subsequently hung in a dormer window on the southwesterly slope of the roof of Old Ship Church, so that the clock's dial could be seen by townspeople. Leavitt's clock, the first built in Hingham, was probably the only clock he ever built. Where Dr. Leavitt garnered his expertise is unknown, although contemporaries noted his mechanical aptitude, as well as the fact that his sister Hannah was married to Hingham watchmaker Joseph Lovis. In 1774, Dr. Leavitt built a large Colonial clapboard home  at 93 Main Street, two blocks from the Meetinghouse. But shortly afterwards, Leavitt moved to Sterling, Massachusetts, where he built another Colonial home, and then a few years later to Boston, where he gave up his medical practice, embraced his affinity for music and mechanics and began manufacturing organs. Organ-making in the American Colonies

The first organ in America had been manufactured earlier in the eighteenth century.Most American churches, especially Anglican, often purchased their organs from London builders. Boston's Trinity Church purchased an organ from London builder Abraham Jordan in 1744; by 1756 Boston's King's Chapel had replaced a primitive early organ with one by London manufacturer Richard Bridge, whose organ of 1733 was still in use at Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island. Boston's Brattle Street Church finally purchased an elaborate English organ in 1790 manufactured by Londoner Samuel Green. But the rise of native-born organ builders, as well as a backlash against English imports, began to stimulate a demand for American-born instruments. In 1790, for instance, on the eve of the arrival of Brattle Square Church's London organ, the congregation went into an uproar. "So bitterly had this most liberal of Boston congregational churches been divided over the issue that even as the ship bearing the organ hove into view, a conservative member of the congregation offered to reimburse the church its cost if the instrument were thrown overboard outside Boston harbor." As a consequence of the increasing prosperity in the former English colony, the relaxation of Puritanism's formal rigors (the church had an historic aversion to organs), a dislike of purchasing English products and the emergence of American organ builders, a small market began to develop in New England for homegrown organs.Previously, Boston's Park Street Church had a 50-voice choir – but no organ. And of the region's host of Congregationalist churches, only First Church in Providence, Rhode Island, dared used an organ in worship prior to the Revolutionary War. Most houses of worships made do with a pitch pipe, or with a cello or bass viol. But following the Revolutionary War, demand for organs, previously limited to more progressive Anglican churches, began to take off. Edward Bromfield Jr. of Boston, Massachusetts is generally credited with having built America's first organ in 1745. (Indications are that a Philadelphia craftsman, Mathias Zimmerman actually built an earlier organ prior to 1737). Because of the limited demand, Blomfield built most of his organs for amateur (and not ecclesiastical) use.Of all Boston's churches, by 1753 only one – Christ Church (Old North Church) – had an American-made organ, built by Thomas Johnston, a local craftsman, in 1753. A year later, Johnston built an organ for Salem's Christ Episcopal Church containing one manual and six stops. At the time, Bromfield and Johnston were the only active American organ builders. Dr. Leavitt embarks on a new career

Because of his musical interests, Dr. Leavitt had corresponded with organ builder Bromfield, and was also acquainted with craftsman Johnston, who died in 1768. Shortly afterwards,  Leavitt himself relocated to Boston. "Once a practicing physician", noted a report by the United States Centennial Commission in 1876, "[Dr. Leavitt's] strong taste for the mechanics of music induced him to relinquish his profession and devote himself to organ-building, which he continued for many years." In Boston, the former physician set about creating a workshop where he and several assistants began building organs for New England churches.On February 8, 1792, an advertisement appeared in The Columbian Centinel announcing that Leavitt had finished an organ destined for the Universalist Religious Society of Boston. "For compass and sweetness of sound and elegance of construction", the newspaper noted, "it is exceeded by but a few imported Organs." By the following November, <mask>, who had entirely given up his medical practice in favor of producing organs, had completed a new instrument for the Congregationalist Meetinghouse in Worthington, Connecticut. He was soon building other organs to satisfy the burgeoning demand. The arrival of one of Leavitt's creation at the Worthington meeting house was an event of enough import that The Hartford Courant ran a story about it:

"The public are hereby notified", wrote The Courant, "that Mr. <mask>tt of Boston, organ builder hath lately been employed to construct an ORGAN for the Worthington parish, which is completed and set up in the Meeting-house. The Organ will be opened by said Leavitt on Thursday the 8th of November instant, at which time a sermon will be preached on the occasion, and Music will be performed. After the exercises there will be a collection for the benefit of said builder."Other churches, now freed from the old Puritan strictures against musical instrument accompaniment, were soon ordering Leavitt's organs. The church of Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1794 set up Leavitt's creation in the gallery of the meeting house, and subsequently showed off its acquisition. "This organ (which is certainly the most elegant of any in New England", noted the town's newspaper the Morning Star, "is about fifteen feet high, ten feet in breadth, and seven feet from front to rear, was built by Dr. <mask>, an ingenious organ builder of Boston, for whose benefit there will be a contribution after service is over." Among other churches which ordered Leavitt organs were the Episcopal church of Dedham, Massachusetts, and TK. His business, though, was still spotty enough that he sometimes advertised his half-completed instruments for sale in regional newspapers. One 1793 ad in the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Oracle of the Day noted that Leavitt had on hand "a Church-Organ nearly completed, (except the Case and Pipes)", which he would finish building to the buyer's specifications. Another instrument on hand in the former physician's workshop was "an elegant House-Organ with a Mahogany case, and which might be sufficient for a small Church or Society."Should the instrument prove inadequate, Leavitt's ad noted, he would take it back within one year in trade for a larger one. Later life and legacy

"It was a particular accomplishment that <mask>, a Congregationalist, was able to place instruments in dissenting churches", writes Orpha Caroline Ochse in The History of the Organ in the United States. "Many of these churches were still violently opposed to the use of the organ, an attitude that some of them retained through much of the next century." Leavitt also trained other later organ builders. Among his pupils were William M. Goodrich, a native of Templeton, Massachusetts, born in 1777. Goodrich himself became an active organ-builder in Boston beginning in 1803. It was Goodrich whom many consider the first advanced American organ manufacturer.In addition to sending out his elegant creations to churches throughout the region, Goodrich trained a number of other makers, including Thomas Appleton, as well as his own brother Ebenezer Goodrich, who later went into business for himself. Dr. <mask> died at his Boston home on February 26, 1804. The golden age of American organ building was still ahead, as New England's increasing prosperity and growing know-how, fostered in part by the early physician turned manufacturer, gave rise to such accomplished organ builders as Hook & Hastings, and the ateliers of Erben, Jardine, and Roosevelt, many of which thrived in Boston and its vicinity, and whose trade was fueled in part by the profits of the large trading firms of Salem and the state capitol. Dr. <mask>, descended from an early Puritan early settler of Hingham, was buried at Hingham, Massachusetts. Leavitt's second wife Azubah  died at Boston in November 1803 at age 44. The Hingham meeting house Old Ship Church did not purchase an organ until 1869. Prior to that the congregants sang unaccompanied.References

See also
John Leavitt
List of pipe organ builders
Old Ship Church
E. and G.G. Hook Organ
Pipe organs

1744 births
1804 deaths
Leavitt family
Harvard College alumni
American Congregationalists
People from Boston
18th-century American physicians
18th-century American inventors
American pipe organ builders
People of colonial Massachusetts
People from Hingham, Massachusetts

masks:
Josiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
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Hezekiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
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Josiah Leavi
Josiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
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