title: Justin Bailey (basketball)

texts:
<mask> (born June 10, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Hartford before playing overseas for 13 years as a professional in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia. High school career
<mask> was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and grew up in nearby Piscataway, where he attended Piscataway Township High School, leading the school's basketball team to a 23–2 record and a Group IV state championship as a junior in 1993–94. College career
<mask> began his college career in 1995–96, joining the Hartford Hawks as a freshman. He averaged 12.1 points and 3.2 rebounds in 28 games in his first season, earning himself North Atlantic Conference All-Rookie Team honors. As a sophomore playing for the Hawks in 1996–97, <mask> was considered the team's super-sub after a preseason ankle injury moved him to the bench. In 28 games on the season, <mask> averaged 12.9 points and 3.3 rebounds per game.As a junior in 1997–98, <mask> earned first-team All-North Atlantic Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 5.0 rebounds in 27 games. In addition, he led the league in free throw percentage (83.8) and steals (2.19) in 1997–98. As co-captain his senior year in 1998–99, <mask> earned second-team All-America East Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 4.4 rebounds in 27 games. He scored 1,086 combined points as a junior and senior, and with his 20-point-per-game average both years, he became only the second player to do so in consecutive seasons in the Division I era. He finished his career third all-time in scoring (1,786 points) and is among Hartford's top ten in nine different career statistical categories. Included are the top spot in free throws made (501), free throw percentage (.831) and steals (218). In 2009, <mask> was inducted into Hartford's Athletics Hall of Fame.However, his stint lasted just two months, as he was released by the club on October 26 after appearing in just nine games. Over those nine games, he averaged 9.6 points, 2.8 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.7 steals in 21.8 minutes per game. The following year, <mask> moved to Portugal where he joined Belenenses for the 2000–01 season. On the season, he averaged 26.8 points, 3.8 rebounds and 5.9 assists per game. In January 2002, <mask> signed with Sacil HLB Pavia of Italy for the rest of the 2001–02 season. In 20 games for Pavia (17 regular season, 3 playoff), he averaged 9.4 points, 2.6 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.9 steals per game. <mask> had a three-year hiatus from basketball between May 2002 and March 2005.He returned to Portugal and joined FC Porto late in the 2004–05 season. In 9 regular season games for Porto, he averaged 8.4 points, 3.2 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 1.6 steals in 23.8 minutes per game. He also played in 7 playoff games for the club, averaging 12.6 points, 2.9 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.4 steals in 23.7 minutes per game. Australia and New Zealand
On July 31, 2006, <mask> signed with the West Sydney Razorbacks for the 2006–07 NBL season. During preseason, he suffered a knee strain in a freakish accident on a golf course. He subsequently missed the first two games of the regular season. In late December, he missed a two-game North Queensland road trip due to an ankle injury.He appeared in 29 of the Razorbacks' 33 games in 2006–07, averaging 14.9 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals in 30.9 minutes per game. His efforts were in vain though as the Razorbacks finished the season in last place with a dismal 5–28 win/loss record. Following the conclusion of the Razorbacks' season, <mask> moved to New Zealand where he joined the Otago Nuggets for the 2007 New Zealand NBL season. The Nuggets, like the Razorbacks, finished last on the ladder with a 2–16 win/loss record. <mask> appeared in all 18 games for the Nuggets, averaging 23.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 2.4 steals per game. Mexico and Kazakhstan
<mask> joined Correcaminos UAT Victoria in Mexico following his stint in New Zealand, but managed just four games for the club before departing in November 2007. He later moved to Kazakhstan and signed with the Astana Tigers for the rest of the 2007–08 season, helping the team win the Kazakhstani Cup and the Kazakhstani League championship.They won the League Finals series 3–1, with <mask> scoring 25 points in Game 1 of the best-of-five series. Russia and second New Zealand stint
<mask> spent the 2008–09 season in Russia playing for Sibirtelecom Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, averaging 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 2.1 steals in 18 games. Following his stint in Russia, <mask> returned to New Zealand where he joined the Waikato Pistons for the 2009 New Zealand NBL season. He helped lead the Pistons back to the NBL Finals where they defeated the Nelson Giants 2–0, winning back-to-back championships for the second time in franchise history. <mask> earned Finals MVP honors after recording 32 points and six assists in Game 2. He appeared in all 19 games for the Pistons in 2009, averaging 19.5 points, 4.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 2.7 steals per game. Sweden
In January 2010, <mask> signed with the Sundsvall Dragons of Sweden for the rest of the 2009–10 season.In 16 games for Sundsvall, he averaged 6.3 points, 2.1 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.1 steals per game. Final season
In 2012, <mask> returned to New Zealand for one final season, this time joining the Harbour Heat. However, the season turned out to be much like the 2007 season with Otago, as the Heat finished the regular season in last place with a 3–13 win/loss record. <mask> was a bright spark for the team, winning Player of the Week honors for Round 10 after scoring a season-high 33 points on May 2 against the Manawatu Jets, and 18 points on May 5 also against the Jets. He appeared in all 16 games for the Heat in 2012, averaging 18.1 points, 3.4 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game. Post-playing career
In 2013, <mask> began teaching and coaching basketball at high schools in Florida. In 2016, <mask> returned to New Zealand and was appointed team manager of the New Zealand Breakers.In March 2017, <mask> was named in the Super City Rangers squad for the Northern Blitz tournament. He later became a teacher at Long Bay College in Auckland. In June 2020, <mask> was appointed an assistant coach for the Otago Nuggets' 2020 season. He helped guide the Nuggets to the championship. References

External links
<mask> at proballers.com
<mask> at sports-reference.com

1977 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Kazakhstan
American expatriate basketball people in Mexico
American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand
American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
Basketball players from New Jersey
Correcaminos UAT Victoria players
FC Porto basketball players
Guards (basketball)
Harbour Heat players
Hartford Hawks men's basketball players
Otago Nuggets players
People from Piscataway, New Jersey
Piscataway High School alumni
Sportspeople from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sundsvall Dragons players
Waikato Pistons players
West Sydney Razorbacks players
American men's basketball players

masks:
Justin Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
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Justin Bailey
Justin Bailey


title: Miles Browning

type: original

texts:
<mask> (April 10, 1897 – September 29, 1954) was an officer in the United States Navy in the Atlantic during World War I and in the Pacific during World War II. A pioneer in the development of aircraft carrier combat operations concepts, he is noted for his aggressive aerial warfare tactics as a captain on the  during World War II. His citation for the Distinguished Service Medal states: "His judicious planning and brilliant execution was largely responsible for the rout of the enemy Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway." Early life
<mask> was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Louise (née Smith) and New York City stockbroker <mask>, Jr. He attended public schools before his appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1914. He graduated early, commissioned Ensign with the Class of 1918 on June 29, 1917.Career
Following graduation, <mask> briefly served on the , a battleship of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. From February, 1918 he then had duty in connection with fitting out the battleship . In June 1918, he joined the French cruiser Lutetia, and was an observer aboard while she operated with Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet, through the end of the war. Following the war <mask> spent four consecutive years afloat, serving on the battleship  (flagship of the Atlantic Fleet), the destroyer , and as Engineer Officer of , and later  (destroyers operating with the U.S. Pacific Fleet). Lieutenant <mask> joined  in 1920, serving as executive officer until transferred a year later to similar duty as XO of . In January 1924, <mask> reported to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training. He showed exceptional skill in the cockpit, but also exhibited a "wild streak" which struck his squadron mates as "potentially dangerous."Designated Naval Aviator on September 29, 1924, he became one of America's earliest navy combat pilots, joining , America's first aircraft carrier, which had been converted from the collier  (whose sister ships,  and , vanished without a trace in the Bermuda Triangle area). From January 1925 until May 1927, <mask> was assigned to Observation Squadron 2, attached first to the minelayer , later to the battleship . Advanced to Operations Officer, he served for two years at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Promoted to Naval Flight Officer, he was assigned his first command in July 1929: Scouting Squadron 5S, the aviation unit of the light cruiser . During that time he performed additional duty on the staff of the commander of Light Cruiser Division Two of the Scouting Fleet (USS Trenton, flagship). As an early combat aviator, <mask> helped develop and implement fighter aircraft tactics and strategy; he also helped shape how naval warplanes were designed and built. In July 1931, he reported to the Bureau of Aeronautics to serve in the Material Division (Design), and spent the next three years helping to design and test combat aircraft.As a test pilot, he crashed a plane in 1932 and was laid up in a San Diego naval hospital. The monoplane fighters which <mask> and others piloted went through numerous upgrades in both structure and function, every design change hotly debated by men whose very lives were at stake. <mask> was part of the group of "progressives" that pushed for development of a high-performance fighter, with maneuverability secondary to speed. These men felt that a true fighter had to be fast enough to quickly overtake and shoot down enemy planes. Unfortunately for <mask> and the other progressive thinkers, the Bureau of Aeronautics continued to emphasize maneuverability, climb, and flight ceiling at the expense of speed and other characteristics that the progressives argued were more important. If the bureau had been more receptive to the emphasis on speed, the United States might have entered World War II with a more advanced high-performance fighter. In June 1934, <mask> was given command of Fighting Squadron 3B, based on the USS Langley and later on , the first American warship built from the keel up as an aircraft carrier.He served in that capacity until June 1936, when he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for postgraduate studies with additional duty at the Naval Torpedo Station there. Upon completion of his junior year, he became one of the first naval instructors at the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field in 1937, training a new generation of fighter pilots while continuing his advanced studies in combat theory, national security policy, airborne command and control and joint military operations. <mask> laid out his tactical logic in a 13-page, single-spaced, typewritten memorandum on carrier warfare prepared at the Naval War College in 1936, the year that Nazi Germany allied with Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan. <mask>'s essay briefly noted the vulnerability of carriers during the aircraft re-arming process, which he later successfully exploited during the Battle of Midway. After completing his academic work, <mask> was appointed to Admiral William F. Halsey's staff in the new billet of Air Tactical Officer. In June 1938, he joined the United States' second new aircraft carrier, , to serve as commander of Yorktowns carrier air wing. <mask> personally developed and organized the Fleet Aircraft Tactical Unit based on Yorktown, and commanded it for two additional years.When Halsey became the commander of Air Battle Forces two years later, <mask> remained on his staff as Operations and War Plans Officer and became Halsey's Chief of staff in June 1941. From the onset of U.S. involvement in World War II, <mask> provided tactical counsel to Halsey from the bridge of the flagship . As war loomed on the horizon, Halsey had <mask> prepare the crew of Enterprise and her aircraft squadrons. They were en route to Hawaii after delivering a doomed Marine Corps fighter squadron to Wake Island when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. USS Enterprise scout bombers arrived over Pearl during the attack, and immediately went into action in defense of the naval base. Six of them were shot down. The carrier reached the devastated harbor just after the attack, and put to sea again early the next morning to patrol against any additional threats to the Hawaiian Islands.(Enterprise planes sank a Japanese submarine on December 10, 1941, three days into the war.) With the United States Pacific Fleet nearly destroyed, USS Enterprise and her battle group took up forward defensive positions west of Hawaii. Eight of the fleet's nine battleships had been trapped in the harbor, four of them sunk and four heavily damaged, along with three of the fleet's eight cruisers present during the dawn attack. With her battleship force crippled, defense against further attacks on the United States and her territories was left to her three aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific: Enterprise, and the converted battlecruisers  and . Designated flagship of the Pacific Fleet, Enterprise sailed in January 1942 to protect American convoys reinforcing Samoa. Soon, though, under the aggressive leadership of Halsey and <mask>, Enterprise took up the offensive. In February and March 1942, <mask> directed numerous daring air raids on Japanese bases at Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap in the Marshall Islands, and blasted enemy installations in the Gilbert Islands, Marcus Island, and Wake Island.Halsey gave credit for much of his own remarkable military success to his chief of staff, and recommended Commander <mask> for a spot promotion to the rank of captain. So dramatic were <mask>'s air raids on Japanese island bases that Life magazine dubbed him "America's mastermind in aerial warfare." <mask>'s promotion was approved by CINCPAC that April following the "Doolittle Raid", in which <mask> himself played a role in both planning and executing. Dubbed "Jimmy Doolittle's Raid" by the American press, the daring scheme launched 16 Army Air Forces long-range bombers, led by Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, from the deck of the carrier , with Enterprise providing combat air support. The squadron dropped bombs on Tokyo and other Japanese cities on April 18, 1942, completely surprising the Japanese and giving the beleaguered American troops and public a much-needed boost in morale. Midway

Halsey suffered a severe attack of dermatitis on the Enterprise on the way back from the successful Doolittle bombing. Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Halsey's hand-picked successor, inherited <mask> and his staff just prior to the Battle of Midway.Spruance, who had commanded only a cruiser division since the beginning of the war, was concerned about leading a carrier group because he had no prior aviation or carrier experience. Halsey reassured him, telling Spruance to rely on his battle-hardened staff, especially <mask>. Unfortunately, <mask> had an abrasive personality and Spruance found it difficult to get along with his chief of staff during and after Midway. Military historian Samuel Eliot Morison referred to <mask> as "one of the most irascible officers ever to earn a fourth stripe, but he was a man with a slide-rule brain." Others said he had a "calculator brain" and "a superintellect that evoked praise – often begrudging – from his superiors." <mask> is commonly described as "crusty and brawling," clever, daring, exceptionally aggressive and uncontrollable. He was by no means a deft social mixer.He was willful, arrogant, a hard drinker, and violently tempered. Despite his unpopularity, he was respected as a brilliant tactical officer. Midway would be a critical battle for the United States and its allies, one that all parties knew might very well determine the outcome of the war in the Pacific. After the devastation of its battleships at Pearl Harbor six months earlier, the U.S. Navy was forced to place all its hopes on a small aircraft carrier force that was dwarfed by the strength of Japan's Combined Fleet. As chief of staff for Task Force 16, <mask> was charged with supporting Rear Admiral Spruance during the impending battle as the Imperial Japanese Navy, undefeated for over 350 years, bore down on Midway Island. American intelligence had decoded Japanese messages and knew roughly where the Combined Fleet would be headed. Although unaware of that breach in its radio security, the Japanese Navy changed its codes out of protocol while under sail for the strategically crucial U.S. airbase at Midway.The Imperial Fleet, under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, knew that it would meet resistance. The intention was to draw whatever was left of the American fleet into a battle wherein any remaining U.S. naval warships could be destroyed. Yamamoto's second-in-command, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the hero of Pearl Harbor, was so confident in the plan that he failed to anticipate carrier-based aerial attacks from any of America's remaining carriers, and presumed that the heavily damaged Yorktown had been sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Some accounts credit <mask>'s tactical genius and carrier operations experience with winning the battle of Midway. Spruance wanted to wait to launch fighter aircraft until the Japanese ships were within . <mask>, however, had deduced that the Japanese would commit to another strike on Midway Island and that he could catch them off guard. By ordering Enterprises aircraft to attack the Japanese task force on sight while the Japanese planes were committed to fueling and rearming operations on deck, <mask> caught the Japanese ships without adequate protection and was able to sink all four of Japan's big carriers, as he had predicted in his 1936 tactical thesis.Guadalcanal

<mask>, unfortunately, was a man of tremendous contradictions. At his moment of triumph, in the summer of 1942, he had an affair with the wife of a fellow officer, Commander Francis Massie Hughes. That breach of the Navy's sacred code for an officer, combined with his drinking and unstable temperament, would eventually derail his career and lead later chroniclers to virtually write him out of military history. Despite this damaging personal incident, <mask> resumed combat duties in October 1942, when Halsey was given command of the South Pacific theater, where Allied fortunes had turned for the worse. <mask>'s sage tactical advice helped Halsey to execute the command miracle in the Solomon Islands that reversed the declining situation in that war-swept region. Like Midway, the Guadalcanal Campaign was another critical "turning point" in the Pacific war. The first major offensive by combined Allied forces against Japanese-held territory, it was a desperate ongoing sea, air, and ground campaign requiring continual, almost daily, aircraft actions orchestrated by <mask>.Repeated Japanese counterstrikes were repelled while the entire South Pacific Force – including U.S and Allied army, navy and marine forces – was run by Halsey, <mask>, a handful of staff officers and some fifty bluejackets. Their tactics, and the sacrifices of thousands of soldiers, sailors and marines under their command, resulted in the historic naval victory at Guadalcanal in early November 1942. Again, Halsey gave <mask> credit for his success. In a New Year's Day 1943 letter to Admiral Nimitz (CINCPAC) concerning <mask>'s precarious career situation, Halsey wrote, "<mask> has an uncanny knack of sizing up a situation and coming out with an answer." Admitting that his chief of staff was "decidedly temperamental", Halsey begged Nimitz not to break up "this partnership" between himself and <mask>, writing, "I am almost superstitious about it." Several days later, however, <mask> antagonized visiting Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, earning himself another powerful enemy who then replaced <mask> over Halsey's objections. Admiral Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, and another old enemy, concurred.Halsey instead pushed for a promotion to Commodore for <mask>. In March 1943, <mask> married Jane Matthews, the woman with whom he had the 1942 affair; she was his fourth and last wife. <mask> was detached from Halsey's staff in July 1943 to become the commanding officer of the new , the namesake of the  , lost in October 1942 at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. During his tenure of command,  took part in massive aerial raids against Japanese bases in the Pacific, including Palau, Truk, and Ponape, and provided carrier-launched air support during the Allied invasion of New Guinea and the Jayapura operation. Banishment
In the spring of 1944, during a nighttime showing of a film on Hornet's hangar deck, someone discharged a CO2 canister and triggered a stampede. In the chaos, two sailors fell overboard; one of them drowned. By this time, <mask> had alienated several of his superiors, including Admirals Joseph J. Clark and Marc Mitscher, who were waiting for <mask> to make a misstep after numerous mistakes in ship-handling and general insubordination.He was also generally hated by his subordinates, in particular, the pilots, who held him responsible for numerous crashes as he enforced an unrealistically short take-off distance for the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver based on the theoretical claims of the manufacturer, instead of the practical experience of the pilots. When <mask> refused to have a boat lowered to rescue the drowning sailors, despite Admiral Clark's recommendation that he do so, a board of investigation was ordered, which criticized <mask>'s command. The ensuing ruin of his career, "one of the great wastes to the American prosecution of the war," resulted from nothing to do with combat. <mask> was removed from command of Hornet in May 1944 and reassigned to the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he taught carrier battle tactics during the final months of the war. Halsey was given command of the carrier-oriented Third Fleet during 1944–1945, but with his old chief of staff tossed onto the beach, he made grave mistakes that <mask> might well have been able to help prevent. <mask> toured Japan in 1949, and stated that radiation damage from the atomic bombs was a "myth". He pointed to gardens and a number of tall chimneys left standing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as proof that there were no long-term effects of the blasts.<mask> retired from active duty on January 1, 1947, and was retroactively promoted to rear admiral (upper half). He was appointed New Hampshire's Civil Defense Director in 1950, where he devised a plan wherein 500,000 displaced residents of Boston could be housed in New Hampshire private homes in the event of disaster. <mask> resigned from this post in 1952. On September 29, 1954, <mask> died of systemic lupus erythematosus at Chelsea Naval Hospital in Boston. He was buried on October 6, 1954, at Arlington National Cemetery. Fictional portrayals
In the 1976 film Midway, <mask> was portrayed by actor Biff McGuire. In the 1988 TV-mini series War and Remembrance, Episode 3, <mask> was portrayed by actor Michael McGuire.In the 2019 film Dauntless: The Battle of Midway, <mask> was portrayed by actor C. Thomas Howell. Awards and decorations
  Navy Distinguished Service Medal
  Silver Star
  World War I Victory Medal with Atlantic Fleet Clasp
  American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp
  American Campaign Medal
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with Silver and Bronze Engagement Stars
  World War II Victory Medal
Presidential Unit Citation, USS Enterprise
Presidential Unit Citation, USS Hornet
Naval Aviator Badge
Naval Flight Officer Badge

Personal life
On May 20, 1922, <mask> married San Francisco socialite Cathalene Isabella Parker, stepdaughter of Vice Admiral Clark H. Woodward. From 1922 to January 1924, <mask> served as Senior Patrol Officer on the cruiser USS Charleston and the destroyer , operating out of Naval Station San Diego. During that time, his only daughter, Cathalene <mask>, was born in San Diego (her son is the American comedian Chevy Chase). See also

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
Midway order of battle
Pacific War
Pacific Theater of Operations
The Two-Ocean War

References

External links
Naval Historical Center - Battle of Midway
Naval Historical Center - Naval Aviation in the Pacific (PDF file)
Naval Historical Center - USS Hornet (CV-12)

1897 births
1954 deaths
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Battle of Midway
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Deaths from lupus
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
Military personnel from New Jersey

masks:
Miles Rutherford Browning
Miles Browning
Oren Fogle Browning
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Parker Browning


title: Peter Orris

texts:
<mask> (born 1945 in Los Angeles, California) is an American political activist, Medical Doctor and Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System. Raised in New York City by his parents, Trudy and <mask>, <mask> was involved with the civil rights movement from age eleven. While known for his work in the field of medicine, <mask> is also known for his work in the Civil Rights Movement. American Civil Rights Movement

Raised by Trudy and <mask>, <mask> was involved in several aspects of the Civil Rights Movement during his youth. His first activism within the Civil Rights Movement started at age eleven, where he participated in the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, a nonviolent march which recognized the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court's decision, making segregation in schools illegal. As a child, <mask> also participated in a political activist group called Students for a Sane Nuclear Policy in order to protest atom bomb testing. In eight grade, Orris participated in the first Youth March for Integrated Schools.In ninth grade, <mask> organized a bus that took students from his high school to the second Youth March for Intergraded Schools in 1957. Later in high school, <mask> would become an intern for the National Headquarters of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. While studying biology at Harvard University, <mask> continued to be a political activist with several organizations fighting for civil rights, including Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the school's  socialist club, Students for a Democratic Society (in which he was a leader) and the Civil Rights Coordinating Committee <mask> was a master of ceremonies for a conference in Chicago which focused on resisting the draft for the Vietnam War. While a freshman in college, <mask> participated in Freedom Summer in Holmes County, Mississippi. <mask> was the second youngest volunteer with the Freedom Summer coordinated in large part by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). <mask> went through two weeks of training in Oxford, Ohio, immediately after the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner. <mask> was trained by civil rights leaders such as Bob Moses.Once in Holmes County, Mississippi, <mask> focused on voter registration campaigns. <mask> brought walkie talkies down to Mississippi with him as a means of communication with his fellow SNCC workers in rural Mississippi, unbeknownst to SNCC headquarters. After SNCC found out this was effective, <mask> worked with an engineer on behalf of SNCC to install two-way radios in all SNCC cars and in farms which had no other means of communication. They installed 50 radio communication devices while in Mississippi. Despite ongoing violence within the region, no communicators were broken, and no full-time SNCC staff members in Mississippi were killed that summer. While working in Freedom Summer, <mask> was arrested for his work in the Civil Rights Movement, and was held in jail for ten days in a LeFlore County, Mississippi jail; charges included disturbing the peace and picketing at a courthouse. While in jail, he planned and staged a hunger strike for four or five days.<mask> also participated in the Democratic National Convention where he and Fannie Lou Hamer, Unita Blackwell, Ed King, Victoria Gray Adams and Aaron Henry staged a sit in at the Democratic National Convention in hopes to receive delegate seats on behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. While unsuccessful, the sit in done by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party left longstanding impacts on the civil rights movement. Current activism
<mask> is a proponent for single-payer healthcare. In Chicago, <mask> called for the Chicago Medical Society to study the creation of single-payer healthcare plans. In 2004, <mask> attended the 46th annual Eugene V. Debs- Norman Thomas- Michael Harrington Dinner, which was titled "Building the Dump Bush Movement. In 2015, <mask> signed a letter with other doctors in support of hunger strikers with the Coalition to revitalize Dyett High School, a group with was working to make the Chicago School System work towards "Global Leadership and Green Technology" within Dyett High School. <mask> was also involved in Greenpeace, as well as a faculty advisor of the Physicians for a National Health Plan Chapter at the University of Illinois Chicago.In 2015, <mask> spoke at "Beyond the Affordable Care Act: Lessons from Other Countries", an event ran by the Healthcare Access Coalition. <mask> has been an advisor to a number of international health organizations, including the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Associations, and Healthcare without Harm. Education
After graduating from Harvard with a degree in Biology, <mask> continued his education at Yale University, graduating with a degree in Public Health in 1970. Later, he would continue to Chicago Medical School, where he would graduate with a Doctorate of Medicine in 1975. <mask> also held residencies at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County for internal medicine and preventive medicine. <mask> is also certified in Occupational Medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine. Career
<mask> has held a number of positions in the medical field, including Regional NIOSH/CDC Medical Officer for the Midwest, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai Medical Center and Northwest Community Hospital occupational medical programs, and physician in the Department of Medicine at Cook County Hospital.<mask> was also a representative of the World Federation of Public Health Associations at the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management with the World Health Organization. <mask> is currently a Professor and Chief of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Illinois in Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System. In addition, he served as a collaborative researcher for Healthcare without Harm (US and Canada Branch). <mask> also serves as the Board President of the Chicago Organizing Physicians for Social Responsibility. Specialty projects <mask> has worked with include studying Dioxin levels in Lake Charles, Maryland, where he studied the effect Dioxin had on ADD and ADHD within the area. While working with the World Health Organization, he provided technical guidance in replacing mercury based thermometers with different ones. <mask> also authored the World Federation of Public Health Association's May 2000 report on "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Human Health", which speaks on the dangers of persistent organic pollutants.<mask> has worked with a number of small communities, studying pollutants and environmental concerns, including a study in New Sarpy, Louisiana, where he studied the relationship between chemical exposure and illness within the neighborhood. <mask> was an attendee of every negotiating session of a global treaty to eliminate mercury from thermometers globally, which has resulted in the phasing out of mercury based thermometers by 2020. Awards and honors
<mask> has received a number of awards for his activism and work in the medical community, including the Paul Cornely Award at the Health Activist Dinner, a keynote speaker at the 2007 conference of the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization, and a Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Global Health from the 5th World Congress on Public Health in 2017. References

1945 births
Living people
American political activists
21st-century American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Yale University alumni
Activists from California
Physicians from California
People from Los Angeles

masks:
Peter Orris
Leo Orris
Orris
Orris
Leo Orris
Orris
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title: Laurențiu Reghecampf

texts:
<mask> (born 19 September 1975) is a Romanian professional football manager and former player, who is currently in charge of Liga I club CS Universitatea Craiova. Playing career

Club
Reghecampf was born in Târgoviște and began his career in his native city with Chindia. In the 1993–94 season, at the age of 18, <mask> was loaned to Austrian Bundesliga side SKN St. Pölten. He later joined Steaua București where he won the league title twice. One year later, <mask> was loaned to Bulgarian side Litex Lovech, with whom he won the 1999 A PFG title. In 2000, he was bought by German Bundesliga team Energie Cottbus. In 2004, he joined Alemannia Aachen, with whom he would become a fan favorite his side won promotion to the Bundesliga in his first season with the club.A few seasons later he was named captain of Alemannia. In the 2006–07 season of the German Cup, <mask> scored twice in a 4–2 victory over Bayern Munich, thus eliminating them from the competition. On 4 July 2008, he joined second-tier side 1. FC Kaiserslautern on a free transfer for the 2008–09 2. Bundesliga season, only being able to play two matches because of a gastric virus infection, announcing his retirement in 2009 after his contract had not been extended. International
<mask> <mask> made one appearance for Romania on 29 March 2003 when coach Anghel Iordănescu sent him on the field in the 62nd minute in order to replace Paul Codrea in a match which ended with a 5–2 home loss against Denmark at the Euro 2004 qualifiers. Managerial career
<mask> started his managerial career with Liga II side Snagov in 2009.At the end of 2009–10 season, he was brought at Universitatea Craiova to save the team from relegation. He ended his quest successfully, but he was not kept at Craiova for the new season. Instead, <mask> joined Gloria Bistrița. He was sacked after only 12 games because of poor results. <mask> returned to Snagov, but after only five games he was called back to Craiova, to help the team avoid relegation. He was sacked after only six games, following a conflict with several players. He started the 2011–12 season at FC Snagov, for a second spell.In December 2011, he signed a contract with Romanian Liga I club Concordia Chiajna, with the main objective to avoid relegation, after a half-season the club was above the relegation zone 17th overall when he took over. He changed almost the entire squad, bringing 17 new players, most of them from Snagov, and after a series of wins, his side finished the season in ninth place. This evolution brought the attention of his former team, Steaua București, and at the end of the season, they offered him a contract for a season. His objective was to bringt the first championship title for FCSB after a seven-year absence. In March 2013, he guided FCSB to the last 16 of the Europa League after eliminating Ajax from the competition. The first leg away finished with a 2–0 win to Ajax in Amsterdam. In the second leg home, FCSB took a 2–0 lead and the 2–2 aggregate pushed the game into extra-time.FCSB beat the Dutch side 4–2 on penalties. FCSB were eliminated by eventual winners Chelsea after winning 1–0 in the first leg at home and losing 1–3 away at Stamford Bridge. In May 2013 he mathematically won the Romanian League and later the Romanian Supercup. On 9 May 2014, FCSB and Reghecampf won their second consecutive league title. He helped FCSB to qualify for the UEFA Champions League group stages. <mask> Giurgiu. On 27 May 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Saudi Arabian side Al-Hilal.He led Al-Hilal to the AFC Champions League final five months after his appointment, by defeating Al-Ain 4–2 on aggregate in semi-finals. However, his side lost the final to Western Sydney Wanderers on a two-leg match. He was sacked on 15 February 2015 after another final loss, in the Saudi Crown Prince Cup. In August 2015, he was appointed manager of Bulgarian side Litex Lovech. In December 2015, <mask> announced his decision to leave the club to join Steaua București for the second time. In May 2017, he stepped down as manager. On 3 July 2017, <mask> was announced as the new head coach of the Emirati club Al Wahda on a 2-year deal replacing Javier Aguirre.According to sources, his salary will be $2.6 million per season plus potential bonuses up to another $1.6 million. On 16 September 2017, in his Arabian Gulf League debut, Al-Wahda defeated Dibba Al-Fujairah 5–0. In January 2019, <mask> took over as manager of relegation-threatened UAE Pro League club Al-Wasl. Eventually, he heeded them from relegation after a strong run. On 1 April 2021, <mask> was announced as the new manager of Saudi Professional League club Al Ahli. Less than two months later, after two wins, two draws and a loss, he was dismissed. On 26 July 2021, <mask> returned to his native Romania, where he signed a two-year contract to become the new manager of CS Universitatea Craiova.After finishing the previous season third in the league table, the team saw themselves in sixth position in December 2021, triggering rumours of his premature departure from the club. As a result, Reghecampf transfer-listed several first-team players, including Mihai Bălașa, Matteo Fedele, Antoni Ivanov and Mihai Roman. Managerial statistics

Football academy
In July 2015, he opened the Reghecampf Soccer Academy, which is a school for kids that want to learn how to play soccer. The academy is based in the United States and located in Henderson, Nevada. FC Kaiserslautern players
SKN St. Pölten players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Romanian expatriate football managers
FC Steaua București managers
Al Hilal SFC managers
PFC Litex Lovech managers
Al Wahda FC managers
Al-Wasl F.C. managers
Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers
Liga I managers
Saudi Professional League managers
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
UAE Pro League managers
ACF Gloria Bistrița managers
CS Concordia Chiajna managers
Expatriate football managers in Bulgaria
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates

masks:
Laurențiu Aurelian Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Laurențiu
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampftra
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf
Reghecampf


title: Geneviève-Françoise Randon de Malboissière

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask> (21 December 1746 – 22 August 1766) was a French-born poet, playwright, correspondent and multi-language translator. Biography
Geneviève-<mask> was born into a well-off Paris family. Her father was Jean-<mask> (d. 7 October 1763), cashier of the sub-farms of aid and estates successively in Amiens, Soissons, and then Tours, and her mother was <mask>pré, daughter of a secretary to the king, Louis XV of France. The couple lived in a private mansion on Rue de Paradis (Paradise Street) in Paris and raised three children: Geneviève-Françoise, the eldest, and two younger boys, Charles-<mask> and Louis-<mask>, future Vicar general of Nantes. Geneviève-Françoise, also known as <mask>, was tutored at home starting in natural history and mathematics as well as a number of languages in which she became fluent: German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek and Latin. In 1764, she began lessons in drawing and dancing. Among her instructors was the naturalist Jacques-<mask> who was hired to give her, and her cousins, a science education.According to a letter written in 1762, her enthusiasm for the theater began at the age of five after attending a performance of Inès de Castro by Antoine Houdar <mask> Motte. Later, as a passionate theater-goer, she rented a box at the Comédie-Française three times a week and at the Comédie-Italienne as well as the famed Opéra Garnier, located at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris. Avid reader
According to Sonnet, "In terms of reading, Geneviève 'devours,' closely following literary news and even getting banned books," which was a passion she shared with her mother. In correspondence, Geneviève wrote: "My mother is currently reading the Memoirs of M. d'Eon. What a madman, or rather what a reckless traitor! This work is forbidden and is not found in Paris; we have to bring it from England." She goes on to say, "If censorship forces you to be tricky by getting your supplies under the coat, you should also know to read some books very quickly, before a possible condemnation."She wrote in letters to her childhood friend <mask> Méliand, whose father was Councilor of State and whose family lived on the same block of the Marais neighborhood, that she learned this lesson in 1762 when the book she was reading was banned by judgment of the Parliament of Paris and was soon found to be "lacerated and burned." Writer
<mask> started writing by the age of 15 but reached her peak around 18, writing 33 known works in the last five years of her life. Having mastered multiple languages, she personally translated fragments of her favorite works, including The History of Scotland by William Robertson and The Origin and Advancement of the Arts and Sciences by David Hume. For her writing, Randon drew from sources both new and old. Often, she applied herself to works, both French and foreign, that she read or saw on stage and about subjects that connected her to a wide range of genres. Her significant production was credited to her exposure to a vast library of  literary and theatrical culture, as well as her mastery of multiple contemporary and ancient languages. Her writings included translations, natural history works, a dozen poems scattered throughout her correspondence, and above all plays, which for the most part, were read aloud in small gatherings or performed in society.Among her plays were at least twelve comedies, four tragedies, a pastoral, an opera libretto and a fragment of a comic opera. However, only two of her works have been published: the comedy Ilphis and Zulie, published in 1766; and her correspondence, collected posthumously and published many years later in 1866 and in 1925. During her lifetime, Randon gained international renown and the admiration of established writers Friedrich Melchior Grimm and David Hume. At the age of 18, (about 1764), she fell in love with Jean-Louis Dutartre, son of a Châtelet notary, but they never married. Death
Randon died at her home on Rue de Paradis of measles on 22 August 1766, just two months shy of her 20th birthday, and almost a year after the death of her fiancé (20 October 1765) from the same disease. Shortly after her death, noted author Friedrich Melchior Grimm marked the sad occasion in his correspondence as "a loss that deserves to be noticed." Only two of her works were published, both posthumously: the comedy Ilphis et Zulie (1766), published in a collection of texts by her former German tutor, Michaël Huber; as well as some of her correspondence with her childhood friend <mask> Méliand.Between November 1763 and December 1765, <mask> was known to have sent up to 10 letters each month to Méliand. The correspondence, published in 1866 and 1925, contained 295 exchanged letters, written between 19 August 1761 and <mask>'s death in 1766. Selected works

Published work
 1766: Ilphis and Zulie (a comedy in one act)
 1866: Laurette <mask>issière: lettres d'une jeune fille du temps de Louis XV (Laurette <mask>issière: Letters of a young girl from the time of Louis XV) (1761-1766) (correspondence)
 1925: An au xviii e  century. Letters from Geneviève <mask> to <mask> Méliand (1761-1766) (correspondence)

Unpublished work
Private archives of the Marquis de Luppé, Château de Beaurepaire, Department of Oise (France): Méliand and La Grange fonds:

 1761: Translation of Cato by Joseph Addison, 43 p. in-8. 1763: Translation of the beginning of the History of <mask> Quinte-Curce (l. III, ch. I-IX), 31 p. in-8, unpublished. 1764: Translation of From the origin and progress of the arts and sciences, by David Hume, 27 p. in-8.1764: Translation of the beginning of the History of Scotland by William Robertson, 14 p. in-fol, unpublished. nd: Sketches of songs and small verses. nd: Fragments of Grégoire, cobbler, (comic opera). nd: Translation of the beginning of the Arcadia, by Jacopo Sannazaro,

Unpublished works referenced in her letters but not yet found. 1762: Translation into English of the Manners of Saurin's time. 1762: Translation into Italian and Spanish of the Natural Son of Diderot. 1762: English translation of L'époux par supercherie de Boissy.1763: Medea (tragedy in verse). 1764: The grieving wife (tragedy in verse). 1764: The Happy Heiress (Miss Melliand's comedy reduced by five acts in two). 1764: A tender engagement goes further than we think, (comedy). 1764: The force of education, (comedy based on the novel by Father Aunillon). 1764: The young widow (comedy). 1764: The exchange (comedy).1764: The dream (comedy). 1764: Chloris (comedy in two acts). 1764: Elfrida (heroic comedy in three acts, from L'Histoire de la maison de Plantagenet de Hume). 1764: The generous rival (comedy). 1764: The speech of Adam and Eve. 1764: Farewell to Hector and Andromache (date uncertain). 1764: Amanda, November (date uncertain).1765: Jeanne Gray (tragedy in verse). 1765: Antigone (tragedy in verse). 1765: The blind man (comedy in five scenes), from a tale by Mme Riccoboni. 1765: Daphnis and Laurette (pastoral in one act and prose after Gessner). 1765: Palmir and Nisa (opera). 1765: Writings on Natural History, reviewed by Valmont <mask>. Tributes
 A marble bust of Randon was sculpted by Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne in 1768 that is preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.The museum notes that her bust includes a rose laurel garland in tribute to the character, named Laurette, who appeared in a pastoral play written by Randon. From page 106, Correspondence littéraire, philosophique et critique, by Grimm, <mask>t, Raynal, Meister, éd. M. Tourneux, Paris, Garnier Frères, 1877–1882, t. VII [sept 1766]):

“We recently made a loss that deserves to be noticed. Miss <mask> de Malboissière has just died at the flower of her age. She was about eighteen or nineteen years old. […] She was already famous in Paris for her knowledge. She understood and perfectly understood seven languages, namely: Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, German and English; she spoke modern languages perfectly.Her parents are said to be inconsolable about the loss, and it's easy to understand." References

External sources
Gargam, <mask>e, "Geneviève <mask> (1746-1766): a young polygraph in the 18th century," in Between erudition and creation, dir. P. Hummel, Paris, Ed. Philologicum, 2013, p. 77-93. Sonnet, Martine, "The Knowledge of a Quality Young Lady: Geneviève <mask> <mask>issière." in Memoire dell 'Academia delle Scienze di Torino Classe di Scienze Morali storiche e filologiche, 3, 2000, vol. 24, p. 167-185.1746 births
1766 deaths
18th-century French writers
18th-century French women writers
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French women dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Paris

masks: Françoise Marie Jeanne Picquefeu de Long


title: Emanuele Luzzati

texts:
<mask> (3 June 1921 – 26 January 2007) was an Italian painter, production designer, illustrator, film director and animator. He was nominated for Academy Awards for two of his short films, La gazza ladra (The Thieving Magpie) (1965) and Pulcinella (1973). Biography
He was born in Genoa and turned to drawing in 1938 when, as a son of a Jew (from the part of his father), his academic studies were interrupted by the introduction of the Fascist racial laws. He moved to Switzerland with his family and studied in Lausanne, where he obtained his degree at the local École des Beaux-Arts. He designed his first production of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba in 1944, a collaboration with his friends Alessandro Fersen, Aldo Trionfo and Guido Lopez. He returned to Italy after the war. His first work as an animator was the short film I paladini di Francia, together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960.He provided designs for the London Festival Ballet, the Chicago Opera House, the Vienna Staatsoper and the Glyndebourne Festival, including several Mozart productions and Verdi's Macbeth produced by Michael Hadjimischev in 1972. Luzzati was interested in tarot symbolism, which he used in scenographies for Fabrizio de André concerts in the 1990s. One of Luzzati's books (based on a theatre production) was, in the English-language version, Ronald and the Wizard Calico, a fairy tale in verse (translated English). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books, and cites Ugo Mursia Editore 1962 as the Italian language first published version. (The title in Italian is “I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganza”, which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz”.) This story is an ancient one / That minstrels often tell,
Of battles, love and treachery, / And magic things as well. The story (the English version, but with the same illustrations as the Italian original) of Ronald and the Wizard Calico, is about the knight, brave Captain Ronald, his valiant charger (a horse) called Fred, and Ronald's golden knights, who are the good guys, guarding the lovely Rosalie in their castle fort.Nearby, in a “lovely lake” Wizard Calico makes his (good) magic, and flies around on the back of his magic bluebird. However, “wicked green knights in green / [have] Crept up and hid behind a hill”. They plan to kidnap Rosalie and take her to become “the reluctant wife of Sultan Suhlimann”. Alas, Gano, a wicked traitor in Ronald's fort, makes his own magic, creating the illusion of another castle on a nearby hill: “At all the open windows there / Stood many lovely girls / With blue eyes and with hair which hung / In long and golden curls. / The damsels called to Ronald's knights / And asked round for tea, / So all the army marched away / And left poor Rosalie”. Gano opens the gates to the green knights, and rush away with Rosalie. “No doubt you'll have forgotten now / The Wizard Calico, / But luckily for everyone / He saw the traitor go.”

The plot thickens.More magic spells are cast; battle ensues; villains are brought to justice – and “Then Ronald married Rosalie, / As all had hoped he would. / So this tale has a happy end, / As all the best tales should ... / So there it is, a stirring tale, / As at the start I said. / But now it's time to close the book / And quietly go to bed”. (This antepenultimate page includes a gem-like image of Wizard Calico, himself, riding on the back of his magic bluebird, brandishing a flag with the word “END” – or “FINE” in the original Italian. Indeed!) The attractive and amusing illustrations, by <mask> Luzatti (the famous Twentieth century Italian-Swiss artist, theatre set and costume designer, film animator, and more), resemble a Punch and Judy booth and puppets, as if drawn and coloured by Georges Rouault, with a black-edged folk-naïve style and stained-glass window-like colours. (The Bayeux tapestry also comes to mind.)The third-last page in the original Italian is:
Viva Rinaldo, il vincitore, / viva la sposa sua, Biancofiore, / viva Ricardo e i paladini, / viva la chioccia col suoi pulcini, / viva il catello che non c’e piu, / viva il mago Urluberlu. [Literally, Viva, or Long live, or Hooray for Rinaldo, the winner, viva his bride, Biancifiore, viva Ricardo and his paladins or knights, long live the mother hen with her chicks, long live the chateau and there is more, long live the Urluberlu magician.] Abbasso i mori, abasso il sultano, morte, supplizio, tortura per Gano, chi vuol esser lieto sia, larga la foglia, lunga la via. [Literally, Down with the Moors, down with the Sultan; death, torture, torture to Gano, who wants be happy, the leaf wide, long the way.] The original Italian story was also in simple rhymed verse, and seems to have been about a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – Whiteflower, or Blanche – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moore. Against these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan. The catalyst for victory seems to have been the magician called Urlubulu, who may have had help from a mother hen and her chickens, possibly also magic.Clearly the English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, have slightly simplified the plot, and eliminated the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict, replacing it with gold versus green. In other words, we have a retelling, or re-imagining of one of the legends of Roland, the famous French knight, or paladin, who fought the Moors, as they were known, in Spain, and, famously, stopped the conquest of France, as recorded in the verse saga, The Song of Roland, or La Chanson de Roland, and the legendary hero of the Orlando stories, such as Orlando Furioso, retold, or re-imagined for children. Scenografo, Genoa, Tormena,1996

External links
  Luzzati Museum in Genoa

Obituary - The Guardian
Obituary - La Repubblica

1921 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Italian Jews
20th-century Italian artists
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century male artists
Italian male painters
Italian scenic designers
Italian illustrators
Italian animators
Italian animated film directors
Jewish painters
People from Alessandria
Italian expatriates in Switzerland

masks:
Emanuele Luzzati
Emanuele


title: David Letterman

texts:
<mask> (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He hosted late night television talk shows for 33 years, beginning with the February 1, 1982, debut of Late Night with <mask>man on NBC, and ending with the May 20, 2015, broadcast of Late Show with <mask>man on CBS. In total, Letterman hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, surpassing his friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late night talk show host in American television history. In 1996, <mask> was ranked 45th on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time. In 2002, The Late Show with <mask>man was ranked seventh on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. He is also a television and film producer. His company, Worldwide Pants, produced his shows as well as The Late Late Show and several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond, now in syndication.Several late-night hosts have cited <mask>'s influence, including Conan O'Brien (his successor on Late Night), Stephen Colbert (his successor on The Late Show), Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel, Jon Stewart, and Seth Meyers. <mask> currently hosts the Netflix series My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with <mask>. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1947, and has two sisters, one older and one younger. His father, Harry Joseph <mask> (April 15, 1915 – February 13, 1973), was a florist. His mother, Dorothy Marie <mask> Mengering (née Hofert; July 18, 1921 – April 11, 2017), a church secretary for the Second Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, was an occasional figure on Letterman's show, usually at holidays and birthdays. <mask> grew up on the north side of Indianapolis, in the Broad Ripple area, about 12 miles from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers.In 2000, he told an interviewer for Esquire that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph <mask> survived a heart attack at the age of 36 when <mask> was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up. The elder <mask> died of a second heart attack in 1973, at the age of 57. Letterman attended his hometown's Broad Ripple High School and worked as a stock boy at the local Atlas Supermarket. According to the Ball State Daily News, he originally wanted to attend Indiana University, but his grades were not good enough, so he instead attended Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana. He is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and graduated in 1969 from what was then the Department of Radio and Television.A self-described average student, <mask> later endowed a scholarship for what he called "C students" at Ball State. Though he registered for the draft and passed his physical after graduating from college, he was not drafted for service in Vietnam because he received a draft lottery number of 346 (out of 366). Letterman began his broadcasting career as an announcer and newscaster at the college's student-run radio station—WBST—a 10-watt campus station that is now part of Indiana Public Radio. He was fired for treating classical music with irreverence. He then became involved with the founding of another campus station—WAGO-AM 570 (now WCRD, 91.3). He credits Paul Dixon, host of the Paul Dixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while he was growing up, for inspiring his choice of career:
I was just out of college [in 1969], and I really didn't know what I wanted to do. And then all of a sudden I saw him doing it [on TV].And I thought: That's really what I want to do! Weatherman
Soon after graduating from Ball State in 1969, Letterman began his career as a radio talk show host on WNTS (AM) and on Indianapolis television station WLWI (which changed its call sign to WTHR in 1976) as an anchor and weatherman. He received some attention for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a hurricane and predicting hailstones "the size of canned hams." He also occasionally reported the weather and the day's very high and low temps for fictitious cities ("Eight inches of snow in Bingree and surrounding areas"), on another occasion saying that the state border between Indiana and Ohio had been erased when a satellite map accidentally omitted it, attributing it to dirty political dealings. ("The higher-ups have removed the border between Indiana and Ohio, making it one giant state. Personally, I'm against it. I don't know what to do about it.")He also starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late-night TV show called "Freeze-Dried Movies" (he once acted out a scene from Godzilla using plastic dinosaurs), and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday mornings called Clover Power, in which he interviewed 4-H members about their projects. In 1971, Letterman appeared as a pit road reporter for ABC Sports' tape-delayed coverage of the Indianapolis 500, which was his first nationally telecast appearance (WLWI was the local ABC affiliate at the time). He was initially introduced as Chris Economaki, but this was corrected at the end of the interview (Jim McKay announced his name as <mask>). Letterman interviewed Mario Andretti, who had just crashed out of the race. Move to Los Angeles

In 1975, encouraged by his then-wife Michelle and several of his Sigma Chi fraternity brothers, Letterman moved to Los Angeles, California, with the hope of becoming a comedy writer. He and Michelle packed their belongings in his pickup truck and headed west. As of 2012, he still owned the truck.In Los Angeles, he began performing comedy at The Comedy Store. Jimmie Walker saw him on stage; with an endorsement from George Miller, Letterman joined a group of comedians whom Walker hired to write jokes for his stand-up act, a group that at various times also included Jay Leno, Paul Mooney, Robert Schimmel, Richard Jeni, Louie Anderson, Elayne Boosler, Byron Allen, Jack Handey, and Steve Oedekerk. By the summer of 1977, <mask> was a writer and regular on the six-week summer series The Starland Vocal Band Show, broadcast on CBS. He hosted a 1977 pilot for a game show called The Riddlers (which was never picked up), and co-starred in the Barry Levinson-produced comedy special Peeping Times, which aired in January 1978. Later that year, <mask> was a cast member on Mary Tyler Moore's variety show, Mary. He made a guest appearance on Mork & Mindy (as a parody of EST leader Werner Erhard) and appearances on game shows such as The $20,000 Pyramid, The Gong Show, Hollywood Squares, Password Plus, and Liar's Club, as well as the Canadian cooking show Celebrity Cooks (November 1977), talk shows such as 90 Minutes Live (February 24 and April 14, 1978), and The Mike Douglas Show (April 3, 1979 and February 7, 1980). He was also screen tested for the lead role in the 1980 film Airplane!, a role that eventually went to Robert Hays.<mask>'s brand of dry, sarcastic humor caught the attention of scouts for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and he was soon a regular guest on the show. He became a favorite of Carson and was a regular guest host for the show beginning in 1978. Letterman credits Carson as the person who influenced his career the most. NBC

Morning show

On June 23, 1980, <mask> was given his own morning comedy show on NBC, The David Letterman Show. It was originally 90 minutes long but was shortened to 60 minutes in August 1980. The show was a critical success, winning two Emmy Awards, but was a ratings disappointment and was canceled, the last show airing October 24, 1980. Late Night with <mask>man

NBC kept <mask> on its payroll to try him in a different time slot.Late Night with <mask>man debuted February 1, 1982; the first guest was Bill Murray. Murray went on to become one of Letterman's most recurrent guests, guesting on his later CBS show's celebration of his 30th anniversary in late-night television, which aired January 31, 2012, and on the final CBS show, which aired May 20, 2015. The show ran Monday through Thursday nights at 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time, immediately following The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (a Friday night broadcast was added in June 1987). It was seen as edgy and unpredictable, and soon developed a cult following (particularly among college students). <mask>'s reputation as an acerbic interviewer was borne out in verbal sparring matches with Cher (who even called him an "asshole" on the show), Shirley MacLaine, Charles Grodin, and Madonna. The show also featured comedy segments and running characters, in a style heavily influenced by the 1950s and 1960s programs of Steve Allen. The show often featured quirky, genre-mocking regular features, including "Stupid Pet Tricks" (which had its origins on Letterman's morning show), Stupid Human Tricks, dropping various objects off the roof of a five-story building, demonstrations of unorthodox clothing (such as suits made of Alka-Seltzer, Velcro and suet), a recurring Top 10 list, the Monkey-Cam (and the Audience Cam), a facetious letter-answering segment, several "Film[s] by My Dog Bob" in which a camera was mounted on <mask>'s own dog (often with comic results) and Small Town News, all of which moved with <mask> to CBS.Other episodes included <mask> using a bullhorn to interrupt a live interview on The Today Show on August 19, 1985, announcing that he was the NBC News president Lawrence K. Grossman and that he was not wearing any pants; walking across the hall to Studio 6B, at the time the news studio for WNBC-TV, and interrupting Al Roker's weather segments during Live at Five; and staging "elevator races", complete with commentary by NBC Sports' Bob Costas. In one appearance, in 1982, Andy Kaufman (who was wearing a neck brace) appeared with professional wrestler Jerry Lawler, who slapped and knocked the comedian to the ground (Lawler and Kaufman's friend Bob Zmuda later revealed that the incident was staged). CBS

Late Show with <mask>man

In 1992, Johnny Carson retired and many fans believed that <mask> would become host of The Tonight Show. When NBC instead gave the job to Jay Leno, <mask> departed NBC to host his own late-night show on CBS, opposite The Tonight Show at 11:30 p.m., called the Late Show with <mask>. The new show debuted on August 30, 1993, and was taped at the historic Ed Sullivan Theater, where Ed Sullivan broadcast his eponymous variety series from 1948 to 1971. For <mask>'s arrival, CBS spent $8 million in renovations. CBS also signed <mask> to a three-year, $14 million/year contract, doubling his Late Night salary.But while the expectation was that <mask> would retain his unique style and sense of humor with the move, Late Show was not an exact replica of his old NBC program. The monologue was lengthened. Paul Shaffer and the World's Most Dangerous Band followed Letterman to CBS, but they added a brass section and were rebranded the CBS Orchestra (at Shaffer's request); a small band had been mandated by Carson while Letterman occupied the 12:30 slot. Additionally, because of intellectual property disagreements, <mask> was unable to import many of his Late Night segments verbatim, but he sidestepped this problem by simply renaming them (the "Top Ten List" became the "Late Show Top Ten", "Viewer Mail" became the "CBS Mailbag", etc.). Time magazine wrote, "<mask>'s innovation ... gained power from its rigorous formalism"; as his biographer Jason Zinoman puts it, he was "a fascinatingly disgruntled eccentric trapped inside a more traditional talk show." Popularity
The  Late Show's main competitor was NBC's The Tonight Show, which Jay Leno hosted for 22 years, except from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, when Conan O'Brien hosted. In 1993 and 1994, the Late Show consistently gained higher ratings than The Tonight Show.But in 1995, ratings dipped and Leno's show consistently beat <mask>'s in the ratings from the time that Hugh Grant came on Leno's show after Grant's arrest for soliciting a prostitute. Leno typically attracted about five million nightly viewers between 1999 and 2009. The Late Show lost nearly half its audience during its competition with Leno, attracting 7.1 million viewers nightly in its 1993–94 season and about 3.8 million per night as of Leno's departure in 2009. In the final months of his first stint as host of The Tonight Show, Leno beat <mask> in the ratings by a 1.3 million-viewer margin (5.2 million to 3.9 million), and Nightline and the Late Show were virtually tied. Once O'Brien took over Tonight, Letterman closed the gap in the ratings. O'Brien initially drove the median age of Tonight Show viewers from 55 to 45, with most older viewers opting to watch the Late Show instead. After Leno returned to The Tonight Show, Leno regained his lead.<mask>'s shows have garnered both critical and industry praise, receiving 67 Emmy Award nominations, winning 12 times in his first 20 years in late night television. From 1993 to 2009, <mask> ranked higher than Leno in the annual Harris Poll of Nation's Favorite TV Personality 12 times. For example, in 2003 and 2004 <mask> ranked second in that poll, behind only Oprah Winfrey, a year that Leno was ranked fifth. Leno was higher than <mask> on that poll three times during the same period, in 1998, 2007, and 2008. Hosting the Academy Awards
On March 27, 1995, <mask> hosted the 67th Academy Awards ceremony. Critics blasted what they deemed his poor performance, noting that his irreverent style undermined the traditional importance and glamor of the event. In a joke about their unusual names (inspired by a celebrated comic essay in The New Yorker, "Yma Dream" by Thomas Meehan), he started off by introducing Uma Thurman to Oprah Winfrey, and then both of them to Keanu Reeves: "Oprah...Uma.Uma...Oprah," "Have you kids met Keanu?" This and many of his other jokes fell flat. Although Letterman attracted the highest ratings to the annual telecast since 1983, many felt that the bad publicity he generated caused a decline in the Late Shows ratings. <mask> recycled the apparent debacle into a long-running gag. On his first show after the Oscars, he joked, "Looking back, I had no idea that thing was being televised." He lampooned his stint two years later, during Billy Crystal's opening Oscar skit, which also parodied the plane-crashing scenes from that year's chief nominated film, The English Patient. For years afterward, Letterman recounted his hosting the Oscars, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continued to hold <mask> in high regard and invited him to host the Oscars again.On September 7, 2010, he made an appearance on the premiere of the 14th season of The View, and confirmed that he had been considered for hosting again. Heart surgery hiatus
On January 14, 2000, a routine check-up revealed that an artery in <mask>'s heart was severely obstructed. He was rushed to emergency surgery for a quintuple bypass at New York Presbyterian Hospital. During the initial weeks of his recovery, reruns of the Late Show were shown and introduced by friends of Letterman including Norm Macdonald, Drew Barrymore, Ray Romano, Robin Williams, Bonnie Hunt, Megan Mullally, Bill Murray, Regis Philbin, Charles Grodin, Nathan Lane, Julia Roberts, Bruce Willis, Jerry Seinfeld, Martin Short, Steven Seagal, Hillary Clinton, Danny DeVito, Steve Martin, and Sarah Jessica Parker. Subsequently, while still recovering from surgery, Letterman revived the late-night talk show tradition of "guest hosts" that had virtually disappeared on network television during the 1990s, allowing Bill Cosby, Kathie Lee Gifford, Dana Carvey, Janeane Garofalo, and others to host new episodes of the Late Show.

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title: David Letterman

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 Upon his return to the show on February 21, 2000, Letterman brought all but one of the doctors and nurses on stage who had participated in his surgery and recovery (with extra teasing of a nurse who had given him bed baths—"This woman gave me a bath! "), including Dr. O. Wayne Isom and physician Louis Aronne, who frequently appeared on the show.In a show of emotion, <mask> was nearly in tears as he thanked the health care team with the words "These are the people who saved my life!" The episode earned an Emmy nomination. For a number of episodes, <mask> continued to crack jokes about his bypass, including saying, "Bypass surgery: it's when doctors surgically create new blood flow to your heart. A bypass is what happened to me when I didn't get The Tonight Show! It's a whole different thing." In a later running gag, he lobbied Indiana to rename the freeway circling Indianapolis (I-465) "The David Letterman Bypass". He also featured a montage of faux news coverage of his bypass surgery, which included a clip of <mask>'s heart for sale on the Home Shopping Network.Letterman became friends with his doctors and nurses. In 2008, a Rolling Stone interview stated he hosted a doctor and nurse who'd helped perform the emergency quintuple-bypass heart surgery that saved his life in 2000. 'These are people who were complete strangers when they opened my chest,' he says. 'And now, eight years later, they're among my best friends.' Additionally, Letterman invited the band Foo Fighters to play "Everlong", introducing them as "my favorite band, playing my favorite song." During <mask>'s last show, on which Foo Fighters appeared, <mask> said that Foo Fighters had been in the middle of a South American tour which they canceled to come play on his comeback episode. Letterman again handed over the reins of the show to several guest hosts (including Bill Cosby, Brad Garrett, Whoopi Goldberg, Elvis Costello, John McEnroe, Vince Vaughn, Will Ferrell, Bonnie Hunt, Luke Wilson, and bandleader Paul Shaffer) in February 2003, when he was diagnosed with a severe case of shingles.Later that year, <mask> made regular use of guest hosts—including Tom Arnold and Kelsey Grammer—for new shows broadcast on Fridays. In March 2007, Adam Sandler, who had been scheduled to be the lead guest, served as a guest host while <mask> was ill with a stomach virus. Re-signing with CBS

In March 2002, as <mask>'s contract with CBS neared expiration, ABC offered him the time slot for long-running news program Nightline with Ted Koppel. <mask> was interested, as he believed he could never match Leno's ratings at CBS due to <mask>'s complaint of weaker lead-ins from the network's late local news programs, but was reluctant to replace Koppel. He addressed his decision to re-sign on the air, stating that he was content at CBS and that he had great respect for Koppel. On December 4, 2006, CBS revealed that Letterman signed a new contract to host Late Show with <mask>man through the fall of 2010. "I'm thrilled to be continuing on at CBS," said <mask>."At my age you really don't want to have to learn a new commute." Letterman further joked about the subject by pulling up his right pants leg, revealing a tattoo, presumably temporary, of the ABC logo. "Thirteen years ago, <mask>man put CBS late night on the map and in the process became one of the defining icons of our network," said Leslie Moonves, president and CEO of CBS Corporation. "His presence on our air is an ongoing source of pride, and the creativity and imagination that the Late Show puts forth every night is an ongoing display of the highest quality entertainment. We are truly honored that one of the most revered and talented entertainers of our time will continue to call CBS 'home.'" According to a 2007 article in Forbes magazine, Letterman earned $40 million a year. A 2009 article in The New York Times, however, said his salary was estimated at $32 million.In June 2009, Letterman's Worldwide Pants and CBS reached an agreement to continue the Late Show until at least August 2012. The previous contract had been set to expire in 2010, and the two-year extension was shorter than the typical three-year contract period negotiated in the past. Worldwide Pants agreed to lower its fee for the show, though it had remained a "solid moneymaker for CBS" under the previous contract. On the February 3, 2011, edition of the Late Show, during an interview with Howard Stern, <mask> said he would continue to do his talk show for "maybe two years, I think." In April 2012, CBS announced it had extended its contract with <mask> through 2014. His contract was subsequently extended to 2015. Retirement from Late Show
During the taping of his show on April 3, 2014, <mask> announced that he had informed CBS president Leslie Moonves that he would retire from hosting Late Show by May 20, 2015.Later in his retirement <mask> occasionally stated, in jest, that he had been fired. It was announced soon after that comedian and political satirist Stephen Colbert would succeed <mask>. <mask>'s last episode aired on May 20, 2015, and opened with a presidential sendoff featuring four of the five living American presidents, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, each mimicking the late president Gerald Ford's statement "Our long national nightmare is over." It also featured cameos from The Simpsons and Wheel of Fortune (the latter with a puzzle saying "Good riddance to <mask>"), a Top Ten List of "things I wish I could have said to <mask>" performed by regular guests including Alec Baldwin, Barbara Walters, Steve Martin, Jerry Seinfeld, Jim Carrey, Chris Rock, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Peyton Manning, Tina Fey, and Bill Murray, and closed with a montage of scenes from both his CBS and NBC series set to a live performance of "Everlong" by Foo Fighters. The final episode of Late Show with <mask>man was watched by 13.76 million viewers in the United States with an audience share of 9.3/24, earning the show its highest ratings since following the 1994 Winter Olympics on February 25, 1994, and the show's highest demo numbers (4.1 in adults 25–54 and 3.1 in adults 18–49) since Oprah Winfrey's first Late Show appearance following the ending of her feud with <mask> on December 1, 2005. Bill Murray, who had been his first guest on Late Night, was his final guest on Late Show. In a rarity for a late-night show, it was also the highest-rated program on network television that night, beating out all prime-time shows.In total, <mask> hosted 6,080 episodes of Late Night and Late Show, surpassing friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late-night talk show host in U.S. television history. Post-Late Show

In the months following the end of Late Show, <mask> was seen occasionally at sports events such as the Indianapolis 500, during which he submitted to an interview with a local publication. He made a surprise appearance on stage in San Antonio, Texas, when he was invited up for an extended segment during Steve Martin's and Martin Short's A Very Stupid Conversation show, saying "I retired, and...I have no regrets," Letterman told the crowd after walking on stage. "I was happy. I'll make actual friends. I was complacent. I was satisfied.I was content, and then a couple of days ago Donald Trump said he was running for president. I have made the biggest mistake of my life, ladies and gentlemen" and then delivering a Top Ten List roasting Trump's presidential campaign followed by an onstage conversation with Martin and Short. Cellphone recordings of the appearance were posted on YouTube by audience members and widely reported in the media. In 2016, <mask> joined the climate change documentary show Years of Living Dangerously as one of its celebrity correspondents. In season two's premiere episode, Letterman traveled to India to investigate the country's efforts to expand its inadequate energy grid, power its booming economy, and bring electricity to 300 million citizens for the first time. He also interviewed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and traveled to rural villages where power is a scarce luxury and explored the United States' role in India's energy future. On April 7, 2017, Letterman gave the induction speech for the band Pearl Jam into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame at a ceremony held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York City.Also in 2017, <mask> and Alec Baldwin co-hosted The Essentials on Turner Classic Movies. <mask> and Baldwin introduced seven films for the series. Netflix
In 2018, Letterman began hosting a six-episode monthly series of hour-long programs on Netflix consisting of long-form interviews and field segments. The show, My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with <mask>, premiered January 12, 2018, with Barack Obama as its first guest. The second season premiered on May 31, 2019. Season 3 premiered on October 21, 2020, and includes Kim Kardashian West, Robert Downey Jr., Dave Chappelle and Lizzo as guests. Notable exchanges and incidents

 NBC and Johnny Carson
In spite of Johnny Carson's clear intention to pass his title to <mask>, NBC selected Jay Leno to host The Tonight Show after Carson's departure.<mask> maintained a close relationship with Carson through his break with NBC. Three years after he left for CBS, HBO produced a made-for-television movie called The Late Shift, based on a book by The New York Times reporter Bill Carter, chronicling the battle between <mask> and Leno for the Tonight Show hosting spot. Carson later made a few cameo appearances as a guest on <mask>'s show. Carson's final television appearance was on May 13, 1994, on a Late Show episode taped in Los Angeles, when he made a surprise appearance during a Top 10 list segment. In early 2005, it was revealed that Carson occasionally sent jokes to <mask>, who used them in his monologue; according to CBS senior vice president Peter Lassally (a onetime producer for both men), Carson got "a big kick out of it." <mask> would do a characteristic Carson golf swing after delivering one of his jokes. In a tribute to Carson, all the opening monologue jokes during the first show after Carson's death were by Carson.Lassally also claimed that Carson had always believed <mask>, not Leno, to be his "rightful successor". During the early years of the Late Shows run, <mask> occasionally used some of Carson's trademark bits, including "Carnac the Magnificent" (with Paul Shaffer as Carnac), "Stump the Band", and the "Week in Review". Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey appeared on <mask>'s show when he was hosting NBC's Late Night on May 2, 1989. After that appearance, the two had a 16-year feud that arose, as Winfrey explained to <mask> after it had been resolved, as a result of the acerbic tone of their 1989 interview, of which she said that it "felt so uncomfortable to me that I didn't want to have that experience again". The feud apparently ended on December 2, 2005, when Winfrey appeared on CBS's Late Show with <mask>man in an event <mask> jokingly called "the Super Bowl of Love". Winfrey and <mask> also appeared together in a Late Show promo aired during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLI in February 2007, with the two sitting next to each other on a couch watching the game. Since the game was played between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, the Indianapolis-born Letterman wore a Peyton Manning jersey, while Winfrey, whose show was taped in Chicago, wore a Brian Urlacher jersey.On September 10, 2007, <mask> made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Three years later, during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLIV between the Colts and the New Orleans Saints, the two appeared again in a Late Show promo, this time with Winfrey sitting on a couch between <mask> and Leno. Letterman wore the retired  70 jersey of Art Donovan, a member of the Colts' Hall of Fame and a regular <mask> guest. The appearance was <mask>'s idea: Leno flew to New York City on an NBC corporate jet, sneaking into the Ed Sullivan Theater during the Late Shows February 4 taping wearing a disguise and meeting Winfrey and <mask> at a living room set created in the theater's balcony, where they taped their promo. Winfrey interviewed <mask> in January 2013 on Oprah's Next Chapter. They discussed their feud and Winfrey revealed that she had had a "terrible experience" while appearing on <mask>'s show years earlier. Letterman could not recall the incident but apologized.2007–2008 writers' strike
Late Show went off air for eight weeks in 2007 during November and December because of the Writers Guild of America strike. Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, was the first company to make an individual agreement with the WGA, allowing his show to come back on the air on January 2, 2008. In his first episode back, he surprised the audience with a newly grown beard, which signified solidarity with the strike. His beard was shaved off during the show on January 7, 2008. Palin joke
On June 8 and 9, 2009, Letterman told two sexually themed jokes about a daughter (never named) of Sarah Palin on his TV show. These included a statutory rape joke about Palin's then 14-year-old daughter, Willow, and MLB player Alexander Rodriguez Palin was in New York City at the time with Willow, and none of her other children were at the game. Some contemporaries questioned the racial connotations of joking about a Latino player of Dominican descent committing statutory rape.In a statement posted on the Internet, Palin said, "I doubt [<mask> would] ever dare make such comments about anyone else's daughter" and that "laughter incited by sexually perverted comments made by a 62-year-old male celebrity aimed at a 14-year-old girl is disgusting." On his June 10 show, <mask> responded to the controversy, saying the jokes were meant to be about Palin's 18-year-old daughter, Bristol, whose pregnancy as an unmarried teenager had caused some controversy during the United States presidential election of 2008. "These are not jokes made about [Palin's] 14-year-old daughter ... I would never, never make jokes about raping or having sex of any description with a 14-year-old girl." His remarks did not end public criticism. The National Organization for Women (NOW) released a statement supporting Palin, noting that <mask> had made "[only] something of an apology." When the controversy failed to subside, <mask> addressed the issue again on his June 15 show, faulting himself for the error and apologizing "especially to the two daughters involved, Bristol and Willow, and also to the governor and her family and everybody else who was outraged by the joke."Rodriguez demanded an apology for implying that he was a child molester. Letterman never specifically apologized to Rodriguez. Al-Qaeda death threat
On August 17, 2011, it was reported that an Islamist militant had posted a death threat against <mask> on a website frequented by Al-Qaeda supporters, calling on American Muslims to kill him for making a joke about the death of Ilyas Kashmiri, an Al-Qaeda leader who was killed in a June 2011 drone strike in Pakistan. In his August 22 show, Letterman joked about the threat, saying "State Department authorities are looking into this. They're not taking this lightly. They're looking into it. They're questioning, they're interrogating, there's an electronic trail—but everybody knows it's Leno."Appearances in other media

<mask> appeared in the pilot episode of the short-lived 1986 series Coach Toast, and appears with a bag over his head as a guest on Bonnie Hunt's 1990s sitcom The Building. He appeared in The Simpsons as himself in a couch gag when the Simpsons find themselves (and the couch) in Late Night with <mask>. He had a cameo in the feature film Cabin Boy, with Chris Elliott, who

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