title: A. Gary Klesch

texts:
A<mask> (born 1947) is an Anglo-American entrepreneur, who in 1990 founded the Klesch Group, a global industrial company, based in Geneva, Switzerland, which he owns and chairs. The Klesch Group of companies has interests in metals, mining, oil and gas, power generation, chemicals and other traditional "heavy" industries. Klesch specializes in principal investing in companies that are operating below their full potential. <mask> is a leading proponent of "value investing", and speaks regularly to professional audiences around the world as an expert in the field of business restructuring, recovery and growth. According to The Economist, "Europe needs people like Mr. Klesch. Its protected firms have been able to ignore basic business principles for too long. With fresh money, Mr. Klesch brings discipline and fresh ideas."Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1947 and educated by Jesuits. He graduated from John Carroll University in 1968 with a B.A. in Political Science. Career
After finishing his studies, <mask>'s first job was at Paine Webber in Cleveland, as a margin clerk. He was tasked with sorting slips of paper in the back office and earned less than $10,000 a year. In 1969, aged 22, <mask> joined McDonald & Company, then one of the largest regional investment banking firms, based in Cleveland, Ohio, as an associate. In his interview with founder Bertram McDonald, <mask> was told that if he worked hard, he would be a Partner in fifteen to twenty years’ time.After leaving the interview, his immediate reaction was, "No way, no way I’m going to wait that long" and plunged into his job in the syndicate department. Two years later, aged 24, <mask> was made McDonald & Company's youngest-ever Partner. <mask> then came to the attention of Bill Simon, who had just been appointed Secretary of the Treasury under President Gerald Ford, and in 1975, aged 28, he was appointed Director of Capital Markets Policy. In this role he contributed to the development of a new model of financial regulation and in effect became Washington’s man in charge of Wall Street. <mask>’s responsibilities included developing the legislation that set in motion the deregulation of the securities and financial services industries in the United States and which ultimately resulted in Wall Street’s "Big Bang". During this time, he also travelled to Europe, Japan and the Middle East to talk about capital markets and deregulation. Whilst at the Treasury Department, <mask> also served as the Ford Administration's representative in negotiations leading to US Government loans and guarantees to various financially troubled entities, including Lockheed and New York City.He also served as the US Government's representative on the Board of the United States Railway Association, where he played a significant role in the negotiation and reorganization of troubled railroad companies, most notably the Penn Central Corporation, which collapsed in the early 1970s and was then the world's largest insolvency. Additionally, he was responsible for finding private finance for the space shuttle. In 1978, after two and half years in Washington, <mask> took a sabbatical and then joined the management of Smith Barney Harris Upham & International , the Wall Street securities house, in Paris. He was given the role of Director responsible for Middle East development. In 1980, he was appointed President of the brokerage firm Dean Witter Reynolds Overseas Ltd. in London, where he was responsible for all of the firms’ international activities. Under his presidency, the firm grew from 10 employees to over 200 and steadily rose up the Eurobond league tables. In 1982, <mask> won the Eurobond's best syndicate manager award.Setting up Dean Witter Overseas had given <mask> the confidence he needed, and two years after joining, <mask> decided to leave to create his own investment company. Quadrex
In 1983, <mask> set up Quadrex, which started in the Euromarkets but soon moved into acquisition finance, leverage buyouts and restructurings. The firm had operations in both London and New York. The firm enjoyed success quickly, with <mask> commenting as Chairman a year later that "we are very pleased with our accomplishments during our first year of operation. We have been very fortunate to attract both clients and personnel who appreciate the importance of innovative customer service in the international capital markets and who have helped us begin to develop a reputation in fulfilling these needs." The company reported net assets of £5.3million operating with a share capital of £4million. Quadrex Holdings first subsidiary, Quadrex Securities Ltd. specialized in international financial transactions.Its first deal as lead manager was an issue for the U.S conglomerate Transamerica of "Eurotreasury" warrants. This was an attempt to create a vehicle for trading in Europe what would have been in effect options on long-term US Treasury Bonds. In spite of the issue being heavily advertised on the day, the offer was cancelled several hours later as demand proved insufficient. However, two days later, Merrill Lynch Capital Markets and Salomon Brothers Inc. unit of Philbro-Salmon duplicated the Transamerica Treasury warrant offering in almost every aspect except the price. After duplicating <mask>'s idea, Hans Georg Hofmann , executive director of Merrill Lynch International said "He (<mask>) was the first who had the guts to try it but in circumstances that made it difficult to succeed. In 1987, <mask> was recognized as the acknowledged developer of "EuroTreasury" Warrants with the Institutional Investor award for best idea. Following on from its first deal, Quadrex Securities Ltd. managed a series of other deals in 1984, including the $50 million 10 year issue for Equitable Bancorp and its first international deal, Citicorp’s $100 million offering of two year extendable bonds.By early 1985, <mask> had begun to look beyond Eurobond trading and started to undertake a series of acquisitions for his investment group including the first leveraged buyout of a public company in the United Kingdom, the tender offer for R P Martin PLC, one of the largest foreign exchange brokers in the world. Also in 1985, Quadrex Securities Ltd., announced the offering of the first Euro-sterling zero coupon obligations backed by United Kingdom government securities, a new financial instrument to the securities market. The securities, known as STAGS (Sterling Transferable Accruing Government Securities), were issued in the Euro-sterling sector of the Eurobond market. However, the technique which had proved successful in the United States failed to attract enough attention and was withdrawn shortly after they were launched. After this, <mask> bought Polymer Corp, a maker of plastic parts, in 1986, and BoreSteel, a steel company in 1987 in an attempt to diversify Quadrex away from finance. He also drew up a plan for a consortium bid to break up Pearson PLC, the conglomerate that owned the Financial Times, although theoretically sound the plan was leaked to the media and appeared superficial and therefore ultimately failed. By 1990 Quadrex Holdings had been wound down and was officially dissolved in 1999.It was a victim of the decline in the bond market and had also become entangled in a lawsuit with British & Commonwealth Holdings PLC over the acquisition of the money broking side of financial service group, Mercantile House. Klesch Group
In 1990, <mask> founded Klesch & Company Limited to specialize in distressed and turnaround investing. During the last decade, Klesch & Co. has been involved in a number of high-profile deals, and today is a global industrials commodities business with three divisions specializing in the production and trading of chemicals, metals and oil. It employs more than 4,500 people across 40 locations in over 16 different countries. Its turnover is in excess $5 billion. Corporate activity
 1993: acquisition of DAF, Dutch truck manufacturer
 1996: acquisition of TC Farries, Scottish bookseller
 1998: acquisition of Knickerbox, a British lingerie chain, and of Myrys, a French shoemaker
 2009: acquisition of Delfzijl steelworks in Netherlands and of Heide refinery in Germany (from Shell)
 July 2012: acquisition of Kem One, vinyls activities of the French Arkema Group
 February 2013: acquisition of Groupe Leali, an Italian steel producer
 January 2022: acquisition of Kalundborg Refinery and its terminal located in Hedehusene in Denmark (from Equinor)

Criticism
Unions and European local politicians fear the worst from <mask>, as shown by the example of unions at Alcoa's, Sardinian steel factory, whose employees protested against a possible takeover by Klesh & Company Limited. This is due to its reputation as a "vulture capitalist" conveyed in the press and the closing of several acquisitions made by <mask>ch for which the businessman pledged to boost the activity, as the example of Kem One company.In 2012, Klesch & Co bought the vinyl business division of Arkema for one symbolic euro, which he later renamed "Kem One S.A." <mask> claimed that the raw materials industry is subject to a bright future and said that the group Klesch & Co had the expertise to improve the efficiency of industrial processes and trade with amenities. In the transaction, Arkema took charge of its 587 million loss from the pole and offered a treasury of 100 million euros to help stimulate activity. 8 months later, the company was declared insolvent, threatening more than 1,300 jobs. French unions suspect him to have placed Arkema money in its financial holdings registered in Jersey, Malta or Bermuda. References

Living people
American businesspeople
1947 births
John Carroll University alumni

masks:
. Gary Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Klesch
Gary Klesch
Gary Kles
Klesch


title: Dana Wynter

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born Dagmar Winter; 8 June 19315 May 2011) was a German-born British actress, who was raised in the United Kingdom and southern Africa. She appeared in film and television for more than 40 years, beginning in the 1950s. Her best-known film performance was in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). A tall, dark, elegant beauty, she played both victim and villain. Her characters both in film and on television sometimes faced horrific dangers which they often did not survive, but she also played scheming, manipulative women on television mysteries and crime procedural dramas. Early life
Wynter was born in Berlin, Germany, the daughter of Dr. Peter Winter, a British surgeon of German descent, and his wife Jutta Oarda, a native of Hungary. She grew up in Britain.When she was 16, her father visited friends in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe today), fell in love with the country, and brought his daughter and her stepmother to live with him there. <mask> (as she called herself and pronounced Donna) later enrolled at South Africa's Rhodes University in 1949. She studied medicine while also pursuing theatre, playing the blind girl in a school production of Through a Glass Darkly, a role in which she said she had been "terrible". After a year of studies, she returned to Britain and turned to acting. Career

British films
<mask> began her cinema career at age 20 in 1951, playing small roles, often uncredited, in British films. One such was Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) in which other future leading ladies, Kay Kendall, Diana Dors, and Joan Collins played similarly small roles. She was appearing in the play Hammersmith when an American agent told her he wanted to represent her.She was again uncredited when she played Morgan Le Fay's servant in the MGM film Knights of the Round Table (1953). Wynter left for New York on 5 November 1953, Guy Fawkes Day (which commemorates a failed attempt in 1605 to blow up Parliament). "There were all sorts of fireworks going off," she later told an interviewer, "and I couldn't help thinking it was a fitting send-off for my departure to the New World." New York
Wynter had more success in New York than in London. She appeared on the stage and on TV, where she had leading roles in Robert Montgomery Presents (1953), Suspense (1954), Studio One (1955), a 1963 episode of The Virginian ("If You Have Tears"), and a 1965 episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour ("An Unlocked Window"), which won an Edgar Award. 20th Century Fox
She moved to Hollywood, where in 1955 she was placed under contract by 20th Century Fox. In that same year, she won the Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer, a title she shared with Anita Ekberg and Victoria Shaw.She graduated to playing major roles in major films. She co-starred with Kevin McCarthy, Larry Gates, and Carolyn Jones, playing Becky Driscoll in the original film version of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). She starred opposite Robert Taylor in D-Day the Sixth of June (1956), alongside Rock Hudson and Sidney Poitier in Something of Value (1957), Mel Ferrer in Fräulein (1958), Robert Wagner in In Love and War (1958), James Cagney and Don Murray in Shake Hands with the Devil (1959) and the last of her 20th Century Fox contract roles opposite Kenneth More in Sink the Bismarck! (1960). 1960s
She then starred opposite Danny Kaye in On the Double (1961), and George C. Scott in The List of Adrian Messenger (1963). In shooting two films in Ireland, she made a second home there with her husband, Hollywood divorce lawyer Greg Bautzer. Over the following two decades, she guest-starred in dozens of television series, including the title character in several Wagon Train episodes, such as "The Barbara Lindquist Story", and in occasional roles in films such as Airport (1970).She appeared as various British women in the ABC television series Twelve O'Clock High (1964–66). In 1966–67, she co-starred with Robert Lansing (who had been the original star of Twelve O'Clock High) on The Man Who Never Was, but the series lasted only one season. She guest-starred in 1968 in The Invaders in the episode "The Captive", and in 1969, on the second version of The Donald O'Connor Show. On Get Smart, The Rockford Files, and Hart to Hart, she played beautiful, upper-class schemers and villains. Later career
She appeared in the Irish soap opera, Bracken (1978–80). In 1993, she returned to television to play Raymond Burr's wife in The Return of Ironside. Personal life

In 1956, Wynter married celebrity divorce lawyer Greg Bautzer: they divorced in 1981.Bautzer and she had one child: Mark Ragan Bautzer, born on 29 January 1960. <mask>, once referred to as Hollywood's "oasis of elegance", divided her time between her homes in California and Glendalough, County Wicklow, Ireland. An anti-apartheid advocate, she refused to open a performance center in South Africa because she discovered that black and white children would have to attend on alternate days. She also planned to make a film criticising the policy, which was to have been written by an American and filmed in Australia. In the late 1980s, Wynter authored the column "Grassroots" for The Guardian newspaper in London. Writing in both Ireland and California, her works concentrated mainly on life in both locations leading her to use the titles Irish Eyes and California Eyes for a number of her publications. In July 2008 Wynter was involved in a legal dispute over the proceeds of the sale of a €125,000 Paul Henry painting, Evening on Achill Sound.The painting, which hung in the family home in County Wicklow, was said to have been bought for her in 1996 by her son as a gift. The dispute was resolved in the High Court in 2009. <mask> died on 5 May 2011 from congestive heart failure at the Ojai Valley Community Hospital's Continuing Care Center; she was 79 years old. She had suffered from heart disease in later years, and was transferred from the hospital's intensive care unit earlier in the day. Her son Mark said she was not expected to survive, and "she stepped off the bus very peacefully." Filmography

Awards

References

External links

 "Actress <mask> dies in Ojai", Ojai Valley News

1931 births
2011 deaths
20th-century British actresses
20th Century Fox contract players
British expatriates in Ireland
British expatriates in the United States
British film actresses
British people of German descent
British people of Hungarian descent
British television actresses
Rhodes University alumni
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
20th-century British businesspeople

masks:
Dana Wynter
Dana Wynter
Wynter
Wynter
Death Wynter
Dana Wynter


title: Arthur Oakley Coltman

texts:
<mask> (A.O<mask>) (1894, Edmonton, Middlesex – 1961, Cuckfield, Sussex) was an English architect practising in Malaya for 32 years where he worked as manager of the architecture firm Booty Edwards & Partners. He arrived in Malaya in 1925 and retired in 1957. Early life
He was on active service during the First World War before working in the Transvaal, and was officially listed as an absentee member of the Transvaal Provincial Institute of Architects from about 1931 to 1938. He was responsible for many of Kuala Lumpur's greatest Art Deco structures, including the Clock Tower, OCBC Building, and Oriental Building. He also designed the Anglo-Oriental Building near Merdeka Square, which is now known as Wisma Ekran; the Lee Rubber Building, on Jalan Tun H. S. Lee; the Rubber Research Institute, on Jalan Ampang; and the Odeon Cinema, on Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman. <mask> died in Sussex, England at the age of 67 in 1961.Buildings
He worked on the buildings including:

Oriental Building

Situated at Jalan Tun Perak (the former Java Street), next to the  Masjid Jamek LRT station, the five-storey Oriental Building rose to the towering height of 82 feet and was the tallest in Kuala Lumpur. Originally called the Oriental Building, it housed Radio Malaya until 1968 and had 'Radio Malaya' in large letters on its façade. The Oriental Building also housed the High Commissioner of India, government departments dealing with the issue of trade licenses, as well as the Malaysian divisional office of the Life Insurance Corporation of India. The building has a curved frontage. Between of the arcade on the ground floor is a central feature consisting of perpendicular piers running up three storeys. Around the central feature, which projects slightly from the frontage, is an acanthus leaf border worked in precast concrete. A white stucco frieze of interlocking discs frames the panel.There is 18,000 feet of floor space in the building arranged around an air-well. The ground floor was designed for retail. The central entrance and show windows had curved plate glass that had to be specifically made in England. Italian tiles were used in the floors throughout the building. The upper four floors, of which one complete floor was reserved for the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Company, was used as office space and was reached by a lift and staircase at the side of the building. The basement was constructed separately, with windows fitted with sliding steel doors. The contract time for completing the structure was eight months, and the construction was to start shortly after late November 1931, with the architects reported as Messrs.Booty and Edwards, the contractors as Gammon (Malaya) Ltd., and Steen Sehested as the consulting reinforced concrete specialist. On 19 September 1936, an earthquake in northern Sumatera in the then-Dutch East Indies led to tremors also being felt in the FMS, and caused damage to the building. It was reported that the third floor wall surrounding the offices of the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Company cracked in many places. Lee Rubber Building

The Lee Rubber Building or Nan Yi Building (Chinese: 南益大厦) sits on a prominent corner in Kuala Lumpur's Chinatown. This four-storey Art Deco building was commissioned in the early 1930s by the Lee Rubber Company, a multimillion-dollar enterprise set up by Lee Kong Chian (1893–1967), a Chinese businessman from the southern Malaysian state of Johor who was known as the 'rubber and pineapple king'. Located at the corner of Jalan Tun H. S. Lee and Jalan Hang Lekir (the former High Street and Cecil Street) in Kuala Lumpur, the Lee Rubber Building was the tallest building in KL when it was constructed. Modernist Art Deco rules this building with its striated lines and mouldings complete with differentiated corner treatment topped with a requisite flag pole.Its five-foot way is broken by solid wall-like pillars. It has a strong geometric shape that meets a corner set at a 45° angle. Like most urban Art Deco buildings, the Lee Rubber Building has a flat roof with no cornice or overhang. Its pediment still sports the original name, in English and Chinese. During World War II, it served as the headquarters of the Kempeitai (Japanese Secret Police). Later, the building became one of the branches of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation. Currently, it is the home to a branch of the Popular Bookstore, the Peter Hoe shop (selling local arts and crafts) and Kasturi Tuition Centre.Like most urban Art Deco buildings, the Lee Rubber Building has a flat roof with no cornice or overhang. In 2016, the building changed hands and as a result the building was earmarked for development by its new owners. The building was vacated, but Kuala Lumpur City Hall by-laws forbid the demolition or significant structural alteration. Odeon Cinema

The thematic link between the Art Deco style and the new entertainment industry was also evident in the design of the Odeon Cinema (Chinese: 奥迪安戏院) on the corner of Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman and Jalan Dang Wangi (the former Batu Road and Campbell Road) in Kuala Lumpur. The Odeon Cinema was constructed in 1936 by the Cathay Organization. The standalone Odeon Cinema is one of the last few surviving colonial buildings in Kuala Lumpur. It has undergone various changes.It was acquired by Antenna Entertainments and operated as a cinema again between May 2011 and March 2015. <mask> was the architect and Steen Sehested prepared the reinforced concrete design. Initially the façade was coloured grey, green and white however it has faded. It was a product of golden age cinema with featured safety designs such as emergency lighting and fire prevention systems for the projector room. Ventilation grills and exhaust fans enhanced its air circulation. The foyers were laid with locally produced rubber flooring. Art Deco elements include the lettering of the building's exterior signage, vertical pylons and flagpoles.Above the entrance, a horizontal beam, embellished with a mosaic depicting drama, comedy and music, intersects the strong vertical mullions. On the side façade, ribs create a vertical rhythm. Clock Tower
Located at the Old Market Square (Medan Pasar Besar) near LRT Masjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur's commercial centre, the Clock Tower is a distinctive architectural landmark. The tower was built to commemorate the coronation of England's King George VI in 1937. The memorial plaques were removed following independence. The sunburst motif is common in Art Deco design and is a prominent feature on the Clock Tower. Anglo-Oriental Building

The Anglo-Oriental Building was built in 1937 to house Anglo-Oriental (Malaya) Ltd., a subsidiary of the Anglo-Oriental Mining Corporation (later to become known as the London Tin Corporation), the general managers for a large number of tin mines in Malaya.It was constructed at the junction of Barrack and Club Roads (Jalan Tangsi and Jalan Parlimen today) in Kuala Lumpur, on the site of the former Empire Flats which had been home for many Europeans for years. The building displays a variety of Art Deco details, and represents a stylistic departure from the traditions of classical and British colonial architecture. When constructed in 1937, the building had three storeys, with an exterior made up of reinforced concrete with brick panelling. The main entrance doors were panelled with hammered pewter – a white alloy that resembles tin. The company's name was executed in hammered pewter, another example of the architect using tin as a motif for the company. Dadoes for the staircase and entrance vestibule were made of a new material, Marbrunite, in multiple colours. A motor car garage was incorporated into the ground floor.The Anglo-Oriental building has solid tower-like features flanking the corner entranceways in addition to vertical and horizontal Art Deco patterns and lines. The vertically banded front elevation of the building, which is held between two towers, contrasts with the horizontal bands of the two side wings. The tall, first floor windows of the Anglo-Oriental Building have individual concrete canopies, while the second floor is treated as a narrow band which appears to recede due to the deep, continuous overhang above the windows and the darker shade of Shanghai plaster. An internal open courtyard was roofed over for air-conditioning in the 1960s. During the 1941 Japanese invasion, the building was used as a police station. From 1986 to 1988, the architect Chen Voon Fee renovated the Anglo-Oriental Building and it was converted into Mahkota College, a private college partnered with Boston University. From 1995 to 2005, the Anglo-Oriental Building became a property of Ekran Berhad and it served as the corporate headquarters until 1 January 2005, where the second floor housed the principal place of business of the company.It was then that the present name – Wisma Ekran (House of Ekran) was established. Rubber Research Institute of Malaya (R.R.I.M)

Although Art Deco is seen generally in individual urban buildings, in the Rubber Research Institute Building it is employed for a complex of linked, single-storey buildings set in a landscaped compound. The buildings are almost modular with identical facade elements. Unlike most other examples, these buildings are in facing brick, with monumental corner piers. These piers frame the window openings, which are divided into three vertical bands by two large, protruding plaster mullions. Three horizontal rendered beams appear to be threaded through these mullions, visually tying the piers together. On the flat, recessed brick pediment, a plaster motif of layered latex sheets hanging out to dry is a witty allusion to the industry these buildings serve.The buildings are grouped around green courtyards and linked by covered masonry walkways. The walkways have amusing spout details over the beams which throw the rainwater from flat roofs. Art Deco is continued into the interior on heavy, carved timber doors and steel roof lights. This building shows the inventive, even playful, nature of the Art Deco style. The building was designed with a clean modern profile, and features covered walkways which border the central court and give access to all parts of the Institute. This circulation feature connects the blocks of the sprawling single-storey building. The buildings are all made of brick and reinforced concrete with an exterior finishing of plaster and brick.The roof over the vestibule and the library is made of a special insulated glass called thermoflux. Protruding shades or eyebrows shade the glass block windows. The Institute's charge was to promote research into and investigation of all problems and matters relating to rubber. Prior to the establishment of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, there was no centralised location to co-ordinate and consolidate information about the material that played a central role in the Malaysian economy. Early in 1926 a request was made to the Government of the Federated Malay States to locate the institute on Bungsar Estate (archaic – currently known as Bangsar) in Damansara Road, Kuala Lumpur. However, as early as 1929 it was felt that the buildings occupied by the Institute were inadequate as the Institute's permanent home. The institute was subsequently relocated at 260 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur in the heart of the national capital on 14 May 1937.The new building is the property of the Institute and was erected at the cost of around $200,000. The foundation stone was laid by the fifth Sultan of Selangor – Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah on 22 April 1936. The contractor of the building is Bong Sin, with the consulting engineer as Steen Sehested and Coltman as the architect. The structure bears more than a passing resemblance to Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, in its details and overall layout. If this was explicit on the part of Coltman, it would be a most unusual apparition of Prairie Style in South East Asia, and an indication of the architect's ability to work within many stylistic parameters, a flexibility he exhibited throughout his long and distinguished career. Coltman is known for his role in establishing one of the largest firms in the area, and for his part in bringing modernism to the Federated States of Malaya, later Malaysia. OCBC Building

This building was designed by Coltman and built in 1937 to house the headquarters of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited in Malaysia, and is a masterpiece of the Art Deco style.Located at the junction of Jalan Hang Kasturi and Leboh Pasar Besar (just behind the Central Market), it has the advantage of double frontage. The three-storey building follows the curve of the road. Unlike other Art Deco facades, the corner of the building is not accentuated due to the recessed entrance and the regularly spaced windows that flow across the facade. At one end is a tapering stepped pylon with a flagpole on top. A muted mosaic panel runs up the centre of the pylon. It included underground parking for bicycles. Internally, an interesting feature is an old elevator with brass and wood fittings and an oversized round window.The main OCBC Bank branch is now newly located at Jalan Tun Perak. Harrisons & Crosfield Building

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, Brunei

Honours and awards
 1953 President of the Malayan Association of Architects
 1946 Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) for service during World War II as part of the Passive Defence Service in Kuala Lumpur
1951 3rd prize in a competition for designing the new $2 million Post Office Savings Bank in Kuala Lumpur (B.M. Iversen won)

Gallery

References

1894 births
1961 deaths
Architects from London
Art Deco architects
20th-century Malaysian architects

masks:
Arthur Oakley Coltman
. Coltman
Coltman
Coltman


title: Morgana King

texts:
<mask> (June 4, 1930 – March 22, 2018), known as <mask>, was an American jazz singer and actress. She began a professional singing career at sixteen years old. In her twenties, she was singing at a Greenwich Village nightclub when she was recognized for her unique phrasing and vocal range, described as a four-octave contralto range. She was signed to a label and began recording solo albums. She recorded dozens of albums well into the late 1990s. <mask> had her debut and breakout role in film as Carmela Corleone in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part II (1974). She had roles in three additional films including her latest performance in A Brooklyn State of Mind in 1997.She was twice married to fellow jazz musicians, first to Tony Fruscella and later to Willie Dennis. Morgana died on March 22, 2018, in Palm Springs, California. Early life
<mask> was born Maria Grazia <mask> Messina in Pleasantville, New York. Her parents were from Fiumefreddo di Sicilia, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy. She grew up in New York City with five siblings. Her father, who owned a coal and ice business, played the piano and guitar by ear. Her family experienced a difficult financial period after her father died.Around the age of thirteen her vocal gifts were recognized when she was overheard singing the aria "I'll See You Again" from Noël Coward's operetta Bitter Sweet. At age 16 she developed a love for big bands. A scholarship to the Metropolitan School of Music soon followed. Singing debut
Her professional singing career began at age sixteen as <mask> <mask>. When she sang in a Greenwich Village nightclub in 1953, a record label executive took an interest after being impressed with the unique phrasing and multi-octave range. Three years later in 1956, her first album, For You, For Me, For Evermore, was released. Film debut
In the first appearance of Leonard G. Feather's Encyclopedia of Jazz (1960), <mask> <mask> stated that her ambition was "… to become a dramatic actress."She began her acting career in The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, as Carmela Corleone, wife of Don Vito Corleone. In the film, she sang the song "Luna mezzo mare". <mask> appeared as herself in the television documentary The Godfather: Behind the Scenes (1971). She reprised the role in The Godfather Part II (1974), where her character dies aged 62, due to natural causes. Career

Singing
<mask> headlined clubs, concert halls and hotels, and toured throughout the United States, Europe, Australia and South America; e.g. : Basin Street; bla-bla café; Blue Note; Blue Room at the Supper Club; Café Leon; Club Bali; Cotton Club; Fat Tuesday's; Jilly's; Joe Howard's Place; Kenny's Castaways; Lainie's Room; Les Mouches; Lush Life; Mr. Sam's; Rainbow Grill; Reno Sweeney; Scullers; Sniffen Court; Sweet Basil; The Metropole; Town Hall; the Waterbury Hotels; and Trude Heller's. A few of the venue performances during her active career: the March 1956 Easter Jazz Festival at Town Hall in New York City; she opened Trude Heller's in July 1957 and returned throughout her career for anniversary performances; four months later, in November 1957, along with seven female jazz instrumentalists, she performed at the Jazz Female concert held at Carnegie Recital Hall; the Schaefer Music Festival in June 1976; A Tribute to Billie Holiday at the Hollywood Bowl in July 1979; the AIDS Research – Benefit Bash in 1983, the Benefit for the Theater Off Park in May 1988; the 2nd annual WPBX Jazz Festival at the Fine Arts Theater in August 1989.While performing in Lisbon, Portugal, she was interviewed by the television show host Henrique Mendes at the television station RTP (the sole television station at that time)." Musicians
A limited list of artists who performed and/or recorded with Morgana <mask> over the years of her career are Ben Aronov, Ronnie Bedford, Ed Caccavale (drums), Clifford Carter, Don Costa, Eddie Daniels, Sue Evans, Larry Fallon, Sammy Figueroa, John Kaye (percussion), Helen Keane, Art Koenig, Steve LaSpina, Scott Lee, Jay Leonhart, Ray Mantilla, Bill Mays, Charles McCracken, Ted Nash, Adam Nussbaum, Warren Odze, Joe Puma, Don Rebic, Jack Wilkins, Joe Williams (bass), and Torrie Zito. Recording
Her repertoire contains more than two hundred songs on more than thirty albums. Most of her recordings and re-issues have not remained in the catalogs. In 1964, she received a Grammy Award nomination for Best New Artist. The award went to the Beatles. The UCLA Music Library's Jimmy Van Heusen papers include a letter dated September 5, 1965 pertaining to "songs… to be given to Morgana <mask>."She recorded three songs by Van Heusen: "Here's That Rainy Day" (on It's a Quiet Thing, 1965), "Like Someone in Love" (on Stardust, 1986; and Another Time, Another Space, 1992) and "Imagination" (on Looking Through The Eyes Of Love, 1998). <mask>'s 1967 single "I Have Loved Me A Man" appeared in the US "Easy Listening" survey and the Australian Top 20, according to the Kent Music Report. Television
Beginning with The Andy Williams Show and The Hollywood Palace in 1964. For more than a decade she performed on television talk and variety shows including The Mike Douglas Show, The Dean Martin Show and The David Frost Show. Retirement
<mask> announced her retirement from performing during an engagement at the Cotton Club in Chicago on Friday, December 10, 1993, and added that her recording would not be affected by the decision. She continued to perform after that date at the Ballroom, Maxim's, Mirage Night Club (a benefit jazz session), and Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill. Her last film appearance was in the film A Brooklyn State of Mind (1997).Personal life

Relationships and family
Morgana <mask> married twice. Her first marriage (when she was 17 years old) was to jazz trumpeter Tony Fruscella (1927–1969), which ended in divorce after nine years; they had a daughter, Graysan (1950–2008). During their marriage, the couple frequently had "Sunday dinner with Charlie Parker and his family." Her second marriage, in 1961, was to jazz trombonist Willie Dennis (né William DeBerardinis; 1926–1965), whom she met during an off-night visit to the Birdland Jazz Club where she went to hear Sam Donahue's group. He had performed with both Gerry Mulligan and Charles Mingus and recorded the 1953 album release, Four Trombones on Mingus' record label, Debut Records. He had toured extensively with Benny Goodman, Woody Herman and Buddy Rich. She traveled to Brazil with Dennis to experience this "new" music style when he toured with Rich in 1960.She said the experience was "an introduction to myself." Their close collaboration was suddenly shattered in 1965 with his death from an automobile accident in New York's Central Park. It's a Quiet Thing (Reprise, 1965) is a memorial to him. After Dennis's death, <mask> relocated and lived for more than two decades in Malibu, California. She accepted Frank Sinatra's offer to record three albums on his record label Reprise Records (It's a Quiet Thing (1965), Wild Is Love (1966) and Gemini Changes (1967)). Death
Morgan owned a condo in Palm Springs, California. She died, aged 87, of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Palm Springs on March 22, 2018.Influence
There have been reports that, as a child, <mask> lived near a Synagogue and was intrigued by the singing of the Synagogue's Cantor. Some have theorized that <mask>'s unique singing style was due, in part, to the singing of a Cantor that she carried in her memories. <mask>'s voice is notable for its four-octave contralto range. She continued to pursue new forms of expression and presentation by exploring current music trends, which can be heard and read from the list of songs and composers on more than thirty albums. She ventured into new creative areas throughout her career all the while keeping contact with her musical point of origin in jazz. Her distinctive sound has its criticism and detractors. In literature, the Library of Jazz Standards by Ronny Schiff (2002) recognizes <mask> <mask> as one of the performers who made famous the songs "Imagination" (Van Heusen, Burke), "Like Someone in Love" (Van Heusen, Burke) and "Will You Be Mine" (Adair, Dennis).Also, there is the occasional mention of her in fiction. <mask> has been credited with composing "Moe's Blues", a song  recorded by Beverly Kenney on Beverly Kenney Sings for Johnny Smith (1955), and "Simply Eloquent", with Monte Oliver, which appears on an album of the same title, initially released in 1986 by Muse Records. In 1991, she produced a set of seminars called Morgana King Fine Arts Series. The seminars brought together small groups for recurring meetings every few months held at select venues including Lincoln Center. One of the functions of the series was to familiarize participants with performance methodologies. There was a panel available to critique the performances. Her signature song is "A Taste Of Honey", originally released on the album With A Taste of Honey (Mainstream Records, 1964).Her most re-issued songs are "My Funny Valentine", from Everything Must Change (Muse, 1978), and the title track of For You, For Me, For Evermore (EmArcy Records, 1956). Discography

Filmography

Videography

Notes

 D'Acierno, Pellegrino. The Italian American Heritage, A Companion to Literature and Arts (1998), p. 434;
 Inman, David. Television Variety Shows, Histories and Episode Guides to 57 Programs (2005), pp. 250–51, 293;
 Meil, Eila. Casting Might-Have-Beens, A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered For Roles Given To Others (2005) p. 102;
 Ross, Wallace A. Best TV & Radio Commercials, Volume 1 (1967), pp.103, 153
 Shaw, Arnold. 52nd Street: The Street Of Jazz (1977), pp. 321, 338;
 Shilts, Randy. And The Band Played On (2007); p. 331;
 Thomas, Sam. Best American Screenplays 3, Complete Screenplays (1995), pp. 7, 62;
 Review, The Godfather New York Times, March 16, 1972 by Vincent Canby. Rolling Stone January 3, 1974, Issue 151
 Singing, 20th century.History.com Encyclopedia
 Westways Volume 69 (1967), p. 55

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Verve Records

 <mask> <mask> at Billboard.com

 Morgana <mask> at Last.fm

1930 births
2018 deaths
American contraltos
Actresses from New York (state)
Actresses from Palm Springs, California
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
American people of Italian descent
Bebop singers
Cool jazz singers
Mainstream Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Muse Records artists
People from Pleasantville, New York
Singers from New York (state)
Reprise Records artists
Savoy Records artists
Torch singers
Traditional pop music singers
Verve Records artists
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lymphoma
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century American women

masks:
Maria Grazia Morgana Messina
Morgana King
King
King
Morgana
Morgana
King
Morgana
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
Morgana
King
King
Morgana
King
Morgana
King
King


title: John C. Hooper

texts:
<mask><mask> (Jock; born 1945) is an American conservationist, forest manager, and organic farmer. He has been active in the preservation and restoration of forests, wilderness, and rivers for more than four decades. <mask> is a fifth generation San Franciscan. Early life
<mask> grew up in San Francisco until age 12 when his father was appointed U.S. Defense Representative to NATO. The family moved to Paris for the next dozen years. <mask> developed a lifelong interest in France as a result  and has returned many times, including taking several long hikes on ancient pilgrimage trails ( le Chemin de St Jacques de Compostelle). Education

Groton School, cum laude 1963;
Harvard College, BA cum laude, 1968;
Boston University, MA, international relations, 1971.Military service

<mask> served in Germany as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Adjutant General's Corps from 1968 to 1970. Career

After serving as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army adjutant General's Corps (1968–1970), <mask> owned and managed farms on Prince Edward Island, Canada. (1971–1976). He returned to the U.S. to serve as press secretary and environmental aide to California Congressman <mask> (R) CA (1976–1977). From 1978 to 1980 <mask> served as lobbyist for The Wilderness Society in Washington, D.C. He worked with Congressional staff on regulations implementing the National Forest Management Act of 1976, which reformed timber practices on public lands. He also advocated for federal wilderness legislation (RARE II) to protect federal roadless lands the Western U.S., including organizing Congressional hearings for several statewide bills.In 1980 <mask> went to work for the national  Sierra Club and moved back to his hometown of San Francisco. As Public Lands Representative and a registered lobbyist he continued to work on federal wilderness legislation and national forest management issues. During his five years with Sierra Club he helped to enact laws protecting millions of acres of wilderness lands in Colorado, New Mexico, and California. From 1981-2000, as President as well as long-time board member of the Buena Vista Neighborhood Association, <mask> championed the restoration of  historic Buena Vista Park in San Francisco. The 36-acre park, designed at the turn of the 20th century by <mask>, creator of Golden Gate Park, had fallen into disrepair. <mask> was instrumental in developing a park master plan that was adopted by the San Francisco Department of Recreation and Parks, for which he received the Emily Prettyman Lowell Award from the San Francisco Friends of the Urban Forest. In 1985 <mask> founded and operated Arbor & Espalier Company, a fruit tree nursery in Healdsburg, California that revived heirloom varieties of apples and pears in a partnership with Sonoma Antique Apple Nursery.In 1989 Jock and his wife, Molly, acquired 330 acres on the Garcia River in Mendocino County and established Oz Farm, (12)(13) an organic apple farm they owned and managed until 2015. Oz Farm's apples were sold at farmers’ markets and grocery stores throughout the North Coast and Bay Area. Oz Farm became a well-known venue for weddings and other celebrations and served as a meeting place for environmental activists. The annual Harvest Festival at Oz Farm raised thousands of dollars for local nonprofits, including the Coast Community Library, Friends of the Garcia River, and the Arena Theater. The Farm-to-Table Dinners at Oz Farm, featuring leading chefs, helped Point Arena's historic movie theater to keep its doors open. <mask> has been a long term Board member of Friends of the Garcia River (FROG) and a driving force to restore the salmon and steelhead fishery in that coastal river. In 2011 <mask> was the lead plaintiff in a lawsuit (Sierra Club v CALFIRE) that successfully challenged an aggressive logging plan for old-growth redwoods and Douglas fir at the Bohemian Grove, a 2,700-acre enclave on the Russian River owned by the elite San Francisco Bohemian Club.The lawsuit gained national attention. <mask> is a founder and currently spokesperson for Protect Our Water, a Bay Area citizens’ group concerned about the environmental and economic impacts of the state of California's proposed Twin Tunnels,  a large water diversion project from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to southern California. Service and Board positions
From 2014 to 2018, <mask> served as a Trustee of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), which is dedicated to preserving tropical plant diversity and stemming the tide of plant extinctions. Its botanical gardens are located in Hawaii and Florida. The NTBG's Hawaii-based Breadfruit Institute, which <mask> chaired, promotes the conservation and use of breadfruit for food and reforestation. The institute is documenting traditional uses and cultural practices associated with this important food source, and developing partnerships to make breadfruit varieties a sustainable resource for agriculture, agroforestry, and reforestation. <mask> is a founding member of the Board of the California Tahoe Conservancy.Appointed in 1985 by the Speaker of the California State Assembly as the Board's public member, <mask> served as Vice-Chair for 32 years until 2017. The agency is charged with protecting and restoring Lake Tahoe. <mask> also was a founding Board member of the Tahoe-Baikal Institute in 1991. Dedicated to scientific research, the institute organizes international student exchanges to study the unique, largely pristine Siberian lake. <mask> participated in the California Resources agency's delegation to Lake Baikal in 1990. Since 1990, <mask> has served on the Board of Directors of Friends of the Garcia River (FROG), a grassroots advocacy group dedicated to restoring the Garcia River and its endangered steelhead and Coho salmon. From 2000 to 2004 <mask> was appointed by Mayor Willie Brown to serve on the San Francisco-Paris Sister City Committee.He organized tree plantings in the Bois de Boulogne to help repair damage from a major storm there in 1999. <mask> currently serves on the Advisory Board of the Conservation Fund's 23,000-acre Garcia River Forest Project, co-managed with The Nature Conservancy. In addition, <mask> served on the following Boards of Directors:

Sierra Club Foundation
San Francisco Conservation Corps
Friends of the Urban Forest
San Francisco Parks Trust (now SF Parks Alliance)
Buena Vista Neighborhood Association

Personal life
During the 1990s <mask> produced several musical shows for the theater company, The Vocal Minority, raising money for San Francisco parks, museums, and the San Francisco Main Library. <mask> occasionally sings with a Point Arena-based band. In 2015 he released a CD called Bathtub Ballads and Roadtrip Blues. Family

<mask> is a fifth generation San Franciscan. Parents: <mask><mask> (1917-2007) and Patricia L<mask> (1922-2010), both of Woodside, California.Wife: Molly Bolton (1949). Children: Nate (1980), Hannah (1982), and Rachel (1985). Granddaughter, Willa Payne Zucconi (2015). Publications
Conservationist’s Guide to National Forest Planning. Sierra Club, May 1981. Saving the Solitude: A Guide to the BLM Wilderness Study Process, Sierra Club, 1983. Privatization: The Reagan Administration's Master Plan for Government Giveaway, Sierra Magazine November/December 1982.Awards
Emily Prettyman Lowell Award from the San Francisco Friends of the Urban Forest, 1991

References
12. California Fault: Searching for the Spirit of a State along the San Andreas Fault by Thurston <mask>, Ballantine Books NY 1996

13. Justice on Earth by Tom Turner, Chelsea Green Publishing, VT 2002

Harvard College alumni
1945 births
Living people
Groton School alumni
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American conservationists
Organic farmers

masks:
John C
. Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Pete McCloskey
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
John McLaren
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
John A
. Hooper
. Hooper
Clarke


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
<mask>Ronnie<mask> (later <mask>) (12 September 1889 – 5 May 1915) was an English rugby union footballer, who captained . He was killed in the First World War during the Second Battle of Ypres. Born in north Oxford, he was the son of Emily Palmer and her husband, the zoologist <mask>. He was educated at the Dragon School, Rugby School, and Balliol College, Oxford. <mask> played for Balliol College, Oxford University RFC, Harlequins and Liverpool F.C. <mask> is one of three men to score a hat-trick of tries in The Varsity Match – he scored five, still the individual record for the fixture, in 1909. He captained England during the 1913–14 unbeaten season (now what would be called a 'Grand Slam'), scoring four tries against France in 1914, in the last test match prior to the outbreak of World War I. <mask> was renowned for his elusiveness and glamorous style of play – "the very mention of swerving sends one's thoughts to the late <mask>, the swerver par excellence ... swerving and Poulton are almost synonymous terms".Personal life
<mask> was born on 12 September 1889 at Wykeham House, Oxford to Edward Bagnall <mask> and his wife Emily Palmer <mask>. His father Edward was Hope Professor of Zoology at Oxford University, and a Fellow of Jesus College. He was born into a wealthy family, and brought up at Wykeham House, an impressive residence on Oxford's Banbury Road, with six servants. His siblings were Edward, Hilda, Margaret, all older, and his younger sister, Janet. He was educated at Oxford Preparatory School ("OPS", now the Dragon School) from 1897 to 1903. The headmaster of OPS described <mask> as "the best all-round athlete who had ever been at the school". School records reveal that he scored 15 tries in one match against St Edward's Juniors.After OPS, he went to Rugby School from 1903 to 1908. There, he was in the rugby XV for four years, joint-captain with C. C. Watson for the last. He was also in the cricket XI in 1907 and 1908, and was the winner of the 'Athletic Cup' in his final three years. He then went up to Oxford, where he studied at Balliol College from 1908 to 1911, and was in both the rugby XV and the hockey XI for the Varsity matches of 1909, 1910, and 1911. He joined the Oxford University Officers Training Corps in 1908 and resigned three years later, having been promoted to the rank of Cadet Colour Sergeant. After Oxford, <mask> moved to Reading in 1912, where he joined his uncle, the Rt Hon George Palmer in the Huntley and Palmer biscuit company. There, he concerned himself with the welfare of the factory workers, and joined them in sporting pursuits, hoping to introduce the game of rugby to them.He moved again to Liverpool to train in engineering, and played for the Liverpool FC XV. After his uncle suddenly died on 8 October 1913, he inherited a fortune. He reportedly said: "What troubles me is the responsibility of how to use it for the best." A condition of his inheritance was that he change his surname to Palmer, which he did by Royal Licence in 1914. His surname was never actually '<mask> Palmer' (or even the hyphenated version '<mask>-Palmer), although he was often later called this. Rugby career

At Oxford, 1908 to 1911
<mask> was one of the most able and most discussed rugby players in the history of the game. He followed in the steps of Adrian Stoop, who was one of the great innovators of rugby tactics, both at Oxford and Harlequins.<mask> was still at school when Stoop went up to Oxford and played in the Varsity matches of 1902, 1903, and, as captain, 1904. At Oxford, Stoop already applied an intelligent approach to improving the game with rigorous attention to detail, and new ideas about changing the direction of attack, and deliberately surprising the opponent's defence. Stoop supposedly discovered <mask>, and introduced him into the Harlequins threequarter line for his debut first class match in 1908. <mask>'s reputation as a rugby player preceded him at Oxford, but he knew before he arrived at Balliol in October 1908 that it was going to be difficult to get into the Oxford side, whose back line was filled with exceptional players. The only vacancy was given to Colin Gilray, who was a little older and arrived from New Zealand with a strong reputation. In his first term, <mask> played several games for Oxford, at first on the wing but then at centre. The penultimate fixture before the Varsity Match of 1908, was against Blackheath on 28 November.Being so close to the game against Cambridge, it was something of a trials match, and <mask> had a bad game at right centre. So Harold Hodges, Oxford's captain, opted for the centre pairing of Vassall and Frank Tarr, which had proven itself in 1906 and 1907. Although he had missed selection for the Varsity match, <mask> was called up to play at centre for England, alongside Frank Tarr, against France on 30 January 1909. As yet, France was not part of what was to become the Five Nations Championship, and was a relatively easy side to beat, England coming away with a 22–0 victory. Tarr scored two tries that day, but was dropped from the team, only playing once more for England in 1913. <mask>, however, was kept on to play the remaining Championship games against Ireland and Scotland. The following season, George Cunningham, who later captained , was Oxford's skipper, and he selected <mask> in place of Vassall for the Varsity match.Cunningham had the same threequarter line as the previous year at his disposal, and it was only shortly before the match that he opted for <mask> over Vassall. Vassall, for his part, was considered one of the world's best centres, and had made his mark in the previous three Varsity games, beginning in 1906, his fresher year, and in 1908 had played both for England against Ireland, and for the Anglo-Welsh touring side against New Zealand. In earlier matches, <mask> had played at centre with Gilray on the wing, but for the Varsity Match of 1909, they reversed places. The match came to be known as "Poulton's Match": within a brilliant performance by the Oxford backline, his contribution was notable, and his tally of five tries in the Varsity Match remains unrivalled. <mask> received only one cap for England in 1910, in the first international rugby match to be played at Twickenham, on 15 January 1910 against Wales. Ben Gronow kicked off and sent the ball directly to Adrian Stoop, England's captain and flyhalf. In a break with orthodox play, which required him to kick the ball back into touch, Stoop began an angled run from the right side towards the far left corner.He then passed the ball to Bert Solomon at centre, and from there it moved on quickly to John Birkett and then <mask> on the left wing. <mask> was out of space and put in a kick towards the posts, and after England regathered the ball, Dai Gent, at scrumhalf, sent the ball towards Fred Chapman on the right wing, who on receiving it scored in the corner. England dominated the first half to lead 11–3 at half time, and Wales were only managed to close the score with one try to 11–6. For the Varsity Match of 1910, a 9,000-strong crowd turned up at Queen's, mostly to watch <mask> play. That year he was at left centre, with Geen on the wing. Cambridge started strong but a try by Bryn Lewis was disallowed in the opening minutes and, moments later, <mask> ran through the Cambridge defence, drew the fullback and passed to Geen to dive in at the corner for a try. With Turner's conversion, Oxford led 5–0.A similar passage of play again saw <mask> put Geen through for another try, but the latter dropped the ball after crossing the line while trying to get closer to the posts. Geen did get a second try, from another Poulton break, but Cambridge, meanwhile, scored two tries and were leading 15–13 at the break. Another Cambridge try early in the second half gave them a five-point lead, but an injury to a winger reduced them to 14 men. <mask> capitalised on it: he scored from a dummy pass to Geen; and ran in a solo try after receiving a pass from flyhalf Freddie Knott. The end score was 23–18 to Oxford. Following this performance, Geen and <mask>, who together were considered the scoring force of the Oxford team, were both selected to play for England in the second trial match against The North in Leeds. Although Geen scored a try in the game, he was outshone by <mask>, "the only man who was adding to his reputation, and [played] a really brilliant game."For the third and final trial, England versus The Rest on 7 January 1911, Geen was dropped, while <mask> was kept on. <mask>, for his part, was only picked to play for England in one test match in 1911, against Scotland on 18 March. <mask> captained Oxford in his last term, in the autumn of 1911. In the run up to the 1911 Varsity Match, the <mask>–Geen partnership was a constant threat to opposition teams. Ten days before the game, Oxford beat London Scottish 39–3, <mask> twice putting Geen in the clear, with the latter ending the day with four tries in total. Cambridge, nevertheless, were favourites to win on 12 December, but <mask> led Oxford to victory, in front of a crowd of 10,000. <mask>, however, after scoring the first try of the match in the opening moments, suffered a hamstring injury approaching half time, and his replacement Eric Thomas, a forward, lacked the speed and skills to combine effectively with Geen.Nevertheless, Geen came close to scoring, but, as he had done in the previous year's match, he dropped the ball over the tryline. He was to repeat the error the following year. 1912 to 1914
Moving to Liverpool, <mask> played for Liverpool Football Club (which later merged with St Helen's RUFC to form Liverpool

masks:
Ronald '
' William Poulton
sometimes Poulton Palmer
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Ronald Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Ronnie Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 St Helens FC) under the captaincy of Freddie Turner, a former Oxford teammate, and captain of Scotland. The team also included Dickie Lloyd, Ireland's flyhalf and captain, so that the club had in the 1913–14 season three international rugby captains of the same era. The club lost 57 members in the First World War, including both Turner and <mask>. <mask> played three games for England in 1912, against Wales on 20 January, Ireland on 10 February, and Scotland on 16 March. His next international game was on 4 January 1913 at Twickenham against a touring side from South Africa, in which he scored the only try by any of the international teams to face the tourists of 1912–13.E.H.D. Sewell recounts how England might have scored a further try in the game. <mask>, playing at left centre, cut through the midfield and swerved to the right, leaving the South African fullback Gerhard Morkel standing, and would have scored, had it not been for E.E. McHardy's tackle. Cyril Lowe, England's right wing was criticised by the press for not following up, but <mask> placed the blame on his left wing, V.M.H. Coates. Sewell, who thought that <mask> was better suited to play on the wing than in the centre, considered that <mask>'s elusiveness had made it impossible for the wings to keep up with him.Two weeks later, on 18 January, the Welsh hosted the English at Cardiff. England had not won in Wales since 1895. Norman Wodehouse, England's captain, was confident of victory until the morning of the match when it was raining, and the first half of the match, played in wind and rain, ended without a score. In the second half, <mask> having found 'a small green patch in a sea of mud', kicked a dropgoal to open the scoring. England then scored two tries, one initiated by <mask>, to win the match 0–12. <mask> was appointed captain of England in 1914, and led the team for all four matches of the Five Nations Championship, and a second successive 'Grand Slam', though the term had not yet been coined. The first match was against Wales, and England only just managed to win.For the next game, against Ireland, a large police contingent was posted outside the ground in anticipation of violent protests relating to the Home rule debate, but the 40,000 crowd were peaceable and kept entertained. The Irish flyhalf and captain that day was <mask>'s Liverpool teammate Dickie Lloyd, who praised <mask> as 'the greatest player I ever came in contact with ... It was as much a pleasure to play against him as with him for he was always the same fascinating figure ...' The next match was against Scotland for the Calcutta Cup and the Triple Crown. England, through a hat-trick of tries from Lowe, got ahead 16–6, but Scotland fought back to within one point. The last international rugby match to be held before the First World War was the 1914 fixture between England and France, at Colombes on 13 April 1914. Scoring four tries in England's 39–13 victory, <mask> set a record for tries scored in an international match. It remained unmatched until 2011, when Chris Ashton equalled his tally.Five players from that England team were killed in the First World War: <mask>, James, Watson, Arthur Dingle, Francis Oakley, and Arthur Harrison, who was awarded the Victoria Cross. When it transpired that some farmers and fishermen in Devon were receiving money to play, <mask> challenged the RFU on the question of payment to players, arguing that recompensing workers for lost wages did not amount to professionalism, but would allow rugby to flourish amongst all social classes. He was ignored. <mask> reckoned that the best game he played was England versus Scotland in March 1914, when he led England to victory in the last international game of rugby to played in the United Kingdom before the First World War. Besides that game, he considered the next best to be those against Wales and South Africa in 1913. Against Wales, playing on the wing, he dropped a goal in England's 12–0 victory away at Cardiff, with his former Oxford partner Billy Geen at centre for the opposition. International appearances

Military service and death

After leaving Oxford and stepping down from the Officers' Training Corps, <mask> moved to Reading in January 1912, where he was commissioned into 1st/4th Battalion Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (Territorial Force) in June of the same year, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant in July 1913.At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> volunteered for overseas service. He wrote to his parents saying: "Darling parents, nothing counts till this war is settled and Germany beaten. You can't realise in Australia what is happening here. Germany has to be smashed, i.e. I mean the military party and everybody realises and everybody is volunteering. Those who are best trained are most wanted so I would be a skunk to hold back." The battalion was sent to Chelmsford and remained there in training until 30 March 1915, when it departed for the Western Front.His experience of the war was brief. On the morning of 5 May 1915, <mask> was involved in repairing a trench, in the vicinity of Ploegsteert Wood in Belgium, when he was shot by an enemy sniper. His commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thorne, wrote that his death must have been instantaneous. Captain Jack Conybeare, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a school friend from both OPS and Rugby, wrote later that day: "I was talking to one of the Berks' officers this morning. He told me that <mask> was far and away the most popular officer in the battalion, both among officers and men. Apparently he was standing on top of the parapet last night, directing a working party, when he was hit. Of course, by day, anyone who shows his head above the parapet is courting disaster; in fact if one is caught doing so one is threatened with court-martial.At night, on the other hand, we perpetually have working parties of one kind or another out, either wiring, repairing the parapet, or doing something which involves coming from under cover, and one simply takes the risk of stray bullets." Three weeks earlier, on 14 April he had captained a South Midlands Division team to a 17–0 victory in a game of rugby against the 4th Division, with Basil Maclear, the former Irish international, as referee. It was <mask>'s last. His team included two other internationals, Sidney Smart of England, and William Middleton Wallace of Scotland, while the opposition fielded Billy Hinton and Tyrell, both of Ireland, Rowland Fraser of Scotland, and Morton of England. <mask> Palmer's grave is in Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery, near Ploegsteert, Belgium. A memorial to him was erected at Balliol College, on the west wall of the Chapel passage. The cross marking <mask>'s grave in Flanders was taken back to Oxford, and is mounted in a wall in Hollywell Cemetery.In memoriam
George Cunningham, his Oxford teammate and captain, wrote on hearing of his death: "He ran, as everyone remembers, with a curiously even, yet high-stepping motion, his head thrown back, the ball held in front at full arms' length. Invariably cheerful, seldom without a beaming smile on his face, he was a welcome companion on the football field and everywhere else." At Rugby, a service was held on 10 May. The Reverend Albert David, Head Master of Rugby School, delivered these words in his sermon: "... we have indeed given of our best. If we were asked to describe what highest kind of manhood rugby helps to make, I think we should have Ronnie in mind as we spoke of it. God had endowed him with a rare combination of graces ... what we hoped would come of it ... strong and tender and true, he lived for others and died for others." On 30 May 1915, a memorial service was held at St Giles' Church in Oxford.Reverend William Temple addressed the congregation, saying: "Many of us believed that with his ready sympathy, his utter freedom from selfishness, and his courage to follow what he saw to be right, he would grasp the causes of our labour unrest and class friction, and by removing them from the great industry in whose control a large part was to be his, set an example which would prove a great force in our social regeneration ... What he hated most in our usual manner of life was the artificial barriers that hold people apart, and the suspiciousness of one class towards another ..."

Twenty seven England international rugby players were killed in World War I of a total international toll of one hundred and thirty. One of the most notable was <mask>-Palmer, who was considered by many contemporary observers as perhaps the greatest-ever attacking rugby union threequarter. Awards
<mask> was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame on 20 September 2015. See also
 List of England rugby union footballers killed in the World Wars
 List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

References

Bibliography

 Starmer-Smith, Nigel (ed) Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby (Lennard Books, 1986 )

External links

1889 births
1915 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Royal Berkshire Regiment officers
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
People educated at The Dragon School
British military personnel killed in World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Rugby union players from Oxford
People educated at Rugby School
Harlequin F.C. players
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths by firearm in Belgium
Military personnel from Oxfordshire
Burials at Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
Officers' Training Corps

masks:
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Ronald
Poulton
Ronald Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts:
<mask>, or Sofronie Vârnav (also known as Charles Basile Varnav, Charles de Wirnave, Varnavu or Vîrnav; died ), was a Moldavian and Romanian political figure, philanthropist, collector, and Orthodox clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the Romanian liberal movement, and an ardent Romanian nationalist, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the Danubian Principalities and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly Baroque paintings, donated by him to Academia Mihăileană, forms the core of the Iași Museum of Art. With Nicolae Bălcescu and C. A. Rosetti, <mask> also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the French Revolution of 1848, before returning to take orders at Neamț Monastery, a Hieromonk and Starets. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner.However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda. After campaigning nationally in support of Carol I, Vârnav ended his career in Tutova County. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the Free and Independent Faction. On this basis, he contested a seat in the Assembly of Deputies during December 1867, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the Romanian Jews sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician <mask> C. Vârnav.Biography

Early activities
It is known that Vârnav was a native of Hilișeu (or Silișeu), Dorohoi County, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he notes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning Prince <mask> Callimachi. Vârnav belonged to a large family of the Moldavian boyar nobility, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to Teodor Vârnav, the Bessarabian writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the Carbonari. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian resistance to the "Sacred Band" during the civil war of 1821, alongside Gavril Istrati.<mask> was generally believed to have been the son of Ban Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of Dimitrie Cantemir's Descriptio Moldaviae, Condillac's Logique, Dionisie Fotino's Istoria tis palai Dakias, and Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: <mask>'s father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and <mask>'s mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included Sofronie Miclescu, who would later serve as Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia. Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of Liveni. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both <mask> and Constantin were sent to study abroad in the Duchy of Bukovina "immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat as back in his home village in 1826.Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of Botoșani. One account is that <mask> was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure, whether or not prompted by the incident, is tentatively dated to between 1832 and 1836. Vârnav lived in France until 1848. He attended Paris Law Faculty between 1837 and 1840, but he never took a diploma; he probably also heard literature courses at the College of Sorbonne. With his own private funds, he purchased the art collection of Aguado de las Marismas on the recommendation of Gheorghe Panaiteanu Bardasare.It included paintings by Caravaggio, Philippe de Champaigne, Egbert van Heemskerck, Eustache Le Sueur, Pietro Liberi, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, and François Stella; Vârnav also owned a copy of Philippoteaux's La Retraite de Russie, which was probably done by the artist himself, and which he may have purchased at the Exposition nationale des beaux-arts of Brussels, in 1842. In 1847, he donated all artworks in his possession to the Moldavian state, which took little interest in the offer. The collection was left to deteriorate at a shipyard in Galați. Taking up the cause of Romanian nationalism, Vârnav established in 1846 a Romanian library, which he dedicated to the "new era" of European liberalism, and also set the foundation for a Romanian Orthodox chapter in Paris. Regulars included Nicolae Bălcescu, who described the library as actually a salon and a "reunion center for us Romanians." According to the Moldavian liberal writer Gheorghe Sion, Vârnav was good friends with a Rom, Dincă, born into slavery at Pașcani. He tried to persuade Dincă not to return to his owners to Moldavia, offering to employ him as a secretary of the library.In the mid 1840s, Vârnav was also in contact with the agronomist and political thinker Ion Ionescu de la Brad, sponsoring his attempts to set up a model farm in southern Moldavia, and also offering to employ Ionescu as a trainer of peasants. In his address to the library's patrons, which he printed in over 3,000 copies, Vârnav explained that he regarded the Romanian language and the church as the two "protective genii of our nationhood." Like Rosetti, he made reference to Romanians entering an "era of transition", explaining that "Phanariote" mores were "dead", but also that the "new ideas and new beliefs" had not yet settled. The prospects worried him: "we are at times troubled as to whether our so very backward nation might be allowed the time to enjoy those future joys". Vârnav's manifesto chided Westernized Romanians for forgetting their modernizing mission, and even their native language, suggesting that the two were inextricably linked. Overall, he proposed that the emerging Romanian literature needed to keep cosmopolitan tendencies in check: the predominant themes needed to display "originality and Romanianism" rather than the "illusions of the senses" and "chimeras of individual hurdles." His focus was on providing young intellectuals with a cultural training that was already in their vernacular language; this included efforts to discard the Cyrillic orthography as "foreign", and familiarize students with the various adaptations from Latin.He specifically asked book publishers to specify whether their books were in Latin or Cyrillic, intending to prioritize the former. His own experiments resulted in what historian Nicolae Iorga deems a "bizarre personal orthography". While the nationalist movement was struggling to popularize the name "Romanian" for the shared ethnicity and culture, and trying to settle on a spelling of that word, Vârnav suggested the variant Roumén(é), later replaced by român and română. He also proposed that linguists from the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), as well as from other Romanian-speaking regions, meet up in congress "somewhere central to the Romanian lands". Revolutionary
In Vârnav's own definition, the political unification of Moldavia and Wallachia could originate from the cultural "fusion" that he was promoting in the Romanian student colony; his letters of the time opened with the slogan Vivat Unirea ("Long Live Union"). His campaigning led to the establishment of a Society of the Romanian Students in Paris on July 25, 1846, after preliminary networking by a Wallachian, C. A. Rosetti. In April, Vârnav had provided the enterprise with its first capital, by donating 400 Napoléons, and then emerged as the Society's administrator after earning Rosetti's full trust.The club held meetings at Vârnav's house in Quartier de la Sorbonne (Place de la Sorbonne, 3, where the library was also housed). Its triumvirate leadership comprised Rosetti and Ion Ghica of Wallachia, with the Moldavian Vârnav as cashier. However, Rosetti and Vârnav handled most of daily business, with Ghica effectively absent from Paris after August 1846; in later months, Rosetti also left, to be replaced by Bălcescu. This and other concerns prompted the Society to seek patronage from conservative figures in both Principalities—Nicolae Ghica-Comănești, Roxanda Roznovanu, Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu, and various others. Vârnav also offered honorary presidency to the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine who, as he recalled, accepted with "the greatest joy and affection". Some records suggest that, from about 1845, Vârnav had been accepted into the Athénée des Etrangers, a Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France. According to genealogist Mihai D. Sturdza, Vârnav never joined the Freemasonry, though he was a member of Spiritist and esoteric lodges while in Paris.Despite his public overture to the conservative boyars, he had also joined the Wallachians' secret society, Frăția ("The Brotherhood"), which was repressed at home but maintained a presence in the diaspora; the Society itself may have been a front for Rosetti's revolutionary conspiracy. Privately, he expressed his dislike for the patronage, noting that Ghica-Comănești and the others had surrendered the Society to "backbiters". The Society was still highly popular, and, according to ledgers published by Vârnav, made a yearly profit of 21,200 francs in subscriptions and donations. He was able to sponsor scholarships for new recruits to the nationalist cause, including Nicolae Ionescu, N. Chinezu, and Ianache Lecca. Also as a result of new funding, he and Ghica were able to bail out the student Martino from debtors' prison. In Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it.He shared some of <mask>'s views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in Russia, which, at the time, shared custody of the Principalities. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the French monarchy,

masks:
Scarlat Vasile Vâv
Vârnav
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat
Scarlat


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts:
 which was transitioning to conservatism. The Guizot government chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground. In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian Edgar Quinet; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside Grigore Arghiropol, Dimitrie Brătianu, Ion C. Brătianu and Mihail Kogălniceanu, had founded the semi-legal Însocierea Lazariană ("Lazarian Association").Named in honor of Gheorghe Lazăr, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as untimely by other intellectuals, including Alexandru G. Golescu, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to radical politics, Vârnav became an active participant in the February Revolution. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the French Provisional Government, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including Vasile Alecsandri and Costache Negri. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the National Guard and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single Romanian tricolor, combining the Wallachian blue-yellow and the Moldavian blue-red.Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive Moldavian liberal revolution, helping to draft its only manifesto. <mask> fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially La Démocratie Pacifique. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in La Démocratie Pacifique, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its Fourierist form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince Mihail Sturdza ordered the border guards to prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets.Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the French Second Republic. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another <mask> Vârnav. According to Ion Nistor, Vârnav received the title of Postelnic and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the Moldavian Militia; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia. Unionist agent and legal troubles
As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and Gheorghe Asachi at Academia Mihăileană.It was the basis of the Iași Museum of Art, which opened for the public in 1860. In 1850, after only a few months' novitiate, the former revolutionary was ordained a monk at Neamț Monastery, taking the name Sofronie Vârnav (transitional alphabet: Sofрonie Вaрnaвꙋ̆). Described by Iorga as intelligent, charitable and industrious, he was for a while the community's Starets, but apparently also returned to Hilișeu, where he enjoyed living among the peasants. He still maintained contacts with the Paris Orthodox circles, donating 5,000 ducats to the Romanian chapel, and, with Constantin, ceded a Czernowitz townhouse to the Romanian library of Bukovina, which opened in 1852. In 1851, both brothers also sponsored the establishment of a boys' school in Dorohoi. As argued by Iorga, the monk was adamantly "democratic", and from the 1840s proudly listed himself a taxpayer (birnic); this was included as part of his signature on a letter he addressed to Prince Sturdza, causing the latter's annoyance and generating some interest from the French consul in Iași. Historian Nicolae Isar notes that, by using birnic as his title, Vârnav highlighted at once his ideas of self-sacrifice for the greater good and his critique of the boyar class as a drain on Moldavia's budget.Zahariuc however disagrees, suggesting that the name primarily invoked Vârnav's responsibilities at his Library and elsewhere. In a letter to George Bariț, Vârnav had also noted that birnic referred to his belief in "peaceful reform", the sort that required material investment rather than bloodshed. While maintaining a profile in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the Ispravnic of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained French citizenship, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with <mask> liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to Eugeniu Alcaz.From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the National Party, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop Iacov Antonovici contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by Hieromonk Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the Crimean War, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading Russian Army, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the Roman County clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the election of July 1857, he became the head organizer of the National Party in Bacău County, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As "Hieromonk Varnav", <mask> was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the Diocese of Huși, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the ad-hoc Divan. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the repeat election of September, <mask> himself was documenting instances of authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in Broscăuți were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette Timpul ("Times"), and eventually ran in the elections of 1858, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by <mask>, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square". The Divan's subsequent election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities was saluted as a major fulfillment in <mask>'s letters to Constantin Hurmuzachi. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian N. Petrașcu, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's royal cypher, M.S.V., stood for Mai Stăi Voinice ("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend.However, writer V. A. Urechia also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was: Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul! ("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he donated all his belongings to the Paris library. Church conflicts
Recorded as living among the monks of Neamț from December 31, 1857, Vârnav took orders at Secu Monastery a few months later. He subsequently became a proponent of innovation, creating controversy with his belief that monks should let their estate be curated by the state, his attempt at introducing polyphony, and his moves to do away with Slavonic services. As noted by Zahariuc, the conflict was exacerbated when Vârnav, backed in this by Miclescu, used church events to popularize the unionist cause, including among pilgrims arriving in from Russia's Bessarabia Governorate.These efforts created situations that appeared to other monks as irritatingly "playful and non-canonical". During the early part of his stay, Vârnav donated to the Secu patrimony items replicating the Romanian tricolor scheme, including tassels and a large ribbon. Vârnav thereafter involved himself in the controversy over the full secularization of monastery estates, which also doubled as Cuza's attempt at curbing Russian influence within the national borders. Unlike a circle of conservative monks, led by Andronic Popovici, Vârnav and his followers were enthusiastic about the proposed secularization; Popovici called Vârnav the "new heretic of Moldavia". Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Teriachiu, assigned Vârnav to a reform committee which uncovered great irregularities at Neamț, including a dysfunctional seminary and an inhumane ward for the insane. Vârnav refurbished the seminary, and then also organized the peasant schools of Neamț County,

masks: Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat