title: Roberta Bondar

texts:
<mask>  (; born December 4, 1945) is a Canadian astronaut, neurologist and consultant. She is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. After more than a decade as head of an international space medicine research team collaborating with NASA, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities. Bondar has received many honours including appointment as a Companion of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Flight Medal, over 28 honorary degrees, induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame, the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame and a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, on December 4, 1945. Her father, who worked for the Sault Ste.Marie Public Utilities Commission, is of Ukrainian descent, and her mother, an educator, is of English descent. Bondar's love of the sciences began as a child. Her father built a lab in the basement where she frequently conducted experiments. Bondar dreamed of becoming an astronaut. Because of her determination to prove her capability as a woman, Bondar received an extensive education. Bondar graduated from Sir James Dunn High School in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.She holds a Bachelor of Science in zoology and agriculture from the University of Guelph (1968), a Master of Science in experimental pathology from the University of Western Ontario (1971), a Doctor of Philosophy in neuroscience from the University of Toronto (1974), and a Doctor of Medicine from McMaster University (1977). Part of Bondar's undergraduate research experience includes working with the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Career
As one of the first six members of the Canadian Astronaut Corps selected in 1983, Bondar began astronaut training in 1984, and in 1992 she was designated Payload Specialist for the first International Microgravity Laboratory Mission (IML-1). <mask> flew on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery during Mission STS-42, January 22–30, 1992, during which she performed over 40 experiments in the Spacelab. Her work studying the effects of low-gravity situations on the human body allowed NASA to prepare astronauts for long stays in the space station. After her astronaut career, <mask> led an international team of researchers at NASA for more than a decade, examining data obtained from astronauts on space missions to better understand the mechanisms underlying the body's ability to recover from exposure to space. Bondar's research in space recovery considered the linkage to Parkinson's disease in addition to other neurological effects.Bondar pursued her interests in photography with an emphasis on natural environments; she was an Honors student in Professional Nature Photography at the Brooks Institute of Photography, Santa Barbara, California. She is the author of four photo essay books that feature her photography of the Earth. These published books include Landscape of Dreams, Passionate Vision: Discovering Canada's National Parks, The Arid Edge of Earth, and Touching the Earth. Bondar was also a certified sky diver, underwater diver and private pilot. Bondar has also been a consultant and speaker to diverse organizations, drawing on her expertise as an astronaut, physician, scientific researcher, photographer, author, environment interpreter, and team leader. Not only can interviews from radio and TV be found of Bondar, but she also played a role in the movie Destiny in Space. Furthermore, Bondar's expertise was consulted in programs that captured both the literal and figurative takeoff of groundbreaking science—that is, the space shuttle.In 2009, Bondar registered The Roberta Bondar Foundation as a not-for-profit charity. The foundation focuses on environmental awareness. Honours, awards, and tributes
Bondar is the recipient of multiple honours and awards from organizations and universities across Canada. These honours include the Vanier Award in 1985 and the F.W. (Casey) Baldwin Award in 1985. Bondar was the first astronaut to receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. It was inducted on October 1, 2011, at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto.The <mask>ar Park and Tent Pavilion is located in <mask>'s home town (Sault Ste. Marie) in honour of the first female astronaut. Bondar also has multiple public schools named after her. Bondar served two terms as the Chancellor of Trent University, from 2003 to 2009. In 2009, Concordia University awarded Bondar the prestigious Loyola Medal. In 2017, the Royal Canadian Mint released a limited edition 25th anniversary $25 coin entitled "A View of Canada from Space". The unveiling of this honour was done in her hometown of Sault Ste.Marie at Sault College on November 1, 2016. In 2018, Thebacha and Wood Buffalo Astronomical Society renamed its observatory to The Dr. <mask> Bondar Northern Observatory. Organizations

References

Further reading

Joyal, Serge, and A. Kim Campbell. "A Personal Reflection on Gender Equality in Canada." Reflecting on Our Past and Embracing Our Future: A Senate Initiative for Canada, edited by Serge Joyal and Judith Seidman, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal; Kingston; London; Chicago, 2018, pp. 261–272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcj2m2z.24.Accessed February 25, 2020
Hampson, Sarah. "In the Ever-Changing Orbit of the Passionate Earthling." The Globe and Mail, April 30, 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/final-shuttle-launch/in-the-ever-changing-orbit-of-the-passionate-earthling/article585608/
"4 Space Veterans and 3 Novices Make Trip." The New York Times, The New York Times, January 23, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/01/23/us/4-space-veterans-and-3-novices-make-trip.html?searchResultPosition=1. External links
 CSA biography
 Bondar's home page
 Video: <mask> on patriotism following the Olympics & her favourite technology (from NAIT's techlife magazine)
Coin Honours Bondar
The <mask>ar Foundation

1945 births
Canadian astronauts
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian photographers
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Chancellors of Trent University
Women astronauts
Living people
Members of the Order of Ontario
McMaster University alumni
Companions of the Order of Canada
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Physician astronauts
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Canadian women physicians
Canadian neurologists
Women neurologists
Canadian women biologists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
20th-century Canadian physicians
21st-century Canadian physicians
Scientists from Ontario
20th-century women physicians
20th-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian biologists
21st-century women physicians
Space Shuttle program astronauts

masks:
Roberta Bondar
Bondar
Bondar
Bondar
Roberta Bond
Bondar
Roberta
Roberta Bondar
Roberta Bond


title: Julia Görges

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 2 November 1988) is a German former professional tennis player. A former top-ten singles player, she was ranked as high as No. 9 in the world on 20 August 2018, and was ranked inside the top 15 in doubles, peaking at world No. 12 on 22 August 2016. She won seven singles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour (her biggest title coming at the year-end 2017 WTA Elite Trophy), as well as six singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. <mask> turned professional in 2005, and first broke into the world's top 100 in June 2008. Prior to 2018, her best singles result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the fourth round five times.She broke into the top ten for the first time in February 2018, before going on to reach the semifinals at the 2018 Wimbledon Championships. She was also a two-time semifinalist in women's doubles at the Australian Open, and reached the finals in mixed doubles with Nenad Zimonjić at the 2014 French Open. She announced her retirement from professional tennis on 21 October 2020, two weeks before her 32nd birthday. Personal life
<mask> was born in Bad Oldesloe to Klaus and Inge <mask>, both of whom work in insurance. She has one elder maternal half-sister named Maike, who also works in insurance. She attended the Klaus-Groth-Schule and Theodor-Mommsen-Schule in Bad Oldesloe from 1995 to 2005, and completed the Mittlere Reife (middle-school diploma). She began playing tennis around the age of five.Her tennis idol growing up was Martina Hingis, and she is also a fan of Roger Federer. She was coached by Sascha Nensel, former coach of fellow German player Nicolas Kiefer, until 2015. She preferred hard and grass courts, and her favorite tournament was the Australian Open. Career

2005–2008
In 2005, she began her career on the ITF Women's Circuit, playing in seven tournaments and losing in the first round in five of them. In 2006 and 2007 she continued to play mostly ITF tournaments. In 2006, she won the Wahlstedt and Bielefeld tournaments. In 2007, she won tournaments in Antalya and Bucharest and made her first WTA Tour main draw appearances, the highlight of which was a semifinal in Stockholm, where she lost to Vera Dushevina in three sets.Görges made her Grand Slam main draw debut at the US Open, losing to Justine Henin in the first round in straight sets. In 2008, Görges continued to play in a mix of ITF and WTA events. Her best performances were reaching the semifinals of the Slovenia Open, where she lost to Anabel Medina Garrigues, and a quarterfinal-loss to Olga Govortsova in the Cellular South Cup. She made her top-100 debut in the rankings after the French Open. She won her first Grand Slam main-draw match at Wimbledon, where she upset the 23rd seed Katarina Srebotnik in a three-hour, 41-minute first-round match. However, she bowed out in the second round to Marina Erakovic, in straight sets. 2009: Consistent top-100 ranking
In 2009, Görges began to play in WTA Tour events more regularly.It was the first season that she played in the main draw of all four Grand Slam tournaments. She began her season at the Brisbane International, where she lost in qualifying to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. <mask> competed at the Australian Open, the Open GdF Suez, and the Warsaw Open, losing before the third round in each. She retired in the first round of the French Open in a match against Iveta Benešová due to heat exhaustion. <mask> reached the third round of the Birmingham Classic, falling to Urszula Radwańska. She went on to play against Jelena Janković in the first round of Wimbledon, losing in straight sets. She lost prior to the third round at the Slovenia Open, the İstanbul Cup, and the US Open, where she faced Svetlana Kuznetsova.At the Bell Challenge, she managed to reach the semifinals, before losing to Lucie Šafářová. She was defeated by Raluca Olaru in the second round of the Linz Open. 2010: First WTA title
<mask> started the 2010 season at the Auckland Open, losing in the first round to Yanina Wickmayer. She went on to play at the Australian Open, where she beat Tamira Paszek, but then lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the second round. Görges reached the quarterfinals of Strasbourg, losing to Maria Sharapova. Following a second round loss at the French Open and a first round loss at Wimbledon, she reached the semifinals of Palermo, losing to Flavia Pennetta. At the Gastein Ladies, <mask> won her first career WTA singles title by defeating Timea Bacsinszky in the final in straight sets.She made her top-50 debut in the rankings afterward. At the Danish Open, she reached the quarterfinals, but was unable to take advantage of a 5–3 third-set lead over the top seed Wozniacki, eventually falling in a tiebreak. <mask> defeated Romina Oprandi in the first round of the US Open, before falling to the 15th seed Wickmayer in the second round. At the Japan Open, she scored her first win over a former No. 1 player by defeating Dinara Safina in the first round. In the second, she defeated the fourth seed Samantha Stosur for her first win over a current top-10 player, before losing to CoCo Vandeweghe in the quarterfinals. At Linz, she reached the quarterfinals, but fell to the eventual champion Ana Ivanovic.In her final tournament of the season, the Luxembourg Open, she won a quarterfinal rematch with Ivanovic, defeating her in straight sets. She eventually reached her second WTA career final, losing to Roberta Vinci. 2011: Second career title, breakthrough into top 25
Beginning her season at the Auckland Open, <mask> lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion Gréta Arn. In the second round of the Australian Open, she upset the No. 20 seed Kaia Kanepi. Her third-round match against the 2008 champion Maria Sharapova was a three-set battle, which Görges finally lost. This marked her best performance in a Grand Slam tournament, and she was rewarded by achieving a career-high No.34 singles ranking on 31 January 2011. In February, she helped Germany defeat Slovenia in the Fed Cup competition by clinching the tie with a straight-sets win over Maša Zec Peškirič, her first win in the Fed Cup. Switching to the hard court, she then lost in the first round of Monterrey to Ksenia Pervak, and then continued to struggle at Indian Wells and Miami, losing in the second and first rounds respectively. At the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, however, she made a quarterfinal appearance on the green clay, losing to Elena Vesnina in three sets. In the Fed Cup in Stuttgart, Görges won a rubber for Germany against Melanie Oudin, who had defeated her in Miami. Staying in Stuttgart for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, she won her first Premier-level tournament and second WTA tournament, upsetting Samantha Stosur and benefitting from a retirement by Victoria Azarenka. In the final, Görges scored the biggest win of her career by defeating world No.1 Caroline Wozniacki in two sets, to become the first German to win the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix since Anke Huber in 1994. Less than two weeks after winning in Stuttgart, <mask> defeated Wozniacki once again at the Madrid Open. She reached the semifinals, where she lost to Azarenka. <mask> was the 17th seed at the French Open, but fell to the 11th seed Marion Bartoli in three sets in the third round. After a first round exit to Ana Ivanovic at the Aegon International, she reached the third round of Wimbledon where she fell to the 24th seed Dominika Cibulková in three sets. <mask> failed to advance past the second round at Bad Gastein, Stanford, Carlsbad, Toronto, Cincinnati or Dallas. As the 24th seed at the US Open, she fell to the 13th seed Peng Shuai in two close sets in the third round.Taking part in the Asian part of the WTA tour, she fell in the quarterfinals of the Korea Open, the third round of the Pan Pacific Open, and the first round of the China Open. She finished her 2011 season with a semifinal loss to Azarenka at the Luxembourg Open. She finished the year ranked 21st, accumulating a 38–25 singles record and a 22–18 doubles record. 2012: Top-20 ranking, consistent form

Seeded fifth at the Auckland Open, she defeated the defending champion Gréta Arn, before falling to her compatriot Angelique Kerber in straight sets. <mask> experienced more success in doubles, reaching the final with Flavia Pennetta before falling to the Czech duo of Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká in a third-set super tiebreak. After retiring in the first round of the Sydney International against Jelena Janković, she achieved her best Australian Open performance to date by reaching the fourth round. <mask> defeated Polona Hercog, Eleni Daniilidou, and Romina Oprandi, before being dominated by the eighth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.Playing in the Fed Cup for Germany, she lost to Petra Kvitová in an extremely tight three-setter. Partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she lost to Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová as the Czech Republic won the tie 4–1. Ranked 21st and seeded sixth, she reached the quarterfinals of the Open GdF Suez, falling to Klára Zakopalová in three sets. <mask> then lost in the second round in Qatar to Varvara Lepchenko, before reaching the final in Dubai. She defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, Casey Dellacqua and Daniela Hantuchová, scored a two-set win over the third seed Caroline Wozniacki, but then fell to Agnieszka Radwańska again. Her good result at Dubai helped her to achieve a career-high ranking of 15. Seeded 14th at the Indian Wells Open, she advanced to the fourth round in straight sets, before becoming another victim of Azarenka.After receiving another bye into the second round in Miami, <mask> was defeated by the four-time Grand Slam champion Kim Clijsters. At Roland Garros, Görges was seeded 25th. She reached the third round, beating Lucie Hradecká and Heather Watson along the way. She lost in the third round to Arantxa Rus, ending the match with two double faults. At the end of the third set <mask> complained about the light, which was dismissed by the head supervisor. After this she asked for a medical time-out and asked again to suspend the match, which again was denied by the umpire. In the women's doubles, she lost in the first round with her partner Samantha Stosur.She was the No. 1 seed in Bad Gastein but lost in three sets to the Dutch qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp, ranked 211, who won her first WTA match. At the same tournament, she won the doubles competition, partnering the American Jill Craybas. In the final they defeated Grönefeld and Petra Martić. At Wimbledon she lost in the third round to Ana Ivanovic, after defeating Shahar Pe'er and Anastasiya Yakimova in the first two rounds. In Palermo, <mask> was defeated in the quarterfinals by Záhlavová-Strýcová. In the second round of the Swedish Open, she lost to the eventual champion Hercog in straight sets.At the London Olympics, <mask> surprisingly defeated second seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round. She also beat Lepchenko in round two, but in the third round lost to Maria Kirilenko in straight sets. In the women's doubles, she teamed with Grönefeld, and reached the second round. In August she lost in the first round at Montreal and reached the second round in Cincinnati. At the US Open she lost in the first round to Kristýna Plíšková. In September she lost in the first round in Seoul. In Tokyo she defeated Monica Niculescu, but lost to Marion Bartoli in the second round.At the China Open in Beijing, she defeated Vania King and eighth seed Stosur. In the third round, she again lost to the ninth seed Bartoli. She then played a fairly successful tournament in Linz, reaching the finals of both singles and doubles. In the singles final she lost to Azarenka, the world No. 1. In doubles she played alongside Záhlavová-Strýcová and they were defeated by another German-Czech pair, Grönefeld and Květa Peschke. In Luxembourg, <mask> reached the second round, where she lost to Niculescu, who went on to be defeated in the final by Venus Williams.She ended 2012 ranked as the world No. 18. 2013: Loss of form

<mask> began her season at the Auckland Open. Seeded second, she lost in the second round to Johanna Larsson. In doubles, she and her partner, Yaroslava Shvedova, reached the final where they lost to Cara Black/Anastasia Rodionova. At the Sydney International, <mask> was defeated in the first round by qualifier Svetlana Kuznetsova. Seeded eighteenth at the Australian Open, <mask> advanced to the fourth round after wins over Vera Dushevina, Romina Oprandi, and Jie Zheng.She lost in her fourth-round match to sixth seed and eventual finalist, Li Na. Seeded seventh at the Open GdF Suez, <mask> was stunned in the first round by French wildcard Kristina Mladenovic. During the Fed Cup tie against France, Görges won both her matches defeating Kristina Mladenovic and Pauline Parmentier. Germany won 3–1 over France. At the Dubai Championships, Görges lost in the first round to fifth seed and eventual finalist Sara Errani. In March, Görges played at the Indian Wells Open. As the 21st seed, she received a first-round bye.She defeated Sofia Arvidsson in the second round. She lost her third-round match to tenth seed Nadia Petrova. At the Miami Open, <mask> was the 24th seed, and she received a first-round bye. She was defeated in the second round by Ajla Tomljanović. <mask> began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. Seeded tenth, she reached the third round after wins over Yulia Putintseva and Olga Govortsova. She lost her third-round match to Stefanie Vögele.Seeded fourth at the first edition of the Katowice Open, Görges retired during her first-round match against qualifier Jill Craybas due to dizziness. At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Görges was defeated in the second round by fifth seed Petra Kvitová. Seeded eighth at the Portugal Open, Görges suffered a first-round loss at the hands of Monica Puig. In the Madrid Open, Görges defeated Bojana Jovanovski in round one but withdrew from her second-round match against Varvara Lepchenko because of an infection. In Rome, Görges won her first-round match against Andrea Hlaváčková before she lost to the third seed Victoria Azarenka. In Brussels she reached the second round, after defeating CoCo Vandeweghe, but retired the match against Romina Oprandi

masks:
Julia Görges
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Julia Görges
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title: Julia Görges

texts:
 due to a right wrist injury. At Roland Garros, she lost in the first round to Zuzana Kučová.She reached the second round in Nuremberg, losing to Andrea Petkovic. This result was followed by a series of first-round losses: against Mariana Duque at Wimbledon, against Olga Govortsova in Stanford, against Sesil Karatantcheva in Carlsbad, against Roberta Vinci in Toronto and against Magdaléna Rybáriková in Cincinnati. She was more successful in doubles during this part of season. Alongside Darija Jurak, she reached the final in Stanford, where they lost to the American pair Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears. In Cincinnati she paired with Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and they lost in the semifinals to the other Czech-German pairing of Grönefeld and Peschke. In New Haven, <mask> won her first-round match against Bojana Jovanovski, but lost in the second round to the sixth seed Sloane Stephens. At the US Open she lost to the 21-year-old American Christina McHale in the first round.Görges then participated in Seoul where she was the sixth seed. She defeated Misaki Doi before losing to Irina-Camelia Begu in the second round. She lost her openers in her final three tournaments of 2013; against Sorana Cîrstea in Tokyo, against Kaia Kanepi in Beijing and against the qualifier Camila Giorgi in Linz. She ended the year at No. 73. 2014: Out of top 100, downfall
To start the year, Görges played the Auckland Open, making it to the second round before losing to Sachie Ishizu in three sets. In Sydney, <mask> retired in the final round of qualifying but was awarded a lucky loser spot in the main draw, where she lost to Caroline Wozniacki.At the Australian Open, <mask> upset seventh seed Sara Errani in the first round, but lost to Lauren Davis in round two. In Pattaya, <mask> reached the semifinals, losing to Karolína Plíšková. Having fallen out of the top 100 for one week, her success in Pattaya moved her back to world No. 88. The following week, <mask> competed in Acapulco where she defeated the Mexican wildcard Marcela Zacarías in the first round before losing to Kaia Kanepi in three sets. She reached the second round at Indian Wells, where she lost to Maria Sharapova. She did not qualify for the Miami Open and lost to Virginie Razzano in the first round at the Family Circle Cup.In Stuttgart, she defeated Sorana Cîrstea before falling to Ana Ivanovic in three sets. Then she qualified for the Madrid Open, but lost her opener to fourth seed Simona Halep. She did not qualify for Rome but managed to reach the quarterfinals at Strasbourg the week before the French Open. She defeated the top seed Sloane Stephens and Lauren Davis, but lost to Madison Keys. At the French Open, Görges lost in the second round to Eugenie Bouchard of Canada in three sets. Partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the doubles, she lost in the first round to the unseeded pair Dominika Cibulková and Kirsten Flipkens. However, in the mixed doubles partnering Nenad Zimonjić, Görges had a more successful run, reaching her first Grand Slam final.The German-Serbian pair lost to the unseeded Grönefeld and Jean-Julien Rojer in three sets. At Wimbledon, Görges lost in the first round to the eventual semifinalist Lucie Šafářová in two tie-breaks. In the doubles event, she partnered her fellow German, Grönefeld. The pair fell in the quarterfinals to Petkovic and Rybáriková. The following week, she competed at the Gastein Ladies where she lost to Stefanie Vögele in the first round. At the Swedish Open, Görges defeated the seventh seed María Teresa Torró Flor in the first round to book a second round clash with another Spaniard, Sílvia Soler Espinosa, losing in three sets. In doubles, Görges was the top seed alongside Katarzyna Piter, but they could only make the quarterfinals, losing to the British pairing of Jocelyn Rae and Anna Smith.At the US Open in New York, <mask> fought a spirited first round match against the 11th-seeded Flavia Pennetta, losing in a three-setter. She then competed at the Coupe Banque Nationale in Québec where she was seeded fifth. She reached the quarterfinals, after defeating Stéphanie Dubois and Melanie Oudin. She then defeated Andrea Hlaváčková to face Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in the last four, but lost to the eventual tournament champion. Partnering Hlaváčková in the doubles, she made it to the final, but lost in straight sets to Lucie Hradecká and Lučić-Baroni. 2015: Australian Open doubles semifinal

<mask> reached the quarterfinals in Auckland, where she lost to the top seed Caroline Wozniacki. At the Australian Open she defeated Bencic, Koukalová and Hradecká, before losing in the fourth round to Ekaterina Makarova.She was also successful in the doubles, where together with Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she reached the semifinals. <mask> won a dead rubber playing in the doubles alongside Sabine Lisicki in the Fed Cup match against Australia. In March, she reached the quarterfinals in Kuala Lumpur where she lost to Alexandra Dulgheru in straight sets. In April, Görges played for Germany in the Fed Cup semifinals. She lost her singles match against Svetlana Kuznetsova and Germany lost to Russia 3–2. At the French Open, Görges battled past CoCo Vandeweghe in three sets in the first round, before scoring an upset against the 5th seed Wozniacki in the second round in straight sets. She defeated Irina Falconi before losing to Sara Errani in round four.In the doubles she played alongside Barbora Krejčíková. They lost in the first round to Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza. 2016: Two Grand Slam doubles semifinals

Görges started the new season by reaching the final in Auckland, where she lost to Sloane Stephens. At the Australian Open, she defeated Andreea Mitu before losing in straight sets to her doubles partner, the ninth seed Karolína Plíšková. In the doubles, <mask> and Karolína Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the top seeds and eventual winners, Hingis and Mirza. Görges received a wildcard in Dubai, where she defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, losing only a single game. In the second round she lost to Barbora Strýcová.In doubles she partnered Tímea Babos. They lost to the French pair, Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, in the semifinals. In Doha <mask> faced again Kuznetsova in the first round, and this time she lost. Together with Babos she reached quarterfinals in the doubles, where they lost to the eventual winners, Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan. In Indian Wells, <mask> lost in the first round to Camila Giorgi. In the doubles she played alongside Karolína Plíšková. They lost in the final to Mattek-Sands and CoCo Vandeweghe.In Miami, Görges defeated Nao Hibino and Sam Stosur before losing to Simona Halep in third round. Görges reached the semifinals in Nürnberg, where she lost to the eventual champion Kiki Bertens. At the French Open Görges defeated Johanna Konta in the first round, before losing to Monica Puig in the second round. In the doubles she again played alongside Karolína Plíšková and they lost in the third round to the eventual runners-up Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. At Wimbledon, Görges lost in the first round to Yaroslava Shvedova. In the doubles, Görges and Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the Williams sisters. <mask> reached the semifinals in Båstad, losing to the eventual winner Laura Siegemund.At the US Open, Görges defeated Yanina Wickmayer before losing to Venus Williams in the second round. Görges reached the semifinals of the Kremlin Cup, where she lost Daria Gavrilova. She played in the doubles draw at the 2016 WTA Finals, partnering Karolína Plíšková, but lost in the first match against Garcia/Mladenovic. 2017: Late career rapid rise

<mask> started the 2017 season in Auckland, defeating the third seed and former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki before losing in the semifinals to Ana Konjuh. At the Australian Open she won her opening match against Kateřina Siniaková but then lost to Jelena Janković. At the French Open, <mask> lost her opening match in a very tight third set to the American Madison Brengle.Preparing for Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first final on grass at the Mallorca Open. She lost to the second seed Anastasija Sevastova. At Wimbledon, she lost in three sets to Lesia Tsurenko. She reached her second final of the year on clay, where she lost to the home favourite Irina-Camelia Begu at the Bucharest Open. In August, <mask> reached her third final of the year at the Washington Open, where she lost to Makarova. A week later, at Cincinnati she knocked out the world No. 10, Agnieszka Radwanska, in the first round and the world No.5, Elina Svitolina, in the third round, but lost to Sloane Stephens in two sets. <mask> was seeded 30th at the US Open. She defeated her compatriot Annika Beck in the first round, Zheng Saisai in the second and Aleksandra Krunić in the third to reach the fourth round for the first time. Görges could not avenge her loss against Stephens, and lost in three sets. In October, <mask> won the Kremlin Cup by defeating Daria Kasatkina in the final. It was her first singles title since 2011. The win in Moscow propelled her back into the top 20, and as a result guaranteed her qualification for the WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai.<mask> was drawn into the Azalea Group, alongside the top-seeded Kristina Mladenovic and the Wimbledon semifinalist Magdaléna Rybáriková. She defeated them both in straight sets to advance to the semifinal stage, where she faced Anastasija Sevastova, whom she defeated in straight sets as well. She then defeated CoCo Vandeweghe to win the biggest title of her career. She finished the year with a nine-match winning streak and a career-high ranking of 14. 2018: Top 10 debut, Wimbledon semifinal, two WTA titles

Entering 2018 with the confidence and form of the last year, Görges won the Auckland Open. This gave her back to back WTA titles after a previous drought of six years, and extended her winning run to 14 matches, only two of which went to the third set. At the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to Alizé Cornet.<mask> then played in St. Petersburg, where she lost in the semifinals to Petra Kvitová. Despite the loss, <mask> made her top 10 debut following the tournament, as Kristina Mladenovic failed to defend the title. In Doha, she reached the quarterfinals but retired in the match against Kvitová during the second set because of a hip injury. In April, she reached final of Premier tournament in Charleston, defeating Naomi Osaka, Daria Kasatkina and Anastasija Sevastova. In the final she lost to Kiki Bertens. <mask> played for Germany in Fed Cup semifinals against Czech Republic. She lost her first rubber against Petra Kvitová.<mask> then defeated Karolína Plíšková, but this was the only point won by German team and Czech Republic advanced to the final. At the French Open, she played as the 11th seed. She defeated Dominika Cibulková and Alison Van Uytvanck before losing to Serena Williams in the third round. She started the grass-court season in Birmingham, where she lost in the quarterfinals to the defending champion Petra Kvitová. In Eastbourne, Görges received bye in the first round and in the second round she lost to Aryna Sabalenka. At Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first Grand Slam semifinal, defeating Monica Puig, Vera Lapko, Barbora Strýcová, Donna Vekić and Kiki Bertens en route. She lost in the semifinal to Serena Williams.In New Haven, she reached the semifinals. In October, she won her sixth career singles title at the Luxembourg Open, defeating Belinda Bencic in the final. 2019: Defending Auckland Open title

Görges won her second Auckland Open title by beating Canadian Bianca Andreescu in the final. She then headed to Melbourne where, as 14th seed, she was beaten in the first round of the Australian Open by Danielle Collins. In June, Görges reached the final in Birmingham where she lost to Ashleigh Barty who became the new No. 1 after this tournament. At Wimbledon, Görges defeated Elena-Gabriela Ruse and Varvara Flink before losing in the third round to Serena Williams, in a rematch of the previous year's semifinal.At the US Open, <mask> defeated Natalia Vikhlyantseva, Francesca Di Lorenzo, and Kiki Bertens to reach the fourth round, where she lost to Donna Vekić, despite having a match point in the second set. <mask> attempted to defend her title at Luxembourg, and reached the final after defeating Misaki Doi, Sorana Cîrstea, Monica Puig, and Elena Rybakina. However, she fell to an in form Jeļena Ostapenko in the final in straight sets. 2020: Lowest ranking since 2016, end of career
<mask> defeated Greetje Minnen and Jil Teichmann to reach the quarterfinals in her Auckland Open title defence, but she lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the quarterfinals in straight sets. Following this loss, she fell to No. 38. She partnered Caroline Garcia in doubles, and reached the quarterfinals, where they fell to eventual champions Asia Muhammad and Taylor Townsend.At Adelaide, she defeated Priscilla Hon before falling to Belinda Bencic in two tight sets. At Melbourne, she defeated Viktória Kužmová and 13th seed Petra Martić, before being defeated by Alison Riske in three sets. Following the Australian Open, <mask>' ranking rose to No. 31. After failing to qualify for Dubai, losing to Sorana Cîrstea in the second qualifying round, <mask> participated in Doha, where she lost in the first round to Maria Sakkari. <mask> opted to withdraw from the US Open season, citing safety concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her first tournament following the suspension of the WTA Tour was at Rome, where she lost to Danka Kovinić in the first round, winning just one game.She next participated at the French Open, where she defeated Riske in the first round, before losing to Laura Siegemund in the second round. Following these tournaments, Görges' ranking fell to No. 45, her lowest ranking since 2016. On 21 October, Görges announced her immediate retirement from the tour on her website. Career statistics

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Bad Oldesloe
German female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of

masks: Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges Görges


title: Hans Ehlers

texts:
<mask> (15 July 1914 – 27 December 1944) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 55—that is, 55 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. He claimed eleven victories on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Born in Hennstedt, <mask> volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War where he was assigned to the ground crew of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group). Following service in Spain, <mask> was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) He claimed his first aerial victory on 18 May 1940 during the Battle of France. He then fought in Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Due to an organizational change, his unit became part of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in early 1942 and was stationed on the Western Front and fighting in Defense of the Reich.<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 1. On 9 June 1944, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was killed in action on 27 December 1944, when he was shot down near Bereborn during the Battle of the Bulge. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 15 July 1914 in a Hennstedt, at the time in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein of the German Empire. He volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. There, <mask> was a member of the groundstaff of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88–88th Fighter Group), at the time under the command of Adolf Galland. For his service in Spain, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Silver with Swords () on 14 April 1939.Following his return from Spain, Ehlers received flight training at the pilot school in Salzwedel starting on 1 August. On 18 September, he transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule 1, the fighter pilot school at Werneuchen before he was posted to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg, a supplementary training unit based at Merseburg, on 16 November. World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 7 December 1939, <mask> was posted to the 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). At the time, the Staffel was based at Zerbst and commanded by Hauptmann Heinz Gärtner which was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) headed by Hauptmann Günther Lützow. On 18 May 1940, during the Battle of France, <mask> claimed his first aerial victories when he shot down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighter and Hawker Hurricane fighter near Valenciennes.He in turn, was then shot down by RAF fighters on the same day and crash-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 south of Valenciennes and was initially listed as missing in action, rejoining his unit shortly later. During the Battle of Britain, <mask> was almost shot down in aerial combat with the RAF. His Bf 109 E-4 was damaged, resulting in a forced landing near Colembert. He claimed his first aerial victory of this battle on 26 August when he shot down a Spitfire west of Calais. On 5 September, I. Gruppe escorted 22 Dornier Do 17 light bombers to London where Ehlers claimed another Spitfire shot down. On 5 February 1941, the RAF flew "Circus" No. 3 targeting the airfield at Saint-Omer.That day, <mask> claimed his fifth aerial victory over a Spitfire fighter shot down northwest of Saint-Omer. War against the Soviet Union
In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dub on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing the Ukraine and its capital Kiev. On 22 June, German forces invaded the Soviet Union. The Gruppe was tasked with suppressing aerial opposition the area of Lviv by attacking the Soviet airfields in that area. In total, I. Gruppe claimed 36 aircraft destroyed on the ground plus further 8 aerial victories on the first day, including a Polikarpov I-16 fighter by Ehlers.On 30 June, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Lutsk in northwestern Ukraine. That day, <mask> was wounded in a takeoff accident at Lutsk which destroyed his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 5708—factory number). The cause of the accident was a ground collision with a Henschel Hs 126 air reconnaissance aircraft from 4. Staffel (Heer) of Aufklärungsgruppe 22  (22nd Reconnaissance Group). Following his convalescence, <mask> claimed his next aerial victories during combat leading up to the Battle of Kiev. Fighting over the battle zones over Kyiv and Kaniv on 15 August, he claimed a I-17 fighter and a V-11 ground attack aircraft shot down. The I-17 was an early German wartime designation for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter, while the V-11 designator referred to the Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft.On 26 August, I. Gruppe was moved to an forward airfield named Gubin located near the front at Hornostaipil. That day, Ehlers claimed a I-16 fighter, one of three aerial victories claimed by the Gruppe that day. Four days later, the Gruppe flew ten combat missions, two in support of Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombers and eight to protect the bridges crossing the Dnieper near Hornostaipil. Ehlers claimed an R-10 aircraft, referring to either a light bomber, biplane or a Seversky aircraft, and an I-17 fighter. On 16 September, the bulk of I. Gruppe was ordered back to Germany while 12 pilots and 40 men from the ground staff remained on the Eastern Front and were sent to either II. or III. Gruppe of JG 3.<mask> was assigned to III. Gruppe and claimed an Il-2 ground attack aircraft on 11 October before returning to I. Gruppe. Western Front

In September 1941, with the exception of 3. Staffel which followed in November, I. Gruppe of JG 3 was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany for rest and re-supply. In November 1941, it was transferred to the northern Netherlands and on 15 January 1942 re-designated II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in Katwijk. In consequence, 1.Staffel of JG 3 became the 4. Staffel of JG 1, 2. Staffel of JG 3 became the 5. Staffel of JG 1, and 3. Staffel of JG 3 became the 6. Staffel of JG 1. In May 1942, II.Gruppe was reequipped with the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A series, a radial engine powered fighter aircraft, at Woensdrecht Air Field. <mask> claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190 on 19 June. That day, 17 Fw 190s from 4. and 6. Staffel intercepted a flight of 24 Spitfire fighters in the area Zeebrugge. In this encounter, <mask> claimed two Spitfires shot down. On 6 December, <mask> claimed his first United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bomber shot down, his 17th aerial victory in total. That day, 66 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers headed for the industrials areas of Lille of which 37 bombed the target area.On 22 January 1943, 15 to 20 North American B-25 Mitchell bombers escorted by Spitfire and North American P-51 Mustang fighters were intercepted by 10 Fw 190 from II. Gruppe over sea northwest of Blankenberge. In this encounter, Ehrler shot down a Spitfire fighter  north of Walcheren. On 11 March, Ehrler may have shot down a Spitfire fighter on an aerial reconnaissance mission. On 3 May, 16 Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers and 16 Lockheed Ventura bombers, escorted by 60 Spitfires and 40 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters crossed the coast of Netherlands between 17:45 and 18:00. The Luftwaffe scrambled 24 Fw 190s from II. Gruppe of JG 1 and eight Bf 109s from 2.Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). Defending against this attack, Ehlers was credited with a Spitfire fighter and a Ventura bomber shot down. The Spitfire was piloted by Wing Commander Howard Blatchford who was killed in action. Defense of the Reich

<mask> was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 July 1943. On 7 July, I. Gruppe of JG 1 moved to Deelen Air Field. The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. The bombers of the 1st Bombardment Wing headed for the ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt.At 11:50, the Luftwaffe fighters of I. Gruppe of JG 1 intercepted a large formation of B-17 bombers in the area of Aschaffenburg. Following the bombers on their southern heading, Ehlers shot down two B-17 bombers. That day, the commander of 2. Staffel of JG 1, Leutnant <mask>, was wounded in combat. In consequence, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel the following day. On 8 October, fying Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer 530715), Ehlers rammed a B-17 bomber near Neuenhaus and Bentheim.That day, VIII Bomber Command had targeted Bremen and German ship building at Bremen-Vegesack. The aircraft rammed was the B-17 "Marie Helena" from the 351st Bombardment Squadron whose entire crew was killed in the collision. That day, JG 1 lost its commanding officer, Oberstleutnant <mask>, who was killed in action. Two other pilots of 2. Staffel also spontaneously executed an unprecedented maneuver by ramming B-17 bombers that were returning westward from a raid against shipyards and factories in Bremen and Vegesack. All three Luftwaffe pilots survived, while all three of their targets were destroyed. This was the only significant ramming attack by Luftwaffe pilots until nearly the end of the war in 1945.On 23 October 1943, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, visited JG 1 at Deelen Air Field. During this visit, <mask> was presented the German Cross in Gold () by Göring. On 11 December, <mask> succeeded Oberleutnant Rolf Strohal as Staffelkapitän of 3. Staffel of JG 1. Combat damaged sustained on 13 April 1944 resulted in a forced landing at Gutersdorf near Landshut. His Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 170046) was a total loss. Group commander and death

On 17 April 1944, <mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 1, succeeding Major Rudolf-Emil Schnoor.<mask> claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur on 13 May. That day 289 B-17 bombers from the 1st Bomb Division headed for oil targets in western Poland while 261 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division attacked the Focke-Wulf factories at Tutow. Further 199 B-17 bombers of the 3rd Bomb Division attacked railroad targets near Osnabrück. This attack force was escorted by 1,107 fighter aircraft. JG 1 was sent to intercept the bombers of the 1st Bomb Division but were engaged by the escorting fighters over the Bay of Lübeck. During this aerial battle, Ehlers claimed a P-47 fighter shot down. Two days later, VIII Bomber Command sent almost 900 bombers to Berlin and Braunschweig.JG 1 intercepted the bombers near Rheine/Osnabrück. On this mission, Ehlers claimed a B-24 bomber destroyed. On 6 June, Allied forced launched the Normandy landings. At 05:00, <mask> received the order to relocate to France. That day, I. Gruppe left the airfield at Bad Lippspringe and relocated to Le Mans Airfield. <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June 1944. In September, I. Gruppe relocated back to Germany.During the period associated with Operation Overlord (6 June – 30 August 1944), the Gruppe claimed 50 aerial victories for the loss of 34 pilots killed, 3 taken prisoner of war, and further 13 wounded. On 21 November, 421 B-17 bombers of the 1st Bomb Division attacked the Leuna works. According to Matthews and Foreman, Ehlers shot down a B-17 bomber that day. This claim is not listed by Prien and Rodeike. Ehlers claimed his last aerial victory on 25 December when approximately 400 B-17 and B-24 bombers attacked German communication and transportation centers in western Germany. I. Gruppe intercepted the bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division around St. Vith/Bastogne where for the loss of one of their own seven B-24 bombers were claimed, including one by Ehlers. On 27 December 1944, Ehlers led a flight of 18 Fw 190s on a mission to cover ground troops in the Dinant-Rochefort area during the Battle of the Bulge.On the approach to the target, they were intercepted by P-51 fighters of the USAAF 364th Fighter Group west of Mayen. <mask> was shot down and killed in action in his Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 739363) near Bereborn. Ehlers had ignored the warnings of his fellow pilots and only three pilots returned from this mission. He was succeeded by Hauptmann Georg Hackbarth as commander of I. Gruppe. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 55 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes eleven claims on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 48 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims.This figure of confirmed claims includes nine aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 39 on the Western Front, including 22 four-engine bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost S/RT-8". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Spanish Cross in Silver with Swords (14 April 1939)
 German Cross in Gold on 24 October 1943 as Leutnant in the II./Jagdgeschwader 1
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 3./Jagdgeschwader 1 "Oesau"
Ehlers was nominated for the posthumous Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). This nomination was not approved. Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1914 births
1944 deaths
Condor Legion personnel
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Aviators killed by being shot down
Missing in action of World War II

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title: Olympia Snowe

texts:
<mask> (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American businesswoman and politician who was a United States Senator from Maine from 1995 to 2013. Snowe, a member of the Republican Party, became known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters. In 2006, she was named one of America's Best Senators by Time magazine. Snowe was known for her ability to compromise and her strong sense of bipartisanship. Throughout her senate career, she was considered one of the most moderate members of the Senate. On February 28, 2012, Snowe announced that she would not seek re-election in November 2012, and retired when her third term ended on January 3, 2013. She cited hyper-partisanship leading to a dysfunctional Congress as the reason for her retirement from the Senate.Her seat went to former governor Angus King, a former Democrat and current independent. Snowe is a senior fellow for the Bipartisan Policy Center and co-chairs its Commission on Political Reform. Early life

Snowe was born <mask> Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia (née Goranites) and George John Bouchles. Her father emigrated to the United States from Sparti, Greece, and her maternal grandparents were also Greek. She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church. When she was eight years old, her mother died of breast cancer, and less than a year later, her father died of heart disease. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five children.Her brother John was raised separately by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life. Snowe attended St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, from the third grade to the ninth. One of her teachers was Athena Hatziemmanuel, a notable Greek-American educator at the school. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School before entering the University of Maine in Orono, from which she earned a degree in political science (1969). Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter T<mask>, on December 29, 1969, in New York City.Early political career

Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions. U.S. House of Representatives
Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995.The district included most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees. Snowe voted for the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in August 1983 and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in March 1988 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto). Snowe married John R. McKernan, Jr., then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Snowe and John McKernan served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, McKernan representing the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a member of Congress of the United States. Tragedy struck Snowe once more in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20.U.S. Senate

Elections

In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily re-elected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%–31%. She cruised past Democratic opponent Jean Hay Bright in 2006, winning by 74% to 20.6%. She won every single county in Maine in all three of her elections.Tenure

<mask> was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy – a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office. Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO). In October 2002, Snowe voted in favor of the War in Iraq. In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008. Snowe voted in favor of the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court.In April 2006, Snowe was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators". She was the only woman so recognized. Time praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican <mask>e is in the center of every policy debate in Washington." She received an honorary degree from Bates College in 1998, and another from the University of Delaware in 2008. Snowe did not miss any of the 657 votes on the Senate floor during the 110th Congress from 2007 to 2009. She was one of only eight senators who did not miss any votes during that session. Snowe is the fourth woman to serve on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the first to chair its seapower subcommittee which oversees the Navy and Marine Corps.In 2001, Snowe became the first Republican woman to secure a full-term seat on the Senate Finance Committee. Snowe was the youngest female Republican ever elected to the United States House of Representatives; she is also the first woman to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the U.S. Congress. She is the first Greek-American congresswoman. With her 1989 marriage to McKernan, she became the first person to simultaneously be a member of Congress and First Lady of a state. She never lost an election in her 35 years as an elected official, and in the 2006 midterm senatorial elections, she won with a reported 73.99% of votes. However, on Tuesday, February 27, 2012, citing excessive partisanship and a dispiriting political environment, Snowe announced she would not run for re-election in November 2012. Her unexpected decision delivered a potential blow to Republicans, who needed just a handful of seats to regain control of the Senate; Snowe was considered one of their safer incumbents.Gang of 14

On May 23, 2005, Snowe was one of fourteen senators dubbed the Gang of 14, who defused a confrontation between Senate Democrats (who were filibustering several judicial nominees) and the Senate Republican leadership (who wanted to use the nominations as a flashpoint to eliminate filibusters on nominees through the so-called nuclear option). The Gang-brokered compromise precluded further filibusters and the implementation of the nuclear option for the remainder of the 109th Congress; under its terms, the Democrats retained the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee in an "extraordinary circumstance", and nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) received a simple majority vote by the full Senate. The Gang later played an important role in the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito, as they asserted that neither met the "extraordinary circumstances" provision outlined in their agreement. Snowe ultimately voted for both Roberts and Alito. Committee assignments

 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
 Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
 Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet
 Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance
 Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Ranking Member)
 Subcommittee on Science and Space
 Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
 Committee on Finance
 Subcommittee on Health Care
 Subcommittee on Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-term Growth
 Subcommittee on International Trade and Global Competitiveness
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Ranking Member)
 Select Committee on Intelligence

Caucus memberships
 Dairy Farmer Caucus
 Health Technology Caucus (Co-Chair)
 International Conservation Caucus (Co-Chair)
 Senate Tourism Caucus
 Senate Women's Caucus
 Sportsmen's Caucus
 Senate Hunger Caucus
 Senate Oceans Caucus

Political positions

Snowe shares a centrist ideology with Susan Collins, her former colleague in the Senate from Maine, who still serves in the chamber. Collins is considered a "half-turn more conservative" than Snowe. Snowe supports abortion rights and gay rights, and though she previously voted to block the repeal of "Don't ask, don't tell", she was one of eight Republican senators to vote for the act's repeal on December 18, 2010, ending the policy.In her 2006 re-election campaign, she was one of two Republican Senate candidates endorsed by the prominent gay rights organization the Human Rights Campaign (the other was Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, who became a Democrat in 2013 and a Libertarian in 2019). According to GovTrack, Snowe was the most liberal Republican senator in 2012–13 being placed by GovTrack's analysis to the left of every Republican and several Democrats. In 2012, the non-partisan National Journal gave Snowe a composite 57% conservative score and a 43% liberal score. Snowe supported both President Clinton's involvement in Kosovo and President George W. Bush's invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. On fiscal issues, she has voiced support for cutting taxes as economic stimulus, although she joined fellow Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and John McCain in voting against the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. In 2004, she opposed the accelerated implementation of the Bush tax cuts citing budget concerns and she was joined by Senators Collins, McCain, and Chafee. Snowe is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem cell research.She is also a member of Republicans for Environmental Protection, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice and The Wish List (Women In the Senate and House), a group of pro-choice Republican women. Her highest composite conservative score according to the National Journal was a 63% in 2010 and her highest composite liberal score was a 55.5% in 2006. She voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, an amendment aimed at banning gay marriage, in 2004. She voted against banning gay marriage in 2006 for a second time. In 2005 and 2007, she voted to support embryonic stem-cell research. In 2008, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate John McCain for President of the United States. In the 111th Congress, Snowe backed the release of additional Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.While she opposed President Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy. In 2007, <mask> was among the Republicans who voted in favor of the McCain-Kennedy bill to give citizenship to undocumented immigrants. However, she voted against the DREAM Act in 2010. She also voted to continue funding to 'sanctuary cities,' voted against eliminating the 'Y' guestworker visa program, but she also voted in favor of building a fence along the southern border and voted to make English the official language of the United States. "In October 2009, Snowe was the sole Republican in the Senate to vote for the Finance Committee’s health care reform bill." However, she stated that she might not support the final bill due to strong reservations. Snowe was one of three Republicans to break with their party and vote with Democrats to end a filibuster of a defense spending bill; the filibuster was meant to delay or stop the vote on health care legislation.In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill. Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. When Snowe announced in February 2012 that she would not seek re-election, it was reported that she and Democrat Ben Nelson, who also did not seek re-election, had the closest overlap  of any two members of the U.S. Senate. In 2012, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate Mitt Romney for President of the United States. After leaving the Senate, Snowe announced her support for same-sex marriage. Snowe has been on the board of directors for the investment counsel firm T. Rowe Price since 2013. She opposed Donald Trump as the GOP nominee in 2016.She said that Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton were the least partisan 2016 presidential candidates. On November 8, 2020, five days after the election, while President Trump and some other members of the Republican Party were falsely claiming he had won the election, Snowe congratulated President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris. On January 9, 2021, following the storming of the United States Capitol, she called on President Trump to "resign from office now to allow our nation to begin to heal and prepare for the transition to the Biden presidency." Electoral history

See also
 Women in the United States House of Representatives
 Women in the United States Senate
 Rockefeller Republican

References

Further reading
 Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate, Boxer, Collins, Snowe et al., . Fighting for Common Ground: How We can Fix the Stalemate in Congress, Snowe,

External links

 U.S. Senator <mask> official U.S. Senate website
 <mask> for Senate official campaign website

 Profile at SourceWatch
 U.S. Senator <mask>e audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference
 "The Anguished Moderate", The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.Olympia Snowe Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

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1947 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Greek descent
Bipartisan Policy Center

Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Female United States senators
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Maine
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Maine Republicans
Maine state senators
Centrism in the United States
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
People from Falmouth, Maine
Politicians from Augusta, Maine
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party United States senators
United States senators from Maine
University of Maine alumni
Women state legislators in Maine
Edward Little High School alumni

masks:
Olympia Jean Snowe
Olympia Jean
. Snowe
Snowe
Olympia Snow
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snow


title: Thurlow Lieurance

texts:
<mask> (March 21, 1878 – October 9, 1963) was an American composer, known primarily for his song "By the Waters of Minnetonka". He is frequently categorized with a number of his contemporaries, including Charles Wakefield Cadman, Arthur Nevin, Charles Sanford Skilton, Preston Ware Orem, and Arthur Farwell, as a member of the Indianist movement in American music. <mask> was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa, but his family relocated to Kansas when he was very young. Little is recorded about his early education; it is known that his father encouraged him to be a pharmacist, but that he preferred instead to follow a career in music. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War he enlisted as a musician. With the cessation of hostilities, he moved to Ohio and enrolled in the Cincinnati College of Music, studying there until his savings from military service ran out. He was able to continue studying with Herman Bellstedt, a cornetist and bandmaster under John Philip Sousa.During his time at the Cincinnati College of Music, he studied theory, orchestration, harmony and arranging. In 1900 he sang with the chorus of Castle Square Garden Opera Company to learn of opera and its production. Around 1905, <mask> joined the Chautauqua Society, working in traveling tent schools teaching music to American Indians. The contacts he made through this position led to an interest in Indian culture; he began to try to transcribe the songs that he heard, and began to teach himself the craft of making traditional Native American flutes. At about this time polio left Lieurance disabled; though he had very little use of his legs he was quite vigorous and mobile. Around 1909, <mask> acquired a portable cylinder recording device from Edison Records, and carried it with him whenever he went to visit Indian performers. In October 1911 he recorded a Crow (Apsalooke) (maybe Oglala Lakota Sioux) singer, Sitting Eagle, also known as Mortimer Dreamer, then living on the Crow Reservation in Montana.From this recording he took the melody for his song "By the Waters of the Minnetonka". He set it to a harp-like accompaniment, and it was published by Theodore Presser in 1913 as "an Indian love song" with words by J. M. Cavanass, becoming an instant success and going through several editions; it was also frequently recorded in the years before 1950. The early editions of the published arrangements in 1915, 1917, and 1921 called for a violin or flute to echo the vocal melody, playing either a provided melody or ad lib. Possibly because of this, the melody is often played on the Native American flute. The performance notes from Lieurance's 1921 edition suggest:

A violin typifies the wind, if you choose, echoes the soft harmonies of the accompaniment which rocks to and fro on harp chords, between the major key and its relative minor, in and out of that singular domain musicians know as the “added Sixth” chord and its derivatives. A typewritten note found among the composer's papers describes the legend behind the song:Moon Deer, daughter of the Moon Clan, loved Sun Deer of the Sun Clan. Tribal law forbade marriage between the two clans.It was decreed that daughters of the Moon Clan must marry into the Eagle Clan. The two lovers, in tears, ran away far to the east and north. They came to a beautiful lake called Minnetonka (Minne means water; Tonka means large and round). Their happiness was disturbed because their traditional enemies, the Chippewa, lived on the north shore of this lake. They feared to return home and be separated, and finally in desperation they decided to end it all. The legend states that they disappeared beneath the waves and were no more. The waves moaned a rhythmic sound and the pines crooned their love song.Many moons afterwards the warriors of the Sioux drove the Chippewa north to Lake Superior. One night while they were camped on the shores of Lake Minnetonka, they heard the waters singing a weird melody and, in the moon-path on the waters, two lilies appeared and grew to the skies. The lilies were the spirits of Moon Deer and Sun Deer. <mask> himself recognized how important to his career the song had been, later saying that That night marked an epoch in my life, opened to me a new world. What work I have since done has been due chiefly to that song. Thousands of people have heard it, clothed with the harmonizing which our ears demand; it is lying upon music Tables all over the land, has been sung by many of the world's famous singers, including Schuman-Heink, Julia Culp and Alice Nielson. <mask> married, in 1917, Edna Woolley, and she took part in his recital tours thereafter.She would wear an Indian costume and play the part of "". Such was the success of these recitals that <mask> was able to return to school in Cincinnati, finally gaining his degree there in 1924. The couple retired from concertizing in 1926 and settled into teaching positions, working briefly at the University of Nebraska before coming to the University of Wichita. <mask> eventually became the school's Dean of Fine Arts. The couple retired from the university in 1945. <mask> and his wife were invited by Theodore Presser to travel to Europe in the early 1930s. Upon their return, the composer was given support for his research into Native American music when he received a grant from the Scientific Research Society of America.Later in the decade, he helped to found the Minisa Symphony Orchestra in Wichita; most of his orchestral music was written for this group. Upon retirement, <mask> and his wife moved to Neosho Falls, Kansas. Their house there was destroyed by flood in 1952, and the couple moved to Boulder, Colorado, where <mask> died in 1963. Today the couple's papers may be found in the music library of Wichita State University, which has been named for the composer. Much of <mask>'s research collection is housed in the Smithsonian Institution. Music
Apart from "By the Waters of Minnetonka", <mask> wrote over 300 works, his first composition was entitled "A Prayer". Included in his works were a number of orchestral pieces, with titles such as Trails Southwest, The Conquistadors, and Sad Moon on Falling Leaf.Much of the rest of his output consisted of songs and works for choir, but he also composed an opera, The Drama of Yellowstone. Notes and references

External links
Musical scores by <mask> Lieurance – Nebraska Memories

1878 births
1963 deaths
American male composers
American composers
American musicologists
Songwriters from Iowa
Songwriters from Kansas
People from Oskaloosa, Iowa
American people of the Spanish–American War
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
University of Nebraska faculty
Wichita State University faculty
Musicians from Iowa
American male songwriters

masks:
Thurlow Weed Lieurance
Life Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Lieurance
Thurlow


title: Giuseppe Zanardelli

texts:
<mask> (29 October 1826  26 December 1903) was an Italian jurist and political figure. He served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 15 February 1901 to 3 November 1903. An eloquent orator, he was also a Grand Master freemason. Zanardelli, representing the bourgeoisie from Lombardy, personified the classical 19th-century liberalism, committed to suffrage expansion, anticlericalism, civil liberties, free trade and laissez-faire economics. Throughout his long political career, he was among the most ardent advocates of freedom of conscience and divorce. Early life

<mask> was born in Brescia (Lombardy) on 29 October 1826. He was a combatant in the volunteer corps during the First Italian War of Independence of 1848 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, within the era of Italian unification (Risorgimento).After the lost battle of Novara he went to Pisa to study law, and he returned to Brescia to become a barrister. For a time earned a livelihood by teaching law, but was molested by the Austrian police and forbidden to teach in consequence of his refusal to contribute pro-Austrian articles to the press. In 1859 he was forced to flee to Switzerland. He moved to Lugano, but returned in time to organize the insurrection of Brescia in the Second Italian War of Independence and welcomed <mask> in the city. Enlisted in the Cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps), he remained in the area until the armistice of Villafranca. With the annexation of Lombardy to Piedmont, he was elected to Parliament in Turin. Elected deputy in 1859, he received various administrative appointments, but only attained a political office in 1876 when the Left, of which he had been a prominent and influential member, came into power.<mask> became a freemason in 1860; he was initiated in the Lodge "Propaganda" of Rome. In government
In 1876 he became Minister of Public Works in the first government of Agostino Depretis, and Minister of the Interior in the government of Benedetto Cairoli in 1878. In the latter capacity, he drafted the franchise reform, but created dissatisfaction by the indecision of his administrative acts, particularly in regard to the Irredentist agitation, and by his theory of repressing and not in any way preventing crime, which led for a time to an epidemic of murders. Overthrown with Cairoli in December 1878, he returned to power as Minister of Justice in 1881 with the Depretis government, and succeeded in completing the commercial code. He also was the architect of the electoral reform in 1892 which lowered the voting age from 25 to 21, and reduced the minimum tax threshold for voting or allowed an elementary school certificate. Abandoned awhile by Depretis in 1883, he remained in opposition until 1887, when he again joined Depretis as Minister of Justice, retaining his portfolio throughout the ensuing government of Francesco Crispi, until 31 January 1891. During this period he began the reform of the magistracy and promulgated a new penal code, which unified penal legislation in Italy, abolished capital punishment and recognised the workers right to strike.The code was regarded as a great work by contemporary European jurists. After the fall of the government of Giovanni Giolitti in 1893, Zanardelli made a strenuous but unsuccessful attempt to form an administration. Elected president of the chamber in 1894 and 1896, he exercised that office with ability until, in December 1897, he accepted the Ministry of Justice in the government of Antonio di Rudinì, only to resign in the following spring on account of dissensions with his colleague, Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta, over the measures necessary to prevent a recurrence of the Bava-Beccaris massacre of May 1898. Prime minister
Returning to the presidency of the chamber, he again abandoned his post in order to associate himself with the obstructionist campaign against the Public Safety Bill (1899–1900) restricting political activity and free speech, which was introduced by the government of general Luigi Pelloux. He was rewarded by being enabled to form an administration with the support of the Extreme Left upon the fall of the government of <mask> in February 1901. Giolitti became Minister of the Interior in the administration of <mask>, and became its real head. Zanardelli focused his attention on the issue of the South: in September 1902 he undertook a journey through Basilicata, as one of the poorest regions in Italy, to see for himself the problems in the Mezzogiorno.<mask> was unable to achieve much during his last term of office, as his health was greatly impaired. His proposed Divorce Bill, although voted in the chamber, had to be withdrawn on account of the strong opposition of the country. He retired from the administration on 21 October 1903, and Giolitti succeeded him as Prime Minister. Tired and ill, he died in Maderno on 26 December 1903. In popular culture
On 15 September 1902, Zanardelli stayed at the Imperial Hotel Tramontano, owned by the Commendator Guglielmo Baron Tramontano of Sorrento, who was also the mayor of the city Sorrento. Baron Guglielmo Tramontano asked the musician brothers Giambattista and Ernesto De Curtis to compose and write a song in honour of Zanardelli, and the result became the famous Neapolitan song "Torna a Surriento" (Come Back to Sorrento). Honours
 : Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle – August 1902 – during the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.: Grand Cordon of the Order of Osmanieh – September 1902 – during the visit to Constantinople of an Italian Regia Marina squadron. : Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur – November 1902 – ″in testimony of the good relations between France and Italy″. References

Sources:
 De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882–1922, Greenwood. Sarti, Roland (2004). Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, New York: Facts on File Inc.,
 Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870–1925, New York: Taylor & Francis,

External links

1826 births
1903 deaths
People from Brescia
Historical Left politicians
Dissident Left politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
Zanardelli Cabinet
Italian Ministers of the Interior
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Deputies of Legislature VIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IX of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XX of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXI of the Kingdom of Italy
Politicians of Lombardy
Italian Freemasons
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

masks:
Giuseppe Zanardelli
Giuseppe Zanardelli
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Zanardelli
Giuseppe Saracco
Zanardelli
Zanardelli


title: John Champe (soldier)

texts:
Sergeant Major <mask> (ca. 1752– 30 September 1798) was a Revolutionary War senior enlisted soldier in the Continental Army who became a double agent in a failed attempt to capture the American traitor General Benedict Arnold (1741-1801). Biography
Champe was born about 1752 near what is now Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia. Champe enlisted in the Virginia Cavalry from Loudoun County in 1776 and was made sergeant major in "Lee's Legin", a unit commanded by (then Major) Henry Lee III, later and better known as Colonel "Light-horse Harry" Lee (and father of Gen. Robert E. Lee). Champe's family was said to be well known to Major Lee. A plan was formulated to kidnap the defecting General Benedict Arnold and bring him back to American lines to face court martial. A key motivation for the operation was to obtain information as to the possibility of other high-ranking American officers being involved in the treasonous Arnold's activities.Handpicked by George Washington and Lee for the spy mission, in 1780 <mask> "defected" to the British side where he was introduced to Arnold and soon gathered intelligence that established that there were no other American generals involved with Arnold. Champe formulated a plot to capture Arnold on his regular evening stroll, but before he could act the entire British unit, Champe included, embarked in New York on the Virginia Campaign of 1780-81. Thus, the whole endeavor had to be called off. After the failed attempt, Champe served in the British army for many months before finding a way to escape back to the Continental Army. Upon rejoining the Americans, Champe voiced a desire to continue his service fighting the British, but Lee dissuaded him from it — pointing out that if captured, he could now be hanged as a spy. Nevertheless, Lee believed that Champe had acquitted himself well and had him discharged honorably from the Continental Army. According to Legends of Loudoun: An Account of the History and Homes of a Border County of Virginia's Northern Neck (1938) by Harrison Williams:

...after the war, it is said on the personal recommendation of General Washington, Sergeant <mask> was appointed to the position of doorkeeper or sergeant-of-arms of the Continental Congress, then meeting at Philadelphia, but obliged, on account of rioting, to remove to Trenton.His name appears on the rolls of 25th August 1783 as holding that position. Soon afterwards, he returned to Loudoun County, married and acquired a small holding near what is now Dover, between the later towns of Aldie and Middleburg, close to the present Little River Turnpike. Champe may also have spent time in Kentucky. He and his wife had seven children. Champe then moved to Augusta (now Pendleton) County, then in Virginia, today in West Virginia. A local tradition, maintained by Champe's descendants, is that he had been promised a grant of lands in the area, but never received it. He died in poverty, unable to care for two of his sons, <mask> and Thomas, who as teenagers were apprenticed to a tannery at Mouth of Seneca.Champe died on 30 September 1798 while staying at Prickett's Fort — near what is now Fairmont, West Virginia — on a trip to (according to different accounts) consider a land purchase or visit one of his children. He was buried near the fort, but the exact location of his grave remains unknown. Legacy

Family
Champe's wife was Phebe Susan Barnard who, beginning in 1831 and then living in Ohio, received a pension of $120 annually based upon her husband's war service. Family Tree

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|style="text-align: left;"|Notes:

 MARY CHAMP KEYS DIED APRIL OF 1846 IN RAINSVILLE,  WARREN COUNTY, INDIANA. PER HER HUSBAND SAMUEL KEYS ESTATE. SAMUEL DIED IN 1845 ,  RAINSVILLE WARREN COUNTY,  INDIANA. WE DO NOT KNOW MARY'S EXACT DATE OF BIRTH BUT WITH ALL OF THE DOCUMENTED SOURCES WE KNOW SHE IS DAUGHTET OF SARGENT MAJOR JOHN CHAMPE !Namesakes
In the American Civil War, the Confederate rifle company from Aldie, Virginia, "Champe's Rifles", named themselves in honor of Champe. Namesake for new <mask>mpe High School in Aldie, VA
Champe's Ford Road, a mile or two west of Aldie, Virginia, is named for <mask>'s family. Monuments
Historical  markers to Sergeant <mask> have been erected in at least three places:
Near Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia, where he was born. In 1934, a marker was placed by U.S. Highway 15 (now U.S. 50) at a lay-by close to the few stones that remained from Champe's home. About 100 yards off US 50, an obelisk built in 1939 from the stones also stands nearby. It bears the inscription:
"Here was the house of Sergeant <mask>, Continental Army, who risked the inglorious death of a spy for the independence of his country." At Champe Rocks, Pendleton County, West Virginia, where he settled after the War.(A reference to his gravesite here is an error.) At Prickett's Fort, Marion County, West Virginia, near where he died and was buried. The marker here is not at his grave, but was placed on 22 April 2001, in a ceremony with full military honors. Media
<mask> is a character in season four of the AMC television show Turn: Washington's Spies. See also
Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War
Jane Tuers
Three Pigeons

Notes

Further reading
  McGroarty, William Buckner 1937. "Sergeant <mask> and Certain of His Contemporaries." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol.17, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 145–175. Hall, Wilbur C 1938. "Sergeant Champe's Adventure." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 18, No.3 (Jul., 1938), pp. 322–342. Rose, Alexander 2007. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell. McBurney, Christian 2016. Abductions in the American Revolution: Attempts to Kidnap George Washington, Benedict Arnold and Other Military and Civilian Leaders.Jefferson NC: McFarland. Online Link
 <mask> at Find a grave
Cenopath memorial to <mask> in Michigan

1752 births
1798 deaths
Virginia colonial people
Continental Army soldiers
Continental Army officers from Virginia
People from Aldie, Virginia
People from Pendleton County, West Virginia
Benedict Arnold
American spies during the American Revolution

masks:
John Champe
Champe
Champe
John
John Cha
John Champe
Champe
John Champe
Champe
John Champe
John Champe
John Champe