title: Li Chong (Tang dynasty)

texts:
<mask> (李沖) (died September 22, 688), formally the Prince of Langye (琅邪王), posthumously known during Wu Zetian's reign as <mask> (虺沖), was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Along with his father <mask>, <mask> rose against Wu Zetian, then empress dowager and regent, as they feared that she was about to slaughter the Tang imperial <mask> clan. Both he and <mask> were quickly defeated, however, and <mask> was killed in battle. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. He was the oldest son of <mask> the Prince of Yue, a son of Emperor Taizong. It was not known when he was crowned the Prince of Langye, but it is known that he had successively served as prefects of Mi Prefecture, Ji (濟州, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong), and Bo (博州, also in modern Liaocheng) Prefectures, and was known for being capable. It was also said that he liked literature and was good at horsemanship and archery.Intrigue
<mask>'s uncle Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by his son <mask> (as Emperor Zhongzong), but real power was in the hands of Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian). She took power as empress dowager and regent. In spring 684, when Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with his brother <mask> the Prince of Yu, but thereafter held onto power even more tightly. She also gradually elevated the statuses of not only herself but also her Wu clan members, both past and present. This led members of the imperial Li clan to suspect that she planned slaughter them,  overthrow the Tang Dynasty, and replace it with her own. Rebellion against Empress Dowager Wu
The <mask> clan members who were suspecting that Empress Dowager Wu was planning to slaughter them included <mask>; his father <mask>; his granduncles (sons of the dynasty founder Emperor Gaozu)  <mask> (李元嘉) the Prince of Han, <mask>i (李元軌) the Prince of Huo, and <mask>i (李靈夔) the Prince of Lu; <mask>a's son <mask> (李譔) the Duke of Huang; <mask>i's son <mask> (李緒) the Prince of Jiangdu; <mask>i's son <mask> (李藹) the Prince of Fanyang; and another cousin of <mask>'s, <mask> (李融) the Prince of Dongwan. They secretly corresponded with each other, seeking one common plan to disarm Empress Dowager Wu.They became heavily alarmed when Empress Dowager Wu, after she had finished constructing a grand imperial hall, the Mingtang (明堂), issued orders to summon members of the imperial clan to the eastern capital Luoyang to be ready for a ceremony to worship the deity of the Luo River (洛水, near Luoyang). House arrest
The princes began to prepare to act, and in preparation, <mask> forged an edict from Emperor Ruizong to <mask>, stating, "I am under house arrest. The princes should come save me!" <mask> also forced an edict from Emperor Ruizong to himself, stating, "The Empress Dowager is planning to transfer the sovereignty of the <mask> clan to the Wu clan!" Bo Prefecture
However, prior to the princes' working out a coordinated plan, on September 16, 688, <mask> launched a rebellion himself at Bo Prefecture (博州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong), where he was serving as prefect. He notified <mask>a, <mask>i, <mask>i, <mask>, and <mask> (李慎) the Prince of Ji (<mask>'s brother) and asked them to rise as well, but only <mask> did, as the other princes, not fully prepared, were hesitant to do so. Attacks
When Empress Dowager Wu heard of <mask>'s rebellion, she commissioned the general Qiu Shenji (丘神勣) to attack <mask>.Meanwhile, <mask> gathered some 5,000 men and was preparing to attack Ji Prefecture. In preparation, he first attacked Wushui (武水, also in modern Liaocheng). Guo Wuti (郭務悌), the magistrate of Wushui County, fled to Wei Prefecture (魏州, roughly modern Handan, Hebei) to seek aid, and one of Wei Prefecture's county magistrates, Ma Xuansu (馬玄素) the magistrate of Shen County (莘縣, also in modern Liaocheng), took 1,700 men, initially intending to confront <mask>, but then felt that he had insufficient strength, and so entered Wushui to defend it. <mask> took up position south of Wushui and placed wagons filled with straw near Wushui's south gate, preparing to set it aflame so he could charge in, but as soon as he ignited the fire, the wind shifted from the south to the north, instead cutting off <mask>'s attack. Meanwhile, one of <mask>'s officers, Dong Xuanji (董玄寂), started telling his colleagues that <mask> was committing treason. <mask> beheaded Dong, but this made the soldiers even more fearful, and they began to desert, to the point that <mask> only had his servants and guards with him. He was forced to flee back to the capital of Bo Prefecture, and when he arrived there on September 22, he was killed by the guards of the city gate.After his death
After <mask>'s death, Qiu Shenji arrived at Bo Prefecture. The officials of the prefectural government, dressed in white mourning garments, exited the city to show submission, but Qiu nevertheless beheaded all of them. Meanwhile, <mask>'s father <mask> was the only prince who rose in rebellion after <mask> did, but he too was quickly defeated. After <mask>'s and <mask>'s deaths, Empress Dowager Wu put one of her secret police officers, Zhou Xing, in charge of investigating, and under her direction, Zhou arrested <mask>a, <mask>i, <mask>, Princess Changle, and Zhao Gui, and forced them to commit suicide. Their family members were mostly slaughtered, while those who were not killed were excised from the imperial clan rolls and had their family names changed to Hui (虺), meaning "viper." Empress Dowager Wu subsequently seized the throne from Emperor Ruizong in 690, interrupting Tang Dynasty and establishing her own Zhou Dynasty. In 705, she was in turn overthrown, and Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne.He posthumously restored <mask>'s family name and imperial clan status, but not his titles, as the move was opposed by his cousin and trusted advisor Wu Sansi (his cousin on the Wu side of the family) and his concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Only later, during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Emperor Xuanzong (Emperor Ruizong's son), in 716, were <mask> and <mask> reburied. They were also given posthumous honors. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 76. New Book of Tang, vol. 80.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 204. Tang dynasty imperial princes
688 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Wu Zetian

masks:
Li Chong
Hui Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Zhe
Li Dan
Li
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Yuanjia
Li Yuangu
Li Lingku
Li Yuanji
Li Zhuan
Li Yuangu
Li Xu
Li Lingku
Li Ai
Li Zhen
Li Rong
Li Zhuan
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li
Li Chong
Li Yuanji
Li Yuangu
Li Lingku
Li Zhen
Li Shen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Yuanji
Li Lingku
Li Zhuan
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Chong


title: François-Joseph Gossec

type: original

texts:
François-<mask> (17 January 1734 – 16 February 1829) was a French composer of operas, string quartets, symphonies, and choral works. Life and work
The son of a small farmer, Gossec was born at the village of Vergnies, then a French exclave in the Austrian Netherlands, now an ancienne commune in the municipality of Froidchapelle, Belgium. Showing an early taste for music, he became a choir-boy in Antwerp. He went to Paris in 1751 and was taken on by the composer Jean-Philippe Rameau. He followed Rameau as the conductor of a private orchestra kept by the fermier général Le Riche de La Poupelinière, a wealthy amateur and patron of music. Gradually he became determined to do something to revive the study of instrumental music in France. <mask>'s own first symphony was performed in 1754, and as conductor to the Prince de Condé's orchestra he produced several operas and other compositions of his own.He imposed his influence on French music with remarkable success. His Requiem premiered in 1760, a ninety-minute piece which made him famous overnight. Years later, in 1778, Mozart visited <mask> during a trip to Paris, and described him in a letter to his father as "a very good friend and a very dry man." Gossec founded the Concert des Amateurs in 1769 and in 1773 he reorganised the Concert Spirituel together with Simon Le Duc and Pierre Gaviniès. In this concert series he conducted his own symphonies as well as those by his contemporaries, particularly works by Joseph Haydn, whose music had become increasingly popular in Paris, finally even superseding Gossec's symphonic work. In the 1780s <mask>'s symphonic output decreased as he began concentrating on operas. He organized the École de Chant in 1784, together with Etienne Méhul, was conductor of the band of the Garde Nationale of the French Revolution, and was appointed (with Méhul and Luigi Cherubini) inspector of the Conservatoire de Musique at its creation in 1795.He was an original member of the Institut and a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. In 1803, he met Napoleon whom admired <mask> very much and asked him if he wanted to work under him which Gossec refused. In  1815, after the defeat of his friend Napoleon at Waterloo, the Conservatoire was closed for some time by Louis XVIII, and the eighty-one-year-old Gossec had to retire. Until 1817 he worked on his last compositions, including a third Te Deum, and was supported by a pension granted by the Conservatoire. He died in the Parisian suburb of Passy. The funeral service was attended by former colleagues, including Cherubini, at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His grave is near those of Méhul and Grétry.Some of his techniques anticipated the innovations of the Romantic era: he scored his Te Deum for 1200 singers and 300 wind instruments, and several oratorios require the physical separation of multiple choirs, including invisible ones behind the stage. He wrote several works in honor of the French revolution, including Le Triomphe de la République, and L'Offrande à la Liberté. <mask>'s Gavotte, from his opera Rosine, ou L'épouse abandonnée (1786),   remains familiar in popular culture because Carl Stalling and Charles M. Jones used arrangements of it in several Warner Brothers cartoons. Arguably the most notable of these is Porky Pig’s dance to an uncredited version of Gossec’s Gavotte in Jones’ ‘’Porky’s Cafe’’ (1942). <mask> was little known outside France, and his own numerous compositions, sacred and secular, were overshadowed by those of more famous composers; but he was an inspiration to many, and powerfully stimulated the revival of instrumental music. Works

Symphonies
 Sei sinfonie a più strumenti op. 4 (1759)
 Sei sinfonie a più strumenti op.5 (1761)
 Six symphonies op. 6 (1762)
 Six symphonies à grand orchestre op. 12 (1769)
 Deux symphonies (1773)
 Symphonie  (c. 1771-1774)
 Symphonie  (c. 1771-1774)
 Symphonie en fa majeur (1774)
 Symphonie de chasse (1776)
 Symphonie en ré (1776)
 Symphonie en ré (1777)
 Symphonie concertante en fa majeur , à plusieurs instruments (1778)
 Symphonie en do majeur for wind orchestra (1794)
 Symphonie à 17 parties de Gossec|Symphonie à 17 parties en fa majeur (1809)

Chamber music
Sei sonate a due violini e basso, Op. 1 (c. 1753)
Sei quartetti per flauto e violino o sia per due violini, alto e basso, Op. 14 (1769)
Six quatuors à deux violons, alto et basse, Op. Les sabots et le cerisier, opera (1803)

Notes

References
Thibaut, W., François Joseph Gossec, Chantre de la Révolution française, (1970)

External links
Life and detailed work list
François-Joseph Gossec: "Le Tyrtée de la Révolution" – the official composer of the French Revolution

1734 births
1829 deaths
19th-century Belgian male musicians
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Belgian opera composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Classical-period composers
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Directors of the Conservatoire de Paris
Directors of the Paris Opera
Male opera composers
String quartet composers
Walloon people

masks:
Joseph Gossec
Gossec
Gossec
Gossec
Gossec
Gossec
Gossec


title: Rob Dickins

texts:
<mask>  (born July 1950, East Ham, London) is a British music industry executive, who currently holds a number of trustee and consultant positions in music and the arts in the United Kingdom. <mask> began his music industry career at Warner Music UK. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in East Ham and in the surrounding suburbs. His father Percy was a saxophonist and pianist and one of the founders of the NME, who started the first British Record Charts at the paper in November 1952. He attended Ilford County High School for Boys, before going on to Loughborough University, graduating with an undergraduate degree in Politics, Sociology, and Russian. While at university, <mask> was chair of the Folk Club, the Film Society, and the Entertainments Committee. He also served as Social Secretary of the Students Union.Career

Warner
After graduating in 1971, <mask> joined Warner Bros Music Publishing and was appointed Managing Director in 1974, and International Vice President of the company in 1979. His UK signings included Prince, Nile Rodgers & Bernard Edwards (Chic), Neil Young, and Joni Mitchell, and his signings for the World company included Vangelis, Sex Pistols, Whitesnake and Madness. In 1983, <mask> became the Chairman of Warner Music UK (a division of Warner Music Group), and remained in that role until December 1998. During his time there, the company became one of the most profitable in the UK. His first signing, Howard Jones, sold 4 million records, whilst US artists such as Prince, Foreigner, ZZ Top, and Madonna also contributed to the Warner recovery. Artists such as Tracy Chapman, Paul Simon's Graceland, R.E.M. and Alanis Morissette broke first in the UK, resulting in multi-million albums.He brought Seal, Simply Red, Vangelis, Mike Oldfield, Enya, and Cher to the UK label, and in 1997-98 Warner added Mark Morrison, Shola Ama, Catatonia, and Cleopatra to the UK roster. <mask> also acquired the recording catalogues of The Smiths and The Pogues for Warners. <mask> worked closely with Enya, and was involved in the studio recording process. He worked on art direction for five album sleeves and most of her music videos. He is mentioned in the lyrics of Enya's hit "Orinoco Flow": "We can steer we can near with <mask> at the wheel." He signed William Orbit as an artist, introducing him to Madonna with a re-mix of "Justify My Love" in the early 1990s. Orbit went on to produce and co-write the Madonna album Ray of Light.<mask> constructed Cher's song "Believe" with six songwriters (who never actually met each other until the award ceremonies that followed), leading to a front cover article about him in The New York Times Arts and Living section. <mask> also worked with other Warner acts such as Rod Stewart, on singles such as "Downtown Train" and Rhythm of My Heart", and The Corrs on their album Talk on Corners. <mask> oversaw the creation of a classical record division, with a repertoire of works by composers such as Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Daniel Barenboim and José Carreras. He was also behind the William Orbit classical crossover album, Pieces in a Modern Style. The label had crossover success with Górecki's Third Symphony, The Three Tenors in Los Angeles, and Agnus Dei (The Choir of New College, Oxford). Instant Karma and Dharma Music
In 1999, <mask> set up his own entertainment company with Sony Music, Instant Karma, based in the West End of London. The company's first album release was How to Steal the World by Helicopter Girl in 2000, and the label also had chart successes with I Monster and The Alice Band in the UK and Addis Black Widow in Scandinavia.In September 2002, Instant Karma became an independent label, and achieved a Top 5 single in January 2003 with "Mundian To Bach Ke" by Panjabi MC. Dharma Music, his independent music publishing company, released hit singles by Cher, Rod Stewart, Girls Aloud, I Monster, Amici Forever, and Hear'Say's 1.5 million selling UK No. 1, Pure and Simple. Dharma copyrights have been used in major advertising campaigns and TV and movie soundtracks, such as the title music for Shaun of the Dead. Arts appointments
In July 2000, <mask> was appointed as a trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum, where he also is a director of V&A Enterprises, the museum's commercial arm. <mask> was re-appointed as a trustee of the museum in October 2004 for a further three years. He was a founding trustee of Youth Music, a charitable foundation which helps provide access to music-making for young people, particularly in socially deprived areas.This foundation received a £1.3 million contribution from the BRIT Trust due to <mask>' participation in the Abbamania fund-raising project. In July 2002 <mask> was appointed chair of the V&A Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green. Within the music industry <mask> has chaired the PR Committee and the Brit Awards Committee. He also served on the council of the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) from 1983 to 2002, and was chair of the council from 1986 to 1988, dealing with the 1988 Copyright Act. During this period the Brit School of Performing Arts was initiated. He became chair of the council again in 1997 and in 1999. He agreed to a fourth period as chair of the BPI (2000–2002), the first person to hold the post four times.He is a trustee of the Brit Trust, the record industry's charitable organisation. In 1999, <mask> was elected Chairman of the BPI Classical Committee. He simplified the classical charts, and organised the inaugural Classical BRIT Awards TV show. In 1999, <mask> accompanied Chris Smith, the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, and Sport, on a fact-finding tour of China. In 2004, <mask> became a Trustee of the Watts Gallery in Surrey, an organisation dedicated to preserving the heritage of Victorian artist and social campaigner George Frederic Watts. He donated his collection of books, letters, and Victorian photographs to the gallery; 200 of his collection of "Victorian Artists in Photographs" was exhibited at Watts Gallery, Guildhall Art Gallery in London, Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate, and the Forbes Galleries in New York. In October 2007 <mask> was appointed consultant to the British Music Experience museum at The O2 (London).In 2009, he became chairman of The Theatres Trust, the national public advisory body for theatres. The same year he sat on the Conservative Party's Creative Industries Advisory Board and delivered a paper on Skills and Education co-authored with Double Negative's Alex Hope. In 2013 he was selected to be on the Culture Minister Ed Vaizey's Arts Advisory Board. In February 2012 he was appointed trustee of The Julia Margaret Cameron Trust at Dimbola, Isle of Wight. In October 2012 he was appointed trustee at the Handel House Museum in Brook Street, London. In 2016 he was appointed as trustee to the board of the National Portrait Gallery by the Prime Minister. In late 2021 he was appointed as Chair of Pitzhanger Manor and Gallery

Honours
In the 2002 Birthday Honours <mask> was appointed a Commander of the British Empire for services to the music industry, and on 15 July 2002 he received an Honorary Doctorate from his alma mater Loughborough University.In October the following year he was the recipient of the 2003 Music Industry Trusts Award in recognition of his role as "talent finder extraordinaire". In 2005, <mask> was conferred as visiting professor in music and popular culture at the University of the Arts London. He was appointed a Fellow of The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in March 2007. His second visiting professorship was confirmed in June of the same year in music and media management at London Metropolitan University. In July 2014 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from University of the Arts, London and gave a commencement speech at the Royal Festival Hall. In July 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from London Metropolitan University and gave a commencement speech at the Barbican Theatre. Personal life and family
<mask> is married to Cherry Gillespie of Pan's People.References

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of Loughborough University
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

masks:
Rob Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Rob Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins
Dickins


title: Antonio Segni

texts:
<mask> (; 2 February 1891 – 1 December 1972) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the president of Italy from May 1962 to December 1964 and the prime minister of Italy in two distinct terms between 1955 and 1960. A member of the centrist Christian Democracy, <mask> held numerous prominent offices in Italy's post-war period, serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Interior, Defence, Agriculture, and Public Education. He was the first Sardinian ever to become head of state and government. He was also the second shortest-serving president in the history of the Republic and the first one to resign from office due to illness. Early life
<mask> was born in Sassari in 1891. His father, <mask>, was a lawyer and professor at the University of Sassari, while his mother, Annetta Campus, was a housewife. He grew up in a well-off family, involved in Sardinian politics: his father served as municipal and provincial councilor for Sassari as well as deputy mayor during the early 1910s.He would begin studying at the University of Sassari where he would found a section of Azione Cattolica Italiana. In 1913, <mask> graduated with merit at the University of Sassari, with the thesis Il vadimonium, on civil procedure in Roman law. He completed his studies in Rome with Giuseppe Chiovenda, of which he became the favorite student; in the law firm of the jurist, he met Piero Calamandrei, with whom he built a close friendship that would last a lifetime. When the World War I broke out, he was enlisted as an artillery officer. Discharged, after some months he continued his profession as lawyer, specializing in civil procedure. In 1920, he started his academic career as law professor at the University of Perugia. In 1921, he married Laura Carta Caprino, daughter of a rich landowner, with whom he had four children, including Mario, who would become a prominent politician during the early 1990s.During these years, <mask> started his involvement in politics. In 1919, he joined the Italian People's Party (PPI), a Christian democratic party, led by Don Luigi Sturzo. In 1923, he was appointed in party's national council. <mask> ran in the 1924 general election for Sardinia's constituency, but was not elected. He remained a member of the PPI until all political organizations were dissolved by Benito Mussolini two years later in 1926. For the next 17 years <mask> left political life, continuing to teach civil procedure and agrarian law at the universities of Pavia, Perugia, Cagliari and Sassari, where he later served as rector from 1946 to 1951. Early political career
In 1943, after the fall of Mussolini's Fascist regime, <mask> was one of the founders of the Christian Democracy (DC), the heir of the PPI.On 12 December 1944, he was appointed Undersecretary to the Ministry of Agriculture in the government of Ivanoe Bonomi. Minister of Agriculture

In the 1946 general election, <mask> was elected to the Constituent Assembly for the consistency of Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro, receiving more than 40,000 votes. On 13 July 1946, he was appointed Minister of Agriculture in the government of Alcide De Gasperi. As minister, he primarily focused on the growth of agricultural production, functional to improving Italy's conditions after the end of the war. <mask> tried to reform agricultural contracts, however, he was strongly opposed by conservatives and by many members of the DC too. The failure of this legislative proposal accelerated the timing of the development of the land reform. The land reform, approved by the Parliament in October 1950, was financed in part by the funds of the Marshall Plan launched by the United States in 1947 and considered by some scholars as the most important reform of the entire post-war period.<mask>'s reform proposed, through forced expropriation, the distribution of land to agricultural labourers, thus making them small entrepreneurs and no longer subject to the large landowner. If in some ways the reform had this beneficial result, for others it significantly reduced the size of farms, effectively removing any possibility of transforming them into advanced businesses. However, this negative element was mitigated and in some cases eliminated by forms of cooperation. <mask>, who was a landowner, ordered the expropriation of most of his own estate in Sardinia. He became known as a "white Bolshevik" for his agrarian reforms. Modern historians assert that landowners were instead favoured by <mask>, and his decrees allowed them to reclaim land which had been granted to the peasantry by the preceding administration. Minister of Public Education
In July 1951, after a cabinet reshuffle, he left his office as Minister of Agriculture and was appointed Minister of Public Education in De Gasperi's seventh government, succeeding Guido Gonella.As minister, he was particularly involved in the fight against illiteracy, in the improvement of teaching activities and in the construction of new schools around the country. However, he did not continue the important reforms started by his predecessor. He tried to implement the reform step by step, but encountered strong resistance, even in the ministries that were supposed to finance these measures. <mask> proposed to replace the high school exam with an admission test to university, but it was rejected. His reforms, which also received various appreciations from the opposition parties, due to his secular idea of school which was very different from Gonella's one, were not ambitious as the ones of his predecessor. The 1953 general election was characterised by changes in the electoral law. Even if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a superbonus of two-thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would obtain at-large the absolute majority of votes.The change was strongly opposed by the opposition parties as well as DC's smaller coalition partners, who had no realistic chance of success under this system. The new law was called the Scam Law by its detractors, including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial landslide to Christian Democracy. The campaign of the opposition to the Scam Law achieved its goal. The government coalition won 49.9% of national vote, just a few thousand votes of the threshold for a supermajority, resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of the seats. Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses. In July 1953, <mask> was ousted from office in the newly formed government of De Gasperi. However, frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition, and De Gasperi was forced to resign by the Parliament on 2 August.On 17 August, President Luigi Einaudi appointed Pella as new prime minister, who selected <mask> as his Minister of Public Education. Pella remained in power only for five months and in the successive governments of Amintore Fanfani and Mario Scelba, <mask> was not appointed in any office. Prime Minister of Italy
In April 1955, Giovanni Gronchi was elected new president of the Republic. After the election, a political crisis between Prime Minister Scelba and DC's leader Fanfani broke out. In July 1955, Scelba resigned from the office, and <mask> received the task of forming a new cabinet. He started consultations with parties to explore the possibilities of forming a new coalition government, obtaining the approval of DC, Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) and Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and the external support from the Italian Republican Party (PRI). On 6 July, <mask> sworn in as new prime minister.On 18 July, the government's program was approved by the Chamber of Deputies with 293 votes in favour and 265 against while, on 22 July, the Senate of the Republic approved the confidence vote with 121 votes in favour and 100 against. First government

<mask>'s first government is widely considered among the most important cabinets in the history of the republic. During his premiership, in 1955, Italy became a member of the United Nations (UN). While, in March 1957, <mask> signed the Treaty of Rome, which brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), between Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The Treaty of Rome still remains one of the two most important treaties in the modern-day European Union (EU). <mask> had always been a strong supporter of European integration; according to him, in a world governed by great powers, the European unity was the only possible way to influence the world. He also strengthen relations with West Germany, becoming a close friend of Konrad Adenauer.As premier, he also had to face the complicated Suez crisis of 1956, in which he staunchly defended Italy's economic interests in the area, always bearing in mind the need to safeguard Atlantic and European solidarity. During his premiership, he had often harsh contrasts with Amintore Fanfani. The secretary of the DC believed, in fact, that the government should have a more critical attitude towards the Anglo-French choices. Moreover, Soviet's brutal repression of Hungarian Revolution, in 1956, further widened the distances between <mask> and Fanfani. <mask> was contrary to an anti-communist legislative intervention, as Fanfani asked. The clash between the two leaders was so bitter that <mask> threatened to resign. He noted in his diary: "The events of Hungary are unfortunately subjected to repressive political speculation.I refuse to speculate on them." In domestic policy, <mask>'s government was particularly active in judiciary policies. A law established the National Council of Economy and Labor as well as the Superior Council of the Judiciary. However, the most important event of all was the official opening of the Constitutional Court of Italy. In 1957, political tensions arose between President Gronchi and Foreign Affairs Minister Gaetano Martino, regarding government's foreign policy. In May 1957, the PSDI withdrew its support to the government and on 6 May, <mask> resigned. On 20 May, Adone Zoli sworn in as new head of government.After the premiership

In July 1958, Zoli resigned, after having lost his majority in the Parliament, and Fanfani became Prime Minister again. <mask> was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. As minister, he worked to represent the interests of the Italian armed forces, increasing wages and social securities for retired veterans, as well as strengthen military equipment and weapons.

masks:
Antonio Segni
Segni
Segni
Celestino Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni
Segni


title: Antonio Segni

texts:
 He also accepted NATO missile bases for atomic weapons, convinced that they were a necessary tool to ensure the defence of Italy more than a danger that exposed the country to possible reprisals. In January 1959, a conspicuous group of Christian Democrats started voting against their own government, forcing Fanfani to resign on 26 January 1959, after only six months in power. Second government
In February 1959, Gronchi gave <mask> the task of forming a new cabinet and he officially sworn in as new Prime Minister on 16 February. <mask> formed a one-party government, composed only by members of the Christian Democracy, which was externally supported by minor centre-right and right-wing parties, included the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI).<mask> attempted to strengthen Atlantic solidarity and to present Italy as Europe's most reliable ally of the United States. He also tried to represent the reassuring alternative to Fanfani's resourcefulness, advocating for Atlanticism in a season characterized by openings to the left-wing, supported by Fanfani. The most comforting signals, however, came from the economy: industry and commerce expanded, unemployment declined and Italy's GDP grew by over 6%, a rhythm that placed it among the most dynamic countries in the world. H

In social policy, various reforms in social welfare were carried out. A law of 21 March 1959 extended insurance against occupational diseases to agricultural workers, while a law approved on 17 May 1959 introduced a special additional indemnity for retired civil servants. Another important law of 4 July 1959 extended pension insurance to all artisans. In March 1960, the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) withdrew its support to his government and <mask> was forced to resign.After few months of Fernando Tambroni's government, on 26 July, Fanfani returned to the premiership, this time with an openly centre-left program supported by the PSI abstention, and <mask> was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. In August 1961, <mask> and Fanfani made an historic trip to Moscow, to meet the Soviet leaders. President of Italy

In May 1962, when Gronchi's term as President expired, <mask> was proposed as DC's candidate by new party's leader, Aldo Moro, for the presidential election. With <mask>'s choice, Moro wanted to reassure the conservative representatives of his own party, worried about a possible extreme shift on leftist stances, after the beginning of the Organic Centre-left period in February 1962. On the first two rounds, he PCI decided to vote for Umberto Terracini, while PSI supported Sandro Pertini. After the third round, communists and socialists decided to converge on the candidacy of the PSDI, Giuseppe Saragat, who gained also the favor of some Christian democrat representatives. After several ballots, on 6 May 1962, <mask> was finally elected President with just the 51% of the votes, 443 votes on a total 854 electors.His election was allowed thanks to the votes of monarchist and neo-fascist representatives. It was the first time that DC's official candidate succeeded in being elected President of the Republic. Many influent entities, notably including the Bank of Italy, the Armed Forces, Vatican hierarchies, as well as economic and financial world, were very concerned about the entry of the PSI into the government, and considered <mask> a reference of stability and their most prominent political landmark. His power grew further in the aftermath of the 1963 general election, which was characterized by a loss of the DC, due to its new leftist policies. However, despite <mask>'s opposition, at the end of the year Moro and socialist secretary Pietro Nenni launched their first center-left government, ruling the country for more than four years. Vajont Dam disaster

As president, <mask> had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history, the Vajont Dam disaster. On 9 October 1963, a landslide occurred on Monte Toc, in the province of Pordenone.The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns, and 1,917 deaths. In the previous months, the Adriatic Society of Electricity (SADE) and the Italian government, which both owned the dam, dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster. On the following day, <mask> visited the affected areas, promising justice for the victims. However, immediately after the disaster, both the government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event. Despite these statements, numerous warnings, signs of danger, and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it. The communist newspaper l'Unità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government. The DC accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy and Prime Minister Giovanni Leone promised to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster.However, a few months after the end of his premiership, he became the head of SADE's team of lawyers, who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims. 1964 coalition crisis
On 25 June 1964, the government of Aldo Moro was beaten on the budget law for the Italian Ministry of Education concerning the financing of private education, and on the same day Moro resigned. President <mask>, during the presidential consultations for the formation of a new cabinet, asked the socialist leader Pietro Nenni to exit from the government majority. On 16 July, <mask> sent the Carabinieri general  Giovanni De Lorenzo to a meeting of representatives of DC, to deliver a message in case the negotiations around the formation of a new centre-left government would fail. According to some historians, De Lorenzo reported that President <mask> was ready to give a subsequent mandate to the President of the Senate Cesare Merzagora, asking him of forming a "president's government", composed by all the conservative forces in the Parliament. Moro, on the other hand, managed to form another centre-left majority. During the negotiations, Nenni had accepted the downsizing of his reform programs and, on 17 July, Moro went to the Quirinal Palace, with the acceptance of the assignment and the list of ministers of his second government.Illness and resignation
On 7 August 1964, during a meeting at the Quirinal Palace with Moro and Saragat, <mask> suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage. At the time he was 73 years old and the first prognosis was not positive. In the interim, the President of the Senate, Cesare Merzagora, served as Acting President of the Republic. <mask> only partially recovered and decided to retire from office on 6 December 1964. Immediately after his resignation, <mask> was appointed senator for life ex officio. On 29 December, Saragat was elected new President. Death and legacy

On 1 December 1972, <mask> died in Rome, at the age of 81.During all his political career, <mask> acted as a moderate conservative, staunchly opposing the "opening to the left" proposed by Fanfani and Moro, but also trying not to bring his own party too on the right-wing. He was also the first Italian president to resign from office. The frail, often ailing <mask>, was affectionately called malato di ferro, which literally means "the iron invalid". Time magazine once quoted a friend of him: "He is like the Colosseum; he looks like a ruin but he'll be around for a long time." Controversies

During his presidency, <mask> was particularly influenced by General Giovanni De Lorenzo, commander of the Carabinieri, a former partisan but with monarchical ideals. On 25 March 1964, De Lorenzo, met with Carabinieri's commanders of the divisions of Milan, Rome and Naples, proposing a plan aimed at dealing with a hypothetical situation of extreme emergency for the country, known as Piano Solo. The plan consisted of a set of measures to occupy certain institutions, such as Quirinal Palace in Rome, and essential media infrastructures, like television and radio, as well as the neutralization of communist and socialist parties, with the deportation of hundreds of left-wing politicians to a secret military base in Sardinia.The list of people to be deported also included intellectuals, such as Pier Paolo Pasolini. On 10 May, De Lorenzo presented his plan to <mask>, who was particularly impressed by it. However, both journalists Giorgio Galli and Indro Montanelli believed that <mask> did not really want to carry out a coup d'état, but he wanted to use the plan like a threat for political purposes. The coup plans were revealed in 1967, when the journalists Eugenio Scalfari and Lino Jannuzzi published the plan in the Italian news magazine L'Espresso in May 1967. However, the results of the official investigation remained classified until the early 1990s. It was released by premier Giulio Andreotti to the parliamentary investigation into Operation Gladio. L'Espresso mentioned that some 20,000 Carabinieri were supposed to be deployed around the country, with more than 5,000 agents in Rome.However, <mask> was never investigated for this fact. Electoral history

Presidential elections

References

 Marcus, George E. (1999). ‘’Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation'’, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

External links

 President <mask>, Italian Chamber of Deputies
 Political factors related to the illness of Italian President <mask>, declassified CIA document dated 14 August 1964

1891 births
1972 deaths
People from Sassari
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian People's Party (1919) politicians
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Presidents of Italy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy
Foreign ministers of Italy
Italian Ministers of the Interior
Italian Ministers of Defence
Agriculture ministers of Italy
Education ministers of Italy
Members of the Consulta Nazionale
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy
Deputies of Legislature I of Italy
Deputies of Legislature II of Italy
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Italian life senators
Politicians of Sardinia
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Italian

masks:
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Antonio Segni
Antonio Segni


title: Lantz L'Amour

texts:
<mask>'Amour (aka Tyson Cornell, born Robert Tyson Cornell, September 4, 1978, Iowa City, Iowa, United States) is an American musician best known as the singer and guitarist of the Los Angeles "Miami Vice–rock" duo The Violent Professionals, in addition to his work as a solo recording artist and musician for vinyl audiobooks. History

The Violent Professionals (2018–present)
In early 2018, <mask>'Amour and former Smack and Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers collaborator, "Rick" James Zimlin, formed the "Miami Vice–rock" duo, The Violent Professionals, after nearly five years of writing songs and occasional retreat experimentations with The Singing Ringing Tree in Burnley, Lancashire, England. "It was really about making sure the material had vision, as well as a connection with ancient ancestors," L'Amour commented in an interview with The Yorkshire Guardian, "as opposed to just performing songs that were in our extensive joint catalogs not yet used in other projects. We knew this material was special. It was the same vibe and energy that we'd had our entire time in music, yet there was a spiritual element to it that we'd both always wanted to fully express but hadn't felt the same enthusiasm with our previous bandmates—well, that, and we'd acquired more synthesizers." On September 3, 2018, The Violent Professionals played a secret show (as the Bästard Säints) at The Viper Room in West Hollywood, California with American hard rock band Junkyard. The set included fan-favorites from their prequel "rock" period, including "Keep the Situation Low," "Lie Back and Think of England," "(Caught In His) Blacklite Eyes,"  "When You Die the Pain Is Over," and "I'll Never Get Over Him"—as well as back-catalog CMMF-era crowd pleasers "Time To Get Fucked," "Black on Black," Not Guilty," and "Afterglow (Teenage Kicks)."Music for vinyl audiobooks (2012–present)
In 2015, <mask> L'Amour (occasionally credited as Tyson Cornell) began contributing music to vinyl audiobooks, including Expedition by Chuck Palahniuk (Fight Club), featuring Minimoog and Mellotron by Rob Campanella (The Brian Jonestown Massacre/The Quarter After); and New Jersey Me by Rich Ferguson, featuring Josh Haden (Spain) and Butch Norton (Eels, Lucinda Williams). The Black Watch (2014–2017)
After filling in on guitar with The Black Watch for SXSW shows in early 2015, L'Amour (credited as Tyson Cornell) continued to play select regional shows with the band and record on three full-length releases Highs and Lows (2015), The Gospel According to John (2016), and Witches! (2017)—produced by Rob Campanella (The Brian Jonestown Massacre/The Quarter After) and Scott Campbell. L'Amour ultimately left the group after supposed disagreements with Black Watch singer, John Andrew Fredrick, about L'Amour's insistence on being credited by his stage name rather than his legal name (Tyson Cornell), as well as the long-running difference of opinion between L'Amour and John Andrew Fredrick over whether to refer to Black Watch songs as "songs" or "tunes." (John Andrew Fredrick, apparently, heavily detested the latter.) Ghost of the Record (2004–present)
After recording and mixing the 2003 Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers album in Los Angeles, the band waited patiently for Recipro/Heatseeker to schedule the Japanese release and subsequent Japanese tour dates anchored around two nights at Budokan with Loudness on New Year's Eve and New Years Day (2003/2004). As the Budokan dates repeatedly postponed due to complications with Budokan promoters, L'Amour, Zimlin, and Himawari initially went into Cole Rehearsal Studio in Los Angeles with producer and guitarist Ray Hartman (Liars Inc.) to immediately write and record the sophomore Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers release.However, due to disputes and creative differences, the follow-up Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers record was scrapped, leaving L'Amour and Hartman to explore new material built around Himawari's drum tracks that were laid down before the CMMF breakup. This new material, financed by Recipro/Heatseeker, was subsequently rejected by the Japanese label, then renamed Ghost of the Record and mixed by Los Angeles producer Noah Shain (while Shain simultaneously recorded and mixed the first Orson full-length release, Bright Idea, which included the UK #1 chart topper "No Tomorrow"). The Ghost of the Record album, Exorcising the Pursuit of Pleasure—featuring an explicit cover image photographed by Robin Perine featuring pornographic model/actress Jelena Jensen and musician Christian Martucci (Dee Dee Ramone, Stone Sour, Black President, Corey Taylor, Black Star Riders)—was subsequently shelved and never released. Generation Beautiful (2008)
In May and August 2008, L'Amour joined ex–Miami Dolphins cheerleader, Shelby Goff, and her band Generation Beautiful, featuring Jamie Zimlin and Dylan Howard on two USO tours through Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Germany, and Italy to perform for Multi-National Coalition soldiers in combat. Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers (2003–2004)
Crenshaw Mafia Motherfuckers (CMMF) were a Los Angeles–based rock band featuring renowned Japanese drummer C. J. Himawari aka Clutch (Sex Machineguns), <mask> L'Amour, Jamie Zimlin, Stacey Blades. They released one self-titled album in 2004 on the Japanese label Recipro/Heatseeker. The album was produced by Joseph Holiday (Lady Sinatra/Snakes of Russia).Smack/The Wyndham Stalls (2002–2004)
Los Angeles's Smack (often confused with the Finnish band Smack, though not associated) featured ex-Supercool Lantz L'Amour, Stacey Blades, (L.A. Guns, Roxx Gang), Jamie Zimlin, and Patrick Muzingo. (Junkyard, Decry). They recorded one EP, Antidisestablishmentarianism (2003), at Catalo Studios in North Hollywood produced by Brent Muscat (Faster Pussycat). With Smack's demise in 2004, Stacey Blades joined L.A. Guns.Their song "Chemicals" was featured on The Howard Stern Show in 2003, shortly before the band changed their name to The Wyndham Stalls. Supercool (2000–2002)
Supercool was a band featuring singer Lantz L'Amour, guitarist Stacey Blades (L.A. Guns, Roxx Gang), bassist Eric Stacy (Faster Pussycat), and drummers Vik Foxx (Enuff Z'Nuff) and Dave Moreno (Puddle of Mudd).The band released one CD EP, Live at the Wilcox Hotel, and played their first show at the El Centro in Los Angeles for the reopening of The Cathouse with Riki Rachtman before touring Japan in early 2002. Their "Five Nights at The Wall, Shinjuku" live VHS bootleg is a sought-after gem among hair- and street-rock collectors. Machinegun (2000–2001)
In late 2000, L'Amour played briefly with San Diego punk band Machinegun, founded by Chris Fields of Jon Cougar Concentration Camp, The Queers, and the Dwarves. They released one album, Taste for Blood (2001), produced by Blag Dahlia (Dwarves) on I Used to Fuck People Like You in Prison Records (Germany). The Totallies (1994–1996)
The Totallies released one 7" EP Drunk Over You (1995) on Braindart Records, recorded at the home of Rob Fraser (Krupted Peasant Farmerz) while on tour; one split 7" with The Monos; and featured tracks on both the Punk Strikes Back! (Backspin Records, 1996) compilation album, and on the We're Addicted to Dayquil! (LantzCentrL Records, 1996) compilation.The Krishnaz (1992–1994)
The Krishnaz formed in Edina, Minnesota during 1992 and featured singer/guitarist/songwriter Toby Staley, guitarist Bill Morrisette, and <mask> on drums. Toby and <mask> are featured flaunting their matching Screeching Weasel tattoos in the 1994 Screeching Weasel collection Kill the Musicians (Lookout! Records). In 1998, Canadian punk band The McRackins released a cover version The Krishnaz' "Perfect World" on their Oddities & Eggcentricities, Vol. 1 CD (Stiff Pole Records). Discography

CD/LPs

7"/CD EPs

Compilation albums

References

American punk rock guitarists
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock drummers
Living people
1978 births
Musicians from Iowa City, Iowa

masks:
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title: Vontaze Burfict

texts:
<mask>. ( ; born September 24, 1990) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons, most prominently with the Cincinnati Bengals. An All-American at Arizona State, Burfict was a projected first-round pick in the 2012 NFL Draft, until an unimpressive NFL Combine performance and character concerns led to him not being selected. He was subsequently signed as an undrafted free agent by Bengals, whom he was a member of for seven seasons. Burfict led Cincinnati in tackles during his rookie season and earned Pro Bowl honors in 2013. Despite his production, Burfict also incited controversy throughout his career for frequently violating player safety rules, which caused him to be suspended for 22 games and accumulate over $5.3 million in fines and forfeited salary. He missed nearly the entirety of his final season with the Oakland Raiders after being suspended for a personal foul. High school career
Burfict attended Centennial High School in Corona, California, where he was part of an undefeated Huskies team that won a CIF title, a state championship with the help of quarterback Taylor Martinez, and was ranked second in the nation by USA Today in 2008.That year, Burfict led the Huskies with 159 tackles, two quarterback sacks, two interceptions and two fumble recoveries. Burfict participated in the US Army All-American Bowl and was the third-leading tackler for the West team. He also earned numerous All-American honors, including Parade. As a junior, Burfict collected a team-high 130 tackles and added four sacks, two interceptions, and one fumble recovery. He helped anchor a linebacker unit that included fellow Sun Devils Shelly Lyons and Brandon Magee. Corona Centennial finished the 2007 season as No. 24 on USA Today‘s Top 25.Burfict missed almost all of his sophomore season due to academic problems. He played in the 2009 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com and Scout.com, Burfict was listed as the No. 1 inside linebacker prospect in the nation. Burfict's reputation for hard and often illegal hits dated back to his high school days. In 2019, Burfict's mother told USA Today that a number of parents frequently came up to her and asked her to tell her son not to hit their sons so hard. Burfict's uncle recalled that during his nephew's high school days, helmet-to-helmet hits were not frowned on as much as they were by the time Burfict made it to the NFL.College career

Burfict originally committed to USC, but eventually switched to Arizona State on National Signing Day. He joined ASU's 2009 class that included three of his high school teammates. By July 2009, he struggled to meet admission standard based on the NCAA eligibility sliding scale and still had one summer school class to complete. Sun Devils coach Dennis Erickson, who compared Burfict to Ray Lewis, expected him to be academically eligible for enrollment. Burfict did qualify on time for the 2009 football season. By midseason, Burfict ranked second in the team with 30 tackles despite starting only three of six games, and had five tackles for a loss, two sacks, and three pass break-ups. ESPN named him Arizona State's midseason defensive MVP.In a road game against Georgia on September 26, Burfict collected a season-high 11 tackles (three solo) and one and half tackles for loss. He led the Sun Devils in tackles in five games over the course of the season. By the end of the year, he had collected 69 tackles, seven tackles for loss, and a pair of sacks, and was named a Freshman All-American by College Football News, and by the Football Writers Association of America. He was also honored as the Pacific-10 Conference Defensive Freshman of the Year. At the start of his sophomore season, Burfict was named First-Team Preseason All-American by The Sporting News. He was also named to the watchlists of the 2010 Lombardi Award and the Bronko Nagurski Trophy. On October 6, 2010, Burfict was benched by Arizona State head coach Dennis Erickson.The reason given was Burfict's unusually high number of personal foul penalties. In a game against Stanford, Burfict was called for grabbing the facemask of Doug Baldwin, and—after complaining to the referee—charged with a personal foul for unsportsmanlike conduct that gave Stanford a first down at the ASU 7. Two plays later, Stanford scored what turned out to be the winning touchdown. Burfict finished the 2010 season with a team leading 90 tackles, 8.5 for a loss, and two forced fumbles. The Sporting News selected him to their All-American team, as well as Pacific-10 Defensive MVP. Burfict is ASU's first 1st team All-American since Terrell Suggs. With senior cornerback Omar Bolden out for the season to a knee injury, Burfict was expected to take over as the leader of the Sun Devils defense in 2011, but eventually had a rather inconsistent junior season.Burfict decided to forgo his senior year at Arizona State to pursue a career in the NFL. Professional career
Prior to his junior season, Burfict was regarded as one of the best linebackers available in the 2012 NFL Draft and was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts. Problems on and off the field at Arizona State, however, caused his draft stock to plummet. In October 2011, Sports Illustrated′s Tony Pauline ranked him as 20th best prospect on his midseason draft board, but noted that he has been "a loose cannon on and off the field, which has raised red flags." Prior to the NFL Combine, Burfict was ranked as the fifth best linebacker prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine and performed the majority of drills, but skipped the short shuttle and three-cone drills after injuring his hamstring on his second 40-yard dash attempt. His overall performance was described as "disappointing" due to a 5.09 sec in the 40-yard dash, which was the slowest among all linebackers.Burfict also finished last among linebackers in the broad jump and finished second to last among linebackers in the vertical jump. On March 16, 2012, Burfict attended Arizona State’s pro day and performed the bench press (16 reps), vertical jump (30”), short shuttle (4.56s), and three-cone drill (7.51s). Burfict described his overall pro day performance as “average”. On April 25, 2012, it was reported by Fox Sports insider Jay Glazer multiple NFL teams had been informed that Burfict had failed his drug test at the NFL Combine. Burfict later stated during an interview with Scout.com that he admitted using marijuana to NFL general managers. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Burfict was projected to be a seventh round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. Burfict was ranked as the ninth best inside linebacker in the draft by Scouts Inc. and was ranked the tenth best inside linebacker by DraftScout.com.Burfict went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. On April 29, 2012, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Burfict to a three-year, $1.44 million contract that featured a signing bonus of $1,000. Cincinnati Bengals

2012 season

Throughout training camp, Burfict competed for a roster spot as a backup middle linebacker against veteran Roddrick Muckelroy. Head coach Marvin Lewis named Burfict the backup middle linebacker, behind Rey Maualuga, to begin the regular season. He made his professional regular season debut in the Cincinnati Bengals’ season-opening 13–44 loss at the Baltimore Ravens. On September 23, 2012, Burfict earned his first career start at weakside linebacker after Thomas Howard was placed on injured reserve after tearing his ACL during practice. He recorded seven combined tackles during the Bengals’ 38–31 win at the Washington Redskins in Week 2.In Week 3, Burfict made eight solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made his first career sack during a 27–10 win at the Jacksonville Jaguars. Burfict sacked Jaguars’ quarterback Blaine Gabbert for an 11-yard loss in the fourth quarter. On December 30, 2012, Burfict collected a season-high 18 combined tackles (ten solo) as the Bengals defeated the Baltimore Ravens 23–17. Burfict finished his rookie season in 2012 with 127 combined tackles (73 solo), two pass deflections, and one sack in 16 games and 14 starts. He led the team in tackles as a rookie and finished 15th among all players in the league. When Burfict was on field, the Bengals defense allowed 2.4 yards fewer per play, allowing 4.5 compared to 6.9 when he was off the field. The Cincinnati Bengals finished second in the AFC North with a 10–6 record and earned a wildcard berth.On January 5, 2013, Burfict started his first career playoff game and recorded six combined tackles during the Bengals’ 13–19 loss at the Houston Texans in the AFC Wildcard Game. 2013 season
Burfict entered training camp slated as the starting weakside linebacker under defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer. Head coach Marvin Lewis named Burfict and James Harrison the starting outside linebackers to begin the regular season, along with middle linebacker Rey Maualuga. He started in the Cincinnati Bengals’ season-opener at the Chicago Bears and recorded eight combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 21–24 loss. Burfict intercepted a pass by Bears’ quarterback Jay Cutler, that was originally intended for running back Michael Bush, and returned it for a 12-yard gain during the fourth quarter. For incidents that occurred in the 34–30 win over the Green Bay Packers in Week 3 of the 2013 season, Burfict was fined a total of $31,000. He was fined for a hit on a defenseless receiver (James Jones) and intentionally struck an opponent in the groin (Ryan Taylor).On November 17, 2013, Burfict collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (ten solo), broke up a pass, and returned a fumble recovery for his first career touchdown during a 41–20 win against the Cleveland Browns in Week 11. Burfict forced a fumble by Browns’ running back Chris Ogbonnaya, recovered the ball, and returned it for a 13-yard touchdown. On December 27, 2013, it was announced that Burfict was selected to play in the 2014 Pro Bowl. He became the first Bengals linebacker to be selected to a Pro Bowl since Jim LeClair in 1976. Burfict started in all 16 games in 2013 and recorded a career-high 171 combined tackles (114 solo), made six pass deflections, three sacks, one interception, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and scored one touchdown. Burfict led all players in tackles in 2013 and also topped the NFL’s "Performance-Based Pay" program list with $299,465 in earnings that year. The Cincinnati Bengals finished first in the AFC North with an 11–5 record in 2013 and clinched a wild card spot.During the AFC Wild Card round, Burfict made seven combined tackles and was credited with half a sack as the Bengals lost 10–27 against the San Diego Chargers. 2014 season

On January 15, 2014, the Cincinnati Bengals announced their decision to promote linebackers coach Paul Guenther to defensive coordinator after Mike Zimmer accepted the head coaching position with the Minnesota Vikings. On August 20,


title: Lamar Smith

texts:
<mask> (born November 19, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist who served in the United States House of Representatives for  for 16 terms, a district including most of the wealthier sections of San Antonio and Austin, as well as some of the Texas Hill Country. He is a member of the Republican Party. He sponsored the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protecting Children From Internet Pornographers Act (PCIP). He also co-sponsored the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act. As the head of the House Science Committee, <mask> has been criticized for his denial of, and promotion of conspiracy theories about, climate change and for receiving funding from oil and gas companies. He is a former contributor to Breitbart News, a website known for publishing dubious claims about climate change. In November 2017, <mask> announced that he would retire from Congress at the end of his current term, and not seek re-election in 2018.In 2021, <mask> registered as a lobbyist for the surveillance firm HawkEye 360 on behalf of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld. Early life, education, and legal career
<mask> attended a private high school, then called Texas Military Institute, now known as TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas, and graduated in 1965. He then earned a B.A. in American Studies from Yale University (1969) and a J.D. from Southern Methodist University (1975). In 1969, <mask> was hired as a management intern by the Small Business Administration in Washington, D.C. He was a business and financial writer for the Christian Science Monitor (1970–1972), was admitted to the Texas bar in 1975, and went into private practice in San Antonio with the firm of Maebius and Duncan, Inc.

State politics
In 1978, he was elected chairman of the Republican Party of Bexar County.In 1980, <mask> was elected to the Texas House of Representatives representing Bexar County, the 57th District. He served on the Energy Resources Committee and the Fire Ants Select Committee. In 1982, he was elected to the 3rd Precinct of the Bexar County Commissioners Court and served from 1983 to 1986. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1986
In 1986, four-term incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman Tom Loeffler of Texas' 21st congressional district decided to retire to run for governor of Texas. <mask> led a crowded six-way primary with 31% of the vote and then defeated Van Archer in the run-off election 54–46%. He won the general election with 61% of the vote.1988–2002
During this time period, he never won re-election with less than 72% of the vote. 2004
<mask>'s district was significantly altered in the 2003 Texas redistricting. While he lost most of the Hill Country to the 23rd District, he picked up a significant portion of Austin, including the area around the University of Texas, a traditional bastion of liberalism. <mask> won re-election with 62% of the vote, <mask>'s lowest winning percentage since his initial run in 1986. 2006

In 2006, the Supreme Court of the United States threw out the 23rd District in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry on the grounds that it violated the rights of Latino voters. The 23rd is the largest district in the nation (not counting the at-large districts), stretching across 800 road miles from El Paso to San Antonio. Due to its size, nearly every district in the El Paso-San Antonio corridor had to be redrawn.<mask> regained most of the Hill Country, but kept a large portion of his share of Austin, including the area around the University of Texas. In November 2006 the Texas Legislative Council found that nearly two-thirds of voters in District 21 cast ballots for statewide Republican candidates in 2004. In the November 2006 open election, <mask> faced six candidates. He defeated Democrats John Courage and Gene Kelly 60–24–9%. This was <mask>'s lowest winning percentage of his career. 2008

He only faced one candidate, Libertarian nominee James Arthur Strohm, and defeated him with 80% of the vote. 2010

He faced two candidates, Democratic nominee Lainey Melnick and Libertarian nominee James Arthur Strohm, and won with 69% of the vote.2012

<mask> faced five challengers in the 2012 general election on November 6, 2012: Candace Duval (Dem), John-Henry Liberty (Lib), Fidel Castillo (Grn), Bill Stout (Grn), and Carlos Pena (Ind). He won the race with 63% of the vote. 2014

<mask> won re-nomination to fifteenth House term in the Republican primary held on March 4, 2014. He received 40,262 votes (60.4 percent). His runner-up was Matt McCall (born c. 1963) of San Antonio, with 22,596 votes (33.9 percent). Michael J<mask> polled the remaining 3,772 votes (5.7 percent). 2016

<mask> won re-nomination to a sixteenth term in the House in the Republican primary held on March 1.He received 69,872 votes (60.1 percent). Running against him once more was Matt McCall, who drew 33,597 votes (28.9 percent). McCall polled 11,000 more votes than he did in 2014, but his percent went down because of higher turnout. Two other candidates held the remaining 11 percent of the ballots cast. <mask> faced the Democrat Tom Wakely (born c. 1953) of San Antonio in the November 8 general election. <mask> (Republican) won with 57.0%; Tom Wakely (Democratic) got 36.5%; Mark Loewe (Libertarian) got 4.1%; and Antonio Diaz (Green) got 2.4%. Tenure

Abortion
<mask> has consistently supported restrictions on abortion.In 2009, <mask> voted to prohibit federally funded abortions. In 2006, <mask> voted for the Abortion Pain Bill, which would "ensure that women seeking an abortion are fully informed regarding the pain experienced by their unborn child", and the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act, which would "prohibit taking minors across State lines in circumvention of laws requiring the involvement of parents in abortion decisions". In 2008, the National Right to Life Committee, an anti-abortion-rights advocacy group, gave Representative <mask> a rating of 100 on a point system in which points were assigned for actions in support of legislation they described as pro-life. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
On April 23, 2006 CNET reported that <mask> was introducing a bill that "would expand the DMCA's restrictions on software that can bypass copy protections and grant federal police more wiretapping and enforcement powers". The move sparked a negative response among technology enthusiasts in opposition to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Marijuana
<mask> is a strong opponent of marijuana legalization; as chairman of the House Committee on the Judiciary, <mask> blocked committee consideration of the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2011, a bill to repeal the federal prohibition on marijuana and allow the states to set laws on cultivation, sales, use, and taxation. <mask> stated that "marijuana use and distribution – has a high potential for abuse" and that "decriminalizing marijuana will only lead to millions more Americans becoming addicted to drugs and greater profits for drug cartels who fund violence along the U.S.-Mexico border."Donations
In 2011 <mask> had received $37,250 in campaign contributions from the Beer, Wine and Liquor Lobby, and $65,800 total between 2009 and 2011. He received more than $133,000 from the Content Industry, including Industry groups and individual companies through mid-2011. Another $60,000 was donated by these companies in the 2012 Election Cycle. Maplight.org listed the Beer, Wine, and Liquor Lobby as third among <mask>'s top ten campaign contributors, and Content Industry as #1. Leahy–Smith America Invents Act
In 2011 <mask> co-sponsored the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act, a bill that made significant changes to the U.S. patent system. The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2011. The law will switch U.S. rights to a patent from the present first-to-invent system to a first inventor-to-file system for patent applications filed on or after March 16, 2013.Space Launch Liability Indemnification Extension Act
On November 20, 2013, <mask> introduced the Space Launch Liability Indemnification Extension Act (H.R. 3547; 113th Congress), a bill that would extend until December 31, 2014, the current limitation on liability of commercial space launch companies. Under the current system, the space launch company is liable for any damages up to $500 million, after which the U.S. Government will pay the damages in the range of $500 million to $2.7 billion. Above $2.7 billion, the company is again responsible. STEM Education Act of 2014
On July 8, 2014, <mask> introduced the STEM Education Act of 2014 (H.R. 5031; 113th Congress), a bill that would add computer science to the definition of STEM fields used by the United States federal government in determining grants and education funding. <mask> said that "we have to capture and hold the desire of our nation's youth to study science and engineering so they will want to pursue these careers.A health and viable STEM workforce, literate in all STEM subjects including computer science, is critical to American industries. We must work to ensure that students continue to go into these fields so that their ideas can lead to a more innovative and prosperous America." Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)
On October 26, 2011, <mask> introduced the Stop Online Piracy Act (H.R. 3261), also known as SOPA. The bill sought to expand the ability of U.S. law enforcement to fight online trafficking in copyrighted intellectual property and counterfeit goods. SOPA faced significant opposition from internet freedom advocacy groups and web companies, and on January 15, 2012, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor cancelled a planned vote on the bill. Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers (PCIP) Act
On May 25, 2011, <mask> introduced the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011, which sought to change sentencing rules and mandated that ISPs keep logs of customer data (such as name, IP addresses, credit card numbers, and bank account numbers) for at least a year.Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) and Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) criticized PCIP. Lofgren said a better name would be "Keep Every Americans' Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act". Conyers said the bill would allow use of the information for purposes entirely unrelated to fighting child pornography. Taxes
<mask> is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge. Climate change
<mask> has unequivocally stated that he believes the climate is changing, and that humans play a role in climate change. However, he questions the extent of the impact and accuses scientists of promoting a personal agenda unsupported by evidence. <mask> has made a number of false and misleading claims about climate change.As of 2015, <mask> has received more than $600,000 from the fossil fuel industry during his career in Congress. In 2014, <mask> got more money from fossil fuels than he did from any other industry. <mask> publicly denies global warming. Under his leadership, the House Science committee has held hearings that feature the views of climate change deniers, subpoenaed the records and communications of scientists who published papers that <mask> disapproved of, and attempted to cut NASA's earth sciences budget. He has been criticized for conducting "witch hunts" against climate scientists. In his capacity as chair of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, <mask> issued more subpoenas in his first three years than the committee had for its entire 54-year history. In a June 2016 response letter to the Union of Concerned Scientists, Mr. <mask> cited the work of the House Un-American Activities Committee in the 1950s as valid legal precedent for his investigation.On December 1, 2016, as chair on the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, he tweeted out on behalf of that committee a Breitbart News article denying climate change. World Health Organization
In February 2018, <mask> criticized the World Health Organization's (WHO) cancer research program for its finding that glyphosate, the active component in the herbicide Roundup, is probably carcinogen. Travel ban executive order
<mask> supported President Donald Trump's 2017 Executive Order 13769 to ban citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the United States, saying "I appreciate President Trump's effort to protect innocent Americans from those who might commit terrorist acts. We ought to take every reasonable step possible to protect the American people. Those from terrorist sponsoring countries should not be admitted until they can be properly vetted by our national security agencies." Committee assignments
<mask> served as chairman of the Committee on Science, Space and Technology for the 113th Congress, having replaced Ralph Hall. <mask> has previously served on the Committee on Homeland Security, Committee on the Judiciary (Chairman), the Republican Study Committee, the Congressional Immigration Reform Caucus and the Tea Party Caucus.On January 30, 2015, Law360 reported that <mask> has sent letters to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and to the chief technology officer at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, asking for an explanation of media claims of HealthCare.gov sharing private data supplied by subscribers with third-parties such as Google, Twitter, and YouTube. <mask> is a member of the Congressional Arts Caucus, the Congressional Constitution Caucus and the Congressional Western Caucus. Personal life
In 1992, he married Elizabeth Lynn Schaefer, a Christian Science practitioner and teacher, as was his first wife, Jane Shoults, before her death in 1991. They have two children, Nell Seeligson (born 1976) and Tobin Wells (born 1979), from his previous marriage. Electoral history

|+ : Results 1986–2014
! Year
!
! Name
!Party
! Votes
! %
!
! Name
! Party
! Votes
! %
!
!Name
! Party
! Votes
! %
!
! Name
! Party
! Votes
!%
! style="background:#00bfff; "|Randy Rutenbeck
|! style="background:#00bfff; "|Natural Law
|! style="background:#00bfff; "|3,139
|! style="background:#00bfff; "|1%
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|-
|1998
||
| |<mask>
| |Republican
| |165,047
| |91%
|
| |Jeffrey Blunt
| |Libertarian
| |15,561
| |9%
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|-
|2000
||
| |<mask>
| |Republican
| |251,049
| |76%
|
| |Jim Green
| |Democratic
| |73,326
| |22%
|
| |C.W. Steinbrecher
| |Libertarian
| |6,503
| |2%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2002
||
| |<mask>
| |Republican
| |161,836
| |73%
|
| |John Courage
| |Democratic
| |56,206
| |25%
|
| |D.G.

masks:
Lamar Seeligson Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Lamar
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Lamar Smith
Lamar Smith
Lamar Smith


title: Igor Cașu

texts:
<mask> (born October 8, 1973 in Borogani) is a historian from the Republic of Moldova. Biography

<mask> was born on October 8, 1973 in Borogani, district Comrat, now in Leova. He studied history for 3 years at State University of Moldova and then transferred to University of Iași where he graduated with an MA in History in 1995 and subsequently defended his PhD at the same university – University of Iași - in 2000. The subject of his Ph.D. was Soviet Nationalities Politicy in Moldavia, 1944–1989. In 2000 fall semester he was Fulbright Scholar-in-Residence at Lenoir-Rhyne College in Hickory, North Carolina, teaching a course on Balkan History and Politics in the 20th Century. He contributed in 2006 to the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania as expert on former Moldavian SSR. <mask> has been also deputy Chair of the Commission for the analysis of the totalitarian communist regime in the Republic of Moldova, designated by Presidential Decree signed by the Acting President of Moldova, Mihai Ghimpu.Since October 2010 he is (founding) Director  of the Center for the Study of Totalitarianism at the Faculty of History and Philosophy, State University of Moldova in Chişinău. He contributed for Radio Free Europe (2010–2011), Romanian language section (http://www.europalibera.org/author/20709.html) as well as to Romanian daily Adevărul (2010-2014), Chişinău edition (http://adevarul.ro/blogs/igor.casu). : причины и последствия (https://usm-md.academia.edu/<mask>Casu)
 Большой Террор в Молдавской АССР, 1937-1938 гг. ("кулацкая" и "румынская" операции, репрессии против номенклатуры и доказательства использования насилия) (https://usm-md.academia.edu/<mask>Casu)
 Conflicte între Ministerul de Interne (MVD) şi Securitatea Statului (MGB) în ajunul şi în timpul deportării în masă din iulie 1949 din RSS Moldovenească (https://usm-md.academia.edu/IgorCasu)
 Конфликты между МВД и МГБ накануне и во время массовой депортации из Молдавской ССР (июль 1949 г.) (https://usm-md.academia.edu/IgorCasu)
 У истоков советизации Бессарабии. Выявление "классового врага", конфискация имущества и трудовая мобилизация, 1940-1941. Сборник документов [At the Origins of Sovietization of Bessarabia.Identification of "class enemy", confiscation of property and work mobilization, 1940–1941. Collections of documents from party, government and NKVD/KGB archives], Chişinău, Cartier, 2014, 458 p.  List of documents in Russian, Romanian and English, introduction in Russian and Romanian as well as short summary in English available at: https://www.academia.edu/7393697/_._1940-1941._
 Duşmanul de clasă. Represiuni politice, violenţă şi rezistenţă în R(A)SS Moldovenească, 1924-1956 [Class Enemy. Political Repressions, Violence and Resistance in Moldavian (A)SSR], Chişinău, Cartier, 2014, 396 p.  A summary in English available at: https://www.academia.edu/616126/Class_Enemy._Political_Repressions_Violence_and_Resistance_in_Moldavian_A_SSR_1924-1956_Chisinau_Cartier_2014_396_p._Summary_in_English_in_Romanian_Russian_version_to_be_ready_soon_
 Discontent and Uncertainty in theBorderlands: Soviet Moldavia and the SecretSpeech 1956–1957, in Europe-Asia Studies, 66:4, 2014, p. 613-644, co-author Mark Sandle. A summary in English available at: https://www.academia.edu/6931057/Discontent_and_Uncertainty_in_the_Borderlands_Soviet_Moldavia_and_the_Secret_Speech_1956-1957
 "World History and History of Romanians". History textbook for the 12th grade, recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldova, Chişinău, Cartier, 2013, 144 pages (co-author with Igor Şarov, Virgil Pâslariuc, Flavius Solomon and Pavel Cerbuşcă). "Political Repressions in Moldavian SSR after 1956: Towards a Typology Based on KGB files", in Dystopia.Journal of Totalitarian Ideologies and Regimes, vol. 1–2, 2012, p. 89-127. Full text available at: https://www.academia.edu/4921186/Political_Repressions_in_Moldavian_SSR_after_1956_Towards_a_Typology_Based_on_KGB_files
 "Was the Soviet Union an Empire? A view from Chisinau", in Dystopia. Journal of Totalitarian Ideologies and Regimes, vol. 1–2, 2012, p. 277-290. Full text available at: https://www.academia.edu/1055280/Was_the_Soviet_Union_an_Empire_A_view_from_Chisinau
 Fără termen de prescripţie.Aspecte ale crimelor comunismului în Europa [No Statute of Limitations. Aspects of the Communist Crimes in Europe], Chişinău, Cartier, 2011 (co-editor with Sergiu Musteaţă), 780 p.
 Republica Moldova de la Perestroikă la independenţă, 1989-1991. Documente secrete din arhiva CC a PCM [The Republic of Moldova from Perestroika to independence, 1989–1991. Secret Documents from the Archive of the CC of PCM], introduction and titles of documents in Romanian, Russian and English, Chişinău, Cartdidact, 2011, 692 p. (main co-editor, with <mask>v). Full text available online at: https://www.academia.edu/4183904/Republica_Moldova_de_la_Perestroika_la_independenta_1989_1991._Documente_inedite_2011_-_Moldova_from_Perestroika_to_Independence_1989-1991._Secret_documents_2011._In_original_Russian_with_contents_and_introduction_in_Romanian_English_and_Russian
 Al Doilea Război Mondial în Estul şi Vestul Europei. Istorie şi memorie [Second World War in Eastern and Western Europe. History and Memory], Chişinău, Cartier, 2013, 332 p. (co-editor with Diana Dumitru, Andrei Cuşco and Petru Negură)."Был ли Советский Союз империей? Взгляд из Кишинева" // НЕПРИКОСНОВЕННЫЙ ЗАПАС (МОСКВА) No. 78 (4/2011). Full text available at: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2011/4/ka13.html
 "Stalinist Terror in Soviet Moldavia, 1940-1953", in Kevin McDermott, Matthew Stibbe, eds., Stalinist Terror in Eastern Europe. Elite purges and mass repression, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2010, p. 39-56. "Chestiunea revizuirii hotarelor RSS Moldoveneşti: de la proiectul "Moldova Mare" la proiectul "Basarabia Mare" şi cauzele eşecului acestora (decembrie 1943 – iunie 1946)" [ Moldavian SSR's Border Revision Question: From The Project of "Greater Moldavia" to The Project of "Greater Bessarabia" and The Causes of their Failure(December 1943 – June 1946)]. Documents in original Russian, translated in Romanian, with Introduction article of 22 pages, English summary of 2 pages, co-edited with Virgil Pâslariuc, in Archiva Moldaviae, no.2, 2010, p. 275-370. Full text available online at: https://www.academia.edu/5465961/Chestiunea_revizuirii_hotarelor_RSS_Moldovenesti_de_la_proiectul_Moldova_Mare_la_proiectul_Basarabia_Mare_si_cauzele_esecului_acestora_decembrie_1943_-_iunie_1946_
 "Represiunile comuniste în Moldova Sovietică", în Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Vasile Cristian, eds., "Raportul Comisiei Prezidenţiale pentru analiza dictaturii comuniste din România", București, Humanitas publishing house, 2007. "Le Goulag Bessarabien: Deportations, Repressions, Famine, 1940-1941, 1944-1953", in Communisme (Paris), no. 91–92, 2007, p. 129-138. Full text available at: https://www.academia.edu/3049764/Le_Goulag_Bessarabien_Deportations_Repressions_Famine_1940-1941_1944-1953
 "Politica naţională" în Moldova Sovietică, 1944–1989 [Nationalities Policy in Soviet Moldavia, 1944-1989], Chişinău, Editura Cartdidact, 2000, 214 p. Summary in English and Russian. Full text available at: https://www.academia.edu/377397/Nationalities_Policy_in_Soviet_Moldavia_1944-1989
 Istoria Universală Contemporană, clasa a 9-a, Chişinău, Civitas, 2005. "Zur Binnendeportation von sowjetischen Deutschen und Juden im und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg", in Krista Zach et al.(eds.), Migration im sudostlichen Mitteleuropa. Auswanderung, Flucht, Deportation, Exil im 20. Jahrhundert, IKGS Verlag, Munchen, 2005
 Politică, societate şi cultură în sud-estul şi vestul Europei (mastercourse), Chişinau, TACIS, 2001. "Nation Building in the Era of Integration: The case of Moldova", in Konrad Jarausch and Thomas Lindenberger (eds. ), Conflicting Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary History'', Oxford, Berghan Books, 2007, p. 237-253

Footnotes

External links
 Preşedintele interimar al Republicii Moldova Mihai Ghimpu a emis un decret prezidenţial privind constituirea Comisiei pentru studierea şi aprecierea regimului comunist totalitar din Republica Moldova. Lavinia Stan. Review of Cașu, <mask>, Dușmanul de clasă: Represiuni politice, violenţă şi rezistenţă în R(A)SS Moldovenească, 1924-1956.H-Romania, H-Net Reviews. September, 2014. 1973 births
Living people
Moldovan historians
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
Members of the Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova

masks:
Igor Cașu
Igor Cașu
Igor Cașu
Igor
Igor
Igor Şaro
Igor


title: Mikhail Skobelev

texts:
<mask> (; 29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882), a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the  Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Dressed in a white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General" (and by the Turks as the "White Pasha"). During a campaign in Khiva, his  Turkmen opponents called him goz ganly or "Bloody Eyes". British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery assessed <mask> as the world's "ablest single commander" between 1870 and 1914 and wrote of his "skilful and inspiring" leadership. Francis Vinton Greene also rated <mask> highly. Early life and Conquest of Khiva
Skobelev was born in Saint Petersburg on 29 September 1843. His mother was Russian philanthropist <mask>, and his father was Russian general <mask>.After graduating from the General Staff Academy as a staff officer, he was sent to Turkestan in 1868 and, with the exception of an interval of two years, during which he was on the staff of the grand duke Michael in the Caucasus, remained in Central Asia until 1877. During the Khivan campaign of 1873 he commanded the advanced guard of General Lomakin's column from Kinderly Bay, in the Caspian Sea, to join General Verevkin, from Orenburg, in the expedition to the Khanate of Khiva, and, after great suffering on the desert march, took a prominent part in the capture of the Khivan capital. Later, dressed as a Turkoman, he intrepidly explored in a hostile country the route from Khiva to Igdy on the old riverbed of the Oxus. In 1875, he was given an important command in the expedition against the Khanate of Kokand under General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman, showing great capacity in the action of Makram, where he outmanoeuvered a greatly superior force and captured 58 guns, and in a brilliant night attack during the retreat from Andijan, when he routed a large force with a handful of cavalry. Later life, the Battle of Pleven, Geok Tepe and Death

He was promoted to major-general, decorated with the Order of St George, and appointed the first governor of the Ferghana Oblast. In the Turkish War of 1877 he seized the bridge over the Siret at Barboşi (nowadays a neighborhood of Galaţi, where the Siret flows into the Danube) in April; in June they crossed the Danube with the 8th corps. <mask> commanded the Caucasian Cossack Brigade in the attack of the Green Hills at the second battle of Pleven.An infantry division under <mask>'s command assailed the Grivitsa redoubt to the north. Schakofsky managed to take two redoubts, but by the end of the day the Ottoman forces succeeded in repulsing all the attacks and retaking lost ground. Russian losses amounted to 7,300, and the Ottomans' to 2,000. At the captured Lovetch on 3 September, the general distinguished himself again in desperate fighting on the Green Hills during the third battle of Pleven in which <mask> took two southern redoubts. The Romanian 4th division led by General George Manu took the Grivitsa redoubt after four bloody assaults, personally assisted by Prince Carol. The next day the Turks retook the southern redoubts, but could not dislodge the Romanians, who repelled three counterattacks. From the beginning of September, Russian losses had amounted to roughly 20,000, while the Ottomans lost 5,000.Promoted to be a lieutenant-general, and given the command of the 16th Division, he took part in the investment of Pleven and also in the fight of 9 December, when Osman Pasha surrendered, with his army. In January 1878 he crossed the Balkans in a severe snowstorm defeating the Turks at Sheynovo, near Shipka capturing 36,000 men and 90 guns. <mask> returned to Turkestan after the war, and in 1880 and 1881 further distinguished himself by retrieving the disasters inflicted by the Tekke Turkomans: following the Siege of Geoktepe, it was stormed, the general captured the fort. Around 8,000 Turkmen soldiers and civilians, including women and children were slaughtered in a bloodbath in their flight, along with an additional 6,500 who died inside the fortress. The Russians massacre included all Turkmen males in the fortress who had not escaped, but they spared some 5,000 women and children and freed 600 Persian slaves. The defeat at Geok Tepe and the following slaughter broke the Turkmen resistance and decided the fate of Transcaspia, which was annexed to the Russian Empire. The great slaughter proved too much to stomach reducing the Akhal-Tekke country to submission.<mask> was removed from his command because of the massacre. He was advancing on Ashkhabad and Kalat i-Nadiri when he was disavowed and recalled to Moscow. He was given the command at Minsk. The official reason for his transfer to Europe was to appease European public opinion over the slaughter at Geok Tepe. Some have suggested that he was suffering from delusions of grandeur and showing signs of political ambition. In the last years of his life, <mask> engaged actively in politics, supporting the ideas of Russian nationalism and militant Pan-Slavism. He has also been credited as one of the earliest promoters of the concept "Russia for Russians".At the beginning of 1882, he made speeches in Paris and in Moscow, predicting a desperate strife between Slavs and Germans. He was at once recalled to St Petersburg. He was staying at the Hôtel Dusseaux in Moscow and on his way to his estate in the country when he died suddenly of a heart attack on 7 July 1882. In Russia he was a very popular man at the time of his death, and not surprisingly, his death aroused suspicion among many. After all, he was a relatively young (38) and vigorous man. <mask>'s early death deprived Russia of a great military leader. This became especially evident during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.The Russian generals commanding in that war were men of <mask>'s generation, but none of them had his military genius or charisma. <mask> In Memoriam
After <mask>'s death, in Moscow a monument was raised in his honour on a major square on Tverskaya Street (across from the city hall, where today stands the statue of Yuri Dolgorukiy, the founder of Moscow), which was given his name, and the town of Fergana in Uzbekistan was renamed Skobelev. Today, his name still lives, even beyond the Russian Federation: shortly after the end of the Turkish War of 1877, the Bulgarians constructed a park in Pleven, Skobelev Park, on one of the hills where the major battles for the city took place. The park is also a location of the Panorama Pleven's Epopee 1877 memorial, where in one of the scenes of the gigantic 360 degree panoramic painting the White General is displayed charging with his horse and bare sword, leading the infantry Russian attack on the Turkish positions. A central boulevard in Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria, also bears <mask> <mask>'s name. Shortly after the entrance of the park, the bust of the famous general can be seen, watching over the city. The park contains memorials with the names of the Russian and Romanian soldiers that died for the liberation of Pleven, and is decorated with non-functional arms donated by Russia: cannons, cannonballs, gatling guns, rifles, and bayonets.Honours and awards

Russian
 Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class with swords
 Order of St. Anna.

masks:
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Olga Skobeleva
Dmitry Ivanovich Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Skobelev
Mikhail Dmitriyevich
Skobelev