title: Peter Badcoe

texts:
<mask>,  (11 January 1934 – 7 April 1967) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded at that time to a member of the Australian armed forces. <mask>, born <mask>, joined the Australian Army in 1950 and graduated from the Officer Cadet School, Portsea, in 1952 as a second lieutenant in the Royal Australian Artillery. A series of regimental postings followed, including a tour in the Federation of Malaya in 1962, during which he spent a week in South Vietnam observing the fighting. During the previous year, Badcock had changed his surname to <mask>. After another regimental posting, he transferred to the Royal Australian Infantry Corps, and was promoted to major. In August 1966, <mask> arrived in South Vietnam as a member of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam. He was initially a sub-sector adviser, but in December became the operations adviser for Thừa Thiên-Huế Province.In this role, between February and April 1967, he displayed conspicuous gallantry and leadership on three occasions while on operations with South Vietnamese Regional Force units. In the final battle, he was killed by machine-gun fire. He was highly respected by both his South Vietnamese and United States allies, and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions. He was also awarded the United States Silver Star and several South Vietnamese medals. He was buried at Terendak Garrison Cemetery in Malaysia. In 2008, <mask>'s medal set was auctioned for A$488,000 to Kerry Stokes in collaboration with the Government of South Australia. After going on display at the South Australian Museum and touring regional South Australia, it is now displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.Buildings and awards have been named after <mask>, including the rest and recreation centre in South Vietnam, an assembly room and library at Portsea, the main lecture theatre at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and a perpetual medal for an Australian Football League match held on Anzac Day; as well as the electoral district of Badcoe in the South Australian House of Assembly. Early life and career

<mask> was born <mask> Badcock on 11 January 1934 in the Adelaide suburb of Malvern, South Australia. His father was Leslie Allen Badcock, a public servant, and his mother was Gladys Mary Ann May  Overton. He was educated at Adelaide Technical High School, before gaining employment as a clerk with the South Australian Public Service in 1950. Despite his father's opposition, Badcock held ambitions to join the Australian Army; and enlisted in the Regular Army on 10 June 1950. After a brief posting to the 16th National Service Battalion in early 1952, Badcock entered the Officer Cadet School, Portsea, on 12 July 1952, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Australian Artillery on 13 December that year. This was followed by a short posting to the 14th National Service Training Battalion, then a posting to the 1st Field Regiment in 1953.He returned to train national servicemen at Puckapunyal, Victoria, in 1955–1957. On 26 May 1956, he married Denise Maureen MacMahon in the Methodist Church at Manly, New South Wales. The couple had three daughters – Carey, Kim and Susanne. Badcock was posted back to the 1st Field Regiment in 1957–1958. A junior staff officer in the Directorate of Military Operations and Plans at Australian Army Headquarters from 1958 until 1961, he was promoted to temporary captain in 1958, and substantive captain in June 1960. On 6 February 1961, he was posted to the 4th Field Regiment, and the same year changed his surname to <mask>. The couple decided to change their surname after their third daughter was born in order to make it easier for them.On training exercises, <mask> was aggressive and energetic. He was also a quiet, gentle and retiring man who confided mainly in his wife and had a dry wit. His colleagues found him inscrutable. He avoided boisterous mess activities and preferred reading military history. Short and stocky, a teetotaller who did not smoke, he wore horn-rimmed spectacles and regaled his colleagues on military matters when off-duty. In June 1961, <mask> was posted to the 103rd Field Battery as battery captain, and served a tour with them in the Federation of Malaya, attached to a British unit, in the aftermath of the Malayan Emergency. He was detached from Malaya to South Vietnam over the period 7–14 November 1962, and observed how that country was combating the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese insurgency.During his visit, <mask> sought opportunities to experience combat. He spent five days with an Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) battalion on operations in Quảng Ngãi Province, during which the unit had contacts with the enemy, including a pitched battle. During what was supposed to be a rest period, he arranged a helicopter flight to visit a Montagnard base in the Central Highlands. When his return to Malaya was delayed by an aircraft engine breakdown, he managed to join a heliborne operation of the 7th ARVN Division in the Mekong Delta. He returned to the 1st Field Regiment in November 1962 and remained with the unit until August 1965. At this point, <mask> transferred from the artillery to the Royal Australian Infantry Corps, and on promotion to temporary major on 10 August 1965, was posted to the Infantry Centre at Ingleburn, New South Wales. <mask> successfully applied for a posting with the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV), and attended adviser courses at the Intelligence Centre at Mosman, New South Wales, and Jungle Training Centre in Canungra, Queensland.He was promoted to provisional major in June 1966. Vietnam War

<mask> arrived in South Vietnam on 6 August 1966 as a member of the AATTV. He was posted as a sub-sector adviser in the Nam Hóa District of Thừa Thiên Province. Sub-sector advisers worked at the district level with two elements of the Territorial Forces, the Regional Force (RF) and Popular Force (PF), which were both forms of full-time provincial militia under control of the provincial chief, who was also the military sector chief. Each sector corresponded with a province, and each sub-sector with a district. The sector and sub-sector advisers had several responsibilities: to accompany the RF/PF, colloquially known as "Ruff-Puffs", on operations; to provide on-the-job training to the RF/PF; to oversee security in the hamlets; and to liaise with the ARVN troops operating in the sector or sub-sector. In his first week at Nam Hóa, <mask> was advising an RF company on a clearing operation when it came under fire from VC irregulars in a treeline.As the company pressed forward, it came under fire from a bunker. <mask> unsuccessfully tried to silence the bunker using his rifle and hand grenades, at which point the company commander suggested calling in close air support. <mask> responded that air support was not necessary. He collected two jerrycans of petrol from a jeep following the company and then, circling around using cover, approached the bunker from outside its arc of fire. He poured both jerrycans over the bunker, backed off some distance and ignited it with a white phosphorus grenade, destroying the VC position and allowing the company to advance. Easily identified by the maroon paratroop beret he wore, <mask> led from the front and gave the impression he believed himself invincible. According to the former AATTV adviser and military historian Ian McNeill, enthusiasm, courage and audacity were <mask>'s hallmarks, and those around him were often infected by his optimism.<mask> was so fearless he appeared reckless, and was often cautioned by colleagues in this respect. Jim Pashen, a warrant officer serving with the AATTV, recalled <mask> driving alone in a jeep from Huế to Quảng Trị, and being shot at by snipers as he passed by. <mask> was also very interested in Vietnam, its people and their customs, and was particularly fascinated by Huế, the ancient royal city. He traded alcohol and souvenirs from the AATTV's canteen with US Marines to acquire equipment for RF units, and also donated food and supplies to an orphanage. In December 1966, <mask> became the sector operations adviser at the provincial headquarters in Huế. This role generally involved planning, liaison and staff work, but <mask> interpreted his duty statement flexibly and led local forces into combat whenever he got the chance. According to a fellow AATTV officer, Captain Barry Rissel, he was a "veritable tiger" in combat, a characteristic that led his US allies to dub him "The Galloping Major".At his first meeting with <mask>, Corporal Chris Black described the scene:

On 23 February 1967, <mask> and his United States Marine Corps deputy, Captain James Custar, were advising an RF company operation in the Phu Thu District. About  on their flank was a PF platoon accompanied by two United States Army advisers, Captain Clement and Sergeant Thomas. <mask> and Custar began to hear intermittent rifle fire, coming from the direction of the flanking platoon. Custar was monitoring radio transmissions when he heard that Clement had been wounded and Thomas was in danger. <mask> ran across the intervening fire-swept ground to reach the PF platoon, with the enemy fire intensifying as he approached. He discovered that Clement was lying  ahead of the platoon, and had been mortally wounded while going to assist a wounded PF soldier. Thomas had tried to reach Clement and had in turn been wounded and was lying in the open between Clement and the platoon, which had pulled back.<mask> observed that the enemy were dug in along a small rise, and appeared to be in about company-strength and readying for an attack. He gathered the PF platoon and led a frontal assault on the enemy position, firing as he went. Dodging automatic fire, he charged a machine-gun position and shot the crew with his rifle. Led by <mask>, the PF platoon inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy. Once the PF platoon had consolidated its position, <mask> went back, still under fire, to lift Clement and carry him out of the danger area. He then returned and assisted Thomas to a

masks:
Peter John Badcoe
Badcoe
Peter Badcock
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
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Peter John
Badcoe
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Badcoe
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Badcoe
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Badcoe


title: Peter Badcoe

type: original

texts:
 position from which he could be safely evacuated. The operation concluded successfully.Two weeks later, the sector RF reaction company was tasked to the Quảng Điền District sub-sector on 7 March in response to an attack on its district headquarters by a VC force of about two battalions. Quảng Điền District headquarters was in the eponymous village, about  northwest of Huế. <mask> was travelling in a vehicle convoy with his deputy and another US officer, when their vehicle veered off the road into a ditch. His deputy was killed and <mask> left the vehicle and joined the company commander as they drove towards the village. By the time <mask> and the company arrived, the village was occupied by the VC, and they were attacking the district headquarters from three sides. <mask> quickly formed the company up into platoons, then led them through enemy fire to a position which flanked the VC. Forming them into an extended line, he then led them in an assault across open ground against the main VC force.In the face of this attack, the VC withdrew in disarray and the garrison of the district headquarters was saved. <mask>'s intervention prevented serious losses and the capture of the district headquarters. <mask> became disillusioned with the war during his service in South Vietnam. He was particularly affected by an incident in February 1967 in which the ARVN regiment he was working with called in a napalm strike on a VC-occupied village, whose population was strongly supportive of the government, instead of attempting to attack and dislodge the VC. <mask> and other advisers attempted to stop the use of napalm, but the ARVN divisional headquarters overruled them. A total of 40 civilians were killed or wounded, and <mask> spent the next day-and-a-half arranging the removal of bodies and new accommodation for the survivors. He eventually concluded that the conflict was an "unwinnable war".On 7 April, <mask>, who wrote frankly to his wife and children, penned a letter to them expressing his "unease and cynicism" about the conduct of the war and indicating that he wished to come home. At this time <mask> was planning to take a short break on the Japanese island of Okinawa starting the following day, with an Australian Army friend who had been visiting him, observing operations. When he returned from the field early in the morning of 7 April, <mask> was told that he was required to act as sector headquarters duty officer due to the illness of another adviser. He saw his friend off to Da Nang and returned to Huế where he commenced duty, planning to join his friend once he had completed his shift. He soon became aware that an operation was going badly for an ARVN force at the hamlet of An Thuan in Hương Trà District, about  north of Huế. The operation involved the elite Hac Bao (Black Panther) divisional reaction company of the 1st ARVN Division, along with a squadron of armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and two RF companies. They were attempting to eliminate a VC force of about two companies which was holding well-entrenched positions at An Thuan.The ARVN force had been met with intense fire and had suffered heavy casualties. <mask> realised that the force did not have any advisers, because one of the Hac Bao advisers was ill, and advisers were required to work in pairs. Without any advisers, the ARVN were unable to access close air support to dislodge the VC. <mask> decided that he needed to go out to the ARVN force and assist them. He arranged for relief as the sector duty officer, grabbed his weapons and equipment, and collected Sergeant Alberto Alvarado, his US Army deputy adviser and radio operator. They sped in their jeep towards An Thuan. Upon arrival, they found the ARVN force preparing for another assault, which was to consist of the APCs followed by the Hac Bao company.<mask> and his deputy climbed aboard an APC and joined the attack. About  from An Thuan, the force was moving through the hamlet's cemetery and hostile fire increased markedly, from recoilless rifles, mortars, machine guns and small arms. The APCs drove through the cemetery and deployed to suppress the enemy fire. The Hac Bao company pressed forward through the cemetery, at which time <mask> and Alvarado dismounted and joined them. During the last stages of the attack, the two advisers were leading the infantry when the enemy fire became so heavy that both the APCs and infantry began falling back through the cemetery. <mask> began rallying the ARVN soldiers to renew the assault, and artillery was called in on the enemy positions. After this, <mask> and Alvarado again pushed forward, attempting to encourage the ARVN troops to press home the attack.The final stages of the line of assault crossed dry, open rice paddy fields with no cover. Enemy fire converged on <mask>, Alvarado and the ARVN troops, who again went to ground. On this occasion, <mask> refused to fall back. He headed straight for an enemy machine-gun position that was causing devastation among the ARVN force. Forced to ground by the intense fire, <mask> was soon joined by Alvarado. <mask> lifted himself up to throw a hand grenade, but was pulled down by Alvarado as bullets cracked overhead. When he rose to throw again, he was cut down by machine-gun fire and killed instantly.Alvarado attempted to recover his body, but was shot in the leg. He then used his radio to call in close air support and more artillery to suppress the enemy fire. The Hac Bao company, supported by the APCs, then moved forward and captured the objective. A military funeral for <mask> was held in Huế, the largest for any Allied soldier until that date. <mask> was buried in the Terendak Garrison Cemetery in Malacca, Malaysia. The epitaph on his gravestone reads: "He lived and died a soldier". According to McNeill, <mask> was highly respected by both South Vietnamese and US allies, and was an inspirational leader who had saved the lives of his comrades and turned defeat into victory on many occasions.Post-script

For his courage and leadership on 23 February, 7 March, and 7 April 1967, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded at that time to a member of the Australian armed forces. The full citation for the award appeared in The London Gazette on 17 October 1967. It read, in part:

<mask> received her husband's Victoria Cross from the Governor-General, Lord Casey, at Government House, Canberra, on 5 April 1968. <mask> was awarded the United States Silver Star with bronze oak leaf cluster, Air Medal and Purple Heart, and was made a Knight of the National Order of Vietnam. South Vietnam also awarded him the Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Gold Star, and Silver Star, the Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class, Vietnam Campaign Medal and Wound Medal, and he posthumously received the Vietnam Medal and Australian Defence Medal from Australia. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975 judged that <mask> was "a dedicated career soldier" who "quickly acquired an understanding of the Vietnamese people and their customs along with an affectionate respect for the Vietnamese territorials he trained and led". Members of the AATTV received many decorations, and the unit gained the distinction of being "probably the mostly highly decorated unit for its size in the Australian Army".Only four Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross in Vietnam; all went to members of the AATTV, two of them posthumously. An Australian and New Zealand soldiers' club in Vung Tau was named the <mask>coe Club in his honour in November 1967. At Portsea, the assembly room and library was named after him, complete with a portrait and bronze plaque. After Portsea closed in 1985, the main lecture theatre in the Military Instruction Block at Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra was named after him. In 1998–1999, a rest area in <mask>'s honour was established near Lake George on the Remembrance Driveway between Canberra and Sydney. In 1999, the Ex-Military Rehabilitation Centre moved to the "Peter Badcoe VC Complex" at Edinburgh, South Australia. <mask>'s medal group and personal memoirs were offered for sale by auction in Sydney on 20 May 2008 and were sold for A$488,000 to the media magnate and philanthropist Kerry Stokes in collaboration with the Government of South Australia.<mask>'s Victoria Cross and associated medals were displayed at the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, prior to being toured to 17 regional towns in South Australia between 21 March and 20 June 2009, before being displayed permanently at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra from 2016. His VC was the 71st of the 100 VCs awarded to Australians to be placed on public display there. Since 2004, the award for the player displaying the most courage, skill, self-sacrifice and teamwork in the Australian Football League match in Adelaide on Anzac Day each year has been called the <mask> VC Medal. The medal has been won by three times by Travis Boak of the Port Adelaide Football Club, and twice by Joel Selwood of the Geelong Football Club. In 2015, the Australian government repatriated the remains of 22 Australian soldiers buried at Terendak, but the <mask> family asked that he remain buried there, in accordance with his express wishes. In 2016, the South Australian electoral district of Ashford was renamed Badcoe in his honour. In 2020, a 60-bed residential aged care facility named <mask> VC House was completed in Newcastle, New South Wales, by the Returned and Services League of Australia (New South Wales Branch) aged care arm, RSL LifeCare.Footnotes

References

Books

Gazettes, newspapers and websites

1934 births
1967 deaths
People from Adelaide
Australian Army officers
Australian military personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Australian military personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Australian recipients of the Victoria Cross
Graduates of the Officer Cadet School, Portsea
Vietnam War recipients of the Victoria Cross
5 Badcoe, <mask>
Foreign recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Foreign recipients of the Air

masks:
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Badcoe
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Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
Badcoe
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Denise Badcoe
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Peter Bad
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Peter Badcoe
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Peter Badcoe
Peter John


title: Michael O'Flaherty

texts:
Professor <mask>'Flaherty is the current (September 2015) Director of the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA). The FRA is the EU's human rights advisory body, based in Vienna, Austria. An Irish human rights lawyer, O’Flaherty was a member from 2004 to 2012 of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC), the expert body that oversees compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Again nominated by Ireland in 2008, O'Flaherty was re-elected to the HRC with the highest number of votes (136 states) achieved by any candidate. On 19 September 2011 he took up appointment as the third Chief Commissioner of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC), the statutory national human rights institution for Northern Ireland. He resigned as chief commissioner in October 2013. A native of Salthill in Galway, and the son and grandson of mayors of Galway, O'Flaherty attended school at Scoil Iognaid Gaillimh, Willow Park Preparatory School and Blackrock College, Dublin.He holds degrees in law from University College Dublin, in theology and philosophy from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and in international relations from the University of Amsterdam. Ordained in the 1980s as a priest in the Roman Catholic Church for the Diocese of Galway, he has not exercised priestly ministry since 1992. He has since been laicised. In November 2019, on the basis of his published works in the field of human rights, <mask>’Flaherty was awarded the Higher Doctorate in Laws (LLD) by the National University of Ireland

Qualified as a solicitor in Ireland, he does not practice in the courts. Since completing his postgraduate studies he has worked mainly in the field of international human rights. From 2004 to 2012 he was Professor of Applied Human Rights and Co-Director of the Human Rights Law Centre at the University of Nottingham, England. In December 2012 he was appointed as Established Professor of Human Rights at the National University of Ireland, Galway and Director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights.Having written extensively on the ICCPR in the 1990s, O'Flaherty joined the United Nations civil service and held several headquarters and field positions in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). This included co-ordination of the OHCHR Asia and the Pacific programmes, leadership of field operations in Sierra Leone and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and (2000–02) chairing the UN reference group on human rights and humanitarian action. He served for some years as secretary to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and as a senior researcher in Florence at the UNICEF child rights research unit, the Innocenti Research Centre. He was a member of the UN Expert Group on Human Rights Indicators, and has been an advisor to several intergovernmental and international non-governmental organisations, including the European Roma Rights Centre and the Council of the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation. According to a CV posted on the European Parliament (LIBE committee) website in 2014, O’Flaherty had at that date published 9 books and some 55 articles and other writings, all in the field of human rights. He was 'rapporteur' (principal drafter) for the Human Rights Committee's General Comment on Article 19 of ICCPR, finally adopted on 21 July 2011 after two years of negotiation. This major re-statement of the international law on freedom of expression emphasises the importance of media freedoms and it sets out the extent to which human rights standards relate to the new media and information platforms.O'Flaherty also has contributed to the international definition and protection of gay rights: in 2006 he led the drafting of the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. O'Flaherty is former Chairperson of the Irish Penal Reform Trust and the former Vice-Chair of the Universal Rights Group. In September 2015 it was announced that he was appointed as Director of the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency. The FRA “delivers on its responsibility as the acknowledged, unique and independent centre of reference and excellence for the promotion and protection of the rights of everyone in the European Union”. In a speech delivered in Warsaw, Poland, on 1 December 2017, he described its activities, “(FRA) is the body tasked with delivering independent data, analysis and advice to the EU institutions, as well as its Member States, to support them in being compliant with the fundamental rights standards of the Union. From our base in Vienna, we do our work through the undertaking of surveys, analysis of pressing human rights challenges - including by giving voice to rights-holders - delivery of legal opinions and support for the embedding of a culture of human and fundamental rights, also at the local level across EU Member States”. In a 2015 newspaper article he described his period of work in the field:

"Documenting wartime human rights violations used to be my job.Over a good few years, working for the United Nations, I witnessed the most appalling acts of cruelty and inhumanity. Often I arrived on a scene to find mutilated bodies, wounded or deeply traumatised survivors and smouldering buildings. A few times I was a direct witness to atrocity, like the summary execution of “rebels” in the streets of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. In that country the perpetrators were sometimes just teenagers, many of whom had themselves been abducted years beforehand. I used to speak with these kids, who were often armed to the teeth and high on drugs, to try to persuade them to release kidnapped children. More than once I came close to being killed, sometimes by being in the wrong place at the wrong time but more often for such stupid reasons as driving a faulty jeep or begging a lift on an ancient helicopter. My main job was to chronicle what was going on, frame it in terms of the relevant international human-rights law and get the reports up the line to UN decisionmakers in New York and Geneva.The work sometimes seemed futile, even cruel, fuelling false expectations among people who co-operated with us. Often it felt as if no one cared. My own boss when I worked in Bosnia, the former prime minister of Poland Tadeusz Mazowiecki, resigned in protest at the ignoring of his warning about the imminent massacre at Srebrenica. I never quit, but I did have moments of near despair. I recall sitting in tears on a veranda in Freetown, listening to the worsening artillery fire in nearby hills at a moment when the world seemed to have interest in only one conflict: the one far away in Kosovo. What kept my colleagues and I going were the small achievements: protecting some people simply because of our presence, improving conditions in detention facilities, helping to ensure that food and aid were distributed equitably, seeking to keep the situation of innocent victims of war to the forefront of peacemakers’ attention. The chronicling also had its successes, especially for the delivery of postconflict justice.It was very satisfying for me many years later to present my reports and give evidence at the trials in which the Liberian president Charles Taylor and others were convicted of crimes against humanity." References

External links
 Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission
 Human Rights Law Centre, University of Nottingham
 Yogyakarta Principles website

Alumni of University College Dublin
Irish officials of the European Union
United Nations Human Rights Committee members
Irish legal scholars
Living people
20th-century Irish lawyers
21st-century Irish lawyers
Irish officials of the United Nations
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Michael O
Michael O


title: Gertrude of Nivelles

texts:
<mask>les, O.S.B. (also spelled Geretrude, Geretrudis, Gertrud; c. 628 – 17 March 659) was a seventh-century abbess who, with her mother Itta, founded the Abbey of Nivelles located in present-day Belgium. Life

Family and childhood
The early history of <mask>'s family is not well documented. The anonymous author of her Early Middle Ages biography, Vita Sanctae Geretrudis, only hints at her origins: "it would be tedious to insert in this account in what line of earthly origin she was descended. For who living in Europe does not know the loftiness, the names, and the localities of her lineage?" <mask>'s father, Pepin of Landen (Pippin the Elder), a nobleman from east Francia, had been instrumental in persuading King Clothar II to crown his son, Dagobert I, as the King of Austrasia. Due to her position at the palace, <mask>'s mother, Itta of Metz, was likely acquainted with Amandus, the Bishop of Maastricht.When Dagobert succeeded his father and the court moved to Neustria, Pippin and his family (including young <mask>) moved with the king's court. Thus, <mask> became introduced to politics during her childhood in the royal court. Arnulf of Metz, Pippin's close ally, was one of several royal counselors who received ecclesiastical posts after a secular career. McNamara argues that Arnulf retired into religion at the time of Clothar's death in 628, but he kept close ties to the family by marrying his son to <mask>'s sister, Begga. However, later scholars have disagreed. Marriage proposal

<mask>'s biography begins with her father hosting a banquet when <mask> was ten years old. That the king accepted Pippin's invitation to the dinner at all shows Pippin's standing as well as that of his family.At this feast, the King asked <mask> if she would like to marry the "son of a duke of the Austrasians.... for the sake of his worldly ambition and mutual alliance." <mask> declined and "lost her temper and flatly rejected him with an oath, saying that she would have neither him nor any earthly spouse but Christ the Lord." Marriage alliances were important in this era although scholars disagree as to the extent parents or kings asserted power over spousal choice. The marriage between <mask>'s sister Begga and Ansegisel helped set the stage for a Carolingian takeover of Austrasia. The marriage of their son Pepin the Middle and Plectrude later secured the lands of Plectrude's parents Hugobert and Irmina of Oeren between the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse rivers, because Plectrude was an only child. Begga's sons enhanced Pepin's power by marrying women with political connections in the north and northwest. All agree that the girl's personal feeling mattered little.One scholar speculated that if Pippin I had lived longer, he would likely have forced <mask>inids sooner to supplant the Merovingians. Dagobert died in 639 and was succeeded in Neutria by Clovis II and in Austrasia by Sigebert III. When Pippin died, <mask>'s brother Grimoald competed with Otto to become the new mayor of the palace. After Otto died in battle, "the dignity of mayor of Sigebert's palace and control of all the kingdom of Austrasia was thus decisively assured to Grimoald" and the Pippinids. The mention of <mask>'s decided rejection of her Austrasian suitor is unique for the era. At least one scholar considers it to have been deliberately included by the chronicler as expressing her character. The reference to a prior betrothal to Christ becomes common in later saints' lives.The suitor, while irritated, is not emotionally affected by this rejection. After Dagobert's death, Pippin returned to the east in 640, taking <mask> with him. Soon after, Pippin himself died, giving <mask> the freedom to take the veil and enter the monastic life. Scholars debate the date of the death of Pippin. Some sources date it as late as 650, although others date it much earlier. After her father's death
The Vita describes how Itta, in order to prevent "violent abductors from tearing her daughter away by force," shaved her daughter's hair, leaving only a crown shape. This action, known as tonsuring, marked <mask> for a life of religious service.There were constant requests by "violators of souls" who wished to gain wealth and power by marrying <mask>. As detailed in the Vita, only Itta's foundation of the Abbey of Nivelles stopped the constant flow of suitors interested in marrying <mask> in order to ally with her wealthy family. Susan Wemple argues that <mask>'s story is an example of mothers dominating their daughters in Merovingian times in an effort to "safeguard [their] daughters' sexual purity and secure [their] future." Mothers, she says, were required to raise their daughters to be obedient and disciplined, and the standard "maternal feelings" were "vigilance and worry" The biographer of <mask> mentions that after the death of Pippin the Elder in 640, his widow Itta pondered daily on what was to become of her and her daughter. Upon the advice of Amand, she ordered the construction of a monastery to which she and <mask> could retire. According to Wemple,
"A mother's importance was acknowledged in law insofar as she had the right to assume the guardianship for her fatherless children. In the propertied classes, this meant that a widow could exercise considerable power by managing the estates of her minor children and arranging for their marriages."Itta lost this right after the death of her husband Pippin because their sons had come of age. She still had the option to find a suitable husband for <mask>. Catherine Peyroux has said that Itta established the monastery in order to protect her and her daughter in the event that her sons fell out of favor with the ruling dynasty, as well as to safeguard the family lands from plunder or seizure through forced marriage. Foundress

Christianity was not at all widespread in <mask>'s place and time. It was only the development of cities and the initiative of bishops that led to a vast movement of evangelism, and a flowering of monasteries in the 7th and 8th centuries. <mask>'s Vita describes how Bishop Amand came to Itta's house, "preaching the word of God. At the Lord's bidding, he asked whether she would build a monastery for herself and Christ's handmaid, <mask>."Itta founded Nivelles, a double monastery, one for men, the other for women. However, after they entered the religious life, <mask> and her mother suffered, "no small opposition" from the royal family. During this period, trials for the family are mentioned involving the usurper Otto's bid to replace the Pippinids at the side of the king. There is some precedent for <mask> and Itta's move to the monastery at Nivelles. According to Wemple, "during the second half of the seventh century, women in Neustrian-Burgundian families concentrated on the creation of a network of monasteries rather than on the conclusion of politically advantageous unions, while families whose holdings were in the northeastern parts of the kingdom, centering around the city of Metz, were more concerned with the acquisition of power through carefully arranged marriages." Itta's move to start a monastery was thus not completely out of the ordinary, and may have in fact been the norm for a widowed noblewoman. Upon Itta's death at about the age of 60 in the year 652, twelve years after the death of her husband Pippin, <mask> took over the monastery.At this time, <mask> took the "whole burden of governing upon herself alone," placing affairs of the family in the hand of "good and faithful administrators from the brothers." Some have argued that this implies that <mask> ruled the monastery with an abbot. Frankish double monasteries were almost always led by an abbess, or jointly by an abbess and abbot. However, when Suzanne Wemple used Nivelles as an example of the latter, claiming that <mask> ruled Nivelles jointly with Amand "around 640," she casts doubt on her own theory by mistaking the date. Many later scholars date the foundation of Nivelles between 647 and 650. Monastic life

The Vita states that in <mask>, "temperance of character, the sobriety of her heart and the moderation of her words she anticipated maturity." She was "an intelligent young woman, scholarly and charitable, devoting herself to the sick, elderly, and poor," and as knowing much of the scripture by memory.<mask> also memorized passages and books on divine law, and she "openly disclosed the hidden mysteries of allegory to her listeners." Her Vita describes <mask> as building churches, and taking care of orphans, widows, captives, and pilgrims. Upon becoming abbess, <mask> "obtained through her envoy's men of good reputation, relics of saints and holy books from Rome, and from regions across the sea, experienced men for the teaching of the divine law and to practice the chants for herself and her people." Fouracre and Gerberding assert that the men from across the sea are from Britain and Ireland and also highlight this as an example of the importance of Rome to the Franks long before Charlemagne ever had a relationship with the Pope. This is supported by Peyroux, Wemple, and the ancient Chronicles of Fredegar. She welcomed foreigners, lay or religious. She especially welcomed Irish monks who, since the sixth century, traveled to evangelize.Among the numerous pilgrims that visited the monastery of Nivelles were the two brothers, Foillan and Ultan, both Irish monks on their way from Rome to Peronne, where their brother Fursey, lay buried. According to Wemple, "The Irish monasteries, with the ancient tradition of oral learning, were at the time the most distinguished centers of scholarship". Death of Foillan
In the Additum Additamentum Nivialense de Fuilano, an addendum to the Vita Sanctae Gertrudis, there is a story about several events involving Irish monks led by Foillan that involve <mask> and the Abbey of Nivelles. Before the foundation of Nivelles, Irish monks led by Foillan traveled to Francia, from Fursey's monastery in Ireland to escape pagan raids. They were received by Erchinoald, mayor of the palace, but were later expelled by him and moved to live with Itta and <mask>. Grimoald and the Pippinids were happy to accept them and built the monastery of Berbrona for them with the help of Itta and <mask>. In other works this monastery is referred to as Fosses.There is much praise of <mask> in the text. Sometime later, Foillan went on a journey, saying mass in Nivelles before leaving. Ian Wood says that the purpose of Foillan's journey was to visit his benefactors, but he provides no evidence for this claim other than a citation of the Additamentum. After only a day of traveling, Foillan and his three companions were betrayed and murdered by an evil man who offered them shelter for the night in his house and then sold their belongings. Upon learning that Foillan did not reach his destination, the brothers of his monastery began to search for him. However, it was <mask> who succeeded in finding Foillan's body 77 days after he was murdered, on the anniversary of his brother Fursey's death. The four bodies were immediately brought to Nivelles."Dido, Bishop of Poitiers, and the mayor of the palace, Grimoald, a man of illustrious standing," arrived by chance, or, as the text hints, divine intervention at Nivelles shortly before the bodies and the two men carried Foillan into Nivelles "on their own shoulders." Foillan's body was then taken to his own monastery "and when noblemen had flocked from all sides to meet him and carried him on their own shoulders" he was buried at Fosses. Miracles

Miraculous vision

The first miracle attributed to <mask> in the Vita takes place at the altar of Pope Sixtus II the Martyr as <mask> was standing in prayer. "She saw descending above her a flaming pellucid sphere such that the whole basilica was illuminated by its brightness." The vision persisted for about half an hour and later was revealed to some of the sisters at the monastery. The anonymous author of the Vita believes that this vision represents a "visitation of the True Light." Salvation of the sailors
The second miracle attributed to <mask> in the Vita took place as the anonymous author and his friend were peacefully sailing over the sea on the monastery's business.This account is felt by some to indicate that the author was an Irish monk. In the account, an incredible storm appears as well as a sea monster, causing great despair as "the sailors... turned to their idols," evidence of the persistence of paganism at the time. In desperation, the author's friend cries out to <mask> to save himself and his companions from the storm and monster. Immediately the storm subsides and the monster dives back into the deep. Appointment of Wulfetrud
Before her death, <mask> appointed her niece Wulfetrud as Abbess of Nivelles. Wulfetrud's position was precarious because her father, Grimoald I, had usurped the Austrasian throne. According to Ian Wood, "It was the Neustrian court that had ended Grimoald's usurpation of the Austrasian throne."The Vita states that "out of hatred of her father that kings, queens, and even priests... wished to drag her from her place" and steal Wulfetrude's property. Wulfetrud was only 20 years old at the time. Wilfetrud's appointment was a testament to <mask>'s power and influence within the abbey and the

masks: Gertrudevel Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrudepp Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude Gertrude


title: Gertrude of Nivelles

texts:
 Catholic Church itself. According to the Vita, Wulfetrud kept her position "through the grace of God." At the same time, however, <mask> was unable to help "Grimoald or his daughter against Clovis II." Death

<mask> is portrayed as leading a devout life until her death.It is  possible that after taking the veil in ca. 640, she never left the monastery cloister, thus escaping politics and local affairs.<mask> is described as "exhausted by a life of charity, fasting and prayer" at the end of her short life. The Cambridge Medieval History says that "because of too much abstinence and keeping of vigils... her body was sorrily exhausted with serious illness." <mask>'s Vita describes her, after relinquishing her role as abbess, spending her time praying intensely and secretly wearing a hair shirt. According to her biographer, <mask> felt the time of her death approaching and asked a pilgrim from the Fosses monastery when she would die. This pilgrim is commonly believed to be Ultan, Foillan's brother. Fouracre and Gerberding dispute that Ultan was Abbot of Fosses, but there is some speculation. Ultan prophesied that <mask> would die on 17 March, the very next day, and also the feast day of Saint Patrick.Furthermore, Ultan prophesied that "she may pass joyously because blessed Bishop Patrick with the chosen angels of God... are prepared to receive her." True to the prophecy, <mask> died the next day after praying all night and taking communion. Shortly after her death, the monk Rinchinus as well as the author of the Vita noticed a pleasant odor in cell with her body. Just before her death in 659, <mask> instructed the nuns at Nivelles to bury her in an old veil left behind by a traveling pilgrim and <mask>'s own hair shirt. She died in poverty, 17 March 659, at the age, we are told, of thirty-three years. <mask>'s choice of burial clothing is a pattern in medieval hagiography as an expression of humility and piety. Her death and the image of her weak and humble figure is, in fact, a critical point in her biographer's narrative.Her monastery also benefitted from this portrayal because the haircloth and veil in which <mask> was interred became relics. Bonnie Effros contends that identification with tombs like <mask>'s signaled higher privilege and prestige within the church. Tombs covered with cloths often functioned as altars for those who had access to them. At Nivelles, her relics were only publicly displayed for feast days, Easter, and other holy days. Veneration

<mask> is the patron saint of the City of Nivelles, The towns of Geertruidenberg, Breda, and Bergen-op-Zoom in North Brabant, also are under her patronage. <mask> was also the patron saint of the Order of the Holy Cross (Crosiers or Crutched Friars). In the Crosier Church in Maastricht, the Netherlands, a large mural from the 16th century depicts eight scenes from her life and legend.The legend of <mask>'s vision of the ocean voyage led her to be as well the patron saint of travelers. In memory of this event, medieval travelers drank a so-called "Sinte Geerts Minne" or "Gertrudenminte" before setting out on their journey. Her attention to the care of her garden led her assistance to be invoked by gardeners, and also against rats and mental illness. Le Tour Sainte-Gertrude is a traditional procession around Nivelles. The abbesses and the canons used to regularly make a long journey outside the walls of the abbey in emulation of <mask>, to meet the farmers, the poor and the sick. Many of the pilgrims participate in costume, as they accompany a cart bearing a reliquary containing <mask>'s relics. In May 2004, the Saint Gertrude Tour was proclaimed "Oral and Intangible Heritage Masterpiece of the French Community."The hundred years-old secondary school "Collège Sainte-Gertrude de Nivelles" founded by the Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier in the city owes its name to the saint. <mask> of Nivelles in Literature

Vita Sanctae Geretrudis and the Additamentum Nivialense de Fuilano

The Vita was originally thought to have been written in the eleventh century, but this was later disproven with the discovery of a version dating from the eighth century. Bruno Krush argues that the work is written around the same time that the events it describes take place, and there is wide agreement that it was written before 670, and after 663. The time range is determined using a combination of Latin style, references by contemporary works, the accuracy of the events (indicating a close proximity to their occurrence), and references in the text to known events. The Vita is one of just a few sources dating from seventh century France, and one of only three from Austrasia (all of which deal with <mask>). This makes the Vita very important as a source for Charlemagne's ancestry as well as placing the "Cradle of the Carolingians" in the middle Meuse in Brabant as opposed to Moselle in Luxembourg, where Pepin II and Plectrude had large tracts of land. The author of Vita writes as a first-hand witness to the events he describes.Although it is perfectly plausible that he could have been a monk or nun, and there some debate on this topic. Based on his reference to himself "with another brother," the author is most likely male. The Vita was originally written for Abbot Agnes, who succeeded Wulfetrud upon her death. Source integrity
As indicated by Charlemagne's inclusion of Arnulf of Metz in his family tree (in a work by Paul the Deacon, a Lombard), there were incentives to being associated with saints in Carolingian times. Fouracre and Gerberding argue that there were large incentives to being associated with saints in the seventh century as well, casting doubt on the genealogy presented in many sources. However, these scholars argue that the close temporal relationship of the three Austrasian sources to the life of <mask> as well as the monastic audience of the works make them more than likely credible. According to Catherine Peyroux, who believes that because author is writing very near <mask>'s lifetime, account must at least be "essentially plausible to <mask>'s contemporaries."Relationship with Arnulf of Metz

<mask>'s relationship with Arnulf of Metz is a persistent source of confusion for scholars and students alike. Numerous sources point to a relationship between <mask> and Arnulf, while others believe this relationship is invented. In particular, the debate focuses on Arnulf's relationship with Ansegisel, the husband of Begga, <mask>'s sister. Sources that include Arnulf in the Pippinid family state that Arnulf is that father of Ansegisel. Sources making the opposite claim do not. Ian Wood recommends focusing only on the four earliest sources for this information, as later sources are based on these few documents. He starts with the continuations of the chronicles of Fredegar, which do not mention this connection, and are based on an earlier work.He says that "since Childebrand himself was the half-brother of Charles Martel, it is not surprising that the Fredegar continuator add the information contained in the Liber Historiae Francorum material largely concerned with Austrasia and Frisia" in 751. However, he adds no information regarding Arnulf at this time. The Liber is one of the earliest works detailing the history of this period and makes no mention of the relationship between Arnulf and Ansegisel. Moving to a later source, Wood shows how the Annales Mettenses Priores radically change the picture (from the Liber, the earliest source for the late seventh century, written in 727). The Annales allude to the power held by previous members of the family, especially by Pippin I. They also allude to Pippin I's relationship to Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, although they do not specify the nature of that relationship. In addition they talk with great admiration of Pepin II's grandmother, Itta, and his Aunt, <mask>.From the start, therefore, the Annales Mettenses Priores announce their intention of turning the history of the seventh and eighth centuries into a history of the Pippinids, or the Carolingians they were to become." As a result of this shift, Wood argues that "For the period up until 714, therefore, Annales Mettenses Priores produce a substantially different account of events from that offered by the Liber Historiae Francorum, making Pepin the center of attention, and conferring on him complete power from the Battle of Tertry onwards." This change in focus, while not invalid per se, certainly is problematic, because the Annales were written long after the time period they describe. This is especially important, notes Wood, because "as a reading of history the so-called Metz Prior Annals have been extremely influential, providing the most popular interpretation of the late Merovingian period. Nevertheless, they show the Pippinids and Merovingian history as the Carolingians wished to see them." Despite this different focus, even the Metz Annales do not state that Arnulf is Ansegisel's father, saying only that he is a great ally of Pippin. Wood believes that the shift in focus of the Metz Prior Annals is deliberate, citing the need to glorify the sanctity of the newly powerful Pippinids."The other asset which the family was to develop, its sanctity, was beginning to be realized only in the last decades of the seventh century. Although Arnulf of Metz is thought to have been Pepin II's grandfather, the evidence for this is not early, and even the Annales Mettenses Priores were uncertain about the nature of the relationship between Arnulf and the Pippinids." According to Wood, this link comes first from Paul the Deacon (Gesta episcoporum Mettensium) and is suspect, as Paul was not familiar with the events he was writing about and had limited access to reference materials. Of the other early sources that might establish a link between Ansegisel and Arnulf, all that is left is the Vita Arnulfi, or "Life of Arnulf." However, according to Wood, it is "not clear that the Vita Arnulfi... was written in the seventh century." It is possible that this work was a forgery, created later to sanctify the Carolingian line. This argument is not without base, because after <mask> died in 659, "her sanctity was unquestionably promoted by the family in the late seventh century" beginning with her 'Vita in 670.Recent popular culture

The assignment of <mask> as patron of cats and the designation of the cat as one of her attributes seems to date from the 1980s. It is not mentioned at all in Madou's extensive historical survey from 1975. A more superficial association of <mask> with the cat as a mouse hunter goes further back. Her veneration as protector against rats and mice dates from the early 15th century during the Black Plague and spread from Southwestern Germany to the Netherlands and Catalonia. Some 20th-century folkloristics research conflated her with the Germanic goddess Frigg, who may have been depicted riding a cat. The authoritative Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (published in multiple volumes, 1927–1942) does not verify the connection to cats. The first major English-language publication presenting her as patron of cats is a 1981 catalogue of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.References

Bibliography

Collet, Emmanuel. "Sainte Gertrude de Nivelles: Culte, Histoire, Tradition." Nivelles: Comité de Sainte Gertrude, 1985. Delanne, Blanche. Histoire de la Ville de Nivelles: Des Origines au XIIIe siècle. Nivelles: Impr. Havaux, 1944.Donnay-Rocmans, Claudine. La Collégiale Sainte-Gertrude de Nivelles. Gembloux: Duculot, 1979. Effros, Bonnie. Caring for Body and Soul: Burial and the Afterlife in the Merovingian World. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965. MacNeill, Eoin."Beginnings of Latin Culture in Ireland". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review of Letters, Philosophy and Science, 20 (1931)
McNamara, Jo Ann and John E. Halbord with E. Gordon Whatley. Sainted Women of the Dark Ages. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. Madou, Mireille, De heilige Gertrudis van Nijvel. Brussels, 1975 (the most extensive study on her veneration). Madou, M.J.H., "S. <mask> Nivelles".In: Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, 20 (1984), 1065–1068
Peyroux, Catherine. "Gertrude's Furor: Reading Anger in an Early Medieval Saint's Life." In Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages. Barbara H. Rosenwein, ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998, 36–55. ---––. The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar.Trans. J.M. Walace-Hadrill. London: Nelson, 1960. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1.Ed. Paul Fouracre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Wemple, Suzanne Fonay. Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500–900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. Wood, Ian N. The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450–751.London: Longman, 1994.
https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3563

External links

Ordinal : ca. 1293–1298. manuscript, MS Lat 422, is held at the Houghton Library, Harvard University. 626 births
659 deaths
People from Landen
People from Nivelles
Pippinids
Frankish abbesses
Belgian Roman Catholic saints
7th-century Frankish saints
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
7th-century Frankish people
7th-century Frankish women
7th-century Christian nuns
Consecrated

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title: Vladimir Logothetti

texts:
<mask> (4 August 1822 in Filiale Tamassy (now Tomášovce, Slovakia) – 7 December 1892 in Radautz, Bukovina (now Rădăuţi, Romania)) was an Austrian-Hungarian nobleman, officer, politician and founder of the first voluntary fire brigade in Moravia. Descent

Logothetti originated from an old Byzantine lineage claiming an origin dating back to the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I Logothetes (reigned 802-811) that settled after the fall of Constantinople (1453) on the Ionian island of Zante (Zakynthos). In the 18th century a descendant, the officer of the Venetian Republic Giacomo (James<mask> (1741–1802) went to the principality of Moldavia. After the annexation of the Bukovina he became an Austrian citizen. His issue played an important role in the defence of this most eastern Austrian province and were counted among the honourables of its capital Czernowitz (nowadays: Chernivtsi, Чернівці, Ukraine). <mask>'s father, <mask> (1801–1861) bought after his marriage with Pauline Baroness von Bartenstein, a direct offspring of the chancellor of the Empress Maria-Theresia Johann Christoph von Bartenstein, in 1830 the manors Bilovice and Březolupy near the South Moravian town of Uherské Hradiště. He was known as Maecenas of the Czech painter Josef Mánes(1820–1871) to whom he commissioned a portrait of Veruna Čudová.This painting is nowadays the most known genre piece of Mánes. <mask> has been born 4 August 1822 in Filiale Tamassy (now Tomášovce, Lučenec District/Slovakia) where his father Hugo I <mask> (1822–1892) served as Austrian army officer. He was the eldest of seven children. After one year his sister Hedwig (1823–1899) was born in Filiale Tamassy. As was usual in that period three other children died in infant age – Bertha (*,†1825), Lodoiska (1826–1829) and Alfred (1830–1833). The uncertain military life with ever changing posts in then poorest part of the Austrian Empire, the so-called "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria" will have been one of the reasons of this high loss of children. In 1830 Hugo I Logothetti bought after selling his hereditary properties in the Bukovina the manors Bilovice and Březolupy near the South Moravian town of Uherské Hradiště.His youngest children Julia (1833–1854) and Zdenko (1835–1881) were born in Moravia. Hugo I was known as Maecenas of the Czech painter Josef Mánes(1820–1871) to whom he commissioned a portrait of Veruna Čudová. This painting is nowadays the most known genre piece of Mánes. Thanks to the Bucovinian money and the heritage of his wife the family was able to live the quiet life of country gentry. Career
Following his studies at a high school in Brünn (now: Brno) <mask> entered as voluntary cadet the 5th Cuirassier Regiment Graf Auersperg in Brünn. Soon afterwards he was sent into combat during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and fought as officer of the 4th Uhlan Regiment in Upper Hungary, Transylvania and Italy. He was wounded several times and received a big number of Austrian and Russian decorations for personal courage.During the war he made acquaintance in the Transylvanian Komitat Kronstadt (now Braşov/Romania) with his later spouse, female descendant from the catholic branch of important Transylvanian Hungarian, mostly Calvinist lineage. They married in 1851 (see below). <mask>'s father requested in 1831, 1832 and 1834 recognition of the traditional noble title of his lineage by the Austrian Court. Because of the bad situation of the Bucovinian records he was not able to deliver all necessary documents and thus far didn't acquire recognition of the title of Count the Logothettis used since 1703. The active participation of the Logothettis in the struggle for survival of the Empire against Hungarian, German and Italian revolts in 1848/9 was rewarded with an imperial decree of 8 July 1848 allowing Hugo I and his sons to "use the foreign title of Count". Till 1860 <mask> was in active service as army officer, mainly in Galicia and Transylvania, where the first three children were born. When his father's health grew worse <mask> returned to Moravia to take over the administration of the family properties.He left active service in the rank of Commander of the 1st Division of the Voluntary Uhlan Regiment, than fighting in Northern Italy. <mask> settled in Bílovice, his younger brother Zdenko lived with theirin 1861 widowed mother Pauline Countess Logothetti née Baroness Bartenstein (1800–1872) in Březolupy. Thanks to the big dowry of his wife <mask> was able to modernise the Bílovice manor thoroughly and to build a new wing. On the c1860 photograph the new eastern wing is clearly recognisable. After his father's dead in 1861 <mask> was officially declared disabled for active military service. He then took over the social role of his father. In 1864-1865 he was mayor of Bílovice, in the fourth and fifth term of the Moravian Diet (1871–1877) he was member of parliament in Brünn (Brno) for the party of lower nobility and took a strictly Moravian position.For the development of the village of Bílovice in particular and that of Southern Moravia in general the most important deed of Vladimir was the creation in 1869 of the first Moravian Voluntary Fire Brigade. Blazes were an often returning catastrophe in that time and as an experienced military <mask> knew how to handle with it. In 1861 and 1865 <mask> and his brother Zdenko effectively helped to master blazes in the near village of Kněžpole that offered them then the honorary citizenship. In 1869 <mask> became also honorary citizen of Bílovice, being the first commander of the newly erected Fire Brigade. In 1873 Logothetti was one of the initiators of a new Law on Voluntary Fire Brigades in all villages counting more than 100 houses in the Moravian Diet. <mask> spoke fluently Czech, German, Hungarian and Polish. He organised competitions between Czech and German speaking schoolboys and was active in the Uherské Hradiště Men's Chorus that he founded with his father.In 1863 he founded together with his brother Zdenko the first Moravian rowing club Rudenverein Moravia in Uherské Hradiště. Three false tries to come to a Moravian Compromise regulating the cohabitation of Czech and German speaking Moravians (in 1848, 1868 and 1871) got nowhere (the Moravian Compromise was finally made as late as in 1905) and <mask> decided disappointed to leave active politics to return to the accustomed life of an active military. In 1877 he refused to candidate for the sixth term of the Diet and entered instead of that the Uhlan Squadron of the Royal Galician Home Guard. In 1882 <mask> accepted the available function of Commander of the State Horse Breeding in Drogowitz (nu: Дрогобич/Drogobych in the Ukraine). In 1883 he changed this position for the more important one of Commander of the State Military Stud Farm in Radautz in the Bucovina. The postcard shows his official dwelling. Logothetti developed further the breeding of Carpathian Hucul ponies that were much used by the Austro-Hungarian Army for their endurance.On 7 December 1892 the 70 years old officer died due to adverse effects after a bad spill from his horse. His corpse was transferred to Bílovice and buried with military honour at the family cemetery. The Bílovice Voluntary Frire Brigade is memorating every fifth year their founder. Family

<mask>tti married 25 October 1851 in the Catholic Cathedral of the Transylvanian capital Klausenburg (now Cluj-Napoca/Romania) with Maria Karolina Rosalia Johanna Countess Nemes de Hidvég et Oltszem (1826–1906). She was an offspring from the Catholic branch of an old Transylvanian noble lineage. The family was mostly Calvinist and acquired its title from the legendary Transylvanian Prince Gabriel Bethlen. The Calvinist branch had their own pews in the still-existing Hungarian Calvinist church in Fárkas útca (Wolfstrasse, now Strada Mihail Kogǎniceanu) in Kolozsvár (Cluj).The Catholic branch reconverted in 1755 with Karolina's grandfather Ádam grof Nemes de Hídvégi (†1766). They acquired then the title of Count (gróf) and had in Klausenburg their own crypta in the Catholic University Church, the Piarist's or Academic Church. The married couple had four children: Hugo II (1852–1918), later a high Austro-Hungarian diplomat; Alfred (1853–1923), Austro-Hungarian army officer and after 1918 Romanian landowner; Rosalia (1856–1942), honorary lady of the Noble Ladies' Convent Maria Schul in Brünn (Brno); and Maria (1859–1929), married Paul Lamoral Baron Taxis von Bordogna und Valnigra (1852–1901). Orders and honours
Logothetti obtained during his active military service several decorations for personal courage:
Imperial and Royal War Medal, Austrian Empire – 1848
Military Merit Cross, Austrian Empire - 1849
Knight's Cross 3rd Class with Swords of the Order of Saint Anne, Russian Empire – 1849
Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, Austrian Empire – 1861
The St. Mary's Cross, German Knights (Austrian Branch) – 1882

Literature
Family records Logothetti 1734-1945, now Moravský zemský archiv, Brno (Czech Republic), fond G 195
Ernst Brückmüller, Hannes Stekl, Péter Hanák, Ilona Sármány-Parsons, Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie: Kleinstadtbürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 1862-1914. Wien, Böhlau 2002,  (Ungarisch-Hradisch). Wilken Engelbrecht, Rod Logothettiů, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace III (1998), p. 17-27. . (red.)Alois Koch, Encyklopädie der gesammten Thierheilkunde und Thierzucht VIII, Perles 1891, p. 262. Pavel Krystýn. Bílovičtí páni. Logothettiové. In. Ibid., Bílovice 1256-2006. Obecní úřad Bílovice / Vydavatelství Petr Brázda, Bílovice/Břeclav 2006, p. 27-34. .
Vladimír Krystýn, Logothettiové z Bílovic.In: Slovácko XL (1998), p. 221-234. .
Gustav Amon von Treuenfest, Geschichte des k. und k. Uhlanen-Regiments Kaiser. Verlag des Regiments 1901. Notes

1822 births
1892 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century Hungarian people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Royalty and nobility of Austria-Hungary
Moravian nobility
Vladimir
Romanian people of Italian descent
Romanian people of Greek descent
Austrian people of Italian descent
Austrian people of Greek descent
Austrian people of Romanian descent
Hungarian people of Romanian descent
Hungarian people of Italian descent
Hungarian people of Greek descent
People from Lučenec District

masks: Vladimir Emanuel Alexander Count Logothetti


title: Geraldine Cox

texts:
<mask>  (born 1945) is the founder of Sunrise Cambodia, a charity that was originally established as an orphanage in the province of Kandal, in Cambodia, and now extends its services to sustainable development and family support in several provinces of the country. She has been granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk in 1999. Today <mask> remains the figure-head of Sunrise Cambodia, making public and media appearances in Australia to assist with fundraising appeals. She lives full-time in Cambodia, acting a mentor to the child recipients of the organization as well as meeting with the sponsors and donors who come to visit. She prides herself on keeping abreast with current Cambodian and international politics. Early life and family
Born in the foothills of Adelaide, <mask> had two older sisters, Sandra and Marlene, and described herself the "problem child" of the family. Her Father, <mask>, was a hard-working milkman and her mother <mask> was a housewife.Instead of finishing her high school certificate, Geraldine left school at age 15 and worked in multiple secretarial jobs in Adelaide between the years of 1965 and 1969. In 1964 Geraldine at the age of 19 had a year abroad in Europe where she worked as a secretary in a London office. This was her first taste of travel, which ignited a lifelong passion for overseas adventure. Career and humanitarian work
After moving to Coober Pedy to work as a miner in 1969,. <mask> began her career at the age of 25 working for The Department of Foreign Affairs in 1970. Her first overseas posting was to Phnom Penh in 1971. The country was in turmoil at the time, with the Vietnam war at the border and American B52s dropping bombs.<mask> refers to this first posting as an experience that significantly shaped who she is today. Her following overseas postings included working for Australian Embassies in Manila (1973-1978), Bangkok (1978-1981), Tehran and Washington D.C. After resigning from the Government in 1987 <mask> worked for eight years at the Chase Manhattan Bank in Sydney. <mask>'s original experiences in Cambodia never left her and while in Australia in 1993, <mask> helped found the Australia Cambodia Foundation, which operates Sunrise Cambodia today. She moved to Cambodia permanently in 1995 where she worked as an Executive Assistant for the Cabinet Director in the Cabinet of the then First Prime Minister of Cambodia, HRH Prince Norodom Ranariddh. In her spare time Geraldine assisted Princess Marie, the wife of Prince Norodom, in operating and supporting a residential education centre for orphaned children. When a military coup occurred in July/August 1997 Geraldine realised her position of responsibility in looking after the children of the orphanage, as Princess Marie and her political associates had fled the country to save themselves. Within the orphanage she became widely known to the children as "M’Day Thom" (meaning Big Mum)  Geraldine's unwavering support for the orphanage during the tumultuous political period of the military Coup led her to be recognised as a prominent humanitarian figure.Austcare contacted <mask> to be the keynote speaker at their October 1997 Refugee Week in Australia. After delivering this speech at the National Press Club in Canberra <mask>'s media profile gained much more public exposure and she began appearing in radio and TV segments to talk about her cause. <mask> is the author of the book Home is Where the Heart Is, an account of her life and the lives of some of the children she has cared for that was published by Pan Macmillan in 2000. Fifteen thousand copies have been printed and sold, and they are no longer available in book shops, only online on her website. <mask> is also the subject of the documentary My Khmer Heart, made by Australian filmmakers Janine Hosking and Leonie Lowe. This documentary won the [Hollywood Film Festival] Documentary of the Year Award in 2000 and has since been screened by [HBO] and Discovery Channels. Personal life
Geraldine has endured ongoing suffering in her private life due to her inability to have children[3].Her infertility led her to adopt a baby daughter (Lisa Devi <mask>) from a Cambodian orphanage in 1971. Unfortunately, she learned early on that Lisa was profoundly mentally and physically ill, suffering from deafness, epilepsy and diabetes. Geraldine cared for the child throughout her infancy and early childhood however gave her up after 7 challenging years to a full-time care centre in Adelaide. Lisa is now 45.

Notable romantic relationships in <mask>'s life include Theo Palaxides, who was her boyfriend and long-time partner in Adelaide. Although they ended their relationship long ago, Geraldine still keeps in touch with Theo and his wife today. Major On Kon, a Cambodian fighter pilot became Geraldine's prominent romantic partner during her posting in Phnom Penh in 1972. In 1984 Geraldine married Shi’ite Mahmoud Rastegar, an Iranian national who worked as an IBM project manager.Mahmoud relocated with <mask> on her posting to Washington, D.C., in 1984; however, they ended their marriage in 1990. Awards
In January 2001 <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia "For service to the welfare of children through the establishment, financing and administration of an orphanage in Cambodia." She has also received the Centenary Medal, "For service to the welfare of children in Cambodia". Other awards and accomplishments include:

 Granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk (1999). Member of the Humanitarian Affairs Advisory Board, 2014-2016
 Member of the board of Oasis Africa Australia (2013–present). Ernst & Young South Australian Entrepreneur of the Year Award, 2012
 Prime Minister of Cambodia Hun Sen awarded Geraldine the Royal Order of Sahametrei Medal, which is the most significant award given to foreigners. Recipient of the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AsiaLink Medal in 2011.Australia Network (the international cable channel run by the ABC) invited <mask> to become an Ambassador for the promotion of the channel and its programs. The Rotary Foundation named her a Paul Harris fellow in 2006
 Circle of Courage Award recipient in 2000 from Australian charity, Youth Off the Streets. References

External links
Sunrise Cambodia official website
Yellow Pages Cambodia: Sunrise Children's Village

People from Adelaide
1945 births
Living people
Australian humanitarians
Women humanitarians
Australian diplomats
Members of the Order of Australia

masks:
Geraldine Dorothea Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine Cox
Norm Cox
Dorothy Cox
Cox
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine
Cox
Cox
Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine


title: Rashid Magomedov

texts:
<mask> (; born May 14, 1984 in Dagestan) is a Russian mixed martial artist. He is a former amateur Light heavyweight and Middleweight boxer, and competed at the lightweight mixed martial artist in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. <mask> is also a former M-1 Global welterweight champion. He is ranked #6 in the ACA lightweight rankings. Early life
<mask> was born in Makhachkala, Dagestan. During his childhood <mask> engaged in various types of martial arts including karate, boxing, and kickboxing winning national competitions in each discipline. <mask> entered military service and competed in martial arts competitions and in 2004 won the title of Master of Sports in the hand-to-hand fighting category.After <mask>'s period of army service he trained in Combat Sambo. Mixed martial arts career

M-1 Global
<mask> was scheduled to challenge Shamil Zavurov for the M-1 Welterweight championship at M-1 Challenge XXX: Shamil Zavurov vs. Yasubey Enomoto II on December 9, 2011. The fight, however, was postponed. <mask> faced Yasubey Enomoto on March 16, 2012 at M-1 Challenge 31. He won the fight via unanimous decision (50–45, 49–47, 50–45) and became the new M-1 Global Welterweight Champion. <mask> faced Alexander Yakovlev on November 15, 2012 at M-1 Challenge 35. He won the fight via unanimous decision.Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against fellow promotional newcomer Anthony Rocco Martin in a lightweight bout on February 1, 2014 at UFC 169. After surviving a tight arm bar submission attempt by Martin in the first round, he rallied to win the fight via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, 29–28). In his second fight, <mask> faced Rodrigo Damm on May 31, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Elias Silvério on December 20, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 58. After winning the first two rounds, he won the fight via TKO in the third round after dropping Silvério with a stiff left hook and following up with punches, becoming the first man to beat Silvério. <mask> faced Gilbert Burns at UFC Fight Night 77 on November 7, 2015.He dominated the three rounds and won via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Chris Wade on May 8, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 87. However, <mask> pulled out of the bout on March 7 due to a knee injury. He was replaced by Rustam Khabilov. <mask> faced Beneil Dariush on November 5, 2016 at The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Bobby Green on April 15, 2017 at UFC on Fox 24.He won the fight via split decision. Professional Fighters League

PFL Season 2018
On August 20, 2017 it was reported <mask> had parted ways with the UFC as the two sides had failed to renegotiate a contract. He signed with the Professional Fighters League (PFL) and took part in the promotion's Lightweight Grand Prix. In his first fight in the tournament, <mask> faced Luiz Firmino on August 2, 2018. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> then fought twice at PFL 9 on October 13, 2018. In the quarterfinals, he fought Will Brooks to a draw but advanced via first round tiebreaker.He then faced Thiago Tavares in the semifinals and won via TKO in the second round. <mask> then faced Natan Schulte in the finals at PFL 11 on December 31, 2018. He lost the back-and-forth bout by unanimous decision. PFL Sesason 2019
<mask> started the regular season against Loik Radzhabov at PFL 2 on May 23, 2019. He won the fight via unanimous decision. In the second regular season bout he faced Nate Andrews at PFL 5 on July 25, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision but advanced to playoffs.In the first playoff fight, <mask> faced Akhmed Aliev at PFL 8 on October 17, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision and was eliminated from the season. Absolute Championship Akhmat
After two seasons in the PFL, <mask> signed a contract with the Absolute Championship Akhmat. He was initially expected to make his debut against Eduard Vartanyan at ACA 108 on August 8, 2020, but was forced to withdraw from the bout due to an injury. He made his promotional debut against Artiom Damkovsky at ACA 113 on November 6, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Mukhamed Kokov on March 26, 2021 at ACA 120: Oliveira vs. Bibulatov.He won a close bout via split decision. <mask> faced Alexander Sarnavskiy on September 24, 2021 at ACA 129: Sarnavskiy vs. <mask>. He lost the close bout via split decision. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
M-1 Global
M-1 Global Welterweight Championship (One time)
Two successful title defenses

Sambo
Russian Combat Sambo Federation
Dagestan Combat Sambo Championships Runner-up. Hand-to-hand combat
Russian Union of Martial Arts
Russian National Champion of Army Hand-to-hand Combat. Russian Union of Martial Arts
Russian National Hand-to-hand Champion. Kickboxing
Russian Kickboxing Federation (RKF)
Russian Nationals 2006 - bronze medalist - 70 kg.

masks:
Rashid Magomedgadzhievich Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Rashid
Rashid
Magomedov


title: Albert O. Hirschman

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was an economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms. His later work was in political economy and there he advanced two schemata. The first describes the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet) in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970).The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives (perversity, futility and jeopardy) in The Rhetoric of Reaction (1991). In World War II, he played a key role in rescuing refugees in occupied France. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in 1915 into an affluent Jewish family in Berlin, Germany, the son of <mask>, a surgeon and Hedwig Marcuse <mask>. He had a sister, <mask>. In 1932, he started studying at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, was active in the anti-fascist resistance and emigrated to Paris, continued at HEC Paris, the Sorbonne, the London School of Economics and the University of Trieste, where he received his doctorate in economics in 1938. In the summer of 1936, Hirschman spent three months as a volunteer fighting on behalf of the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. After France surrendered to the Nazis, he worked with Varian Fry from the Emergency Rescue Committee to help many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals to escape to the United States; Hirschman helped to lead them from occupied France to Spain through paths in the Pyrenees Mountains and then to Portugal.Those rescued included Marc Chagall, Hannah Arendt and Marcel Duchamp. Career
From 1941 to 1943 he was a Rockefeller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. He served in the United States Army (1943–1946) where he worked in the Office of Strategic Services, and served as the interpreter for the German general Anton Dostler at the first Allied war crimes trial. From 1946 to 1952 he was appointed Chief of the Western European and British Commonwealth Section of the Federal Reserve Board. From 1952 to 1954 he was a financial advisor to the National Planning Board of Colombia and the next 2 years made a living as a private economic counselor in Bogotá. Thereafter he held a succession of academic appointments in economics; from 1956 to 1958 at Yale University, from 1958 to 1964 at Columbia University, and for 10 years at Harvard University (1964–1974). He worked for the Institute for Advanced Study from 1974–2012 until his death.He died at the age of 97 on December 10, 2012, some months after the passing of his wife of over seventy years, <mask> (née Chapiro). Work
His first major contribution was in the area of development economics with the 1958 book The Strategy of Economic Development. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms. He argued against "Big Push" approaches to development, such as those advocated by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan. In the 1960s, Hirschman praised the works of Peruvian intellectuals José Carlos Mariátegui and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, stating "paradoxically, the most ambitious attempt to theorize the revolution of Latin American society arose in a country that to date has experienced very little social change: I am talking about Peru and the writings of Haya de la Torre and Mariátegui".He helped develop the hiding hand principle in his 1967 essay The principle of the hiding hand,. His later work was in political economy, where he advanced two schemata. In Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970) he described the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet). The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives (perversity, futility and jeopardy) in The Rhetoric of Reaction (1991). In The Passions and the Interests <mask> recounts a history of the ideas laying the intellectual groundwork for capitalism. He describes how thinkers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries embraced the sin of avarice as an important counterweight to humankind's destructive passions. Capitalism was promoted by thinkers including Montesquieu, Sir James Steuart, and Adam Smith as repressing the passions for "harmless" commercial activities.Hirschman noted that terms including "vice" and "passion" gave way to "such bland terms" as "advantage" and "interest." Hirschman described it as the book he most enjoyed writing. According to Hirschman biographer Jeremy Adelman, it reflected Hirschman's political moderation, a challenge to reductive accounts of human nature by economists as a "utility-maximizing machine" as well as Marxian or communitarian "nostalgia for a world that was lost to consumer avarice." Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
In 1945, Hirschman proposed a market concentration index which was the square root of the sum of the squares of the market share of each participant in the market. In 1950, <mask> C. Herfindahl proposed a similar index (but without the square root), apparently unaware of the prior work. Thus, it is usually referred to as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. Books

 1945.National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade 1980 expanded ed., Berkeley : University of California Press
 1955. Colombia; highlights of a developing economy. Bogotá: Banco de la Republica Press. 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 1961.Latin American issues; essays and comments New York: Twentieth Century Fund. 1963. Journeys toward Progress: Studies of Economic Policy-Making in Latin America. New York: Twentieth Century Fund
 1967. Development Projects Observed. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. (paper).1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (paper). 1971. A Bias for Hope: Essays on Development and Latin America. New Haven: Yale University Press.1977. The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments For Capitalism Before Its Triumph. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. .
 1980. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1981. Essays in trespassing: economics to politics and beyond.Cambridge (Eng. ); New York: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Shifting involvements: private interest and public action. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1984. Getting ahead collectively: grassroots experiences in Latin America (with photographs by Mitchell Denburg).New York: Pergamon Press
 1985. A bias for hope: essays on development and Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press. 1986. Rival views of market society and other recent essays. New York: Viking. 1991.The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (cloth) and  (paper). 1995. A propensity to self-subversion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1998.Crossing boundaries: selected writings. New York: Zone Books; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by the MIT Press. 2013. Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of <mask>. Hirschman  by Jeremy Adelman. . Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ (2013)
 2013 The Essential Hirschman edited by Jeremy Adelman (Princeton University Press) 384 pages; 16 essays

Selected articles
 "On Measures of Dispersion for a Finite Distribution." Journal of the American Statistical Association 38, no. 223 (September 1943): 346–352."The Commodity Structure of World Trade." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 57, no. 4 (August 1943): 565–595. "Devaluation and the Trade Balance: A Note." The Review of Economics and Statistics 31, no. 1 (February 1949): 50–53. "Negotiations and the Issues."The Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 49–55. "Types of Convertibility." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 60–62. "Currency Appreciation as an Anti-Inflationary Device: Further Comment." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66, no.1 (February 1952): 117–120. "Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries." Economic Development and Cultural Change, 5, no. 4 (July 1957): 362–370. "Investment Policies and 'Dualism' in Underdeveloped Countries." The American Economic Review 47, no. 5 (September 1957): 550–570."Invitation to Theorizing about the Dollar Glut." The Review of Economics and Statistics 42, no. 1 (February 1960): 100–102. "The Commodity Structure of World Trade: Reply." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 75, no. 1 (February 1961): 165–166. "Models of Reformmongering."The Quarterly Journal of Economics 77, no. 2 (May 1963): 236–257. "Obstacles to Development: A Classification and a Quasi-Vanishing Act." Economic Development and Cultural Change 13, no. 4 (July 1965): 385–393. "The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 82, no.1 (February 1968): 1–32. "Underdevelopment, Obstacles to the Perception of Change, and Leadership." Daedalus 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968): 925–937. "An Alternative Explanation of Contemporary Harriednes." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 87, no. 4 (November 1973): 634–637."The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development", World Development, Vol. 1, No. 12, (December '1973'). "On Hegel, Imperialism, and Structural Stagnation", Journal of Development Economics,('1976'). "Beyond Asymmetry: Critical Notes on Myself as a Young Man and on Some Other Old Friends." International Organization 32, no. 1 (Winter 1978): 45–50."Exit, Voice, and the State." World Politics 31, no. 1 (October 1978): 90–107. "The Rise and Decline of Development Economics." International Symposium on Latin America, Bar-Ilan University, Israel, '1980'. "'Exit, Voice, and Loyalty': Further Reflections and a Survey of Recent Contributions." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly.Health and Society 58, no. 3 (Summer 1980): 430–453. "Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?." Journal of Economic Literature 20, no. 4 (December 1982): 1463–1484. "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 37, no.8 (May 1984): 11–28. "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." American Economic Review 72, no. 2 (1984): 89–96
 "University Activities Abroad and Human Rights Violations: Exit, Voice, or Business as Usual." Human Rights Quarterly 6, no. 1 (February 1984): 21–26. "The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Exercises in Retrospection."Latin American Research Review 22, no. 3 (1987): 7–36. "Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History." World Politics 45, no. 2 (January 1993): 173–202. "Social Conflicts as Pillars of Democratic Market Society." Political Theory 22, no.2 (May 1994): 203–218. Awards
In 2001, Hirschman was named among the top 100 American intellectuals, as measured by academic citations, in Richard Posner's book, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline. In 2003, he won the Benjamin E. Lippincott Award from the American Political Science Association to recognize a work of exceptional quality by a living political theorist for his book The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. In 2007, the Social Science Research Council established an annual prize in honor of Hirschman. See also

Economic development
Hirschman cycle
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model
Latin American studies
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Guillermo O'Donnell
Philippe C. Schmitter

References
Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Michele Alacevich. 2021. <mask><mask>: An Intellectual Biography.Columbia University Press. Jeremy Adelman. 2013. Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of <mask>. Hirschman. Princeton University Press

External links

 <mask> Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
 The New York Review of Books Bibliography
 Amherst Commencement Recognition
 <mask>. Hirschman Prize and Lecture
 Obituary from the Institute for Advanced Study
 "A great lateral thinker died on December 10th" The Economist 2012. Michael Laver. "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty revisited: The Strategic Production and Consumption of Public and Private Goods," British Journal of Political Science.Vol. 6. (Oct. 1976). pp. 463–482. 1915 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Development economists
University of Paris alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
German emigrants to the United States
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Latin Americanists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American humanitarians
American people of German-Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of Trieste alumni
Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
International Brigades personnel
Jewish American academics
Jewish scholars
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Albert Otto Hirschman
Otto Albert Hirschmann
Otto Albert
Hirschman
Carl Hirschmann
Hirschmann
Ursula Hirschmann
Sarah Hirschman
Hirschmann
Orris
Albert O
Albert O
. Hirschman
Albert O
Albert Hirschman
Albert O