title: Logan (Iroquois leader)

texts:
<mask> the Orator (c. 1723–1780) was a Cayuga orator and war leader born of one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. After his 1760s move to the Ohio Country, he became affiliated with the Mingo, a tribe formed from Seneca, Cayuga, Lenape and other remnant peoples. He took revenge for family members killed by Virginian Long knives in 1774 in what is known as the Yellow Creek Massacre. His actions against settlers on the frontier helped spark Dunmore's War later that year. <mask> became known for a speech, later known as <mask>'s Lament, which he reportedly delivered after the war. Scholars dispute important details about <mask>, including his original name and whether the words of <mask>'s Lament were his. Identity debate
Scholars agree that <mask> was a son of Chief  Shikellamy, an important diplomat for the Iroquois Confederacy.But, as anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace has written, "Which of Shikellamy's sons was <mask> the orator has been a matter of dispute." <mask> the orator has been variously identified as Tah-gah-jute, Tachnechdorus (also spelled "Tachnedorus" and "Taghneghdoarus"), Soyechtowa, Tocanioadorogon, the "Great Mingo", <mask>, and <mask>. The name "Tah-gah-jute" was popularized in an 1851 book by Brantz Mayer entitled Tah-gah-jute: or <mask> and Cresap. However, historian Francis Jennings wrote that Mayer's book was "erroneous from the first word of the title." He identified <mask> as <mask>, also known as Soyechtowa and Tocanioadorogon. Historians who agree that <mask> the orator was not named "Tah-gah-jute" sometimes identify him as Tachnechdorus. But Jennings identifies Tachnechdorus as <mask> the orator's older brother.<mask>'s father Chief Shikellamy, who was Oneida, worked closely with Pennsylvania official <mask> to maintain the Covenant Chain relationship with the colony of Pennsylvania. Following a prevailing Native American practice, the young man who would become <mask> the Mingo took the name "<mask>" out of admiration for his father's friend. With the disruption of warfare, disease, and encroachment, some Seneca and Cayuga among the Iroquois migrated to the Ohio Country, as did Lenape. Joining together in a process of ethnogenesis, they became known as the Mingo tribe. <mask> the Mingo is usually identified as a Mingo "chief", but historian Richard White has written that "He was not a chief. Kayashuta and White Mingo were the Mingo chiefs. <mask> was merely a war leader.... " The Iroquois and other Native American tribes tended to have peace chiefs and war chiefs, or leaders. Like his father, <mask> generally maintained friendly relationships with white settlers who were moving from eastern Pennsylvania and Virginia into the Ohio Country: the region that is now Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and western Pennsylvania. Biography

Early life and family
<mask>'s  Father was the Iroquois Chief, Shikellamy of the Oneida Tribe. His mother was Neanoma a Cayuga. Shikellamy and Neanoma were married in New York State. A historical marker in Danby, New York, designates the "possible birthplace of Chief <mask> (Tah-Gah-Jute)," and then quotes <mask>'s famous speech (see https://www.hmdb.org/results.asp?SearchFor=%22cayuga+indian+village%22). <mask> was also known as Tachnechtoris, "The Spreading Oak" or John Shikellamy.He had 3 known brothers and one sister. John was the oldest of the siblings. His next brother was known as Tah-gah-jute, Sayughtowa, "The Beetling Brow", or <mask>. James later in life was referred to as "<mask>, the Mingo." His brother, Arahhot or "Unhappy Jake" was killed in the war with the Catawbas in 1744. John Petty or Sogogeghyata, was the youngest of his brothers and bore the name of a Shamokin Indian Trader. <mask>'s sister was known as the widow of Cajadies who was known as "the best hunter among all of the Indians" who died in November 1747.Children, by tradition, took the clan or tribe of the mother. The Shikellamy children were of the Cayuga Tribe. Statement of <mask>y
Cornplanter Reservation, Penn October 9, 1915
"I was born on the West Bank of the Allegheny River, in the Cornplanter Reservation, in 1809, the same year as Abraham Lincoln. My father was <mask>, Jr., a Cayuga, the only surviving child of Captain <mask>, the oldest son of Shikellamy. My mother was a daughter of the Seneca Chief Cornplanter. My father after retiring from the war path, settled at Cold Spring, in the Allegheny Reservation, in New York State, where he died in 1944 aged 100 years. Early in life he married Annie, a daughter of Cornplanter, who bore him fine children, three daughters and two sons.The last were names Lyman and Jesse. When my grandfather was old he came to this Reservation, where he lived with my father until his death. To the best of my knowledge, he died in this reservation, and is buried near the grave of Chief Cornplanter. I married Susan, a Seneca maid, and we had one child, <mask>, who died at the age of thirty. He was named for my great-uncle, the immortal Cayuga orator. Physically, my father and my son were small men, much smaller than my grandfather and my great-uncle. I took after my grandfather, as I am of large stature.I remember Cornplanter, my maternal grandfather, very well. He was a large, strong man, not dark in color, and with grey eyes. He was a great man for work. Every morning, winter or summer, rain or shine, at six o'clock he would come out of his house and ring a big dinner bell as a signal for all to get busy. He wore a red cap much the same as the white hunters do now. I remember Philip Tome, the great elk and panther hunter, who lived a mile up the river. I hunted elk with the famous Jim Jacobs many times.I was taught to hunt by my grandfather, who died in 1820. He was a very old man when I was very young, but I recall what he looked like. I killed hundreds of elk, many bear and deer, and quite a few panthers, the last in 1860. I have always been fond of sports. I walk two miles to town (Corydon) every time there is a baseball game. As a boy I excelled at the Indian games of long ball and snow snake. I love a joke and enjoy a good dinner.I use tobacco and liquor sparingly. I attribute my long life to my love of outdoor exercise and hunting and fishing. In my old age I am well cared for by my Indian friends, but regret that 'my blood flows not in any living person,' to use the language of my great-uncle James. There are many <mask>s in the Reservations in Pennsylvania and New York; some are descended from my brother and sisters, others adopted the name because of the honor attached to it. I wish I had been invited to attend the unveiling of my great-grandfather's [Shikellamy's] monument in Sunbury next week, but I guess that the world has forgotten <mask>. I tried to fight for the white man in the Civil War, but when I got to Harrisburg I was sent back as too old. But I was a dead shot, and can still beat men one-quarter of my age with the gun and bow and arrow.Next summer, if I live I hope to visit Logan Valley, where my grandfather resided, and view the scenes that my father loved to talk about. I would also like to visit Mrs. Gross, at Fort Augusta, who has done so much to honor Shikellamy's memory. I have lived a long while, but I am not tired of life, and each day seems new and pleasant to me." Yellow Creek Massacre
<mask>'s friendly relations with white settlers changed after the Yellow Creek Massacre of April 30, 1774. A group of Virginia Long knives led by Daniel Greathouse murdered a number of Mingo, among them <mask>'s brother (commonly known as John Petty) and at least two other close female relatives, one of them pregnant and caring for an infant daughter. Her children's father was John Gibson, a prominent trader in the region.These Mingo had been living near the mouth of Yellow Creek, and had been lured to the cabin of Joshua Baker, a settler and rum trader who lived across the Ohio River from their village. The Mingo in Baker's cabin were all murdered, except for the infant mixed-race child, who was spared with the intention of giving her to her father. At least two canoes were dispatched from the Yellow Creek village to aid their members, but they were repelled by Greathouse's men concealed along the river. In all, approximately a dozen Mingo were murdered in the cabin and on the river. <mask> was not present in the area when the massacre took place, and was summoned to return by runners. <mask>'s revenge
Influential tribal chiefs in the region, such as Cornstalk (Shawnee), White Eyes (Lenape), and Guyasuta (Seneca/Mingo), attempted to negotiate a peaceful resolution lest the incident develop into a larger war, but by Native American custom <mask> had the right to retaliate for the murders. Several parties of mixed Mingo and Shawnee warriors soon struck the frontier, including one led by <mask>.They attacked settlers in several frontier regions, both killing and taking captives. One known as the Spicer Massacre in Greene County, Pennsylvania. The Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, responded by launching an expedition against the Mingo and Shawnee, in the conflict known as Dunmore's War. <mask>'s Lament

<mask> was not at the Battle of Point Pleasant (October 10, 1774), the only major battle of Dunmore's War. Following the battle, Dunmore's army marched into the Ohio Country and compelled the Ohio Indians to agree to a peace treaty. According to tradition, <mask> refused to attend the negotiations and instead made a speech that became legendary:

The speech was printed in colonial newspapers, and in 1782 Thomas Jefferson reprinted it in his book Notes on the State of Virginia. The American elm tree in Pickaway County, Ohio under which <mask> was said to have given the speech became known as the Logan Elm.it grew to great size before dying in 1964. <mask>'s Letter

Later life and death
The remainder of <mask>'s life is shrouded in obscurity. <mask> continued his attacks on white settlers and associated himself with the Mohawk auxiliaries of the British during the American Revolution. He died in an altercation near Lake Erie in 1780. Legacy
Numerous places carry <mask>'s name, including:
Logan, Ohio
Logan County, West Virginia (None of the 9 other "Logan" counties in the USA is named for the Mingo leader.) Logan, West Virginia
Chief Logan State Park, West Virginia
Logan Elm State Memorial, Ohio
Logan Elm High School is located near the state memorial
Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, New York, an area traditional to the Cayugas, has a large monument to him. Chief Logan Reservation - a camp property in Ray, Ohio opened in 1963 by the Chief Logan Council of the Boy Scouts of America.The Chief Logan Council was consolidated in 1994, and the camp management was passed on to the newly created Simon Kenton Council, who closed the camp permanently after the 2019 season. Logan Honors Program - at Fort Steuben Scout Reservation in Freeport, Ohio, managed by the Ohio River Valley Council of the Boy Scouts of America. <mask> and Michael Cresap resolved their differences after Cresap proved that he was innocent of the massacre of <mask>'s people. Cresap named a son after <mask> and, since then, three generations of Cresap male descendants have been named <mask>. The tradition has been continued in the 21st century. Indianola Junior High School in Columbus, Ohio has a sculpture detail of <mask> with the carved caption TAHGAHJUTE (see image to right)

Notes

References
"<mask>." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, October 31, 2017. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/<mask>/48752.Hurt, R. Douglas. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Jennings, Francis. "<mask>". American National Biography. 13:836–37.Ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. .
Sugden, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. .
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Norman, OK, 1987.Wallace, Anthony F. C. Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans. Cambridge: Belknap, 1999. White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. New York, 1991. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography

Bibliography
 <mask> — The Mingo Chief, 1710-1780, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 137–175.External links
Logan Elm State Memorial in Ohio
Chief Logan State Park, West Virginia

1720s births
1780 deaths
Native American leaders
Iroquois people
People from West Virginia
People from Columbiana County, Ohio
People in Dunmore's War
Native_American_people_from_Pennsylvania

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title: Henry William de Saussure

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 16, 1763 – March 26, 1839) was an American lawyer, state legislator and jurist from South Carolina who became a political leader as a member of the Federalist Party following the Revolutionary War. He was appointed by President George Washington as the 2nd Director of the United States Mint, was a co-sponsor of the legislation that established the South Carolina College which was to become the University of South Carolina and was given the title of Chancellor as a justice of the SC Equity Court, also known as chancery court. In this capacity he wrote and codified much of the state's equity law still in use today. He served as Intendant (Mayor) of Charleston while his son, <mask>, likewise, served as Intendant (Mayor) of Columbia, SC. He was a principal investor in founding what was originally intended to be the city's Federalist leaning newspaper, the Charleston Courier in 1803. The newspaper still exists today as it was merged with others over the course of two centuries to become The Post and Courier. As a sitting appellate court judge, his opinions on a variety of issues were widely published under a pseudonym, which was the custom then for public officials, particularly judges, who wished to express their views away from the bench.He openly opposed Nullification along with other leading South Carolinians. After the Federalist Party faded in the early 1820s, he was a voice for Unionist moderation before a rising tide of States Rights supporters swept the stage of all others in South Carolina a generation later. Though deep political differences would eventually separate them, John C. Calhoun studied law in the offices of <mask> <mask> and Timothy Ford, his partner and brother-in-law. As a founder and early trustee of the University of South Carolina in Columbia, one of the original buildings located on the Horseshoe at the center of the campus, DeSaussure College, was named in his honor. Early life

At the age of 16, together with his father <mask> <mask> (1736–1798), he participated in the defense of the city during the 1780 Siege of Charleston. When the city surrendered to British forces, both were captured. As a prisoner of war, <mask> was detained aboard the Pack-Horse, a prison ship in Charleston Harbor.Due to the deplorable conditions of the confinement, his health declined on board the ship. He was later released to his mother's custody and those others fortunate to survive the ordeal were released in a prisoner exchange in June 1781, more than a year after the surrender. His father, Daniel, was deemed to be more of a prize and sent to the British prisons at St. Augustine, Florida along with other leaders of the American rebellion captured in South Carolina. As a prominent merchant in the city, Daniel's properties in Charleston and Beaufort were also confiscated. Daniel's wife, Mary, and their younger children, three daughters, were then exiled to Philadelphia for the remainder of the American Revolution. The family was reunited at Philadelphia after <mask>'s father was released as part of a prisoner exchange following the surrender of British forces at Yorktown. Still occupied, Charleston and New York City would remain in British hands for some time longer.Refugees and exiles were unable to return until after the withdrawal of British troops from those areas. In addition to his father, <mask> <mask> had three uncles who served as officers of the Continental Line during the American Revolution. All three uncles died in service to the American cause leaving no male heirs to the <mask> family in America except that of Daniel. <mask> <mask> was killed during the Siege of Savannah in 1779. <mask> <mask> died in camp during the Siege of Charleston in 1780. <mask> <mask> was killed at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Education and marriage

While in Philadelphia young <mask> attended Princeton College and studied law under Jared Ingersoll, a noted Philadelphia attorney who would later be an active participant in the Constitutional Convention and a leading proponent of the Federalist Party.Before returning to Charleston, <mask> married Elizabeth Ford, the daughter of Colonel Jacob Ford, Jr. and Theodosia Johnes Ford of Morristown, New Jersey. <mask> and Elizabeth were married at her family's home in Morristown. <mask> & <mask> <mask> had 12 children. Their second son, <mask>. De <mask>, was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the United States Senate in 1852. It was the same seat held by John C. Calhoun. Despite <mask> <mask>'s early political association with the Federalist Party and later support of Unionist candidates in opposition to the Nullification movement, most notably Joel Roberts Poinsett, his son <mask> <mask> would become a signer of the Ordinance of Secession in 1860. Famous family members
In addition to his son <mask>. De <mask>, notable relatives of <mask> <mask>ure include his grandfather's brother César-<mask> <mask> (1705–1783), foreign service attaché and social commentator; European cousins Horace-Bénédict <mask> (1740–1799), Swiss naturalist, Albertine Necker <mask> (1766–1841), Swiss writer, educationalist, and advocate of education for women, <mask> <mask> (1857–1913), Swiss linguist, and Éric <mask> (1925–2007), Swiss artist and member of the Taizé Community.Other American descendants include grandson Wilmot Gibbes <mask> (1822–1886), South Carolina militia general and South Carolina Secretary of the Treasury during the American Civil War and Arthur Ravenel, Jr. (1927–), a member of the United States Congress who represented the First Congressional District of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995. Further reading

External links

1763 births
1839 deaths
People from Jasper County, South Carolina
South Carolina Federalists
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
People of South Carolina in the American Revolution
Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
Directors of the United States Mint
Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina
<mask>
Washington administration personnel

masks:
Henry William de Saussure
William Ford de Saussure
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Daniel de
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Henry
Henry William
de Saussure
de Saussure
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Saussure
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de Saussure
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Eliza de
Saussure
William F
Saussure
Henry de
Saussure
William Ford
De Saussure
William F
Saussure
Henry William
de Sauss
François de
Saussure
de Saussure
de Saussure
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de Saussure
de Saussure
Henry William


title: Inger Stevens

texts:
<mask> (born Ingrid Stensland; October 18, 1934 – April 30, 1970) was a Swedish–American film, television, and stage actress. Early life
<mask> was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the eldest child of Per Gustaf and Lisbet Stensland. When she was six years old, her mother abandoned the family (taking her youngest son Peter with her). Soon afterwards <mask>' father moved to the United States, leaving <mask> and her brother, Ola, in the custody of the family maid—and then later with an aunt in Lidingö, near Stockholm. In 1944, she and her brother moved to the United States and lived with their father and his new wife in New York City where he was teaching at Columbia University. At age 13, <mask> moved with her family to Manhattan, Kansas, where her father taught at Kansas State University. <mask> attended Manhattan High School.At 16, she ran away from home to Kansas City, and worked in burlesque shows. At 18, she left Kansas City to return to New York City, where she worked as a chorus girl and in the Garment District while taking classes at the Actors Studio. Career

<mask> appeared on television series, in commercials, and in plays until she received her big break in the film Man on Fire, starring Bing Crosby. Roles in major films followed, including a starring role opposite Harry Belafonte in 1959's The World, the Flesh and the Devil, but she achieved her greatest success in the television series The Farmer's Daughter (1963–1966), with William Windom. Previously, <mask> had appeared in episodes of Bonanza, Route 66, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Eleventh Hour, Sam Benedict, The Aquanuts (1960 TV series) and The Twilight Zone. Following the cancellation of The Farmer's Daughter in 1966, <mask> appeared in several films: A Guide for the Married Man (1967), with Walter Matthau; Hang 'Em High, with Clint Eastwood; 5 Card Stud, with Dean Martin and Robert Mitchum; and Madigan with Henry Fonda and Richard Widmark. At the time of her death, <mask> was attempting to revive her television career with the detective drama series The Most Deadly Game.Personal life
Her first husband was her agent Anthony Soglio, to whom she was married from 1955 to 1957. In January 1966, she was appointed to the Advisory Board of the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute by then-California governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown. She also was named Chairman of the California Council for Retarded Children. Her aunt was Karin Stensland Junker, author of The Child in the Glass Ball. After her death, Ike Jones, the first Black person to graduate from UCLA's School of Theater, Film, and Television, claimed that he had been secretly married to <mask> since 1961. Some doubted this due to the lack of a marriage license, the maintenance of separate homes and the filing of tax documents as single people. However, at the time <mask>'s estate was being settled, the actress's brother, Carl O. Stensland, confirmed in court that his sister had hidden her marriage to Jones "out of fear for her career".Los Angeles Superior Court Commissioner A. Edward Nichols ruled in Ike Jones's favor and made him administrator of her estate. A photo exists of the two attending a banquet together in 1968. Death
On the morning of April 30, 1970, <mask>'s sometime roommate and companion, Lola McNally, found her on the kitchen floor of her Hollywood Hills home. According to McNally, when she called <mask>'s name, she opened her eyes, lifted her head, and tried to speak, but was unable to make any sound. McNally told police that she had spoken to <mask> the previous night and had seen no sign of trouble. <mask> died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. On arrival, medics removed a small bandage from her chin that revealed a small amount of fresh blood oozing from a cut which appeared to have been a few hours old.Los Angeles County Coroner Dr. Thomas Noguchi attributed <mask>'s death to "acute barbiturate poisoning" that was eventually ruled a suicide. Filmography

Film

Man on Fire (1957) — Nina Wylie
Cry Terror! (1958) — Mrs. Joan Molner
The Buccaneer (1958) — Annette Claiborne
The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959) — Sarah Crandall
The New Interns (1964) — Nancy Terman
The Borgia Stick (1967, TV) — Eve Harrison
A Guide for the Married Man (1967) — Ruth Manning
A Time for Killing (1967) — Emily Biddle
Firecreek (1968) — Evelyn Pittman
Madigan (1968) — Julia Madigan
5 Card Stud (1968) — Lily Langford
Hang 'Em High (1968) — Rachel Warren
House of Cards (1968) — Anne de Villemont
A Dream of Kings (1969) — Anna

Television

Kraft Television Theatre (1 episode, 1954)
Robert Montgomery Presents (1 episode, 1955)
Studio One (3 episodes, 1954–1955) — Lucy Henderson / Mary / Sue Ellen
Crunch and Des (1 episode, 1956) — The Actress
Matinee Theatre (1 episode, 1956)
Crusader as Alicia in "The Girl Across the Hall" (CBS, 1956) — Alicia
Conflict (1 episode, 1956) — Lady Arabella
The Joseph Cotten Show, or On Trial (1 episode, "Law Is for the Lovers", 1956) — Ruth
The Millionaire (1 episode, 1956) — Betty Perkins
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1 episode, 1957) — Laura Ross
Climax! / Internet Archive (dead link)

1934 births
1970 suicides
Actresses from Kansas
Actresses from Stockholm
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Drug-related suicides in California
Barbiturates-related deaths
People from Manhattan, Kansas
Swedish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American actresses
Female suicides
20th-century Swedish women

masks:
Inger Stevens
Inger Stevens
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title: Arthur F. Gorham

texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (January 11, 1915 – July 12, 1943) was a United States Army officer and paratrooper. Gorham was the first commander of the 1st Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the 82nd Airborne Division. He led the unit from its inception until Operation Husky, the July 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily, where he was killed in action. Early life and family
Gorham was born in Brooklyn, New York, to <mask>, Sr. (September 13, 1890 – February 9, 1972) and <mask> (April 1885 – July 4, 1966). His older brother was <mask>, Jr. (November 26, 1911 – May 15, 2005). Gorham's parents were second generation Americans and were both of Scottish descent. The Gorhams moved from Brooklyn to Bellevue, Ohio, in July 1917.James, Sr. owned a successful dry goods business. While awaiting transportation from Governors Island in New York to his first assignment after graduating from West Point, Gorham renewed a previous acquaintance with Corrine "Colonel" Bennett (later Clarke) (October 21, 1917 – October 20, 2001). They had met for the first time a few years earlier at an army football game. Bennett was then a senior at the University of Wichita where she was president of the Pi Beta Phi sorority (then called the Sorosis Sorority), captain of the rifle team and had held titles in both golf and tennis. The two were married on June 21, 1939, in Wichita, Kansas. The couple had one child, Bruce Bennett <mask> Clarke (born January 26, 1943, at Ft. Benning, GA). Clarke followed in his father's footsteps graduating from West Point, serving in an airborne unit, fighting in Vietnam at Khe Sanh and commanding at every level from a platoon to a brigade.Education
Gorham was educated in Bellevue, Ohio, first at the Ellis School and he later graduated from Bellevue High School in 1932. During high school, he played in the band for four years, was secretary of the junior and senior classes, earned two varsity letters in football and two more in track and served on the high school newspaper, the Blazer, for four years. He was also a member of the National Honor Society. After his high school graduation, having not secured a sought-after appointment to West Point, he attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, for a year where he played football winning his "numeral." During this time he pledged the Ohio Alpha chapter of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. <mask> left Miami when he received the principal Congressional appointment to West Point from Rep. William L<mask>nger. After taking the West Point substantiating examination in February 1934 he spent time at Stanton Preparatory Academy in Cornwall, New York.On July 2, 1934, Gorham joined the Class of 1938 at West Point. While at West Point, Gorham was known for pipe smoking, surviving academics and maintaining a famously clean M1 rifle. To his classmates, he was known for his easy-going way and love of jazz. He played football for two years winning two monograms as an end on the Army "B" team and earned a marksmanship medal—one shot short of winning an "expert" badge he refused to wear the award mailing it home to his parents instead. During his four years he was an acting corporal, acting sergeant, sergeant, acting company supply officer, and, in his fourth year, wore three chevrons as the lieutenant for Company B. Gorham graduated in the middle of his class and received a commission as an Infantry officer. Gorham's graduation was front page news in his native Bellevue. At the time, he was just the second graduate of Central High School to graduate from a service academy.Admiral John Greenslade was previously the school's sole graduate. Early Career and Leadership Style
After less than two years with the 30th Infantry in San Francisco, Gorham moved to Fort Benning, Georgia. In November 1941 he graduated from the newly created Airborne School receiving a "Certificate of Proficiency" signed by then Major Robert Sink and, more importantly, a set of silver jump wings. A month later, he completed the School's demolition and sabotage course. It was at this point in his short career that he began to stand out. As one of the early airborne qualified officers, he gained more rank and responsibility as the United States began to form parachute regiments and later airborne divisions. In 1941 he volunteered to organize the first group of paratroopers on skis.So in February 1942 then-Captain <mask> took his B Company, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment to Alta, Utah, where the United States was testing the concept of dropping paratroopers into the Alps behind the Germans and having them ski down to attack and harass their lines of communication. During this period <mask> is credited with having made the first parachute jump from over 10,000 feet. As was his leadership style, before Gorham would let anyone else jump he first made a solo jump to test whether it was safe. On that first jump, he was soon followed by LT Robert Ellis, SGT Roy Taylor and SGT W.P. Walsh. The troopers trained hard, but falling on skis was different than falling when landing in a parachute jump. There were many legs and ankles injured.Despite much favorable press, the project was eventually abandoned and the troopers were spread out to the newly forming parachute units. In a 1989 article in Assembly, the magazine of the U.S. Military Academy's Association of Graduates, his son Bruce B.G. Clarke described Gorham's leadership style:

The article goes on to report this observation by General Winton:

In the summer of 1942 the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment was activated in the tarpaper shack Frying Pan area of Fort Benning, overlooking Lawson Army Airfield. Gorham, then a major, was assigned as commander of the 1st Battalion. There was no time lost in getting a hard training schedule started. In Combat Jump: The Young Men Who Led the Assault into Fortress Europe, July 1943 (page 53), Ed Ruggero writes:

Gorham was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 26, 1942, just shy of his 28th birthday. At the time of his promotion, he was one of the youngest lieutenant colonels in the U.S. Army.Operation Husky: The Invasion of Sicily
On the night of July 9, 1943, the Paratroopers of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment loaded aircraft and departed the coast of North Africa for the island of Sicily. The 1st Battalion, under the command of the 28-year-old <mask> spearheaded the first regimental-sized airborne assault. Winds were high as they jumped in the early morning hours of July 10 and the Paratroopers were scattered across and well beyond their drop zones. Assembling in little groups of Paratroopers, the men began to wreak havoc among the German and Italian defenders of Sicily. In the combat that followed, Gorham positioned himself and the few dozen stragglers he found on the high ground near Comico airfield. On July 11, when approximately ten German tanks and a battalion of infantry began to assault their position, and all of his men were lying as low as possible, Gorham was on his feet, dodging incoming fire and moving around the position, bucking up his outnumbered men. When one of the bazooka teams was killed, Gorham sprang for the weapon, loaded it himself, and went after one of the tanks.He hit the tank’s vulnerable side which set the tank on fire. <mask> then moved from point to point firing at the eye-slit of tanks, shouting encouragement to the men and directing their fire until the counterattack was beaten off. For his actions on July 11, 1943, Gorham was awarded the nation's second highest award for bravery, the Distinguished Service Cross. The next day, July 12, Gorham and his little group of paratroopers came face to face with another German tank near Niscemi, Sicily. William B. Breuer in Drop Zone Sicily describes the action: Gorham “grabbed a rocket launcher and edged his way within range of a menacing Tiger Tank which had continued to roll forward. Gorham, out in the open and in full view of enemy tankers, kneeled to take aim at the tank. Gunners in the Tiger spotted the parachute leader and fired an 88mm shell at Gorham at point blank range.<mask>, hardnosed to the end, fell over dead." The citation for the Distinguished Service Cross he was awarded for his actions reports: “Lieutenant Colonel Gorham personally manned a rocket launcher and destroyed one tank. While attempting to destroy another with hand grenades and a rifle, Lieutenant Colonel Gorham was killed.” This second description is consistent with the reports relayed to Gorham's family by Chicago Tribune reporter John Hall Thompson in December 1943. Gorham's death was first reported by Bill Ryder in a March of Time radio broadcast on August 19, 1943. "One of the outstanding examples of heroism was Lt. Col. <mask> whose unit was attacked by tanks. When one of his bazooka teams was wiped out by an approaching tank, he manned the weapon himself and got the tank single-handed before being killed himself by another tank on their flank." There is some confusion about the actual date of Gorham's death.Army records list his date of death as July 11, 1941. His second Distinguished Service Cross citation lists the date as July 14, 1943. This is the date listed on Gorham's headstone. In Phil Nordyke's Four Stars of Valor, page 425, he explains: "Colonel's Gorham's death is listed in Army records as July 11, 1941. Both Captain Edwin Sayre, in his monograph written in 1947, and Dean McCandless, who was with Gorham when he was killed, state that Gorham was in fact killed during action that took place on July 12, 1943. McCandless states that he found Gorham's CP (command post) on the morning of July 11 and was put on outpost duty by Gorham that evening. He states that the next morning Gorham recalled him and they moved to Hill 41, where Gorham was killed."For his actions on Sicily, Gorham was awarded two Distinguished Service Crosses. He was one of only five members of the 82nd Airborne during World War II to be twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The other four were General James M. Gavin, General Matthew B. Ridgway, Major General Reuben Henry Tucker III and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort. Gorham was also posthumously awarded the Purple Heart, the Combat Infantryman Badge and a combat star to his jump wings. In August 1948, Gorham's remains were returned to the United States. He was interred in Bellevue, Ohio, in a family plot. Tributes and memorials
In a letter to the Gorham family, General Jim Gavin credited Gorham and his Paratroopers with much of Operation Husky's success: "Most of the combat success of the regiment in Sicily was due to Art and the men of his command."In his book, On to Berlin (page 47), General Gavin wrote "Colonel Gorham and his small group of troopers and the lieutenants from the 3rd Battalion, 504th, accomplished all of the missions assigned to the entire regimental combat team. It was a remarkable performance, and I know of nothing like it that occurred at any time later in the war...His death was a great loss to the division." General Matthew Ridgway, commander of the 82nd Airborne Division, probably put this in the best perspective when he wrote to Gorham's widow: "The action which resulted in his death was typical of his inspiring leadership, for it was he that personally instilled the spirit of the attack at a time that those around him were thinking only of defense, and in person led the attack, which succeeded. His indomitable spirit acknowledged no odds.”

 The tributes to Gorham include:
In the Museo Archeologico Regionale di Gela (Regional Archaeological Museum of Gela) a poster exhibit will be unveiled in July 2013 commemorating the 70th anniversary of Operation Husky. Gorham is prominently featured in the exhibit. On May 18, 2013, Gorham was inducted into the Bellevue High School "Halls of Excellence." On May 21, 2008, the new headquarters of the 1st Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment was named in Gorham's honor.During this ceremony a memorial was also dedicated to the members of the Battalion killed in the Global War on Terrorism. In May 1998, a room in the Battalion’s former dining facility was named in Gorham’s honor. A street at Ft. Bragg is  named for Gorham. Gorham's name is included among all those killed in action on a tablet erected at Bellevue's Fallen Heroes Memorial Plaza. There is a memorial marker which bears his name near the 82nd Airborne Museum. The marker was laid in 1948 to commemorate the naming of a street for Gorham. Gorham's name is included among the 39 killed near Ponte Dirillo near Gela in Sicily.The memorial was erected by the citizens of Sicily and is maintained by Senor Ventura. Each year, the local residents in conjunction with Naval personnel from the nearby Naval Computer and Telecommunication Station, Naval Air Station Sigonella hold a ceremony to remember these brave Paratroopers. The DeMolay chapter, a Masonic youth leadership organization, in his hometown of Bellevue, Ohio, was previously named in Gorham's honor but it is no longer active. The Masonic Lodge in Bellevue was also for a time named in Gorham's honor. Gorham's name is included among all those killed in action on a memorial plaque inside the American Legion Post No. 44 in Bellevue, Ohio. Gorham's name is included in a plaque overlooking Trophy Point at West Point honoring the members of the Class of 1938 who gave their lives for their country.In total, 16 members of the Class of '38 died during World War II (9 KIA, 15 died or executed as POWs). Gorham's name is included on a plaque in Cullum Memorial Hall at West Point. His name was added in a ceremony on October 6, 1949, presided over by West Point Superintendent Major General Bryant Moore and Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt Vandenberg. Tim Dyas' book of war poetry, Barbed Words of War, was donated by the poet to the USMA library with the following inscription: "23 Oct 2000 To: Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, LtGen James M. Gavin, LTC Arthur Gorham (KIA). My leaders from USMA who knew only one way to lead – up front. Tim Dyas"
 For a time, Gorham's family sponsored a scholarship at Bellevue High School in his name. The first scholarship of $500 was awarded in 1954.($4009 in 2010 terms)
 Gorham's youngest grandson, James, has Gorham as his middle name. Two of his three great grandsons, Philip and Matthew, are also, in part, named for their grandfather. Great grandson Philip is named for both Gorham and Colonel Philip Cochran. References

1915 births
1943 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
Miami University alumni
United States Army colonels
American people of Scottish descent
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
People from Bellevue, Ohio
United States Army personnel killed in World War II

masks:
Arthur Fulbrook Gorham
James Allison Gorham
Louise Fox Gorham
James Allison Gorham
Gorham
Gorham
. Fiesi
Gorham
Gorham
Gorham
Gorham
Gorham
Arthur Gorham


title: Olivia Harrison

texts:
<mask> (née Arias; born May 18, 1948) is an American author and film producer, and the widow of musician <mask> of the Beatles. She first worked in the music industry in Los Angeles, for A&M Records, where she met George and then helped run his Dark Horse record label. In 1990, she launched the Romanian Angel Appeal to raise funds for the thousands of orphans left abandoned in Romania after the fall of Communism there. Since her husband's death in 2001, <mask> has continued his international aid efforts through projects in partnership with UNICEF, and is the curator of film, book and music releases related to his legacy. She represents his voice on the Beatles' Apple Corps board and is similarly a director of his charity organisation, the Material World Foundation (MWF). Under the auspices of MWF, she has sponsored the preservation of film history in collaboration with American director Martin Scorsese. These restoration projects include short films by Charlie Chaplin and works from 1940s Mexican cinema.She and her husband shared an interest in Eastern mysticism and spiritual practice, and her presence in his life, starting in the mid-1970s, began a period of more optimistic content in <mask>'s music. At their Friar Park home in December 1999, when she overpowered a knife-wielding intruder who had repeatedly stabbed George, she was recognized as having saved her husband's life. Among <mask>'s film projects, her production of Concert for George won the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005, and her co-production of Scorsese's 2011 documentary <mask>: Living in the Material World won an Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special". She authored books to accompany both these films, and in 2017 compiled a revised edition of George's 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine. She is the mother of George's son, Dhani <mask>, who is also a musician. Life

Childhood and music industry career
Arias was born in Los Angeles. Her grandparents migrated to California, having grown up in Guanajuato in central Mexico.Her father, Zeke, was a dry cleaner, and her mother, Mary Louise, worked as a seamstress. Arias's siblings include Peter and Louise. She attended Hawthorne High School in the 1960s. In a 2016 interview, she recalled that Mexican music and films were a regular part of her upbringing, with Zeke having been a singer and guitarist, and that Jorge Negrete, Trío Calaveras and Trío Los Panchos were among the artists she enjoyed. In 1972, she began working for A&M Records, at the former site of Charlie Chaplin Studios in Hollywood. By 1974, as a member of the marketing department, she regularly liaised by long-distance telephone with <mask>, whose new record label, Dark Horse, was distributed by A&M. Impressed with Arias, <mask> arranged for her to work exclusively for Dark Horse Records.The pair met for the first time in October 1974 and soon became romantically involved. Until the late 1970s, Arias worked with a roster of artists that included Ravi Shankar, Splinter, Stairsteps, Attitudes, Keni Burke and Henry McCullough. According to author Robert Rodriguez, she was "a capable and even-tempered administrator, ably handling the routine chaos involved with setting up a record label and dealing with all manner of personalities". Before meeting <mask>, Arias had studied meditation with the Indian guru Maharaj-ji. Their shared interest in spirituality, together with a lifestyle incorporating vegetarianism, had a calming effect on <mask>, whose reliance on drugs and alcohol Arias helped curb. His 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3 conveyed a more contented outlook in which he expressed his faith without the disapproving tone that, for many music critics, had marred his previous two albums. While accompanying <mask> on his promotional campaign for Thirty Three & 1/3, Arias told an interviewer: "We have a nice relationship.When you strive for something higher in the next world, you have a much easier time in this one." Marriage to <mask>
Arias gave birth to the couple's son Dhani <mask> at Princess Christian Nursing Home in 1 August 1978. The following month, <mask> and George married in a private ceremony at the Henley-on-Thames Register Office in England. Their contentment during this period was again reflected in George's music, much of which he wrote at their holiday property on Maui in Hawaii. His self-titled 1979 album includes the song "Dark Sweet Lady", which he said best captured the renewal Arias had provided in his life. Following John Lennon's murder in New York in December 1980, <mask>, George and Dhani spent much of the early 1980s traveling in the Pacific region, alternately residing in Hana on Maui, and Hamilton Island in the north-east of Australia. As the wife of a former Beatle, <mask> largely stayed out of the public spotlight.During the late 1980s, she supported George's campaign to save Henley's Regal Cinema from redevelopment by the John Lewis supermarket chain, and campaigned with Ringo Starr's wife, Barbara Bach, on behalf of Parents for Safe Food. In 1989, she was the target of hate mail and death threats at her and George's Henley estate, Friar Park, the details of which were kept secret until a London police officer leaked the story to the press the following year. In 1990, she fully embraced the media spotlight, in reaction to the plight of around 100,000 Romanian orphans left abandoned amid the chaos that followed the deposing of Romania's Communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu. After visiting Romania in early April, she said she was "overwhelmed, devastated and shocked" by the suffering she had witnessed. That same month, she founded the Romanian Angel Appeal (RAA) to provide aid to the children, having enlisted support from the other Beatles' wives: Bach, Linda McCartney and Yoko Ono. George helped her promote the appeal on British television and radio, and, with his Traveling Wilburys bandmates, recorded a cover version of the song "Nobody's Child" to help raise funds for the orphans. In October 1992, she wrote to The Guardian newspaper to express her disgust with the author Geoffrey Giuliano, who had recently published a biography of her husband.She accused Giuliano of falsifying a brief acquaintance with George into a friendship and criticised his depiction of Paul McCartney, whom Giuliano had dismissed as "vacuous and shallow". On December 30, 1999, George and <mask> were attacked by a deranged man who broke into Friar Park. George went downstairs after hearing noises. Moments later, George returned, followed by the intruder, and was stabbed multiple times. <mask> attacked the assailant with a fireplace poker and a heavy table lamp, and he turned on her. After the local police arrived and detained the intruder, the <mask>s were treated for their wounds at a hospital. The man was quoted as saying he was on a "mission sent by God", and that the Beatles were "witches".The home invasion was a front-page news story around the world, with some headlines recognising <mask> as having "saved" her husband. The attack followed the arrest of a female stalker who had broken into the <mask>s' Maui home on December 23. In a 2005 interview, <mask> said of the December 30 incident: "I remember everything about it, every millisecond. I was terrified, but it is one of those things that you just do in a heightened state of awareness so that you can never really forget any of it." George's death and aftermath
George's injuries from the Friar Park attack were more severe than was reported in the press and led to the removal of a portion of one of his lungs. Within a year, the cancer that he had beaten through treatment in 1998 returned in the form of lung cancer. <mask> and Dhani were at his bedside when he died in Los Angeles on November 29, 2001.She later remembered him in a Sunday Times interview: "George was the funniest man I knew. When he died, it was like, 'Oh, no, the party's over' … He didn't put up with any crabbiness – other than his own." <mask> spent a period in seclusion while mourning her loss. In 2004, she alleged that Gilbert Lederman, a doctor at Staten Island University Hospital, where George received experimental radiation therapy before traveling to Los Angeles, had acted inappropriately by forcing him to listen to the doctor's young son playing guitar and, while in pain and lacking his mental faculties, autograph the boy's guitar. The suit, which also addressed Lederman's discussion of the former Beatle's condition with the media, was settled out of court with a stipulation that the guitar be destroyed. Following her husband's death, <mask> joined Yoko Ono (Lennon's widow), Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr in controlling the lucrative Beatles financial empire. As of 2021 she is one of the five Directors of Apple Corps.In June 2006, she attended the Las Vegas launch of the Beatles' Love stage show, a project George had initiated through his friendship with Guy Laliberté of Cirque du Soleil. She appeared on stage at Microsoft's E3 press conference in June 2009, again with Ono, McCartney and Starr, to promote The Beatles: Rock Band. Film production, album reissues and book projects
In November 2002, <mask> produced the Concert for George tribute, which featured Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Billy Preston, Tom Petty, Shankar, Starr and McCartney, along with Dhani. Held at London's Royal Albert Hall and filmed by director David Leland, the event was presented under the auspices of George's Material World Foundation; all proceeds from the concert and subsequent album, film and book releases went to the foundation for dispersal to charities that he and the family supported. <mask>'s video production for the Concert for George film received the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005. She wrote the introduction to the 2002 reissue of George's autobiography, I, Me, Mine, and authored the book Concert for George, which was published by Genesis Publications in 2005. <mask> has overseen reissue campaigns of her late husband's recording catalogue.In early 2005, she operated out of an office in London's Knightsbridge area; while in Los Angeles at that time, she used Dark Horse's offices in Santa Monica. She helped Dhani compile the Dark Horse Years box set in 2004 and wrote an introduction on the history of Dark Horse Records in the accompanying booklet. She co-produced the Concert for Bangladesh Revisited documentary accompanying the 2005 reissue of the Concert for Bangladesh album and film. She was reissue producer (with Dhani) of Living in the Material World in 2006. In 2007, <mask> produced the documentary included in the Traveling Wilburys' box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection. In 2010, she served as compilation producer of George's works with Ravi Shankar, in a box set titled Collaborations – a project she described as a "labor of love for me". In addition to designing the elaborate packaging with Drew Lorimer, she oversaw the collection and restoration of long-lost footage of a 1974 Music Festival from India performance from the Royal Albert Hall.She co-produced the Martin Scorsese documentary <mask>: Living in the Material World (2011), and appeared with Scorsese at Cannes in 2010 and in New York City in the summer of 2011 promoting it. In a radio interview with Leonard Lopate for WNYC, she said that the film had involved five years of work and that it was a project George had hoped to undertake himself after working on the Beatles Anthology series in the mid 1990s. She also authored the accompanying book, <mask>: Living in the Material World, published by Abrams. The film won two awards at the 2012 Emmy Awards, with <mask> and her fellow producers being recognised in the category "Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special". For the 2014 reissue of George's Apple Records solo albums, overseen by Dhani, <mask> directed a seven-minute film, The Apple Years, which was included on the DVD in the eight-disc box set of the same name. She compiled a revised edition of I, Me, Mine (subtitled The Expanded Edition), which was published by Genesis in February 2017. The updated work involved her searching for George's handwritten lyrics and notes for songs that he had omitted from the 1980 book or had written in the years following its original publication.She told Rolling Stone magazine, referring to her dedication to preserving his legacy: "I have an overdeveloped sense of duty. It obviously means everything to me." Following her work with Scorsese on Living in the Material World, <mask> has funded film restoration projects undertaken by his non-profit organization The Film Foundation. Through the Material World Foundation, she first financed the restoration of some Charlie Chaplin short films and then of works from Mexico's "Golden Age" of cinema. Emilio Fernández's Enamorada (1946), one of three Mexican titles restored by The Film Foundation up to mid 2018, was presented by Scorsese at the Cannes Film Festival that year. Philanthropy
As of 2002, <mask>'s 1990 Romanian Angel initiative was still active. In May 1990, before the release of the fundraising single and album, ten trucks filled with food, medical supplies and clothing, together with 32 aid workers, were dispatched to Romania.According to <mask>, all the funds raised by the appeal went directly to the cause, as the administrative costs were paid for by her and the other RAA founders. In September 2000, she and George met with local representatives to monitor the progress of the RAA-funded programs for orphanage sanitation and professional staff. <mask> has continued to develop George's philanthropic initiatives. She is a director of the Material World Foundation (MWF), which he established in 1973 to "sponsor diverse forms of artistic expression and to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies", and of the Harrison Family Foundation. The Harrison Family Scholarship was launched by the MWF in 2002. It awards scholarships at Brown University in the United States, with preference given to non-American students, especially those from India and Mexico. In late 2005, coinciding with the reissue of the album and film from the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh, she established The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF with an initial focus on programs in Bangladesh.As of July 2015, the fund had also assisted children affected by civil conflict, natural disasters or poverty in Brazil, India, Angola, Romania, the Horn of Africa, Burma and Nepal. <mask> contributed to actress Salma Hayek's UNICEF fundraising campaign in response to the September 2017 Mexican earthquakes. Through the auspices of The George <mask> Fund for UNICEF, she then pledged to double the next $200,000 donation made to the campaign. One of the fund's initiatives has been to introduce floating schools, which allow children in remote areas of Bangladesh that are affected by seasonal flooding to continue attending school. In her work as a UNICEF sponsor, she visited Bangladesh in February 2011 to oversee the fund's ongoing efforts there, and in 2015 promoted the UNICEF Kid Power program. Notes

References

Sources

External links

1948 births
Living people
American film producers
Writers from Los Angeles
People from Hawthorne, California
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American expatriates in Australia
American people of Mexican descent
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
<mask> of the Beatles

pt:<mask>#Vida pessoal

masks:
Olivia Trinidad Harrison
George Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
George Harrison
Harrison
George Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
George Harrison
Harrison
Olivia
Olivia
Olivia
Olivia
Olivia
Harrison
Olivia
Harrison
Olivia
Olivia
Harrison
Harrison
Olivia Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
George Harrison
George Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Olivia Wives
George Harrison


title: Robert Griffin III

texts:
<mask> (born February 12, 1990), nicknamed RG3 and RGIII, is an American football analyst and former quarterback. He played college football at Baylor, where he won the Heisman Trophy, and was selected second overall by the Washington Redskins in the 2012 NFL Draft. Since 2021, he has served as a football analyst for ESPN. <mask> had a highly successful rookie season, setting records for the highest passer rating and touchdown-interception ratio by a first-year quarterback, while leading Washington to their first division title since 1999. He received Offensive Rookie of the Year and Pro Bowl honors, but was unable to duplicate his success following a severe knee injury he suffered during the playoffs. Plagued by further injuries and inconsistent performances, <mask> lost his starting position in 2015 to Kirk Cousins, which led to Washington releasing him after the season. <mask> signed with the Cleveland Browns the following year, but his tenure was also afflicted with injuries, resulting in his release by the season's end.After spending the entire 2017 season as a free agent, he joined the Baltimore Ravens in 2018, where he served as a backup for three seasons. Early years and background
<mask> was born in Okinawa, Japan, where his parents, <mask> Jr. and Jacqueline, both U.S. Army sergeants, were stationed. The family later lived at Fort Lewis near Tacoma, Washington, and then moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. They finally settled in Copperas Cove, Texas in 1997 after retiring from the military. <mask>'s paternal grandfather, <mask> Sr., was a foreman for a New Orleans construction company. He suffered from glaucoma for several years, and died in 1984 at age 43 from a brain aneurysm. Financial hardship caused the family to move to the Desire Projects neighborhood.<mask>'s father was a basketball player at Kennedy High School and enlisted in the Army before he graduated. He met his wife Jacqueline (née Ross) while stationed in Fort Carson, Colorado. High school career
<mask> attended Copperas Cove High School, in Texas, where he was a three-sport star in basketball, football, and track for the Bulldawgs. He started at quarterback for two seasons. During his junior season, he passed for 2,001 yards and 25 touchdowns with 2 interceptions, while compiling 876 rushing yards for 8 touchdowns. He received first-team All-District 16-4A honors after the season. As a senior, he recorded 1,285 rushing yards, posting 24 touchdowns, and passed for 1,356 yards for 16 touchdowns with 7 interceptions.In his senior season Copperas Cove finished with a record of 13–2, but lost in the championship game of the 2007 Class 4A Division I state playoffs. Over the two seasons, he rushed for a total of 2,161 yards and 32 touchdowns while passing for 3,357 yards and 41 touchdowns with 9 interceptions. He went to and lost 2 state championships

Track
In track, <mask> broke Texas state records for the 110-meter and 300-meter hurdles. He ran the 110-meter hurdles in 13.55 seconds and the 300-meter hurdles in 35.33 seconds. The 300 hurdles time was 1/100th of a second short of tying the national high school record at the time. He was also a gold medalist in the 110- and 400-meter hurdles on the AAU track and field circuit. In 2007, as a junior, he was rated the No.1 high school 400-meter intermediate hurdler in the country, and was tied at No. 1 for the 110-meter sprint hurdler in the nation. His personal best in the 110-meter hurdles, 13.46 sec, ranked fifth in the world among junior athletes in 2007 (behind Noga, Brathwaite, Dutch, and Vladimir Zhukov), while his best 2007 time in the 400-meter hurdles, 49.56 sec—his personal best until 2008—led all juniors worldwide for that year. Also as a junior, <mask> received the Gatorade Texas Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year award, and was named to USA Today′s 2007 All-USA Track and Field team. His personal best in the 400-meter hurdles was achieved on May 18, 2008, with a time of 49.22 seconds. College recruitment
Rivals.com, a college football recruiting service, ranked <mask> the fourth-best dual-threat quarterback in the nation and the 42nd-best player in Texas in the high school prospect class of 2008. During the college recruiting period, <mask> was pursued by Stanford, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska, Houston, Tulsa, Illinois, Washington State, and Oregon.<mask> initially committed to play for Houston under head coach Art Briles. When Briles left Houston to take the head coaching position at Baylor, <mask> switched his commitment and eventually signed a letter of intent to play for Baylor, in part because the university also had a top track and field program. College career
<mask> graduated from high school a semester early, after serving as class president and ranking seventh in his class. He began attending Baylor University during the spring 2008 semester when he was 17 years old. As a member of Baylor's track and field team, <mask> finished in first place in the 400-meter hurdles at both the Big 12 Conference Championship and the NCAA Midwest Regional Championship meets; he also broke the NCAA Midwest Regional 400-meter hurdles record. He placed third in the NCAA meet and also participated in the U.S. Olympic Trials, in which he advanced to the semifinals. <mask> graduated in three years with a bachelor's degree in political science and a 3.67 GPA, while appearing on the dean's list twice.During his final year of college sports eligibility, he was studying for a master's degree in communications. In 2011, <mask> was named an Arthur Ashe, Jr. Sports Scholar by Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. 2008 season

As a true freshman playing for the Bears, <mask> earned Big 12 Conference Offensive Freshman of the Year honors. He started 11 of 12 games his freshman season. He made his collegiate debut in a loss to Wake Forest, where he was 11 of 19 for 125 passing yards and had 29 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. In the upset 41–21 victory over the Texas A&M Aggies, he recorded 13 of 23 passes for 241 yards, 2 touchdowns, no interceptions, and no sacks. <mask> garnered Big 12 Freshman of the Year honors from the league's coaches (who are not allowed to vote for their own players) as well as the media.The team finished the season with a 4–8 record (2–6 Big 12). 2009 season

<mask> sat out for the remainder of the 2009 season after sustaining an isolated tear to his ACL in the first half of the third game, his third start of his sophomore year. The Bears picked up a 68–13 victory over Northwestern State. Baylor finished the season with a 4–8 record (1–7 Big 12). 2010 season

<mask> was granted redshirt status so he entered the 2010 season as a sophomore. According to the bylaws, players who are injured after playing less than 30 percent of the season may be eligible (<mask> was injured during the third game of the 2009 season, with 25 percent of the season completed). Overall, he finished the season with 3,501 passing yards, 22 passing touchdowns, eight interceptions, and had 149 rushes for 635 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns.Baylor finished the season with a 7–6 record (4–4 Big 12). 2011 season

Coming into the 2011 season, the Baylor Bears were not expected to do well, being picked 6th in the Big 12 preseason poll. The Bears opened the season against 15th-ranked TCU. The Bears took a 47–23 lead into the 4th quarter, and were able to fight off a comeback after the Horned Frogs gained the lead 48–47 briefly, only for Baylor to kick the game-winning field goal and win 50–48. They pulled off the upset in large part due to <mask>'s performance; he passed for 359 yards, with 5 touchdowns and a 77.8% completion percentage. On the game-winning drive, <mask> also caught a key pass. Following the win, Baylor entered the AP Poll rankings for only the third time in the previous 15 seasons, at 20th, and <mask> was considered by many to be a Heisman Trophy candidate.After a bye week, Baylor shut out Stephen F. Austin State University 48–0, and <mask> went 20 of 22 (90.9%) for 247 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 78 yards. In week 4, <mask> ushered Baylor to their third win, beating Rice University 56–31; <mask> completed 29 of 33 passes (87.9%) for 338 yards with 51 yards rushing and a touchdown. In week five against Kansas State, <mask> almost brought the Bears to their fourth win, going 23 out of 31 (74.2%) for 346 yards and 5 touchdowns with only 1 interception, but they lost 36–35 to the Wildcats. In week six against Iowa State, <mask> took Baylor to Iowa for their fourth win, completing 22 out of 30 (73.3%) for 212 yards, 1 touchdown, and no interceptions. He won the Heisman Trophy, becoming the first player from Baylor to win it. <mask> also led Baylor to a 10–3 record, including a 67–56 win over the Washington Huskies in the Alamo Bowl. With a combined 123 points, it stands as the highest-scoring regulation bowl game in NCAA history.Due to the Alamo Bowl, <mask> became the first player since Tim Tebow in 2007 to win the Heisman and not appear in the National Championship (#1 LSU faced #2 Alabama). Overall, he finished the 2011 season with 4,293 passing yards, 37 passing touchdowns, and six interceptions to go along with 179 rushes for 699 rushing yards and ten rushing touchdowns. <mask>, who graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science with a 3.67 grade point average in December 2010, began pursuing a Master's in communications in 2011. On January 11, 2012, <mask> officially announced his intention to enter the 2012 NFL Draft. Statistics

College awards and honors
 2011 Heisman Trophy winner
 2011 Associated Press College Football Player of the Year winner
 2011 Davey O'Brien Award winner
 2011 Manning Award winner
 2011 Consensus All-American
 2011 First Team Academic All-Big 12
 2011 Finalist for Walter Campbell Player of the Year
 2011 Finalist for Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award
 2011 Finalist for Wuerffel Trophy
 2011 Semifinalist for Maxwell Award
 2010 First Team Academic All-Big 12
 2010 Semifinalist for Maxwell Award
 2010 Semifinalist for Walter Campbell Player of the Year
 2010 Baylor's Kyle Woods Inspirational Leader
 2008 Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year (as selected by the league's coaches and the media)
 2008 Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week (received honor for the week of September 7–14, 2008; <mask> led the Bears to a 45–17 victory over Washington State on September 12, breaking various school records in the process)
 2008 Sporting News and Rivals.com freshman first team All-American
 2008 Big 12 gold medalist (400 m hurdles)
 2008 Track & Field All-American (400 m hurdles)
 2008 Baylor Offensive MVP

School records
<mask> set or tied 8 single-game, 26 single-season, and 20 career Baylor records. 2008 Rushing yards by a freshman: 843
 2008 Rushing yards by a QB: 843
 2008 Rushing yards (Game): 217
 2008 Rushing yards Per attempt (Game): 19.7 vs. Washington State, (11 for 217 yards; also a conference record)
 2008 Rushing TDs (Season): 13 (tied)
 2008 Rushing TDs by a QB (Season): 13
 2011 Most passing yards (Season): 4,293
 2011 Most touchdown passes (Season): 37
 2011 Highest passing efficiency rating (Season): 189.5
 2011 Highest completion percentage (Season): 72.4
 2011 Most total offense (Season): 4,992
 Most passing yards (Career): 10,366
 Most touchdown passes (Career): 78
 Highest passing efficiency rating (Career): 158.9
 Highest completion percentage (Career): 67.1
 Most total offense (Career): 12,620
 Rushing TDs by a QB (Career): 23
 100-yard Rushing games by QB (Season): 4
 100-yard Rushing games by QB (Career): 5

Professional playing career

Griffin was not perceived as a first-round draft pick prior to his junior season. By midseason, however, he had drawn the attention of NFL scouts and analysts, and some started projecting he would be an early first round selection.Towards the end of his junior season, <mask> had established himself as the No. 2 quarterback prospect for the 2012 NFL Draft, behind the unanimous first pick projection Andrew Luck. <mask> was widely projected to be the No. 2 pick of the draft, but the St. Louis Rams—the team originally holding the pick—had already selected Sam Bradford to be their long-term starting quarterback with the No. 1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft. Wanting to stick with Bradford, the Rams decided to deal the pick prior to the draft, with the Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins perceived as the most interested bidders. After a brief bidding process, the Redskins acquired the pick by giving the Rams four high-value draft picks over three years: their first-round picks in 2012 (No.6 overall), 2013 (No.22 overall), and 2014 (No.2 overall), as well as their second-round pick (No.39 overall) in 2012.Washington Redskins

2012 season

As expected, the Washington Redskins selected <mask> with the second overall pick, making him the second Baylor Bear to be drafted that high in four years (after Jason Smith in 2009), but the first Baylor quarterback to be chosen second overall since Adrian Burk in 1950. <mask> wore number 10 for the Redskins, with "<mask>" on the back of his jersey.

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title: Robert Griffin III

texts:
 This made him the first player in the history of the "Big Four" professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NHL, and NBA) to have a Roman numeral on the back of his jersey, as the NFL changed the rule in 2012 to allow players to include generational titles in their names. <mask> previously had "<mask>" on the back of his jersey while in college, which was actually necessary in order to distinguish him from the other <mask> on the Baylor team. On July 18, 2012, the Redskins officially signed him to a four-year, $21.1 million contract with a $13.8 million signing bonus. On September 9, 2012, <mask> officially became the NFL's first starting quarterback who was born in the 1990s. In his official debut as a starting quarterback in the NFL, <mask> opened the Redskins' season by completing 19 of 26 passes for 320 yards and 2 touchdowns while adding 10 carries for 42 rushing yards in a 40–32 victory over the New Orleans Saints.He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance – the first time in NFL history that a rookie quarterback has been given that honor for his debut game. <mask>'s debut performance was further rewarded after he was named NFL Rookie of the Week, and he was given that honor once again after the Redskins' win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 4. On October 4, he was named September's NFL Offensive Rookie of the Month. The next week against the Atlanta Falcons, he left the game late in the third quarter after suffering a mild concussion after receiving a blow to the head by Sean Weatherspoon. He was cleared to play in the next game against the Minnesota Vikings, where he had another impressive performance that included a 76-yard rushing touchdown. The Redskins ended their home-game losing streak and <mask> was named NFL Rookie of the Week for a third time. On November 14 during the Redskins' bye week, the team voted <mask> an offensive co-captain.Following the Redskins' 31–6 victory against the Philadelphia Eagles, he was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for a second time. <mask>'s performance – passing for 200 yards with 4 touchdowns, rushing for an additional 84 yards, and finishing with a perfect 158.3 passer rating – made him the first rookie in NFL history to pass for 200 yards, pass for 4 touchdowns and rush for more than 75 yards in a single game. Along with that achievement, his performance against the Eagles made him the youngest player in NFL history, at 22 years and 284 days old, to achieve a perfect passer rating in a game. This record stood until 2015, when Tennessee Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota threw for a perfect passer rating at 21 years and 318 days old in his debut. In the Week 14 game against the Baltimore Ravens on December 9, the Redskins would suffer another injury scare when defensive end Haloti Ngata hit <mask> directly at his right knee, twisting it in the process. On the final drive of the fourth quarter, <mask> was tackled after rushing for 13 yards and hopped on one leg for several plays before leaving the game. Backup quarterback Kirk Cousins would come in the game and lead the Redskins to a 31–28, overtime victory.The next day it was confirmed that <mask> had sustained a Grade 1 LCL sprain. It was decided that <mask> would sit out the next game against the Cleveland Browns to give him more time to heal and avoid the chance of further injuries. He returned the next game and led the Redskins to another victory over the Eagles in Week 16. The knee injury emerged as a controversy on January 6, the day the Redskins faced the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC wild card game, when USA Today reported that – contrary to a previous statement made by head coach Mike Shanahan – Dr. James Andrews had not cleared <mask> to return for the post-injury plays in the December 9 game. <mask> then re-injured his knee in the wild card loss to the Seahawks. <mask> underwent surgery on January 9 and both his LCL and ACL were repaired. For the season, <mask> set records for highest passer rating by a rookie quarterback (102.4) and highest touchdown to interception ratio (4:1) (both since broken by Dak Prescott).Aside from the week 15 game against the Cleveland Browns where he did not play, <mask> played a vital role in helping the Redskins finish the regular season on a 7-game winning streak after starting the season 3–6, leading the team to its first playoff appearance since the 2007 season. On December 26, <mask> was named to enter the 2013 Pro Bowl in recognition of his successful rookie season. Due to injuries on his ACL and LCL ligaments in his right knee, he was negated from the Pro Bowl roster and replaced by Drew Brees. <mask> also won the 2012 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award. He was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team, becoming the second Redskins quarterback to receive this award, joining Heath Shuler in 1994. 2013 season

After some controversy over whether <mask> would be ready for the season opener (he did not play a single preseason game), he debuted in the loss to Philadelphia Eagles. <mask> failed to replicate his 2012 success during the first half of the 2013 season and remained statistically below expectations until Washington's Week 7 game against the Chicago Bears.Leading the Redskins to a 45–41 victory, <mask> recorded 298 passing yards and two touchdowns, including a 45-yard touchdown pass to Aldrick Robinson. The Redskins' 27–6 loss against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 12 was the first game in <mask>'s collegiate and professional career where he failed to score a single offensive touchdown. On December 11, head coach Mike Shanahan announced that <mask> would be inactive for the last three games of the season and that Kirk Cousins would finish the season as the starter. He claimed that it was done in order to eliminate risk of further injury to <mask>. He finished the 2013 season with 3,203 passing yards, 16 passing touchdowns, and 12 interceptions to go along with 86 carries for 489 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. 2014 season

On September 14, 2014, in Week 2, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> was carted off the field after suffering a dislocated left ankle. X-rays and MRIs revealed no fractures in the ankle.On October 29, it was reported that <mask> was set to return against the Minnesota Vikings in week 9. The Redskins then dropped their next three games, falling to the Vikings, Buccaneers, and 49ers. On November 25, it was reported that <mask> would be benched for Colt McCoy, heading into Sunday's game against the Indianapolis Colts. After McCoy went down with a neck injury against the New York Giants, <mask> came in and looked impressive in a loss to the Giants, throwing for 236 yards and 1 touchdown passing. <mask> was named the starter for the rest of the year when the Redskins put Colt McCoy on injured reserve. <mask> responded to that with a winning performance in a 27–24 victory over the Eagles. He threw for 220 yards and had one interception.In the final game of the year against the Cowboys, <mask> showed signs of his rookie year form. He threw for a season-high 336 yards and had 2 touchdowns (one passing, one rushing) in a 44–17 loss. <mask> was 2–5 as a starter in 2014 and the Redskins finished 4–12 and last place in the NFC East. 2015 season
During Week 2 of preseason in a win over the Detroit Lions, <mask> fumbled the ball and recovered it but had a defensive lineman fall on top of him. <mask> suffered a concussion in the process and was questionable for the next game against the Ravens. <mask> was medically cleared for the game by a physician, but a few days later the same physician declared <mask> not ready for the game, thus giving backup Kirk Cousins the start. After the win over the Ravens, Cousins was named the starter for the regular-season opener and onward.On September 13, 2015, it was reported that <mask> was practicing as a safety with the scout team. He ended up third on the quarterback depth chart, behind Cousins and Colt McCoy, and remained inactive for the entire regular season. On March 7, 2016, <mask> was released by the Redskins. Cleveland Browns

On March 24, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year, $15 million contract with the Cleveland Browns. On August 8, 2016, Browns head coach Hue Jackson named <mask> the team's starting quarterback for the 2016 season. <mask> was placed on injured reserve on September 12, after suffering a shoulder injury in the Browns' season opening loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. He was activated off injured reserve on December 9, 2016, prior to Week 14 against the Bengals.<mask> played in five games, all starts, in 2016, completing 87-of-147 passes for 886 yards with two touchdowns and three interceptions. He also rushed for 190 yards and two touchdowns. On March 10, 2017, <mask> was released by the Browns. Baltimore Ravens
After remaining a free agent for all of 2017, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens on April 4, 2018. On September 2, 2018, <mask> was named the team's backup quarterback. Backing up Joe Flacco and Lamar Jackson, <mask> appeared in three games in the 2018 season. 2019 season
On March 21, 2019, <mask> re-signed with the Ravens on a two-year contract.On July 28, 2019, <mask> suffered a fractured thumb and was expected to miss 4–8 weeks. <mask> returned in time for the September 8, 2019, regular-season opener against the Miami Dolphins, where <mask> came into the game in relief of Lamar Jackson toward the end of the 59–10 victory. He completed all six pass attempts for 55 yards and one touchdown. In the Week 10 game against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> entered the game as a running back alongside Mark Ingram Jr. and Jackson in the backfield, marking what was likely the first time in NFL history three former Heisman Trophy winners lined up together in a backfield. In Week 17 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> made his first start since the 2016 season because the Ravens secured the top seed in the AFC playoffs and sat their starters as a result. During the game, <mask> threw for 96 yards and an interception and rushed for 50 yards during the 28–10 win. 2020 season
<mask> was named the starter for the Ravens Week 12 matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers due to Lamar Jackson testing positive for COVID-19.He injured his left hamstring late in the second quarter of the game, but remained in until the fourth quarter, when he was sidelined and replaced by Trace McSorley. He finished the game 7-12 for 33 yards and an interception (which was returned for a touchdown by former Browns teammate Joe Haden) along with seven rushes for 68 yards during the 19–14 loss. He was placed on injured reserve on December 4, 2020. <mask> was waived by the Ravens on January 18, 2021. Analyst career
After being unsigned in the 2021 offseason, ESPN announced the signing of <mask> as a college football and NFL analyst on a multi-year deal in August 2021. <mask> has publicly stated his desire to continue playing and that his contract with ESPN would allow him to sign with a team if the opportunity arises. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
<mask> began dating fellow Baylor student Rebecca Liddicoat in 2009, and the two were married on July 6, 2013.Rebecca gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter in 2015. On August 16, 2016, it was reported that <mask> and his wife were separated and in the process of filing for divorce. In August 2016, <mask> and Estonian heptathlete Grete Šadeiko became romantically linked. They were engaged on May 13, 2017. In 2017, <mask> announced via Instagram the birth of his second daughter. The couple married on March 10, 2018. His third daughter was born in September 2019.<mask> grew up a fan of the Denver Broncos and Mike Shanahan, whom he played under for his first two seasons with the Redskins. <mask> is a Protestant Christian, and has said his relationship with God is his "most important influence." Before the start of his rookie season with the Washington Redskins, <mask> had signed a number of endorsement deals from companies such as Adidas, Castrol Motor Oil, EA Sports, EvoShield, Gatorade, Nissan, and Subway. According to ESPN's Dollars blog, <mask> had "earned more than any other rookie in NFL history before throwing his first regular-season pass," largely as a result of endorsements. References

External links

 Baltimore Ravens profile
 Baylor football profile, track profile

1990 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American male track and field athletes
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football quarterbacks
American male hurdlers
American Protestants
Baltimore Ravens players
Baylor Bears football players
Baylor Bears men's track and field athletes
Cleveland Browns players
College football announcers
ESPN people
Heisman Trophy winners
Japanese emigrants to the United States
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners
People from Copperas Cove, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
Sportspeople from Okinawa Prefecture
Washington Redskins

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