title: John Lydon

texts:
 "parasite off the population as their friends help them along" but he equally criticises the working class, claiming that "We're lazy, good-for-nothing bastards, absolute cop-outs [who] never accept responsibility for our own lives and that's why we'll always be downtrodden." He opposes all forms of segregation in schools, not only through the private and state school division but also with single-sex schools: "It doesn't make sense.It's a much better environment with girls in the class. You learn a lot more, as diversity makes things more interesting." The Troubles, 1969–1994
Lydon criticised the paramilitary organisations involved in The Troubles in Northern Ireland, remarking that the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Ulster Defence Association were "like two mafia gangs punching each other out ... They both run their extortion rackets and plague people to no end." He remarked that "The Northern Ireland problem is a terrible thing, and it's only the ignorance of the people living outside of it that keeps it going" but that ultimately the British government's exploitative attitude to the problem was in his opinion the main cause. Anarchism
Despite the fact that he wrote and sang "Anarchy in the U.K." with the Sex Pistols, Lydon said that he was not an anarchist, calling it "mind games for the middle-class". Banking and the 2008 global financial crisis
Appearing on the BBC's Question Time on 5 July 2012, Lydon questioned the notion of a parliamentary inquiry into the banking industry, saying "How on earth is Parliament going to discuss this really when both sides, left and right, are connected to this?This doesn't just go back to Brown, this is part of the ongoing problem. Mr Diamond comes from Wall Street ... hello. Both parties love this idea. They are fiddling with rates. They are affecting the world and everything we used to count on as being dependable and accurate is being discussed by these argumentative chaps. If I nick a motor I'm going to be up before the judge, the rozzers. Hello, same thing."Institutions of the United Kingdom
On the same episode of Question Time, Lydon was critical of the announcement that the British Army was to be reduced in size, saying: "One of the most beautiful things about Britain, apart from the [National Health Service] and the free education, is the British Army." He has been a supporter of the NHS since receiving treatment for meningitis aged 7, stating in 2014: "I want national health and education to always be of the highest agenda and I do not mind paying tax for that." Pacifism
Lydon describes himself as a "pacifist by nature" and expresses admiration for Mahatma Gandhi. Gay marriage
Lydon expressed his view on gay couples raising children in a 10 February 2005 interview on the BBC's Sunday morning religious programme The Heaven and Earth Show. Lydon said, "I don't like the idea of one-parent families. It's very tough on the kids. They grow up missing something.I find the same with same-sex marriages; there is something missing. There is a point to male and female – and for a child to develop, it needs both those aspects." Jimmy Savile abuse scandal
In a 1978 BBC Radio 1 interview, Lydon alluded to the sexual abuses committed by Jimmy Savile, and mainstream social forces' suppression of negative information about him, decades before it became a public scandal. Lydon stated: "I'd like to kill Jimmy Savile; I think he's a hypocrite. I bet he's into all kinds of seediness that we all know about, but are not allowed to talk about. I know some rumours." He added: "I bet none of this will be allowed out."After the interviewer suggested libel might be an issue, Lydon replied, "Nothing I've said is libel." As Lydon predicted, the comment was edited out by the BBC before broadcast. The complete interview was included as a bonus track on a rerelease of Public Image: First Issue in 2013, after Savile's death. In October 2014, Lydon said that "[b]y killed I meant locking him up and stopping him assaulting young children ... I'm disgusted at the media pretending they weren't aware." Lydon claimed that the BBC blacklisted him following the interview, and remained "very, very bitter that the likes of Savile and the rest of them were allowed to continue." UK politics and the European Union
Lydon publicly supported the United Kingdom remaining in the European Union during the referendum on EU membership in June 2016, stating that being outside of the European Union would be "insane and suicidal" for the United Kingdom, "We're never going to go back to that romantic delusion of Victorian isolation, it isn't going to happen.There'll be no industry, there'll be no trade, there'll be nothing – a slow dismal, collapse. It's ludicrous." During an interview on Good Morning Britain in March 2017, <mask> stated that he had changed his mind and supported Brexit: "Well, here it goes, the working-class have spoke and I'm one of them and I'm with them." Lydon described Brexit advocate Nigel Farage as "fantastic" and that he wanted to shake his hand after his altercation on the River Thames with anti-Brexit campaigner Bob Geldof. In 2020, <mask> reiterated his personal support for Farage during another interview on Good Morning Britain. In a 2021 interview with the Yorkshire Post, Lydon said that he previously voted for the Labour Party as a young man due to coming from a working class background, but stated "I do not recognise them any more" and accused contemporary British and American media of "walking hand in glove with left-wing politics". Lydon has also expressed disdain for Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair and described former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn as a "racist, prejudiced bastard" in response to the allegations of antisemitism in the Labour Party.American politics
Lydon became a U.S. citizen in 2013 because he "believed in Barack Obama" and his health care reform, on which he states, "his healthcare thing didn't quite work out what we all want, but there is a great potential there. Now we're looking at dismantling and, you know, [a] crazy loony monster party." Before Donald Trump was elected President of the United States, Lydon said, in response to questions about his prospects: "No, I can't see it happening, it's a minority that support him at best, and it's so hateful and ignorant." In 2017, though, he said "I'm up for anyone shaking up the jaded world of politicians". During a Good Morning Britain interview in March 2017, Lydon described Trump as a "complicated fellow" who "terrifies politicians". Lydon said that there were "many, many problems with (Trump) as a human being" but defended him against accusations of racism: "What I dislike is the left-wing media in America are trying to smear the bloke as a racist and that's completely not true." He elaborated to NPR: "He's a total cat amongst the pigeons ... [He's] got everybody now involving themselves in a political way.And I've been struggling for years to get people to wake up and do that." In 2018, Lydon was photographed wearing a shirt that read Make America Great Again. In October 2020, Lydon told the BBC's Newsday programme, "Yes, of course, I'm voting for Trump ... I don't want a politician running this world anymore." A month later, during an interview on Good Morning Britain, Lydon confirmed he had voted for Trump in the then-upcoming Presidential Election, describing Trump's Democratic opponent Joe Biden and his 2016 Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton as champagne socialists. He also described his support for Trump as stemming from his background as a working class Englishman and accused the US media of being dominated by liberal ideology, but "liberal with the truth" and claimed "they toe the line of the Democrat party by assumption that they know what's best, yet they don't know nothing about blue collar workers, Latinos, African-Americans in or outside of large cities." Israel and BDS
Lydon has expressed opposition to the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement.In 2010, when Elvis Costello and Roger Waters announced their intention to cancel performances in Israel and boycott the country, Lydon elected to continue with a Public Image Ltd concert in Tel Aviv. When asked about his decision in an interview with The Independent Lydon remarked "if Elvis-fucking-Costello wants to pull out of a gig in Israel because he's suddenly got this compassion for Palestinians, then good on him. But I have absolutely one rule, right? Until I see an Arab country, a Muslim country, with a democracy, I won't understand how anyone can have a problem with how they're treated." Books
 <mask>, <mask> (1993). Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs. Hodder & Stoughton
 With Andrew Bolton (2013).Punk: Chaos to Couture Yale University Press
 <mask>, <mask> (2014). Anger Is an Energy: My Life Uncensored. Simon & Schuster
<mask>, <mask> (2020) I Could Be Wrong, I Could Be Right. A Way With Media, limited print run of 10,000 by mail order only. ISBN 978-1910469279 www.johnlydon.com

Discography
All chart positions are UK. Sex Pistols
Studio albums
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (Virgin, 1977) No. 1

Compilations and live albums
 The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle (Virgin, 1979)
 Some Product: Carri on Sex Pistols (Virgin, 1979)
 Flogging a Dead Horse (Virgin,1980)
 Kiss This (Virgin, 1992)
 Never Mind the Bollocks / Spunk (aka This is Crap) (Virgin, 1996)
 Filthy Lucre Live (Virgin, 1996)
 The Filth and the Fury (Virgin, 2000)
 Jubilee (Virgin, 2002)
 Sex Pistols Box Set (Virgin, 2002)

Singles
 "Anarchy in the UK" – 1976 No.38
 "God Save the Queen" – 1977 No. 2
 "Pretty Vacant" – 1977 No. 6
 "Holidays in the Sun" – 1977 No. 8
 "(I'm Not Your) Stepping Stone" – 1980 No. 21
 "Anarchy in the UK" (re-issue) – 1992 No. 33
 "Pretty Vacant" (live) – 1996 No. 18
 "God Save the Queen" (re-issue) – 2002 No.15

Public Image Ltd
Studio albums
 Public Image: First Issue (Virgin, 1978), No. 22
 Metal Box (a.k.a. Second Edition) (Virgin, 1979) #18, US No. 171
 The Flowers of Romance (Virgin, 1981) #11, US No. 114
 Commercial Zone (PiL Records, 1983)
 This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get (Virgin, 1984)
 Album (Virgin, 1986)
 Happy? (Virgin, 1987)
 9 (Virgin, 1989)
 That What Is Not (Virgin, 1992)
 This is PiL (PiL Official, 2012)
 What the World Needs Now... (PiL Official, 2015)

Compilations and live albums
 Paris au Printemps (Virgin, 1980)
 Live in Tokyo (Virgin, 1983)
 The Greatest Hits, So Far (Virgin, 1990)
 Plastic Box (Virgin, 1999)
 The Public Image is Rotten - Songs from the Heart (Virgin, 2018)

Singles
 "Public Image" – 1978 No.9
 "Death Disco" – 1979 No. 20
 "Memories" – 1979 No. 60
 "Flowers of Romance" – 1981 No. 24
 "This Is Not a Love Song" – 1983 No. 5
 "Bad Life" – 1984 No. 71
 "Rise" – 1986 No. 11
 "Home" – 1986 No.75
 "Seattle" – 1987 No. 47
 "The Body" – 1987 No. 100
 "Disappointed" – 1989 No. 38
 "Don't Ask Me" – 1990 No. 22
 "Cruel" – 1992 No. 49
 "One Drop" – 2012
 "Out of the Woods"/"Reggie Song" - 2012
 "Double Trouble" – 2015

Solo
Studio albums
 Psycho's Path (Virgin, 1997)

Compilations
 The Best of British £1 Notes (Lydon, PiL & Sex Pistols) (Virgin/EMI, 2005)

Singles
 "Open Up" (with Leftfield) – 1993 – No. 11
 "Sun" – 1997 – No.42

Filmography

Television

Footnotes

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
20th-century English singers
21st-century American painters
21st-century American singers
21st-century English painters
21st-century English singers
21st-century male artists
American alternative rock musicians
American lyricists
American male film actors
American male painters
American male singer-songwriters
American people of Irish descent
American punk rock singers
American singer-songwriters
British alternative rock musicians
British emigrants to the United States
British post-punk musicians
English lyricists
English male film actors
English male painters
English male singer-songwriters
English people of Irish descent
English punk rock singers
English television personalities
The Golden Palominos members
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) participants
Male actors from London
Musicians from London
NME Awards winners
People from Finsbury Park
People from Holloway, London
People from Venice, Los Angeles
People with acquired American citizenship
Public Image Ltd members
Sex Pistols members
Singers from

masks: Lydon Lydon Lydon John Lydon John Lydon John


title: John Murray, 11th Duke of Atholl

type: original

texts:
<mask>, 11th Duke of Atholl (19 January 1929 – 15 May 2012), was a South African-born hereditary peer of the Peerage of Scotland, hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Murray, and Colonel-in-Chief of the Atholl Highlanders. As Duke of Atholl, he commanded the only legal private army in Europe. He acceded as the 11th duke on 27 February 1996, succeeding his second cousin, once removed, The 10th Duke of Atholl. Early life
The Duke was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, as the only child of Major George Murray (Blithfield, Staffordshire, 20 November 1884 - Pretoria, 21 June 1940) and wife (Seaford, East Sussex, 17 January 1928) Joan (Johannesburg, Transvaal Colony, 23 June 1902 - 2000), daughter of William Edward Eastwood (Bradford, West Yorkshire, 7 September 1862 - Mooi River, 14 February 1946) and wife (12 July 1895) Edith Caroline Bidwell (25 March 1870 - 1963), paternal granddaughter of <mask> (Yorkshire, 1831 - ? ), manager of the Bradford Old Bank Ltd., and wife ... and maternal granddaughter of Henry William Bidwell (Norwich, Norfolk, 1830 - Uitenhage, Cape Colony, 17 January 1899) and wife (Shoreditch, London, Middlesex, April / June 1859) Mary Elizabeth White. His father was killed on active service in the Second World War. He was paternal grandson of the Rev.Douglas Stuart Murray (Southfleet, Kent, 28 May 1853 - London, Middlesex, 19 March 1920), Rector of Blithfield, Staffordshire, and wife (Wigan, Manchester, Lancashire, 22 April 1879) Harriet Georgina Isabel Bridgeman (Brighton, East Sussex, 7 December 1853 - London, Middlesex, 11 November 1921). He was son of the Rev. George Edward Murray (Isle of Man, 1 September 1818 - Southfleet, Kent, 14 September 1854) and wife (Bath, Somerset, 18 July 1848) Penelope Frances Elizabeth Austin (Durham, County Durham, 4 October 1829 - Bath, Somerset, 5 October 1910) (daughter of Brigadier-General <mask> and wife (Llanelly, later Llanelli, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, Wales, 12 July 1828) Margaret Pemberton, daughter of Richard Pemberton and wife Elizabeth Jackson) and she was daughter of the Rev. Hon. George Thomas Orlando Bridgeman (21 August 1823 - Wigan, Manchester, Lancashire, 25 November 1895), son of the 2nd Earl of Bradford, and wife (25 June 1850) Emily Mary Bagot (? - 13 December 1853), daughter of the Rt. Rev.Hon. Richard Bagot, Bishop of Oxford and Bishop of Bath and Wells. He was, in turn, son of the Rt. Rev. George Murray, Bishop of Rochester, who was the son of Lord George Murray, the second son of The 3rd Duke of Atholl. He was educated at Michaelhouse (1941 – 1946) in what was then the Natal midlands. His time spent at the school allowed him to gain an appreciation for cricket and the outdoors.https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand, a leading South African university. Life
After taking his degree, Murray worked as a land surveyor. On 15 December 1956 in Pretoria, he married Margaret "Peggy" Yvonne Leach (born Louis Trichardt, 8 July 1935), the only daughter of Ronald Leonard Leach of Louis Trichardt, Transvaal, South Africa (Pretoria, 31 August 1910 – Louis Trichardt, 18 December 1964) and wife (Lovedale Park, Louis Trichardt) Faith Kleinenberg (Louis Trichardt, 20 July 1913 – Louis Trichardt, 11 June 1968), paternal granddaughter of Charles Ronald Leach (Whittlesea, Cape Colony, 26 March 1887 – Eshowe, 7 December 1953) and first wife Louise Adelaide Zeederberg (? – Whittlesea, 5 June 1922) and maternal granddaughter of Johannes Petrus Stephanus Kleinenberg (25 June 1874 - 1925) and wife (16 February 1898) Letitia Pittendrigh Cooksley (1875 - 1941); Charles Ronald Leach was son of Charles William Leach (Poplar Grove, Queenstown, Colony of Natal, 7 January 1859 - Idutywa, 12 January 1913) and first wife Agnes Mary Bell ? - Poplar Grove, Queenstown, Colony of Natal, 15 November 1889), paternal grandson of <mask> (Uitenhage, Zulu Kingdom, 28 July 1828 - Poplar Grove, Queenstown, Colony of Natal, 1 August 1906) (son of <mask> Leach, who moved in 1820 to South Africa, and wife Ann Oxenham) and wife (Worcester, Cape Colony, 18 August 1849) Sara Ann Hinds (London, Middlesex, 22 July 1832 - Grahamstown, 22 November 1916) (daughter of T. W. Hinds and wife ...) and maternal grandson of William Bell and wife Mary Ann Mason; Louise Adelaide Zeederberg was daughter of Hans Jacobus Zeederberg (Colony of Natal, 22 January 1851 - ? ), paternal grandson of Teunis Kleinenberg (Rolde, Drenthe, Dutch Republic, 8 June 1794 - Amen, Rolde, Drenthe, Netherlands, 25 February 1864), farmer (son of Bauke Tonnis Kleinenberg and wife Grietien Hindriks) and wife Gebke Kerkhof and maternal grandson of Dirk Johannes Coetzee (near Cape Town, Cape Colony, 3 March 1805 - Piketberg, Cape Colony, 26 Abril 1857) (son of Johan Hendrik Coetzee and wife Johanna Catharina Reeder) and wife (Cape Town, Cape Colony, 6 September 1829) Johanna Sophia Boonzaaier (near Stellenbosch, Cape Colony, 26 November 1809 - Piketberg, Cape Colony, 18 June 1853) (daughter of Petrus Johannes Boonzaaier and wife Hermina Dempers); Letitia Pittendrigh Cooksley was daughter of John Skinner Cooksley (Barnstable, Devon, 3 February 1837 - 16 February 1898), trader in South Africa, in Port Elizabeth in 1862, and wife Mary Pittindrigh (1844 - Lovedale Park, Louis Trichardt, 1937) and paternal granddaughter of William Cooksley and wife ... Skinner. They had three children:
 Lady Jennifer Murray (born 8 February 1958), who has married and has children
 Bruce Murray, now 12th Duke of Atholl (born 6 April 1960), who has married and has children
 Lord Craig John Murray (born 1963), who has married and has children

In 1996, on the death of his kinsman, a second cousin, once removed, Iain Murray, 10th Duke of Atholl, Murray succeeded as 11th Duke at the age of 67.However, the day before the death of the 10th Duke, it was announced that he had given his ancestral seat of Blair Castle and most of his estates to a charitable trust, thus effectively disinheriting his heir. He had been unimpressed when his heir had indicated that he had no desire to leave South Africa for Scotland. The new duke thus inherited little but the titles and the right to raise a private army. Atholl continued to live in South Africa, while making annual visits to Scotland. He died on 15 May 2012 in a South African hospital at the age of 83. He was succeeded in his titles by his elder son, Bruce Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine. As Duke of Atholl, he commanded the only legal private army in Europe, the Atholl Highlanders.The army is based at Blair Castle, the ancestral home of the dukes of Atholl. The Duke did not inherit Blair Castle, which passed to a charitable trust. However, every year the Duke visited from South Africa to stay at Blair for the traditional display put on by his army. The Duke was also the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Murray. References

 "Burke's Peerage and Baronetage"
 http://www.van-gool.info/Leach.htm
 http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/u/p/Amanda-M-Du-plessis/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0011.html
 http://www.southafricansettlers.com/

External links

1929 births
111
People from Johannesburg
South African people of Scottish descent
2012 deaths
<mask> of Rannoch
20th-century Scottish businesspeople

masks:
John Murray
John William Eastwood
John Austin
John Leach
Benjamin John
John Dukes


title: Michael Augustine (bishop)

texts:
Archbishop <mask> (12 June 1933 – 4 November 2017) was an Indian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the sixth Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore from 1992 to 2004. He is an honorary member of Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. He served the church for 39 years as a bishop and for 56 years as a priest. He died on 4 November 2017 at the age of 84. <mask> was sometimes referred to as the "People's Bishop", and "Bishop of the poor." He was fluent in English, French, Tamil, and Latin.He was a Tamil scholar, as well as a lyricist, poet, writer, singer, pianist, magician and artist. Early life
<mask> started his school career at Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School, Pondicherry. He joined the minor seminary at St. Agnes Seminary, Cuddalore. He graduated from St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli and did his philosophical and theological studies at St.Peter's Pontifical Seminary, in Bangalore. He was ordained a priest for Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 15 April 1961 by Monsignor Ambrose, then Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore at Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry. After ordination, he was appointed as Sous — Director of Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School, Pondicherry. Fr.<mask> later went to Paris for higher studies in philosophy at l'Institut Catholique de Paris, France and obtained his licentiate in philosophy. On his return to India in 1965, he was appointed a professor of philosophy at St. Peter’s Pontifical Seminary in Bangalore. He later earned his doctorate on Indian Philosophy. Within a year, he became vice-rector at St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary, the office he remained until he became rector of the same seminary. Ministry

In 1974, Pope Paul VI appointed him as the Rector of St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary, Bangalore. He stayed there until 1978 when he was consecrated as the Auxiliary Bishop of Madras and Mylapore. On 30 January 1978, Pope Paul VI appointed <mask> <mask> as the Auxiliary Bishop of Madras and Mylapore to assist Archbishop Arullappa and bestowed upon him the titular see of Barrus.He was consecrated a bishop by then-Archbishop Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (later Cardinal) the then Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples on 29 March 1978. He was appointed as bishop of the Vellore on 10 July 1981 by Pope John Paul II. Pope John Paul II appointed Bishop <mask> as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 25 June 1992. He received the pallium from his predecessor, Archbishop Emeritus Venmani S. Selvanather, at the Cathedral of Pondicherry Archdiocese. On 10 June 2004, he voluntarily resigned as the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore (India), citing medical reasons. Episcopal ministry at Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore (1978–81)
On 30 January 1978, Pope Paul VI appointed <mask> <mask> as the Auxiliary Bishop of Madras-Mylapore Archdiocese to assist Archbishop Arullappa and bestowed upon him the titular see of Barrus. He was consecrated a bishop at the age of 45 years by then-Archbishop Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (later Cardinal) with co-consecrators Archbishop Venmani S. Selvanather of Pondicherry and Archbishop Anthony Rayappa Arulappa of Madras as on 29 March 1978, the episcopal ordination mass was attended by many bishops from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Pondicherry regions and many priests and laity attended.He chose "FIAT", meaning "Let Lord's will be done", as his Episcopal motto. Under the guidance of Archbishop Arullappa, Bishop <mask> learnt many things and served as an auxiliary bishop for nearly 3 years. Episcopal ministry at Diocese of Vellore (1981–92)
On 19 June 1981, Most. Rev. Dr S<mask> <mask>, till then Auxiliary Bishop of Madras-Mylapore, was appointed by the Pope John Paul II as the fourth Bishop of the Diocese of Vellore. The installation service took place on 24 July 1981 at 6 p.m. in the Cathedral Campus at Vellore. Bishop S<mask> <mask> was the Bishop of Vellore for 10 years and 11 months.During his tenure of office, about 100 churches and chapels were built; seven new parishes were erected, six convents and dispensaries and three high schools were opened, and five elementary schools were upgraded to middle schools. He noticed that many Catholics do not hold high positions. To improve this, he started summer coaching classes for the students who finished school. These coaching classes helped many people get into medicine, nursing, engineering and other technical training. He also established a scholarship fund for professional studies. He believed children should have a strong foundation in their education, so he started coaching classes for high school children. The coaching classes were conducted for a month.The whole expenses were met by the projects and Diocesan contributions. To foster local vocations, he started a minor seminary at Pathiavaram. As the Tamil Nadu Bishops decided to have the college education as minimum qualification for major seminary admission, a seminary was started at Koviloor so that the students can attend Sacred Heart College, Tirupattur. He was transferred and promoted as Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 24 March 1992. He remained administrator of Vellore Diocese till 25 June 1992. Episcopal ministry at Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore (1992–2004)
Pope John Paul II elevated Bishop <mask> of Vellore as Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 18 February 1992 and he was installed as Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 25 June 1992.During his 12 years of episcopacy, he laid foundations for 2 new vicariates and 14 new parishes, and he invited 13 new religious congregations to work in the Archdiocese. After 12 years of pastoral care in Pondicherry, he submitted his resignation citing medical reasons and Pope John Paul II accepted his resignation from the Metropolitan See of Pondicherry and Cuddalore on 10 June 2004.However, he remained as the Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese until 5 July 2004, the day of the canonical possession of his successor. Post retirement
After his retirement as Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore, Archbishop <mask> stayed in his retirement home which is behind Holy Family Church, Keezhputhupattu in the outskirts of Pondicherry near Kalapet. During these years, Fr.A.J.C Lawrence (his nephew and clergy of Pondicherry) also helped him. He composed two books of Psalms during this period namely "The Psalm of a Priest" and "The Psalm of a Bishop." Death and funeral
In September 2017, he was admitted in  “Be Well Hospital”, Pondicherry but was later discharged and was taking rest in the Archbishop’s House. On November 4, 2017, the morning after he complained of uneasiness to his helper, he was rushed to the hospital where he died at 9:50 a.m. when Archbishop Anandarayar completed the prayer by making the sign of the cross in the presence of Fr.A.J.C. Lawrence.His remains were immediately embalmed in PIMS, Pondicherry and was taken first to his retirement home where Eucharist was celebrated following which his remains were brought to the Archbishop's House in Pondicherry and kept there until 6 p.m. His remains were then transferred to Escande Hall in Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School, Pondicherry at 6:30 p.m. for public veneration. Massive crowds poured in to pay tribute and last respects. Archbishop George Antonysamy of Madras, Bishop Peter Abir of Sulthanpet, Bishop Antony Devotta of Trichy, Bishop Emeritus Peter Remigius of Kottar visited, prayed and paid their last respects. His remains remained there until 9:50 a.m. on 6 November 2017. Several Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, religious laity and people of other faith attended his funeral on 6th November 2017. The funeral procession began from Petit Seminaire School and ended in the Cathedral of Pondicherry. The Requiem Mass was presided by Archbishop Anandarayar of Pondicherry.Several Bishops concelebrated, namely Archbishop Emeritus Chinnappa of Madras, Archbishop Antony Pappusamy of Madurai, Bishop Yuvon Ambrose of Tuticorin, Bishop Singaroyan of Salem, Bishop Soundarajan of Vellore, Bishop Thomas Aquinas of Coimbatore, Bishop Amalraj of Ooty, Bishop Lawrence Pius of Dharmapuri, Bishop Neethinathan of Chengalpet, Bishop Devadass Ambrose of Thanjavur, Bishop Antonysamy of Kumbakonam, Bishop Paulsamy of Dindigul, Bishop Jude Paulraj of Palayamkottai and Bishop Susaimaanikam of Sivagangai. During the funeral mass, Bishop Sebastianappan Singaroyan (student of Archbishop <mask> at St.Peter's Pontifical Seminary, Bangalore) preached a sermon on the sanctity, sincerity and love of Archbishop <mask> and on his life of FIAT. After the funeral mass, Archbishop Chinnappa sung in Latin the final rites inside the Cathedral. The eulogy was read by Archbishop Antony Pappusamy, Bishop Soundarajan, Archbishop Anandarayar, CRI President of Pondicherry, Fr. Arulselvam Rayappan of St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary and by the Vicar General of Madras-Mylapore Archdiocese. His remains were then carried to the clergy cemetery in the cathedral where his nephew Fr. A.J.C.Lawrence blessed the new cemetery and the remains of his uncle. He was then laid to rest there. Gallery

See also
 Archbishop <mask> at catholic-hierarchy.org
 Archbishop <mask> at Vellore Diocese

References

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1933 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India
20th-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians
Roman Catholic archbishops of Pondicherry and Cuddalore

masks:
Savarinathan Michael Augustine
Augustine
Augustine
Michael Augustine
Father Michael
Augustine
Michael Augustine
Father Michael
Augustine
Michael Augustine
. Michael
Augustine
. Michael
Augustine
Michael Augustine
Michael Augustine
Michael Augustine
Michael Augustine
Michael Augustine
Michael Augustine


title: William James Erasmus Wilson

texts:
Sir <mask> FRCS FRS (25 November 18097 August 1884), generally known as <mask>, was an English surgeon and dermatologist. Biography
<mask> was born in London, studied at Dartford Grammar School before St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, and at the University of Aberdeen, and early in life became known as a skilful surgeon and dissector. It was his sympathy with the poor of London and a suggestion from Mr. Thomas Wakley of The Lancet, of which he acted for a time as sub-editor, which first led him to take up skin diseases as a special study. The cases of scrofula, anaemia, and blood-poisoning which he saw made him set to work to alleviate the suffering of persons so afflicted, and he quickly established a reputation for treating this class of patients. It was said that he treated the rich by ordering them to give up luxuries; the poor by prescribing for them proper nourishment, which was often provided out of his own pocket. In the opinion of one of his biographers, we owe to <mask> in great measure the habit of the daily bath, and he helped very much to bring the Turkish bath into use in Great Britain, and in the process writing a number of works on spas, baths and thermo-therapy, all of which overlap in their content. Indeed, his works on spas, baths, and thermo-therapy were directly related to his work on the health of skin.His earliest such works on this topic outlined the relationship between various applications of water, vapour baths, the action of heat and cold through such media on the action of the skin, and the relationship between this and health in general. Moreover, his works had a direct impact on the hydrotherapy movement of the time (then known as hydropathy), and the overlapping sanitary reform movement. He applauded the establishment of Public Baths and Wash-houses, as "amongst the noblest of the institutions…as they are one of the greatest discoveries of the present age", and dedicated his 1854 book Healthy Skin to another sanitary reform proponent, Edwin Chadwick "In admiration of his strenuous and indefatigable labors in the cause of Sanitary Reform". Nor was <mask> shy of saying what needed to be said in the promotion of sanitary reform. In Metcalfe's (1877) work on sanitary reform and all the above-mentioned overlaps, he describes the Chinese vapour baths. After describing the bathing establishments as a whole, he describes the bathing room itself, "which is about thirty feet by twenty, and is filled with hot steam or vapour":

The entire floor, except a narrow space round the sides, is occupied by a hot-water bath from one to eighteen inches deep. The furnace is outside, and the flues are carried under the centre of the bath.In the hazy light of this room may be seen the perspiring Chinamen disperting themselves in the shallow water, until, when cleansed to their satisfaction, they return to the cooling room, there to regale themselves with cups of tea and pipes of tobacco. All classes of Chinese frequent these bathing establishments. Mr Ellis, in his "Journal of the Embassy to China (1816)," says of this Chinese cleansing apparatus, that it is "disgusting," but says Mr <mask> <mask>, "What would Mr Ellis say of a country in which there existed no cleansing apparatus whatever? For example, his own. <mask> wrote much upon the diseases which specially occupied his attention, and his books, A Healthy Skin and Student's Book of Diseases of the Skin, though they were not received without criticism at the time of their appearance, long remained text-books of their subject. He visited the East to study leprosy, Switzerland to investigate the causes of goitre, and Italy with the purpose of adding to his knowledge of the skin diseases affecting an ill-nourished peasantry. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1881, and died at Westgate-on-Sea, Kent in 1884.He had married Charlotte Mary Doherty in 1841; they had no children. After the death of his wife, the bulk of his property, some £200,000, went to the Royal College of Surgeons. Philanthropic works

He made a large fortune by his successful practice and by skilful investments, and since he had no family he devoted a great deal of his money to charitable and educational purposes. In 1869 he founded the chair and museum of dermatology in the Royal College of Surgeons, of which he was chosen president in 1881, and which just before his death awarded him its honorary gold medal, which had been founded in 1800 and only awarded on six previous occasions. He also founded a professorship of pathology at the University of Aberdeen and paid for the vast medical library at the Hunterian Museum, London where his bust takes pride of place at the end of the library. In 1878 he earned the thanks of the nation on different grounds, by defraying the expense of bringing the Egyptian obelisk called Cleopatra's Needle from Alexandria to London, where it was erected on the Thames Embankment. The British Government had not thought it worth the expense of transportation.This is now one of London's best known landmarks. <mask> <mask> was also closely associated with the Royal Medical Benevolent College in Epsom, Surrey, now Epsom College. One of the boarding houses '<mask> House' established in 1873 is named after him and carries his name on the foundation stone located to the north east corner of the building, right of the entrance. Famous statements
1878: "When the Paris Exhibition closes, electric light will close with it and no more be heard of." Text above was based on an entry from the 1902 edition of Britannica, It may need some updating or revision

Published works as known
  Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
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  (Reprinted from the British Medical Journal). Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  (Reprinted from the British Medical Journal). Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
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  Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)

Note: Internet Archives lists more copies of some of these titles. Not all were checked. Some may be duplicates, and some may be later editions.The sample above shows that some titles had multiple subsequent editions. Also for books prior to 1881, <mask> did not have the title Sir, as he had not yet been knighted. References

External links

 Biography in Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online

1809 births
1884 deaths
Medical doctors from London
British surgeons
British dermatologists
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
People educated at Dartford Grammar School
People from Westgate-on-Sea

masks:
William James Erasmus Wilson
Sir Erasmus Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Erasmus
Wilson
Wilson
Erasmus
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


title: Alice Instone

texts:
<mask> (born 4 June 1975) is an English artist. She is known for making work concerned with gender, personal narrative and the similarities that bind us together; frequently collaborating with well-known public figures. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1975 and grew up in East Sussex. She studied English at King's College London and history of art at The Courtauld Institute of Art. She worked as an English teacher and for the advertising agencies WCRS and J. Walter Thompson before becoming an artist in 2005. Art
<mask>'s work often uses shared behaviours, emotions, associations and memories – from our to-do lists, to our shoes, to memories of our grandmothers – to hold a mirror to both our individual psyches and our collective unconscious. Themes of intimacy and ritual, memory and the passing of time run through her work and she often appropriates historical stories and images.Her exhibitions are often interactive – thousands of visitors contributed to-do lists to her installation for The Pram in the Hall in 2016, whilst visitors to her magic art caravan in 2018 received readings from ‘The Grandmother’ through her Deck of Archetypes. Participant narratives are an important theme and she uses art as a mechanism for personal revelation. Instone frequently exhibits in found or non-commercial spaces from the House of Commons, to a former brothel and the banks of the River Thames. She has had solo projects with the United Nations, the British Houses of Parliament, the National Trust, the British Medical Association, No 10 Downing Street, the Royal Society of Arts and global organisations including Ernst and Young, Allen & Overy, Rothschild, Herbert Smith, Chanel and Oxfam. Instone has collaborated with numerous public figures including musicians Annie Lennox, Beverley Knight, Alison Goldfrapp and Dame Evelyn Glennie, barristers Baroness Kennedy and Cherie Blair, Secretary of State Baroness Scotland, Scientist Professor Baroness Greenfield, actresses Helen McCrory, Sadie Frost and Emilia Fox, model Elle Macpherson, human rights campaigner Bianca Jagger, artists Sir Peter Blake, Chantal Joffe and Fiona Banner, designers Bella Freud, <mask>, Anya Hindmarch and Nicole Farhi, Lord Chief Justice Baron Woolf, talk show host Amanda de Cadanet, photographer Pattie Boyd, Shadow Attorney General Baroness Shami Chakrabarti, playwright Sir David Hare and producer Emma Freud amongst others. Exhibitions

21 21st Century Women, 2008
Instone's first solo show depicted 21 powerful contemporary women in response to the vast quantity of deliberately powerful-looking male portraits she found in the National Portrait Gallery – and the absence of female counterparts. The staggeringly few portraits that were there being wives, mothers and the occasional monarch.<mask> addressed the way we consume images of women (and the narrow range of feminine archetypes on offer) and what she perceived as ‘Lady Macbeth Syndrome’, including the demonisation of powerful women in the popular press. The paintings aimed to change the way women are characterised – representing them as influential and unashamedly powerful. Sitters included Annie Lennox (who wrote an accompanying article on being a feminist), Cherie Blair, Baroness Patricia Scotland, Baroness Helena Kennedy, Professor Baroness Susan Greenfield, Fiona Bruce, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Dame Jacqueline Wilson, Anya Hindmarch and Shami Chakrabarti. Chris Hastings from The Telegraph wrote;“They are among the most well-known women in Britain but the chances are that you have never seen them like this before….. <mask>'s (work) challenges the way women are traditionally portrayed. "The works were exhibited at The House of Commons, The Royal Society of Arts and Ernst & Young’s headquarters. Interview with a Shoe, 2009
Instone's second show was entitled Interview with a Shoe, and featured a collection of portraits of people through their favourite shoes. The collaboration between the artist and the owners of the shoes revealed the wearer through the pair they chose.Instone found shoes to be extraordinarily emotive and tied up with our values. Many of the shoes came with highly emotional stories or memories (for example the shoes that Annie Lennox wore to the Las Vegas Wedding of Bob Geldof and Paula Yates). Instone also painted the mountains of discarded shoes at the Oxfam Wastesaver Depot and made a number of shoe sculptures exploring the negative messages women are bombarded with in daily life, including the constant pressure to consume and the size 0 debate. The exhibition included the shoes of Annie Lennox, Baron Woolf, Bianca Jagger, Elle Macpherson, Sir Peter Blake Nicole Farhi, Sir David Hare, Cherie Blair, Liz and Terry de Havilland, Laura Bailey, Emma Freud, Pat Cash, <mask>, Joe Corre and Beverley Knight amongst others. Jennie Murray interviewed her about the exhibition for Radio 4 Woman's Hour in May 2009. The works were exhibited at Northampton Museum, home to the world's largest shoe collection. "We all have a favourite pair of shoes and they often reveal something about us without us even realising… <mask> has a talent for capturing something quite functional to evoke its charm and make an emotional connection."- Elle Macpherson

The House of Fallen Women, 2010
In 2010, Instone's series titled The House of the Fallen Woman opened at The House of St Barnabas in Soho, a former refuge for destitute women. Portraying infamous women from history, the work played on the theme of female notoriety by again using several famous or well-known sitters, including Emilia Fox as Marie Antoinette, Annie and Lola Lennox as Elizabeth I and Helen of Troy, Cherie and Kathryn Blair as Eleanor of Acquitaine and Kathryn Swynford, <mask> as Mata Hari, Emma Freud as Emma Hamilton and Caitlin Moran as Kitty Fisher. The exhibition also included a series of prints of the different words for ‘a female of loose morals’ entitled Slag Spiral, which were also exhibited in a former brothel in Archer Street, Soho. India Knight wrote in The Evening Standard:"The women in these paintings paid the highest prices for their “transgressions”. We don’t have to, and the very least we can do is raise a glass to them in all their bad, wild, brave, magnificent glory." Because a Fire Was In My Head, 2012
Instone’s 2012 solo show explored the role of the female muse in history and art history. The title of the show is a line from a W B Yeats poem.Instone stated that the sexually charged paintings aimed to express the conviction that painting and making marks on a surface can achieve a sense of reality like no other medium. The depiction of a breastfeeding woman in the painting ‘Pax’ prompted Baroness Helena Kennedy QC to write:
"I love this painting. Any woman who has breastfed knows the experience of shooting milk darts with abandon. It makes me laugh that people are so squeamish about lactating breasts. We are happy to have women’s nakedness draped over cars and festooning page 3 but the very function for which breasts primarily exist so often evokes grunts of disapproval or prim censure. <mask> has captured the sensuousness of the whole business. It’s beautiful."Caitlin Moran wrote in The Times:"Although all the [paintings] are stunning, my favourite reminds me of the story of the tram crash that injured the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Impaled on a massive shard of metal, Kahlo came round to discover that someone on the tram had been carrying a tin of gold paint, and she was now covered in it. Gilded like a living human idol. A painful, disturbing and new image of womanhood. "The work was exhibited The Cob Gallery in London. She Should Have Known Better, 2013
In her 2012 exhibition at the former home of writer Henry James (now owned by the National Trust) Instone drew from James’ heroines and his themes of freedom, transgression and female virtue, to showcase women who broke the rules. The subjects also included contemporary women; moving from James’ Daisy Miller to pop star Hyon Song-wol, former girlfriend of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, reportedly executed by firing squad.Portraits included Helen McCrory as Lilith (Adam's wife before Eve), and a roster of women given a terrible press during their lifetimes paralleled the way women who dare to put their heads above the media parapet are punished in the press today – their appearance mocked, their morals scrutinised and their ambition imbued with sinister qualities. The Observer wrote:"She is a sympathetic mixture of distrait glamour and robust feminism...  <mask> is more than a portraitist. She is a casting director." The Pram in the Hall, 2016
Overwhelmed by her to-do lists after having children, <mask> collected the lists of well-known women and laid them out for the public to examine. She also made large, glittering, layered prints of her personal lists – reflecting her state of mind. She then invited the public to bring their own lists and add them to a large-scale installation. Nancy Durrant, Arts Editor of The Times wrote:"It’s such good snooping….an exhibition by the artist <mask> offers a peek into the day-to-day lives of Cherie Blair, Emma Freud and Shami Chakrabarti in their own words… Yet she also thinks of them as tiny, candid portraits, a sort of opposite to the Instagram edit of someone’s life, with all the tedious, incidental details intact… <mask>’s interest in the imbalance of domestic work… is a continuation of the artists’s long-held fascination with women and power." <mask> was subsequently featured in Jenny Eclair’s Radio 4 programme A List Free Day. The exhibition opened at 1 Cathedral Street, London in conjunction with International Women’s Day 2016. Playing Cards with My Grandmother, 2018
In Spring 2018, <mask> represented visual arts for UN Women and created a magic art caravan that travelled round London as part of her initiative to make art more democratic. The project explored the notion that ‘what we share is more powerful than what divides us’. Taking the card games she played as a child with her grandmother as her starting point, <mask> created a card deck of archetypes for the project, drawn from stories around the globe, which offered grandmotherly advice. Visitors were welcomed into a jewel-like, enchanted world to play a game of cards or experience the intimacy, ritual and catharsis of a card reading.Visitors were then invited to record the name and any memories about their grandmother in The Book of Grandmothers. The caravan was stationed outside Canary Wharf Tube in Reuters Plaza, at the top of Carnaby Street and in front of Tate Modern Bankside, overlooking the River Thames. Instone in Hollywood
In 2015 Instone began as artist in residence at the Hollywood hotel, the Chateau Marmont. Tell Me Everything You Saw And What You Think It Means and the accompanying book, published by Pallas Athene are expected in February 2019. Publications
 The Grandmother’s Tarot, published March 2018 by Pallas Athene
 The Pram In the Hall, published May 2018 by Pallas Athene
 Tell Me Everything You Saw And What You Think It Means, 2019 by Pallas Athene

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
20th-century British women artists
21st-century British women artists
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
British contemporary painters
English women painters
People from East Sussex
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people

masks:
Alice Instone
Instone
Instone
Alice Temperley
Instone
Alice Instone
Alice Temperley
Alice
Alice Temperley
Alice
Instone
Instone
Alice Instone
Instone
Instone
Instone
Instone


title: Francis Petre

texts:
<mask> (27 August 1847 – 10 December 1918), sometimes known as <mask>, was a New Zealand-born architect based in Dunedin. He was an able exponent of the Gothic revival style, one of its best practitioners in New Zealand. He followed the Catholic Church's initiative to build places of worship in Anglo-Saxon countries inspired by Romance forms of architecture. His basilica Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, in Christchurch was demolished in 2021. Able to work competently in a wide diversity of architectural styles, he was also notable for his pioneering work in concrete development and construction. He designed numerous public and private buildings, many of which are still standing in and around Dunedin. His outstanding buildings are a few of his churches and seminaries, the basis of his international reputation.Early life

Petre was a descendant of Dorothy Wadham, a progenitrix of an English crypto-Catholic family and the foundress of Wadham College at Oxford in England in the 17th century. In the 19th century the family was again able to declare its faith. The architect's grandfather invested in the second New Zealand Company. The Petres were an aristocratic family from Ingatestone in Essex, England. <mask>re's immediate family was one of the first and most prominent colonial families of New Zealand; Petre Bay, Chatham Island was named after them, as—originally—was the town of Wanganui in the North Island. The Wellington suburb of Thorndon was named after their Thorndon Hall estate in England. Petre was the son of the Hon Henry William <mask>, who first came to New Zealand in 1840 as director of the New Zealand Company of which his own father, William Henry <mask>, 11th Baron Petre, had been chairman.The New Zealand Company had been set up to promote the colonisation of New Zealand, and bought, sometimes dubiously, thousands of hectares of land from the Māori. Consequently, <mask> was one of the founders of Wellington. He was also colonial treasurer of New Munster Province. Henry seems to have been a man of strange appearance, from the description by his contemporary, the New Zealand social commentator Charlotte Godley: "He is immensely tall and thin and looks like a set of fire irons badly hung together". <mask> was born in 1847 at Petone, today a suburb of Lower Hutt in the North Island, which was one of the earliest British settlements in New Zealand. In 1855, in the then British colonial tradition, Petre was sent to England to be educated. He attended the Jesuit school Mount St Mary's College near Sheffield in the north of England.After four years, he left to attend the Royal Naval College, then at Portsmouth (the college moved to Greenwich in 1869). Finding himself unsuited to a naval career he pursued his education in France, where he attended the charismatic priest Benoit Haffreingue's college at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Returning to England, he completed his education at Ushaw College, Durham. Members of British aristocratic families would generally be possessed of a private income and often entered one of the military services or the church, although other professions were becoming increasingly common. As the third son of the younger son of a peer, it was always clear that Petre would have to provide his own income, and consequently he was apprenticed from 1864 to 1869 to Joseph Samuda of London, a shipbuilder and engineer. Here he received his training in the techniques and skills of concrete manufacturing, which he was to employ with great acclaim in his later architectural career. Around 1869 Petre qualified as an architect and engineer, and after a brief period in private practice in London working for architect and engineer Daniel Cubitt Nicholls he returned to New Zealand in 1872.He was then employed as an engineer by railway contractors Brogden and Sons. During this period, he oversaw the construction of both the Blenheim–Picton and Dunedin–Balclutha railway lines, as well as the draining of parts of the Taieri Plains and the construction of tunnels on the Otago Central Railway, some of which are today open to the public as part of the Otago Central Rail Trail. When these tasks were completed, he set up his own practice as an engineer and architect in Liverpool Street, Dunedin. Architect

From 1875 Petre seems to have devoted his life to architecture. Working by the standard of his day he designed in the Gothic revival style, which he praised for

the great richness and delicacy of detail, and the closer application of geometrical rules to architecture–more especially in the window tracery which exhibits greater variety of design, together with an easier and more perfect flow into the various parts of the whole structure. The English Gothic revival style had become popular for Protestant church architecture in the British colonies, as it had in Britain itself, following the rise of the Oxford Movement—a school of Anglo-Catholic intellectuals who felt that medieval Gothic architecture inspired a greater spirituality than other styles based on non-Christian temples. The Roman Catholic Church, however, of which Petre was a member, wishing to be distinctive, adopted southern continental forms of Gothic and Renaissance architecture.Thus it was that the Catholic Church gave Petre his greatest opportunities of proving his worth as an architect by producing Cathedrals, Basilicas and churches in revived French and Italian styles. Petre's early speciality was his work in mass concrete, at the time a novel building material in New Zealand. Widely used by the ancient Romans the formula for making it was lost and a new one only invented in the 18th century. Three of Petre's earliest projects were all constructed in this material: Judge Chapman's house (today known as "Castlamore"), the clifftop villa nicknamed Cargill's Castle in 1876, and St. Dominic's Priory in 1877. However, according to the whims of his patrons, he did also work with more conventional building materials. St Dominic's Priory, Dunedin

Petre described the style of his 1876–77 creation, St Dominic's Priory, as Anglo-Saxon, referring to the straight-sloped window apertures. The style of the building, however, was very much of Petre's own interpretation and only lightly influenced by Anglo-Saxon architecture.The building is notable for its use of poured concrete, a comparatively new building material in 1870s New Zealand, but one well suited to the creation of the large number of windows in the building's facade. The structure is simultaneously grand and austere, reflecting well its use as a convent. St Dominic's Priory was the largest un-reinforced concrete building in the southern hemisphere (steel reinforcing being then a little used construction method), and earned Petre the lasting nickname of "Lord Concrete". Cathedrals
F. W. Petre designed three of New Zealand's cathedrals, each distinguished by a different architectural style: St Joseph's Cathedral in Dunedin, the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Wellington and the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch. 1878 St Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin
While Petre designed many churches, schools, public buildings, and private houses, his largest and grandest project, the Roman Catholic cathedral at Dunedin, was never fully completed. The entrance facade and the nave are built to the original design, and reveal the cathedral as a prime example of the French Gothic Revival. St Joseph's Cathedral, standing next to St Dominic's Priory, is reminiscent of many of the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe, with its twin towers and central rose window—Chartres and Notre Dame come to mind, although the original design if completed with its tower would have produced a building more like Rouen Cathedral.The architect's intention was for a mighty structure, with the twin towers dwarfed by a lofty spire some 60 metres (200 ft) in height, which would have been a magnificent edifice. In the event, the project stalled when a prudent Roman Catholic diocese reluctant to incur unnecessary debt with the onset of the 1880s depression postponed further work. Petre's intention, which is clear from the almost 90 pages of drawings held in the diocesan archives, was to design the most impressive cathedral in Australasia. Building began in 1878 and the structure was consecrated in 1886. Its construction is notable for its foundations: 40 massive concrete piles, each over 1.2 metres (four feet) in width, sunk 10 metres (35 ft) into the ground, give the cathedral a firm foundation on the volcanic bedrock. The nave is 24 metres (80 ft) in length and 16 metres (52 ft) in height. The walls are in black basalt with dressings of white Oamaru stone, a combination for which Dunedin and Christchurch architecture is noted (see also Dunedin Railway Station).Petre was later to have two further opportunities for cathedral design, but St. Joseph's remains his largest work in the Gothic style. 1901 Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Wellington

That Wellington's principal Roman Catholic cathedral is today a small, but quite perfect, Romano-Grecian temple is entirely the result of chance. The Sacred Heart Basilica, now a cathedral, was originally designed and conceived as a church to mark the site of the fire-gutted St Mary's Cathedral. Petre had strong family connections to the site, as it and an adjacent plot, now the site of St Mary's College, had been given to the Roman Catholic Church by his father and grandfather. The original cathedral, a grand Gothic structure complete with flying buttresses, had been built in 1850 but was destroyed by fire in 1898. Within two days Petre had been asked to design a new church on the site. A decision was taken, however, to build the new Cathedral nearer the more densely populated areas of Wellington, Te Aro and Newtown.Petre later published plans for this cathedral in 1903, describing his proposed structure as "Roman, bordering on to Florentine Renaissance, treated liberally". This cathedral project never came to fruition, but what was quickly constructed was the Church, or Basilica, of "The Sacred Heart" on the razed cathedral site. Architectural ideas of the mid-19th century advanced by such architects as Pugin, and still adhered to by the recently deceased prominent New Zealand architect Benjamin Mountfort, decreed that only Gothic was suitable for Christian worship. Ignoring these old-fashioned and now expensive rules, Petre designed the new church in the Palladian style, which in this country had only a few years before been considered almost too heretical for worship. The design was theatrical in the extreme. The imposing principal facade of Oamaru Stone consisted almost solely of one huge portico constructed of six ionic columns, while the facade was crowned by a high pediment more in the style of Vitruvius than Palladio, and behind the great facade stretched the single body of the church, with the remaining facades in a less severe Romanesque style. Considering that his brief was that "a serviceable church in brick should be erected on the site of the old Cathedral", it is amazing that such an almost avant-garde style should have been permitted.The completed structure would not be out of place in 17th century or 18th century Rome or Venice. The interior of the church continued the Palladian theme. The large nave was colonnaded, with the columns supporting a clerestory of arch-topped windows, while the chancel was approached through an enormous arch that mirrored the classic Palladian Serlian arch, providing theatre and drama at the high altar. The flat compartmentalised ceiling is a more restrained version of that of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice. Unfortunately, the church's twin bell towers had to be removed following an earthquake in 1942. The cost of the new church was taken from funds intended for the construction of the new cathedral, thus delaying that project. After seventy years of delays, the intention to build the new cathedral was finally abandoned.In 1984, following new enlargements and additions, Petre's church of the Sacred Heart was reconsecrated as Wellington's principal Roman Catholic Cathedral. In 1901 when the church was designed, Petre's use of the Palladian as a style for such a high-profile building would have been unusual in New Zealand. 1904 Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch

Of all Petre's many designs, the most outstanding is usually considered to be the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch, commonly known as the Christchurch Basilica. Commenced in 1901, it replaced a smaller wooden church designed by Benjamin Mountfort that had been in use since 1864. The cathedral was officially opened on 12 February 1905, a mere four years after construction began. The building, said by some to be based on the 19th-century Church of Vincent-de-Paul in Paris, has been held to be the finest renaissance style building in Australasia. Forsaking Mountfort's 19th-century

masks:
Francis William Petre
Frank Petre
Francis Pet
Petre
Francis Petre
Henry Petre
Francis Petre


title: Francis Petre

texts:
 Gothic, Petre designed the new church in a Renaissance, Italian basilica style, albeit with one major exception.Ignoring Renaissance convention, Petre obtained a greater visual impact by siting the Italianate green copper-roofed dome not above the crossing (as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome), but directly above the sanctuary. In Petre's opinion, this design element, coupled with the Byzantine apse, added extra grandeur and theatre to the high altar set in the tribune. The nave and chancel roofs were supported by colonnades of ionic columns and the entrance facade of the cathedral was flanked by twin towers in the manner of many of Europe's great renaissance churches. While often likened to St. Paul's Cathedral in London, it is conceivable that the greatest influence behind this great structure was Benoit Haffreingue. During Petre's formative years studying under Haffreingue in France, Haffreingue had been the driving force of the reconstruction of the Basilica of Notre-Dame in Boulogne-sur-Mer, a French cathedral that has a very similar plan to that of The Blessed Sacrament, including the controversial siting of the dome over the altar rather than the centre of the cathedral. The cathedral, constructed of concrete sheathed in Oamaru limestone, was widely acclaimed, causing the famous author George Bernard Shaw to describe Petre as a "New Zealand Brunelleschi". Fifty men were employed on the site, and in excess of 120,000 cubic ft (3400 m³) of stone, 4000 cubic ft (110 m³) of concrete, and 90 tons of steel were used in the construction.Problems with finding suitable stone for the construction of such a large structure caused financial difficulties during the construction, and a special bill was pushed through parliament by then Premier Richard Seddon to aid with the financing of the building. The total cost to the Roman Catholic diocese was £52,000. After sustaining minor damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, the cathedral was seriously damaged by the February 2011 earthquake. Both bell towers collapsed and the main dome was destabilised. The upper parts of the cathedral are being dismantled, and the main dome has been removed. In August 2019, there is well founded and widespread speculation that the cathedral would have to be demolished as complete renovation would too costly, and partial renovation would leave the building “not fit for purpose.”

Other churches

Apart from the many smaller churches Petre designed (see List of buildings by <mask>re) there are several notable ones in a similar design to the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament and St Patrick's Basilica, Oamaru. These are St Patrick's Basilica, Waimate, St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill, Sacred Heart Basilica, Timaru, (the Timaru Basilica), and St Patrick's Basilica, South Dunedin.All are large and impressive churches. St Patrick's Basilica, South Dunedin explores a Palladian Revival style, and was Petre's first departure form the neo-gothic style of St Joseph's Dunedin. The building has many significant architectural features. This photograph shows how the walls are constructed using a succession of arches surmounted by stone which forms part of the roofs of the aisles. Domestic architecture
The styles in which F. W<mask> designed his private houses were as diverse as those of his cathedrals and churches. It seems that, unlike many notable architects, he designed according to the wishes of his clients: those who wanted a castle received a castle, and those who wished for a small mansion disguised as an English Tudor cottage were equally fortunate. A large private residence designed by Petre can be found in Lovelock Avenue, Dunedin.It was originally built for Judge Chapman in 1875 and christened "Woodside", though it has been known throughout much of its history as "Castlamore". This imposing structure sits on the slopes of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens close to the University of Otago, and is an exercise in restraint. The castle atmosphere is there, almost a Scottish baronial castle, but the battlements are merely hinted at by stepped gables. Large bay windows, allowing light to flood in, again merely hint at the Gothic; one has to study them closely to perceive that they consist of a series of lancet type windows. The large octagonal chimneys reflect the design rather than being ostentatious. Thus, the design appears as a comfortable dwelling complete with loggia and conservatory. A lesser architect might not have been able to resist the addition of a small turret or pinnacle.Petre's ingenuity lay in knowing how to mix large windows and more comfortable features with the medieval, and then ascertaining the exact moment to halt the Gothic theme before it became a pastiche of the original. In this way Petre was referring in a modest way to the original Gothic revival period as conceived by such architects as James Wyatt, rather than the later Gothic, after it had fallen under the ecclesiastical Anglo-Catholic influences of such architects as Augustus Pugin in England, and Benjamin Mountfort in New Zealand. One of Petre's abilities was that he could vary his styles of architecture. In 1883 he built a mansion in Christchurch known as "Llanmaes" for a local merchant. The style selected came to be known in New Zealand as the "English Cottage" style. This was a complete reversal of his previous work: rather than impressive grandeur, this style was intended to evoke nostalgic rustic charm. Similar in nature to the work of George Devey at a similar time in England, the style was a form of idealised Tudor with half-timbered black beams set into white painted walls, beneath beamed gables and tiled roofs.This form of design eventually became very popular in New Zealand from around 1910. Two of Petre's "English Cottages" exist close to each other in Cliffs Road, Dunedin, overlooking the sea in the suburb of St Clair. Pinner House (pictured below) is a perfect example of this traditional style, adapted for the brighter and warmer southern climate, with large windows and verandahs. It was built in the 1880s for Aufrere Fenwick, one of Dunedin's main stockbrokers. Opposite, a very similar house was constructed by Petre for his own residence. Personal life

One of Petre's first large houses, the folly-like Cargill's Castle, was built for Edward Cargill, at the time a local politician, a former member of parliament (1862–1865), and later a mayor of Dunedin. It is also very likely that Petre was the supervisor of the construction of a tunnel that Cargill had driven to a private secluded beach below the castle (today known as Tunnel Beach).The Italianate mansion (called a castle) was gutted by fire in the 1940s, and is today a preserved ruin. While designing the house, Petre fell in love with Cargill's daughter Margaret. After a difficult courtship (due to Petre's staunch Catholicism and the Cargill family's equally staunch Presbyterianism) the couple were eventually permitted to marry, the wedding taking place in the villa's principal salon on 1 March 1881. Petre and his wife had thirteen children; Petre himself had been the third child of sixteen. In 1903, Petre was appointed Consular Agent for Italy in Dunedin following the death of Edward Cargill. He was a founder member of the New Zealand Institute of Architects, was elected a Fellow in 1905, and was president of the institute in 1907–08. Unusually for a man at the peak of his profession, Petre was known as congenial and popular.He died at Dunedin, in December 1918, following 42 years of architectural practice and two days after the opening of the finally completed St Patrick's Basilica, Oamaru. He was buried at the Andersons Bay Cemetery, Dunedin. Evaluation
Dunedin was a dynamic place for an architect to be in the late 19th century, due to its great prosperity and subsequent expansion just before and after 1900. These were largely the result of the Central Otago goldrush of the 1860s, the subsequent development of the refrigerated meat export trade and then the gold-dredging boom. Petre certainly did not obtain his many important commissions because of a lack of competing architects. The equally versatile R. A. Lawson was responsible for several important buildings in the city including the neoclassical ANZ Bank building and the Gothic revival Presbyterian First Church. W. B. Armson designed the Italian Renaissance Bank of New Zealand building in 1879, and George Troup was responsible for the magnificent Dunedin Railway Station.Nor did Petre obtain work, with the possible exception of the Sacred Heart Basilica at Wellington, because of his family connections. On the contrary, his Catholicism, at the height of the British Empire, possibly lost him more ecclesiastical commissions than those for which he was ever engaged. What stood out was his engineer's practicalities at overcoming almost impossible difficulties. St. Joseph's Cathedral was built not only on the side of a hill, but also in a gully. His pioneering work with concrete and steel was of enormous value in a country where earthquakes were a constant risk. Petre's buildings, in whatever style, all have one common denominator: an attention to the smallest detail. It was said that his drawings of stones, window traceries, arches and ornamentation were so precise that stonemasons could execute his intentions from one single drawing.It is this attention to detail which is outstanding, whether the simple carving on the capital of an Ionic column or the heavy ornate work on the monumental corbel of a Gothic design. While this precision enabled him to work as successfully in a wide range of styles as he did, it in no way inhibited his sense of developing design. In his own words, an architectural style could be "treated liberally", and this is the key to the individuality of his designs. Dunedin's Royal Exchange building is a Palladian town Palace, yet has an almost Rastrellian restrained baroque design. Cargill's Castle would not have looked out of place in the Cimini Hills; it also has an almost hacienda spirit. His work in the Gothic style was lighter and more delicate than that of Alfred Waterhouse, and equal in detail to Augustus Pugin's. It has been said of his work that he never fully developed his vision or overcame the limitations of his training, but his experience as an engineer equipped him to find sound innovative solutions to construction problems.His placing the dome at the Blessed Sacrament over the altar has also been criticised, as many feel it does not cohere to the design. However, others feel it was a stroke of genius, enhancing the interior. <mask>'s work cannot be judged against that of the great classical architects of the northern hemisphere, who so clearly influenced him. He did not create a style or have a revival period named after him. His achievement was adapting and developing so many established styles well; whether through the new techniques of steel or concrete, or through more traditional building methods. He was given amazing opportunities to prove himself worthy as an accomplished and inspired architect; the many monumental buildings with which he provided New Zealand are testimony to his talent. See also
 List of buildings by <mask>re

Notes

References
 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Volume Two (1870–1900) (1993).Hamilton PR. (1986) <mask>re: 1847–1918. An Investigation into New Zealand Architectural Biography. MA Thesis, University of Auckland. Knight, H., and Wales, N. (1988). Buildings of Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd. .
 New Zealand Tablet published Dunedin.Issues of; 27 Apr 1877, 12 Sep 1884, 28 Sep 1877, 17 Nov 1882, 13 Jul 1883, 11 Nov 1887, 18, May 1888, 25 Jan 1889, 15 Jan 1892, 29 Jan 1892, 12 Feb 1892, 11 Nov 1892, 15 Dec 1893, 4 May 1894, 1 Jul 1894, 11 Oct 1895, 20 Dec 1895, 13 Mar 1896, 11 Feb 1898, 3 Jun 1898, 10 Jun 1898, 24 Jun 1898, 26 Jan 1899, 13 Apr 1899, 17 May 1900, 21 Mar 1901, 4 Jul 1901, 20 Feb 1902, 18 Jun 1903, 22 Oct 1903, 8 Jun 1905, 3 May 1906, 22 Aug 1907, 22 Apr 1909, 1 Jul 1909, 16 Feb 1905, 20 Jun 1907, 22 Aug 1907
 NZ Historic Places magazine, June 1984, p. 10–11. March 1995, p. 33–34
 Stacpoole, J. (1976). Colonial architecture in New Zealand. A H & A W Reed. The Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1903. Entry for Petre, <mask>.full text portrait

Further reading
 Herd, J., and Griffiths, G.J. (1980). Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd. . External links

 Llanmaes. Petre's English Cottage style
 Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch NZ
 Wellington Cathedral
 His profile in Peerage.com

19th-century New Zealand architects
New Zealand people of English descent
People from Dunedin
1847 births
1918 deaths
Francis
Burials at Andersons Bay Cemetery
People educated at Mount St Mary's College
New Zealand ecclesiastical architects
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Architects of cathedrals
New Zealand Roman Catholics
Cargill family (New Zealand)
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
20th-century New Zealand

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<mask> (November 27, 1900 – January 25, 1976) was an American author, consul and political activist noted for his opposition to the entry of the United States into World War II. He served in the foreign service as a consul stationed in Canada and China from 1931 to 1933. Shortly after returning to the United States he came to prominence through his book Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China, a harsh critique of Chinese culture which became a widely controversial bestseller. <mask> became a  prominent advocate of non-interventionism, and in the 1930s and 1940s was well known for his vocal opposition to the Roosevelt administration's foreign policy from a pro-Japanese and pro-neutrality point of view. Following the US entry into World War II <mask> was arrested for acting as a Japanese agent without registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. He pleaded guilty, admitting that he had accepted payments before the war from a propaganda organization funded by the Japanese government, but denying that he was a Japanese agent. He received a prison sentence and while serving was involved in the Great Sedition Trial.After the war <mask> moved to Fairfax, Virginia, where he died on 25 January 1976. His writings continue to be influential in far-right circles. Early life, 1900–33
<mask> was born on November 27, 1900 in Raynham, North Carolina to "one of Robeson county's oldest and most prominent families." He was the son of Richard Walter <mask> (1859–1937) and Mara Aurora McDuffie <mask> (1866–1906). He had four sisters and brothers, including <mask>, Sr. After graduating from Mount Hermon Preparatory School in Massachusetts, he attended Columbia University in New York City and in 1924 received his degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He worked as a journalist in San Francisco for several years before returning to New York where he taught English at Columbia University from 1927 to 1930. On 11 November 1930 he passed the foreign service test and was posted to Montreal, Canada, as vice-consul on 20 December 1930.His second assignment was to Shanghai, where he officially served as vice-consul between 10 December 1931 and 9 January 1932, though a two-month temporary detail kept him in the city long enough to witness the Shanghai Incident firsthand. After that he was stationed in Fuzhou up to his resignation from the service on 1 March 1933. Writing on Asian affairs, 1933–37
<mask>'s experiences in China formed the basis of his first book Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China, the release of which on November 10, 1933 put <mask> in the spotlight both nationally and internationally. Billed as doing "for China what Katherine Mayo did for Mother India", <mask>'s book included a controversial critique of Chinese society and culture. At a time when China was in the grip of civil strife, <mask> believed that the source of its problems lay in fundamental defects in the ethics of its people, including above all their propensity for dishonesty, lack of fixed loyalties outside of their family group, and inability to cooperate effectively with one another, as well as their greed, physical cowardice, and lack of critical thinking skills. He concludes that the "outstanding characteristics" of the Chinese people "neither enable other peoples to deal satisfactorily with them, nor enable the Chinese to deal satisfactorily with themselves" and predicts no end to chaotic conditions within the country. He also favorably contrasts what he considers Japan's sensible policies toward China with the naively "sentimentalist" ones adopted by the United States.Ways That Are Dark became a bestseller and attracted vociferous reactions from both critics and supporters. Writing for Current History, E. Francis Brown praised the book as "a welcome antidote to much that has been written in recent years and some of its conclusions might be well pondered by those who shape America's Far Eastern Policy," but by contrast the prominent sinologist Owen Lattimore denounced the work as "a general indictment of a whole race" which lacked insight, relied on second-hand accounts, and would "only convince people who are convinced already." The book itself was entangled in the political turmoil it discussed, being banned by the government of China but distributed free of charge by the government of Japan. The Robesonian, a newspaper of <mask>'s native county, reported in February 1934 that he had "aroused more glowing praise and bitter abuse for his lectures and written comments on China than any other recent speaker and writer on Far East affairs." <mask> moved from New York back to San Francisco in 1934 where he continued to write and give lectures on Asian issues as well as teaching classes at Stanford University and advertising for the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation. Until 1941 he resided in a number of Californian cities near San Francisco. In 1936, <mask> published his second book, Asia Answers, in which he heaps praise on what he deems to be Japan's thriving political, economic, and cultural model and its growing and positive influence in Asia.He attributes anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States to pro-communist "liberals", above all the sensationalist newspaper editors and journalists who, he believes, despise Japan due to its status as the leading capitalist nation in Asia. He condemns liberals for having already wrecked the US economy, warns of a possible communist takeover of the United States, and ends by advocating that America resist anti-Japanese warmongering and adopt a foreign policy of neutrality towards Asia. <mask> predicted that Asia Answers might have a frosty reception from reviewers because of what he alleged to be the pro-Soviet biases of the media, and indeed, the book received negative coverage in The China Weekly Review, The Times Literary Supplement, The Times of India, and The Living Age, the last of which deemed Asia Answers a work "suspiciously similar to press releases by the Tokyo Foreign Office" which would appeal to "none except avowed Fascists". Among the book's detractors was also Pearl S. Buck who described it as "so fraught with the prejudices and personality of the writer that it is impossible to criticize any of it without involving the author's whole scheme." On the other hand, the book was received more positively in Japan and in Manchukuo, where Sadatomo Koyama, a leader in the Manchuria Youth League, declared that "[<mask>'s] understanding of China is impeccable" and strongly promoted the work. In 1937 <mask> made a trip to Japan coinciding with the release of the book's Japanese translation. Advocate of non-interventionism, 1937–41
After returning from Japan, <mask>, who described himself as a "conservative", was highly active in writing articles, delivering lectures, and making radio broadcasts in support of the movement to keep the United States out of the conflicts in Asia and Europe.In explaining the reason for his participation in the pro-neutrality movement, <mask> stated that while serving as a consul abroad he had "learned enough of the rottenness of international politics ... to wish to do my part of peace for this country." Claiming that publishers would no longer accept anti-interventionist books, <mask> began self-publishing pamphlets. Between 1938 and 1940 he wrote a series of pamphlets which were extremely popular and widely circulated among anti-interventionists. Two of them, The High Cost of Hate and America Has No Enemies In Asia, had a circulation of at least 60,000 copies, while another, There Is No Halfway Neutrality printed 30,000 copies. The last pamphlet in the series, Seeking Foreign Trouble, attracted the attention of the German embassy in Washington DC which bought and distributed more than 500 copies of it. In his pamphlets, <mask> spoke out against boycotting products from Japan, noting that the United States conducted considerably more trade with Japan than China and arguing that peaceful trade with Japan and Nazi Germany would serve the interests of American workers and consumers. He blames "red elements" within China for starting the Second Sino-Japanese War, but praises Japan for the "humane" manner in which its armed forces have behaved in China, believing that it is only the Soviet Union and "a powerful minority" of pro-communist Americans who are conspiring to push America to war with Japan.<mask> predicts that if the Chinese won their war with Japan, the result would be a communist takeover of China, but he dismisses the idea that Japan might launch an attack on the United States as "simply too idiotic to discuss." On Europe he averred similarly that German conduct is largely a defensive reaction to attempts by the British and French governments to "obliterate the Germans as an entity". <mask> became an active member of America First after its formation in 1940, and was invited to speak at America First meetings on at least two occasions. <mask>, however, would appear as a private citizen when he came before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 8 February 1941 in opposition to the Lend-Lease Act. In a widely publicized testimony, <mask> condemned the legislation as tantamount to "a war bill" that would "assign dictatorial powers to the President" and would "make America the unmistakable aggressor against nations which have not sought objectively to molest us." <mask>'s defense of Germany and Japan led him to be labelled as an "agent" and a "propagandist" by his opponents, charges which <mask> denied. His activism brought him to the attention of George Teeple Eggleston, editor of Scribner's Commentator, an anti-interventionist magazine based in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and in June 1941 <mask> accepted an offer to move to Lake Geneva to serve as a contributor to the magazine.Shortly after <mask> became an assistant editor of The Herald. Arrest and imprisonment, 1941–44
<mask>'s first run-in with the law occurred on 25 November 1941 when federal prosecutors investigating German-funded propaganda in the United States sought him to answer questions before a grand jury about Scribner's Commentator. When he could not be found at his home in Lake Geneva a nationwide manhunt was launched, but three weeks later <mask> came forward willingly, claiming he had simply been on vacation in the southern United States and hadn't known he was wanted by the government. On 15 December he stated that he had no knowledge about how Scribner's Commentator was financed, but had strong confidence in the magazine's owners who he knew to be "good Americans." He added that although he had worked to prevent the outbreak of a conflict, he was now fully supportive of the US war effort. It emerged later that Nazi German agents had been surreptitiously bankrolling the magazine. On January 28, 1942, FBI agents arrived at <mask>'s home and arrested him for having acted as a Japanese agent without registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938.A federal investigation into Japanese propaganda which had begun in November 1941 discovered that <mask> had received payments from the Japanese Committee on Trade and Information, a Japanese propaganda organization which had existed between 1937 and 1940. Though <mask> denied being a paid Japanese agent and claimed to be a victim of political persecution, he did admit to having accepting money

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 from the Committee, stating that it was merely a payment in exchange for the bulk sale of his pamphlets. Even so, <mask> opted to plead guilty on 27 March and argued for a lenient sentence on the grounds that he was not aware that his acts were illegal. <mask> also solicited the support of anti-interventionist politicians and he was sent favorable character references by both former Senator Rush D. Holt and his longtime friend Senator Gerald Nye, the latter of whom described <mask> as "a loyal and patriotic American citizen". The presiding justice T. Alan Goldsborough was, however, unmoved, and deeming his crimes "repulsive, obscene and macabre", <mask> was sentenced on 12 June to between 8 and 24 months in prison and was incarcerated in Washington DC. Defendant in the Great Sedition Trial
<mask> became a defendant during his prison term in what would become known as the "Great Sedition Trial". The trial arose from  Roosevelt's conviction, against advice from his Attorney-General Francis Biddle, that the most vocal in defending Nazi Germany be tried for subversion.On July 23, 1942 <mask> and 27 other Americans were charged under the Smith Act and the Espionage Act with having participated in a German-backed conspiracy to publish seditious literature seeking to undermine the morale of members of the United States military. The indictment cited the following statement of <mask>'s, which he had written in 1941 prior to US entry into the war, as proof that he had committed sedition: With a fifth of the earth's people kept under their rule by force, [the British] bleat of fighting to liberate subject populations. Fighting now for the triumph of the bloodiest dictatorship ever known – Soviet Russia – they microphone to listening Americans their pious horror of dictatorships. <mask> was arraigned on August 20, but strongly questioned the view that his writings were subversive as well as the legal foundations of the charges. Along with the other defendants, <mask> was as before strongly defended by senators with anti-interventionist sympathies, including Gerald Nye, who said the defendants were no more guilty of sedition than he had been for speaking out against intervening in the war. In fact there were from the beginning many concerns even within the US government about the validity of the proceedings and their constitutionality, as no clear evidence had yet been uncovered to demonstrate that the defendants were in collusion with Nazi Germany or with each other. These problems led to repeated delays in the formal opening of the trial and the indictment had to be laid down a second time on 4 January 1943 after the first had expired.More delays arose, however, and when the indictment was laid down for a third time on 3 January 1944, <mask>'s name had been dropped from the list. Although Francis Biddle initially said that <mask> would still be subject to prosecution in the future, in the end no further actions were taken. By then <mask> was bankrupted by legal costs and was deserted by most of his friends. Biddle himself later called the sedition case "a dreary farce". At the time The Washington Post reported that before the war <mask> had accepted money from an individual connected to German agents in return for circulating anti-British pamphlets. Despite all this <mask> still insisted that, "I was never anybody's foreign agent. All I published was independently written and 100 per cent American", a stance which he maintained for the remainder of his life.Post-war life, 1945–76
In the early-1950s <mask> moved to Fairfax, Virginia and by the time of his death was considered a "prominent resident". He helped organize the Fairfax Chamber of Commerce, of which he was the executive director, and in this capacity played a leading role in lobbying the CIA to locate its headquarters in Virginia. He also worked in advance of conservation. In 1967 he appeared before the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs as a member of Defenders of Wildlife and between 1972 and 1976 served on that organization's board of directors where he was known for "his insistence on sound financial management." <mask> maintained friendships with far-right figures after the war, including Harry Elmer Barnes and Willis Carto, and for a time he worked as an editor and contributor to Carto's anti-Semitic magazine, The American Mercury, which introduced <mask> as "a former Foreign Service officer who made the mistake of fighting FDR's war plans". <mask> died in Fairfax on 25 January 1976 at the age of 75. Legacy and assessment
Historians have noted the stridency with which <mask> put forward his pro-Japanese views before World War II.Justus Doenecke, for instance, described <mask> as "The most adamant and extreme of the voices in America defending Japanese policy." Judith Papachristou concurs that "Few anti-imperialists were as extreme as isolationist <mask>", though <mask> himself rejected the "isolationist" label during his life, and instead called himself a "realist" and "Pro-Peace". <mask> is still held in esteem by many members of the extreme right in the United States, and recently in Japan as well. After his death his widow Janet turned over his papers to Larry Humphreys, an Oklahoma multimillionaire and supporter of right-wing militia and Christian Identity groups, who referred to <mask> as a man who "knew FDR was trying to entice Japan into attacking the United States, and FDR had him jailed". Humphreys stored <mask>'s papers in his so-called "Heritage Library", though today many of them are held by Barnes Review, an anti-Semitic organization under the leadership of <mask>'s old friend Willis Carto. In 1997, Barnes Review re-published Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China for the first time since World War II with a new foreword written by Carto, who praised <mask> as "a profound, genuinely courageous and painfully honest writer". In 2004 a Japanese translation of the Barnes Review edition of Ways That Are Dark was released in Japan where it became a runaway success and quickly elevated <mask> to "hero" status among the Japanese far right.The opinion of recent scholars on the quality of his writing have been mixed. Limin Chu, who analyzed his articles on China for the Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, considered some of the claims as "either incredibly gullible or deliberately vicious", while historian Justus Doenecke described his pamphlets as "crudely written". In contrast, Peter O'Connor, professor at Musashino University, found the same pamphlets "well-argued and researched." Works by Townsend

Books
Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China. New York: Putnam, 1933. OCLC 2274633
Asia Answers. New York: Putnam, 1936.OCLC 3561777

Pamphlets
Does Japan Slam the Door against American Trade in Areas of Japanese Influence in Asia? San Francisco: Japanese Chamber of Commerce, 1938. OCLC 2812462
There Is No Halfway Neutrality. San Francisco: self-published, 1938. OCLC 12360876
America Has No Enemies In Asia. San Francisco: self-published, 1938. OCLC 1541811
The High Cost of Hate.San Francisco: self-published, 1939. OCLC 58937759
Seeking Foreign Trouble. San Francisco: self-published, 1940. OCLC 11256314
An Appeal to Patriotic Americans. Washington DC: self-published, 1943. OCLC 750182191

Articles
"China Submits to Chaos," Current History, June 1933. "Our Slump in Foreign Pets," The North American Review, August 1933."Mission Schools Curbed in China," New York Times, November 12, 1933. "America Watches Sino-Japanese Relations," Contemporary Japan, June 1934. "Let's Stop Baiting Japan," Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, December 1934. "Meeting Japan's Challenge," Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, June 1935. "Easing the Pacific Tension," Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, July 1935. "La Chine, terre de l'opium," Revue Belge, January 15, 1936. "日本なくばアジアは「赤」," Asahi Shimbun, December 16, 1937."Soviet Propaganda in America," The Far Eastern Review, August 1938. "Pidgin English 'Can Do'," New York Times, January 23, 1939. "Japan: Our Commercial Prize," Scribner's Commentator, November 1940. "Mercy – Strictly Political," Scribner's Commentator, March 1941. "Must We Fight Japan?," Scribner's Commentator, June 1941. "Publicity Reversal Technique," Scribner's Commentator, December 1941. "Sedition ... Then and Now," The American Mercury, Summer 1968."The Context of Pearl Harbor," The American Mercury, Winter 1969. "Saving the Great Dismal Swamp," Defenders of Wildlife News, March 1973. References

Books cited
 Carlson, John Roy, Under cover: My four years in the Nazi underworld of America (Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1943). Cole, Wayne S., America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–41 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953). Doenecke, Justus, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention 1939–1941 (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000). Doenecke, Justus, Anti-intervention: a bibliographical introduction to isolationism and pacifism from World War I to the early Cold War (New York: Garland, 1987). Eggleston, George Teeple, Roosevelt, Churchill, and the World War II Opposition : A Revisionist Autobiography (Old Greenwich, Connecticut: Devin-Adair Co., 1979).Hoke, Henry, It's A Secret (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946). Martell, Edward et al., Who Was Who Among English and European Authors, 1931–1949 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1978). Mintz, Frank P., Revisionism and the Origins of Pearl Harbor (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985). O'Connor, Peter, "General Introduction," in Japanese Propaganda: Selected Readings, Series 2, Volume 1, ed. Peter O'Connor (Tokyo: Edition Synapse, 2005). Rogge, O. John, The Official German Report: Nazi penetration 1924–1942 (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1961). Schonbach, Morris, Native American Fascism During the 1930s and 1940s (New York: Garland, 1985).Steele, Richard W., Free speech in the Good War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999). Tanaka, Hideo, "ラルフ・タウンゼントの思想が現代にうったえてくるもの," in 暗黒大陸中国の真実, (Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo, 2007). <mask>, <mask>, Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China (New York: Putnam, 1933). <mask>, <mask>, Asia Answers (New York: Putnam, 1936). Walker, Samuel, Presidents and Civil Liberties from Wilson to Obama: A Story of Poor Custodians (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012). External links

<mask>'s first book Ways That Are Dark
<mask>'s second book Asia Answers
1938 pamphlet America Has No Enemies in Asia
1939 pamphlet The High Cost of Hate
1940 pamphlet Seeking Foreign Trouble
Transcript of <mask>'s complete 1941 testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

1900 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American anti-war activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political activists
American political writers
Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
Anti-national sentiment
Anti–World War II activists
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Far-right politics in the United States
Non-interventionism
Old Right (United States)
People from Fairfax, Virginia
People from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
People from Robeson County, North Carolina
Writers from North Carolina
Writers from Virginia
Writers from Wisconsin
Activists from California
Activists from New York (state)
Activists from Virginia
American

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