title: Ali Carter

texts:
<mask> (born 25 July 1979) is an English professional snooker player. He has twice been the World Championship runner-up, in 2008 and 2012, losing both finals to Ronnie O'Sullivan. He has won four ranking titles and briefly reached number two in the world rankings in 2010. His nickname, "The Captain", comes from his hobby of piloting aeroplanes. Career
<mask> turned professional in 1996. He first emerged in 1999, winning the WPBSA Association Young Player of the Year award after winning the Benson and Hedges Championship in 1999 – this earned him a wild card place in the Masters. He also reached the semi-finals of the 1999 Grand Prix.It was eight years before he reached another ranking semi-final, the 2007 Malta Cup. He was close to the elite top 16 for three successive seasons ranking as 17, 19, and 19 through 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06, respectively, before reaching it in the 2006–07 season and remaining there in 2008. He reached the last 16 (second round) of the World Championship in 2005, after scoring the first 10–0 victory in the event since 1993 against 1993 semi-finalist James Wattana in qualifying. At the 2007 World Championship he beat Andy Hicks in the first round, 10–4, before beating World No. 1 and seven-time champion Stephen Hendry 13–6 to reach his first World Championship quarter-final and guarantee a place in the Top-16. <mask> now has a 5–4 record against Hendry; conversely, he has only beaten Ronnie O'Sullivan in the 2nd round of the 2018 World Snooker Championship 13–9, having lost 16 of the last 17 encounters. <mask> has at times missed out on opportunities from winning positions, an extreme example being in the first round of the 2007 UK Championship, when <mask> led Barry Hawkins 8–3 before Hawkins won the next six frames to win 9–8.However, <mask> got his own back on Hawkins during the 2008 World Championship by beating him 10–9 in a 'controversial' finale. Hawkins had levelled the match to 9–9, when the players were pulled out of the arena to allow the evening matches to begin. They returned after one of the evening's two matches had been completed – on a table they had not previously played on. Hawkins felt this break interrupted his momentum, handing the match to <mask>. He followed this by defeating two former champions in succession; provisional World Number 1 Shaun Murphy 13–4 in the second round and then 2002 winner Peter Ebdon 13–9 in the quarter-final. In the semi-final on 4 May 2008 he beat Joe Perry 17–15 to book a place against Ronnie O'Sullivan in the final. <mask> lost the final 8–18.<mask> scored his first 147 break on 29 April at the 2008 World Championship, one day after Ronnie O'Sullivan had made one in the same tournament. This made <mask> the sixth man to achieve this feat at the Crucible (the eighth made there, as O'Sullivan had previously achieved it three times), and the first to have done so without previously winning a tournament. It is the first time two 147s have been made in the same event. <mask> soon showed signs of carrying this form forward in subsequent events. He won his second non-ranking tournament, the Huangshan Cup in China, with a 5–3 win over the reigning Grand Prix champion Marco Fu. In the 2008/09 season <mask> reached the semi-final stage on three occasions. He progressed to the semi-finals of the 2008–09 season's first ranking event, the 2008 Northern Ireland Trophy before losing 5–6 to O'Sullivan having led 5–4.He reached the same stage of the Grand Prix, defeating veterans Steve Davis and John Parrott before losing to Ryan Day, again 5–6 The third occasion was the UK Championship where wins over Peter Ebdon and Mark Williams were followed by a close 9–7 defeat to the man he was victorious against in the Huangshan Cup final in China, Marco Fu. After thirteen years as a professional, <mask> defeated the likes of Jimmy White, Graeme Dott, Shaun Murphy, Anthony Hamilton, and Joe Swail to finally win his first ranking tournament – the 2009 Welsh Open. <mask> made a slow start to the 2009–10 season, losing 0–5 to Liang Wenbo in the last 16 of the Shanghai Masters and losing in the first round at the Grand Prix, before reaching the quarter-finals of the UK Championship. As the defending champion at the Welsh Open he progressed to the final but was beaten by John Higgins, the reigning world champion at the time. He finished the season strongly by reaching the semi-finals at the China Open and the World Championship, losing in the latter to eventual champion, Neil Robertson, by 12–17. Of the six ranking tournaments that were staged during the 2009/2010 season, <mask>'s campaigns were ended by the eventual champion on four occasions, and on another by the runner-up. <mask> finished the season by moving up to a career high position of 4th in the world rankings.<mask> won the 2010 Shanghai Masters. <mask> had to recover from 1–4 down in the quarter-final to defeat Matthew Stevens 5–4, Stevens missing the final black off its spot in the deciding frame. He then won six frames in a row from 0–2 down to beat Mark Selby 6–2, and edged past qualifier Jamie Burnett 10–7 in the final. The following events were not very successful for <mask>, as he was eliminated in the last 32 of the World Open by Mark Williams 1–3, he suffered an early exit against the young talent Mark Joyce in the first round of the UK Championship by 6–9 and also lost his first round match of the 2011 Masters against Peter Ebdon by 5–6. 2011/2012 season
<mask>'s 2011–12 season got off to a poor start as he exited the first two ranking events of the year, the Australian Goldfields Open and the Shanghai Masters, in the first round. At the UK Championships he defeated Robert Milkins, but then lost 2–6 to Mark Allen in the last 16. After the match <mask> stated on Twitter: "I'm going to retire at the end of the season!And I can't wait!" and that he was "dead serious" about the threat. Later on he admitted the comments were made "in the heat of the moment" but that he did have some "serious thinking to do at the end of the season". His retirement threat looked to be more likely as he lost in the first round in the Masters and the next two ranking events, and then withdrew from the World Open in China due to medical reasons. Although he reached the quarter-finals of the China Open with wins over Dominic Dale and Lu Ning before losing 2–5 to Ding Junhui, <mask> found himself out of the world's top 16 for the first time since 2005. Before the start of the World Championship <mask> stated that his future in the game depended on his health, as his ten-year battle with Crohn's disease continued. Three weeks before the start of the event he began cutting out dairy and wheat from his diet.This looked to have an effect on the snooker table too as he raced into an 8–1 lead over Mark Davis in the opening session of the first round, before returning to close out the match 10–2. He played world number 2 Judd Trump in the second round and from 9–12 behind, produced a superb fightback to record the result of his season to take the match 13–12 and reach the quarter-finals. He defeated impressive debutant Jamie Jones 13–11 in the last eight to book a semi-final with Stephen Maguire. He won this match by a 17–12 scoreline to play in a repeat of the 2008 final against Ronnie O'Sullivan. He lost 11–18, meaning he has now not beaten O'Sullivan in any of their 12 ranking event matches. Despite reaching the final, <mask> finished the season ranked world number 17, meaning he had dropped 11 places during the year. 2012/2013 season
<mask> began the season in less than auspicious form as he lost in the first round of both the Wuxi Classic and Australian Goldfields Open.He won his first match in a ranking event of the season by beating Robert Milkins 5–4 in the Shanghai Masters and then whitewashed Stephen Maguire 5–0 to advance to the quarter-finals. He played John Higgins and at 1–4 down threatened a comeback by winning two frames, but lost the next to exit the tournament, losing 3–5. A first round defeat in the International Championship followed before he saw off Steve Davis and Mark Joyce in the UK Championship both by 6–2 scorelines and Stuart Bingham 6–4 to make the semi-finals for the first time since 2008. <mask> was the victim of a stunning fightback against Shaun Murphy in the semi-finals as he led 8–4 but Murphy levelled at 8–8 and when <mask> broke down on a break of 32 in the deciding frame, Murphy stepped in to win 9–8. <mask> was beaten 3–6 by Higgins in the first round of the Masters. <mask> scored comfortable victories over Fraser Patrick, Anthony Hamilton and Michael Holt at the German Masters and then took advantage of a poor performance from Neil Robertson to reach the final, where he played Marco Fu. <mask> came back from 3–5 down to win 9–6 to secure the third ranking event title of his career.Fu gained revenge in the PTC Finals by beating <mask> 4–1 in the second round, before <mask> reached the final of the non-televised Championship League but lost 2–3 to Martin Gould. He was edged out 4–5 in the second round of the China Open by Mark Williams. At the World Championship <mask> won seven frames in a row to see off Ben Woollaston 10–4 in the first round, and came back from 1–5 in the last 16 against Ronnie O'Sullivan to level at 7–7, before O'Sullivan stepped up a gear to knock out <mask> 13–8. He ended the season ranked world number 16. 2013/2014 season
<mask> won through to the third round of the Wuxi Classic, before being edged out 5–4 by David Morris in the last 16. After his first round loss to Mark Davis in the Shanghai Masters, <mask> was forced to withdraw from the next two ranking events due to health problems documented below. He returned for the UK Championship and dropped just one frame in his opening two matches, before losing 3–6 to Graeme Dott.<mask> dropped out of the top 16 in the world rankings during the year to miss out on playing in the Masters for the first time since 2006, but reached his first semi-final in a ranking event in over a year at the China Open, losing 2–6 to Neil Robertson. <mask> was beaten 13–9 by Mark Selby in the second round of the World Championship and bemoaned his opponent's negative playing style, saying that he was the only one trying to make things happen during the game. 2014/2015 season
<mask> missed the start of the 2014–15 season due to receiving treatment for a recurrence of testicular cancer metastasising to his lung. He returned in October at the non-ranking General Cup and won the title by defeating Shaun Murphy 7–6 in the final. In October, World Snooker and the WPBSA announced that <mask>'s seeding for the remainder of the 2014–15 season would be based on a world ranking of 13. His first match back in a ranking event was a 5–6 loss to Zhang Anda in the opening round of the UK Championship. <mask> received a standing ovation at the Masters and beat Barry Hawkins 6–1, before Neil Robertson defeated him by a reversal of this scoreline in the quarter-finals.Afterwards <mask> said he was nowhere near match sharp and was targeting the World Championship as the place to rediscover his best form. He won his first matches at the venue stage of a ranking event this year at the Welsh Open with victories over Fraser Patrick, Mark King and Matthew Selt, before losing 2–4 to Ben Woollaston in the last 16 and was knocked out in the first round of the China Open 5–4 by Kurt Maflin. <mask> had a comprehensive 10–5 win over Alan McManus in the first round of the World Championship which began with a 127 break, before once again losing to Robertson in the next round, this time 5–13. <mask>'s ranking was now no longer frozen and with him dropping down to world number 29 he set a goal to reclaim his top 16 ranking next season. 2015/2016 season

<mask> won the Paul Hunter Classic by defeating Shaun Murphy 4–3 in the final with a 95 break in the deciding frame, after a spirited fightback from Murphy to level it from 1–3 down. It was <mask>'s maiden European Tour title and his first ranking title since beating cancer. The win was especially fitting as the player it was named after, Paul Hunter, died of cancer in 2006.<mask> lost 2–6 in the third round of the UK Championship to John Higgins. At the World Grand Prix he beat Luca Brecel 4–1 and Tom Ford 4–0 to reach his first ranking event quarter-final of the season, but lost 1–4 to Joe Perry. Another followed at the PTC Finals courtesy of knocking out Graeme Dott and Judd Trump both 4–1. In the quarters Ricky Walden eliminated him 4–1. <mask> came through a trio of matches to qualify for the World Championship and held his nerve after leading defending champion Stuart Bingham 5–1 and 8–5 to beat him 10–9. <mask> took a 9–7 advantage over Alan McManus after the second session of their second round match, but went on to lose 11–13. 2016/2017 season
<mask> whitewashed John Higgins 5–0 in the quarter-finals of the World Open and swept past Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 6–1 to play Joe Perry in the final.<mask> completed a 10–8 win to take his fourth ranking title and first since 2013, as well as regaining his place in the elite top 16. At the Shanghai Masters he lost 1–5 in the quarter-finals to Stuart Bingham. <mask> reached the final of the German Masters by seeing off Martin Gould 6–2 and led Anthony Hamilton 5–2. However, he then lost seven of the next eight frames to be defeated 6–9. <mask> beat Shaun Murphy 5–4 and Neil Robertson 5–3 at the Players Championship and then was defeated 4–6 by Judd Trump in the semi-finals. He lost 7–10 to Graeme Dott in the first round of the World Championship. 2017/2018 season
<mask> was a consistent performer in the 2017/18 season.He began the season by reaching the semi final of the China Championship, losing 6–4 to Shaun Murphy. He also reached the quarter final of the International Championship after beating Jamie Barrett, Andrew Higginson, Stephen Maguire, and Shaun Murphy. In the quarter final, <mask> forced a decider after trailing 5–3 to Martin Gould, but eventually lost 6–5. At the World Snooker Championship, <mask> advanced to the quarter final after beating Graeme Dott and Ronnie O'Sullivan. He eventually lost 13–8 to Mark Williams. 2018/2019 season
In October, <mask> reached the quarter final of the English Open after wins over Rory McLeod, Luca Brecel, Matthew Selt, and Daniel Wells, before losing 5–2 to Stuart Bingham. He then reached another quarter final of a ranking event, this time at the International Championship, but was whitewashed by Mark Allen 6–0.The best result of the season for <mask> came in the World Grand Prix in February. He defeated Martin O'Donnell, Mark Allen, David Gilbert, and Xiao Guodong to reach the final, but eventually lost 10–6 to Judd Trump. 2019/2020 season
<mask> took part in the 2020 Dafabet Masters, despite being ranked 17th, as a result of Ronnie O'Sullivan not wishing to compete. He reached the final for the first time in his career, his opponent was Stuart Bingham. <mask> trailed 3–5 at the end of the first session, but then won the first four frames in the second session to take a lead of 7–5. Bingham responded well though and took the next four frames to be one frame away from victory, who eventually won 10–8. Immediately after the Masters, <mask> also reached the semi-final of the European Masters, but lost 6–1 to Neil Robertson.Personal life
In 2003, <mask> was diagnosed with Crohn's disease. He has partly controlled this by limiting dairy and wheat/gluten in his diet. On 1 July 2013, it was announced that <mask> had been diagnosed with testicular cancer. He had surgery a day later and was advised to rest for a month. On 19 July 2013, he announced on his Twitter page that he had received the all-clear and would resume his career at the Shanghai Masters in September. He stated in April 2014 that he would have chosen to take six months to a year away from snooker, but this had not been possible due to his need to regain his place in the top 16 of the world rankings. A month later, World Snooker announced that <mask> had been diagnosed with cancer in his lung and would be taking a break from the sport to receive a course of intensive chemotherapy.In August 2014, he successfully completed treatment for this secondary tumour (metastatic recurrence of the testicular cancer), including surgery, and returned to the World Snooker Tour in October at the General Cup, which he won. <mask> practised at Chelmsford's Rivermead Snooker Club before buying the club and becoming the new owner. He also has a keen interest in flying and has a pilot's licence. His first child, with his ex-partner Sarah, a son named Max, was born in 2009. He also has a child named Olivia with his ex-partner, Stella English, who was the winner of Series Six of The Apprentice in 2010. Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Ranking finals: 10 (4 titles)
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Minor-ranking finals: 1 (1 title)

Non-ranking finals: 9 (3 titles)

See also
 List of people diagnosed with Crohn's disease

References

External links

<mask> at worldsnooker.com

Profile on Global Snooker

1979 births
Living people
English snooker players
Sportspeople from Colchester
Sportspeople from Chelmsford
World Games silver medalists
Competitors at the 2017 World Games
People with Crohn's disease

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title: Melville Macnaghten

type: original

texts:
Sir <mask>  (16 June 1853, Woodford, London −12 May 1921) was Assistant Commissioner (Crime) of the London Metropolitan Police from 1903 to 1913. A highly regarded and famously affable figure of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras he played major investigative roles in cases that led to the establishment and acceptance of fingerprint identification. He was also a major player in the pursuit and capture of Dr. Crippen, and of the exoneration of a wrongly convicted man, Adolph Beck, which helped lead to the creation of the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1907. When he prematurely retired in 1913 due to illness, Macnaghten claimed to journalists that he knew the exact identity of Jack the Ripper, the nickname of the unknown serial killer of poor prostitutes in London's impoverished East End during the late Victorian era. The police chief called the killer "that remarkable man", but refused to name him or divulge details that might identify him, except to reveal that he had taken his own life at the end of 1888. Macnaghten further claimed that he had destroyed the relevant papers to keep forever secret the deceased killer's identity. Since 1965 the public has known that Macnaghten's suspect was Montague John Druitt, a country doctor's son and young barrister who inexplicably drowned himself in the River Thames in early December 1888.The source of <mask>'s alleged "private information" about Druitt has two candidates, both only uncovered in the early 21st Century. One is a Tory politician, H. R. Farquharson, who lived near the Druitts and also went to Eton with Macnaghten, and the other is Colonel Sir Vivian Majendie, a very close friend of the police chief and whose clan was related to the Druitt family. It is likely both men, in succession, were the unnamed sources of information for the police chief regarding the drowned barrister being strongly suspected of being the Ripper by his closest relations. Since 1959 Macnaghten has been known for a major report written in the 1890s on the Ripper case, naming three possible Jack the Ripper suspects. There are two versions of this document, one that was filed in the archives of Scotland Yard. It was, however, a copy of the privately held version in the possession of his daughter, Christabel, Lady Aberconway – the version which strongly advocated "M. J. Druitt" as the likeliest suspect to have been the Whitechapel assassin – that was revealed in 1959. Macnaghten's opinion that the case was likely solved, and that it was a "Protean" maniac who had taken his own life, had already been confirmed in his 1914 memoir, "Days of My Years" (London, Edward Arnold) though Druitt was not named (and no other suspects are mentioned as possibilities).More recently, French writer Sophie Herfort has argued that Macnaghten himself was responsible for the Jack the Ripper murders. Early career
The youngest of fifteen children of Elliot Macnaghten, the last Chairman of the British East India Company, Macnaghten was educated at Eton. In his memoirs he describes his schooldays as the happiest of his life, even going so far as to write that he knew this to be so as he lived them. After leaving school in 1872, he went to India to run his father's tea estates in Bengal and remained there until 1888, albeit with occasional visits back home. In 1881 he was assaulted by Indian land rioters and as a result, became friends with James Monro, who was District Judge and Inspector-General in the Bombay Presidency at the time. On 3 October 1878 he married Dora Emily Sanderson, the daughter of a canon from Chichester; they eventually had two sons and two daughters (Christabel was the second, 1890–1974). Career in the Criminal Investigation Department
Upon his return to England, Macnaghten was offered the post of first Assistant Chief Constable (CID) in the Metropolitan Police by Monro, who by that time had become the first Assistant Commissioner (Crime); however this appointment was opposed by Charles Warren, the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, allegedly due to the beating he took by "the Hindoos" back in Bengal; but the real reason seemed to be that Warren and Monro did not get along well from the beginning.Warren's rejection of Macnaghten widened the rift between the two men, resulting in Monro's resignation and his transfer to Special Branch by the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews. However, due to the continuous disagreements with Home Secretary Matthews, Commissioner Warren chose to resign on 9 November 1888. Monro was brought in to succeed him as Commissioner. With this turn of events, <mask> was brought in with the position of Assistant Chief Constable in June 1889; he was later promoted to Chief Constable in 1890, following the unexpected death of the first incumbent, Adolphus Williamson. Macnaghten and Jack the Ripper

Even though he missed being on the police force during the Ripper killings of 1888, Macnaghten was actively involved in the investigation of the murders of Whitechapel prostitutes between 1889 and 1891. Crimes that were initially believed by some at Scotland Yard, and certainly by the tabloid press, to be by the same perpetrator. In his memoir, Macnaghten claimed that information received "some years after" the final murder of 1888 led him to the belief that Jack the Ripper was a man who had taken his own life at the end of that year.The source of these "certain facts" that led to this "conclusion" is unidentified, though he implies in his book that it was the murderer's "own people", e.g. his relations who supposedly lived with him) who must have privately briefed the Chief Constable. Macnaghten even titles his chapter on the Whitechapel murders: "Laying the Ghost of Jack the Ripper"; meaning that the deceased "fiend" had only haunted Londoners as they were in ignorance that the killer had been in his grave for several years. In February 1891 a Conservative MP, Henry Richard Farquharson, the member for West Dorset, was telling people in London that he knew the murderer to have been a surgeon's son who had committed suicide. This story leaked to the press, though it never became a sensation. Like Macnaghten, Farquharson was a member of the upper classes who had attended Eton College and owned estates in the Far East. Macnaghten also had a potentially personal conduit of accurate information about Druitt – a close friend at the Home Office, Colonel Vivian Majendie (knighted in 1895).Colonel Majendie was also from a very distinguished family, was Chief Inspector of Munitions (1871–1898) and was justly acclaimed for his persistent bravery as a bomb disposal expert. Majendie was also related by the marriage of his first cousin's daughter, Isabel Majendie Hill, to the alleged Ripper (in 1888 Isabel had married Reverend Charles Druitt, the first cousin of Montague). According to Macnaghten, Druitt's own family "believed" he was Jack the Ripper. Due to speculation in the press about another madman, Macnaghten wrote a confidential report dated 23 February 1894 naming Druitt as a Ripper suspect and placed it on file. This document, in its entirety, was not publicly available until 1975 (the section mentioning only the suspects had been published in 1966). The alternate version of this same document, believed by many to be a draft, has never been sighted by a researcher and is thought to be lost. Instead a copy of this second version was made by Macnaghten's daughter Christabel, Lady Aberconway, who allowed some of its contents to be publicly broadcast by television presenter Daniel Farson in 1959.The name of the chief suspect was not revealed until 1965, by the American journalist and author Tom Cullen. Why Macnaghten composed two versions remains the subject of controversy, speculation and historical debate among writers on the Ripper mystery (some have argued that the so-called Aberconway version is a rewrite of the 1894 original). This report proved influential for Jack the Ripper research, for it popularised the idea that the Ripper only had five true victims and also named three possible suspects. It has been widely believed for over half a century that <mask>, in writing from memory, committed many factual errors in his report regarding Druitt. For example, in the privately held version he inaccurately describes Druitt as a 41-year-old doctor who vanished immediately after the final murder on 9 November 1888. In fact, Druitt was functioning normally, at least outwardly, at his places of work and play until the end of November 1888. This document also says that his family only "suspected" he was the Ripper.Since 1959 it has also been treated as a foundation stone of so-called "Ripperology" that the timing of Druitt's suicide, so soon after the final murder, was the threadbare reason Macnaghten considered him a suspect at all. Yet this ignores that the police chief in his memoir, and from the relative safety of retirement, revealed that Scotland Yard believed Whitechapel prostitute murders after 1888 were also by the Ripper. Years later Druitt came to his attention due to information received that was judged, by Macnaghten, to be so credible that post-1888 murders could not exonerate the tragic barrister. This line of argument is buttressed by the filed version of <mask>'s report as he notably equivocates, writing that M. J. Druitt was only "said to be a doctor", whilst affirming that the suspect was definitely "sexually insane" and his family "believed" he was the killer. Notably, Frederick Abberline, the field detective who led the investigation, did not believe that Druitt was the Ripper. Macnaghten also makes a mistake in describing the drowned suspect a "young doctor" or "medical student" (some writers have wondered if Abberline was perhaps confusing Druitt with a Whitechapel suspect in 1888 who was a young, medical student, named John Sanders). A controversial new line of argument is that the police chief was engaged in a campaign of "spin"; to both reveal and conceal the identity of the murderer.Commendably Macnaghten wanted the public to know that the Ripper was an English, gentile gentleman and not a poor, Jewish immigrant, yet he also supposedly conspired with the most famous writer of the day, George R. Sims, to disguise the drowned, young barrister as a drowned, middle-aged surgeon. They did this to protect the late suspect's respectable relations (Sims was also an upper class friend of both Macnaghten and Majendie). In effect Macnaghten and Sims disguised Druitt as "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (even Druitt's family in Sims's regular column in "The Referee" were disguised as unnamed "friends" of the "mad doctor"). Curiously, Douglas G. Browne in his The Rise of Scotland Yard, states that Macnaghten "appears to identify the Ripper with the leader of a plot to assassinate Mr Balfour at the Irish Office." This reference is puzzling because, although there were Fenian plots to assassinate Balfour, Druitt is not known to have had any such connections and it is extremely unlikely that he did. It has been recently speculated that Browne may have taken too literally some lines by Macnaghten at the end of his Ripper chapter. Macnaghten exaggerates the negative impact on the authorities of being unable to catch the fiend.He alleges it caused the resignation of the Police Commissioner and  "... very nearly settled the hash of one of Her Majesty's principal Secretaries of State." Macnaghten means the near-resignation of the Home Secretary, but Browne has perhaps misinterpreted these ambiguous words as an allusion to the assassination plot against Balfour. The second of Macnaghten's three suspects was identified only as "Kosminski," presumably Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jew who lived in Whitechapel and was committed to an insane asylum in 1891. While not on the top of Macnaghten's list, Kosminski was suspected by Sir Robert Anderson, the man who succeeded Monro as Assistant Commissioner, with apparent confirmation by Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, Anderson's desk officer. As with Druitt, definitive evidence is lacking to support this allegation, and both Anderson and Swanson also made errors about Kosminski, their preferred suspect (the most significant of which was to claim "Kosminski" was long deceased when he was still alive; they also claim he was positively identified by a Jewish witness who refused to testify, often thought to be Israel Schwartz, a claim publicly and explicitly rejected by police chief Major Henry Smith, and implicitly by Macnaghten via his proxies and in his memoirs). The third suspect in <mask>'s report was a man named Michael Ostrog, a Russian-born thief and con man who affected several aliases and disguises and was detained in asylums in several occasions. Again there is little to support this suspicion against Ostrog: records indicated that he was imprisoned in France during the murders.The fact that Ostrog was arrested and imprisoned before the report was written raises the question of why Ostrog was included at all as a viable suspect. A possible yet tenuous answer has been postulated involving Eton College. Ostrog had stolen from Macnaghten's beloved alma mater and the police chief may have included the Russian in his reports as a private act of revenge. From late 1894 <mask> had to know that Ostrog had been cleared of the Whitechapel crimes, yet he still persisted with his inclusion and what is more projection into the public sphere as a Ripper suspect (via literary cronies). Later career, including as Assistant Commissioner
In 1900 <mask> served in the Belper Committee to inquire about "the working of the method of Identification of Criminals by Measurement and Fingerprints". As the committee recommended the use of fingerprints as a means of identification over bertillonage, largely due to the testimony of Edward Henry on their respective merits. When Henry was appointed Commissioner in 1903, succeeding Sir Edward Bradford, <mask> was appointed Assistant Commissioner (Crime) and became involved in many of the most famous cases in the history of the Metropolitan Police, including the Hawley Harvey Crippen case and the Farrow double murder case, which resulted in the conviction and hanging of Albert and Alfred Stratton largely on the basis on fingerprint evidence.He also claimed in his memoirs to have found the critical female witness who exonerated the falsely convicted Adolf Beck, a notorious mis-carriage of justice which led to the creation of the Court of Criminal Appeal. <mask> was knighted in the 1907 King's Birthday Honours List. In the 1912 New Years Honours List, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). He was awarded the King's Police Medal (KPM) in the 1913 New Years Honours List. He was also a Knight Commander of the White Military Order of Spain and a Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog. Retirement and later life
However, in 1911 Macnaghten was experiencing the first signs of ill-health; even a trip to Australia the following year failed to improve matters. He was forced to retire from his job in 1913.<mask>'s successor at Scotland Yard was Basil Thomson who had attended New College, Oxford at the same time as Montague John Druitt, Macnaghten's preferred Ripper suspect. In 1914 he published his memoirs Days of My Years. He also made a translation of Horace's Ars Poetica into English verse, an effort to which he devoted the last ten years of his life. <mask> died on 12 May 1921 at Queen Anne's Mansions, Westminster. Macnaghten in fiction
During his lifetime Sir <mask> was fictionalised in several novels. He appears as a character named Mr Johnson in George R. Sims' 'Dorcas Dene Detective' (1897) short stories. Both <mask> and George R. Sims appear in Marie Belloc-Lowndes 'The Lodger:A story of the London fog' (1911), the latter as himself though unnamed and the former as Police Commissioner Sir John Burney.Macnaghten also is arguably the model for the heroic private eye Edmund Blake who hunts the Whitechapel murderer in Guy Logan's 'The true history of Jack the Ripper' (1905) in which Montague Druitt is also disguised as Mortimer Slade. Macnaghten also appears in The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade (1985), , the first of the Inspector Lestrade novels by M. J. Trow. The book deals with the aftermath of the Ripper case and with <mask>'s report. Trow misspells <mask>'s name as "McNaghten" in his book and presents a fictional version of Macnaghten's daughter. Macnaghten also features prominently in the later chapters of Alan Moore's seminal graphic novel From Hell. Footnotes

External links
Casebook.org

Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
1853 births
1921 deaths
People educated at Eton College

masks:
Melville Leslie Macnaghten
Macnaghten
Macnaghten
Macnaghten
Macnaghten
Macnaghten
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Macnaghten
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Melville Macnaghten
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title: Mehtab Kaur

texts:
Maharani <mask> ( 1782 – 1813) was the first wife of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire. She was the mother of Ranjit's reputed son, Maharaja Sher Singh, who briefly became the ruler of the Sikh Empire from 1841 until his death in 1843. Mehtab Kaur was the only daughter of <mask> and Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya. She was betrothed to a six-year-old Ranjit Singh at the age of four. <mask> was the senior-most of Ranjit Singh's wives and according to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, the only one to bear the title of Maharani (high queen) while his other wives bore the lesser title of Rani (queen). After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's second wife and mother of his heir apparent Maharaja Kharak Singh, Datar Kaur. After her death the title was passed down to Ranjit's youngest widow <mask>, who served as regent of the Sikh Empire (after Sher Singh's death) from 1843 till 1846 and was the mother of  Maharaja Duleep Singh.Family
<mask> <mask>, the only child of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya (Sandhu) and his wife Sada <mask> Dhaliwal, was born in 1782. Upon her birth she was named "Mehtab" (مهتاب) which means 'moonlight' or 'splendor of the moon' in Persian due to her fair and clear complexion. Her father, Gurbaksh Singh, was the heir of Jai Singh Kanhaiya (a Sandhu Jat), the founder and chief of the Kanhaiya Misl. The Kanhaiya Misl, who had replaced the Bhangis as the most powerful misl, disputed Ranjit Singh's father's (Maha Singh) right to plunder Jammu, and in one of the many skirmishes between the two misls, Gurbaksh Singh was killed in battle against Maha Singh in February 1785. <mask> <mask>'s mother, Rani Sada <mask>, an intelligent, high spirited and ambitious woman, used to lend support of the Kanhaiya misl to Ranjit Singh till 1821, when she developed differences with him and as a consequence lost her territory to him. Marriage
Jai Singh disagreed to betroth his granddaughter, <mask> <mask>, to Maha Singh's son, Ranjit Singh, but was persuaded by his widowed daughter-in-law, Sada <mask> to agree to the match. The Kanhaiya chief died shortly afterwards in 1789, leaving his estates to Sada <mask> who took over the leadership of the Kanhaiya Misl.The same year the young <mask> <mask> and Ranjit Singh were betrothed and married. The Muklawa happened in 1796. As a teenager, Ranjit Singh took hardly any interest in the affairs of the state, making his mother, <mask>, anxious for his future. She felt that marriage might bring him around to the responsibilities of life. She approached Sada <mask> to fix the muklawa (tradition where the wife goes back to her maternal home) date. Ranjit was fifteen years old when he left Gujranwala for Batala, the chief town of the Kanhaiyas, to perform the after marriage rituals with <mask> <mask> in 1796. This alliance between the two important Sikh families was a major event for Punjab.All the leading Sikh chiefs were present at the wedding. <mask> <mask> was very beautiful and her looks made her seem mismatched for the rugged Ranjit Singh. Even if <mask> <mask> could reconcile herself to her husband's looks, it must have been difficult for her to forget that her father was killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father. Plus she was haughty and self-willed, a proud woman born to rich parents while Ranjit Singh was a typically simple Punjabi man, rustic in his habits. It was a marriage of convenience for both and they rarely stayed together. After entering into a matrimonial alliance with the Kanhaiya Misl, Ranjit Singh wanted to consolidate his position further which could only be done by drawing some other misl to his side. He made suggestions to head of the Nakais and early in 1797 took a second wife, who was the sister of the Nakai Sardar Gyan Singh Sandhu- with whom he was betrothed to for some time.The marriage turned out to be more successful than the first. His second wife bore his mother's name: <mask>. She was renamed Datar <mask> and was warmly known as Mai Nakain and turned into Ranjit's most loved wife. Ranjit's second marriage and his little interest in her gave <mask> <mask> an excuse to return to Batala. From there on she made only occasional appearances at her husband's home and Ranjit Singh irregularly visited her in Batala. The second marriage took place under the guardianship of <mask> and Sada <mask> in 1792; Sada <mask> accommodated herself to Ranjit's second marriage as she had set her heart on greater and better things. She made laid out plans which Ranjit Singh followed, she hoped to use her influence on him to secure the future of her daughter, her future children as well as the Kanhaiya Misl.Ranjit Singh's second wife, Datar <mask> bore him his first son and heir, Kharak Singh in 1801. With this Sada <mask> left Ranjit Singh's side and returned to her home in Batala, taking her daughter with her, her plans to secure the future of her daughter and the Kanhaiyas in tatters. Issue

Sada Kaur kept on trying to bring Ranjit Singh closer to her daughter and felt happy when Mehtab bore Ranjit his second son (and her first child) in 1804. Thanking God (Ishwar) the child was named Ishar Singh. The prince died in infancy - at the age of one and a half years. <mask> <mask> was pregnant again in 1807 and gave birth to twin sons, Sher Singh and Tara Singh in Batala. Ranjit was near Jawalamukhi when he received the news of their birth, he rushed to Amritsar to pay a thanksgiving visit to the Golden Temple there.The birth of his sons was celebrated greatly. There was cheering in the illustrious camp and when Ranjit returned to Lahore, he gave away vast entire-ties in philanthropy and the city was enlightened for a few nights. Historians differ over whether Sher Singh and Tara Singh were Ranjit Singh's biological sons. During March 1837, on the occasion of the marriage of Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported that the Maharaja never thoroughly acknowledged Sher Singh. The contemporary historian, Joseph Davey Cunningham, who attended the 1838 conversations between Ranjita Singh and Lord Auckland, also recorded that the Maharaja had doubts. However, Khushwant Singh, writing in 1962, considered that the rumours regarding the parentage of Sher Singh and Tara Singh were inaccurate and had been spread by Kharak Singh and his mother, Datar <mask>, in order to reduce the possibility of Ranjit Singh preferring Sher Singh, who was fast becoming his father's favourite. Sohan Lal Suri, the official court biographer too notes that Sher Singh and Tara Singh were not the biological sons of Ranjit Singh in his Umdat ut-tawarikh often referring to them as   Despite his doubts, Ranjit Singh gave Sher Singh commands in the army and conferred honours on him, although Kharak Singh remained his favourite.However, no honours were bestowed on Tara Singh and he was not permitted to appear in court. Death
After suffering from a failing health, <mask> <mask> died in 1813. At the time of her death, Ranjit Singh was at Amritsar, where the death of the former had taken place. Ranjit Singh did not go to the incineration and other condolatory functions. After a ton of claims and influences, Dewan Mokham Chand could take the Maharaja to Sada Kaur's derah, where he played out a portion of the critical functions of condolence. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> is portrayed in the TV series  Maharaja Ranjit Singh. A teenage <mask> <mask> is portrayed by Tunisha Sharma in Life OK's historical drama Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh.See also
Sher Singh
Kanhaiya Misl

References

Bibliography

Women of the Sikh Empire
1782 births
1813 deaths
Indian queen consorts
19th-century Indian women
19th-century Indian people
18th-century Indian women
18th-century Indian people

masks:
Mehtab Kaur
Sada Kaur
Mehtab Kaur
Jind Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
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Raj Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
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Mehtab
Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Raj Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Raj Kaur
Kaur
Kaur
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Mehtab
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Kaur
Mehtab
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Kaur


title: Alan Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Richmond CBE (born 3 February 1941) is a UK-based broadcaster, Liberal Democrat politician and leadership communications consultant. Early life and education

Lord <mask> of Richmond is the son of the Rev. <mask> and Edna Mary Peters. He was educated at the Diocesan College, Cape Town in South Africa and Kingswood School in Bath. He was an Open Scholar in history at Jesus College, Cambridge 1959, a State Scholar 1959 and was awarded an MA in 1963. He was the Vice-President of the Cambridge Union. <mask>'s German-born wife Karen is an artist: they have two sons, Stephen and Martin.Career

Broadcasting

<mask> joined the BBC after graduating from Cambridge University in 1963, and later became a regular presenter for The Money Programme on BBC Two and Panorama on BBC One. He also reported on London Weekend Television, Radio 4 and the BBC World Service, and wrote and presented award-winning documentaries over many years. He was one of the studio contributors to the BBC's June 1970 Election Night television programme. He is a Fellow and Former Chairman of the Royal Television Society. From 1976 to 1980 he was responsible for media at the European Commission. Politics

In politics, <mask>'s notable role was as President of the Liberal Party. He was appointed CBE in 1985 and, on 23 July 1999 was elevated to the House of Lords with a Life Peerage as <mask> of Richmond, of Richmond in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.He is a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union. He stood for election four times: as the Liberal candidate for Richmond in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979, and as the Liberal candidate (SDP-Liberal Alliance) for Richmond and Barnes in the general elections of 1983 and 1987. On all four occasions, he came in second place, losing to the Conservatives. Outside of the United Kingdom, Lord <mask> is Chair of the Albanian British Chamber of Commerce and is a Member of the European Parliament's High Level Group on Romania. His political interests are the "worldwide use of English, EU enlargement and transatlantic relationship". Leadership communications

Lord <mask> was Chairman of CTN Communications until retirement, a creative communications agency based on St Martin's Lane in central London. He advises the leaders of major UK and international companies on their communications, with clients including BP, BAE Systems and Tesco.Board memberships

Business

 Executive Chairman, CTN Communications
 Executive Chairman, Havas Media
 Chairman, Nexus Partnerships
 Chairman, Coca-Cola European Advisory Board
 Non-Executive Chairman, I-COMP

Not-for-profit

 Chairman, The Council of Commonwealth Societies
 Chairman, The European Movement UK
 Chairman, The Father Thames Trust
 Chairman, The Arcadia Advisory Board
 British Chairman, Königswinter Anglo-German Conference
 President, British-German Association
 Co-Chair, Jamestown 1607-2007 British Committee
 Non-Executive Chairman, Raisin Social (a wine importer)
 Member, The Executive Committee of the Pilgrims Society
 Member, The Prince of Wales Business Leaders' Forum
 Patron, The Richmond Society
 Patron, Museum of Richmond
 Patron, The Richmond in Europe Association
 International Chairman Emeritus, The English-Speaking Union
 Chairman Emeritus, Royal Television Society
 Former Executive Board Member, UNICEF UK
 President, The European-Atlantic Movement (TEAM)

Positions at educational institutions

<mask> holds a range of visiting and honorary posts at universities in the United Kingdom and abroad. United Kingdom

 High Steward, Cambridge University
 Visiting Fellow, Oriel College, Oxford University
 Honorary Fellow, Jesus College, Cambridge
 Chairman, Cambridge University Chemistry Advisory Board
 Life Patron, Cambridge's Churchill Archives Centre
 Chairman, The Cambridge Foundation
 Honorary Professor, University of Birmingham
 Trustee, The American International University in London
 Former Chairman, Governors at Westminster College, Oxford
 President, The British Accreditation Council for Independent Further and Higher Education

Overseas

 Honorary Doctor, St Lawrence University, USA
 Visiting Professor, Leuven, Belgium
 Honorary Professor, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
 Honorary Professor, Korea University, South Korea
 Trustee, The Centre for British Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin

Publications

Europe at Risk

Europe at Risk was Lord Waton's first publication, released in 1972. The Germans: Who Are They Now? The Germans: Who Are They Now? is a non-fiction book, first published in 1992. Eminent Europeans: personalities who shaped contemporary Europe

Eminent Europeans: personalities who shaped contemporary Europe is a collection of 17 essays on the personalities who have shaped modern Europe, for which Lord <mask> contributed the essay entitled Thatcher and Kohl: Old Rivalries Revisited. The book was published in 1996, and edited by Martyn Bond, Julie Smith and William Wallace.Jamestown: The Voyage of English

Published in 2007, Jamestown: The Voyage of English is an exploration of the global significance of the arrival of the Godspeed, the Susan Constant and the Discovery on America's East Coast in 1607. These three ships carried the ideas and the language which would shape the modern world. <mask> tells the story of a precarious venture that nearly failed. But it succeeded against the odds, planting the seeds of representative government, capitalism and the rule of law. These ideas were expressed in a language which had just reached a peak of power and vitality – the English of Shakespeare, Tyndale and Cranmer's Prayer Book. The year 1607 marks the start of the voyage of English from the language of 4 million inhabitants of the British Isles to its role as today's working language of the global village used by almost 2 billion people world-wide. The Queen and the USA

The Queen and the USA is a non-fiction book published in March 2012 by Dementi Milestone Publishing.During 2012, Queen Elizabeth II celebrated the 60th anniversary of her role as Queen of the United Kingdom. This book explores and celebrates the special relationship between the American and British people during this period, and honours Queen Elizabeth II for her role and contribution to a friendship recognised throughout the world. Co-authored by Horace Edward "Chip" Mann, the book is highly visual, and includes photographs of the Queen with twelve US Presidents. Churchill's Legacy, Two Speeches to Save the World

Published in 2016, [http://www.bloomsbury.com/churchillslegacy Churchill's Legacy, Two Speeches to Save the World] is a non-fiction book published in September 2016 by Bloomsbury Publishing to mark the 70th anniversary of Churchill's speeches in 1946, first in March in Fulton, Missouri, often known as the Iron Curtain speech, and then in September in Zurich, Switzerland, often known as the United States of Europe speech. Honours and awards

Below is a list of <mask>'s most notable awards. For educational honours, please see the above section, Positions at Educational Institutions. Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1985
 Federal Cross of Merit (Germany), 1995 (for his "significant and enduring contribution" to understanding between Germany and Britain)
 Grand Cross of Merit (Germany), 2001
 Commander's Grand Cross of the Romanian Order of Merit, 2004
 Churchill Medal, 2005
 The Loyola Schools Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Promotion of English by Manila University, 2005
 Knights Grand Cross of the German Order of Merit, 2007
 Knight of Honor of the Order of St. George, 2016

References

External links
Official website
Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords

Watson of Richmond
Watson of Richmond
Alumni of Diocesan College, Cape Town
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Watson of Richmond
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Watson of Richmond
People educated at Kingswood School, Bath
People from Port Elizabeth
Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)

masks:
Alan John Watson
Baron Watson
Watson
John William Watson
Watson
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Watson
Baron Watson
Watson
Watson
Lord Watson
Watson
Lord Watson
Lord Watson


title: Henry E. Riggs

texts:
<mask><mask> (February 26, 1935 - June 10, 2015) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur, a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University, president of Harvey Mudd College, and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute (KGI) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges. His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control, management technology, technical strategy, and new venture management. <mask> was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books. He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions, launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences (KGI), and served on numerous boards. Early life and education
<mask> was raised in Hinsdale, Illinois, the youngest of three children born to Joseph and <mask> (siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew). His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company, which developed presses for newspapers. <mask> attended boarding school at Phillips Academy, Andover, followed by Stanford University, where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957.<mask> then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960. He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute. Early business career
<mask> worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes. Between undergraduate and graduate school (1957-1958) he worked at Ampex, and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). From 1963-1970 <mask> worked at Icore Industries, as president for his final three years, and from 1970-1974, he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex. Teaching career
While working at Icore <mask> began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974. He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management.From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department. One of <mask>' key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting (IE 133; now IE 140), which covered principles of financial and cost accounting. He was a dedicated teacher, and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching, and in 1980 he received Stanford's highest award for excellence in teaching: the Walter J. Gores Faculty Achievement Award. <mask> commonly used case studies in his teaching, and as he biked through campus to class, he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie. He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles (below). Following his retirement from KGI, he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015. Most recently he led "The Art and Logic of Fundraising" course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program (BUS 104).Academic leadership career

Vice President for Development at Stanford
In 1983 <mask> was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts. In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation. With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign, the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort, which has been widely followed by major institutions. President of Harvey Mudd College
<mask> was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988. During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college. This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center, providing new or renovated space to all faculty members, increasing enrollment by 70 students, attracting new faculty members, launching Biology and Computer Science Departments, successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign, and balancing the college's budget. Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute (KGI)
<mask>' early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good.In 1997 <mask> founded the seventh Claremont College, the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences (KGI). <mask>' vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm. KGI was the nation's first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience (MBS) degree and a doctoral degree (MBS-PhD) in Applied Life Sciences. The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial, team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology, bioengineering, business management and bioethics. <mask> served as President of KGI from 1997-2003, as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004, and President Emeritus from 2003-2015. In 2006 the <mask>. <mask> Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of <mask>' vision founding the school. Other leadership roles
<mask> held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education.Board on Higher Education & Workforce, National Academies. Trustee, Phillips Andover Academy. Board of trustees of Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering. Board Institute for Systems Biology. Member of the California Council on Science and Technology. Chair of the Stanford University alumni association's board of directors. Board, Capital Group (Growth Fund of America, American Balanced Fund, Income Fund of America, Fundamental Investors, and International Growth and Income Fund).Board, International Technology Corporation
 Board of the American Automobile Association. Board, Avenidas

Writing
Riggs wrote many articles and books. The Price of Perception, influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates. The Mouths of Gift Horses, about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society. Accounting: A Survey, McGraw-Hill, 1981. Managing High-Technology Companies, Wadsworth, 1983. Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.Understanding the Financial Score, 2007. The Art and Logic of Fundraising, 2014. Personal
In his personal life <mask> had two great loves: his family and travel. He met his wife, Gayle <mask>, when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958. They have three children and six grandchildren to whom <mask> was extremely dedicated. He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles, Eurovan, and boat. <mask> was an avid photographer for a long time, and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time.References

Harvard Business School alumni
1935 births
2015 deaths
Presidents of Stanford University
Phillips Academy alumni
Stanford University alumni

masks:
Henry E
. ( Hank ) Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Gretchen Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
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Henry E
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Carson Riggs
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Riggs


title: Peter Paret

texts:
<mask> (April 13, 1924 – September 11, 2020) was a German-born American cultural and intellectual historian, whose two principal areas of research were war and the interaction of art and politics from 18th to 20th century Europe. He also wrote on related subjects. Early life
<mask> was born in 1924 in Berlin, the son of <mask> and Suzanne Aimée Cassirer. On his father's side, he is descended from a French family that emigrated to Germany in 1679. Thirteen of <mask>'s ancestors, including his great grandfather and grandfather, were Protestant ministers. His father, severely wounded in the First World War, studied philosophy before turning to business, and after the Second World War became head of the firm Beuck and Paret, business consultants. <mask>'s mother, who began to study medicine after her marriage, came from a Jewish family well known for the past two centuries in manufacturing (weaving looms, steel cables), finance, publishing, and scholarship.Her father, Paul Cassirer, publisher and art dealer, was an important force for modernism in the arts in Germany. The philosopher Ernst Cassirer was her uncle. In 1932, <mask>'s parents were divorced, and his mother with her young daughter moved to Vienna, where she continued her studies with Sigmund Freud. <mask> followed in January 1933. In the following year, his mother married the psychoanalyst and educational reformer Siegfried Bernfeld – subject of a recent biography by <mask>, Er war halt genialer als die anderen (Vienna, 2012) – and with her husband and children moved to France, and in August 1937 to the United States, where they settled in San Francisco. Career
<mask> entered the University of California, Berkeley, in January 1942, was drafted the following year, and served in combat intelligence and operations sections of an infantry battalion in the New Guinea and Philippine campaigns and in Korea. In 1946, at the age of 21, he was discharged with the rank of Staff Sergeant, reentered UC Berkeley as a sophomore, and graduated in 1949, after which he returned to Europe to reconnect with his father and other relatives.His plan to study art history was interrupted by the need to assist his mother during his stepfather's final illness, and it was not until 1955 that he began graduate study, this time in history, at King's College London. He wrote his dissertation on the Prussian Reform era under Michael Howard, became an early member of the Institute for Strategic Studies, served as Resident Tutor in the Delegacy of Extra-Mural Studies of Oxford University, and in the last year before receiving his degree, began to publish articles on contemporary military thought as well as on recent history, having found important documents in the British archives, including a lost register of a Gestapo prison established after the attempt on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944. After receiving his Ph.D., in 1960, <mask> returned to the United States as Research Associate at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, where he spent two years. With John W. Shy, who was then a finishing graduate student at Princeton, he wrote his first book, Guerrillas in the 1960s (New York, 1961), a short work analyzing the nature of irregular warfare and the difficulties it posed to modern, industrialized societies, which was reprinted several times, and came out in an expanded edition the following year. In 1962, <mask> came to the University of California, Davis, as Visiting Assistant Professor. He was promoted to tenure the following year, and to full professor in 1966. During these years at an innovative, rapidly expanding campus, which he later characterized as the happiest in his academic career, he published a study of the modern French theory of political-military warfare, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria (New York, 1966), and an expanded version of his dissertation, Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform (Princeton, 1966), a work combining ideological analysis with the study of operational and tactical doctrine, and prepared the context for his growing interest in the ideas and life of Clausewitz, who as a young officer was an active member of the Prussian reform movement.In 1969, after a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, <mask> was appointed Professor of History at Stanford University; and in 1977 he became the Raymond A. Spruance Professor of International History there. In 1976, having written several articles on the life and work of Clausewitz, he published a biography, Clausewitz and the State (now in its third expanded edition), which has been translated into three languages. <mask>'s work together with Raymond Aron's Penser la guerre: Clausewitz, published in the same year, placed Clausewitz firmly in the history of ideas and politics of the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, and post-Napoleonic periods. <mask> and Aron reviewed each other's works favorably, although their perspectives on the subject differed. Unlike Aron, <mask> has shown little interest in the influence of Clausewitz's ideas on more recent and contemporary conflicts. He studies him, he has said, as he would study Mozart – for what he has composed, not for how later conductors or opera directors perform his work. The title of <mask>'s book points to the powerful role the Prussian state played in Clausewitz's life, a power that reappears in the central role of policy and politics in Clausewitz's theories.The same year the biography appeared, Howard's and <mask>'s translation of Clausewitz's major theoretical work, On War, was published. Highly praised, it has also received some criticism. The work, now available in five English-language editions, has been repeatedly reprinted. <mask>'s recent article, “Translation, Literal or Accurate,” in The Journal of Military History, July 2014, outlines the principles he and Howard followed in converting Clausewitz's early 19th century German into modern English – principles of translation that also apply to <mask>'s and Daniel Moran's subsequent translations of Clausewitz's Historical and Political Writings (Princeton, 1992). A related project was <mask>'s new edition of Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, 1986), which retained three essays from the 1943 original, revised four others, and added twenty-two new essays. The work continues to be widely read and used as a text. It is currently being translated into simplified Chinese, the 14th translation of the work.Since 1980, when his study of modern art and its enemies in imperial Germany, The Berlin Secession, appeared, <mask> has published several monographs and collections of essays in the history of art, three of which have been translated into German. He combined his interests in the history of art and the history of war in Imagined Battles: Reflections of War in European Art (Chapel Hill, 1997), a work dedicated "to the memory of the men with whom I served, and against whom I served, in New Guinea and the Philippines." In 1986 <mask> became the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He retired in 1997. He continued to write, lecture and publish. Among his recent work is Clausewitz in His Time (New York:  Oxford, 2015), an expanded German edition of which, Clausewitz in seiner Zeit, appeared in 2017. He edited a volume of two essays by Hans Delbrueck (1848-1929) and himself, Krieg, Geschichte, Theories, Miles Verlag, Berlin 2018, and besides reviews in The Journal of Central European History and The Journal of Military History published an article on the function of history in Clausewitz's understanding of war in The Journal of Military History, October 2018.He celebrated his 95th birthday in April 2019 but continued to work. For example, an article, expansion of a lecture he gave at Princeton University in March 2019, which develops a new concept of Clausewitz's biography, appeared in the January 2020 issue of The Journal of Military History. A short article "From Document to Interpretation", will appear in the July 2020 issue of the journal. He introduced the 2020 Yearbook of the Clausewitz Research Association in Burg, Germany, and also published an article in the issue. <mask> died in September 2020 at the age of 96. Honors and awards

<mask> was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Member of the American Philosophical Society, which has awarded him its Thomas Jefferson Medal, an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics, and an Honorary Member of the German Clausewitz Society, which in 2020 awarded him its Silver Pin of Honor. He has received an honorary doctorate from the Humboldt University, Berlin, as well as three other honorary degrees, and the German government awarded him the Cross, Order of Merit First Class, German Federal Republic (2000), and the Great Cross of the Order of Merit, German Federal Republic (2013).In 1993, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History In 2017, he received the $100,000 Pritzker Literature Award for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing. Publications

A complete bibliography of <mask>'s publications is available on the home page of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. A list of all monographs and edited volumes, including foreign-language editions, complemented by a short biography appeared in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians, ed. A. Daum, H. Lehmann, J. Sheehan, New York 2016, pp. 420‒22; this volumes also includes an autobiographical essay entitled "External Events, Inner Drives" (pp. 72‒78). Further reading
 Andreas W. Daum, "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities", in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians.With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Andreas Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, , 1‒52. References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Academics from Utah
American male non-fiction writers
American military historians
American people of French descent
American people of Jewish descent
German emigrants to the United States
Cultural historians
Intellectual historians
Military personnel from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Davis faculty

masks:
Peter Paret
Paret
Hans Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Peter Dudeck
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
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title: Dick Marks

texts:
<mask>, (born 6 September 1942) is an Australian former rugby union footballer and noted administrator. He played 17 Tests for Australia between 1962 and 1967, and was a captain of Queensland, for whom he played from 1962 to 1972. He served as national coaching director from 1974 to 1995, and was a leading figure in lifting the standard of Australian rugby. He also served on the Board of Queensland Rugby and was an inaugural member of rugby's International Technical Committee and drafter of the Game’s Charter. He received the Joe French Award for his contributions to Australian rugby in 2014, and remains active in debates on governance of Australian rugby. In 2020, he was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. He is the grandfather of Queensland Reds player Curtis Browning.Early life

<mask> was born in Bundaberg Queensland in 1942, and later attended boarding school at Brisbane Grammar School, where he was an accomplished sportsman and scholar and captained both cricket and rugby. <mask> progressed to the University of Queensland Rugby Club, and made the Queensland U19 team in 1961. Rugby career

<mask> played in the centres for Australia throughout the "Thornett Era", which saw the national side rise to new heights of success on the international stage. The Queenslander made an impact from an early age with his tackling skills, speed and ability to break the line. In 1962, he played for Queensland against the touring All Blacks, scoring the home side's only try. The selectors picked the 19 year old for the Second Test against the All Blacks in Sydney, however a bout of illness prevented him from playing. Later that year, he was selected for the 1962 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, captained by John Thornett.He debuted in the Second Test at Dunedin in the centres alongside Beres Ellwood, just two days after turning 20, and impressed with his fierce tackling. He cemented a place in the Wallaby side playing seven of 13 tour matches including two tests. In 1963 <mask> played in the historic defeat of the first England tour side in Australia, played at the SCG in driving rain. He was later selected for the watershed 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, which saw Thornett's Wallabies tie a series against South Africa for the first time, and, in the process, became the first side to score back to back victories in the two tests over the Spring Boks since 1896. <mask> played in three of the four tests, setting up winger John Williams for a crucial try in the historic Third Test victory at Ellis Park, Johannesburg. <mask> was selected again for the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, playing six of eight matches, including the three tests. The tour featured another historic high for Australian rugby, with a 29-5 victory in the Third Test at Wellington, which remains the highest margin loss for New Zealand at home to this day.More success following in 1965, when Australia won a series over South Africa for the first time. <mask> played against the Spring Boks in their two tests and for Queensland. He missed selection for Australia against the touring Lions the following year, but captained Queensland against the side. He then played in every test of the 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France which saw an historic first victory over Wales and a record win over England. <mask> again played for Australia against the touring Irish in 1967, and captained Queensland against them. He then retired as Wallaby, but continued to play for Queensland until 1969 - and had a comeback season in 1972. He had played 51 matches for Australia at home and abroad, and captained the Wallabies against a French provincial side in 1967.He ranked the historic wins of the Spring Boks in 1963, New Zealand in 1964 and Wales in 1966 as career highlights. Rugby historian Jack Pollard described him as "a versatile centre who did everything sensibly and reduced mistakes to a minimum. There was nothing flash or colourful in his football, but he tackled hard and ran strongly...". Meares and Howell wrote that "His was a proud record. He had played fifty-one matches for his country, including 17 Tests. He was highly respected by his peers, so much so that when Rothmans set up its Director of Coaching position for rugby, he obtained the position in 1974." National coaching director 1974-1995

In 1974, <mask> became the inaugural Rothmans coaching director, with responsibilities for establishing a National Coaching Scheme for Australian Rugby.He remained in the job until 1995, through an unprecedented period of success for Australian rugby. He authored an influential coaching manual, instigated a number of coach and player development initiatives, and served on the first IRB Technical Committee and wrote a Charter of the Game. After the nadir of Australian rugby in the early 1970s and a 1973 loss to Tonga, the Australian Rugby Union created a National Coaching Plan to “teach coaches the art of coaching through demonstration and practical involvement.” As the first national Coaching Director, <mask> was tasked with writing a 300 page Rugby Coaching Manual, consisting of conceptual and practical tuition. Rugby writer Spiro Zavos describes the manual as "a compendium of the best in rugby thinking and practice at the time. It is a masterpiece. If Aristotle had written about rugby, this is the sort of manual he would have produced... The point in all of this is that the National Coaching Plan worked.From the despair of the 1970s Australian rugby gloried in nearly two decades of success." The rugby historians Meares and Howell wrote of <mask>' time as Coaching Director:

The <mask> directorship established a number of other innovations. Russel Tulloch of Norths Rugby wrote for The Australian newspaper that under the <mask> regime: "development officers used the national coaching process, the ground-breaking and world-recognised program developed under the auspices of David Clark from the Australian Institute of Sport, run by <mask> and Brian O’Shea, and sponsored by Rothmans. Some funding was available from the ARU but predominantly came from the clubs. This program consolidated skilled coaching processes and was available to all coaches throughout Australia. It provided a consistent and practical methodology and played a significant role in improving the quality of coaching of rugby in Australia... It is interesting to note that most of the players in the winning 1999 RWC had come from the amateur programs and were coached by people from the Clark/Marks/O’Shea program...".Rothman's sponsorship of the program ended in the mid 1990s, and <mask> was invited to continue in his position of National Director of Coaching on the payroll of the Australian Rugby Union. However, ill-health forced the resignation of the CEO, and his successor John O'Neil controversially replaced <mask> with Welsh coach Alex Evans,  whose background was not in coach education and whose tenure was short-lived. Nevertheless, wrote Meares and Howell, "the foundation laid by the coaching scheme ensured that outstanding Wallaby performances carried on through to the 1999 World Cup win." Later career, awards and activism

<mask> has made a name as a public speaker and master of ceremonies, "arguably the finest sports MC in the land" according to Meares and Howell. In 2014, he was awarded the prestigious Joe French Award for outstanding service to rugby over a long period of time. He remains influential in rugby circles, and in 2019 endorsed the #LetsFixAustralianRugby campaign to reform administration of the game in Australia, telling the Sydney Morning Herald: "We had a great system which won us two Rugby World Cups and produced Alan Jones, Bob Dwyer and Rod Macqueen. The emasculation of the system and the shutting down of the National Coaching Committee was the beginning of the end."In November 2020, <mask> was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. Articles by <mask>

<mask>: Rugby failed to care for its precious garden by <mask> www.theaustralian.com.au; 19 May 2017. Let's Fix Australian Rugby by <mask>, 11 November 2019. The Solution? A recommended action by <mask>, 25 November 2019. External links
<mask> historical Wallaby profile. <mask> Statistics on ESPN.References

1942 births
Living people
Rugby union officials
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australia international rugby union players

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title: Stretch (rapper)

texts:
Randy Walker (August 21, 1968 – November 30, 1995), of the stage name <mask>, was an American rapper and record producer, working in Live Squad. In the early 1990s, he joined 2Pac's rap group Thug Life. The November 30, 1994, shooting of Shakur led to their split. On November 30, 1995, exactly one year after the shooting of Shakur, <mask> was shot and killed  at the age of 27. He stood  tall. Live Squad
Randy Walker was born in 1968 in Springfield Gardens, Queens, to an American father and Jamaican, immigrant mother. Randy had a younger brother and two sisters.His father died in 1981, and his mother, Lucilda, was a nurse at New York University Medical Center. In the late 1980s, Randy, dubbed <mask>, and his brother Christopher, dubbed Majesty, teamed with DJ K-Low, forming Live Squad. In 1988, both rapping and producing it, Live Squad debut with an EP, titled BQ In Full Effect, which, featuring Percee P, includes the tracks "Troopin It" and "We Ain't Havin' It." Noteworthy is <mask>'s voice, deep and raspy. In 1990, <mask> met Shock G of Digital Underground, the Bay Area rap group's 1991 album featured <mask> on its track "Family of the Underground." That year, Live Squad remixed the group's single "No Nose Job." That summer, Stretch met Underground ally Tupac "2Pac" Shakur.The two became fast friends. Rapping his February 1992 single "If My Homie Calls" on Yo! MTV Raps, 2Pac was backed by <mask>, friend of host Ed Lover, who, praising Live Squad's demo tape and taking "executive producer" credit on its releases, helped Live get signed to Tommy Boy Records. In 1992, Live Squad released a double A side, "Murderahh! "/"Heartless," followed by single, "Game of Survival"/"Pump for a Livin'," in 1993. Live Squad also released an ultra-violent promo short film, Game Of Survival, on VHS tape, showcasing six songs from through group's forthcoming album. But in June, national outrage had broken out over the Los Angeles area's original gangsta rapper Ice-T's side project, his rock band Body Count's album of heavy metal with its track "Cop Killer."Tommy Boy, favoring radio friendliness, dropped Live Squad and shelved the album. Teaming with 2Pac
While Tupac filmed his breakthrough role in Juice, Stretch and Treach, of rap group Naughty By Nature, were extras. Once Tupac's trailer was robbed of jewelry, they delivered a beatdown on set. In late 1991, after studio recordings, live shows, and TV appearances with <mask>, 2Pac put out his debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, with two tracks, including "Crooked Ass Nigga," where Stretch produces and raps. Recently unable to put a track on Juice's soundtrack, 2Pac saw his album sell modestly, but Juice's release in 1992 sent his star on the rise. In 1993, 2Pac's second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., found Live Squad producing and featured on "Strugglin'," while featured, along with Treach and rapper Apache, on "5 Deadly Venomz." That was produced by Stretch, who produced two more tracks, "The Streetz R Deathrow" and, featuring Live Squad, "Holler If Ya Hear Me."Stretch made cameo appearances in music videos for the Mac Mall song "Ghetto Theme," directed by Tupac, and, in 1993, for the Above The Law, Money B, and Tupac song "Call It What You Want," as well as in movies, Ed Lover & Doctor Dre's 1993 film Who's the Man? and Tupac's 1996 film Bullet. In March 1994, on The Arsenio Hall Show, 2Pac and Stretch performed "Pain," a track on the Above the Rim soundtrack's only cassette version and merely a single's B side, but swiftly a rap favorite. 2Pac's group Thug Life
In 1992, with rapper Big Syke, 2Pac and Stretch recorded "Thug Life." In 1993, that song is still unreleased, Tupac expanded the group, named Thug Life, and got it on Interscope Records, releasing in 1994 the group's only album, Thug Life: Volume 1. Here, Stretch produces and raps on "Thug Music" and the lead single, "Bury Me a G." Amid controversy over lyrics, the label cut "Out on Bail", which Tupac and Stretch performed at The '94 Source Awards, anyway, and "Runnin' from tha Police", featuring Biggie Smalls. In 1993, Tupac met Biggie, a promising young rapper from Brooklyn, on his visit to California, whereupon Tupac supported and mentored him, a prospective member of Thug Life.During 1993, Live Squad, 2Pac, and Biggie performed a joint set at Maryland's Bowie State University, in Prince George’s County, Maryland. and recorded "House Of Pain," unreleased, for Biggie's debut album in the making. Biggie's debut album would arrive, without the song, in 1994 as Ready to Die. But the alliance would be severed through events on the night of November 30, 1994, at the Times Square building of Quad Recording Studios. November 1994 shooting
In late 1994, Tupac was reportedly hired by fledgling music manager James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond to record a verse for rapper Lil' Shawn's single "Dom Perignon." Arriving with Stretch and two others, they reportedly found rapper Lil' Cease—a member of the Bad Boy record label's circle via Biggie's side group Junior M.A.F.I.A.—watching the sidewalk from above and greeting them. But in the lobby, three men pulled pistols to rob Tupac, who, resisting, was shot five times.Suspecting shooting as the primary motive, Tupac pointed to, among others, Henchman and Biggie. Blaming Henchman for the setup, Tupac accused Biggie of withholding prior knowledge. The very day after the shooting, Tupac was convicted, in a Manhattan court, of sexual assault. And on February 14, 1995, he was sentenced to at least a year and a half in prison. In March, 2Pac's third album, Me Against the World, was released with Stretch removed from its track "So Many Tears." In a jailhouse interview published in April, Tupac discusses the November shooting and Stretch, incidentally 6'8": "I was, like, 'What should I do?' I’m thinking Stretch is going to fight; he was towering over those niggas.From what I know about the criminal element, if niggas come to rob you, they always hit the big nigga first. But they didn’t touch Stretch; they came straight to me." In the interview, Tupac also reflects,

No strong evidence emerged to implicate Stretch in the crime. Publicly responding, Stretch contends, "Pac's saying all this shit in the interview, like, 'I thought that Stretch was gonna fight. He was towering over them.' Now, that nigga know I ain't never going out like no bitch. But I ain't dumb.I ain't got no gun, what the fuck am I supposed to do? I might be towering over niggas, but I ain't towering over no slugs." Meanwhile, some reporting would suggest forensics evidence that Tupac had shot himself. Stretch offers, "Me personally, I only heard one shot. ... Tupac got shot trying to go for his shit. He tried to go for his gun, and he made a mistake on his own. But I'll let him tell the world that.... He tried to turn around and pull the joint out real quick, but niggas caught him. Grabbed his hand when it was by his waist." Bill Courtney, retired New York Police Department officer, once with its infamous "Hip-Hop Squad," suggests that the stickup answered Tupac's comments, published in New York's Daily News, about Jimmy Henchman's associate Haitian Jack, big in the Queens nightlife scene and criminal underworld. Haitain Jack and two other men had been indicted with Tupac for the November 1993 sexual assault, on a woman in Tupac's hotel room, whereby Tupac was convicted on December 1, 1994. By then, Haitain Jack had taken a misdemeanor plea deal for no jail time, and the newspaper published Tupac's gripe. The onetime "Hip-Hop Squad" officer hazards, "A message was being sent to him not to name-drop."Jimmy Henchman has since commented, "Nobody came to rob you. They came to discipline you." On June 15, 2011, the day before what would have been Tupac's 40th birthday, Dexter Isaac, imprisoned for murder, sent from Brooklyn's Metropolitan Detention Center to AllHipHop.com a confession. Isaac stated that he had been one of the men who in November 1994 robbed and shot Tupac at Jimmy Henchman's behest. <mask>'s murder
On October 12, 1995, with bond posted via Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, and pending appeal, Tupac was released from prison in upstate New York. Joining the label in Los Angeles, Tupac feverishly recorded his fourth album, All Eyez on Me. Two tracks, in particular—"Ambitionz Az a Ridah" as well as "Holla At Me"—have lyrics against <mask>, one envisioning his death.But by the album's release on February 13, 1996, <mask> was already dead. Released a few months later, in July 1996, the sophomore album, It Was Written, by rapper Nas, from Queensbridge in Queens, would have Live Squad production on two tracks, "Take It In Blood" as well as "Silent Murder," from <mask>'s final recording session exactly one year after the November 30, 1994, shooting of Tupac. On November 30, 1995, leaving the Nas recording session at midnight, <mask> on his way to a Biggie Smalls event, dropped off his own brother Majesty at his Queens Village home. Two or three men in a black car pulled up beside and chasing Stretch's green minivan, rolled down the window and fired at it. Stretch crashed at 112th Avenue and 209th Street, just after 12:30 AM, and was found dead at the age of 27 via four bullets to his back. In one theory, Stretch had robbed "a big drug dealer of over 10 bricks" and, despite the "pressure on the street," refused to return the over 10 kilograms of cocaine, why "a hit was issued." In April 2007, via separate investigation into the murder of Jam Master Jay, legendary DJ of Run-DMC, in his native Jamaica, Queens, federal prosecutors named as a suspect in both murders one Ronald "Tenad" Washington.After Tupac's death by drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, in September 1996, a Live Squad production, the track "Nothing to Lose," would appear on the first posthumous 2Pac album, released in 1997, R U Still Down? (Remember Me). Released the next year, Greatest Hits has the cryptic "God Bless the Dead," dedicated to "Biggy Smallz," but not the famed Live Squad and onetime 2Pac associate Biggie Smalls who is otherwise called The Notorious B.I.G., and instead a Latino rapper who worked with one of 2Pac's main producers, Johnny J. In 1999, a promotional release for The Notorious B.I.G. 's own posthumous album Born Again has a Bad Boy remix of "House of Pain," featuring Stretch and 2Pac. <mask>'s brother Majesty would found Grand Imperial Records jointly with rapper E-MoneyBags, who would be slain in July 2001, allegedly by order of Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff, a suspect behind the murder of Jam Master Jay. In 2001, Majesty released the Live Squad album that Tommy Boy Records had nixed, Game Of Survival.Discography

See also
27 Club
List of murdered hip hop musicians
List of unsolved murders

Notes

External links
 Stretch at Discogs
 Live Squad at Discogs

  Live Squad Fan Site (archived)

1968 births
1995 deaths
1995 murders in the United States
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American rappers
African-American male actors
African-American male rappers
American rappers of Jamaican descent
Deaths by firearm in Queens, New York
Gangsta rappers
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
Musicians from Queens, New York
People murdered in New York City
Rappers from New York City
Unsolved murders in the United States
20th-century African-American musicians

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