title: Rowan Williams

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 policy and criticising the coalition troops' conduct in Iraq. The letter cited the abuse of Iraqi detainees, which was described as having been "deeply damaging" — and stated that the government's apparent double standards "diminish the credibility of western governments". In December 2006 he expressed doubts in an interview on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 about whether he had done enough to oppose the war. On 5 October 2007, <mask> visited Iraqi refugees in Syria.In a BBC interview after his trip he described advocates of a United States attack on Syria or Iran as "criminal, ignorant and potentially murderous". He said, "When people talk about further destabilization of the region and you read some American political advisers speaking of action against Syria and Iran, I can only say that I regard that as criminal, ignorant and potentially murderous folly." A few days earlier, the former US ambassador to the UN John R. Bolton had called for bombing of Iran at a fringe meeting of the Conservative Party conference. In <mask>'s Humanitas Programme lecture at the University of Oxford in January 2014, he "characterized the impulse to intervene as a need to be seen to do something rather than nothing" and advocated for "a religiously motivated nonviolence which refuses to idolise human intervention in all circumstances." Unity of the Anglican Communion

<mask> became Archbishop of Canterbury at a particularly difficult time in the relations of the churches of the Anglican Communion. His predecessor, George Carey, had sought to keep the peace between the theologically conservative primates of the communion such as Peter Akinola of Nigeria and Drexel Gomez of the West Indies and liberals such as Frank Griswold, the then primate of the US Episcopal Church. In 2003, in an attempt to encourage dialogue, <mask> appointed Robin Eames, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, as chairman of the Lambeth Commission on Communion, to examine the challenges to the unity of the Anglican Communion, stemming from the consecration of Gene Robinson as Bishop of New Hampshire, and the blessing of same-sex unions in the Diocese of New Westminster.(Robinson was in a same-sex relationship.) The Windsor Report, as it was called, was published in October 2004. It recommended solidifying the connection between the churches of the communion by having each church ratify an "Anglican Covenant" that would commit them to consulting the wider communion when making major decisions. It also urged those who had contributed to disunity to express their regret. In November 2005, following a meeting of Anglicans of the "global south" in Cairo at which <mask> had addressed them in conciliatory terms, 12 primates who had been present sent him a letter sharply criticising his leadership which said that "We are troubled by your reluctance to use your moral authority to challenge the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada." The letter acknowledged his eloquence but strongly criticised his reluctance to take sides in the communion's theological crisis and urged him to make explicit threats to those more liberal churches. Questions were later asked about the authority and provenance of the letter as two additional signatories' names had been added although they had left the meeting before it was produced.Subsequently, the Church of Nigeria appointed an American cleric to deal with relations between the United States and Nigerian churches outside the normal channels. <mask> expressed his reservations about this to the General Synod of the Church of England. <mask> later established a working party to examine what a "covenant" between the provinces of the Anglican Communion would mean in line with the Windsor Report. Position on Freemasonry
In a leaked private letter, <mask> said that he "had real misgivings about the compatibility of Masonry and Christian profession" and that while he was Bishop of Monmouth he had prevented the appointment of Freemasons to senior positions within his diocese. The leaking of this letter in 2003 caused a controversy, which he sought to defuse by apologising for the distress caused and stating that he did not question "the good faith and generosity of individual Freemasons", not least as his father had been a Freemason. However, he also reiterated his concern about Christian ministers adopting "a private system of profession and initiation, involving the taking of oaths of loyalty." Opinion about hijab and terrorism
<mask> objected to a proposed French law banning the wearing of the hijab, a traditional Islamic headscarf for women, in French schools.He said that the hijab and any other religious symbols should not be outlawed. <mask> also spoke up against the scapegoating of Muslims in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings on underground trains and a bus, which killed 52 and wounded about 700. The initial blame was placed on Al-Qaeda, but Muslims at large were targeted for reprisals: four mosques in England were assaulted and Muslims were verbally insulted in streets and their cars and houses were vandalised. <mask> strongly condemned the terrorist attacks and stated that they could not be justified. However, he added that "any person can commit a crime in the name of religion and it is not particularly Islam to be blamed. Some persons committed deeds in the name of Islam but the deeds contradict Islamic belief and philosophy completely." Creationism
The response of <mask> to a controversy about the teaching of creationism in privately sponsored academies was that it should not be taught in schools as an alternative to evolution.When asked if he was comfortable with the teaching of creationism, he said "I think creationism is, in a sense, a kind of category mistake, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories" and "My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it." <mask> has maintained traditional support amongst Anglicans and their leaders for the teaching of evolution as fully compatible with Christianity. This support has dated at least back to Frederick Temple's tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury. Interview with Emel magazine
In November 2007, <mask> gave an interview for Emel magazine, a British Muslim magazine. <mask> condemned the United States and certain Christian groups for their role in the Middle East, while his criticism of some trends within Islam went largely unreported. As reported by The Times, he was greatly critical of the United States, the Iraq War, and Christian Zionists, yet made "only mild criticisms of the Islamic world". He claimed "the United States wields its power in a way that is worse than Britain during its imperial heyday".He compared Muslims in Britain to the Good Samaritans, praised Muslim salat ritual of five prayers a day, but said in Muslim nations, the "present political solutions aren't always very impressive". Sharia law
<mask> was the subject of a media and press furore in February 2008 following a lecture he gave to the Temple Foundation at the Royal Courts of Justice on the subject of "Islam and English Law". He raised the question of conflicting loyalties which communities might have, cultural, religious and civic. He also argued that theology has a place in debates about the very nature of law "however hard our culture may try to keep it out" and noted that there is, in a "dominant human rights philosophy", a reluctance to acknowledge the liberty of conscientious objection. He spoke of "supplementary jurisdictions" to that of the civil law. Noting the anxieties which the word sharia provoked in the West, he drew attention to the fact that there was a debate within Islam between what he called "primitivists" for whom, for instance, apostasy should still be punishable and those Muslims who argued that sharia was a developing system of Islamic jurisprudence and that such a view was no longer acceptable. He made comparisons with Orthodox Jewish practice (beth din) and with the recognition of the exercise of conscience of Christians.<mask>'s words were critically interpreted as proposing a parallel jurisdiction to the civil law for Muslims (Sharia) and were the subject of demands from elements of the press and media for his resignation. He also attracted criticism from elements of the Anglican Communion. In response, <mask> stated in a BBC interview that "certain provision[s] of sharia are already recognised in our society and under our law; ... we already have in this country a number of situations in which the internal law of religious communities is recognised by the law of the land as justified conscientious objections in certain circumstances in providing certain kinds of social relations" and that "we have Orthodox Jewish courts operating in this country legally and in a regulated way because there are modes of dispute resolution and customary provisions which apply there in the light of Talmud." <mask> also denied accusations of proposing a parallel Islamic legal system within Britain. <mask> also said of sharia: "In some of the ways it has been codified and practised across the world, it has been appalling and applied to women in places like Saudi Arabia, it is grim." <mask>'s position received more support from the legal community, following a speech given on 4 July 2008 by Nicholas Phillips, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. He supported the idea that sharia could be reasonably employed as a basis for "mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution".He went further to defend the position <mask> had taken earlier in the year, explaining that "It was not very radical to advocate embracing sharia law in the context of family disputes, for example, and our system already goes a long way towards accommodating the archbishop's suggestion. "; and that "It is possible in this country for those who are entering into a contractual agreement to agree that the agreement shall be governed by a law other than English law." However, some concerns have been raised over the question of how far "embracing" sharia law would be compliant with the UK's obligation under human rights law. In March 2014, the Law Society of England and Wales issued instructions on how to draft sharia-compliant wills for the network of sharia courts which has grown up in Islamic communities to deal with disputes between Muslim families, and so <mask>'s idea of sharia in the UK was, for a time, seen to bear fruit. The instructions were withdrawn in November 2014. Comments on the British government
On 8 June 2011, <mask> said that the British government was committing Britain to "radical, long-term policies for which no-one voted". Writing in the New Statesman magazine, <mask> raised concerns about the coalition's health, education and welfare reforms.He said there was "indignation" due to a lack of "proper public argument". He also said that the "Big Society" idea was viewed with "widespread suspicion", noting also that "we are still waiting for a full and robust account of what the Left would do differently and what a Left-inspired version of localism would look like". The article also said there was concern that the government would abandon its responsibility for tackling child poverty, illiteracy and poor access to the best schools. He also expressed concern about the "quiet resurgence of the seductive language of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor" and the steady pressure to increase "what look like punitive responses to alleged abuses of the system". In response, David Cameron said that he "profoundly disagreed" with <mask>'s claim that the government was forcing through "radical policies for which no one voted". Cameron said that the government was acting in a "good and moral" fashion and defended the "Big Society" and the coalition's deficit reduction, welfare and education plans. "I am absolutely convinced that our policies are about actually giving people a greater responsibility and greater chances in their life, and I will defend those very vigorously", he said."By all means let us have a robust debate but I can tell you, it will always be a two-sided debate." On 26 November 2013, at Clare College, Cambridge, <mask> gave the annual T. S. Eliot Lecture, with the title Eliot's Christian Society and the Current Political Crisis. In this, he recalled the poet's assertion that a competent agnostic would make a better prime minister than an incompetent Christian. "I don't know what he would make of our present prime minister", he said. "I have a suspicion that he might have approved of him. I don't find that a very comfortable thought." Comments on antisemitism
In August 2017, <mask> condemned antisemitism and backed a petition to remove the works of David Irving and other Holocaust denial books from the University of Manchester.In a letter to the university, <mask> said "At a time when there is, nationally and internationally, a measurable rise in the expression of extremist views I believe this question needs urgent attention." Climate and ecological crisis
In October 2018, he signed the call to action supporting Extinction Rebellion. Ecumenism

<mask> did his doctoral work on the mid-20th-century Russian Orthodox theologian Vladimir Lossky. He is currently patron of the Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius, an ecumenical forum for Orthodox and Western (primarily Anglican) Christians. He has expressed his continuing sympathies with Orthodoxy in lectures and writings since that time. <mask> has written on the Spanish Catholic mystic Teresa of Ávila. On the death of Pope John Paul II, he accepted an invitation to attend his funeral, the first Archbishop of Canterbury to attend a funeral of a Pope since the break under King Henry VIII.He also attended the inauguration of Pope Benedict XVI. During the Pope's state visit to the United Kingdom in September 2010, the two led a service together at Westminster Abbey. <mask> said in April 2010 that the child sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Church in Ireland had been a "colossal trauma" for Ireland in particular. His remarks were condemned by the second most senior Catholic bishop in Ireland, the Archbishop of Dublin, Diarmuid Martin, who said that "Those working for renewal in the Catholic Church in Ireland did not need this comment on this Easter weekend and do not deserve it." Honours and awards
  Life peerage (created 8 January 2013)
  Royal Victorian Chain (2012)
  Chaplain of the Order of St John (1999)
  Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I (2004)
  Order of Friendship of Russia (2010)
 Sitara-e-Pakistan (2012)
 Membership in the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, 2002
 Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), 1990
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), 2003
 Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (FLSW), 2010
 Honorary doctorates: University of Kent, DD, 2003; University of Wales, DD, 2003; Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät, University of Bonn, Dr. theol. honoris causa, 2004; University of Oxford, DCL, 2005; University of Cambridge, DD, 2006; Wycliffe College, University of Toronto, DD, 2007; Trinity College, University of Toronto, DD, 2007; Durham University, DD, 2007; Rikkyo University, DD, 2009; St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, DD, 2010; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, DD, 2011; King's College London, DD, 2011; DUniv Canterbury Christ Church University, 2012; University of South Wales, DUniv, 2013; University of Warwick, LLD, 2016; Sewanee: The University of the South, DD, 2016; Uppsala University, Sweden, teol. dr honoris causa 2017; Yale University, 2018; The General Theological Seminary, New York, D.D.Feb. 11, 2019; Huron University College, London Ontario, DD 18 March 2019. Honorary Student of Christ Church, Oxford
 Honorary Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford
 Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge
 Honorary Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge
 Honorary Fellow of Glyndŵr University, Wrexham
 Honorary Fellow of St Chad's College, Durham
 Freedom of the City of Swansea, Wales: 31 July 2010. Freedom of the City of Canterbury, Kent: 17 November 2012. Freeman of the City of London, and Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers. In 2011, he was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy. Styles

1950–1975: Mr <mask>
1975–1977: Dr <mask>
1977-1986: The Rev'd Dr <mask>
1986–1991: The Rev'd Canon Professor <mask>
1991-1999: The Rt Rev'd Dr <mask>
1999-2003: The Most Rev'd Dr <mask>
2003–2012: The Most Rev'd and Rt Hon Dr <mask>
2012-2017: The Rt Rev'd and Rt Hon The Lord <mask> of Oystermouth
2017—: The Rt Rev'd and Rt Hon Professor The <mask> of Oystermouth

Arms

Works
 The Theology of Vladimir Nikolaievich Lossky: An Exposition and Critique (1975 DPhil thesis)
 The Wound of Knowledge (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1979)
 Resurrection: Interpreting the Easter Gospel (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1982)
 Eucharistic Sacrifice: The Roots of a Metaphor (Grove Books, 1982)
 Essays Catholic and Radical ed. with K. Leech (Bowerdean, 1983)
 The Truce of God (London: Fount, 1983)
 Peacemaking Theology (1984)
 Open to Judgement: Sermons and Addresses (1984)
 Politics and Theological Identity (with David Nicholls) (Jubilee, 1984)
 Faith in the University (1989)
 Christianity and the Ideal of Detachment (1989)
 Teresa of Avila (1991)
 Open to Judgement: Sermons and Addresses (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1994)
 After Silent Centuries (1994)
 "A Ray of Darkness" (1995)
 On Christian Theology (2000)
 Christ on Trial (2000)
 Arius: Heresy and Tradition (2nd ed., SCM Press, 2001)
 The Poems of Rowan Williams (2002)
 Writing in the Dust: Reflections on 11 September and Its Aftermath (Hodder and Stoughton, 2002)
 Ponder These Things: Praying With Icons of the Virgin (Canterbury Press, 2002)
 Faith and Experience in Early Monasticism (2002)
 Silence and Honey Cakes: The Wisdom of the Desert (2003)
 Lost Icons: Essays on Cultural Bereavement (T & T Clark, 2003)
 The Dwelling of the Light—Praying with Icons of Christ (Canterbury Press, 2003 )
 Darkness Yielding, co-authored with Jim Cotter, Martyn Percy, Sylvia Sands and W. H. Vanstone (2004)
 Anglican Identities (2004)
 Why Study the Past?The Quest for the Historical Church (Eerdmans, 2005 )
 Grace and Necessity: Reflections on Art and Love (2005)
 Tokens of Trust. An introduction to Christian belief. (Canterbury Press, 2007 )
 Wrestling with Angels: Conversations in Modern Theology, ed. References

External links

 Archbishop of Canterbury official site
 BBC profile
 "The Archbishop's guide to Muslim intolerance" – critical op-ed originally published in Haaretz
 "Early Christianity and Today: Some Shared Questions", lecture for Gresham College in St Paul's Cathedral on 4 June 2008 (available in text, MP3 and MP4

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title: Saint Maurice

type: original

texts:
<mask> (also Moritz, Morris, or Mauritius; ) was an Egyptian military leader who headed the legendary Theban Legion of Rome in the 3rd century, and is one of the favorite and most widely venerated saints of that martyred group. He is the patron saint of several professions, locales, and kingdoms. Biography

Early life
According to the hagiographical material, <mask> was an Egyptian, born in AD 250 in Thebes, an ancient city in Upper Egypt that was the capital of the New Kingdom of Egypt (1575-1069 BC). He was brought up in the region of Thebes (Luxor). Career
<mask> became a soldier in the Roman army. He rose through the ranks until he became the commander of the Theban legion, thus leading approximately a thousand men. He was an acknowledged Christian at a time when early Christianity was considered to be a threat to the Roman Empire.Yet, he moved easily within the pagan society of his day. The legion, entirely composed of Christians, had been called from Thebes in Egypt to Gaul to assist Emperor Maximian in defeating a revolt by the bagaudae. The Theban Legion was dispatched with orders to clear the Great St Bernard Pass across the Alps. Before going into battle, they were instructed to offer sacrifices to the pagan gods and pay homage to the emperor. <mask> pledged his men's military allegiance to Rome. He stated that service to God superseded all else. He said that to engage in wanton slaughter was inconceivable to Christian soldiers.He and his men refused to worship Roman deities. Martyrdom
However, when Maximian ordered them to harass some local Christians, they refused. Ordering the unit to be punished, Maximian had every tenth soldier killed, a military punishment known as decimation. More orders followed, the men refused compliance as encouraged by <mask>, and a second decimation was ordered. In response to the Theban Christians' refusal to attack fellow Christians, Maximian ordered all the remaining members of his legion to be executed. The place in Switzerland where this occurred, known as Agaunum, is now Saint-Maurice, Switzerland, site of the Abbey of St. Maurice. So reads the earliest account of their martyrdom, contained in the public letter which Bishop Eucherius of Lyon (c. 434–450), addressed to his fellow bishop, Salvius.Alternative versions have the legion refusing Maximian's orders only after discovering innocent Christians had inhabited a town they had just destroyed, or that the emperor had them executed when they refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods. Legacy

Veneration
Saint <mask> became a patron saint of the German Holy Roman Emperors. In 926, Henry the Fowler (919–936), even ceded the present Swiss canton of Aargau to the abbey, in return for <mask>'s lance, sword and spurs. The sword and spurs of <mask> were part of the regalia used at coronations of the Austro-Hungarian emperors until 1916, and among the most important insignia of the imperial throne. In addition, some of the emperors were anointed before the Altar of Saint Maurice at St. Peter's Basilica. In 929, Henry the Fowler held a royal court gathering (Reichsversammlung) at Magdeburg. At the same time the Mauritius Kloster in honor of <mask> was founded.In 961, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, was building and enriching Magdeburg Cathedral, which he intended for his own tomb. To that end,

<mask> is traditionally depicted in full armor, in Italy emblazoned with a red cross. In folk culture he has become connected with the legend of the Holy Lance, which he is supposed to have carried into battle; his name is engraved on the Holy Lance of Vienna, one of several relics claimed as the spear that pierced Jesus' side on the cross. <mask> gives his name to the town St. Moritz as well as to numerous places called Saint-Maurice in French speaking countries. The Indian Ocean island state of Mauritius was named after <mask>, Prince of Orange, and not directly after <mask> himself. Over 650 religious foundations dedicated to <mask> can be found in France and other European countries. In Switzerland alone, seven churches or altars in Aargau, six in the Canton of Lucerne, four in the Canton of Solothurn, and one in Appenzell Innerrhoden can be found (in fact, his feast day is a cantonal holiday in Appenzell Innerrhoden).Particularly notable among these are the Church and Abbey of Saint-Maurice-en-Valais, the Church of Saint Moritz in the Engadin, and the Monastery Chapel of Einsiedeln Abbey, where his name continues to be greatly revered. Several orders of chivalry were established in his honor as well, including the Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and the Order of Saint Maurice. Additionally, fifty-two towns and villages in France have been named in his honor. <mask> was also the patron saint of a Catholic parish and church in the 9th Ward of New Orleans and including part of the town of Arabi in St. Bernard Parish. The church was constructed in 1856, but was devastated by the winds and flood waters of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005; the copper-plated steeple was blown off the building. The church was subsequently deconsecrated in 2008, and the local diocese put it up for sale in 2011. By 2014, a local attorney had purchased the property for a local arts organization, after which the building served as both an arts venue and the worship space for a Baptist church that had been displaced following the hurricane.On 19 July 1941, Pope Pius XII declared <mask> to be patron Saint of the Italian Army's Alpini (mountain infantry corps). The Alpini have celebrated <mask>'s feast every year since then. The Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria does not mention <mask>, although there are several Coptic churches named for him. Apparition
The Our Lady of Laus apparitions included an apparition of Saint <mask>. He appeared in an antique episcopal vestment and told Benoîte Rencurel that he was the one to whom the nearby chapel was dedicated, that he would fetch her some water (before drawing some water out of a well she had not seen), that she should go down to a certain valley to escape the local guard and see the Blessed Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, and that Mary was both in Heaven and could appear on Earth. Patronage
<mask> is the patron saint of the Duchy of Savoy (France) and of the Valais (Switzerland) as well as of soldiers, swordsmiths, armies, and infantrymen. In 1591 Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy arranged the triumphant return of part of the relics of <mask> from the monastery of Agaune in Valais.He is also the patron saint of weavers and dyers. Manresa (Spain), Piedmont (Italy), Montalbano Jonico (Italy), Schiavi di Abruzzo (Italy), Stadtsulza (Germany) and Coburg (Germany) have chosen St. <mask> as their patron saint as well. <mask> is also the patron saint of the Brotherhood of Blackheads, a historical military order of unmarried merchants in present-day Estonia and Latvia. In September 2008, certain relics of <mask> were transferred to a new reliquary and rededicated in Schiavi di Abruzzo (Italy). He is also the patron saint of the town of Coburg in Bavaria, Germany. He is shown there as a man of colour especially on manhole covers as well as on the city coat of arms. There he is called "Coburger Mohr" (engl.: "Coburg Moor"). Portrayal
The earliest surviving work portraying St<mask> as a dark-complexioned African dates from the 12th century. The oldest surviving image that depicts <mask> as a black African in knight's armor was sculpted in mid-13th century for Magdeburg Cathedral; there it is displayed next to the grave of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Jean Devisse, The Image of the Black in Western Art, laid out the documentary sources for the saint's popularity and documented it with illustrative examples. When the new cathedral was built under Archbishop Albert II of Käfernberg (served 1205–32), a relic said to be the head of <mask> was procured from the Holy Land. The image of <mask> has been examined in detail by Gude Suckale-Redlefsen, who demonstrated that this image of <mask> has existed since <mask>'s first depiction in Germany between the Weser and the Elbe, and spread to Bohemia, where it became associated with the imperial ambitions of the House of Luxembourg. According to Suckale-Redlefsen, the image of <mask> reached its apogee during the years 1490 to 1530.Images of the saint died out in the mid-sixteenth century, undermined, Suckale-Redlefsen suggests, by the developing Atlantic slave trade. "Once again, as in the early Middle Ages, the color black had become associated with spiritual darkness and cultural 'otherness'". There is an oil on wood painting of <mask> by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553) in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Historicity

There is a difference of opinion among researchers as to whether or not the story of the Theban Legion is based on historical fact, and if so, to what extent. The account by Eucherius of Lyon is classed by Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye among the historical romances. Donald F. O'Reilly, in Lost Legion Rediscovered, argues that evidence from coins, papyrus, and Roman army lists support the story of the Theban Legion. Denis Van Berchem, of the University of Geneva, proposed that Eucherius' presentation of the legend of the Theban legion was a literary production, not based on a local tradition.The monastic accounts themselves do not specifically state that all the soldiers were collectively executed;  the twelfth century bishop Otto of Freising wrote in his Chronica de duabus civitatibus that many of the legionaries escaped and only some were executed at Agaunum, though the others were later apprehended and put to death at Galliae Bonna and Colonia Aggripina. Gallery

See also

 Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 St. Moritz

Notes

External links

 On the image of the Blackamoor in European Heraldry - St. <mask>
 David Wood, "The Origin of the Cult of St. Maurice"
 Saint <mask> from the Golden Legend

287 deaths
3rd-century Christian martyrs
Christian folklore
Egyptian Christian monks
Saints from Roman Egypt
Swiss saints
Military saints
Legendary Romans

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title: Otto Neitzel

texts:
Life
<mask> was the second son out of six musically talented children of the teacher <mask> and his wife Louise, née Messerschmidt. At the age of eight he caused a sensation as a "Wunderkind" playing piano in his hometown Falkenburg and nearby cities (Dramburg, Kallies and Rummelsburg) in the Pommersche Schweiz, Pommern. In Stettin he was promoted by Carl Loewe, in Berlin by Eduard Grell (1800-1886), the violinist Hubert Ries and the composer Wilhelm Taubert. Because his father was not able to finance his musical education his talented son was sponsored by patron Bernhard Loeser from the cigar manufacturers "Loeser&Wolff". (2) ("Tadellöser&Wolff", novel by Walter Kempowski) 1865 the young boy left home to become a quartaner at the Joachimsthaler Gymnasium in Berlin. He got piano lessons at the Neue Akademie der Tonkunst by Theodor Kullak, Richard Wüerst and Friedrich Kiel (according to Friedrich-Kiel-Gesellschaft e.V.). From 1873 to 1875 he was a student of Franz List.1875 he wrote his dissertation "Die ästhetische Grenze der Programmmusik" (The Esthetic Limit of Program-Music). He went on tour accompanying the soprano singer Pauline Lucca and the famous violinist Pablo de Sarasate on piano. (3)
1878 <mask> became director of the Musikverein in Straßburg. From 1879 till 1881 he was music-director at the Straßburger Stadttheater and worked as a teacher at the Straßburger Konservatorium. Its Director Max Erdmannsdörfer recommended him as a representative for the German piano school at the Moscow Konservatory. He was offered a chair as "Imperatorial-Russian" professor. (4) He married his student, the alto singer Sophie Romboi.1885 he became teacher at the Kölner Konservatorium. 1887 he became chief of the musical section of the "Kölnische Zeitung", where he published as a journalist. 1887 was the debut of his first opera "Angela" in Halle a.d. Saale. Excited about the new technical inventions, <mask> recorded parts of Piano Concert No. 2 by Frédéric Chopin in Cologne among other musicians on 23 January 1890 in the last session of the Edison phonograph recording expedition through Europe. With this phonograph-wax-cylinder he left one of the oldest music recordings still in existence. In the winter of 1906/07 he was invited to play and hold lecture recitals in the United States, where he played Beethoven's G-major concert in Philadelphia and Boston, directed by Karl Muck.In 1909 <mask> directed Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 and his Choral Fantasy. Because of its success Muck encouraged him to direct the orchestra, but <mask> rejected the offer. In 1910 <mask> tried out a new technical facility for recording music for the second time: The Welte-Mignon reproducing piano, with whom he recorded some of the "Davidsbündler Tänze" by Robert Schumann on paper-tape-rolls. (C) He was acquainted with Richard Wagner and Richard Strauß, who he supported. In 1919 he became member of the Preußische Akademie der Künste in Berlin. He held a chair as a professor.He died on 10 March 1920 in Cologne, where he left behind four daughters. One became a piano player and another played harp in an orchestra. <mask> wrote plays and published steadily: His work enfolds 6 operas and several music pieces for piano. Among them adaptions for piano, like "The spanisch dances" from Sarasate, 1878. As an author for music literature he had written several opera guides including one about Richard Wagner, books about Beethovens symphony's and about Camille Saint-Saëns. His entertaining style of writing is exemplified  in "Out of my musical potofolio" ("Aus meiner musikanten-Mappe"). The Kölnische Zeitung reports on 27 January 1890 from Neitzels music record: "Herr Wangemann, the real Edison apostle who received the honor of demonstrating his instruments to the German Kaiser invites local musicians and music-lovers to see and listen to the phonograph, which he exhibits at Ibach & Son at the New Market.It maybe that the handling was not always accurate, but with the fresh made cylinders there was nearly nothing to hear of the mentioned disturbing, abnormal sounds. A recorded piano rendering by the phonograph resulted the truest details, delicacy nuances, every blue and every false note. A gypsy band and a Vienna tenor were clearly audible on earlier cylinders. The machine, that was not shown a greater audience, was specially prepared for musical recitals". (B)
Original Article:
("Herr Wangemann, der echte Edison Apostel, der nämliche, welcher die Ehre hatte, dem deutschen Kaiser seine Apparate vorzuführen, beehrte einige hiesige Musiker und Musikfreunde mit Einladungen zur Besichtigung und Anhörung seines bei Ibach Sohn am Neumarkt aufgestellten Phonographen. Es scheint doch wohl, daß die Handhabung dieses Instruments nicht immer mit der nötigen Sorgfalt betrieben wird; denn von den sonst erwähnten Nebengeräuschen war namentlich an den frisch angefertigten Cylindern kaum etwas zu spüren. Ein auf dem Phonographen aufgenommener Claviervortrag ergab die getreulichste Zeichnung jeder Nuancenfeinheit und -freiheit, jeder verwischten Note, jedes unrichtigen Tons.Von frühern Cylindern waren eine Zigeunerkapelle und ein Wiener Tenorist besonders deutlich vernehmbar. Der Apparat, der nicht öffentlich gezeigt wird, war für die Aufnahme von musicalischen Vorträgen besonders eingerichtet.") Works
Compositions
 Musiques pour piano et chant: opus 4, 5, 11, 25-27, 33, 36, 43
 Concerto for piano & orchestra, Op. 26 (Published: Bayreuth, Carl Giessel, 1900) [Score & parts in Fleisher Collection, Philadelphia]
 Das Leben ein Traum, Fantasie für Violine und Orchester
 Vaterland, Ode für Chor, Orchester und Orgel
 Operas
 Angela (Opera), Halle 1887
 Dido (Opera), 1888
 Der alte Dessauer (Opera), 1889, Wiesbaden
 Die Barbarina (Opera), 1904, Wiesbaden
 Walhall in Not, 1905, Bremen
 Der Richter von Kaschau (Opera), 1916, Darmstadt
Writings
 Deutscher Opernführer. Der Führer durch die deutsche Oper, Magnus-Verlag o. J.,
 Richard Wagners Opern. In Text, Musik und Szene, Magnus-Verlag 1983,
 Der Führer durch die Oper des Theaters der Gegenwart, Text, Musik und Scene erläuternd, 3 Bände, Band 2: Richard Wagners Opern, A.G. Liebeskind, Leipzig 1890-1893
 Beethovens Symphonien - nach ihrem Stimmengehalt erläutert (mit zahlreichen Notenbeispielen), Tonger, Köln 1891

Titel

Innenseite
 Thematischer Leitfaden durch das Programm des 69. Niederrheinischen Musikfestes, Köln 1892.Camille Saint-Saëns, Harmonie Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin 1899
 Einführung in Hauseggers Zinnober, Ahn, Köln 1898
 (mit L. Riemann), Musikästhetische Betrachtungen, Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig 1907, 3. Auflage: 1909
 Aus meiner Musikantenmappe - Ernstes und Heiteres, Loesdau, Berlin 1914 (Rev.3,4 p. 27,6)
 Der Führer durch die Deutsche Oper, Cotta, Stuttgart 1920. Records (Rev.A,B)
 Edison Phonograph: 23 January 1890 at Rudolf Ibach und Sohn am Neumarkt in Köln, 1.24 Min., Aufnahme von Adelbert Theodor Wangemann, Auszüge 3. Satz "Klavierkonzert No2" f-Moll, Frédéric Chopin. Source: Thomas Edison National Historical Park, West Orange, NJ, USA. http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/prince-bismarck-and-count-moltke-before-the-recording-horn.htm
 Welter-Flügel: 2 Lochstreifenrollen, ca. 1910, ca.5 Min., "Davidsbündler Tänze", Robert Schumann, Musik-instrumenten-museum Berlin, Deutschland. Literatur
 Eintrag in der Deutschen Biographischen Enzyklopädie  (Rev.1)
 Hans Engel: <mask>, in: Pommersche Lebensbilder, Band 1: Pommern des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (A. Hofmeister, Erich Randt und M. Wehrmann, Hrsg. ), Sauniers, Stettin 1934, S. 391-394. Pommersche Lebensbilder, Band 1: Pommern des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Martin Wehrmann et al., Stettin 1934. Weblinks
 * Commons: <mask> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 * Literatur von und über <mask>zel im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
 * <mask>, Kniestück, Profil, mit Flügel, Fotografie von Westendorp im Archiv der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
 * Neitzels Recording in the Edison Archiv: (Rev.A)
 * http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/prince-bismarck-and-count-moltke-before-the-recording-horn.htm
 * Free Library of Philadelphia (Fleisher Collection): https://catalog.freelibrary.org/Record/850208
 * Article about the Edison Recording Expedition through Europe by Stefan Puille and the transcriptionand identification of the wx-cylinder with Neitzels record for the Edison Archive: http://www.cylinder.de/deeplink_resource_bismarck.html  (Rev.A)

Singel Evidences
 Neitzels sister Helene made career as a Concert-singer, his brother Erich, a trade-construction-counselor, composed too. Loeser sponsored later the music talented Severin Eisenberger. <mask> in der Datenbank der Akademie der Künste
 The "Köllnische Zeitung" from the 27th Januar 1890 is from the cut out desk Berliner Bundesarchiv, Bestand R 4701 Reichspostministerium: Akte 5578, Phonographen, 1878-1919. (Rev.C)
 http://www.nps.gov/edis/photosmultimedia/prince-bismarck-and-count-moltke-before-the-recording-horn.htm (Rev.C)
 Article about the Edison Recording Expedition through Europe by Stefan Puille:  http://www.cylinder.de/deeplink_resource_bismarck.html  (RevA)

From 1873 to 1875 he was a student of Franz Liszt. He composed several operas. Neitzel died in Cologne)

Literature
Pommersche Lebensbilder, Band 1: Pommern des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Martin Wehrmann et al., Stettin 1934.References

1852 births
1920 deaths
German opera composers
Male opera composers
People from Złocieniec
People from the Province of Pomerania
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
German male classical composers
19th-century German musicians
19th-century German male musicians

masks:
Otto Neitzel
Gottfried Neitzel
Neitzel
Neitzel
Neitzel
Neitzel
Neitzel
Neitzel
Otto Neitzel
Otto Neitzel
Otto Neit
Otto Neitzel
Otto Neitzel


title: Alexei Shirov

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 4 July 1972) is a Latvian and Spanish chess player. <mask> was ranked number two in the world in 1994. He won a match against Vladimir Kramnik in 1998 to qualify to play as challenger for the classical world championship match with Garry Kasparov. However it never took place for lack of sponsorship. Career
<mask> became the world under-16 champion in 1988 and was the runner-up at the World Junior Championship in 1990 (second on tiebreaks to Ilya Gurevich). In the same year, he achieved the title of Grandmaster. <mask> is the winner of numerous international tournaments: Biel 1991, Madrid 1997 (shared first place with Veselin Topalov), Ter Apel 1997, Monte Carlo 1998, Mérida 2000, Paul Keres Memorial Rapid Tournament in Tallinn (2004, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013), Canadian Open Chess Championship 2005.He reached second on the FIDE rating list in January and July 1994, behind Anatoly Karpov, though Garry Kasparov was excluded from those lists and was rated higher. In 1998 <mask>'s ranking rose again, to number four in the PCA rating list. On the basis of this rating, he was invited to play a ten-game match against Vladimir Kramnik to select a challenger for PCA World Champion Garry Kasparov. <mask> won the match with two wins, no losses and seven draws. However, the plans for the Kasparov match fell through when sufficient financial backing could not be found. When Kasparov instead played Kramnik for Kasparov's world title in 2000, <mask> maintained that the match was invalid and he was the rightful challenger. In 2000, <mask> reached the final of the FIDE World Chess Championship, losing 3½–½ to Viswanathan Anand.In 2002, he played in the Candidates Tournament to choose a challenger for Classical World Champion Kramnik. He won his group of four, but lost his semi-final 2½–½ to eventual winner Peter Leko. In May–June 2007 he played in the Candidates Tournament of the World Chess Championship 2007. He won his first round match against Michael Adams (+1−1=4, won in rapid playoff), but was eliminated when he lost his second round match to Levon Aronian (+0−1=5). this is <mask>'s last appearance at a Candidates Tournament. In November–December 2007 <mask> played in the Chess World Cup 2007, which was a qualifier for the World Chess Championship 2010. He made the final, but lost the final 2½–1½ to Gata Kamsky.In May 2009, <mask> won the category 21 M-Tel Masters 2009 tournament, held in Sofia, Bulgaria. In September 2010, <mask> participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters preliminary tournament in Shanghai, where he faced world No. 4 Levon Aronian, world No. 5 Vladimir Kramnik, and Wang Hao; the top two scorers qualified for the Grand Slam final supertournament from October 9 to 15 in Bilbao against world No. 1 Magnus Carlsen and World Champion Viswanathan Anand. After drawing his first two games, <mask> then won three consecutive games, including his first victory over Kramnik since 2003. Finishing with 4½/6 points, <mask> won the tournament, qualifying along with Kramnik for the Grand Slam final.In May 2011, <mask> won a strong round-robin tournament in Lublin, Poland, the 3rd Lublin Union Memorial 2011 with a score of 5/7. In December 2011, he switched back federations from Spain to Latvia. In February 2012, <mask> won the Aivars Gipslis Memorial in Riga with 8 points out of 9. In June 2012 <mask> won the Buenos Aires Masters Tournament (category 13) with 5½/7. In August 2013, he played in the Chess World Cup. He won his first round match against Hou Yifan, and was eliminated when he lost his second round match to Wei Yi. In August 2015, <mask> won the 5th Riga Technical University Open edging out Robert Hovhannisyan on tiebreak score, after both players finished on 7½/9.In March 2017, <mask> won the Mikhail Tal Memorial blitz tournament in Jūrmala scoring 9½/11 points. In 2018 and 2019, he won the 5th and 6th Arica Open. In September 2020, during the FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020, <mask> won the Gazprom Brilliancy Prize for his win as Black against Danyyil Dvirnyy in the Slav Defense, involving a queen sacrifice in a queenside attack, and achieved an overall score of 13/15 (+12−1=2) playing for the Spanish team. In February 2021, <mask> won the 3rd Salamanca Chess Festival with a score of 6/7. Personal life
<mask> is of Russian descent. In 1994 he married an Argentine, Verónica Alvarez, moved to Tarragona, and became a citizen of Spain. He was married to Lithuanian Viktorija Čmilytė, also a chess grandmaster, from 2001 to 2007.Shortly before the Shanghai 2010 tournament, <mask> got married for a third time to WIM Olga Dolgova. At that time he still played for Spain, but he and his wife also had an apartment in Riga, Latvia. Playing style

<mask> is one of the greatest tactical players and is noted for his attacking style and often excels in complications, a tendency which has led to comparisons with fellow Latvian and former world champion, Mikhail Tal, under whom he studied in his youth. <mask> is also a fantastic endgame player. has been regarded by some to be among the greatest chess moves of all time. Chess books

<mask> has written two books on his best games:

References

Further reading

External links

1972 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Latvian chess players
Spanish chess players
Soviet chess players
Sportspeople from Riga
Latvian chess writers
World Youth Chess Champions
Latvian emigrants to Spain
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Latvian people of Russian descent

masks:
Alexei Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Alexei Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov
Shirov


title: Aviva Kempner

texts:
<mask> (born December 23, 1946) is a German-born American filmmaker. Her documentaries investigate non-stereotypical images of Jews in history and focus on the untold stories of Jewish people. She is most well known for The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg. Life and career
A child of Holocaust survivor Helen Ciesla, a Polish citizen, and <mask>, a US Army officer, <mask> was born in Berlin, Germany, after World War II. Her family history inspired her to create her first documentary, Partisans of Vilna (1986). She grew up in Detroit and has a brother, Jonathan. <mask> lives in Washington, DC and is an activist for voting rights for the District of Columbia.She was a member of the Class of 1976 at the progressive Antioch School of Law. In 1981, Kempner founded The Ciesla Foundation to produce films that investigate non-stereotypical images of Jews in history and celebrate the untold stories of Jewish heroes. In 1986, Kempner conceived and produced Partisans of Vilna, a documentary on Jewish resistance against the Nazis, Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye. She co-founded the Washington Jewish Film Festival in 1989 together with Miriam Mörsel Nathan, and served as the festival's Founding Director. Additionally, she was the executive producer of the 1989 Grammy Award-nominated record Partisans of Vilna: The Songs of World War II Jewish Resistance. She is the scriptwriter, director and producer of The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg, a film about first Jewish baseball star in the Major Leagues. In 2009, she produced Yoo-Hoo, Mrs. Goldberg, a 90-minute documentary about Gertrude Berg, a popular American radio and television personalities who received the first Best Actress Emmy in history and paved the way for women in media and entertainment.Berg was the creator, principal writer, and star of the popular 1930s radio show and then the 1950s weekly televised situation comedy, The Goldbergs. Kempner made Rosenwald (2015), a feature-length historical documentary about businessman and philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, who partnered with Booker T. Washington and African American communities to build over 5,000 schools in the Jim Crow South. The Rosenwald Fund also provided grants to support a who's who of African American artists and intellectuals. She is also the co-writer and co-producer of Casuse, a film about Larry Casuse, a young Native American activist who kidnapped the Mayor of Gallup, New Mexico to draw attention to the plight of the Navajo people and to expose the hypocrisy of the establishment. Kempner directed, wrote and produced The Spy Behind Home Plate, the first full-length documentary about Moe Berg, a Jewish baseball player, who caught and fielded in the Major Leagues from the 1920s through 1939 during baseball's Golden Age and his activities with the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS). When asked about lessons she hoped viewers would take away from the film in a 2019 interview with Sporting News, Kempner said:I think we need to know our history of how at a time when the world was in peril, and how a sports hero, someone in baseball, wound up being a real American hero. You know for me also, having done a Hank Greenberg film but also knowing about Ted Williams and Joe Dimaggio going off to war, their stats are not what they would have been if they hadn't sacrificed for their country.Moe would have probably ended up being a manager afterward. They not only sacrificed their lives, but also their sports standing.She writes film criticism and feature articles for numerous publications, including The Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune, Crystal City Magazine, The Forward, Baltimore Jewish Times, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Legal Times, New York Times, The Wrap, Washington Jewish Week and The Washington Post. Kempner said in a 2009 interview with FF2 Media's Jan Huttner: "In The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg, we use this line: 'When America needed a hero, a Jewish slugger stepped to the plate.' I think you can also say: 'When America needed a hero, a Jewish mother was there for you.'" <mask> is currently co-producing and co-directing Imagining the Indian: The Fight Against Native American Mascoting, a full length documentary exploring the history of using Native American images in mascoting and the fight to change the name of current professional sports teams. Kempner is also producing and directing a short film, Pissed Off, exploring the under-publicized struggles faced by female lawmakers in Congress who advocated for equal access to restroom facilities in their place of work, the United States Capitol, and a full length documentary on Academy Award winning Hollywood screenwriter, Ben Hecht. Ben Hecht was a Jewish screenwriter as well as novelist, playwright, journalist, and activist.He worked to rescue European Jewry and helped to expose the nature of the Holocaust and the need for a Jewish homeland to the American public. Awards and accolades
Source:
 Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
 1996 Guggenheim Fellowship
 2000 DC Mayor's Art Award
 2001 Women of Vision Award, D.C.’s Women in Film and Video chapter
 2001 Media Arts Award, The National Foundation for Jewish Culture
 2009 San Francisco Jewish Film Festival's Freedom of Expression Awardee
 2017 Bernardo O'Higgins Award
 2018 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of the District of Columbia

Publications

Filmography (director/producer)

Partisans of Vilna (1986) (producer only)
The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg (1999),  awarded the Audience Awards at the Hamptons International Film Festival and Washington Jewish Film Festival; Spirit Award for Best Sports Documentary, International Sports Video and Film Awards; top honors from the National Society of Film Critics, the National Board of Review, the New York Film Critics Circle and Broadcast Film Critics Association; CINE Golden Eagle and George Peabody Award. Today I Vote for My Joey (2002)
Yoo-Hoo, Mrs. Goldberg (2009), winner of CINE Golden Eagle and festival audience awards; Women's Film Critics Circle posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award winner for Gertrude Berg. Rosenwald (2015)
Casuse (work in progress)
The Spy Behind Home Plate (2019)

Book chapters

 God, Faith and Identity in the Ashes: Perspectives of Children and Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors
 Hammerin’ Hank Greenberg: Call Him the Hero of Heroes
 When You Need A Little Lift: But Don't Want To Eat Chocolate, Pay a Shrink, or Drink a Bottle of Gin
 Jews and American Popular Culture
 What Israel Means to Me
 Daughters of Absence

References

External links
The Ciesla Foundation website

Yoo-Hoo, Mrs. Goldberg website
The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg website

The Spy Behind Home Plate website

1946 births
American documentary filmmakers
American people of German-Jewish descent
20th-century German Jews
Living people
Filmmakers from Michigan
Film directors from Washington, D.C.
Jewish women
University of Michigan alumni
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish film people
Film directors from Berlin
People from Detroit
Women documentary filmmakers
American women activists
Jewish American community activists
Activists from Washington, D.C.
American women film producers
American women film directors
American film critics
Women film critics
American women screenwriters
Screenwriters from Michigan
Screenwriters from Washington, D.C.
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
American women critics

masks:
Aviva Kempner
Harold Kempner
Kempner
Kempner
Kempner


title: William Bendix

texts:
<mask> (January 14, 1906 – December 14, 1964) was an American film, radio, and television actor, who typically played rough, blue-collar characters. He is best remembered in films for the title role in The Babe Ruth Story. He also portrayed the clumsily earnest aircraft plant worker Chester A. Riley in both the radio and television versions of The Life of Riley. He received an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for Wake Island (1942). <mask> was a frequent co-star of Alan Ladd, the two appearing in ten films together; both actors coincidentally died in 1964. Early life
<mask> was born in Manhattan, the only child of Oscar and Hilda (Carnell) <mask>. Named <mask> after his paternal German grandfather, his uncle was composer, conductor, and violinist <mask>.In the early 1920s, <mask> was a batboy for the New York Yankees and said he saw Babe Ruth hit more than 100 home runs at Yankee Stadium. However, he was fired after fulfilling Ruth's request for a large order of hot dogs and soda before a game, which resulted in Ruth being unable to play that day. He worked as a grocer until the Great Depression. Career

Film

<mask> began his acting career at age 30 in the New Jersey Federal Theatre Project. He made his film debut in 1942. He played in supporting roles in dozens of Hollywood films, usually as a warm-hearted gangster, detective or serviceman. He began with appearances in film noir, including a supporting role in The Glass Key (1942), which featured Brian Donlevy, Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake in the leads.He soon gained attention after appearing in Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944) as Gus, a wounded and dying American sailor. <mask>'s other well-known movie roles include his portrayal of Babe Ruth in The Babe Ruth Story (1948) – a film roundly considered one of the worst sports biopics in film history and Sir Sagramore opposite Bing Crosby in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949), in which he took part in the trio, "Busy Doing Nothing". He played Nick the bartender in the film version of <mask>an's The Time of Your Life (1948) starring James Cagney. <mask> had appeared in the stage version, but in the role of Officer Krupp (a role played on film by Broderick Crawford). He was cast in The Blue Dahlia (1946), appearing for the second time alongside Ladd and Lake. <mask> starred in a film adaptation of his radio program The Life of Riley (1949). Radio and television
<mask>'s appearance in the Hal Roach-produced film The McGuerins from Brooklyn (1942), playing a rugged blue-collar man, led to his best-remembered role.Producer and creator Irving Brecher saw <mask> as the perfect personification of Chester A. Riley, giving a second chance to a show whose audition failed when the sponsor spurned Groucho Marx for the lead. With <mask> stumbling, bumbling, and skating almost perpetually on thin ice, stretching the patience of his otherwise loving wife and children, The Life of Riley was a radio hit from 1944 through 1951, and <mask> brought an adaptation of the film version to Lux Radio Theatre. The show began as a proposed Groucho Marx radio series, The Flotsam Family, but the sponsor balked at what would have been essentially a straight head-of-household role for the comedian. Then creator and producer Irving Brecher saw <mask> as taxicab company owner Tim McGuerin in The McGuerins from Brooklyn. Brecher stated, "He was a Brooklyn guy and there was something about him. I thought, This guy could play it. He'd made a few films, like Lifeboat, but he was not a name.So I took The Flotsam Family script, revised it, made it a Brooklyn Family, took out the flippancies and made it more meat-and-potatoes, and thought of a new title, The Life of Riley. <mask>'s delivery and the spin he put on his lines made it work." The reworked script cast <mask> as blundering Chester A. Riley, a wing riveter at the fictional Cunningham Aircraft plant in California. His frequent exclamation of indignation"What a revoltin' development this is! "became one of the catchphrases of the 1940s. It was later reused by Benjamin J. Grimm of the Fantastic Four. <mask> was not able to play the role on television because of a contracted film commitment.The part instead went to Jackie Gleason and aired a single season beginning in October 1949. Despite winning an Emmy award, the show was cancelled, in part because Gleason was less acceptable as Riley, since <mask> had been so identified with the part on radio. In 1953, <mask> became available for a new television version, and this time the show was a hit. The second television version of The Life of Riley ran from 1953 to 1958, long enough for Riley to become a grandfather. On the 1952 television program This Is Your Life, hosted by Ralph Edwards, <mask> was claimed to be a descendant of the 19th-century composer Felix Mendelssohn. <mask> played the lead in Rod Serling's "The Time Element" (1958), a time-travel adventure episode about a man who travels back to 1941 and unsuccessfully tries to warn everyone in Honolulu about the impending attack on Pearl Harbor. <mask> also appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford (also 1958).He returned for a second appearance on October 1, 1959, the fourth-season premiere of the series, in which he and Tennessee Ernie performed a comedy skit about a safari. In NBC's Wagon Train ("Around the Horn", 1958), <mask> played the captain of a sailing cargo ship who shanghaied Major Adams (Ward Bond), Bill Hawks (Terry Wilson) and Charlie Wooster (Frank McGrath), forcing them to work on his ship. On November 16, 1959, <mask> appeared on NBC's color broadcast of The Steve Allen Plymouth Show with Jack Kerouac. A color videotape of the broadcast survives. <mask> starred in all 17 episodes of the NBC western series Overland Trail (1960) in the role of Frederick Thomas "Fred" Kelly, the crusty superintendent of the Overland Stage Company. Doug McClure, later Trampas on The Virginian, co-starred as his young understudy, Frank "Flip" Flippen. He guest-starred in an episode of Mister Ed ("Pine Lake Lodge", 1961) which served as a back door pilot for a proposed sitcom that was not picked up.In the fall of 1964, an American situation comedy starring <mask> and Martha Raye was scheduled to air on CBS, but due to <mask>'s shaky health, the network decided not to air the program. This action resulted in a lawsuit from <mask> for $2.658 million in May, with the actor stating that the decision hurt his career and that he was in excellent health and could perform all of the requirements of the agreement. The case was settled out of court. <mask> died on December 14, 1964, of complications from pneumonia. Reflections
<mask> saw advantages to both film and stage work. "“Films take tremendous pressure offyou can always reshoot a scene. But on the stage you can work with a part, build it from performance to performance.”

As a professional, he was pragmatic and unsentimental about his career.His credo, he remarked, was, “Save a buck or two and keep on actingthat's me.” In an interview in 1960 he summed up his life: “I've had a long, – varied, pleasant, eventful career. I don't hate anybody and I don't have any bitter thoughts. I started out without any advantages, but I've been lucky and successful and I've had fun.”

Personal life
<mask> married a childhood friend, Theresa Stefanotti, on October 22, 1927. They remained married until his death 37 years later in 1964. The couple had a daughter, Lorraine, and  adopted another, Stephanie. <mask> died in Los Angeles at age 58 in 1964 as the result of a chronic stomach ailment that brought on malnutrition and ultimately lobar pneumonia. He was interred at the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles.<mask> was a Republican. During the 1944 presidential election campaign, he attended a massive rally organized by David O. Selznick in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket as well as Governor Earl Warren of California. Complete filmography

Partial television credits
 The Life of Riley (1953-1958)
 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse: "The Time Element" (1958, episode of TV series) as Peter Jenson; Rod Serling was the author and the show was a forerunner of Serling's series The Twilight Zone
 The Untouchables: "The Tri-State Gang" (1959, episode of TV series) as Wally Legenza
 Overland Trail, a 1960 Western series starring <mask> and Doug McClure

Dramatic radio appearances
 Cavalcade of America (1952) -- Portraying Lou Diamond in "The Marine Who Was 200 Years OldReferences

 Smithsonian Collection: Old Time Radio All-Time Favourites, liner notes from audio cassette box set. Joe Bevilaqua. Radio Spirits: Schiller Park, 1994. John Dunning, On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.) External links

 Bendix on Television

1906 births
1964 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male radio actors
American male television actors
Male actors from New York City
People from Manhattan
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery
20th-century American male actors
California Republicans
Western (genre) television actors
People of the New Deal arts projects

masks:
William Bendix
Bendix
Bendix
Bendix
William
Max Bendix
Bendix
Bendix
Bendix
William Saroy
Bendix
Bendix
Bendix
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title: Henryk IX Starszy

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<mask>zy (literally <mask> the Elder) (b. probably between 1387 and 1392, d 11 November 1467 in Krosno) was a Duke of Żagań-Głogów during 1397–1412 (as co-ruler of his brother), during 1412–17 ruler over Szprotawa, Krosno Odrzańskie, Świebodzin and half of Głogów (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1417 ruler over Szprotawa, half of Głogów, since 1420 ruler over Kożuchów and Zielona Góra, from 1430 ruler over Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin and since 1446 Duke of Lubin. He was the second son of Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Głogów by his wife Katharina, daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole. Life
After his father's death in 1397, the Dowager Duchess Katharina moved with their children to Kożuchów, who, together with Zielona Góra, was her dower. Between 1397 and 1401 the official custody of the princes and the regency of the Duchy was held by Duke Rupert I of Legnica. This was a difficult task, since Henryk VIII leave his lands in a difficult financial situation. Rupert I gradually began the payment of Henryk VIII's creditors and improved the general situation of the Duchy. The Regent showed special assistance to the main cities of the Duchy: Głogów, Krosno Odrzańskie and Szprotawa.After his older brother Jan I attained his majority in 1401, he assumed the guardianship of his younger brothers and assumed the full government of the Duchy. In 1403 the brothers received the lands of their uncle Henry VI the Older after the resignation of his widow Hedwig of Legnica, who ruled them as her dower since 1393. In 1412 was made the formal division of the Duchy: <mask>, together with his brothers Henry X Rumpold and Wenceslaus obtained the Duchy of Głogów (who included half of Głogów, Świebodzin, Krosno Odrzańskie and Szprotawa). By 1417 was made a new divisionary treaty, this time in the Duchy of Głogów: <mask> <mask> and <mask> X Rumpold retained Głogów and Szprotawa, but give to their younger brother Wenceslaus the towns of Świebodzin, Krosno Odrzańskie and Bytnica (those areas returned to him in 1431 after Wenceslaus's death). <mask> and Henry X Rumpold ruled jointly, but the tasks of government remained in the hands of <mask>. Henry X Rumpold remains at the service of the Kings of Bohemia and Hungary and the Emperor Sigismund, under whose orders he fought against the Hussites and made diplomatic missions to Denmark, where he died in 1423 shortly before his wedding with a relative of King Eric. Since the death of his brother, <mask> <mask> ruled the Duchy alone.Previously, he received the towns of Kożuchów and Zielona Góra after the death of his mother in 1420; however, this inheritance wasn't count with the approval of his older brother Jan I and led to short-term war between the sons of Henry VIII. The conflict ended successfully by <mask>, who could retain the towns (the dispute ultimately was decided by the Elector Rudolf III of Saxony, leaving the two princes with his lands intact). According to the contemporary chronicles <mask> <mask> was a mild man, of a peaceful mindsets. In his youth he suggested as Bishop of Wroclaw, but he did not accept. During his government were developed the turbulent Hussite Wars, which included the Duchy of Silesia; however, he managed to maintain the peace over Głogów. In 1416 <mask> <mask> was a mediator in a dispute between the sons of Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn. In 1420 took place in Wroclaw the great congress of Silesian princes, were <mask> was also present.The princes paid tribute to Emperor Sigismund. In 1423 <mask>, together with his brother Jan I, and other Silesian princes took part in the meeting of Preszburg (now Bratislava), where he discussed with the Teutonic Order and the Lusatia cities the further partition of Poland. There was made a special emphasis to waived the politics of King Władysław II Jogaila of Poland, who promoted the Hussites insurgents. The cooperation with the House of Luxembourg allowed <mask> <mask> to obtain parts of the inheritance of his maternal grandfather Władysław of Opole; however, the volatility of economic and the subordination of Dukes Bernard of Niedmolin (Falkenberg) and Bolko IV of Opole ultimately convinced the Emperor on 16 September 1435 to confirm the favorable ruling to the Dukes of Opole after an arbitration made in Prague on 2 July 1417, who obliged Henryk <mask> to return to the Dukes of Opole the lands taken by him. In the first months of 1425 began to organize the Hussite retaliatory expedition to Silesia. The reaction of the Silesian rulers was different: some of them passed by on the Hussites (like Bolko V the Hussite), while others fight against them, like <mask>. The entry of the Hussite troops to the Duchy Głogów caused great destruction.<mask> seek the assistance of the Polish King Wladyslaw II Jogaila. In return for the King's protection against the Hussites, he promised named him his heir, but these efforts have produced no major results. In 1431, during the subsequent Hussite invasion, <mask> <mask> was able to repelled them. In 1433, together with troops from Poland and the Teutonic Order, he took part in the war against the Hussites. During the next war against Bohemia during 1438-1439 <mask> <mask> supported Albert V of Habsburg, and on 3 December 1438 he paid homage to him. At the beginning of the following year he managed to repelled the Greater Poland troops at the crossings of the Odra River despite his much smaller forces. The reputation of Henryk <mask> in Silesia was an enormous; for example, in September 1444 the Duke was a mediator in the conflict between the Dukes of Oleśnica.Two years later, in 1446, he could take control over Lubin, when his rulers, the Dukes Jan I and <mask> X pledged this land to him. On 19 April 1458 <mask> acceded to preside the association of Silesian princes and cities against George of Poděbrady the new King of Bohemia. However, after the general recognition of the new Bohemian ruler the next year, he finally paid homage to him in Świdnica. This step was followed by the formal investiture to King George of the Duchy of Opole on 26 October 1463. However, in view of the strong resistance of both Dukes <mask> and Nicholas I, the King finally decided to make a compromise on 29 April 1464, under which he waived all his claims over Opole in return for 14,000 pieces of gold. During his reign, Głogów was the witness of important events: on 17 May 1462 took place in the city the meeting between King Casimir IV of Poland and King George of Bohemia. They accorded there that, after George's death, the Bohemian throne could passed to Casimir IV's son.During this important meeting was also discussed the disputes between Poland and the Duchy of Głogów. Any dispute between them was resolved after further congress in Babimost and Gościkowo (Paradyż). Despite the fruitful cooperation with the Bohemian King, on 23 December <mask> was excommunicated by the Pope for accepted the nomination of the Polish prince as heir of Bohemia. At the end of his reign, <mask> <mask> concentrated all his energy in his war against his nephew Jan II the Mad, in order to restore the Duchy of Żagań to his eldest nephew and Jan II's brother, Balthasar. In the present, were little information of the government activities of Henryk <mask>. However, in Głogów was founded new laws, judicial orders, etc. created by him.During this time, the financial problems continued. <mask> died on 11 November 1467 in Krosno Odrzańskie and was buried in the chapel of the missionaries of Kożuchów. Marriage and issue
By 1432, probably no later than 1423, <mask> <mask> married with Jadwiga (died by 25 June 1447 – 1453), daughter of Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica. They had six children:
Zygmunt (born 1431 or 1432 – died 24 December 1458). Henryk XI (after 1428 – died 22 February 1476). Anna (born probably 1430-1440 – died 17 December 1483), married in 1454 Jan II of Rosenberg. A son (born before 30 May 1447 – died before 11 November 1467).Hedwig (born c. 1450 – died by 30 May 1482). Katharina (born before 1454 – died after 14 November 1497). In a will written in 1447 he left the Duchy to his three sons as co-rulers. In the testament was an entry who expressed the wish that the Duchy was not divided for 20 years. His heirs weren't allowed to consult foreign advisers. This was to ensure the unify of Głogów. However, the early death of two of his sons prevented the danger of further divisions, and all the Duchy of Głogów passed to his only surviving son, Henry XI, the last male member of his line.Footnotes

References

Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan
This article was translated from his original in Polish Wikipedia. |-

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1380s births
1467 deaths
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Piast dynasty
Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
14th-century Polish people
15th-century Polish people

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title: Daniel Henry Chamberlain

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<mask> (June 23, 1835April 13, 1907) was an American planter, lawyer, author and the 76th Governor of South Carolina from 1874 until 1876 or 1877. The federal government withdrew troops from the state and ended Reconstruction that year. <mask> was the last Republican governor of South Carolina until James B. Edwards was elected in 1974. <mask> was born in West Brookfield in Worcester County in central Massachusetts, the ninth of ten children born to <mask> and Achsah Forbes. In 1862, he graduated with honors from Yale University, where he was a member of the Skull and Bones society. He attended Harvard Law School, leaving in 1863 to serve as a second lieutenant in the United States Army with the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry, a regiment of black troops. In 1866, <mask> moved to South Carolina to tend to the affairs of a deceased classmate.South Carolina politics

<mask> entered politics as a delegate to the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention from Berkeley County. He served as state attorney general from 1868–1872 in the administration of Governor Robert K. Scott. After he failed to win the Republican nomination for governor in 1872, <mask> practiced law in Charleston. His partner later recalled that he worked hard for little compensation; whatever his ethics in office, he certainly had not amassed a fortune. In 1873, he was elected to the board of trustees of the University of South Carolina as the first black students were admitted and faculty hired for the institution. <mask> was elected Republican governor on November 3, 1874, when he defeated John T. Green. <mask> received 80,403 votes (53.9%) to Green's 68,818 votes (46.1%).<mask>'s reputation had been a dubious one; there certainly was evidence of a willingness to make his office pay, and possibly of corruption, in his earlier career. But by the time he became governor, he had become the representative of those Republicans convinced of the need for reform—a conviction strengthened by the notorious administration of his predecessor, Franklin J. Moses, Jr., and the national publicity given to The Prostrate State, the exposure of South Carolina political conditions written by James Shepherd Pike. <mask> delivered on his promises. While continuing his support of civil rights, he made war on government expenses and the high tax levels in the state. He tried to reduce all public officers' wages by a third and used his veto against tax rates that he considered too high. He urged that spending be cut for the lunatic asylum and that many of its inmates be shipped off to county poorhouses. Instead of paying so much for the penitentiary, he endorsed revival of the convict-lease system.There should only be half as much money for the agricultural college and an end to any state scholarship program. As for the state university, <mask> called for dismissing its faculty and replacing them with school teachers. "We only want a good high school", as he put it. His struggles over patronage pitted him against some of the leading African-American Republicans in the legislature and gave him a national reputation. It also made him deep enemies in the party. At one point, it was alleged, a senator rallied his colleagues: "Are you going to let <mask> frighten you off with his cry of reform and economy? Why, gentlemen, there are five years of good stealing in South Carolina yet."Enjoying a close alliance with the Democratic editor of the Charleston News and Courier, <mask> may have hoped for bipartisan support in his bid for re-election. It did not come. South Carolina Democrats chose to adopt a white-supremacy program, re-enforced with intimidation and the use of force against black Republican voters. The bitterly fought 1876 campaign was disrupted with mob violence and gunmen breaking up Republican campaign meetings. After <mask> informed President Ulysses S. Grant of the violent situation, Grant sent troops in October 1876 under General of the Army William T. Sherman to stop the violent mob action. On election night, his second term hinged on disputed votes from Laurens and Edgefield counties, where the counts greatly exceeded the total population. These overwhelmingly favored his opponent, ex-Confederate Wade Hampton, III.Through the winter, <mask> and Hampton both claimed to lead the lawful government, but <mask>'s found it nearly impossible to raise the money or military force to function beyond the rooms in which it met. <mask> left South Carolina in April 1877 when President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew Federal troops to barracks from their place protecting the Republican government and ended the interventions that had taken place intermittently in the state since the Civil War. Embittered, <mask> blamed the President for having betrayed the mass of South Carolina's voters; the population was 58% African American. In later years, however, he grew disillusioned with Reconstruction and contended that letting black people vote had been a mistake. Later years
<mask> moved to New York City and became a successful Wall Street attorney. He was a professor of constitutional law at Cornell University from 1883 until 1897. <mask> authored the 1902 book Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington, as well as numerous articles.Upon his retirement, he traveled extensively in Europe. He moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, where he died of cancer on April 13, 1907. He is interred at Pine Grove Cemetery in West Brookfield, Massachusetts. <mask> was the last Republican to fill a high office in South Carolina until 1964, when U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond defected from the Democratic to the Republican parties. Notes

References

Thomas Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Urbana; University of Illinois Press, 1977. South Carolina Encyclopedia article and photo
 <mask> on Reconstruction in South Carolina
 "Governor <mask>'s Administration in South Carolina".New Englander and Yale review. Volume 49, Issue 221, August 1888. Library of Congress American Memory archive. Retrieved September 20, 2006. SCIway Biography of <mask> <mask>
NGA Biography of <mask> <mask>

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1835 births
1907 deaths
People from West Brookfield, Massachusetts
Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Politicians from Columbia, South Carolina
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from Charlottesville, Virginia
Phillips Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
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South Carolina Attorneys General
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Republican Party state governors of the United States
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Military personnel from Massachusetts

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Daniel Henry Chamberlain
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title: Subra Suresh

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<mask> is an Indian-American biological engineer, materials scientist, and academic administrator. On 1 January 2018, he was inaugurated as the fourth President of Singapore's Nanyang Technological University (NTU), where he is also the inaugural Distinguished University Professor. He was the Vannevar Bush Professor of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Dean of the School of Engineering at MIT from 2007 to 2010 before being appointed as Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) by Barack Obama, where he served from 2010 to 2013. He was the president of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) from 2013 to 2017. <mask> was elected to the US National Academy of Engineering in 2002, to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 and to the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) in 2013. He is one of a very small number of Americans to be elected to three branches of the U.S. National Academies, and the only current university president to hold this distinction. He was the first Asian-born professor to lead any of the five schools at MIT and the first Asian-born scientist to lead the NSF.He also served on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize in 2009 and 2010. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1956 in Mumbai, India, and graduated from high school in Tamil Nadu at the age of 15. In May 1977, he received his BTech degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras in Chennai, graduating with a First Class with Distinction. <mask> received a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Iowa State University in 1979, and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology under guidance of Robert O. Ritchie in 1981, specializing in materials science. After postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, he joined the faculty of engineering at Brown University in December 1983. Career

Brown University
<mask> joined Brown University in December 1983 as Assistant Professor of Engineering and was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure in July 1986 and to Professor in July 1989. In 1985, he was selected by the White House to receive the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award.He also received the 1982 Hardy Medal "for exceptional promise for a successful career in the broad field of metallurgy by a metallurgist under the age of 30", and the 1992 Ross Coffin Purdy Award from the American Ceramic Society for the best paper published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society in 1990. In 1991, his book Fatigue of Materials was published by Cambridge University Press. According to Google Scholar it has been cited more than 5,300 times in scholarly publications, and has been translated into Chinese and Japanese and adopted as both a textbook and a reference work. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Suresh moved to MIT in 1993 as the R.P. Simmons Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. He led MIT's Department of Materials Science and Engineering from 2000 to 2006. He served as Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Dean of Engineering from 2007 to 2010 and held MIT faculty appointments in Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Biological Engineering, and Health Sciences and Technology.In his leadership roles at MIT, he helped create new state-of-the-art laboratories, a new undergraduate curriculum in materials science and engineering, the MIT Transportation Initiative, and the Center for Computational Engineering; led MIT's efforts in establishing the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center; and oversaw the recruitment of a record number of women faculty in engineering. As Dean of Engineering, he launched or oversaw a number of MIT's major international programs in Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the Americas. National Science Foundation
In June 2010, <mask> was nominated by U.S. President Barack Obama to be the Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and was unanimously confirmed by the US Senate in September 2010. The NSF is an independent federal agency with an annual (US)$7-billion budget. Its 2013 Fact Sheet stated that "[NSF's] programs and initiatives keep the United States at the forefront of science and engineering, empower future generations of scientists and engineers, and foster economic growth and innovation. NSF funds discovery, learning, innovation, and research infrastructure to boost U.S. leadership in all aspects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics research and education. In Fiscal Year 2012, NSF supported more than 300,000 individuals in 1,895 institutions in every state in the United States".<mask> led NSF from 2010 to 2013. He established a number of new initiatives including Integrated NSF Support Promoting Interdisciplinary Research and Education (INSPIRE); Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER), in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); Science Across Virtual Institutes (SAVI); the NSF Career-Life Balance Initiative; Graduate Research Opportunities Worldwide (GROW); and the NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps). During this time <mask> served as a member of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), a cabinet-level council comprising federal agency heads and cabinet secretaries. He co-chaired the NSTC Committee on Science and the Committee on Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education, and served as a member of the cabinet-level National Ocean Council. <mask> also chaired the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC), which helped set priorities for coordinating future arctic research across the federal government. Under <mask>'s leadership, IARPC released a multiagency five-year strategic plan. In response to an invitation from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, <mask> established and chaired a Global Summit on Scientific Merit Review at NSF in May 2012.This Summit included the participation, for the first time, of the heads of leading science funding agencies from nearly 50 countries. Summit participants endorsed a Statement of Principles of Scientific Merit Review to serve as a basis for potential multilateral collaborations in the future, and launched a virtual entity, the Global Research Council (GRC), to co-ordinate practices and enhance international scientific collaboration between developed and developing countries. In an editorial in Science magazine, <mask> stated, "Good science anywhere is good for science everywhere". Commenting on <mask>'s departure from NSF, President Obama stated, "We have been very fortunate to have <mask> <mask> guiding the National Science Foundation for the last two years. He has shown himself to be a consummate scientist and engineer – beholden to evidence and committed to upholding the highest scientific standards. He has also done his part to make sure the American people benefit from advances in technology, and opened up more opportunities for women, minorities, and other underrepresented groups. I am grateful for his service."Carnegie Mellon University
<mask> was appointed as the 9th president of Carnegie Mellon University in 2013 and served as president until 2017. During this time he also held faculty appointments in CMU's Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, School of Computer Science, and in the Heinz College. In 2017, his total compensation was $1.1 million, making him the second highest paid private college president in Pennsylvania. As President, <mask> worked to increase the numbers of women recruited to science, technology and mathematics disciplines. He was quoted as saying “If the United States is to remain a leader in discovery and innovation, we must engage the enormous talent pool represented by our young women.”

During <mask>'s tenure, CMU settled a major patent infringement lawsuit against Marvell Technology Group. <mask> announced that the majority of the funds received by the university, expected to be about $250 million, would be dedicated to programs that "enhance the student experience". <mask> also negotiated several major donations from philanthropists and corporations, including $67M from CMU alum David Tepper to enhance collaboration among CMU's schools and colleges, $35M from Tata Consultancy Services and $5.5M from Uber.In early 2017 <mask> pledged support to CMU's students following President Trump's immigration ban. In a letter circulated to students, <mask> <mask> commented that he was "deeply troubled by some of the news out of Washington in recent days, and potential threats – explicit and implicit – posed to the work of so many students and scholars across the nation who were not born in the United States." <mask> recounted his own journey as an immigrant to the United States writing, "I first came to the US at age 21 with a partially filled suitcase, less than $100 in cash, and a one-way airplane ticket purchased with a loan. Once in the US, I was able to pursue a series of extraordinary opportunities for scholarship and service without regard for my national origin — an experience that forged in me an unshakeable faith in the ability of this nation to help everyone to succeed, wherever they came from." <mask> has consistently advocated for diversity in higher education. In 2014 he commented to the Pittsburgh Gazette that "Diversity in the broadest sense — intellectual, cultural, ethnic, racial or national origin — intrinsically enhances artistic and technical innovation". He resigned from presidency on 30 July 2017 after completing four years of his five-year term.He gave no reason as to why he was stepping down from the post. Nanyang Technological University Singapore
<mask> was inaugurated as President of NTU Singapore in January 2018. He quickly launched an initiative to turn the NTU campus into a "smart" campus, with eco-friendly buildings, greater use of robotics, and driverless electric buses. He has overseen the establishment of the Alibaba-NTU Joint Research Institute on artificial intelligence, a collaboration with Volvo on driverless buses, a second artificial intelligence collaboration with SenseTime, and a collaboration with Surbana Jurong focused on urban challenges. On 27 August 2018, <mask> announced a 5-year plan with a number of major initiatives:

 Creation of a new university-wide postdoctoral fellowship program to attract up to 350 of the best young scholars world-wide to NTU;
 Recruitment of up to 300 faculty members;
 Introduction of 300 new four-year Ph.D. fellowships;
 Introduction of 100 new named professorships;
 Construction of a 40,000 gross sq. m (400,000 gross sq. ft.) academic building by 2021, which will be the largest wooden building in Asia;
 Doubling of the energy harvested from the sun, to up to 10MW, to power up to 10% of the electricity needs of the NTU campus by 2019;
 A reduction in campus-wide energy consumption by 35% and 50% by 2021 and 2025, respectively, compared to 2011;
 Streamlining of academic and administrative services to improve operational efficiency; and
 A new S$10M fund (Accelerating Creativity and Excellence) for multidisciplinary research.Research
<mask>'s research is focused in three areas: modeling and engineering the mechanical properties of structural and functional materials, the mechanical properties of biological cells and molecules, and the implications of these properties for human disease. His work crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries in engineering, physical sciences, life sciences, and medicine. More than 100 students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting scholars have been members of his research group, and many now occupy prominent positions in academia, industry, and government worldwide. Publications, Patents
<mask> is the author or co-author of more than 300 research articles in international journals, co-editor of five books, and co-inventor on 26 U.S. and international patent applications. He has authored or co-authored three books: Fatigue of Materials, Fundamentals of Functionally Graded Materials, and Thin Film Materials. <mask>'s research contributions at the intersections of engineering, physical sciences, life sciences, and medicine include:

 Identification of key mechanisms that influence the growth of fatigue cracks in a wide variety of brittle and ductile materials;
 Development of experimental and computational methods for optimising the mechanical performance of composites and compositionally graded materials;
 Formulation of new experimental methods and algorithms to link the mechanical characteristics of thin films, coatings, and multi-layered materials with performance;
 Study of nano-crystallisation during room-temperature mechanical contact in metallic glasses;
 Development of strategies to optimise strength, ductility, and damage tolerance of materials through the controlled introduction of nano-scale internal interfaces;
 Delineation of links between the mechanics of individual blood cells and human disease states;
 Elucidation of the role of RESA [ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen] protein in modulating the mechanical properties and rheological response of human blood cells invaded by malaria parasites; and
 Development of new microfluidic platforms for human disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug efficacy essays. Honors
In 2007 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.In 2013, <mask> was elected to the Institute of Medicine. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering

In 2011, <mask> received the Padma Shri award, India's fourth-highest civilian honour, bestowed by the President of India. Other honors include the 2006 Acta Materialia Gold Medal; the 2007 European Materials Medal, the highest honour conferred by the Federation of European Materials Societies; the 2008 A. Cemal Eringen Medal from the Society of Engineering Science; the 2011 General President's Gold Medal from the Indian National Science Congress; the 2012 R.F. Mehl Award from the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society; the 2011 Nadai Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME); and the 2011 National Materials Advancement Award from the Federation of Materials Societies. In 2011, Science Watch/Thomson Reuters selected <mask>enko Medal, the highest recognition in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics, and the 2013 Alan Cottrell Gold Medal for his pioneering work on fracture and fatigue of materials. He received the Franklin Institute's 2013 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science for "outstanding contributions to our understanding of the mechanical behaviour of materials in applications ranging from large structures down to the atomic level."and for showing "how deformation of biological cells can be linked to human disease". In 2015, <mask> was awarded the IRI Medal by the Industrial Research Institute. <mask> is a member of the Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain; the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences; the German Academy of Sciences; the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences; the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World; the Indian National Academy of Engineering; the Indian Academy of Sciences; the Chinese Academy of Sciences; and the French Academy of Sciences. He is a recipient of 15 honorary doctorate degrees from universities in the United States, Sweden, Spain, Switzerland, India, China, and the United Kingdom. <mask> has been elected a fellow or honorary fellow of many materials societies in the United States and India, including the Materials Research Society; ASM International; the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society; the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; the American Ceramic Society; the Indian Institute of Metals; and the Materials Research Society of India. He served as an independent director of Battelle Memorial Institute from 2014 to 2017, and of the Lord Corporation in 2010. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of Hewlett-Packard since 2015.Recently, he was nominated by the Singapore Exchange (SGX) to be an independent director of the SGX Board. References

External links

Biography at Carnegie Mellon University
Biography at NTU Singapore

1956 births
Living people
American academics of Indian descent
American people of Tamil descent
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
IIT Madras alumni
Iowa State University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Nanyang Technological University faculty
Presidents of Nanyang Technological University
Presidents of Carnegie Mellon University
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
United States National Science Foundation officials
Indian expatriate academics
American expatriate academics
Indian expatriates in Singapore
American expatriates in Singapore
Obama administration personnel
Brown University faculty
Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

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