title: Rennie Ellis

texts:
<mask> (11 November 194019 August 2003) was an Australian social and social documentary photographer. He also worked, at various stages of his life, as an advertising copywriter, seaman, lecturer, television presenter and founder of Brummels Gallery of Photography, Australia's first dedicated photography gallery, where he established both a photographic studio and an agency dedicated to his work, published 17 photographic books, and held numerous exhibitions in Australia and overseas. Early life and education

Born in the Melbourne beach-side suburb of Brighton and educated at Brighton Grammar School, <mask> won a scholarship to Melbourne University in 1959. He left during his first year to work as an office boy at Orr Skate & Associates, a Melbourne advertising agency. He subsequently studied advertising at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, but before obtaining his diploma he spent two years travelling the world, having bought his first camera to record his travels, and worked as a seaman en route. Gregarious and outspoken, <mask> was never shy of controversy; in 1968 he rode a penny-farthing bicycle along St Kilda Road in a publicity stunt in protest against Melbourne's air pollution. Later, in his photographic career, he was to become known for his confronting imagery of Australian lifestyles.Photographer
By 1967 <mask> was creative director at Monahan Dayman Advertising in Melbourne. He was offered the position as Melbourne editor for Gareth Powell's and Jack de Lissa's Chance International magazine. He left Monahan Dayman Advertising in 1969 to become a freelance photographer. An early photo essay was on the then remote mining settlement of Kalgoorlie, which was published in 1970 in a Saturday edition of The Age, and in Walkabout magazine. His first exhibition and a resultant book in collaboration with fellow photographer Wesley Stacey on Kings Cross, Sydney, followed in 1971. The book was launched in the Yellow House Artist Collective. Part of his work during this period was to guide photographers on 'safaris' into the Outback.In another assignment, he was the stills photographer for Australian director Tim Burstall's sex romp Alvin Purple. After founding Brummels Gallery of Photography, in 1974 <mask> went on to form Scoopix Photo Library in Prahran, which later became the exclusive Australian agent for New York's Black Star. In 1975 he opened his studio, Rennie Ellis & Associates, at the same premises, and operated from there for the rest of his life. Once established as a photographer, <mask> worked, exhibited and published continuously; he showed, for example, in 1976 with Carol Jerrems Heroes and Anti-Heroes at The Photographers' Gallery and Workshop Magazines to which he contributed were diverse; Playboy and The Bulletin. His books and exhibitions were on Australian popular culture, including the beach, beer, graffiti, Australian railway stations and the Rio carnival. In 1993 he became a co-presenter on the Nine Network's lifestyle program Looking Good, continuing in that role for three years and working with Deborah Hutton and Jo Bailey. In the same year his work was also included in Picture Freedom, an exhibition at The Photographers' Gallery in London and  also exhibited Further Observationsat Melbourne's Photographers' Gallery, February 29–March 17, 1996.Brummels Gallery

On 14 December 1972, <mask> and deputy director Robert Ashton launched the non-profit Brummels Gallery of Photography, partly funded by two Arts Council grants. It was the first privately run art gallery in the country to be devoted specifically to photography showcasing mainly Australian photographers though it also attracted shows from international photographic artists. Innovations included a Polaroid party in 1978, with cameras, flash bulbs and enough film for 320 exposures supplied by the instant photography company, and champagne to loosen inhibitions as participants pinned their pictures on the wall. The first exhibition, Two Views of Erotica: Henry Talbot/Carol Jerrems (14 December 1972 – 21 January 1973), was opened by photographer and filmmaker, Paul Cox, who was soon to open The Photographers' Gallery around the corner in Punt Road, South Yarra. This period brought a reawakening to the photographic medium as an art form not seen since the Pictorialist era, and saw the National Gallery of Victoria open the first photography department in a government-run institution, under the curatorship of Jennie Boddington. From 1977, the gallery was sponsored by the camera manufacturer Pentax and was renamed Pentax Brummels Gallery of Photography. The gallery closed in January 1980, having run for eight years, after it had advanced the standing of photography as art and the careers of many Australian photographers.Reception
Cultural commentator Phillip Adams in discussing Australian Graffiti, dubbed <mask> "Australia's oldest hippy." Art critic Nancy Borlase remarked, in relation to his inclusion, with Warren Breninger and Godwin Bradbeer in a 1978 Australian Centre for Photography show of the Melbourne photographers, that "<mask>, whose assured professionalism, in his The Way of Flesh series, places him in that class of photographers who use the camera as an extension of themselves, effortlessly and with obvious enjoyment," and quoting him as saying "I like photographing behind the scenes, like Brassaï." Legacy
<mask> died after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage at the age of 62. Since his death his second wife, Kerry Oldfield <mask>, and his assistant, Manuela Furci, have established the Rennie Ellis Photographic Archive, and continue to organise exhibitions of his work. These have included Aussies All: Portrait Photography by <mask> <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra (2006), No Standing, Only Dancing at the Ian Potter Centre in Melbourne (2008), and Kings Cross 1970-1971: <mask> <mask> in Sydney (2017). <mask>' work was included in Candid Camera: Australian Photography 1950s–1970s at the Art Gallery of South Australia (2010) which also featured the work of key Australian photographers Max Dupain, David Moore, Jeff Carter, Robert McFarlane, Mervyn Bishop, Carol Jerrems and Roger Scott. Collections

 National Gallery of Australia
 National Portrait Gallery
 National Library of Australia
 National Gallery of Victoria
 State Library of Victoria
 Art Gallery of South Australia (Adelaide)
 Horsham Regional Art Gallery

Books with photographs and/or text by <mask>
 Kings Cross Sydney: a personal look at the Cross.Melbourne: Thomas Nelson (Australia), 1971. Co-authored by Wesley Stacey. Sydney in colour. Melbourne: Lansdowne, c. 1971. Photographs by <mask> <mask> and John Carnemolla. Australian graffiti. Melbourne: Sun Books, 1975.Foreword by Ian Turner. Ketut lives in Bali. London: Methuen Children's Books and Sydney: Methuen of Australia, 1976. Text by Stan Marks. Photographs by <mask> <mask>. Australian graffiti revisited. Melbourne: Sun Books, 1979, c. 1975.Co-authored by Ian Turner. Railway stations of Australia. South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1982. Photography by <mask> <mask>. Text by Andrew Ward. We live in Australia. Hove: Wayland, 1982.Life's a beach. South Yarra, Victoria: Currey O'Neil, 1983. Life's a beer. South Yarra, Victoria: Melbourne : Ross Books, 1984. Life's a ball. South Yarra, Victoria: Currey O'Neil:, 1985. The all new Australian graffiti.South Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Sun Books, 1985. Photographs by <mask> <mask>. Life's a parade. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian, 1986. Life's a beach II: the adventure continues. Melbourne: Lothian, 1987. Life's still a beach.South Yarra, Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books, 1998. Up front: funny, filthy, philosophical advice from the T-shirt. South Yarra, Victoria: Hardie Grant Books, 1998. No standing, only dancing. Melbourne : National Gallery of Victoria, c. 2008. Photographs by <mask> <mask> and Susan van Wyk. Essay by George Negus.Decadent: 1980-2000. London, UK: Hardie Grant, 2014; Richmond, Victoria Hardie Grant Books, in association with the State Library of Victoria, 2014.Foreword by Manuela Furci. Essays by William Yang and Robert McFarlane. Media
 Music Around Us: Silent Music with Norbert Loeffler, Athol Shmith, John Cato, <mask> <mask> and Max Dupain, television broadcast ABV2, Thursday August 9, 1979. References

Further information
 "<mask> <mask>: Aussies All" photograph collection, National Library of Australia
 National Gallery of Victoria media kit "<mask> <mask> – The Artist"
 National Gallery of Victoria media kit "<mask> <mask> <mask> by Janet Austin

External links

1940 births
2003 deaths
Australian photographers
Photographers from Melbourne

masks:
Reynolds Mark Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Rennie
Ellis
Rennie
Ellis
Ellis
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Rennie
Ellis
Rennie
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Rennie
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Rennie
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Ellisnie
Ellis


title: Salah Shehade

type: original

texts:
<mask>ة (or <mask>, Shahadeh; 24 February 1953 – 22 July 2002) was a member of the Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas. He led the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades military wing of Hamas, until his assasination by Israel. Activities
Born in Gaza and a member of Hamas since the formation of the group in 1987, he quickly became one of its most influential leaders and was arrested twice by Israeli authorities in 1984 and 1988. After Yahya Ayash's death, in 1996, Shehade became a top leader in the group, along with Mohammed Deif and Adnan al-Ghoul. During the Al-Aqsa Intifada, Israel accused Shehade of masterminding several attacks against both Israeli soldiers and civilians in the Gaza strip and in Israel proper. He was given a twelve-year prison sentence but released 14 May 2000. It was reported that Shehade was involved in the production of Qassam rockets, fired against Israeli civilian targets, and other homemade weapons, as well as smuggling military equipment into Gaza.He led the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades military wing of Hamas during a period which saw a campaign of suicide attacks against Israeli civilian targets which caused the deaths of hundreds of Israeli civilians. As a leader of the Hamas military wing he oversaw Hamas field commanders in Gaza and the West Bank and defined the policy of terror attacks by Hamas. Killing
On 22 July 2002, the Israeli Defense Forces targeted the house in which Shehade was living in, using a one-ton bomb dropped by an F-16 plane in a quarter in the al-Daraj neighborhood of Gaza City. Eight houses were completely destroyed, nine partially destroyed and another 20 were damaged. Fifteen people were killed, including <mask>, his wife and daughter, as well as seven members of the Matar family who lived in the next door. Seven children were among the dead. Between 50 and 150 were injured as a result of the attack.27 reserve pilots, including Iftach Spector, signed a pilots' letter refusing to fly assassination sorties over Gaza and the West Bank in protest of the operation. Reaction
The attack received widespread condemnation from other Middle Eastern nations, Western Europe, and the United States. Ariel Sharon initially praised it as "one of our greatest successes", but later told Yediot Ahronot that "[H]ad I known the outcome, I would have postponed the assassination." Hady Amr wrote: "150 million children and youth in the Arab World now have televisions, and they will never, never forget what the Israeli people, the Israeli military and Israeli democracy have done to Palestinian children." Fatalities
Fatalities of the attack are as follows:

Legal responses
Human rights organizations around the world, including in Israel, severely criticized the attack, proclaiming that the intentional dropping of a one-ton bomb in the middle of the night on a dense civilian neighborhood is tantamount to a war crime. The Gush Shalom movement also threatened to turn the pilot over to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Israeli Air Force Chief Dan Halutz, who was abroad during the bombing itself but was still accountable as IAF commander, gave an interview to Haaretz, published on 21 August 2002.To his pilots he said:

[To pilots] Guys, ... you can sleep well at night. I also sleep well by the way. You aren't the ones who choose the targets, and you were not the ones who chose the target in this particular case. You are not responsible for the contents of the target. Your execution was perfect. Superb. And I repeat again: There is no problem here that concerns you.You did exactly what you were instructed to do. You did not deviate from that by so much as a millimeter to the right or to the left. And anyone who has a problem with that is invited to see me. When asked whether the operation was morally wrong because of the toll on some civilians, Halutz answered that the planning included moral consideration and that a mistake or an accident did not make it such. When the reporter asked about the feelings of a pilot when he drops a bomb, Halutz answered:

No. That is not a legitimate question and it is not asked. But if you nevertheless want to know what I feel when I release a bomb, I will tell you: I feel a light bump to the plane as a result of the bomb's release.A second later it's gone, and that's all. That is what I feel. In the same interview Halutz denounced the left-wing groups who attacked the pilots and called to have them tried for "treason":

Is this the public for which the Israel Defense Forces is fighting day in and day out? All those bleeding hearts who have the gall to use Mafioso methods of blackmail against fighters – I don't recall that they ever threatened to turn over one of the arch-terrorists, the terrorists who have killed many Israeli civilians, to The Hague. What I have to say about those people is that this is a democracy, where everyone can always express his opinion. But not to be a traitor. [Interviewer] Are you suggesting that members of the Gush Shalom ("Peace Bloc") group who made those comments should be placed on trial for treason?[Halutz] We have to find the right clause in the law and place them on trial in Israel. Yes. You wanted to talk to me about morality, and I say that a state that does not protect itself is acting immorally. A state that does not back up its fighters will not survive. Happily, the State of Israel does back up its fighters. This vocal but negligible minority brings to mind dark times in the history of the Jewish people, when a minority among us went and informed on another part of the nation. That must not happen again.Who would have believed that pilots of the air force would find their cars spray-painted with savage graffiti because of a mission they carried out? Following the assassination, the Israel Defense Forces and Shin Bet established a joint inquiry into the incident and submitted their findings to Defense Minister Binyamin Ben-Eliezer on 2 August 2002. The inquiry concluded that the procedures and operational assessments followed in the operation were "correct and professional", and that the operation resulted in the elimination of a "major terrorist leader". However, the inquiry found shortcomings in the intelligence available and the analysis of intelligence concerning the presence of civilians near Shehade. The inquiry found that if the intelligence had indicated with certainty the presence of civilians in Shehade's vicinity, the timing or method of the action would have been changed, "as was done a number of times in the past." In December 2005, a class-action lawsuit was filed by the Center for Constitutional Rights, naming former Shin Bet director Avraham Dichter, the military chief in charge of the operation, as the sole defendant. Referring in particular to the Shehade killing, the lawsuit alleges that Dichter "developed, implemented and escalated the practice of targeted killings", Citing the killing of more than 300 Palestinian leaders and casualties among hundreds of bystanders, the suit claims that assassination is illegal under international law.In 2007, the Israeli State Prosecutor's Office announced that an independent commission of inquiry into the death of the 14 innocent Palestinian civilians would be held following a petition by Yesh Gvul. Headed by Zvi Inbar, this commission began in February 2008. Its findings were officially released to the public in February 2011, and found "intelligence gathering failure" and "no premeditated intention to kill civilians," reporting that commanders did not know there were innocent people in the building at the time, and that they would have called it off had they known. In January 2009, the National Audience, a special and exceptional high court in Spain, began a war crimes probe into the attack that killed <mask>, with persons investigated including Mofaz, Dichter, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Moshe Ya'alon, Doron Almog, Giora Eiland and Mike Herzog. A lower court decision ordered an inquiry into the Shehadeh killing. The Spanish Court of Appeals rejected the lower court's decision, and on appeal in April 2010 the Supreme Court of Spain upheld the Court of Appeals decision against conducting an official inquiry into the IDF's targeted killing of Shehadeh in 2002. Israeli MK Moshe Ya'alon (Chief of Staff at the time of the bombing) cancelled a trip to the United Kingdom on 5 October 2009, because he feared an arrest on war crimes charges relating to the 2002 killing.See also
Emad Akel
Yahya Ayyash
List of Palestinian civilian casualties in the Second Intifada (partial list)
List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada (partial list)

References

1953 births
2002 deaths
People from North Gaza Governorate
Palestinian Sunni Muslims
Hamas military members
Assassinated Hamas members
Assassinated Palestinian politicians

masks:
Salah Mustafa Muhammad Shehadلاح شاد
Shehadeh
Shehade
Shehade


title: George Jarkesy

texts:
<mask> (born August 1974) is a hedge fund manager, media commentator, and conservative talk radio show host of the <mask> Radio Show. Career
Jarkesy started his career in the mid-1990s in the financial services industry with a New York Stock Exchange member. Over the past two decades he has been an investor in entrepreneurial growth companies. Jarkesy has originated and/or participated in several hundred investments over the past 20 years, including both debt and equity in private, pre-public and public companies. Jarkesy has founded, invested in and helped to build companies engaged in a broad range of industry sectors, including financial consulting, media, real estate, real estate management, employee leasing, light steel manufacturing, livestock management, technology, natural resources, healthcare and biotechnology. As an investor and financial guru, Jarkesy has been a regular guest on shows like the Neil Cavuto show, The Willis Report with Geri Willis, CNBC's Worldwide Exchange, Fox Business's Willis Watch Dogs, Fox's Fox and Friends, CNBC "The Call" with Kudlow

Public speaker
Jarkesy has been giving speeches at events such as the Tea Party Rally in Conroe Texas  where he encouraged attendees to engage and help get out the word about what is happening to our country and to help get out the vote. Founder of National Eagles and Angels Association
<mask> is the founder of the National Eagles and Angels Association.The NEAA is a nationwide alliance of investors and business angels that support entrepreneurial growth companies. The organization holds daytime workshops for networking and collaborative breakout sessions; provides mentor-ship services; hosts informative podcasts; and hosts online video conferences for solution sharing. The NEAA has chapters in many cities around the country. With monthly and quarterly meetings, entrepreneur are brought together to present their businesses to investors and business angels. Sometimes business is transacted, but always, good contacts and friendships are made. Oftentimes the angels provide mentorship training to the business owners to steer them in a direction of higher profitability. Songwriter
<mask> was so disappointed with what President Obama was doing to the country, with his unconstitutional executive Orders, his appointing communists as czars, surrounding himself with advisors with close ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, closing down coal mines, and with his targeting conservatives for persecution via the Environmental Protection Agency,  Internal Revenue Service, and  Securities and Exchange Commission, that he wrote a song called The Bad Obama Blues

Politics
<mask> has always been a staunch Republican, and was an Eagle in the Republican party, both donating and bundling large sums of money for candidates up and down the ticket.He spoke out often on the unrest in America, often calling President Obama out for his tactics, being one of the first to call Obama a Communist on air. It was a deep-seated dissatisfaction with what Obama was doing to the country that drove Jarkesy to put together a radio show, the George Jarkesy Radio show where He daily raged against the government over reach, about the abuse of power coming from the Whitehouse, about the administration's use of unelected bureaucrats in the Environmental Protection Agency, Internal Revenue Service, National Security Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation and other agencies to target those that disagreed with him. Being a proud Texan, Jarkesy openly embraced Congressman Kevin Brady's Maximizing America's Progress Act, which was designed to take all of the things that Texas had done right to have the most robust economy in the entire United States (in spite of Obama, Jarkesy often noted) and to apply them at the federal level to turn our national economy around and get it back on track. The Map Act one a frequent topic on The <mask> Radio Show, and it, Sponsor, Congressman Kevin Brady was a regular guest, trying to rally support from around the country for what several noted economists had called "the most important piece of economic legislation in several decades"

Jarkesy was cautioned more than once about being so out spoken about the Obama Administration. While bloggers and online radio shows often complain, their audience is far smaller than the wide audience that Jarkesy had in nearly a dozen large markets, and several friends, advisors and peers were concerned about Jarkesy making a target of himself while standing up for what he believed in. Being the Broadcast Activist that he is, Jarkesy just continued on, declaring, "If I don't stand up for the little guys, who will?" Columnist
Jarkesy has written numerous columns for a wide variety of papers and journals from “Global Warming” RIP, American Economy Needs Relief for TownHall.com, to Solyndra, Solar Dreams, Bankruptcy and More Government Waste for BusinessInsider.com, to Golden Parachutes for the common American, Janet Yellen at the world!for TownHallFinance.org  and Marx and Marshall Would Be Proud Of Obama's Attack On Religion for Town Hall's Money World, Will We Have to Tell Our Grandchildren About How America Used to be? for Glenn Beck's The Blaze, Taxapalooza for EconIntersect.com  and Steele got the job done for the Baltimore Sun. While most of his writing was financial or economic in nature, the underlying theme was that the government under president Obama has been doing just about everything wrong for anyone wanting to build a business or grow an investment portfolio. There are few others in the media at his level that are as outspoken about the administration's economic policies and the devastation effect that they have had on out economy under Obama. The George Jarkesy Radio show
Jarkesy regularly appears on both radio and TV as a commentator on business and politics on CNBC's Worldwide Exchange, Fox Business's

Jarkesy Launched a nationally syndicated radio show in 2012 on the Wall Street Radio Network owned by Salem Media. The <mask> Radio Show launched on January 9, 2012 in five markets nationwide. The show will be bringing a mix of politics and business to Houston, Atlanta, Orlando, Providence (Boston), and Sacramento.<mask> will draw upon his vast experience as a serial entrepreneur, investor, and pro-American businessman to provide an insightful and candid overview of the economy, markets, and politics, which affects all Americans and their money. "This is not just another talk show," he states. "I'm excited to bring out the real issues that America is grappling with and come up with real ideas and serious solutions. There will be no mere scratching the surface on The <mask> Show - we will always go in depth and dissect the issues. We will strive to seek the truth in stating our problems, and propose real solutions." The <mask> Show added Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota radio station KYCR AM 1570 on the Wall Street Business Network is its newest affiliate, on May 7, 2012.The following month, in June 2012, The <mask> Radio Show expanding into the Dallas/Fort Worth area Monday as the show added KVCE AM 1160 to their expanding list of affiliates. On his radio shows, Jarkesy was known to stand up for the little guy in America, He frequently and boldly spoke out about against government corruption and expansion, pointing out that the EPA was the enemy of the people of the United States, about America's Future and why the United States is Really on the Decline. Guests on the show have included: Congressman Kevin Brady, Congressman Randy Weber, Senator Chuck Schumer, Charlie Daniels, Dr. Thomas Sowell, Senator Doctor Tom Coburn,

Hedge fund manager
On March 22, 2013, Jarkesy was charged with civil charges of fraud by the SEC. The charges accuse <mask> and Thomas Belesis of John Thomas Financial of defrauding investors in two hedge funds. According to the complaint, amongst other things, Jarkesy told investors that he was the fund manager, when in fact a number of decisions were made by Belesis. Additionally, investors were led to believe the funds were audited by KPMG when they were not. References

External links
 <mask> welcomes Congressman Kevin Brady to the show to talk about the economy and the steps the Federal Reserve needs to take.The <mask> Radio Show Website
 <mask> - Angels In Training - the Houston Business Journal
 <mask> - Captain of Industry Opportunist Magazine
 The S.E.C. 's Use of the 'Rocket Docket' Is Challenged - NYTimes.com
 Case May Give D.C. Circuit Chance to Review Constitutionality of SEC Administrative Forum
 JARKESY et al v. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION JARKESY et al v. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION :: District Of Columbia District Court

1974 births
Living people
American hedge fund managers
American talk radio hosts

masks:
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
Jarkesy
Jarkesy
Jarkesy
Georgearkesy
George Jarkesy
Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy
George Jarkesy


title: Gridley J. F. Bryant

texts:
<mask> (August 29, 1816 – June 8, 1899), often referred to as G. J. F<mask>, was a Boston architect, builder, and industrial engineer whose designs "dominated the profession of architecture in [Boston] and New England." One of the most influential architects in New England, he designed custom-made houses, government buildings, churches, schoolhouses, and private residences across the United States, and was popular among the Boston elite. His most notable designs are foundational buildings on numerous campuses across the northeastern United States, including Tufts College, Bates College, and Harvard College. He has been credited as one of the first modern architects in America, and at the height of his career he was the most commissioned architect in New England. He is also the most commissioned architect in Boston history. A native of Massachusetts, his early life was heavily influenced by his father's work in construction engineering. His father, <mask>, built the Granite Railway, the first publicly chartered railway in the U.S.The younger <mask> received no formal training in architecture but taught himself industrial engineering and construction analysis as well as building design. <mask>'s first informal mentor was Alexander Parris, who introduced him to neoclassical design and Second Empire architectural templates. His self-started firm, Bryant & Associates, was one of the most selective and popular architectural firms in New England. <mask> designed institutions providing high personal or societal value, or when sufficient payment was made to him personally, oftentimes described as "ludicrously expensive". He was the first architect to be featured on London's The Builder. A record three of his designs were featured. Such publicity propelled him into the public eye and earned him expensive and large commissions.Early life and education
<mask> was born to Maria Winship <mask> and <mask> <mask>, noted railway pioneer, in Scituate, Massachusetts. In his youth the younger <mask> moved to Gardiner, Maine and attended the Gardiner Lyceum for his secondary education. He studied mathematics and engineering there before leaving joining his father's engineering office. Outside his secondary schools studies, he interned at local lithographers and artists to experiment with design and artistic manipulation. Life and architectural career

Early career
<mask>'s career started at a time when few architects gained prominence in his hometown of Boston, Massachusetts, and he struggled to find commercial success in the profession. Accordingly, formal training and education in architecture was not available to him so his passion of building soon moved to him learn building design, and construction analysis at an early age all self-taught. Although the American Institute of Architects was beginning to establish itself it prompted aspiring architects to practice regulated construction and proper licensing, practices rejected by the young <mask>.Although never traveling abroad, <mask> read extensively on the architectural practices of Europe, specifically in London and Paris. The Second Empire architectural design, as seen in the Élysée Palace, played a key role in his later designs. He began informal training with fellow Boston architect Alexander Parris, who introduced him to neoclassical design and the use of Second Empire architectural templates. His training under Parris, grounded in neoclassicism, played an important role in his first building drafts. Working primarily as a student in his early days, he quickly a member of Parris' newly opened architectural firm at the corner of Court and Washington Streets. His first achievement was the design for the Broadway Savings Bank, South Boston, in the early 1830s. <mask> flourished in an era of what Roger B. Reed calls "unregulated building," when "traditions of craftsmanship were being replaced by products of the machine age."He created a new template for the construction of buildings in New England. Early in his career, he faced competition from larger firms that sought to monopolize the design and construction of buildings in the greater Boston area. As a draftsman, he drew up minor additions and renovations to already established buildings in that city, and he struggled initially to find footing in the competitive field. At age twenty-one, amid an economic depression, he established his own architectural firm called Bryant and Associates. Rise to prominence

Bryant & Associates

A common fault ascribed to <mask> is that he valued the art form of architecture over the commercial validity of his designs which proved to be counterproductive for his budding practice. With an understanding that a client's wishes should always come first when constructing and designing for them he, "frequently persuaded a client to spend more than he might have planned, in the interests of erecting a structure with greater aesthetic value to the community." Although his firm was relatively new and had start-up funds he worked and often collaborated with hundreds of draftsmen around the city.A notable trait of <mask> was due to the low level of economic validity to hire countless draftsmen to draw up buildings and their specification he wrote length and thoroughly detailed written specifications to describe how a building should be built. His firm utilized thousands of un-retained draftsmen throughout its life and contributed to the unprecedented amount of building being constructed throughout the United States. However, his designs specifically were reserved for high-value projects, meaning those with high personal value, societal value, or sufficiently large remuneration. Due to his firm being largely un-retained, he was able to provide guidance to his firm's operations while in other areas of the country, which contributed to increased financial success. He used the lithography he learned in secondary school to promote his firms and their projects to attract clients and donors. He was one of the first people in the city of Boston to use colored advertisements to promote his work, which contributed to even more financial success. Collaborations
<mask>'s firm attracted as partners noted architects such as Alexander Rice Esty, Edward H. Kendall, Albert Currier, Wilfred E. Mansur, Arthur Gilman and Louis P. Rogers.He worked with Albert Currier to construct the Adroscoggin County Courthouse and Jail, the largest courthouse-jail building in Maine at the time. He worked with Mansur to construct Aroostook County Courthouse and Jail, the largest courthouse complex in Maine, in 1859. In 1862 he worked with Gilman to design and eventually build Boston's Old City Hall, one of the first to be built in the French Second Empire style in the United States. In 1869 he collaborated with Rogers to construct Gloucester City Hall. He also did a few luxury private residences with <mask> Sturgis. Commissions

Early commissions
<mask>'s only known commission in the American South is Thornbury, a plantation house built in the 1840s for Henry King Burgwyn in Northampton County, North Carolina. Together with Arthur Gilman, <mask>'s firm devised the gridiron street pattern of Boston's Back Bay, laid out starting in the late 1850s.<mask> designed so many buildings that his practice in Boston was called the "Bryant Commission." His largest commissions were from municipal and state governments, in which he worked frequently with <mask> Sturgis, most notably on upscale projects in the 1860s. At this time <mask> was the most commissioned architect in New England. He is also the most commissioned architect in the history of Boston. He received many commercial commissions in Boston including the Massachusetts State House, and other projects in the city's commercial district. Although his projects demanded large commissions and incurred high construction costs, he traveled often to rural areas for promotional work, and designed many lower-priced buildings providing "high societal value." Most notable was Hathorn Hall at Bates College, Maine, which he designed and which he constructed in part by himself, resulting in a net loss to him.On the other hand, larger, wealthier educational institutions like Harvard College paid him top dollar for their administration buildings—for which he was often asked to give input in their construction as well. Boston fire of 1872
During the Great Boston Fire of 1872, 152 of the 776 buildings destroyed had been designed by <mask>. As a measure of his reputation, he was commissioned to rebuild 110 of them. Style and design
Although brick predominated in construction in Boston at the height of <mask>'s work, he often used granite for increased stability. Accordingly, <mask> was a leading proponent of the Boston "Granite Style." Many of <mask>'s buildings showcase neoclassical entrances, for example Boston's Old City Hall. As an industrial engineer and architect in New England, <mask> participated in the Colonial Revival architecture movement.Consequently, his buildings include such features as cornice-embellished moldings and multi-plane windows. White pillars, a staple of neoclassical design, can be found in the entrances of many of his buildings, including residential. Many of his collegiate buildings feature a mint-green bell tower, and building caps and tips. This practice can be traced to 18th-century Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Many of his college buildings are in the Georgian style, constructed with wood and clapboards, their columns made of timber, framed up and turned on an oversized lathe. <mask> also designed many campus buildings featuring a red brick exterior, designed in the Georgian style, showcasing red print doors and darkened ridge sides. Moreover, in all academic buildings <mask> produced, Gothic influence can be seen as well.Death
<mask> died on June 8, 1899, in his townhouse in Boston, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife, <mask>, whom he married on September 9, 1839. Upon his death his wife assembled all his books and drawings in his home study and burned down his house, as stipulated in his will. Notable buildings

Buildings designed or influenced by <mask>

 <mask> principal architect or architect, except where noted. Italics = Building defunct. NRHP = U.S. National Register of Historic Places. For a full listing of <mask>'s projects see Reed, pp.177–198. Drawings

 In progress:

References

Bibliography
 Bailey, Henry Turner. “An Architect of the Old School.” New England Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. New series, vol. 25, Nov. 1901. pp. 326–349. Full view: Internet Archive.About <mask>. Reed, Roger G. Building Victorian Boston: The Architecture of Gridley J. F. <mask>. Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 2007. 1816 births
1899 deaths
Architects from Boston
19th-century American people
19th-century American architects
People from Scituate, Massachusetts

masks:
Gridley James Fox Bryant
. Bryant
Gridley Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Fox
Gridley
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
John Hubbard
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
John Hubbard
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Louisa Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant


title: Disappearance of Henry Borynski

texts:
<mask> (born 8 October 1910) was a Polish priest who served as Roman Catholic chaplain to the Polish community in Bradford in Yorkshire. He was last seen on 13 July 1953, and his sudden disappearance remains unsolved. Background
<mask> was born in a small village outside Krakow to humble origins. He won a scholarship to the grammar school at Oswiecim. He received a degree in theology from the University of Krakow. <mask> was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1938. He escaped from German-occupied Poland in 1940.He became chaplain and teacher of religion at the Polish Grammar School in Diddington. <mask> was appointed chaplain to the Polish community of Bradford in Yorkshire from October 1952. With around 1,500 Polish refugees from Communism in Bradford, it was the largest Polish emigre community in the North of England. <mask> was known for the anti-communist nature of his sermons. By all accounts, <mask> was well-liked and respected by all those he came into contact with. <mask> replaced Canon Boleslaw Martynellis as priest to the Bradford Polish community. Martynellis claimed to have retired from his post due to health reasons.Martynellis had actually been removed from his post following complaints that he kept a mistress that he described as his "niece". Martynellis entered into semi-retirement, but remained in Bradford and continued to perform Mass for the small local Lithuanian community. <mask> was one of several Yorkshire-based Polish chaplains who led protests in October 1952 against the activities of Soviet agents in the Bradford area. It was rumoured that officials from the Soviet Embassy in London had visited refugees' homes after dark, pressuring them to return to Eastern Europe. Refugees had also received letters pressuring them to return to their own countries. The night of the disappearance
<mask> received two telephone calls on 13 July 1953. Following the first telephone call, he visited Canon Martynellis.Martynellis later told reporters that <mask> had come to see him because he said he had received a telephone call from someone purporting to be speaking on his behalf. Martynellis had not phoned him, nor had authorised anyone to make the telephone call. Later in the evening, <mask> received a second telephone call from a man speaking Polish. <mask> was heard by his Polish housekeeper to speak in short, clipped sentences during the call, different from his normal cheerful disposition. Borynski reportedly said "All right, I go". Borynski was not normally secretive, but he was reported to have taken the call in a low voice, with his hand cupped around the mouthpiece. He left his lodgings at Little Horton Lane hurriedly, wearing an overcoat and hat, which he rarely did on a summer's evening.Borynski left his wallet and personal papers at the house, and had 10 shillings on his person. <mask> was last seen outside the entrance to St Luke's Hospital in Bradford, just a few hundred yards from his home on Little Horton Lane. He told one Karol Wojciechowski, who started to engage him in conversation, that he didn't have much time and that he was going to "play detective". Investigation
<mask>'s disappearance was not reported until two days after he was last seen. Bradford Police received assistance in the investigation from Scotland Yard and MI5. British police were alerted to look for <mask>, though they deemed it unlikely that he had been kidnapped; he was described as 6 ft (180 cm) tall, and weighed 14 stone (200 lb; 89 kg). Police found no evidence to indicate that <mask> had left Britain.Police confirmed that there was no evidence that Borynski had been a victim of a Russian assassin. Police ultimately came to the conclusion that <mask>'s disappearance was not voluntary, but were unable to determine his whereabouts. An MI5 report disparaged the lead investigator of the case for Bradford police, Superintendent Thomas Rushworth, who was described as, "physically on the eve of retirement, and mentally somewhat beyond it". Canon Martynellis
Police described Martynellis as the "main pivot" and the "focus" of their enquiry regarding Borynski's disappearance, and searched his home three times. The MI5 investigation regarded Martynellis as a man with "a dubious reputation", and suggested possible complicity in Borynski's disappearance between Martynellis and Polish intelligence services. A police report described Martynellis as a "shifty, untrustworthy individual ... who would stop at nothing to gain his own ends". Leaders of the Polish community in Bradford considered Martynellis responsible for the murder of Borynski.Martynellis was found to have purchased 60 lbs of caustic soda in the fortnight preceding <mask>'s disappearance. A month after <mask>'s disappearance Martynellis was found collapsed at his home. Martynellis claimed that he had been visited by two men who ordered him to 'keep quiet priest'. Martynellis had no external injuries, and police declined to confirm that he had been attacked, but confirmed that they were not searching for an assailant. Martynellis later claimed the attack could have been an hallucination, aggravated by the trauma he had suffered in a Russian gulag during the Second World War. Martynellis died from a heart attack in 1955. Theories
In 1962 it was reported that assassin Bogdan Staschynski had claimed that he had killed Borynski with a cyanide injection in a case of mistaken identity.It was claimed that he buried the body on Ilkley Moor. West German police, who held Staschynski in custody at the time, dismissed the report as a fabrication. Bob Taylor, a retired British police detective, claimed on a 2003 edition of the BBC's Inside Out programme that Borynski was murdered by the Polish Secret Police. Taylor claimed that Martynellis was involved with Polish agents in arranging Borynski's abduction, saying that "Martynellis may have been told that this was the way to keep his old job and that he did not realise what he was getting involved in until it was too late". Taylor claimed that Catholic officials "knew more than they disclosed to police in Bradford at the time". It was also suggested that Borynski was murdered by an overzealous member of Martynellis' congregation, who wished to see the priest reinstated. This was the theory favoured by the Bradford police.See also
List of people who disappeared

References

External links

1950s missing person cases
1953 in England
Clergy from Kraków
Missing person cases in the United Kingdom
Polish expatriates in England
20th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
Possibly living people

masks:
Henry Borynski
Henry Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
Borynski
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Borynski


title: Emperor Wen of Song

texts:
<mask> of (Liu) Song ((劉)宋文帝, (Liu) <mask>-di) (407 – 16 March 453), personal name Liu Yilong (劉義隆), courtesy name Che'er (車兒), was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He was the third son of the dynastic founder <mask> (Liu Yu). After his father's death in 422, Liu Yilong's eldest brother Liu Yifu took the throne as Emperor Shao. In 424, a group of officials, believing <mask> to be unfit to be emperor, deposed Emperor Shao and placed Liu Yilong on the throne as Emperor <mask>. In his 29 years of rule, <mask> largely continued the grand plan of his father and some of the land policies of the Jin Dynasty. The period, called the "Yuanjia administration" (), is seen as a period of prosperity and strength, because of the emperor's diligence and ability to find capable and honest officials to serve in his administration. However, <mask> was faulted for making repeated failed attempts to attack rival Northern Wei and using the wrong strategies in doing so, weakening his state toward the end of his rule.In 453, angry that his crown prince Liu Shao was using witchcraft to curse him, he planned to depose Liu Shao; when this plan was leaked, Liu Shao staged a coup and assassinated him, replacing him on the throne, although less than a year later Liu Shao's younger brother Liu Jun defeated him and took the throne as <mask>. Early life
Liu Yilong was born at Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) in 407, to Liu Yu and his concubine Hu Dao'an (), as Liu Yu's third son; at that time, Liu Yu was already the paramount general for Jin, and so Liu Yilong was born into a household of power and wealth. For reasons lost to history, Liu Yu put Consort Hu to death in 409. Liu Yilong's maternal grandmother Lady Su was involved in his upbringing, and he was particularly close to her as he grew up. In 410, while the Jin capital Jiankang was under attack by the warlord Lu Xun (), Liu Yu had his assistant Liu Cui () accompany the three-year-old Liu Yilong to serve as the defender of Jingkou. In 415, he was created the Duke of Pengcheng. In 417, while Liu Yu was attacking Later Qin, he had Liu Yilong, again assisted by his staff, remain at Pengcheng to serve as the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and Anhui), to guard his rear.In 418, after Liu Yu conquered Later Qin, Liu Yilong was made the governor of the important Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan), and commander of armed forces of the western empire. Those who served on his staff included Dao Yanzhi (), Zhang Shao (), Wang Tanshou (), Wang Hua (), and Shen Linzi (), with Zhang actually in charge of headquarters due to Liu Yilong's young age. After Liu Yu seized the Jin throne in 420, establishing <mask> (as Emperor Wu), he created a number of his sons princes, and Liu Yilong was created the Prince of Yidu at that time. Around this time, he became known as studious in the Confucian classics and histories, and was also a good calligrapher. In 424, believing Liu Yilong's older brother <mask> (who had succeeded Emperor Wu after Emperor Wu's death in 422) to be frivolous and incapable of governing the empire, the high-level officials Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, and Xie Hui deposed and subsequently killed him, as well as another older brother of Liu Yilong's, Liu Yizhen () the Prince of Luling, since they believed Liu Yizhen to be even less suitable than <mask>. Believing Liu Yilong to be capable and lenient, they offered the throne to Liu Yilong, with Fu personally arriving with other officials at Liu Yilong's headquarters at Jiangling. Liu Yilong's associates, hearing of Emperor Shao's and Liu Yizhen's deaths, were largely suspicious and suggested that he not head east to the capital Jiankang to accept the throne.However, Wang Hua pointed out that the coup leaders were in a collective leadership, and the balance of power ensured that they could not commit treason. Wang Tanshou and Dao also agreed, and Liu Yilong decided to accept the throne, taking the throne later that year as <mask>. Early reign
Initially, <mask> pacified the high-level officials who were involved in deposing <mask> (including not only Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, Xie Hui, but also Wang Tanshou's brother Wang Hong and Tan Daoji) by leaving them in power and further giving them higher offices. Indeed, he initially left most affairs of state in the hands of Xu and Fu, but gradually acquainted himself in those matters. He also hinted at disapproval of their actions by recalling the wives and mothers of <mask> and Liu Yizhen to the capital and treating them with honor. He posthumously honored his mother Consort Hu as an empress dowager, and created his wife Princess Yuan Qigui as empress. In 425, Xu and Fu offered to resign, and <mask> approved and began to handle important matters of state himself.However, Xu's nephew Xu Peizhi () and his associates Cheng and Wang Shaozhi () persuaded him to reconsider, and thereafter he reassumed his post. (While it was not explicitly stated in history, it appeared that Fu then did so as well.) However, <mask> was resentful that Xu, Fu, and Xie had killed his two older brothers, and in late 425 planned to destroy them, particularly at the urging of Wang Hua and the general Kong Ningzi (). He therefore mobilized troops and publicly declared that he was going to attack rival Northern Wei, but was privately preparing to arrest Xu and Fu while engaging in a military campaign against Xie, then the governor of Jing Province. In spring 426, rumors had leaked of such a plan, and so Xie began to prepare for armed resistance. Soon, <mask> publicly issued an edict ordering that Xu, Fu, and Xie be arrested and killed, while issuing a separate edict summoning Xu and Fu to the palace. Believing that Wang Hong and Tan had not been involved initially in the plot against <mask>, he recalled them to the capital, and put Tan in charge of the army against Xie and Wang Hong in charge of the imperial government.Meanwhile, Xie Hui publicly mourned Xu and Fu and declared that all they did was for the empire, blaming Wang Hong, Wang Tanshou, and Wang Hua for falsely accusing them, and demanding their execution. Xie Hui had a powerful army, but while he thought that several other provincial governors would join him, they refused. He was initially able to defeat Dao's army, but soon Tan arrived, and Xie, fearful of Tan, did not know what to do. Tan quickly attacked him and defeated his fleet, and Xie fled back to Jiangling, and then fled with his brother Xie Dun (), but Xie Dun was so overweight that he could not ride a horse, and so they slowed down and were captured. He was then delivered to Jiankang and executed with Xie Jiao and Xie Dun, along with all of his nephews and major associates, although many of his associates were spared. <mask> became quickly known for his diligence in governing the state and his frugality, as well as his caring for the welfare of the people. He set up a system where officials, both at the capital and in provinces, were given relatively long office terms, but carefully monitored for their progress.He was particularly attentive to his brothers' ability to govern, offering them much advice while carefully fostering proper experience for them. One of them, Liu Yikang the Prince of Pengcheng, soon became known for his skills at governing Jing Province after replacing Xie, and in 428, Wang Hong, who was fearful of drawing attacks for having been prime minister for too long, offered to resign and give his authority to Liu Yikang. <mask> declined at this point, but did transfer most of Wang Hong's authorities to Liu Yikang in 429. Also in 429, <mask> created his oldest son by Empress Yuan, Liu Shao, crown prince. That year, <mask>'s maternal grandmother Lady Su died, and he mourned her greatly, wanting to posthumously create her titles, but because of opposition by the key official Yin Jingren (), he did not do so. Around this time, <mask> also started preparing for a campaign against rival Northern Wei, seeking to recover several provinces lost to Northern Wei during the reign of Emperor Shao. In spring 430, he put Dao Yanzhi in command of a 50,000-man army to attack Northern Wei.Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, when informed by <mask>'s messengers that all Emperor <mask> was interested in was to recover the provinces south of the Yellow River, retorted angrily that he would withdraw but return in the winter once the Yellow River froze, and that was what he initially did—withdrawing his armies south of the Yellow River to areas north, allowing <mask> to recover the four key cities of Luoyang, Hulao, Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Hunan), and Qiao'ao (碻磝, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong) without a fight. Instead of advancing further north into Northern Wei proper, however, Emperor <mask> stopped and placed his troops along the Yellow River, even though he had entered into an alliance with Xia's emperor Helian Ding to conquer and divide Northern Wei. With <mask>'s forces immobile, Northern Wei was able to attack Helian Ding and greatly damage Xia (eventually leading to its destruction in 431) absence. Afterwards, Northern Wei prepared to attack the south. In winter 430, <mask>'s general Du Ji (), unable to defend Luoyang, abandoned it. Hulao soon also fell. Upon hearing this, Dao retreated, leaving the general Zhu Xiuzhi () defending Huatai alone.In spring 431, Emperor <mask> sent Tan north to try to relieve Zhu at Huatai, but with Northern Wei forces cutting Tan's supply route off, Tan was unable to reach Huatai and forced to withdraw as well. Zhu, without support, was soon captured when Huatai fell. Emperor <mask>'s first attempt to regain the provinces south of the Yellow River had resulted in failure. In 432, Wang Hong died, and Liu Yikang was, alone, prime minister after that point. Also in 432, angry over the misgovernance of Liu Daoji () the governor of Yi Province (modern Sichuan and Chongqing), the people of Yi Province rose, under the command of Xu Muzhi (), who changed his name to Sima Feilong () and claimed to be a descendant of the Jin imperial clan. Liu quickly defeated and killed Sima Feilong, but the Buddhist monk Cheng Daoyang () soon rose in succession and claimed to be the real Sima Feilong, threatening Chengdu the capital of Yi Province, and while the general Pei Fangming () was able to repel the siege, Cheng remained a threat for several years, carrying the title of the Prince of Shu. While the campaign was ongoing, Yang Nandang () the ruler of Chouchi, who had been a nominal vassal to both Liu <mask> and Northern Wei, also attacked and occupied Liang Province (梁州, modern southern Shaanxi) in 433.Middle reign
In spring 434, <mask>'s general Xiao Sihua () was able to defeat Yang Nandang's forces and recapture Liang Province. Yang Nandang soon apologized, and not willing to lose a potential ally against Northern Wei, <mask> accepted his apology. In 435, Feng Hong the emperor of Northern Yan, under constant Northern Wei attack, offered to be a vassal to <mask> to try to obtain assistance, and <mask> created Feng Hong the Prince of Yan. However, <mask> was unable to provide actual assistance, and Feng Hong evacuated his state and fled to Goguryeo in 436. Around that time, a severe political infighting began to develop within Emperor <mask>'s administration. Jealous of Emperor <mask>'s bestowing of great powers to Yin Jingren, Liu Zhan () became to try to defame Yin Jingren, and he ingratiated himself with Liu Yikang to try to use the prime minister's powers to expel Yin from government. Yin, not willing to fight Liu Zhan, offered to resign under the excuse he was ill, and while <mask> refused, he permitted Yin to take an extended sick leave.The imperial government, however, became divided into a Liu Zhan-led pro-Liu Yikang faction and an anti-Liu Yikang faction. In 436, <mask> grew extremely ill. In his illness, Liu Zhan persuaded Liu Yikang that if <mask> died, no one would be able to control Tan Daoji, and therefore recalled Tan to the capital from his post at Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian). After Tan arrived at Jiankang, <mask> became better in his conditions and was ready to return Tan to his post, when he suddenly turned ill again. At that time, Tan was already on the dock ready to depart for Jiang Province, and Liu Yikang summoned him back to Jiankang and arrested him. Emperor <mask> then issued an edict falsely accusing Tan of preparing treason and executed him with his sons, but spared his grandsons. (When Tan was arrested, he angrily threw his scarf on the ground and stated bitterly, "You have destroyed your Great Wall."When Northern Wei officials heard of Tan's death, they celebrated. The traditional account appeared to minimize Emperor <mask>'s involvement in Tan's death, but subsequent events appear to show that Liu Yikang acted with Emperor <mask>'s full approval in this matter.) In spring 437, Emperor <mask> seriously considered the proposal that Northern Wei's Emperor Taiwu had made, initially in 431 and then in

masks:
Emperor Wen
Song Wen
Emperor Wu
Emperor Shao
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Xiaowu
Liu Song
Emperor Shao
Emperor Shao
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Shao
Emperor Shao
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Shao
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Wen
Liu Song
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Wen
Wen
Song
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Liu Song
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Wen
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen


title: Emperor Wen of Song

texts:
 433, that the two imperial clans enter into a marital relationship—specifically, to marry one of his daughters to Emperor Taiwu's crown prince Tuoba Huang, and he sent his official Liu Xibo () to Northern Wei to negotiate the terms of the marriage. However, soon thereafter, the daughter who was to marry Tuoba Huang died, and the proposal died with her. Later in 437, the long-term rebel Cheng Daoyang the Prince of Shu was finally captured and killed, ending a seven-year rebellion. In 438, <mask> built a university to encourage students to study famous works. He set up four disciplines at the university:

 Mysticism, taught by the official He Shangzhi ()
 History, taught by the official He Chengtian ()
 Literature, taught by the official Xie Yuan ()
 Confucianism, taught by the hermit Lei Cizong ()

The historian Sima Guang, author of Zizhi Tongjian, made the following commentary about Emperor <mask> with regard to the status of his state at this time:

Emperor <mask>'s attention to imperial officials' abilities could be seen partly in 439, when, according to an edict that Emperor Wu had left that his sons were to serve as the governor of Jing Province in rotation by age, he was supposed to make his brother Liu Yixuan () the Prince of Nanqiao the governor of Jing Province.However, because he believed Liu Yixuan to be incompetent, he refused, skipping him and giving the post to the more capable brother Liu Yiji () the Prince of Hengyang, the governor of Jing Province. (Several years later, after Liu Yiji's death, and with much urging from his older sister Liu Xingdi () the Princess Kuaiji, he finally did make Liu Yixuan the governor of Jing Province, but only after much advice on how to properly govern the province.) By 440, however, Liu Yikang, a major part of the success of Emperor <mask>'s government due to his diligence and abilities, had become so flattered by Liu Zhan that he appeared to blur the distinction between himself, as a subject, and the emperor. When <mask> grew ill again, Liu Zhan and Liu Yikang's associates Liu Bin (), Wang Lü (), Liu Jingwen (), and Kong Yinxiu () secretly plotted to have Liu Yikang succeed <mask>, against <mask>'s wishes to have Crown Prince Shao be emperor and Liu Yikang serve as regent. When <mask> grew better, he began to suspect Liu Yikang of wanting to usurp the throne. In winter 440, he put Liu Yikang under house arrest, while arresting and executing Liu Zhan and a number of other associates of Liu Yikang. He then removed Liu Yikang from his prime minister post and made him the governor of Jiang Province, while restoring Yin Jingren to power.He replaced Liu Yikang with another younger brother, Liu Yigong () the Prince of Jiangxia, but Liu Yigong, realizing the danger in wielding too much power, did not involve himself much in actual decision-making. Later that year, Yin Jingren died, and the important responsibilities became split between several officials. In 441, Yang Nandang, not willing to give up his grandiose designs on Liang and Yi Provinces, attacked <mask>. Emperor <mask> sent Pei Fangming and another general, Liu Zhendao (), to attack Chouchi, and in the only instance at which a southern dynasty army occupied Chouchi, took it over in 442, forcing Yang Nandang to flee to Northern Wei. However, by 443, Chouchi had fallen to Northern Wei forces, and Pei and Liu Zhendao were executed for having embezzled treasures and horses from Chouchi during the 441 to 442 campaign. Late reign
In 445, in a famous incident, while waiting to send his brother Liu Yiji off to his new post as governor of Southern Yan Province (南兗州, modern central Jiangsu), Emperor <mask> ordered his sons not to eat until dinner is served at the sendoff, but the intentionally had dinner served late, so that his sons would suffer from hunger, and then telling them, "You grew up in a rich household and do not see the people being poor. I intended that you understand the pain from hunger so that you would learn to be frugal and caring for the people."However, while this incident general drew praise from historians, some historians, including Pei Ziye (), the commentator to the Song Shu, found it hypocritical in that he was putting his sons in high offices at young age without being properly trained. After that feast, an alleged plot involving the official (and compiler of Book of the Later Han) Fan Ye was exposed—as it was alleged that Fan had plotted with his nephew Xie Zong () and the deposed prime minister Li Yikang's associate Kong Xixian () to assassinate <mask> at the feast for Liu Yiji and then making Liu Yikang emperor. One of the coconspirators, <mask>'s nephew Xu Danzhi (), after the assassination failed to occur at the feast, informed on his coconspirators, and other than Xu, the conspirators were all executed. (The historian Wang Mingsheng () found the alleged plot far-fetched, and believed instead that Fan had been the victim of false accusations by Xu, Yu Bingzhi (), and He Shangzhi.) In the aftermaths of the plot, Liu Yikang, whose connection to the plot appeared tenuous at best, was stripped of his title, demoted to commoner rank, and put under house arrest. There would be repeated plots by others to put Liu Yikang on the throne, and by 451, fearful that such a plot would again develop during the midst of a Northern Wei invasion, <mask> would, against promises he made to his older sister Liu Xingdi the Princess Kuaiji, have Liu Yikang killed. In 446, when Northern Wei was facing a rebellion from the ethnically-Xiongnu Gai Wu (), <mask> commissioned Gai as a duke and a general, although he provided no actual military support for Gai.This, however, aggravated Northern Wei's <mask>, and after Emperor Taiwu put down Gai's rebellion, the relationship between the two states turned sour, particularly in light of a horrific raid that Northern Wei troops carried out against Liu Song's Qing (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong), Ji (冀州, modern northwestern Shandong), and Yan (兗州, modern western Shandong) Provinces later that year. By 449, <mask> was preparing a second campaign to recover the provinces south of the Yellow River, and many generals and officials, in response, submitted battle plans, and the general Wang Xuanmo () submitted plans that Emperor <mask> particularly liked. In preparation, <mask> moved the troops stationed and supplies stored in the internal provinces to the boundary provinces. Meanwhile, however, before he could launch the campaign, Northern Wei's <mask> invaded first in spring 450, putting Xuanhu (懸瓠, in modern Zhumadian, Henan) under siege for 42 days, and after much loss on both sides, <mask> withdrew without having captured Xuanhu. This made <mask> believe that Northern Wei's military power was waning, and he decided to launch his attack late in 450, despite oppositions by the generals Liu Kangzu (), who believed that the campaign should begin in spring 451, Shen Qingzhi (), who opined that <mask> was not in shape to fight a war against Northern Wei, Xiao Sihua, and Crown Prince Shao. The Liu Song forces, under the commands of Xiao Bin () and Wang Xuanmo, quickly took Qiao'ao and Le'an (樂安, in modern Tangshan, Hebei), as Northern Wei forces abandoned those two cities quickly, and then put Huatai under siege. The Han people around Huatai were initially gladly supporting the <mask> campaign, but Wang ordered them to submit a large number of pears, causing them to be angry and turn against Liu Song.Liu Song forces, as a consequence, could not capture Huatai quickly, and in winter 450, Emperor Taiwu crossed the Yellow River, and Wang's forces collapsed, forcing him to flee back to Qiao'ao. Xiao considered defending Qiao'ao against the coming Northern Wei assault, but Shen persuaded him that doing so was futile, and despite orders from <mask> to defend Qiao'ao, Xiao led the main forces back to Licheng (歷城, in modern Jinan, Shandong) to preserve the strength of the army. Meanwhile, due to Wang's defeat at Huatai, although the general <mask>jing () was able to capture Tong Pass in the west and threaten Northern Wei's Guanzhong region, Emperor <mask> chose to recall Liu and abandon the western advances as well. In retaliation for the Liu Song attack, <mask> launched an all-out attack against Liu Song's northern provinces. Emperor Taiwu's nephew Tuoba Ren () quickly captured Xuanhu and Xiangcheng (項城, in modern Zhoukou, Henan) and pillaging his way to Shouyang. Emperor Taiwu himself advanced on Pengcheng, but did not put that heavily fortified city under siege; rather, he advanced south, claiming that he would cross the Yangtze River and destroy the Liu Song capital Jiankang. Both his main army and the other branch armies that he sent out carried out heavy slaughters and arsons, laying Liu Song's Huai River region to waste.Around the new year 451, <mask> had reached Guabu (瓜步, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), across the river from Jiankang, but at this point he reproposed the marriage-peace proposal he made earlier—that if Emperor <mask> married a daughter to one of his grandsons, he would be willing to marry a daughter to Emperor <mask>'s son, Liu Jun (who was then defending Pengcheng), to establish long-term peace. Crown Prince Shao favored the proposal, but Jiang Dan () opposed, and the marital proposal was not accepted. In spring 451, worried that his forces were being overstretched and would be attacked in the rear by the Liu Song forces garrisoned at Pengcheng and Shouyang, Emperor Taiwu began a withdraw, and on the way, insulted by the Liu Song general Zang Zhi (), he put Xuyi (盱眙, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) under siege, and, after both sides suffered heavy losses but with the defense holding, quickly withdrew. This campaign appeared to heavily wear out both empires and demonstrated the cruel parts of Emperor Taiwu's personality well, as Sima Guang described it in this manner:

Sima Guang further attributed Emperor <mask>'s military failures to his command style:

As another historian, Shen Yue, pointed out, Emperor <mask> modelled his military planning on those of Emperor Guangwu of Han, but lacked <mask>'s military command abilities, and therefore could not draft proper military plans the way that Emperor Guangwu did. Under Emperor <mask> of Song, Zhang Chang helped defeat the Northern Wei invasion of Pengcheng. In 452, after hearing that Northern Wei's <mask> had been assassinated by his eunuch Zong Ai, Emperor <mask> prepared another campaign, with his army commanded by Xiao Xihua—but not realizing that his micromanaging had greatly contributed to the failure of the prior campaign, he made the micromanaging even more complete. After Xiao's assisting general Zhang Yong () was defeated at Qiao'ao, however, he abandoned the campaign.Meanwhile, though, <mask> himself was facing a crisis within his household. It had been discovered that Crown Prince Shao and another son of Emperor <mask>'s, Liu Jun the Prince of Shixing (a different son than the Liu Jun referred to above), had secretly retained the witch Yan Daoyu () to curse Emperor <mask> to death so that Crown Prince Shao could become emperor. Emperor <mask>, while angry, only strongly rebuked his sons and was unwilling to take further punitive actions against them. By 453, however, Emperor <mask>'s hopes that his sons had reformed themselves was shattered—as he found evidence that they continued to associate with Yan even after the rebukes. He therefore discussed with his high-level officials Xu Danzhi, Jiang Dan, and Wang Sengchuo () his planned punishment of deposing Crown Prince Shao and ordering Liu Jun to commit suicide. However, he made the mistakes of discussing the plans with Liu Jun's mother, Consort Pan, and Consort Pan quickly informed Liu Jun, who then informed Crown Prince Shao. In spring 453, Crown Prince Shao carried out a coup, sending his own guards to secure the palace while sending his close associate Zhang Chaozhi () into the palace to assassinate Emperor <mask>.When Zhang entered <mask>'s bedchambers with a sword, <mask>'s guards were asleep, and <mask> tried to hold a small desk to hold off Zhang's attack. Zhang's first swing, however, cut off <mask>'s fingers, and he then swung again, killing <mask>. After some confusion, Liu Shao killed Xu and Jiang as well, and then falsely declared that Xu and Jiang had assassinated <mask>; he then took the throne himself, although later that year he was defeated and killed by another brother of his, Liu Jun the Prince of Wuling (different character than the Liu Jun who was Liu Shao's confederate), who took the throne as <mask>. Liu Shao initially gave his father the posthumous name <mask> () with the temple name Zhongzong (). After <mask> took the throne, he changed the posthumous name to <mask> and the temple name to Taizu (). 5. History of Southern Dynasties, vol.2. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127. 407 births
453 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) people
Liu Song emperors
People from Zhenjiang
Murdered Chinese

masks:
Emperor Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Liu Song
Wen
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Taiwu
Emperor Wen
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Taiwu
Emperor Taiwu
Emperor Wen
Liu Song
Liu Song
Emperor Wen
Liu Wen
Wen
Emperor Taiwu
Emperor Taiwu
Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Emperor Guangwu
Wen
Emperor Taiwu
Wen
Emperor Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Wen
Emperor Xiaowu
Emperor Jing
Emperor Xiaowu
Emperor Wen


title: Peter Noble (music promoter)

texts:
<mask>  is an Australian entrepreneur active in the music industry for almost 50 years. He is best known as the festival director of the annual Bluesfest Byron Bay, which has been running since 1990 & that he became a partner of in 1994. The 5-day festival is now held every Easter at the Tyagarah Tea Tree Farm, just north of Byron Bay, a New South Wales beachside town. <mask>'s significant contribution to the industry was recognised in 2014 when he was awarded The Rolling Stone Australia Award for his services to Australian Music. On Australia Day 2016, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to live and recorded music, to tourism, and to the community. By the time Bluesfest turned 25 years old it had won 27 awards including four Australian Helpmann Awards for Best Contemporary Music Festival and Australian Event of the Year at the Australian Event Awards, nominations at the prestigious Pollstar Awards for Best International Music Festival, received 17 further award nominations. It was the only Australian festival listed in Billboard's 2014 Top 10 festivals.Biography
<mask> has been a music industry professional for over forty years and his contribution to the industry has been recognised with many accolades including the Rolling Stone Award for his services to Australian music. Drawn to music from an early age, the Sydney-born bassist played in rock, soul and blues bands during the 1960s and '70s, taking leading roles with artists including Clapham Junction, and Marcia Hines. Following extensive national and international touring, <mask> settled in the US and set up Portland, Oregon's first International Jazz Festival, and was house booker at The Earth venue. <mask> returned home to Australia at the beginning of the 1980s, and became a pioneer for blues touring in Australia. As a direct result of <mask>'s efforts, soul, jazz, blues and reggae artists found a promoter, and a wide audience in Australia for the first time. He supplied two international acts for the East Coast Blues Festival with Canned Heat in 1990 & John Mayall in 1991 and became a director alongside founder Keven Oxford for the 1994 event. In December 2004 <mask> along with four partners acquired founder Keven Oxford's 50% share in the event.<mask> became a pioneer for blues, jazz, roots and indie music touring in Australia, as well as running AIM Records, which became the first and only Australian independent label to win a Grammy Award in 2008 for ‘Best Zydeco Or Cajun Music Album’, by Terrance Simien & The Zydeco Experience. The same year the label got nominated for a second Grammy for Best Tropical Album 'Greetings From Havana'. <mask> has worked in many areas of the music business including record producing, touring artists through his company Bluesfest Touring, artist management, setting up the Australian Artists Agency in the early '70s, event site development, and festival presentations throughout Australia and South East Asia. <mask>'s long-standing dream to produce an Indigenous festival was realised in 2013 when he collaborated with leading cultural creative Rhoda Roberts, producing the inaugural Boomerang Festival: a ground-breaking Indigenous festival for all Australians held at the home of Bluesfest, the Tyagarah Tea Tree Farm, to extensive acclaim. As the Director of the Byron Bay festival, <mask> is passionate about social and environmental responsibility and is philanthropic, supporting many charities and community groups, and ensuring his events uphold their commitment to environmental conservation and animal welfare. This is reflected in the festival winning six International A Greener Festival Awards since 2007. Bluesfest is respected for creating ongoing employment and contracts for individuals and small businesses in the Byron Bay and the Northern Rivers, a small regional part of Australia with limited employment opportunities.It contributes over $40 million annually to the NSW economy, and has provided countless opportunities for local musicians, artists and business people through performance platforms, stalls, and networks. <mask>'s son <mask> is a renowned figurehead of alcohol brand 'Fireball'. <mask> is an ardent music aficionado whose work has shaped what is now cemented as one of the largest and revered music events in the world. He spends his time working and living between Byron Bay and Bali.

masks:
Peter Bruce Noble
Peter Noble
Peter Noble
Peter
Peter
Noble
Noble
Peter
Noble
Noble
Peter
Peter Noble
Otis Noble
Peter Noble


title: Amy Barger

texts:
<mask><mask> (born January 18, 1971) is an American astronomer and Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is considered a pioneer in combining data from multiple telescopes to monitor multiple wavelengths and in discovering distant galaxies and supermassive black holes, which are outside of the visible spectrum. <mask> is an active member of the International Astronomical Union. Education and career
<mask> earned a bachelor of arts in astronomy-physics in 1993 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She was a Marshall scholar at King's College, University of Cambridge and received a doctor of philosophy in astronomy from the university in 1997. <mask> holds positions as a Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and as an affiliate graduate faculty member in the University of Hawaii Department of Physics and Astronomy. Notable research
<mask>'s research discoveries concern distant Universe activity and objects, including dusty galaxies, quasars and supermassive black holes.Her research has overturned current and widely-accepted models of how galaxies and supermassive black holes evolve. University of Hawaii
From 1996 to 2000, <mask> received a postdoctoral fellowship from the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. During this time, she was a part of the MORPHS collaboration, a research group that studied the formation and morphologies of distant galaxies. Based on the data they retrieved from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 images, photometry and spectroscopy, the group was able to analyze and catalogue approximately 2,000 distant galaxies in 10 clusters and conclude that the spectral and morphological transformation of the galaxies were affected by two different timescales and/or physical processes. <mask> also used the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA), a far-infrared camera, to discover new quasars, and as a 1999 Hubble Fellow and Chandra Fellow at large, she was granted access to NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO). In January 2000, the results of <mask> and her colleagues' search for the origins of the cosmic X-ray background were presented at the 195th national meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Atlanta, Georgia. With the data they gathered from their research in the CXO, the team furthered previous research in finding that about one-third of the origins of the X-ray background are active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that emit light not on the visible spectrum.The AGNs contain a massive black hole that produces X-rays as gas is pulled toward them at virtually the speed of light. The team also found that ultra-faint galaxies are a source of another third of the X-ray background. The ultra-faint galaxies emit little to no visible light due to dust formation around them or due to the absorption of visible light by cool gas. The team concluded that more optical observations with more powerful telescopes, such as the Next Generation Space Telescope and Constellation-X, were required to gain more insight into the two types of far-distant objects they observed. As a follow-up to the research presented in January, <mask> lead a team in surveying black holes. The team used a Keck 10-meter telescope, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and the Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory to study the time intervals for black hole growth and found that the activity of an abundance of black holes in nearby galaxies was greater and more recent than once thought. The team concluded that, contrary to widespread belief, not all black holes formed when galaxies did.Rather, there are black holes currently growing slowly, taking more than one billion years to form. In December 2000, <mask> led the presentation of the findings at a press conference at the 20th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, in Austin, Texas. University of Wisconsin-Madison
In 2000, <mask> became an assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison while completing her University of Hawaii fellowship and eventually joining the faculty as a visiting adjunct astronomer. In 2001, she received the American Association of University Women Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy for her investigation of the X-ray background, which would lead to future spectroscopic research. During this time, <mask> was on
faculty leave from the University of Wisconsin-Madison to conduct research at the University of Hawaii and had earned a grant from the National Science Foundation
to fund her work. In 2002, she won the Newton Lacy Pierce Prize in Astronomy for outstanding achievement in observational astronomical research over the past five years. In October 2003, <mask> was awarded a $625,000 Packard Foundation Fellowship for Science and Engineering toward her research.In 2005, the results of a study led by <mask> concerning how black holes and galaxies grow was published in The Astronomical Journal. The team captured and observed long-exposure X-ray images of black holes normally obscured by gas and dust to determine that they are between one and 12 billion light-years away from Earth. With Chandra Deep Field North and South, the Hubble Deep Field and images of the Lockman Hole, the researchers were able to accurately count the number of black holes that exist in between those that are the closest and farthest away from Earth. The team discovered that the earliest black holes, which are a part of the early Universe and have at least 100 million times the mass of the Sun, quickly reach a size limit and stop accumulating matter. The black holes with a mass between 10 million and 100 million times that of the Sun continue to accumulate matter and grow slowly in comparison. The researchers found that one or more systems connect a galaxy's formation of stars to its loss of cosmic materials through its black hole because the processes occur simultaneously. <mask> and her team refer to the apparent shift in star formation from massive galaxies to relatively lightweight ones as 'cosmic downsizing' and as this phenomenon continues, dwarf galaxies will be the main source of star formation before the universe darkens as older galaxies fade away.<mask> and her colleagues' research on the early Universe has informed cosmic stratigraphy, which is  the process of obtaining redshifts of galaxies through deep-field images to chronologize galaxy and star formation since the Big Bang. The more redshifted galaxies are—or the closer to red the wavelength of the stretched light from galaxies are—the older, brighter, less numerous and farther away they are from Earth. In 2013, <mask>, former advisee Ryan Keenan and astronomer Lennox Cowie published the results of a study on the density of galactic matter in The Astrophysical Journal. The team used redshift surveys and spectroscopy to observe and estimate the distribution of luminous and dark matter in a sample of galaxies and found that Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way, is inside of a large void named the KBC Void for the research team. As of 2017, the KBC Void is the largest-known void with a diameter of approximately 2 billion light-years. In that same year, Barger's former student Benjamin Hoscheit presented the results of their follow-up study, in which Hoscheit used the linear kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect to measure galaxy clusters' motions and confirm the existence of the spherical-shaped KBC Void, which is surrounded by a shell of galaxies, stars and other cosmic materials. Honors and awards

 1992 Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
1993 Marshall Scholarship
1999 NASA Hubble Fellowship
1999 Chandra Fellow
2001 Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
 2002 Newton Lacy Pierce Prize of the American Astronomical Society
 2002 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow
2003 Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow
 2003 David and Lucille Packard Fellow
2007 American Physical Society Fellow
 2007 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award of the American Physical Society
 2015 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow
2011 Vilas Associates Award at University of Wisconsin-Madison
 2017 American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow
2017 Kellett Mid-Career Award at University of Wisconsin-Madison
2021 American Astronomical Society Fellow

Notes

External links
Popular Science
Outreach
Dr. Barger's personal webpage

1971 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
American women astronomers
Marshall Scholars
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century American astronomers
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists

masks:
Amy J
. Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger
Barger


title: Jonathan Hay (publicist)

texts:
<mask> (born December 16, 1975) is an American publicist and record producer. His music career started in the 1990s when he stumbled upon a recording studio while attending college in Louisville, Kentucky. <mask> is most known for his work with "Pon de Replay", the debut single from Rihanna. He has produced six albums and a single that topped the Billboard charts in multiple genres including hip hop and jazz. <mask>'s Follow the Leader (Reimagined As Jazz), a collaboration album with Eric B. & Rakim ended Michael Bublé's 38 week reign at the top of the Billboard charts and remained for 11 consecutive weeks. Publicist career

Starting out in the music business as a publicist, <mask> worked with established recording artists and record labels alike.His first professional project was with Quo, the short lived hip-hip duo that was signed to Michael Jackson's MJJ Productions. <mask>'s first success was achieved with Days of the New, the multi-platinum rock band who had four hit singles; most notably "Touch, Peel and Stand" that Billboard awarded "All-Time Greatest Mainstream Rock Song". In 2003, Travis Meeks, the lead singer of the group slammed the publicist for making unauthorized and premature disclosures, which the musician felt "actually damaged his chances" to advance his career. <mask> worked for Whitney Houston through her father's John Houston Entertainment company. In 2005, <mask> tried to promote Rihanna's debut single by "fabricat[ing] stories of Rihanna and Jay Z, leaking false rumors to tabloids, working with Internet message boards, etc." <mask> worked as a publicist for Suge Knight's Death Row Records and announced its catalog was being sold to Hasbro. In 2012, <mask> was part of a guardianship case involving teen actress Ariel Winter, a star on the TV series Modern Family, and her mother, Chrisoula "Crystal" Workman.<mask> testified and signed a declaration for Ariel Winter in favor of her staying with her sister Shanelle Workman Gray. On October 23, 2015, <mask> appeared on Inside Edition and publicly apologized to Beyoncé for his part in the unauthorized biography Becoming Beyoncé. <mask> is a subject in the book for a publicity stunt in 2005 for spreading rumors that Jay Z was dating Rihanna to boost the then 17-year-old's "Pon De Replay". <mask> confessed that he started those rumors during a difficult time. "The PR stunt that I did was out of desperation to help break 'Pon de Replay,'" <mask> said. "It was reckless and I didn't think it was going to work. I was just throwing spaghetti at the wall to see what would stick."Neither Rihanna or Jay Z was aware of his machinations <mask> told Newsday. As he noted during an interview with HipHopDX:

In December, <mask> was in both Vogue and Vanity Fair for a recording project in Florida. <mask> spoke out in Rolling Stone magazine [March 24, 2016 (Issue 1257)] to publicly support Kesha during her sexual assault lawsuit against Dr. Luke. The magazine called <mask> a "crisis management expert". <mask> told The Sun that his frequent collaborator Cyhi The Prynce wrote the lyrics to "Famous", the song that caused the public battle between Taylor Swift, Kanye West and Kim Kardashian. According to Hollywood Life, a source close to West said, "Cyhi is a creative contributor on the song, in which he has been credited accordingly. However, the specific Taylor lyrics were written by Kanye himself."<mask> had involvement with the Drake and Sophie Brussaux pregnancy scandal. He told People Magazine
"I've seen the text messages and they do exist" in reference to conversations purportedly from Drake, urging Brussaux to undergo an abortion. <mask> has spoken out about this situation with Perez Hilton, Glamour Magazine (in the Netherlands), Hollywood Life and Public Magazine (in France). <mask> spoke about the Kathy Griffin and Donald Trump photo scandal to The Huffington Post calling her press conference "flat-out gross". He explained, "From a PR perspective, she did do the right thing, by apologizing … but still that isn't enough. Not even close." From the viewpoint of a crisis publicist, <mask> was quoted in The New York Times about XXXTentacion's posthumous album release Skin.After being a publicist for over two decades, <mask> started producing music full-time. Production career

<mask>'s first notable collaboration was Prince and Audio Stepchild's "When Will We Be Paid", a cover song originally performed by The Staple Singers. The song was released through Prince's independent label NPG Records in April 2001 as part of a four-song extended play that peaked at No. 59 on the US Charts. Hip-Hop and Rap Releases (2013-2018):

<mask> co-founded SMH Records with Mike Smith a Charlotte, North Carolina based record label. <mask> and Smith got into a public dispute with Kanye West and Kim Kardashian over the song "These Walls Revisted" and a charity auction of an original painting of West. On June 20, 2013, Kardashian West's attorney issued a cease and desist.<mask> was executive producer and one of several musical producers on Sex, Money and Hip-Hop by Crooked I of Shady Records group Slaughterhouse. <mask> executive produced an album featuring Kentucky artists and film star Johnny Depp. Depp also appeared on the SMH Records album Fear of a Pink Planet by Pink Grenade, released in July 2014, containing 18 hip-hop songs written by <mask>. <mask> was a music producer on the TV show "One Shot" with T.I., RZA, DJ Khaled, Tech N9ne, Sway Calloway and others. The show debuted on BET on August 23, 2016. <mask>, Smith and King Tech (Sway & Tech) released When Music Worlds Collide that features many popular rap artists from several different eras. It was released as a streaming-only album with a "Spotify vs.TIDAL" challenge, receiving national coverage on Fox News, Billboard, and Business Insider. <mask> produced "Don't Close Your Eyes (Ashamed)", a song about suicide and alcohol abuse as a tribute to the late Keith Whitley released on what would have been his 60th birthday. The video for "Don't Close Your Eyes (Ashamed)" premiered on MTV News. <mask> and Kxng Crooked produced "Too Ashamed", a sequel song to "Don't Close Your Eyes (Ashamed)" and explained to Billboard Magazine that "working on 'Too Ashamed' was a very emotional recording experience for everyone involved." In June 2016, <mask> produced a single for Snoop Dogg's relaunched record label Doggy Style Records. In August, <mask> took a stand against Afrika Bambaataa with a remix featuring Ron "Bee Stinger" Savage. In the diss track, <mask> replays the notes from Bambaataa's song "Planet Rock" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, <mask> released albums with Kxng Crooked and Cyhi The Prynce that didn't chart.In April 2017, <mask> was a producer on a viral song about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on TMZ. In November, <mask> Raff. In December, <mask> produced singles with Kxng Crooked and Twista. In February 2018, <mask> produced another song for Riff Raff. In May The Whoodlum Ball with DJ Whoo Kid was released and it hit multiple Billboard Charts including #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers, #9 Rap Albums and #11 Independent. On September 15, Smith and <mask> peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard Charts (and #5 Billboard Christian Streaming Chart) with the single "Beautiful Day" featuring Bubba Sparxxx.<mask> was one of the producers of Juicy J's moderate hit "Don't You Wanna". Jazz Releases (2018-2019):

<mask> produced three consecutive #1 Billboard Jazz Albums. In January 2018, <mask>'s jazz debut release Jazz (Deluxe) hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In July 2019 Jazz Part Two was released and hit #1 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. On July 26, <mask> released Follow the Leader, a cover of Eric B. & Rakim's album in the style of jazz with Benny Reid that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts and was up for Grammy consideration. Peaking at No.1, the album remained on the Billboard Charts for 11 weeks. In an interview with Billboard, <mask> said:

The deluxe version of the album was released with Eric B. & Rakim by Fat Beats on December 13, 2019, that included physical formats of vinyl, cd and cassettes. Eric B. & Rakim spoke about the Follow the Leader Re-Imagined as Jazz and were quoted as saying:

House Music and EDM Releases (2020-2021):

Inspired by the business model of Elrow Music, <mask> started the electronic music labels RUSH Music and Tech Row Records. JT Barnett, who helped create 'Joe Exotic The Tiger King' filmed a documentary about <mask>'s career in house music. <mask> co-produced "Big Poppa (House Mix)" with Christopher "C.J."Wallace Jr. from Ready to Dance, an album containing re-imagined dance renditions of songs from The Notorious B.I.G.. The single landed at #76 on the iTunes Charts. Spin Magazine called the single "electrifying". Rolling Stone Magazine published <mask>'s statement to Perez Hilton about the song:

<mask> produced Come As You Are: Nirvana Reimagined as House and Techno with Cain McKnight supporting LGBTQ+, mental health and suicide awareness. Come As You Are has collaborations with Fishbone bassist John Norwood Fisher, GRAMMY-winning trumpeter Maurice Brown, Pink Floyd saxophonist Scott Page, J Patt of The Knocks and drummer Andy Kravitz. A writer for the GRAMMY's stated:

<mask> and TECHROW released a house music reimagination of "Hit 'Em Up" featuring Tupac Shakur with jazz elements. Suge Jacob Knight, son of Death Row Records founder Marion "Suge" Knight publicly supported the single.<mask> released an electronic cover version of Ariana Grande's song Pete Davidson. Personal life

The media reported that <mask> and Adele were romantically involved after meeting in a recording studio in New York. Adele and <mask> declined to comment on the dating speculation. <mask> is a Leesburg, Florida native. He went to Waggener High School but switched to a private school system to play basketball at Christian Academy of Louisville. He was adopted as a child by Donald and Nancy Stivers. With the help of 23andMe, he met his biological Mom named Pamela Nicely Rappe for the first time in February 2017.She passed away unexpectedly in February 2021. On April 20, 2017, <mask> and his teenage daughter Iliana Eve were victims of a home invasion and were held at gunpoint and duct-taped. <mask> told the New York Daily News:

 The suspect was arrested and charged with first degree robbery, two counts of kidnapping, possession of a handgun by a convicted felon, receiving stolen property, possession of drug paraphernalia and two counts fraudulent use of a credit card. WHAS-TV reported that St. Matthews Police arrested two suspects and a third was indicted on kidnapping and robbery charges. With the help of Ranna Royce, <mask> channeled that trauma into his chart topping Jazz (Deluxe) and Jazz Part Two releases. In an interview he said, "We were coming back to my place, and when we were coming up to the door, we were attacked from behind," he recalls. "We didn't even see him coming.And next thing you know, we're thrown into my house, duct taped, he had a mask on … it was traumatic. We had guns all over us, the whole time we thought we were gonna die." "All the songs come from that place," <mask> explains. He is an advocate for marijuana and its potential to treat PTSD. According to Forbes, marijuana helped him cope with the emotional impact of the home invasion. References

American adoptees
People from Leesburg, Florida
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
1975 births
Living people
Record producers from Florida

masks:
Jonathan Hay
Hay
Hay
Jonathan Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Jonathan Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Jonathan
Hay
Hay
Hayiff
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Jonathan Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Jonathan Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay