title: Kim Davis

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<mask> (; born September 17, 1965) is a former county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who gained international attention in August 2015 when she defied a U.S. federal court order to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. She was defeated by Democratic challenger Elwood Caudill Jr. in the November 6, 2018, election and vacated the office on January 7, 2019. <mask> was elected Rowan County Clerk in 2014. The following year, the Supreme Court decided Obergefell v. Hodges, and all county clerks in Kentucky were ordered to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Citing personal religious objections to same-sex marriage, <mask> began denying marriage licenses to all couples to avoid issuing them to same-sex couples. A lawsuit, Miller v. <mask>, was filed, and <mask> was ordered by the U.S. District Court to start issuing marriage licenses. She appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the application to appeal was denied.<mask> continued to defy the court order by refusing to issue marriage licenses "under God's authority"; she was ultimately jailed for contempt of court. <mask> was released after five days in jail under the condition that she not interfere with the efforts of her deputy clerks, who had begun issuing marriage licenses to all couples in her absence. <mask> then modified the Kentucky marriage licenses used in her office so that they no longer mentioned her name. <mask>'s actions drew strong and mixed reactions from prominent politicians, legal experts, and religious leaders. Attorney and author Roberta A. Kaplan described <mask> as "the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate", while law professor Eugene Volokh maintained that an employer must try to accommodate religious employees' beliefs. Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee said that <mask>'s imprisonment was part of the "criminalization of Christianity", while Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin compared <mask>'s refusal to obey the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court to Alabama Governor George Wallace's "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" in 1963. A few weeks after her release from jail, <mask> met with Pope Francis in Washington, D.C.

Career

Chief deputy clerk: 1991–2015
<mask> was born on September 17, 1965, in Jackson, Kentucky.By 1991, she was serving as chief deputy clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky, reporting to her mother, Rowan County Clerk Jean W. Bailey. <mask>'s 2011 compensation was  in wages with an additional  in overtime and other compensation. She earned more than other chief deputies in the county, and some county employees and residents complained to the county's governing body, the Fiscal Court, that the clerk's staff's wages were too high, with total compensation for five employees being about $198,000. The Fiscal Court then voted to cut the 2012 budget for wages from $300,000 to $200,000. County clerk: 2015–2019
After her mother announced she would not run for re-election in 2014, <mask> filed as a Democratic candidate for county clerk. At a candidates' forum, <mask> stated she felt she was best qualified for the position because of her 26 years of experience in the clerk's office. <mask> narrowly won the Democratic primary election, defeating Elwood Caudill Jr., a deputy clerk in the Rowan County property valuation administrator's office, by 23 votes and advancing to the general election against Republican John Cox.<mask> won the election, with Cox subsequently alleging that nepotism was to blame for his loss. After winning the race, <mask> told The Morehead News, "My words can never express the appreciation but I promise to each and every one that I will be the very best working clerk that I can be and will be a good steward of their tax dollars and follow the statutes of this office to the letter." <mask> took the oath of office as the county clerk of Rowan County on , 2015, beginning a four-year term slated to end on , 2019. As clerk in 2015, <mask> received an annual salary of . Same-sex marriage license controversy

Background

On , 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case of Obergefell v. Hodges, holding that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Fourteen counties in three Southern states continued to deny marriage licenses for same-sex marriage. The Alabama Supreme Court allowed the probate judges of ten counties in Alabama to deny such marriage licenses, the clerk of one Texas county chose to resign rather than issue such licenses, and the clerks of two counties in Kentucky were not issuing licenses due to paperwork delays.Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear ordered all Kentucky county clerks to begin issuing same-sex marriage licenses immediately. <mask>'s reaction to same-sex marriage ruling

<mask> contacted Beshear, asking for an executive order to protect clerks who have moral objections against personally issuing such marriage licenses, as Kentucky law requires county clerks to issue marriage licenses in their names. She began turning away gay couples from her county office who were seeking marriage licenses. David Ermold and David Moore, a same-sex couple from Morehead, Kentucky and alumni of Morehead State University, released video footage on July 7, 2015 of <mask> refusing to issue them a marriage license and requesting that they turn off their camera. The video went viral overnight. The Family Foundation of Kentucky, a local political organization, held a protest rally against the ruling at the State Capitol in Frankfort on August 22, 2015, attended by several thousand people. The clerks of the two other Kentucky counties declined to speak to the rally crowd, but <mask> spoke briefly, saying, "I need your prayers ... to continue to stand firm in what we believe."At a competing event several blocks away organized by the Fairness Campaign of Louisville, attendees celebrated the Supreme Court's decision and called upon government officials to uphold the law. Rather than issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, <mask> began denying marriage licenses to all couples. Lawsuits against <mask>

Six couples who were denied marriage licenses from <mask> sued her in her official capacity as county clerk. Four couples were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Kentucky and two couples each had separate legal representation. The four couples represented by the ACLU, two same-sex couples and two opposite-sex couples, filed the first lawsuit against <mask> (Miller v. Davis) on July 2, 2015. On July 10, 2015, David Ermold and David Moore (who had shot the viral video) next filed suit against <mask>, represented by Joseph Buckles and Thomas Szczygielski (Ermold v. Davis); James Yates and William Smith Jr., represented by Rene Heinrich of the Heinrich Firm PLLC and Kash Stilz of Roush & Stilz PSC, filed a suit against <mask> on August 25, 2015 (Yates v. Davis). Federal district judge David L. Bunning of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, the judge assigned to the cases, held hearings with <mask> in Ashland, at which she was the only witness.<mask> argued tearfully that issuing licenses under her name violated her beliefs, citing her religious rights under the First Amendment: "It wasn't just a spur-of-the-moment decision", she said. "It was thought out, and I sought God on it." <mask> had already decided against resigning from her post, as doing so, she said, would only leave the matter to her deputies: "If I resign, I solve nothing. It helps nobody." Governor Beshear stated that he would not call a special session of the General Assembly to address <mask>'s concerns, while other state legislators believed that such a session could accommodate <mask> with possible new legislation. <mask>'s attorneys, from the Maitland, Florida-based law firm Liberty Counsel, stated that the plaintiffs were free to drive to other counties to obtain their same-sex marriage licenses, with one adding, "This case is not about these plaintiffs' desires to get married, the case is about [their] desire to force <mask> to approve and authorize their marriage in violation of her constitutionally protected religious beliefs." <mask> and her attorneys then sued Governor Beshear for ordering her to violate her religious beliefs instead of trying to accommodate them, arguing that Beshear, not <mask>, should be held accountable for any legal damages from the ACLU lawsuit.On August 12, Bunning issued a temporary stay barring <mask> from "applying her 'no marriage licenses' policy to future marriage license requests". Before the stay expired, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit refused to extend that ruling for an appeal. "It cannot be defensibly argued that the holder of the Rowan County clerk's office ... may decline to act in conformity with the United States Constitution", the three-judge panel wrote unanimously in their refusal, continuing, "There is thus little or no likelihood that the clerk in her official capacity will prevail on appeal." Appeal

Liberty Counsel and <mask> filed an emergency application to appeal with the U.S. Supreme Court. On August 31, 2015, in a one-line order, the Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal, preventing <mask> from legally continuing to deny marriage licenses. In response to the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to grant her stay request, <mask> stated:

<mask> continued to defy Bunning's court order after the Supreme Court's refusal. The following morning, several couples sought to obtain marriage licenses, but <mask> turned them away, saying she was acting "under God's authority".Some in the media questioned whether <mask>, having been married four times and only recently converted, was acting hypocritically in the application of her beliefs. Contempt of court and jailing

Judge Bunning ordered <mask> and her six deputy clerks to appear before him on  after the six couples sought to have her held in contempt of court. Bunning ruled in the plaintiffs' favor and held <mask> in contempt. The ACLU asked the court to fine <mask>, but Bunning ordered her remanded in custody after the hearing. The judge said <mask> would remain there until she complied with the court's order to issue marriage licenses. Bunning then spoke with each of the deputy clerks who reported to <mask>. Only her son, <mask>, told the judge he refused to comply with the court's order to start issuing marriage licenses; Bunning declined to hold him in contempt.After the hearing, U.S. Marshals transported <mask> to the Carter County Detention Center in Grayson. On Friday, September 4, the first day her office was open during her incarceration, <mask>'s deputy clerks began issuing marriage licenses to all couples. James Yates and William Smith Jr. (independently suing <mask>) were the first couple in Rowan County to receive a marriage license since Obergefell. They were soon followed by other couples who were plaintiffs against <mask>. Through her Liberty Counsel attorneys, <mask> filed an appeal of the order holding her in contempt of court, asking that she be released immediately from jail and that her name be removed from marriage licenses, allowing her deputies to issue them. Separately, <mask> asked Governor Beshear to free her.The governor's office said that the conflict was a "matter between her and the courts"; Beshear added that he lacked the legal authority to either remove <mask> from office or to relieve <mask> of her statutory duties. Rowan County Democratic Judge-Executive Walter Blevins stated that he did not believe he would need to appoint a replacement for <mask>, and that he believed the Attorney General of Kentucky and "the General Assembly will pass something where marriage licenses don't have anyone's name on them". Release and return to work

Five days later, on Tuesday, September 8, Bunning ordered <mask> released from jail. The order stated: "Defendant <mask> shall not interfere in any way, directly or indirectly, with the efforts of her deputy clerks to issue marriage licenses to all legally eligible couples. If Defendant <mask> should interfere in any way with their issuance, that will be considered a violation of this order and appropriate sanctions will be considered." Bunning's order also stated that <mask>'s deputy clerks must continue to comply with his earlier order to issue marriage licenses and to submit status reports to him every fourteen days confirming their compliance. The deputy clerks released statements pledging to continue issuing licenses after <mask>'s release and to ignore any order from her to do otherwise, complying with the federal judge's order.Licenses issued since <mask>'s refusal state that they are authorized by "the office of the Rowan County Clerk" but no longer bear her name. <mask>'s supporters, gathered at the Rowan County Courthouse since her first day in custody, said that her deputies were unlawfully issuing licenses and should resign or be fired. <mask> returned to work a week later, on , 2015. She said that, while she would not interfere with any deputy clerk who issues marriage licenses, she would not personally issue or authorize any of the forms. She created several altered versions of the Kentucky marriage license form and instructed her deputy clerks to use them, which had her name and reference to the clerk's office removed. The ACLU sued <mask> separately for these form alterations, which they found to be of questionable legality. Governor Steve Beshear was asked by Bunning to brief the court on the validity of the licenses.Governor Beshear acknowledged that Kentucky would recognize the licenses being issued, but he could not verify the legality of the licenses issued or the means by which the marriage licenses were altered. Bunning ultimately denied the ACLU's separate suit, stating the altered forms were likely legal and that <mask> was now abiding by the court's order. While <mask> remained inside her personal office, same-sex couples successfully walked out of the Rowan County clerk's office with their marriage licenses. One of the applicants said, "My license is valid, and it's valid because of the court order that's in effect ... It doesn't have to have her signature." Reactions to controversy

<mask> gained international attention after her refusal to issue marriage licenses and the ensuing controversy her actions caused. Many legal experts asserted that <mask> had no standing under the law to refuse to issue the licenses.Columbia Law School professor Katherine Franke said, "<mask> has all sorts of religious liberty rights secured under the First Amendment and under other laws, but they are not at stake in this case. All she's asked to do with couples that come before her is certify that they've met the state requirements for marriage, so her religious opposition to same-sex marriage is absolutely irrelevant." Professor Stephen Vladeck of American University's Washington College of Law said that <mask> "waived any right to have an objection to issuing same-sex marriage licenses when she ran for the job". Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin and others compared <mask>'s refusal to follow orders of the U.S. Supreme Court to Alabama Governor George Wallace's futile "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" protest of desegregation in 1963. The Human Rights Campaign, a national LGBT civil rights group, said, "Ms. <mask> has the fundamental right to believe what she likes ... but as a public servant, she does not have the right to pick and choose which laws she will follow or which services she will provide." Attorney and author Roberta A. Kaplan, who argued for the plaintiffs in United States v. Windsor, wrote that "<mask> is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate, yet she swore an oath to uphold the Constitution. It is laughable that she can then decide which laws to enforce, which is why every decision in her case has gone against her."Opposition to the federal ruling came from political columnists William McGurn of The Wall Street Journal and Ray Nothstine of The Christian Post. Law professor Eugene Volokh suggested that the Kentucky's state religious freedom restoration act might compel the state to accommodate <mask>'s religious beliefs and argued that state courts have the authority to order the removal of <mask>'s name from marriage licenses. Kentucky Senate President Robert Stivers also came to <mask>'s defense; he stated, in an amicus brief filed in federal court, that the "Supreme Court ruling has completely obliterated the definition of marriage". Liberty Counsel, the law firm defending <mask>, stated, "<mask> is being treated as a criminal because she cannot violate her conscience", stating also that she refused to accept a proposed compromise where she would no longer be found in contempt if she agreed not to interfere with her deputies issuing licenses to same-sex couples. Reactions against <mask> also came from the White House, from Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear, and from candidates in the race for the 2016 presidential election. White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said, "No public official is above the rule of law. Certainly not the president of the United States, but neither is the Rowan County clerk."Governor Beshear said the judge's decision "speaks for itself", while his attorneys called the legal arguments in her suit against him "absurd". Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said, "Officials should be held to their duty to uphold the law – end of story." Several Republican presidential candidates also called on <mask> to comply with court orders. Donald Trump said, "the decision's been made, and that is the law of the land." Jeb Bush, former

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title: Kim Davis

type: original

texts:
 governor of Florida, said <mask> "is sworn to uphold the law", but also suggested that some sort of accommodation be made for her. Republican presidential candidates Carly Fiorina and Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina both suggested that <mask> should comply with the court order or resign. Several national Republican politicians supported <mask>.Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, the former governor of Arkansas, said that the <mask> affair was part of a "criminalization of Christianity" and organized a rally for <mask> outside the jail where she had been held. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, another Republican presidential candidate, said that <mask> was a victim of "judicial tyranny" and attended the same rally. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal and Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, also presidential candidates, both voiced their support for <mask>. Matt Bevin, the Republican nominee for Kentucky governor in the 2015 election, said a simple solution to <mask>'s plight is for the government to stop providing marriage contracts. A survey of American adults conducted by YouGov in September 2015 found that 56% supported Judge Bunning's decision to jail <mask> for contempt of court, while 31% of Americans opposed the decision. When asked what <mask> should do, 65% said that <mask> should resign from office; 23% said that <mask> should stay in office and continue to refuse to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples; and 4% said that <mask> should remain in office but issue licenses to all persons legally entitled to one. Opposition by other court clerks
Other court clerks in the U.S. have also refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.The probate judges of several counties in Alabama have stopped issuing marriage licenses to anyone. Probate Judge Nick Williams of Washington County, Alabama, said he stopped issuing licenses altogether to avoid discrimination and said, "I completely disagree with the authority the Supreme Court has." Probate Judge John Enslen of Elmore County, Alabama, said the federal government, not state probate offices, should be the entity issuing same-sex marriage licenses. <mask> (unrelated to <mask>), a clerk in Casey County, Kentucky, said, "We've not tried to prevent same-sex marriages, we've only tried to exercise our First Amendment rights", adding that such applicants could apply in other counties. Kay Schwartz, a clerk in Whitley County, Kentucky, felt oppressed: "There's a law against bullying ... Why take away the majority's right [just] to give the minority their rights?" She suggested the possibility of other options to meet the needs of same-sex applicants, such as an online service. The ACLU has no plans for legal action against other court clerks or probate judges.National attention has not been on them as the ACLU brought no case against them, speculated University of Kentucky political science professor D. B. Riggle: "The action in Rowan County may be in part due to the availability of plaintiffs for a case." Decisions and issues

Under Kentucky law, a commonwealth's attorney has the power to indict various local officials including "judges-executives, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, surveyors, jailers, county attorneys and constables" for "malfeasance in office or willful neglect in the discharge of official duties" (an offense punishable by removal from office and a fine of up to $1,000); however, the statute doesn't include county clerks. USA Today writer Andrew Wolfson blamed "some reason lost to history" for the omission. Because <mask> is an elected official, she cannot simply be fired. For <mask> to be removed from the office of county clerk, impeachment proceedings must be initiated by the Kentucky House of Representatives and charges for impeachment brought to the Kentucky Senate. After being denied a license four times, one couple asked the Rowan County Attorney's Office to investigate <mask> for official misconduct, a misdemeanor under Kentucky law. Official misconduct in the first degree is a Class A misdemeanor and is punishable with imprisonment not to exceed 12 months and fines of $500.The Rowan County Attorney's Office is prohibited from prosecuting <mask>; Rowan County Attorney Cecil Watkins referred the official misconduct complaint to the Kentucky Attorney General's office, led by Attorney General Jack Conway. The Kentucky Attorney General's office conducted a review, and Conway issued a statement saying, "We are a nation of laws, and no one can defy an order from a federal judge." Conway then issued a one-sentence statement saying that he would not appoint a special prosecutor to investigate <mask>. Months after <mask>'s office began issuing same-sex marriage licenses, <mask>'s lawyers filed a motion asking the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to overturn four of Judge Bunning's decisions, calling them a "rush to judgment" that "imposed direct pressure and substantial burden on <mask>, forcing her to choose between her religious beliefs and forfeiting her essential personal freedom on one hand, or abandoning those beliefs to keep her freedom on the other hand". The court denied the motion on November 5. <mask>'s lawyers filed their last appeal the next day, requesting a delay in issuing marriage licenses to same sex couples, arguing that previous decisions should apply only to the four couples to whom <mask>'s office was initially ordered to issue licenses. The appeal also asked the sixth circuit court of appeals to overturn a previous ruling that had sent <mask> to jail for failure to comply.This final appeal was denied two days later by the court. In March 2016, the Campaign for Accountability (CfA), a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit group, made a request to <mask> for access to public records under the Kentucky Open Records Act, seeking copies of retainer agreements and lawyer-client engagement agreements between <mask> and her attorneys at Liberty Counsel. Liberty Counsel, which responded to the request on <mask>'s behalf, refused to comply, arguing that the documents were preliminary and private records are not subject to the Act. CfA appealed to the Office of the Kentucky Attorney General, which under Kentucky law has the authority to make binding rulings on the Open Records Act, and resubmitted its request to <mask>'s office in April 2016. The Attorney General's Office sought to privately review the records at issue to determine if an exemption applied, but Liberty Counsel refused to make most of the documents available for a private review. In an opinion issued on June 30, 2016, the Attorney General's Office determined that <mask> had violated the Open Records Act, saying that her conduct had the effect of "intentionally frustrating the attorney general's review of an open records request" which "would subvert the General Assembly's intent behind providing review by the attorney general." One of the first acts of newly elected Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin was an executive order to remove clerks' names from the state marriage licenses.Bevin expressed his hope on November 6, 2015, that the executive order will protect the religious beliefs of officials who are opposed to gay marriage. <mask> and her attorneys at Liberty Counsel immediately requested that the court dismiss her appeals, because the new regulation provides a religious accommodation for her and makes the case moot. Bunning agreed, dismissing the three lawsuits filed against her, saying the new governor's order to use a license form that does not require the county clerk's signature has removed the controversy before the court. One of the plaintiff couples who were denied marriage licenses from <mask> contacted Bunning, requesting they be allowed to recoup $230,000 in legal fees. <mask>'s attorneys asserted that their legislative victory resolves the matter; the couples did not prevail against <mask>, therefore they are not entitled to demand that <mask> reimburse their legal fees. Separately, Rowan County filed a response contending that the county government should never have to pay for the actions of a single county clerk. Then, by May 2017, a Cincinnati federal appeals court found that Bunning had erred in finding that damages claims by plaintiff couple David Ermold and David Moore became moot, saying, "The district court's characterization of this case as simply contesting the 'no marriage licenses' policy is inaccurate, because Ermold and Moore did not seek an injunction—they sought only damages"; observing that the record does not prevent damages claims.The three-judge panel granted leave for the couple to sue for damages over one marriage license. Their case was sent back to Bunning, where he stated that the state of Kentucky was obligated to pay $222,000 in legal fees. The ACLU itself sued <mask> to recover $233,000 in legal fees, but the motion was denied; the organization was not a "prevailing party" in the legal action. In July 2017, <mask> was again sued for failing to issue a marriage license. The plaintiff, , Vanderbilt University Law School graduate, was denied a license to marry a laptop computer. A similar Florida lawsuit was dismissed in May. By February 2019, Governor Bevin formally rejected the idea of Kentucky bearing the $222,000 financial responsibility, insisting the amount should be paid by <mask> alone."Only <mask> refused to comply with the law" Bevin stated through his attorneys, insisting taxpayers "should not have to collectively bear the financial responsibility for <mask>'s intransigence." However, Bunning issued a preliminary injunction ordering the state of Kentucky to pay her legal fees, writing that "<mask> represented the Commonwealth of Kentucky when she refused to issue marriage licenses to legally eligible couples. The buck stops there." Local reporting acknowledged that Bevin had previously backed her refusal to issue same-sex marriage licenses. On August 23, 2019, the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati upheld Bunning's decision ordering Kentucky to pay the $225,000 legal bill from the <mask> case. Meeting with Pope Francis

Within a few weeks of <mask>'s release from jail, <mask> announced she and her husband had met with Pope Francis on September 24, 2015, at the Apostolic Nunciature to the United States in Washington, D.C., during the Pope's U.S. visit in September 2015. According to <mask> and her lawyer, the pope told <mask> to "stay strong" and gave her two rosaries.Vaticanist John L. Allen Jr. said that "there's no way to view the encounter other than as a broad gesture of support by the pope for conscientious objection from gay marriage laws" and that the gesture strengthened the hand of those who defend religious freedom. Two days later, the Holy See Press Office issued a statement saying that "the Pope did not enter into the details of the situation of Mrs. <mask> and his meeting with her should not be considered a form of support of her position in all of its particular and complex aspects". According to Vatican spokesman Father Thomas Rosica, the Pope met with several dozen other people, and rosaries were also given to others in attendance; <mask> was not invited by the Pope to the Nunciature, and "the meeting may have been manipulated by her and her lawyer". The only audience given by the Pope while in Washington was with a former student of his, an openly gay Argentine named Yayo Grassi, and Grassi's same-sex partner of 19 years. Observers speculated whether the Pope had not been informed of <mask>'s controversy or if the Vatican had underestimated the media impact that such a meeting would cause. On September 27, 2015, a reporter asked Pope Francis if he supported individuals, including government officials, who have a contentious objection to certain duties such as issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. He responded:

"I can’t have in mind all cases that can exist about conscience objection but yes, I can say conscientious objection is a right that is a part of every human right...If a person does not allow others to be a conscientious objector, he denies a right.... Conscientious objection must enter into every judicial structure...Otherwise we would end up in a situation where we select what is a right, saying 'this right that has merit, this one does not.'" Reelection campaign
<mask> announced that she would run for reelection in 2018 as a Republican. <mask> did not face any challengers in the Republican primary. Four Democrats ran in the May 2018 primary with the winner being Rowan County Assistant Property Valuation Administrator Elwood Caudill Jr., whom <mask> narrowly defeated in the Democratic primary in 2014. One of the Democrats Caudill defeated was David Ermold, who had been denied a marriage license by <mask> and then filed suit against her. <mask> lost her reelection campaign on November 6, 2018 when she was defeated by Caudill in the general election by a little over 8 percentage points. Personal life
<mask> has been married four times to three husbands.The first three marriages ended in divorce in 1994, 2006, and 2008. <mask> has two daughters from her first marriage and twins, a son and another daughter, who were born five months after her divorce from her first husband. Her third husband is the biological father of the twins, the children being conceived while <mask> was still married to her first husband. The twins were adopted by <mask>' current husband, <mask>, who was also her second husband; the couple initially divorced in 2006 but later remarried. <mask> has also stated his support for her stance against same-sex marriage. <mask>'s son Nathan works in her office as a deputy clerk and has taken the same position of denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Shortly after the same-sex marriage license controversy, <mask> said she and her husband switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party.<mask> says she experienced a religious awakening in 2011, following her mother-in-law's dying wish that she attend church. Since then <mask> has identified herself as a Christian, belonging to the Apostolic Pentecostal movement, which favors what they describe as a literal interpretation of the Bible. She worships three times a week at the Solid Rock Apostolic Church near Morehead. Following her conversion, <mask> let her hair grow long, stopped wearing makeup and jewelry, and began wearing skirts and dresses that fall below the knee, in keeping with Apostolic Pentecostal tenets regarding outward holiness and modest dress. She also held a weekly Bible study for female inmates at the local jail. In an interview in January 2016, <mask> said that she believed that "we are living in end times." <mask> also expressed her view that the Bible is infallible.Popular culture and public response
<mask> was the subject of numerous satirical works following the burst of media attention in 2015. Books, social media profiles, and videos were created to satirize her refusal to issue marriage licenses. A Twitter account which once had more than 90,000 followers and is run by comedian Dave Colan trolled <mask> with mocking tweets purporting to be from a woman who "Sits Next to <mask>". Funny or Die made a Mashup video featuring characters from Parks and Recreation that spoofs <mask>'s refusal to issue marriage licenses and parodies her meeting with Pope Francis. La Strega Entertainment created a satirical music video sung to the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penzance. Saturday Night Live cast member Aidy Bryant portrayed <mask> during the show's season 41 premiere. Actress Jennifer Lawrence, in the December 2015 issue of Vogue, told Jonathan Van Meter that <mask> is a "lady that makes me embarrassed to be from Kentucky."In 2015, her office received death threats by phone and email, including an ex-Marine who called saying he would attack them with a machine gun. In response, the sheriff's office took a position near the doorway of the office and <mask> changed her driving routes and parking locations. She also had to change her home phone number. She later reflected "It was a very volatile time. The threats were nonstop. The lashing out and the venom spewed toward me was, I mean, I blushed just reading some of the stuff. Just think 'eww' you know.And I've received things in the mail that were ungodly." She managed the onslaught by staying focused and keeping her eye on God. She stayed off social media and did not watch the news or any of the interviews or "read any of the stuff they wrote about me, which was some nasty stuff." During the controversy over marriage licenses, <mask> felt more support than protest. She received thousands of supportive, encouraging letters. She reflected, "And I just, I knew that no matter what the bad was, that the good definitely just
outweighed it a thousand to one." Electoral history
2014 Democratic primary

2014 general election

2018 Republican primary

2018 general election

See also
 List of American politicians who switched parties in office
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
 Päivi Räsänen, Finnish Parliament member prosecuted in 2022

References

Notes

Sources

External links
 Video documenting <mask>'s refusal to issue a marriage license "under God's authority"
 Rowan County clerk's website

1965 births
2010s in LGBT history
2015 in LGBT history
American Pentecostals
Anti-LGBT sentiment
Anti-same-sex-marriage activists
County clerks in Kentucky
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky Republicans
LGBT in Kentucky
Living people
Oneness Pentecostals
People from Morehead, Kentucky
People from Rowan County, Kentucky
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Refusal of work
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Women in Kentucky

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title: Toby Jepson

texts:
<mask> (born 9 October 1967 in Lincoln, England) is a singer and songwriter, and was lead vocalist and guitarist in the British rock band Little Angels between 1984 and 1994. Between 2008 and 2015, he was the lead singer with Scottish rock band Gun. Career
Jepson formed Mr Thrud with his school friend Mark Plunkett in Scarborough, and the band went on to become very popular in their local area. Eventually breaking out and achieving national success, Mr Thrud became Little Angels and went on to release three albums and tour the UK throughout the early 1990s. The band had twelve Top 40 hit singles, including "Too Much, Too Young" and "Womankind" in 1993, and a number one album Jam in 1993. They toured with Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams and Van Halen, and performed their own headlining tours taking in venues such as Hammersmith Apollo and The Royal Albert Hall. They were arguably one of the most successful and popular British bands of their time.When the band split (somewhat acrimoniously) in 1994, <mask> continued to write and produce music. His solo debut album was released in 1995 under the moniker "<mask> & The Whole Truth". Ignorance Is Bliss showed a different side to his songwriting, and he embarked on a tour to support it. This tour was cut short due to illness that developed into pneumonia, and this affected sales of the album and his profile, which suffered as a result. <mask> spent a long while out of the spotlight, during which time he moved to Bristol. He earned a living working as a supporting actor on various productions (including Gladiator, Sleepy Hollow, The Visitors, Angela's Ashes, Highlander:End Game and Steven Spielberg's Band of Brothers amongst others) and busying himself with various projects – including writing and recording, although he was not releasing records at the time. He returned to the public eye in late 2001 and announced a short club tour with a new band (but using his own name).He toured the UK through the start of 2002, and released the Refresh EP over the Internet and at gigs to showcase the new material he had been working on. A re-issue of Ignorance Is Bliss was also made available at this time. As a premium membership feature of his website, he launched the "MP3 Club" in which subscribers would receive exclusive recordings delivered straight to their inbox via email every month. <mask> and his band continued writing and recording when they got off the road, and then toured again in 2002–2003. Around this time work commenced on Twisted Rhapsodies, a double-disc collection of live material, demos and rare recordings. Before its release, however, <mask> announced over his website that it was likely that this was to be his final output, as the venture was rapidly becoming unfeasible financially. In November 2005, <mask>'s fortunes appear to have improved considerably, and he resurfaced again to tour with Thunder.He toured twice in the UK during 2006: The first tour supporting Thunder, and the second, headlining during September. This new tour premiered new songs to a fan base. In March 2007, Jepson released the first of three EPs entitled "Guitar, Bass and Drums", and immediately began touring to promote them. In addition to headlining his own shows, he was a special guest to former Deep Purple bassist and vocalist Glenn Hughes, at a date in Shepherd's Bush, London. "EP 2" was released in September 2007. More tour dates followed and the new material was performed live. In May 2007, Jepson was invited to be the lead singer of the reformed Fastway, led by former Motörhead guitarist "Fast" Eddie Clarke.This took <mask> on a tour of some of Europe's largest festival dates including Download and as part of the 'Hyde Park Calling' series of events. The band reconvened in 2010 to record their first album for 15 years. <mask> sang lead vocals, played bass, and produced Eat Dog Eat, which was released in 2011. January 2008 saw <mask> perform solo and as a guest vocalist for Gun, at a charity gig in Glasgow, promoted by Rockradio. During the Gun set, <mask> appeared on stage wearing a kilt, and in April 2008 he was announced as their full-time singer. In November 2009, Gun released an EP entitled Popkiller, which was a very different departure to Jepson's solo work. In 2010 Jepson continued to tour with Gun until 28 June, when he announced he was stepping down as Gun's singer due to other commitments.The statement was reproduced on the official GUN website the same day with an additional statement by Jools and Dante Gizzi confirming <mask>'s departure. In addition to work as a singer-songwriter, <mask> has begun a career as a music producer. In 2008 he was introduced to Macclesfield rock act The Virginmarys, and went on to produce their debut mini album Cast the First Stone. This relationship has since developed and Jepson produced the band's first full album, which was set to be released in 2013. Jepson owns and operates a small studio facility in his home town of Scarborough called The Strangeplace, where the majority of his productions begin, although the Chapel Studios in Louth has become a base for the major recording aspects. In late 2010, Jepson announced he was to co-produce Saxon with singer Biff Byford. Work began once again in Chapel Studios in December 2010 and was completed in Brighton and Los Angeles, where the American mix engineer Mike Plotnikoff mixed the album in February 2011.The album, Call To Arms, was released worldwide in June 2011 to international acclaim, prompting many reviews to state the record as a return to form for the band. In 2010 the final EP in the 'guitar, bass and drums' trilogy was completed by Jepson and released on 6 December through Townsend Records. Jepson then went on tour with UK band SKIN where the EP was on sale. Unusually for an EP, the collection contained 11 original songs (two of which had been available as free downloads through his official website – "The Chosen One" and "Hurts"). The release marked the end to a three-year wait by the fans. Jepson apologised to fans via his site for the wait putting it down to demand for his services elsewhere. It was around this time also that Jepson met Wendy Dio at the Classic Rock Award ceremony in London and joined many who wished to express sympathy and condolences for the untimely death of her husband Ronnie James Dio, of whom he had been a lifelong fan.Around New Year he was approached by Niji Entertainment, Wendy Dio's company and the base for all of RJD's operations, through his long-time agent and close friend, Steve Strange, to be one of two singers who would front a band consisting of Ronnie James Dio's band members, Craig Goldy, Simon Wright, Scott Warren, one time Megadeth bass player James Lomenzo and metal singer Tim 'Ripper' Owens. It was to be a celebration of Dio's career after his death the year before from cancer. The project was named Dio's Disciples and was allied to a foundation set up to raise money and awareness for cancer sufferers. The foundation was called 'Stand up and Shout' after a song on Ronnie James Dio's first solo record, Holy Diver. After rehearsals in Los Angeles, the project's live début was in Moscow as part of a European wide tour that included performances at Finnish festival 'Sauna open air', UK's Download and Belgium Festival 'Graspop' as well as dates in clubs. The tour also featured The Rods – which features Dave 'Rock' Feinstein, RJD's cousin and one time 'ELF' member as well as the Canadian heavy metal outfit Anvil in support. The Spanish dates also featured Doro Pesch as a replacement vocalist for Ripper Owens due to his returning to the US to attend his eldest daughter's wedding.The tour finished on 3 July 2011 with a US, South American and Japanese tours planned for later in the year. Upon his return from the tour, Jepson immediately went back into production work with the Virginmarys and Chrome Molly, another band whom he had begun producing just prior to setting off on tour with Dio. Little Angels reformed to play Download 2012, with the full Jam line-up performing. Two tours followed, before the band bowed out again, playing their final show at The Isle Of Wight festival in 2013. In 2017, <mask> returned on the live circuit with his new band, Wayward Sons. Their debut album Ghosts Of Yet To Come was released on Frontiers Records on 15 September 2017. In 2018, <mask> released a live acoustic CD recorded on his 2013 Raising My Own Hell tour, and featuring a collection of solo tracks and Little Angels songs.The CD was initially limited to 100 copies, and was only available at a handful of gigs but the demand was so great that it was later released online. Discography

Mr. Thrud
 "Mr. Thrud" (EP) (1986)

Little Angels
 "87" (EP) (1987)
 Too Posh To Mosh (1988)
 Don't Prey For Me (1989)
 Young Gods (1991)
 Jam (1993)
 Little of the Past (1994)
 Too Posh To Mosh, Too Good To Last  (1994)

Fastway
 Eat Dog Eat (2011)

Toby and the Whole Truth
 Ignorance Is Bliss (1995)

Solo
 Refresh EP (2002)
 MP3 Club (internet only subscription releases) (2003)
 Twisted Rhapsodies (2003)
 Guitar, Bass and Drums EP1 (2007)
 Guitar, Bass and Drums EP2 (2007)
 Guitar, Bass and Drums EP3 (2010)
 Raising My Own Hell (2013)
 Live Acoustic (2018)
 Viewfinder (compilation) (2021)

Gun
 Popkiller (2009)

Wayward Sons
 Ghosts Of Yet To Come (2017)
 The Truth Ain't What It Used To Be (2019)
 Even Up The Score (2021)

Wayward Sons
Wayward Sons are a UK-based Rock band formed in 2017 by former Little Angels front man <mask>on. Frontiers Music SRL approached Jepson in 2016 with a view to resurrecting his musical career (after a lengthy hiatus), recognising his ability as a talented vocalist and songwriter. Jepson had made a promise to himself that should such an opportunity ever arise, it was to be on his own terms. Frontiers' generous offer allowed for such. Twelve months later Jepson had created a fully formed, five-piece Rock outfit. Members
 <mask>on – vocals, guitars
 Nic Wastell – bass.Wastell and <mask> had been friends since the Little Angels days, sharing the same record label before Little Angels signed to Polydor in the late 80's. Jepson had produced two albums for Nic's band Chrome Molly. Nic is renowned for his on-stage energy and brings (along with a wealth of experience and knowledge) a hint of Punk to the band's sound. Dave Kemp – keyboards. Kemp was originally part of the 'Big Bad Horns' section of Little Angels, playing Saxophone and touring with the 'Angels' through their most successful period - the Jam album era. Kemp and <mask> had been song co-writers for years so it made perfect sense for him to be a part of this new project. Phil "Martini" Martin – drums.<mask> had been impressed by Martin after seeing him perform at the 'High Voltage' Rock festival a year earlier, and <mask> has since said that Martin was the only drummer considered for the job. Sam Wood – guitars. <mask> had met Wood while producing for the Leeds-based outfit Treason Kings. Despite his youth, Jepson saw Wood as an exceptionally gifted guitarist who would be perfect for the modern yet classic sound he desired for his new band. History

On 26 July 2017, 'the Sons' performed their first live gig at The Louisiana in Bristol, UK. On 15 September 2017 Wayward Sons released Ghosts of Yet to Come, their debut album on Frontiers Records. Recorded and co-mixed by Jepson and Chris D'Adda at Vale Studios, Worcestershire, UK, the album was well-received by the UK music press and under-projected sales caused Frontiers to temporarily run out of stock.The album reached number 71 in the official UK charts and number 21 in the iTunes chart, many fans complaining that unavailability had hindered a better chart position. On 9 October 2017, Frontiers released a second batch of the album which promptly sold out again. The album featured unique and memorable artwork created by graphic artist Stuart Dilley, which served as a backdrop for the "theme" of the work, namely that of a zombie apocalypse, backed up by a quintology of music videos following that theme. A collectible comic-book was also available which mimicked the video story on paper. On 5 December 2017, Wayward Sons were shortlisted for Planet Rock's 'Live Band of the Year', an award they went on to win. In December 2018 production began on the band's second album The Truth Ain't What It Used to Be, again at Vale Studios. Jepson wrote 56 songs for the album, of which 30 were recorded (at least in part), the final cut being decided by which songs were thought to sit best together on a record.The album was released on 11 October 2019, reaching number 69 on the UK chart, with the debut single "Joke's on You" immediately making the playlist at Planet Rock. A second collectible comic-book was released to commemorate and promote the album. Once more, a series of themed videos were created to tell the story of the album – again based on the artwork of Stuart Dilley – this time featuring maniacal circus clowns to represent figures of power and their blinkered followers, and explore the relationship with the common man. Jepson both directed and starred in the videos alongside his daughter, actor Madeleine Grace. When asked about the album, Jepson said "...a borderline concept album that examines the post-truth phenomenon and the state of the world and its leadership..." Like much of Jepson's previous music, this was seen to be a political protest record. To promote the album, Wayward Sons toured as support for Living Colour, Saxon and Black Star Riders in the UK, and Steel Panther across mainland Europe. Unfortunately, the global outbreak of the Coronavirus COVID-19 scuppered plans for a headline tour, and also killed off an opening slot on the main stage at Download Festival 2020.The band used the downtime created by the pandemic to work on their third album Even Up the Score, again penned by Jepson with contributions from all members. Once again recorded at Vale Studios, this time around much of the work was handled by Jepson at his home studio "Strangeplace" due to restrictions caused by the Covid pandemic. During the production phase, it was announced that Dave Kemp would no longer be an active part of the band due to health issues. A decision was made not to replace him and the band would continue to record and perform live as a four piece. On 6 August 2021, Jepson featured in an hour-long interview by music journalist Rocktavia for the Rocknews website, giving details about himself, the band, and the upcoming album with a view to promoting to an international audience. After the release of singles "Big Day", "Faith In Fools", "Even Up the Score" and "Bloody Typical", the third album was released on 8 October 2021 and immediately placed at number 2 in the UK Rock & Metal Charts, number 6 in the UK Independent Charts, and number 19 in the UK Vinyl Charts. It reached number 98 on the UK national chart.A third comic-book was released with the album, containing new material alongside reworked content from the first two episodes. <mask> produced a track-by-track guide to the album which was published on LouderSound's "Classic Rock" website. Albums

Ghosts Of Yet To Come
 Alive
 Until The End
 Ghost
 Don't Wanna Go
 Give It Away
 Killing Time
 Crush
 Be Still
 Small Talk
 Something Wrong

The Truth Ain't What It Used To Be
 Any Other Way
 As Black As Sin
 Joke's On You
 Little White Lies
 Feel Good Hit
 Fade Away
 Have It Your Own Way
 Long Line Of Pretenders
 (If Only) God Was Real
 The Truth Ain't What It Used To Be
 Punchline
 Us Against The World
 Totally Screwed (Hidden track)

Even Up The Score
 Even Up The Score
 Big Day
 Sign Of The Times
 Bloody Typical
 Faith In Fools
 Fake
 Downfall
 Tip Of My Tongue
 Looking For A Reason
 Land Of The Blind
 They Know
 This Party's Over

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
English songwriters
English male singers
People from Lincoln, England
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
British male songwriters

masks:
Toby Matthew Jepson
Jepson
Toby
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Toby
Toby Jeps
Toby Jeps
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson
Jepson


title: Günter Meyer

texts:
<mask> (born 25 August 1946) is a German Geographer and Orientalist. He is chairman of the World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies (WOCMES) and director of the Center for Research on the Arab World (CERAW) at the University of Mainz. <mask> focuses mainly on the Political Geography of the Arab World, and the economic as well as urban development in the Middle East, especially in Egypt, Syria, Yemen and the UAE, but also in Germany. He became known to a wider German-speaking audience through more than 1100 interviews on the Iraq War, the Syrian Civil War and on the Libyan Civil War 2011 and 2014. Scientific career
<mask> studied Geography and English Literature from 1968 to 1973 at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg and the New University of Ulster in Northern Ireland. Back in Erlangen, he took his state exams for higher secondary education in 1973, completed his doctorate in Geography in 1976 and qualified as a university lecturer in 1983 with his post-doctoral thesis and other writings in social geographic studies on developments in rural and nomadic areas. He was appointed Professor in Erlangen.In 1993 he changed to the University of Mainz. Since the mid-1990s he started an intense networking activity organizing the cooperation of Institutes of Oriental studies and orientalists on a national, European and global level. He headed the first World Congress on Studies of the Middle East in 2002 (WOCMES) in Mainz. The congress attracted about 2.100 scientists from 68 countries, and 126 journalists from all parts of the world. In 2010 the executive board of WOCMES appointed <mask> again for president. In 2018 he was reelected unanimously for a fifth term of office, until 2022. In 2014 he was awarded the Jere L. Bacharach Service Award by the Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA).<mask> was the first European honoured with this award. The award certificate mentioned <mask>'s tireless efforts to improve communication and interaction between previously separated, different areas of European scholarship: "This award honors his vision and skill in establishing new institutional networks to the benefit of scholars around the world." As the chairman of the World Congress of Middle Eastern Studies, <mask> was also in charge of the world congresses in Amman/Jordan, in Barcelona, and in Ankara in August 2014, and is in charge of the congress in Sevilla in 2018. Positions

War in Syria
As early as 2012 <mask> attracted attention putting forward his view on the external roots of the conflicts within Syria. He saw a massive and abusive outside interference into inner-Syrian affairs. Western powers seemed to be mainly concerned with extinguishing the "Iran-Hezbolla axis". According to <mask>, thousands of mujaheddin had been flown in, because the CIA was intending to initiate a civil war to weaken Syria.The media were ignoring the fact, <mask> said, that the majority of the population was still preferring Assad as head of government. With regard to the Civil War in Syria <mask>, from the very beginning expressed himself against all endeavors to remove president Bashar al-Assad from office. Before the Russian military intervention, he expressed a rather positive view on the Russian role in the conflict. <mask> has repeatedly blamed US foreign politics towards Iraq as a main reason for the emergence of Daesh: "Without acting against International Law, without the wrong decision taken by Bremer, and without consciously accepting that a Salafi territory might emerge in Syria's eastern parts, with the CIA even considering giving support, it would have never been possible for ISIS to develop into a global threat." Warning of the results of a power vacuum should Assad be removed, he referred to a widely known slogan in Syria: "Christians to Lebanon, the Alawites to the grave" to emphasise the imminent dangers for people protected by the existing state structure. In February 2016 <mask> presented his view on plans to depose Assad as early as 2001. In 2006 news had been leaked, that the regime should be "destabilized" by instigating ethnic antagonism.The strategy of supplying weapons the so-called temperate rebel opposition via Libya and Turkey had faltered, because, according to <mask>, those rebels had allied themselves with extremist forces. Turkey was supporting IS willing to do everything possible to prevent the emergence of a Kurdish state. Deposing Assad would cause chaos in Syria, to the sole advantage of extremists. <mask> saw the politics of Russia towards Syria as constructive, he ruled out the possibility of Russia's intentionally intensifying immigration towards Europe. The target of the Russian government was getting back control of part of the country. In a public debate in June 2016 <mask> expressed doubts about a smooth transition of power in case the Assad regime was dissolved. Two military groups, Al-Nusra and IS, could not have a share in power, also the remaining militias had a salafist or radically islamistic outlook, often hostile against each other, only united temporarily by their common enmity towards Assad.Functions and Memberships
 Guest professor and member of the board of trustees of Sharjah University, UAE. President of the Zentrums für Forschung zur Arabischen Welt (ZEFAW)
 Chairman of the Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft Vorderer Orient für gegenwartsbezogene Forschung und Dokumentation (DAVO)
 President of the European Association for Middle Eastern Studies (EURAMES)
 President of the International Association for Middle Eastern Studies (IAMES)
 Chairman of the International Advisory Council of the World Congress of Middle Eastern Studies (WOCMES)
 Member of the board of the "Parliament of Cultures"
 Chairman of the Geographie für Alle e.V. (Geography for all association)
 Speaker of the Interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis Dritte Welt (interdisciplinary 3rd world workshop)
 Chairman of the Alumni-Vereinigung Geographie der Universität Mainz (association of Geography students)

Awards
 2002: Verdienstorden des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz for his commitment as a president of the first world congress for studies of the Middle East in Mainz. 2014: Jere L. Bacharach Service Award for the interlinking of international orientalist research. The award is regarded as the most prestigious distinction in Oriental Studies

Private life
<mask> <mask> is married and the father of two daughters, one of them the German cabaret artist Inka <mask>. Bibliography
 Sozialgeograph. Studien zur Entwicklung im bäuerlichen und nomadischen Lebensraum (= Erlanger geographischen Arbeiten.Sonderband 16). Fränkische Geographische Ges. Palm und Enke, Erlangen 1984,  (325 S., post-doctoral thesis). Arbeitsemigration, Binnenwanderung und Wirtschaftsentwicklung in der Arabischen Republik Jemen. Eine wirtschafts- und bevölkerungsgeographische Studie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des städtischen Bausektors. In: Jemen-Studien. Band 2.Reichert, Wiesbaden 1986, . Die Arabische Welt. Im Spiegel der Kulturgeographie. Vol. 11. Zentrum für Forschung zur Arabischen Welt [et al. ], Mainz 2004, .
 with Christian Steiner, Ala Al-Hamarneh: "Krisen, Kriege, Katastrophen und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Tourismusmarkt."In: Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie. Vol. 50, Nr. 1, October 2006, ISSN 0044-3751, p. 98–108, doi:10.1515/zfw.2006.0011. with Andreas Thimm (Hrsg. ): Die globale Nahrungsmittelkrise: Gewinner und Verlierer in den Entwicklungsländern (= Veröffentlichungen des Interdisziplinären Arbeitskreises Dritte Welt. vol 20).Interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis Dritte Welt, Mainz 2010, .
 with Andreas Thimm (ed. ): Wirtschaftliche und soziale Folgen der Finanzkrise für die Entwicklungsländer (= Veröffentlichungen des Interdisziplinären Arbeitskreises Dritte Welt. Band 21). Interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis Dritte Welt, Mainz 2011, .
 with Evelyn Schäfer: Studierende in Mainz – Wohnen, Konsum und Freizeit in der Landeshauptstadt. Geographisches Institut der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 2011, June 20, 2016. Links
 staff at Mainz University:
 Asia Times Online-Interview in Englisch on Syrien 2012:
 Interview with FAZ on Syria and Russia 2015: FAZ
 Interview on Syria 2016: youtube.com

References

German orientalists
German geographers
Living people
1946 births
Writers from Mainz

masks:
Günter Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Günter
Meyer
Meyer


title: Franck Goddio

texts:
<mask> (born 1947 in Casablanca, Morocco) is a French underwater archaeologist who, in 2000, discovered the city of Thonis-Heracleion 7 km off the Egyptian shore in Aboukir Bay. He led the excavation of the submerged site of Eastern Canopus and of Antirhodos in the ancient harbour of Alexandria (Portus Magnus). He has also excavated ships in the waters of the Philippines, significantly the Spanish galleon San Diego. Biography
<mask> received degrees in mathematics and statistics from the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique in Paris. He was employed as an advisor to national and international organizations and various governments for over 15 years. In the early 1980s he decided to focus on underwater archaeology. In 1987 he founded the Institut Européen d'Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM) in Paris.In his work in detecting and recovering ancient shipwrecks and searching for the remains of sunken cities, <mask> developed a systematic approach to underwater archaeology. He has found or excavated over a dozen sunken ships of historic importance, which had been resting on the ocean bed for hundreds of years. Among them are junks dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, the Spanish galleon San Diego and San José (1694), Napoleon Bonaparte's flagship Orient and two East Indiamen: Griffin (1761) and Royal Captain, lost in 1773. <mask> adheres to strict archaeological standards during the exploration and excavation phases, and closely cooperates with national and local authorities, leading archaeological experts and institutions. In 2003, in co-operation with Oxford University, he helped to found the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology. In 2009 he was appointed a senior visiting lecturer in the School of Archaeology at Oxford University. In the same year he received the French Legion of Honour (Légion d'Honneur).In 2018, he became visiting professor in maritime archaeology at Oxford University. <mask>'s research projects have been financed by the Hilti Foundation since 1996. He has written several books and scientific articles, reporting on research projects and excavations. Several TV documentaries have also been produced and aired throughout the world. In addition, various exhibitions have presented the finds and made them accessible to a wide audience. The discovery of a cup inscribed with a reference (in Greek) to "Christ", dating from the 2nd century CE, received international publicity. Expeditions
1986–1988: Griffin (1761) of the British East India Company
1987–1990: Spanish galleon San José (1694)
1990–1994: Spanish galleon San Diego (1600)
1996–2003: sunken royal quarters of Alexandria's eastern harbour, Egypt
1997: Royal Captain of the British East India Company
1997: junk of the Lena shoal with ceramics of the Ming dynasty
1998–1999: Napoleon's lost fleet from the  battle against Admiral Nelson in Aboukir Bay in 1798 and his flagship Orient
2000–2003: the sunken cities of Thônis–Heracleion and Canopus in Aboukir Bay, Egypt
2002: junk Santa Cruz with over 10,000 pieces of 15th-century porcelain
2003: French slave ship , lost in 1714 off the coast of Cuba
2004–present: researches and excavations of Egypt's coast in the Bay of Aboukir on the sites of Eastern Canopus and Heracleion–Thônis, finalisation of the topography of the sites, continuing excavation in Alexandria's Eastern Harbour

Exhibitions (selection)
Objects found during excavations directed by <mask> have enriched the national collection of countries where the excavations took place: the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina National Museum of Alexandria.In accordance with the antiquities authority in the Philippines, objects from <mask>'s excavations were donated to the Museo Naval de Madrid, [Guimet Museum] (Musée des arts asiatiques-Guimet, France) and the Maritime Museum in Port Louis. <mask> has also created travelling exhibitions to bring his discoveries to wide audiences:

Osiris. Egypt's Sunken Mysteries The exhibition presents artefacts drawn largely from the last seven years of underwater excavations at the ancient cities of Thonis-Heracleion and Canopus off the coast of Egypt by the European Institute for Underwater Archaeology (IEASM), directed by <mask> <mask> in cooperation with the Egyptian Ministry for Antiquities and supported by the Hilti Foundation. The selection is supplemented by 40 artefacts from museums in Cairo and Alexandria. Displayed in Paris at the institut du monde arabe, Sept 2015 – March 2016; in London at the British Museum in a slightly different version under the title "Sunken cities. Egypt's lost worlds" May – November 2016, in Zurich at the Museum Rietberg, February – July 2017; in Saint Louis (MO, US) at the St Louis Arts Museum March-September 2018 and in Minneapolis (MN, US) at the Minneapolis Institute of Art, November 2018 – April 2019. In Los Angeles/Simi Valley at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, October 2019 - April 2020 and in Richmond  at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond (VA), July 2020 - January 2021.Egypt's Sunken Treasures: A selection of some 500 artefacts  unearthed during the excavations in Aboukir Bay and the port of Alexandria. Presented in Berlin (April – September 2006), Paris (December 2006 – March 2007), Bonn (April 2007 – January 2008), Madrid (April – December 2008), Turin (February – May 2009) and Yokohama (June – September 2009). Cleopatra, The Search for the Last Queen of Egypt A selection of 146 artefacts from Egypt's sunken treasures, displayed in the United States from 2010 to 2013, as part of the larger exhibition "Cleopatra,The Search for the Last Queen of Egypt" at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, at the Cincinnati Museum Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Public Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. Treasures of the San Diego: An exhibition of the Spanish galleon, illustrating the work of the team: archivists, engineers, divers, archaeologists, scientists, illustrators, photographers and cameramen: Paris (September 1994 – January 1995), Madrid (May – October 1995), New York (November 1996 – February 1997), Berlin (June – Oct. 1997), Manille (February – April 1998). Bibliography (selection)
Sylvie Cauville and Franck <mask>, De la Stèle du Satrape (ligne14-15) au temple de Kom Ombo, in Göttinger Miszellen, Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion (Helft 253/2017, N° 950), p. 45-54. <mask> <mask> and Aurélia Masson-Berghoff, Sunken cities, Egypt's lost worlds, Thames & Hudson in cooperation with the British Museum, 2016,
Franck Goddio and Damian Robinson (Eds. ), Thonis-Heracleion in context, Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Oxford 2015,
Franck Goddio u. David Fabre, "Osiris, Egypt's sunken Myteries", Paris 2015,
Zahi Hawass and Franck Goddio, Cleopatra – The Search for the last Queen of Egypt, National Geographic, Washington D.C. 2010,
Underwater Archaeology in the Canopic Region – The Topography and Excavation of Heracleion–Thonis and East Canopus (1996–2006), Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Oxford 2007,
André Bernand and Franck Goddio, Sunken Egypt – Alexandria, Arcperiplus, London 2002,
Franck Goddio ed., Egypt's Sunken Treasures, Prestel, Munich 2006,
Peter Lam, Rosemary Scott, Stacey Pierson, Monique Crick, and Franck Goddio, Lost at Sea, Periplus Publishing, London 2002,
Archaeological Survey of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour.Egypt's lost worlds Sunken Cities | Exhibitions
Exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of art: Egypt's Sunken Cities Egypt's Sunken Cities –– Minneapolis Institute of Art
Exhibition at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond (VA) Treasures of Ancient Egypt: Sunken Cities
Nile shipwreck discovery proves Herodotus right – after 2,469 years – The Guardian, March 2019
Egyptian treasures in the US – Ahram Online, July 2020
Divers Uncover Ancient Temple Submerged Within The 'Egyptian Atlantis' – Science Alert, August 2019
Ancient Egypt: Underwater Archaeologists Uncover Destroyed Temple in the Sunken City of Heracleion – Newsweek, July 2019
Inside Africa The secrets of a lost Egyptian city were underwater
The Wall Street Journal, May 2016 Treasures From the Deep at the British Museum
BBC Radio 4, March 2016 The BP exhibition Sunken Cities: Egypt's Lost Worlds
Exhibition: Egypt's Sunken Treasures – <mask> <mask> website

Huffington Post: Lost Egyptian City Revealed After 1,200 Years Under The Sea
Slate: Lost Ancient City Exhumed From the Ocean
BBC World Service: Discovering Cleopatra's Palace

1947 births
French archaeologists
Living people

masks:
Franck Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Goddio
Franck
Goddio
Goddio
Franck
Goddio
Franck
Goddio


title: Godwin, son of Harold Godwinson

texts:
Godwin or Godwine ( 1066 – 1069) was a son, probably the eldest son, of <mask>, King of England. He was driven into exile in Dublin, along with two of his brothers, by the Norman conquest of England, and from there he twice led expeditions to south-western England, but with little success. He disappears from history in the early 1070s. Parentage and upbringing

Godwin's precise date of birth is unknown, but it was probably in the mid- to late 1040s. His family was one of the most powerful in Anglo-Saxon England: his paternal grandfather was Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his father was <mask>, who would soon inherit the same title. His mother, Edith Swan-neck, was married to <mask> more danico, "in the Danish manner", that is to say they had a form of marriage which was not recognized by the Church but which was at the time widely considered legitimate among the laity. <mask>, for example, succeeded to the throne despite being the son of such a marriage between king Cnut and Ælfgifu of Northampton.<mask>son had five sons, probably not by the same mother, but several pieces of evidence combine to indicate that Godwin was the eldest; namely, that he is the only one recorded in Domesday Book as holding land in 1066, he was named first by the chronicler John of Worcester when listing <mask>'s eldest sons, and he was the one named after <mask>'s father. Godwin can be presumed to have received an education befitting the son of a great nobleman, with the emphasis on gaining military and diplomatic skills, and though he was apparently too young to fight for his father, now king of England, at the Battle of Hastings, he had opportunities to use these skills in the next few years. Resistance in south-west England

<mask>'s defeat and death at Hastings were a disaster for his family, especially since the Anglo-Saxon magnates in London responded by electing as king not one of <mask>'s sons but Edgar Ætheling, a great-nephew of Edward the Confessor. Edgar's brief "reign" – he was never actually crowned – ended when William the Conqueror reached London in December 1066. Godwin <mask>'s grandmother Gytha, the widow of Earl Godwin, retreated to the south-west of England to consolidate her power in that still unconquered part of the country, but at the beginning of 1068 William led his army against her, and besieged her in Exeter. Godwin is not specifically mentioned in contemporary sources as being part of this south-western rebellion, but it is very likely that he and his brothers Edmund and Magnus were there, asserting their claim to be leaders of the Anglo-Saxon opposition. After eighteen days Exeter submitted to William, but by that time Gytha, and perhaps her grandchildren, had escaped and taken refuge on an island in the Bristol Channel, probably Steep Holm.Raids from Ireland

That summer Godwin was in Dublin under the protection of king Diarmait of Leinster, who had many years previously given refuge similarly to his father. Godwin was accompanied by his brothers Edmund and Magnus, if we are to believe the chronicler John of Worcester, or by Edmund and his first cousin Hakon (a son of Swein Godwinson) if we believe the Anglo-Norman chronicler <mask>mar. They seem to have had <mask>'s remaining housecarls in their service, and still had the resources to make Diarmait gifts such as the "battle standard of the king of the Saxons" mentioned by the Annals of Inisfallen, and to hire a force of mercenaries. With a fleet of 52 ships they sailed to the Bristol Channel and first harried the area around the mouth of the river Avon, then attacked Bristol, and after being driven off by the townspeople they sailed back to the Somerset coast and landed again. They may have expected a welcome there and planned to recruit more men, since Godwin's only landholdings at the death of Edward the Confessor had been two small manors in Somerset at Nettlecombe and Langford-in-Burrington, but if so they were disappointed. They encountered a local force under the command of Eadnoth the Staller which fought a bloody battle with them at Bleadon. Eadnoth was one of the fatalities, and possibly also Godwin's brother Magnus.After harrying Devon and Cornwall Godwin returned to Dublin, richer but having won no great military success. In the summer of 1069 another raid was launched from Dublin, but this time, the sources tell us, by only two of the sons of <mask>, whom they do not name. This time they sailed in 64 ships to Exeter, which they failed to take, and then ravaged parts of the south coast of Devon and perhaps the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall before rounding Land's End and landing, "incautiously" as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says, in the estuary of the river Taw on the north coast of Devon. After pillaging the area around Barnstaple they took their forces into the hinterland and at the Battle of Northam encountered an army under the command of Brian of Brittany, which, to quote the Chronicle again, "slew all the best men from the [brothers'] troops while the few survivors escaped to their ships". The two raids had been politically and militarily disastrous, and had only demonstrated that the memory of their father's reign could not gain them any supporters in the south-west. Flanders to Denmark

It is likely that Godwin and Edmund accompanied their sister Gytha, aunt Gunnhild, and grandmother Gytha when they fled to St Omer in Flanders in, perhaps, late 1069 or early 1070. It is certain that they later went on to the court of king Swein <mask> in Denmark, along with the younger Gytha.They doubtless hoped that Swein would support them in an invasion of England, but he did not; Swein had recently failed badly in a similar attempt on his own behalf and he can have had little inclination to try again on theirs, especially since there was bad blood between the two families, Swein's brother having long ago been murdered by a brother of <mask>son. Gytha was married off to Vladimir Monomakh, Prince of Smolensk, probably in 1074 or 1075, but of Godwin's later life nothing is known with certainty. One theory, proposed by the historian , is that he moved further east and found shelter in Ruthenia, where either he or a son of his carved out a principality. Ancestry

Footnotes

References

1040s births
Anglo-Norse people
Anglo-Saxon warriors
English expatriates in Ireland
House of Godwin
Norman conquest of England
Year of death unknown

masks:
Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Harold Harefoot
Harold Godwin
Harold
Harold
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Haroldson
Geoffrey Gai
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Estrithson
Harold Godwin


title: Rachelle Lefevre

texts:
<mask>èvre (, ; born February 1, 1979) is a Canadian actress. She has starred in the television series Big Wolf on Campus and had recurring roles in What About Brian, Boston Legal, and Swingtown. She played the vampire Victoria in the first two films of the Twilight saga. In 2011, she starred in the ABC medical drama Off the Map, followed by the CBS series A Gifted Man (2011–2012) and Under the Dome (2013–2015). Early life
Lefevre was born in Montreal, Quebec, where she was raised by an English teacher father and a psychologist mother. Her father's family is originally from France and Northern Ireland, and her maternal grandparents are Jewish. Her stepfather is a rabbi.Lefevre was raised in a non-denominational household, and identifies as Jewish. She has three sisters and speaks both English and French, though she grew up mostly speaking English. Lefevre attended Centennial Academy, a private high school, and later studied creative arts at Dawson College. She studied theater for two summers at the Walnut Hill School in Natick, Massachusetts, and began a degree in education and literature at McGill University. Career

Early acting career
While working as a waitress at a sushi bar in Westmount, a regular customer, a Canadian television producer, overheard Lefevre telling the hostess that she wanted to be an actress. The producer got Lefevre her first audition, for a role in the sitcom Student Bodies. She didn't yet have a head shot, so she submitted a Polaroid picture.She didn't land the part but got a call back from the casting director, leading to a role in the Canadian TV series Big Wolf on Campus in 1999, playing Stacey Hanson. Lefevre continued attending McGill between shoots, but never finished a degree. Lefevre appeared in the film Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, directed by George Clooney, in 2002. She appeared in the television movies Picking Up and Dropping Off with Scott Wolf, and See Jane Date, and had a role in the romantic comedy Hatley High in 2003. In 2004, she played Etta Place in the Calgary-filmed TV movie The Legend of Butch and Sundance. Lefevre moved to West Hollywood, California that year and appeared in the films Noel, directed by Chazz Palminteri and starring Penélope Cruz, and Head in the Clouds, also starring Cruz and Charlize Theron. In April 2004, Lefevre filmed the mystery-thriller The River King in Halifax, opposite Edward Burns.Lefevre starred on the Fox sitcom Life on a Stick in 2005, playing Lily Ashton, a mall fast-food restaurant employee, and then appeared on the Fox series Pool Guys. She has guest-starred on numerous other TV series, including: Charmed, playing Olivia Callaway on the episode "Love's a Witch", playing Annie Isles in season five of Undressed, and appearing on the short-lived ABC series What About Brian for eleven episodes. Lefevre was cast as Annie Cartwright, the female lead in ABC's Life on Mars, a David E. Kelley remake of the original British TV series. She shot a pilot episode, but was replaced by Gretchen Mol when the series was revamped. Twilight
Lefevre played the renegade vampire Victoria in the film Twilight (2008), based on the novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. Lefevre wrote an impassioned letter to the director, explaining her desire to work with the filmmaker. Lefevre described the essence of her character as "pure evil, pure instinct, pure malice, and very feline".After reading that the author used the word "feline" to describe her character's agility, Lefevre watched lion attacks on YouTube to separate the movements of her character from those of normal people. She also took trapeze classes in preparation for the wire work in the film. Lefevre spent hours working on the costumes for her character, and described herself as "obsessed" with vampires after reading Bram Stoker's Dracula at the age of 14. Lefevre was, at times, overwhelmed by the scrutiny she received from her involvement with Twilight. She participated in a promotional tour in November 2008, where she met and signed autographs for Twilight fans at Hot Topic stores in the U.S. "It's the closest I will ever come in my life to being a rock star," she told The Canadian Press, describing an appearance on MuchMusic, where over 1,500 fans showed up in Toronto. Over 2,500 fans showed up at a Wal-Mart in Salt Lake City, where Lefevre appeared to promote the DVD release of the film. Overall though, Lefevre described herself as delighted by the attention and excitement of the fans.She appeared in New Moon, the film's sequel, based on Meyer's second novel, which she completed shooting in Vancouver in May 2009. Lefevre did not reprise her role of Victoria in Eclipse, the third film of the Twilight series, and was replaced by Bryce Dallas Howard. Summit Entertainment, the studio behind the films, attributed the change to scheduling conflicts; Eclipse and Barney's Version, an independent Canadian feature Lefevre had signed on to, both began filming on August 17, 2009. Lefevre responded that she was "stunned" by the decision and "greatly saddened" not to continue her portrayal of Victoria, and never thought she would "lose the role over a 10 day overlap", in a statement to Access Hollywood. The studio responded in a counter-statement, "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse is an ensemble production that has to accommodate the schedules of numerous actors while respecting the established creative vision of the filmmaker and most importantly the story." Lefevre had appeared at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con to promote New Moon the weekend before she was replaced. Enthusiastic fans of the series reacted to the news of Lefevre's replacement with online petitions urging her return, and "Bring Back Rachelle" became a top-trending topic on Twitter on the afternoon of July 29, 2009.Lefevre told Extra that she was "absolutely blown away" by support from fans, who also made her a tribute video on YouTube. Lefevre did not attend the Los Angeles premiere of New Moon, tweeting that the event "was just 2 emotional 4 me & I couldn't manage it." (sic)

2009–present

In 2009, Lefevre appeared in the CBC Television miniseries The Summit, filmed in Ontario, and completed the film Casino Jack, starring Kevin Spacey. In Casino Jack, she plays Emily J. Miller, a former press secretary for U.S. congressman Tom DeLay, who helped convict lobbyist Jack Abramoff (Kevin Spacey) in a political scandal involving Native American tribes. Lefevre appeared in Barney's Version, a film adaptation of the award-winning Canadian novel by Mordecai Richler. Lefevre plays Clara, a manic depressive feminist poet who becomes the first wife of protagonist Barney Panofsky (Paul Giamatti). Her scenes were filmed in Rome in August 2009.The production continued on location in Montreal and New York City. Soon after the shoot, in November 2009, Lefevre shot the suspense film The Caller in Puerto Rico along with actors Lorna Raver and Stephen Moyer. She replaced Brittany Murphy, who had exited the project. Lefevre appeared in the pilot episode of the ABC drama series The Deep End on January 21, 2010. She starred in the drama series Off the Map as Dr. Ryan Clark, a young doctor working in a South American medical clinic. Developed by Grey's Anatomy creator Shonda Rhimes, the series was filmed in Hawaii, debuted on January 12, 2011 and ran for 13 episodes before being canceled. Lefevre was the voice of the 31st annual Genie Awards in March 2011, along with host William Shatner.She was also cast in the NBC pilot, Reconstruction (working title: The Crossing), a drama set during the American Civil War. Lefevre plays Anna, a widow who begins an affair with a soldier. In 2011, Lefevre joined the cast of the CBS TV drama, A Gifted Man, playing a doctor. Beginning in June 2013, Lefevre starred in the CBS summer thriller, Under the Dome, based on the 2009 best-selling novel of the same name by Stephen King. Lefevre joined an ensemble cast. The series was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina, which lasted for three seasons on the network ending in September 2015. In 2017, Lefevre joined the cast of Global's critically acclaimed original TV series, Mary Kills People for Season 2, premiering in January 2018.The series stars Caroline Dhavernas as Mary. Lefevre plays Olivia, sister of a victim from Season 1, who attempts to blackmail Mary. In 2019, she played the lead role of Madeline Scott in the Fox legal drama Proven Innocent. The show was cancelled after one season. Personal life and charity work
In 2009, Lefevre donated $100 to Susan G. Komen for The Cure, a breast cancer charity, for every 10,000 people who followed her on Twitter. She also launched an eBay auction for the charity School On Wheels in August 2009, which provides tutoring to homeless children in Southern California. Lefevre sold t-shirts and other merchandise signed by her fellow cast members from Twilight.She is also an active supporter of Best Friends Animal Society, appearing in a public service announcement on behalf of the organization in November 2009, urging the public to adopt their next pet. Lefevre is a socialist. She endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 MTV.com interview

1979 births
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian film actresses
American film actresses
Canadian people of French descent
Canadian people of Jewish descent
Canadian people of Northern Ireland descent
Canadian socialists
Canadian television actresses
Dawson College alumni
French Quebecers
Jewish Canadian actresses
Jewish socialists
Living people
McGill University Faculty of Education alumni
People with acquired American citizenship
American people of French descent
American people of Jewish descent
American people of Northern Ireland descent
American people of Canadian descent


title: Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie

texts:
<mask> of Niddrie (circa 1565-1597) Scottish landowner and rebel. He was the son of <mask> of Niddrie (d. 1601) and Margaret Dundas, daughter of James Dundas of Dundas. He was known as the "Laird of Niddrie, younger". The Wauchope lands were at Niddrie, Edinburgh, also known as Niddry-Marischal. Career

In 1580 at Peffermill, Wauchope and his servant Joseph Reidpath killed Gilbert Home, a servant of John Bothwell, Abbot of Holyrood, who had criticised him for hitting an officer-at-arms. The Home family accepted Wauchope's humiliation and repentance. In 1588 Wauchope and his father were involved in the murders of James and John Giffart of Sherriffhall, Robert Caise in Dalkeith, and John Edmiston, brother of the Laird of Womett.He was captured at Bridgend on 12 May 1589 by Andrew Edmonstone, after a short siege was ended by James VI, and brought to Edinburgh. James Sandilands of Slamannan helped Wauchope escape from a window of Edinburgh's Tolbooth in May 1589. Despite this, Sandilands soon regained royal favour. The king remained angry with Wauchope, and in May 1590 interrupted a ceremony where he was riding with his bride Anne of Denmark on the sands at Leith in view of the ships of the departing Danish ambassadors, and rode off to try and capture the laird. In January 1591 he was accused of adultery with the wife of George Preston of Craigmillar. Preston tried to get a divorce but Wauchope's ally the Earl of Bothwell prevented Preston's witness from speaking in the Tolbooth and imprisoned him in Crichton Castle. At this time, James VI managed to prevent Wauchope fighting in single combat with David Edmondstone of Womett at Kelso.Holyrood, Falkland, and Craignethan
Wauchope participated in the attack on Holyrood Palace organised by Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell on 27 December 1591. He was shot and injured in the thigh and hand by John Schaw, master of the king's stable. Schaw was killed by the raiders. For this act he was forfeited and declared a traitor. In March 1592 the ringleaders of the Holyrood raid including <mask> and Bothwell's half-brother Hercules Stewart, were thought to be in hiding in Northumberland with the earl. Apparently after attacking Falkland Palace with Bothwell's men, on 1 July 1592 Wauchope was captured with others at the meadow of Lesmahagow by Lord John Hamilton and imprisoned in Craignethan Castle. Lord Hamilton came to Edinburgh to discuss the fate of his prisoners with James VI, who was lodged in John Laing's house at the Netherbow.The house, now Tweeddale Court on the Royal Mile, was heavily guarded by soldiers with "hagbuts" or muskets who shot a volley on Hamilton's arrival, accidentally killing James Sinclair of Earlston, injuring another man in the leg, and chipping a door lintel close to Hamilton's head. Hamilton expected that the king would pardon Niddry and his companions, but James sent Sir John Carmichael to collect the prisoners. Before Carmichael arrived at Craignethan, one of Hamilton's sons released them, either on the orders of Hamilton, or by the persuasion of Margaret Lyon, Lady Hamilton. Although Lord Hamilton had promised their lives, the English ambassador Robert Bowes said they would have been brought to Edinburgh and "hanged in their boots", and it seems his family released the prisoners at Craignethan rather than have their promise broken. Ferry boat
In July 1592 Bothwell and his followers made an elaborate plan to capture James VI from a ferry boat while he was crossing the Forth, but the plot was revealed to Robert Bowes by an informer who wanted the reward of a licence to import English beer. Bothwell waited with two boats out of sight from Leith beyond the island of Inchkeith, and when he realised he was rumbled, put in at Wardie. Bothwell, as was his habit, gave his followers an orientation and warm-up speech before this enterprise, reminding his men not to hurt the king.<mask> then asked them all to raise their hands and promise not to harm the king, holding both his hands in the air. Dalkeith Palace
In August 1592 James VI gave <mask>'s family estates to his household servant Sir John Sandilands. Bothwell and his supporters made several plans to capture the king at Dalkeith, including using Wauchope as a decoy. Two plotters, Michael Balfour of Burleigh and John Wemyss of Logie were caught. <mask> waited with horses outside Dalkeith Palace at night while his friend John Wemyss of Logie escaped out of Anne of Denmark's window helped by his Danish lover Margaret Vinstarr. The English ambassador Robert Bowes heard that Wauchope set up a written challenge, a "cartell" on the mercat cross of Dalkeith, offering to fight dressed only in his shirt against any who dared question his loyalty to the king. It was said that <mask> and Captain James Halkerston were "two great undertakers for any desperate exploit" for Bothwell.On 4 September 1592 he was nearly captured in Leith by the Master of Glamis and James Sandilands, who arrested Captain Halkerston and John Hamilton of Airdrie. Hamilton, a leader at the Raid of Falkland, had asked Wauchope to stay and play cards with him at his lodging. Wauchope refused, preferring to sleep at a secret location. Airdrie and Halkerston were taken to Dalkeith Palace by John Carmichael, Captain of the royal guard, who threatened to torture them with the boot, a device for crushing their legs. Their meeting in Leith had been betrayed by a tailor called Kirkcaldy who was later found blindfolded in a Fife alehouse. Soon after, Wauchope and the Countess of Bothwell made their peace with James VI, who hoped to use them to entrap Bothwell. Death
In April 1594 James VI went to Rossend Castle the house of Sir Robert Melville in Fife with his guard, and unsuccessfully tried to capture Wauchope and John Wemyss of Logie.Wauchope planned to help Bothwell attack Holyroodhouse again in September 1594 and abduct James VI to Blackness Castle. In November it was rumoured his support for Bothwell was wavering. On 18 June 1597 he was surrounded in a house on Skinner's Close on Edinburgh's Royal Mile by followers of the Laird of Edmondstone, and fell to his death trying to escape from a dormer or "storm window". Marriage and children
In 1584 <mask> married Rachael MacGill, a daughter of the privy councillor James MacGill, and widow of George Stewart of Rosyth. Their son, <mask>, named after Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, married Jean Sandilands, a daughter of James Sandilands and Jean Crawfurd. In 1592 when Wauchope was a forfeited rebel, an Act of Parliament allowed Rachael MacGill her "terce", the third of the estate of her first husband George Stewart acquired by her father in name of "tocher" or dowry, and property and incomes from her marriage settlement with Wauchope, because it "was notoriously known to all the country in what miserable estate she was in during the time of the said <mask> remaining in this country, by reason of his own living and hers being all consumed in his vain uses and ungodly fantasies." The Act also encouraged her to dissolve her marriage.In June 1600 Sandilands seemed likely to get his son-in-law restored to his estates, which angered Sir Robert Ker of Cessford, because Ker's cousin Andrew Edmonstone, Laird of Edmonstone had benefitted by Niddrie's forfeit. Ker argued with James VI that he ought not to restore the estates of followers of the Earl of Bothwell. Sandilands obtained Niddrie-Marischal in 1603, and <mask> was restored to the estate. <mask> was fully rehabilated to his estates in April 1609. References

16th-century Scottish people
1597 deaths
People from Edinburgh
Scottish rebels
Lairds
Court of James VI and I
Judicial torture in Scotland

masks:
Archibald Wauchope
Robert Wauchope
Wauchope
Wauchope
Wauchope
Wauchope
Wauchope
Wauchope
Francis Wauchope
Archibald
Francis Wauchope
Francis Wauchope