title: Huey Long

texts:
 <mask>'s allegations were widely publicized in Latin American newspapers. This drew the concern of the State Department, who believed that <mask> was damaging the reputation of the United States. Throughout the summer of 1934, they waged a sustained public relations campaign against <mask> throughout Latin America. This speech and others established <mask> as one of the most ardent isolationists in the Senate. He further argued that American involvement in the Spanish–American War and the First World War had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street.Consequently, <mask> demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, which the  United States had occupied  since 1898. He also opposed American entry into the World Court. Share Our Wealth

In March 1933, <mask> revealed a series of bills collectively known as "the <mask> plan" to redistribute wealth. Together, they would cap fortunes at $100 million, limit annual income to $1 million, and cap individual inheritances at $5 million. In a nationwide February 1934 radio broadcast, <mask> introduced his Share Our Wealth plan. The legislation would use the wealth from the <mask> plan to guarantee every family a basic household grant of $5,000 and a minimum annual income of one-third of the average family homestead value and income. <mask> supplemented his plan with proposals for free college and vocational training, veterans' benefits, federal assistance to farmers, public works projects, greater federal economic regulation, a $30 monthly elderly pension, a month's vacation for every worker, a thirty-hour workweek, a $10 billion land reclamation project to end the Dust Bowl, and free medical service and a "war on disease" led by the Mayo brothers.These reforms, <mask> claimed, would end the Great Depression. The plans were widely criticized and labeled impossible by economists. With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals, in February 1934 <mask> formed the Share Our Wealth Society, a national network of local clubs that operated in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt. By 1935, the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs. <mask>'s Senate office received an average of 60,000 letters a week, resulting in <mask> hiring 48 stenographers to type responses. Of the two trucks that delivered mail to the Senate, one was devoted solely to mail for <mask>. <mask>'s newspaper, now renamed American Progress, averaged a circulation of 300,000, some issues reaching over 1.5 million.<mask> drew international attention: English writer H. G. Wells interviewed <mask>, noting he was "like a Winston Churchill who has never been at Harrow. He abounds in promises." Some historians believe that pressure from Share Our Wealth contributed to Roosevelt's "turn to the left" in the Second New Deal (1935), which consisted of the Social Security Act, the Works Progress Administration, the National Labor Relations Board, Aid to Dependent Children, and the Wealth Tax Act of 1935. Roosevelt reportedly admitted in private to trying to "steal <mask>'s thunder". Continued control over Louisiana
<mask> continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator, blurring the boundary between federal and state politics. <mask> chose his childhood friend, Oscar K. Allen, to succeed King in the January 1932 election. With the support of <mask>'s voter base, Allen won easily, permitting <mask> to resign as governor and take his seat in the U.S. Senate in January 1932.Allen, widely viewed as a puppet, dutifully enacted <mask>'s policies. When <mask> visited Louisiana, Allen would relinquish his office for the Senator, working instead at his receptionist's desk. Though he had no constitutional authority, <mask> continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature. One of the laws passed was what <mask> called "a tax on lying"—a 2 percent tax on newspaper advertising revenue. In 1934, <mask> and James A. Noe, an independent oilman and member of the Louisiana State Senate from Ouachita Parish, formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company. The firm was established to obtain leases on state-owned lands so that its directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies. Although ruled legal, these activities were done in secret, and the stockholders were unknown to the public.<mask> made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases and used the funds primarily for political purposes. 1935: Final year

Presidential ambitions

Popular support for <mask>'s Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. When questioned by the press, <mask> gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. <mask>'s son Russell believed his father would have run on a third-party ticket. This is evidenced by <mask>'s writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election. In spring 1935, <mask> undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. At a well-attended <mask> rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press, "There are 250,000 <mask> votes" in this city.Regarding Roosevelt, <mask> boasted to the New York Times Arthur Krock: "He's scared of me. I can out-promise him, and he knows it." As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt Administration grew increasingly concerned by <mask>'s popularity. Democratic National Committee chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935. Farley's poll revealed that if <mask> ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about four million votes, 10% of the electorate. In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley expressed his concern that <mask> could split the vote, allowing the Republican nominee to win. Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt, "many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft Administration in '12".Many, including Hair, Williams, and Roosevelt, speculated that <mask> expected to lose in 1936, allowing the Republicans to take the White House. They believed the Republicans would worsen the Great Depression, deepening <mask>'s appeal. According to Roosevelt, "That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that <mask> thinks he would be made dictator." Increased tensions in Louisiana

By 1935, <mask>'s consolidation of power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies in Louisiana. Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place (1874), in which the White League staged an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government. In January 1935, an anti-<mask> paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed. Its members included former governors John M. Parker and Ruffin Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley.Standard Oil threatened to leave the state when <mask> finally passed the five-cent per barrel oil tax for which he had been impeached in 1929. Concerned Standard Oil employees formed a Square Deal association in Baton Rouge, organizing themselves in militia companies and demanding "direct action". On January 25, 1935, these Square Dealers, now armed, seized the East Baton Rouge Parish courthouse. <mask> had Governor Allen execute emergency measures in Baton Rouge: he called in the National Guard, declared martial law, banned public gatherings of two or more persons, and forbade the publication of criticism of state officials. The Square Dealers left the courthouse, but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge Airport. Tear gas and live ammunition were fired; one person was wounded, but there were no fatalities. At a legal hearing, an alleged spy within the Square Dealers testified they were conspiring to assassinate <mask>.In summer 1935, <mask> called two special legislative sessions in Louisiana; bills were passed in rapid-fire succession without being read or discussed. The new laws further centralized <mask>'s control over the state by creating new Long-appointed state agencies: a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve loans to local governments, a new state printing board which could withhold "official printer" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They stripped away the remaining powers of the Mayor of New Orleans. <mask> boasted he had "taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the Community Chest and the Red Cross". A September 7 special session passed 42 bills. The most extreme, likely aimed at Roosevelt and his federal agents, authorized Louisiana to fine and imprison anyone who infringed on the powers reserved to the state in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Assassination

On September 8, 1935, <mask> traveled to the State Capitol to pass a bill that would gerrymander the district of an opponent, Judge Benjamin Pavy, who had held his position for 28 years.At 9:20 p.m., just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy, Pavy's son-in-law, Carl Weiss, approached <mask>, and, according to the generally accepted version of events, fired a single shot with a handgun from four feet (1.2 m) away, striking <mask> in the torso. <mask>'s bodyguards, nicknamed the "Cossacks" or "skullcrushers", then fired at Weiss with their pistols, killing him. An autopsy found Weiss had been shot at least 60 times. <mask> ran down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds, hailing a car to take him to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital. He was rushed to the operating room where surgery closed perforations in his intestines but failed to stop internal bleeding. <mask> died at 4:10 a.m. on September 10, 31 hours after being shot. According to different sources, his last words were either, "I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys", or "God, don't let me die.I have so much to do." Over 200,000 people traveled to Baton Rouge to attend <mask>'s September 12 funeral. His remains were buried on the grounds of the Capitol; a statue depicting <mask> was constructed on his grave. Although <mask>'s allies alleged he was assassinated by political opponents, a federal probe found no evidence of conspiracy. <mask>'s death brought relief to the Roosevelt Administration, which would win in a landslide in the 1936 election. Farley publicly admitted his apprehension of campaigning against <mask>: "I always laughed <mask> off, but I did not feel that way about him." Roosevelt's close economic advisor Rexford Tugwell wrote that, "When he was gone it seemed that a beneficent peace had fallen on the land.Father Coughlin, Reno, Townsend, et al., were after all pygmies compared with <mask>. He had been a major phenomenon." Tugwell also said that Roosevelt regarded <mask>'s assassination as a "providential occurrence". Evidence later surfaced that suggests <mask> was accidentally shot by his bodyguards. Proponents of this theory assert <mask> was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss, and a bullet that ricocheted off the marble walls hit him. Legacy

Politics

<mask>'s assassination turned him into a legendary figure in parts of Louisiana. In 1938, Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal encountered rural children who not only insisted <mask> was alive, but that he was president.Although no longer governing, <mask>'s policies continued to be enacted in Louisiana by his political machine, which supported Roosevelt's re-election to prevent further investigation into their finances. The machine remained a powerful force in state politics until the 1960 elections. Within the Louisiana Democratic Party, <mask> set in motion two durable factions—"<mask>" and "anti-<mask>"—which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support. For decades after his death, <mask>'s political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his rhetoric and promises of social programs. After <mask>'s death, a family dynasty emerged: his brother Earl was elected lieutenant-governor in 1936 and governor in 1948 and 1956. <mask>'s widow, <mask>, replaced him in the Senate, and his son, Russell, was a U.S. senator from 1948 to 1987. As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Russell shaped the nation's tax laws, advocating low business taxes and passing legislation beneficial to the poor like the Earned Income Credit.Other relatives, including George, Gillis, and Speedy, have represented Louisiana in Congress. <mask> P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party, was named after <mask>. Historical reputation
Academics and historians have found difficulty categorizing <mask> and his ideology. His platform has been compared to ideologies ranging from McCarthyism to European Fascism and Stalinism. When asked about his own philosophy, <mask> simply replied: "Oh, hell, say that I'm sui generis and let it go at that." Robert Penn Warren described him as a "remarkable set of contradictions". A majority of academics, biographers, and writers who have examined <mask> view him negatively, typically as a demagogue or dictator.Reinhard H. Luthin said that he was the epitome of an American demagogue. David Kennedy wrote that <mask>'s regime in Louisiana was "the closest thing to a dictatorship that America has ever known". Journalist Hodding Carter described him as "the first true dictator out of the soil of America" and his movement the "success of fascism in one American state". Peter Viereck categorized <mask>'s movement as "chauvinist thought control"; Victor Ferkiss called it "incipient fascism". One of the few biographers to praise <mask> was T. Harry Williams, who classified <mask>'s ideas as neo-populist. He labeled <mask> a democratic "mass leader", rather than a demagogue. Besides Williams, intellectual Gore Vidal expressed admiration for <mask>, even naming him as his favorite contemporary U.S. politician.<mask> biographer Thomas O. Harris espoused a more nuanced view of <mask>: "neither saint nor devil, he was a complex and heterogenous mixture of good and bad, genius and craft, hypocrisy and candor, buffoonery and seriousness". Media

In popular culture, <mask> has served as a template for multiple dictatorial politicians in novels. Notable works include Sinclair Lewis's novel It Can't Happen Here (1935), Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel All the King's Men (1946), and Adria Locke Langley's 1945 novel A Lion Is in the Streets. The latter two were adapted into Academy Award-winning films. As well as two television docudramas, <mask> was the subject of a 1985 Ken Burns-directed documentary. In music, Randy Newman featured <mask> in two songs on the 1974 album Good Old Boys. <mask> has been the subject of dozens of biographies and academic texts.In fact, more has been written about <mask> than any other Louisianan. Most notable is the 1969 biography <mask> <mask> by Williams, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. Alan Brinkley won the National Book Award in 1983 for Voices of Protest, a study of <mask>, Coughlin, and populist opposition to Roosevelt. Works

Bibliography
 Constitutions of the State of Louisiana, 1930
 Every Man a King, 1933
 My First Days in the White House, 1935

Discography
<mask> collaborated with composer Castro Carazo on the following songs:
 "Darling of LSU", 1935
 "Every Man a King", 1935
 "The LSU Cadets March", 1935
 "Touchdown for LSU", 1935

See also

 List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office
 Charles Coughlin
 Francis Townsend

Notes and references

Notes

References and citations

Works cited

1893 births
1935 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
American political bosses from Louisiana
American social democrats
Anti-poverty advocates
Assassinated American politicians
Burials in Louisiana
Deaths by firearm in Louisiana
Democratic Party United States senators
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Louisiana
History of United States isolationism
Impeached United States officials
Left-wing populism in the United States
Huey
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana lawyers
Male murder victims
Members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission
Oklahoma Baptist University alumni
People from Winnfield, Louisiana
People murdered in Louisiana
Tulane University Law School alumni
Tulane University alumni
United States senators from Louisiana
University of

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title: Eduardo Alonso-Crespo

type: original

texts:
<mask>-Crespo (also spelled <mask>, without the hyphen) is an Argentine composer of classical music. Argentine composer and conductor <mask>-Crespo was born in San Miguel de Tucumán on March 18, 1956, and grew up in the neighboring city of Salta, in Northwestern Argentina. He received his early musical training from Elizabeth Ocaña de García in Salta, and his musical college education and degree at the School of Musical Arts of the National University of Tucumán. At this same university he also received a Civil Engineer degree. He later moved to the United States through a Fulbright Grant and obtained his master's degree at Carnegie Mellon University. Alonso-Crespo has produced a number of works for the stage; among them a ballet for Medea in 1985, the opera Juana, La Loca (staged in 1991), incidental music for Macbeth (1994 Iris Marga Award) and the opera Putzi (staged in 2004). He is also author of five symphonies, twelve concertos as well as chamber music and choral works.Alonso-Crespo served as Music Director of the Tucumán Symphony Orchestra in Argentina and Music Director of the Carnegie Mellon University Contemporary Ensemble in the U.S.A. for the period 1989–2000. Past positions as a conductor also include Principal Guest Conductor and Composer in Residence of the Salta Symphony Orchestra (Argentina), Music Director of the Orquesta Estable de Tucumán, the orchestra of the Tucumán Opera and Ballet Theatre (Argentina), Resident Conductor at Carnegie Mellon University, Associate Conductor of the Carnegie Mellon Philharmonic, Assistant Conductor of the Pittsburgh Civic Orchestra and Music Director of the Carnegie Mellon Wind Ensemble (U.S.A.). His music appeared on the New Energy from the Americas album, performed by the Cincinnati Chamber Orchestra and directed by Keith Lockhart. The music for Macbeth performed by Camerata Lazarte under his direction appeared in 1995. His Concerto for bassoon and orchestra featuring Andrea Merenzon and members of the Buenos Aires Philharmonic was recorded by the Radio Clásica label in Argentina. Eleanor Weingartner recorded his Clarinet Concerto with the Camerata de las Américas (José Luis Castillo, conductor) for the Urtext label, and the Trio Cordilleras recorded his Piano Trio op. 30 for the Meridian label.More recent work for compact disc includes the recording of Leonardo Balada’s Divertimentos with the Carnegie Mellon Contemporary Ensemble for Albany Records, and a CD for Naxos with the Seville Royal Orchestra. List of compositions (in chronological order)

Works for the stage

 Medea, ballet for choir and orchestra (1984)
Putzi, opera in one act, for vocal soloists and orchestra (1986, rev. en 2004)
Juana, la loca, opera in two acts, for vocal soloists, choir and orchestra (1990)
 Macbeth, ballet for orchestra (1994)
 Yubarta, opera in one act (1997)

Orchestral works

 Sinfonietta, for string orchestra (1981)
 Mephisto, waltz from the opera Putzi, for orchestra (1986)
 Overture from the opera Juana, la loca, for orchestra (1989)
 Ballet Music from the opera Juana, la loca, for orchestra (1989)
 Prelude for the opera Yubarta, for orchestra (1992)
 Lady Macbeth, for string orchestra (1996)
 El Valle de los Menhires (The Valley of the Menhirs), version for string orchestra (1997)
 Canto de la Mañana (Morning Chant), for string orchestra (1997)
 Dowland Variations, for orchestra (1999-2000)
 Pachamama (Mother Earth), for female choir or children's choir and string orchestra (sung in Spanish) (2000)
 Symphony no. 1, for orchestra (2002-2003)
 El Valle de los Menhires (The Valley of the Menhirs), version for orchestra (2005)
 Symphony no. 2, for orchestra (2005-2006)
 Symphony no. 3 (Sinfonía Lírica), for soprano and orchestra (2006-2007)
 Symphony no. 4 Hoka-Néni, for orchestra (2007)
 Symphony no.5, for orchestra (2016)
 Symphony no. 6 (Choral), for mixed choir and orchestra (2019)
 Anima Mundi, for mixed choir and orchestra (2020)
 Allegro brioso, for string orchestra with piano obligato (2020)

Concertante music

 Piano Concerto no. 1 (Commentaries on three waltzes by Alberdi), for piano and orchestra (1983)
 Gualba, aria for soprano and orchestra (1989)
 Tibia Piel, duo for soprano, tenor and orchestra (1990)
 Choral Suite from Juana, la loca, for vocal soloists, choir and orchestra (1992)
 Bassoon Concerto, for bassoon and orchestra (1995-1996)
 Chacona en tiempo de tango, for violin and string orchestra (2001)
 Clarinet Concerto, for clarinet and string orchestra (2001-2002)
 Piano Concerto no. 2, for piano and string orchestra (2002)
 Viola Concerto, for viola and string orchestra (2002)
 Violin Concerto no. 1 (Concierto en tiempo de tango), for violin and string orchestra (2004)
 Piano Concerto no. 3, for piano and orchestra (2004-2005)
 Guitar Concerto, for guitar and orchestra (2011)
 Double Concerto for Oboe and Clarinet, for oboe, clarinet and orchestra (2012)
 Double bass Concerto, for double bass and orchestra (2017)
 Violin Concerto no. 2, for violin and orchestra (2017)
 Harp Concerto, for harp and orchestra (2018)
 Date a volar, symphonic lied for soprano and orchestra (2019)
 Flute Concerto, for flute and string orchestra (2019)
 Trumpet Concerto, for piccolo trumpet in A and orchestra (2019)
 Concerto for Piccolo and Orchestra (2020)
 Concerto for Horn and Orchestra (2020)

Chamber music

 String Quartet no.1 (1982)
 Overture from the opera Juana, la loca, version for chamber ensemble (1989)
 Epic Dances, for wind ensemble (1993)
 Macbeth Suite, for chamber ensemble (1994)
 String Quartet no. 2 El Valle de los Menhires (1996)
 Sextet, for piano, two violins, viola, cello and double bass (2010)
 Date a volar, version for soprano, two violins, viola, cello and double bass (2010)
 Trio, for piano, violin and cello (2013)
 Quintet, for clarinet and string quartet (2013)

Choral music

 Pachamama (Mother Earth), for female choir or children's choir (sung in Spanish) (1998-1999)
 Waynápaq Taki (Song of the Adolescent), for mixed choir (sung in Quechua) (2001)
 Ara Pana (Fly, butterfly), for mixed choir (sung in Spanish and in Chiriguano-chané dialect) (2003)

References

External links
Official Website

Argentine classical composers
Argentine conductors (music)
Argentine opera composers
1956 births
Living people
Male classical composers
Male opera composers
People from San Miguel de Tucumán
People from Salta
National University of Tucumán alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
20th-century Argentine artists
21st-century Argentine artists
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)

masks:
Eduardo Alonso
Eduardo Alonso Cpo
Eduardo Alonso


title: Don Budge

texts:
<mask> (June 13, 1915 – January 26, 2000) was an American tennis player. He is most famous as the first player — male or female, and still the only American male — to win the four tournaments that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis in a single year. <mask> was the second man to win the Career Grand Slam after Fred Perry, and is still the youngest to achieve that feat. He won ten majors, of which six were Grand Slam events (consecutively, a men's record) and four Pro Slams, the latter achieved on three different surfaces. <mask> is considered to have the best backhand in the history of tennis, with most observers rating it better than that of later player Ken Rosewall. He is also the only man to have achieved the Triple Crown (winning singles, men's doubles and mixed doubles at the same tournament) on three separate occasions (Wimbledon in 1937 and 1938, and the US Open in 1938), and the only man to have achieved it twice in one year. <mask> was World number one amateur in 1937 and 1938 and World number one professional in 1939, 1940 and 1942.Early life
<mask> was born in Oakland, California, the son of Scottish immigrant and former soccer player John "Jack" <mask>, who had played several matches for the Rangers reserve team before emigrating to the United States, and Pearl Kincaid <mask>. Growing up, he played a variety of sports before taking up tennis at age 13 at the urging of his older brother, Lloyd, who played tennis for the University of California team. He also had an older sister. He was red-headed, tall and slim, and his height would eventually help what is still considered one of the most powerful serves of all time. Budge studied at the University of California, Berkeley in late 1933 but left to play tennis with the U.S. Davis Cup auxiliary team. Amateur career
Accustomed to hard-court surfaces in his native California, Budge had difficulty playing on the grass courts in the east. However, a good instructor and hard work changed that

1932
Budge reached the semi finals of the West Canada championships in July, where he lost in five sets to Henry Prusoff."The Oakland youngster carried brawny Hank Prusoff of Seattle to five sets, surprising most of the onlookers, including the tournament favorite from Puget Sound. The scores were 6-2, 3-6, 6-3, 2-6, 6-2, with <mask> playing a calm and collected game all the way and letting the hardhitting Prusoff make the errors. The chop stroke of the Seattle man worked to perfection, particularly In the last set, and he always seemed to have something in reserve." 1933
At the Del Monte championships in May, <mask> beat Wallace Bates in straight sets in final. In July, <mask> beat John Murio in the final of the California State championship. "Tennis fans will be talking for days of the men's singles event and of <mask>, whom the experts candidly admit "has everything." Not only has he the strokes of a champion, but the presence and strategy of one far beyond his years.Murio's most burning drives failed to ruffle one of the flaming red hairs on his head". In the final of the Colorado championships in Denver in July, <mask> beat Jack Tidball in five sets. 1934
<mask> beat Ed Chandler in the final in five sets to retain his California State championship title in June. "Chandler went to the net often throughout the match, while <mask> elected to play a baseline game almost exclusively, going to the webbing only when forced to by chop or cross court shots; Chandler, exhausted after his gruelling five-set match with John Murio in the semi-final on Saturday, fought largely on his nerve against the Champion, and at the end of yesterday's strenuous competition again was completely exhausted." 1935
<mask> beat Gene Mako in the final of the Palm Springs tournament in April. <mask> beat Frank Shields in the final of the Newport Casino tournament in August. In the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September, <mask> was leading 2 sets to 1 against Roderich Menzel, when Menzel retired, in order to preserve his energy for a mixed doubles match.<mask> beat Bobby Riggs in the final of the Pacific Coast championships in October. 1936
In January, <mask> beat Walter Senior in the final of the Northern California indoor event. In April <mask> won the North and south tournament at Pinehurst beating Hal Surface in three-straight sets for the loss of just one game with a "superb exhibition of speed and control". In June, <mask> beat Dave Jones in the final of Queen's club tournament. <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Eastern championships in August. <mask> beat Perry in the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September. In October, <mask> beat Walter Senior in the final of the Pacific Coast championships.In December <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Southern California midwinter tournament. 1937
In February, <mask> beat Bryan Grant in the final of the Miami tournament. In June, <mask> beat Bunny Austin in the final at Queen's club tournament. "Seldom has a star of Austin's standing absorbed so crushing a defeat in full view of the public." <mask> swept Wimbledon, winning the singles (beating Gottfried von Cramm in straight sets in the final), the men's doubles title with Gene Mako, and the mixed doubles crown with Alice Marble. In August, <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Newport Casino tournament. <mask> beat von Cramm in the U. S. Championships final which "was a strange see-saw affair in which Budge twice lapsed from his normally brilliant genius guided game".<mask> beat von Cramm again in the final of the Pacific Southwest tournament in September. <mask> beat Riggs in the final of the Pacific Coast tournament in October. In December <mask> won the Victorian championships beating John Bromwich in the final in a match in which "the hot, humid weather proved trying for the players". <mask> gained the most fame for his match that year against von Cramm in the Davis Cup inter-zone finals against Germany. Trailing 1–4 in the final set, he came back to win 8–6. His victory allowed the US team to advance and to then win the Davis Cup for the first time in 12 years. For his efforts, he was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and he became the first tennis player ever to be voted the James E. Sullivan Award as America's top amateur athlete.<mask> was ranked World No. 1 amateur by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph, Mervyn Weston, Daily Telegraph (Sydney), Pierre Gillou, Ned Potter, The Times, Harry Hopman, Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane) and Pierre Goldschmidt, L'Auto. 1938
In 1938, <mask> dominated amateur tennis defeating John Bromwich in the Australian final, Roderick Menzel in the French final, Henry "Bunny" Austin at Wimbledon, where he never lost a set (he also won the doubles and mixed doubles), and Gene Mako in the U.S. Championships final (winning doubles and mixed doubles also), to become the first person ever to win the Grand Slam in tennis. He also is the youngest man in history to complete the "Career Grand Slam" (the four majors in one's career). He completed that on June 11, 1938, in winning the French singles, two days before his 23rd birthday. <mask> beat Ladislav Hecht in the final of the Czech championships in Prague in July. <mask> beat Sidney Wood in the final of the Newport Casino tournament in August.<mask> was ranked World No. 1 amateur by Ray Bowers, A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph, Pierre Gillou, Ned Potter, Pierre Goldschmidt, L'Auto, The Times (London), F. Gordon Lowe of The Scotsman, Dr. G. H. McElhone of The Sydney Morning Herald, "International" of The Referee,Mervyn Weston, Daily Telegraph (Sydney), Jack Crawford and Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane). Professional career

1939
<mask> turned professional in October 1938 after winning the Grand Slam, and thereafter played mostly head-to-head matches. In 1939, he beat the two reigning kings of professional tennis, Ellsworth Vines, 22 matches to 17, and Fred Perry, 28 matches to 8. That year, he also won two major pro tournaments, the French Pro Championship over Vines and the Wembley Pro tournament over Hans Nüsslein. He also finished in first place on the European tour in the summer that also featured Vines, Tilden and Stoefen. <mask> was ranked World No.1 pro by Bowers, Didier Poulain of L'Auto and Alfred Chave, The Telegraph (Brisbane). 1940
There was no World series professional tour in 1940 but seven principal tournaments. <mask> kept his world crown by winning four of these events: the Southeastern Pro at Miami Beach (beating Perry in the final), the North & South Pro at Pinehurst (beating Dick Skeen in the final), the National Open at White Sulphur Springs (beating Bruce Barnes in the final) and the United States Pro Championship (beating Perry in the final). <mask> was ranked World No. 1 pro by Bowers. 1941
In 1941, <mask> played another major tour beating the 48-year-old Bill Tilden, the final outcome being 47–6 plus one tie. <mask> (who had only recently left hospital) lost his opening match in the U. S. Pro championships to John Faunce."You see, <mask> was in the hospital a couple of weeks ago fell down some stairs and banged up his nose and left ear. He didn't have his court legs today and naturally that was my cue to make him run and. believe me, I never hit better drop shots in my life than I hit today. I could put that ball on a dime!" said Faunce afterwards. 1942
In 1942, <mask> won his last major tour over Bobby Riggs, Frank Kovacs, Perry and Les Stoefen. He also won the U.S.Pro at Forest Hills, crushing Riggs 6–2, 6–2, 6–2 in the final. The crowd booed when Riggs was denied a request to wear spiked shoes. After that many of the top pros, including <mask>, became involved in World War 2. <mask> was ranked World No. 1 pro by Bowers and by the USPLTA. Military service

In 1942, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces to serve in World War II. At the beginning of 1943, in an obstacle course, he tore a muscle in his shoulder.In his book 'A Tennis Memoir' page 144 he

masks:
John Donald Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
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Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Don
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge


title: Don Budge

texts:
 said:

This permanently hindered his playing abilities. During his wartime duty he played some exhibitions for the troops in particular during the summer 1945 with the war winding down, <mask> played in a US Army (Budge-Frank Parker) – US Navy (Riggs – Wayne Sabin) competition under the Davis Cup format: the main confrontations were the Budge-Riggs meetings knowing that both Americans were the best players in the world in 1942 just before being enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces and again when they came back to the professional circuit in 1945. In the first match, on the island of Guam, Budge trounced Riggs 6–2, 6–2. On the island of Peleliu, Budge won again 6–4, 7–5. Riggs won the next two matches against Budge, 6–1, 6–1 (island of Ulithi) and 6–3, 4–6, 6–1 (island of Saipan). Budge confided in Parker his disbelief at losing two matches in a row to Riggs. In the fifth and final match on the island of Tinian, scheduled for the first week of August 1945, Riggs defeated Budge 6–8, 6–1, 8–6.This was the first time <mask> had been beaten by Riggs in a series (Riggs also won three matches out of five against the amateur Parker, both holder and future titlist of the U.S. Amateur Nationals at Forest Hills) thereby giving Riggs an important psychological edge in their forthcoming peacetime tours. Post war

1946
In 1946, Budge lost narrowly to Riggs in their U.S. tour, 24 matches to 22. Riggs thereby established himself as the world No. 1. According to Kramer,

The hierarchy was confirmed at the U.S. Pro, held at Forest Hills where Riggs easily defeated <mask> in the last round.There was a tournament circuit in 1946. <mask> won events at Memphis in June (beating Riggs in the final), Richmond in June (beating Riggs in the final), Philadelphia in July (beating Van Horn in the final) and San Francisco in October (beating Riggs in the final). <mask> finished second in the points table behind Riggs. 1947
In 1947 <mask> beat Riggs in two European tours, one early in the year and one in the summer. According to Riggs, <mask> still had a very powerful, very deadly overhead and rather than winning outright very many points with his lobbing, he actually achieved two other goals: his constant lobbing led <mask> to play somewhat deeper at the net than he would have otherwise, thereby making it easier for Riggs to hit passing shots for winners; and the constant lobbing helped to wear <mask> down by forcing him to run back to the backline time after time. Riggs stayed the pro king by defeating <mask> in the U.S. Pro final in five sets, so Riggs would face Kramer on the big tour in 1948.1948-1961
<mask> reached two more U.S. Pro finals, losing in 1949 at Forest Hills to Riggs and in 1953 in Cleveland to Pancho Gonzales. In 1954, <mask> recorded his last significant victory in a North American tour with Pancho Gonzales, Pancho Segura, and Frank Sedgman when, in Los Angeles, he defeated Gonzales, by then the best player in the world. In April 1955 <mask> won the U. S. Pro Clay Court Championships at Fort Lauderdale beating Riggs in the final. <mask> was playing very infrequently by now. He continued playing until 1961, when he lost in the Southern Pro final to Jack Arkinstall in straight sets. "He still hits a wonderful backhand, but he's five years older than I am and I guess I just got around too fast for him," said Arkinstall.Later years and honors
He appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1948 and the Steve Allen Plymouth Show in 1951. He appeared as himself in the 1953 film Pat and Mike. After retiring from competition, <mask> turned to coaching and conducted tennis clinics for children. According to Riggs' 1949 autobiography as of that writing, <mask> owned a laundry in New York with Sidney Wood as well as a bar in Oakland. A gentleman on and off the court, he was much in demand for speaking engagements and endorsed various lines of sporting goods. With the advent of the Open era in tennis, in 1968 he returned to play at Wimbledon in the Veteran's doubles. In 1973, at the age of 58, he and former champion Frank Sedgman teamed up to win the Veteran's Doubles Championship at Wimbledon before an appreciative crowd.<mask> was the resident tennis pro at the Montego Bay Racquet Club in Jamaica in 1977. In October 1978 he became the tennis pro at the Cambridge Towers Hotel in Las Vegas. After a few months he was terminated but he sued the owner for breach of his five-year contract and was awarded $455,041. <mask> was inducted into the National Lawn Tennis Hall of Fame, now the International Tennis Hall of Fame, at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1964. He was elected to the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in 1992. The once-gravel tennis courts at Bushrod Park in north Oakland, which he played on as a youth, are named for him. He is referenced in the 1977 Broadway musical Annie in the song "I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here."When Annie says she's never picked up a tennis racket, Daddy Warbucks' secretary tells an underling: "Have an instructor here at noon. Oh, and get that <mask> fellow if he's available." The reference is technically an anachronism, as the story is set in 1933, at which time <mask> was an undergraduate at Berkeley and had not yet achieved prominence. Personal life
He wed Deirdre Conselman (1922-1978), the daughter of screenwriter and cartoonist William Conselman, at St. Chrysostom's Episcopal Church in Chicago on June 2, 1941. In his later years he lived in Dingman's Ferry, Pennsylvania, with his second wife, Loriel. In December 1999, <mask> was injured in an automobile accident from which he never fully recovered. He died on January 26, 2000, at a nursing home in Scranton, Pennsylvania, aged 84.He had two sons, David and Jeffrey. <mask> is a consensus pick for being one of the greatest players of all time. He had a graceful, overpowering backhand that he hit with a slight amount of topspin and that, combined with his quickness and his serve, made him the best player of his time. E. Digby Baltzell wrote in 1994 that <mask> and Laver "have usually been rated at the top of any all-time World Champions list, Budge having a slight edge." Will Grimsley wrote in 1971 that <mask> "is considered by many to be foremost among the all-time greats." Paul Metzler, in his analysis of ten of the all-time greats, singles out <mask> as the greatest player before World War II, and gives him second place overall behind Jack Kramer. In 1978, Ellsworth Vines ranked his all time top 10 in Tennis Myth and Method and rated Budge number one.Jack Kramer himself has written that <mask> Vines topped him when at the height of his game. Kramer said:

In his 1979 autobiography, Kramer considered the best player ever to have been either <mask> (for consistent play) or Ellsworth Vines (at the height of his game). The next four best were, chronologically, Bill Tilden, Fred Perry, Bobby Riggs, and Pancho Gonzales. All of these sources were written, after Rod Laver completed his second, and Open, Grand Slam in 1969. In early 1986 Inside Tennis, a magazine edited in Northern California, devoted parts of four issues to a lengthy article called "Tournament of the Century", an imaginary tournament to determine the greatest of all time. 25 players in all were named by the 37 experts in their lists of the ten best. The magazine then ranked them in descending order by total number of points assigned.The top eight players in overall points, with their number of first-place votes, were: Rod Laver (9), John McEnroe (3), <mask> (4), Jack Kramer (5), Björn Borg (6), Pancho Gonzales (1), Bill Tilden (6), and Lew Hoad (1). McEnroe was still an active player and Laver and Borg had only recently retired. In the imaginary tournament, Laver beat McEnroe in the finals in five sets. More recently, an Associated Press poll conducted in 1999 ranked <mask> fifth, following Laver, Pete Sampras, Tilden, and Borg. Even more recently, in 2006, a panel of former players and experts was asked by TennisWeek to assemble a draw for a fantasy tournament to determine who was the greatest of all time. The top eight seeds were Roger Federer, Laver, Sampras, Borg, Tilden, <mask>, Kramer, and McEnroe. Major finals
Grand Slam tournaments
Singles: 7 (6 titles, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 7 (4 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Pro Slam tournaments
Singles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Performance timelineDon <mask> joined professional tennis in 1939 and was unable to compete in the Grand Slam tournaments.Single titles

Amateur era
Singles (1934–1938) : 26 titles

Records
 These records were attained in pre-Open Era of tennis. Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements. See also
 All-time tennis records – men's singles
 Open Era tennis records – men's singles

References

Sources
 Sporting Gentlemen: Men's Tennis from the Age of Honor to the Cult of the Superstar, (1994), E. Digby Baltzell
 Tennis: Its History, People and Events, (1971), Will Grimsley
 Tennis Styles and Stylists, (1969), Paul Metzler
 The Game, My 40 Years in Tennis (1979), Jack Kramer with Frank Deford ()
 Tennis Is My Racket, (1949), Bobby Riggs

Further reading
 Fisher, Marshall Jon (2009). A Terrible Splendor: Three Extraordinary Men, a World Poised for War and the Greatest Tennis Match Ever Played. External links

American male tennis players
American people of Scottish descent
American tennis coaches
Australian Championships (tennis) champions
California Golden Bears men's tennis players
French Championships (tennis) champions
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
Tennis commentators
Tennis people from California
United States National champions (tennis)
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
World No. 1 tennis players
1915 births
2000 deaths
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
United States Army Air Forces personnel of

masks:
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
Budge
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Budge
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Budge
Budge
Budge
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Don Budge
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Assessment Budge
Budge
Budge
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Budgelsworth
Don Budge
Don Budge
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Budge
Budge


title: James Tomkins (footballer)

texts:
<mask> (born 29 March 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for  club Crystal Palace. He has represented England at all levels up to the under-21 team and represented Great Britain at the 2012 London Olympics. He is a product of the West Ham youth academy. Club career

West Ham United

Early years and club debut

Aged seven, <mask> was spotted while playing for his local Sunday League side and signed into West Ham United's youth academy. Initially a striker, he eventually switched to his current position in central defence. He signed scholarship forms in 2005. Prior to making his first-team debut, his career had been marred by several injuries.<mask> made his Premier League debut on 22 March 2008 in a 1–1 draw away to Everton. Although his costly slip allowed Yakubu to score the opening goal, He made five more starts and a substitute appearance. As first choice centre backs <mask>, Danny Gabbidon and Matthew Upson were all out injured during various times in the season, he enjoyed an extended run in the first team for the remainder of the season, winning the Young Hammer of the Year for 2007–08. 2008–09 season
On 27 November, <mask> signed for Derby County on a five-week loan spell. He made his debut for Derby in their 3–0 away defeat to Burnley on 29 November 2008. He played 8 times in all competitions for Derby County during his loan spell, before being recalled to West Ham on 31 December 2008 by manager Gianfranco Zola. After his stint with Derby, he started to feature regularly with the Hammers first-team.On 21 March 2009, he started and played the full 90 minutes alongside Jonathan Spector in a 1–1 draw with Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. Initially desputising for the injured Collins, he managed to stake his claim ahead of the Welsh international, and on 4 April 2009, scored his first senior goal, a header from Mark Noble's corner, in a 2–0 win over Sunderland. The same month, he and several fellow youth products were awarded long-term contract extensions. 2009–10 season
After the departure of <mask> and with Danny Gabbidon injured, <mask> retained his place in the starting eleven at the beginning of the 2009–10 season, losing it to new signing Manuel da Costa for several games. He regained his place, starting alongside captain Matthew Upson. He was named Man of the Match by Sky Sports as he and Upson helped keep the Hammers' first clean sheet of the year in the away draw against Aston Villa on 17 January 2010. 2010–11 season
<mask> made 28 appearances in all competitions in the 2010–11 season scoring once against Manchester City at Upton Park.On 1 January 2011, he made his 50th first-team appearance for West Ham in a 2–0 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers. 2011–12 season
It was the 2011–12 season that <mask> found his feet in the West Ham United first team, forging a partnership at the back with New Zealand's Winston Reid. He scored the first goal in the 4–0 win against Watford at Vicarage Road and also received WHUFC player of the month for August, the opening month of the season. During the 2011–12 season, he was linked with a £4 million move to both Queens Park Rangers and Newcastle United of the Premier League, but the speculation soon ended about his future when he signed a new four-and-a-half-year deal at West Ham on 21 January running until summer 2016. After signing he also proved his commitment and love for the club by saying "I'm a local boy and have come through the ranks at the club and loyalty is a far bigger currency to me than money". For his outstanding performance in the 2011–12 Championship season he was voted by his fellow professionals into the PFA Championship Team of the Year, along with fellow Hammer Mark Noble. He was also voted runner-up Hammer of the Year by West Ham fans, losing out to Mark Noble.2014–15 season
In 2015, <mask> signed a new, long-term contract which would keep him with West Ham until 2020. Shortly after he dislocated his shoulder in training, an injury which was expected to keep him from playing for several weeks. In March, he received surgery for the same injury. He played 25 games in all competitions for West Ham including three FA Cup games. He scored a single goal, in a 2–1 away win against West Bromwich Albion on 2 December 2014. His shoulder injury kept him out of the side from March 2015, finally returning for the last game of the season, replacing Reece Burke in the 69th minute, a 2–0 away defeat to Newcastle United. 2015–16 season
<mask> opened the 2015–16 season by scoring the third goal in a UEFA Europa League game on 2 July 2015.West Ham won the game against Andorran team Lusitanos 3–0 with him as captain and with the other goals coming from Diafra Sakho. On 16 July 2015, he scored another UEFA Europa League goal in the 1–0 win over Bikirkara in the 90th minute. In the second-leg, in Malta, on 23 July 2015, he was sent-off after pushing Birkirkara's Nikola Vukanac as West Ham went through to the next round, 5–3 on penalties. Crystal Palace
On 5 July 2016, <mask> joined London rivals Crystal Palace on a five-year deal for a fee of £10 million. He had played for West Ham for over 20 years from boyhood right up to 2016, he made 243 appearances for West Ham's senior team. In October 2019, <mask> signed a contract extension keeping him at Crystal Palace until the end of the 2021–22 season. International career

England U21
<mask> has represented England at U15, U16, U17, U19 and U21 levels and played in every match of the 2008 UEFA U-19 Championships along with club mate Freddie Sears.His U21 debut came on 8 June 2009 in the 7–0 home win against the Azerbaijan U21 team. He was called up for the 2009 UEFA U-21 Championships as back up after the withdrawals of first-choice centre backs Steven Taylor and David Wheater through injury. After the tournament, he was recalled to the squad and regularly partnered Michael Mancienne in defence. He was called up for several European Championship qualifiers but withdrew after being ruled out with an injury sustained during training. Great Britain Olympic team
After the success of the 2011–12 Championship season, where <mask> was named in the PFA Championship Team of the Year and was the runner-up for the Hammer of the Year, he was called for the final squad for Great Britain's Olympic football squad for the London Olympics 2012. He played twice for the Great Britain Team. On 20 July 2012 he played the first half in a 2–0 defeat to Brazil in a warm-up game and on 29 July 2012 in a 3–1 victory against UAE.He blamed his inclusion in the Olympic squad and lack of games on a loss of form at the start of the 2012–13 West Ham season. Personal life
<mask> was born in Basildon, Essex. On 23 December 2013 <mask> was charged with the assault of a police officer, resisting arrest and being drunk and disorderly following an incident on 22 December at the Sugar Hut nightclub in Brentwood, Essex. He was bailed until 9 January 2014 to appear at Basildon Magistrates Court. <mask> averted the need for a trial by pleading guilty to assaulting a police constable, being drunk and disorderly in a public place and obstructing a constable. On 29 September 2014, he was fined £7605. Career statistics

Honours
West Ham United
Football League Championship play-offs: 2012

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2011–12 Championship

References

External links

West Ham United Profile at whufc.com
Crystal Palace Profile at cpfc.co.uk

Premier League profile

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Basildon
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
West Ham United F.C.players
Derby County F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Olympic footballers of Great Britain
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
English people convicted of assault
Sportspeople convicted of crimes

masks:
James Oliver Charles Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
James Collins
Tomkins
James Collins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins
Tomkins


title: Anthony Boucher

texts:
<mask> known by his pen-name <mask> (; August 21, 1911 – April 29, 1968), was an American author, critic, and editor, who wrote several classic mystery novels, short stories, science fiction, and radio dramas. Between 1942 and 1947 he acted as reviewer of mostly mystery fiction for the San Francisco Chronicle. In addition to "<mask>r", White also employed the pseudonym "H. H. Holmes", which was the pseudonym of a late-19th-century American serial killer; Boucher would also write light verse and sign it "Herman W. Mudgett" (the murderer's real name). In a 1981 poll of 17 detective story writers and reviewers, his novel Nine Times Nine was voted as the ninth best locked room mystery of all time. Background
White was born in Oakland, California, and went to college at the University of Southern California. He later received a master's degree from the University of California, Berkeley. After a friend told him that "William White" was too common a name, he used "H. H. Holmes" to write and review mysteries and "<mask>ucher" for science fiction.He pronounced Boucher phonetically, "to rhyme with voucher". Fiction writing and editing
Boucher (as he was more commonly known) wrote mystery, science fiction, and horror. He was also an editor, including science fiction anthologies, and wrote mystery reviews for many years in The New York Times. He was one of the first English translators of Jorge Luis Borges, translating "The Garden of Forking Paths" for Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He helped found the Mystery Writers of America in 1946 and, in the same year, was one of the first winners of the MWA's Edgar Award for his mystery reviews in the San Francisco Chronicle. He was a founding editor (with J. Francis McComas) of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction from 1949 to 1958, and attempted to make literary quality an important aspect of science fiction. He won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine in 1957 and 1958.Boucher also edited the long-running Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction anthology series, from 1952 to 1959. Among Boucher's critical writing was also contributing annual summaries of the state of speculative fiction for Judith Merril's The Year's Best SF series; as editor, he published the volumes in E. P. Dutton's The Best Detective Stories of the Year annual volumes published in 1963–1968, succeeding Brett Halliday and followed, after his death, by Allen J. Hubin in that task. Boucher's first short story saw print when he was fifteen years old in the January 1927 issue of Weird Tales. Titled "Ye Goode Olde Ghoste Storie," it was the only story to appear under his real name, William A. P. White. Boucher went on to write short stories for many pulp fiction magazines in America, including Adventure, Astounding, Black Mask, Ed McBain's Mystery Book, Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, Galaxy Science Fiction, The Master Detective, Unknown Worlds and Weird Tales. His short story "The Quest for Saint Aquin" was among the stories selected in 1970 by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the best science fiction short stories of all time. As such, it was published in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964.Boucher was the friend and mentor of science-fiction writer Philip K. Dick and others. His 1942 novel Rocket to the Morgue, in addition to being a classic locked room mystery, is also something of a roman à clef about the Southern California science fiction culture of the time, featuring thinly veiled versions of personalities such as Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard and rocket scientist/occultist/fan Jack Parsons. Radio
Boucher also scripted for radio and was involved in many other activities, as described by William F. Nolan in his essay "Who Was <mask>? ":

With respect to his scripting of the Sherlock Holmes radio dramas, Nigel Bruce, who played Dr. Watson, said that Boucher "had a sound knowledge of Conan Doyle and a great affection for the two characters of Holmes and Watson." Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction years
Boucher left dramatic radio in 1948, "mainly because I was putting in a lot of hours working with J. Francis McComas in creating what soon became The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. We got it off the ground in 1949 and saw it take hold solidly by 1950. This was a major creative challenge and although I was involved in a lot of other projects, I stayed with F&SF into 1958."Throughout his years with the magazine, Boucher was involved in many other projects. He wrote fiction for the SF and mystery markets (primarily short stories). He taught an informal writing class from his home in Berkeley. He continued his Sunday mystery columns for the New York Times Book Review, while also writing crime-fiction reviews for The New York Herald Tribune as Holmes (he also reviewed SF and fantasy (as H. H. Holmes) for the Herald Tribune) and functioning as chief critic for Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He edited True Crime Detective, supervised the Mercury Mystery Line and (later) the Dell Great Mystery Library; hosted Golden Voices, his series of historical opera recordings for Pacifica Radio, and served (in 1951) as president of Mystery Writers of America. As part of his reviews of mystery novels, he published a list of Best Crime Fiction of the Year from 1949 to 1967, listing from 12 to 15 titles each year. He published his list as <mask>r.Boucher was a devoted poker player, a political activist, a rabid sport fan (football, basketball, track, gymnastics and rugby), an active Sherlockian in The Baker Street Irregulars and a spirited chef. He ws also an expert collector of recordings of early operatic singers. <ref>

Television
In 1964-1965 Boucher worked as a story consultant for the Kraft Suspense Theatre. <mask> died of lung cancer on April 29, 1968, at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in Oakland. <mask>
<mask>, the "<mask>r Memorial World Mystery Convention", was named in his honor, as are their annual Anthony Awards. Descriptions of those conventions from the first, in 1970, until that in 2004, appear in Marvin Lachman's The Heirs of Anthony Boucher. Multiplying Villainies: Selected Mystery Criticism 1942-1968, edited by Francis M. Nevins and Robert Briney (1983) (reviews from the New York Times)

Other
 The Lost Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: based on the original radio plays by Dennis Green and <mask>, Written by Ken Greenwald (1989)
 The Forgotten Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Based on the Original Radio Plays by <mask> and Denis Green, by H. Paul Jeffers (2005)

References

Sources
 New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors
 Clute and Nicholls, 1993, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, St. Martins.Marvin Lachman, The Heirs of <mask>r: A History of Mystery Fandom, intro. Edward D. Hoch, Poisoned Pen Press, 2005. Jeffrey Marks, <mask>r: A Biobibliography, McFarland and Company, 2008. External links

 A. Boucher page

 On <mask>, David Langford
 Photo
 Review, The Compleat Boucher
 Downloadable episodes of the radio program The Casebook of Gregory Hood in the public domain
 Downloadable episodes of the radio program Sherlock Holmes (starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce) in the public domain
 Anthopology 101: Boucher's  A Treasury of Great Science Fiction, by Bud Webster at Galactic Central

American mystery writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American science fiction writers
American magazine founders
American magazine editors
American radio writers
American speculative fiction critics
American speculative fiction editors
Edgar Award winners
Deaths from lung cancer
Science fiction editors
1911 births
1968 deaths
Science fiction critics
University of Southern California alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Writers from Oakland, California
American male novelists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
William Anthony Parker White
Anthony Boucher
Anthony Bouche
Anthony Bo
Anthony Boucher
Anthony Bouche
Death Boucher
Bouchercon
Bouchercon
Anthony Bouche
Anthony Boucher
Anthony Boucher
Anthony Bouche
Anthony Bouche
Anthony Boucher


title: Hermann Frommherz

texts:
Generalmajor (Major General) <mask> (10 August 1891 – 30 December 1964) Military Order of St. Henry, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Knight's Cross of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order, began his military career in World War I as a German ace fighter pilot. He was credited with 32 victories. During World War II he was involved in the German takeover of Czechoslovakia and rose to become a Luftwaffe Generalmajor. Early life
<mask> was born in Waldshut, in the Baden region of Germany near the Swiss border. He studied engineering in Stuttgart. In late 1911, he joined the Mecklenburg-Schwerin Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 14 in the Prussian Army.In the reserves when World War I began, he was mobilized in July 1914. He served in France with Regiment Nr. 14 and was promoted to Vizefeldwebel (non-commissioned officer). He was transferred to Infantry Regiment Nr. 250, which went into combat in Russia. <mask> earned the Second Class Iron Cross in February 1915. By April 1915, he was with the 113th Infantry Regiment.On 1 June 1915, he transferred to aviation service. World War I aerial service
Frommherz began as a two-seater pilot with the Luftstreitkräfte's Kampfstaffel (Tactical Bomber Squadron) 20 of Kagohl IV, at the Battle of Verdun and over the Somme River. He was commissioned as a Leutnant on 1 August 1916. Kasta 20 then moved to serve in Romania in December 1916, before being posted onward to Macedonia and Thessaloniki, Greece. On 3 March 1917, Frommherz was assigned to Jagdstaffel 2; this elite squadron had been led by aviation tactical and strategic pioneer Oswald Boelcke and had been named for him after he was killed in action. Flying a light blue Albatros D.III nicknamed "Blaue Maus", Frommherz scored his first victory on 11 April 1917 – a No 23 Squadron RFC SPAD VII – and a Royal Aircraft Factory BE 2e as his second on the 14th. Both times, he forced the plane to land and the English pilot or crew were taken prisoner.<mask> was injured in a crash on 1 May 1917. By October, when he had recovered, he was seconded to instructor duty with FEA 3. In December, he received Lübeck's Hanseatic Cross. Upon <mask>'s return on 1 March 1918 to Jasta 2 to fly a Fokker Dr.I Triplane on 1 March 1918, he began a string of 30 victories that ran from 3 June 1918 until the war's end. He had two victories in June, six each in July and August, ten in September, four in October, and two on 4 November. Notable among his kills were the half dozen against the formidable Bristol F.2 Fighters. In the midst of his victory string, on 29 July 1918, he succeeded <mask> as commanding officer of Jagdstaffel 27.Leutnant <mask> had a good reputation as a commanding officer. Ernst de Ridder, when newly assigned to the Jasta, claimed he was allowed to retrain himself from the Fokker Dr.1 to the Fokker D.VII, then nurse-maided into combat with an experienced pilot to watch over him. As de Ridder stated, "He was so concerned about his boys." When de Ridder was wounded, Frommherz brought de Ridder's newly awarded Iron Cross to the hospital. De Ridder left a description of Frommherz's Fokker D.VII insignia. It consisted of the yellow nose and tail common to his Jasta, along with red and black chevrons of a Staffelführer (squadron leader) painted on top of the upper wing. Frommherz's blooming career now garnered him the Knight's Cross with Swords of the House Order of Hohenzollern on 30 September 1918, when his victory total stood at 26.The following month, he received the Knight's Cross of the Grand Duchy of Baden's Karl Friedrich Military Merit Order. At some point, he had also been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Saint Henry from the Kingdom of Saxony. Frommherz was also nominated for the Pour le Merite, having scored the required 20 victories; however, the award was still unapproved upon the Kaiser's abdication. Despite this non-award, Frommherz was seen wearing the decoration after the war; he had certainly fulfilled the criteria for it. After World War I

Postwar, Frommherz was active in the German Police Aviation Service. He also flew mail for Deutsche Luftreederei, a predecessor to Deutsche Luft Hansa. In 1920, he returned to Baden as technical chief at the new airfield at Lorach.Beginning in 1922, the German high command ran a secret training site at Lipetsk in the Soviet Union. Frommherz became an instructor there in 1925. He was also an instructor in China. From 1931 to 1932, he taught the pilots of Chiang Kai-shek's new air force fighter tactics. Frommherz returned to Germany to join the nascent Luftwaffe. He was Commanding Officer of I Gruppe, Jagdgeschwader 134 ("Horst Wessel") from September 1938 until 1 November 1938 as Oberstleutnant; when it was reconstituted as JG 142, he continued in command until the first day of 1939. As such, he was involved in the German invasion and conquest of Czechoslovakia, which had the code name Fall Grün (Case Green).As a Major General, he was Commander of Jagdfliegerführer Deutsche Bucht from 1 April until 30 September 1942, following Werner Junck. Post World War II
<mask> returned to civic affairs in his native town of Waldshut. He died of a heart attack on 30 December 1964. Inline citations

See also
 Jagdfliegerführer Deutsche Bucht  Accessed 6 November 2008. References
 Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Grub Street, 1993. , .Franks, Norman. Albatros Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. , . Franks, Norman; VanWyngarden, Greg. Fokker D VII Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing, 2003. , . VanWyngarden, Greg; Dempsey, Harry.Jagdstaffel 2 Boelcke: Von Richthofen's Mentor. Osprey Publishing, 2007. , . 1891 births
1964 deaths
People from Waldshut-Tiengen
German World War I flying aces
Luftwaffe World War II generals
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Lübeck)
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Major generals of the Luftwaffe

masks:
Hermann Frommherz
Hermann Frommherz
Frommherz
Frommherz
Frommherz
Hermann Göring
Frommherz
Hermann Frommherz


title: Jennifer Hale

texts:
<mask> is a Canadian-American voice actress. She is best known for her work in video game franchises such as Baldur's Gate, Mass Effect, Metal Gear Solid, BioShock Infinite, Metroid Prime, Overwatch, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. In 2013, she was recognized by Guinness World Records as the most prolific video game voice actress. <mask> is featured in animation such as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, The Powerpuff Girls, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Brandy & Mr. Whiskers, Totally Spies!, Avatar: The Last Airbender and its continuation The Legend of Korra, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? She also voices Cinderella and Princess Aurora in various Disney Princess media of the 2000s and 2010s. Early life
<mask> was born in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Her mother was what she called "a wandering master's degree pursuer" and her stepfather was a microbiologist.She later told Tom Bissell of The New Yorker that her biological father, James Learning, was an outdoorsman who was also a prominent NunatuKavut  elder and environmental activist. She would later call for support to free her father, who had advanced cancer, after he was imprisoned for refusing to sign an injunction to stay away from Muskrat Falls in 2017. <mask> has a paternal half-sister, Carren Dujela, who works at the University of Victoria. She moved to the U.S. as a child and grew up in Alabama, mainly in Birmingham and Montgomery. When <mask> was a teenager, she got a voice-over spot at a local radio station, being paid $35 just to talk. In 1982, she graduated from Alabama School of Fine Arts, where she was in the theater department and was interested in being in a rock band. She stated, "I started doing voice-over to pay for life and a PA system and everything else, and ended up that just sort of took over, acting took over."While in high school, she did more voice-over work for commercials, and also worked as a production assistant at age 17. She attended Birmingham–Southern College, where she found the program's style was broader than what she wanted to do, and realized that she was more interested in film acting than theater acting. She graduated with a business degree. She began working as an actress and continued doing voice-overs, commuting frequently between Birmingham and Atlanta, Georgia. Career

<mask>'s first big break in acting was in 1988 for the made-for-television movie A Father's Homecoming, which was an NBC movie of the week. She was also selected among a group of about six thousand girls in a nationwide search to be in several episodes of the Santa Barbara soap opera television series. After doing more regional work, she eventually moved to Los Angeles, where she took on sporadic guest roles typical for young actresses on shows such as Melrose Place, ER, and Charmed.Her first major voice-over role in cartoons was the main character Ivy in Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? which was based on the computer game series. As it was her first cartoon, she sought extra classes and training. The show spanned multiple seasons until its final broadcast in 1999. <mask> enjoyed the project and noted that it was one of the first network TV cartoons that met the educational requirements. <mask>'s next animation project was Skeleton Warriors where "there were ten cast members, [two] of whom were girls, and we blew stuff up and cartoon maimed each other every week." The development of a tie-in video game for Carmen Sandiego gave <mask> the opportunity to do her first ever voice-over for a video game.She describes her time with the game as a "really confusing experience" as it required a lot more lines and time than the show did. Her next major video game was with BioWare on their Baldur's Gate series on various roles, which would eventually lead to large roles in Mass Effect and other titles. She has been involved in many other cartoons. In 1994, she was cast as Felicia Hardy/Black Cat in Spider-Man, the first in a long line of Marvel Comics characters she has voiced. She plays Cinderella and Princess Aurora in various Disney projects. In 2003, <mask> voiced Mrs. Little in the short-lived Stuart Little TV series. <mask> has provided the voice of lead character Sam and rival character Mandy in the French- and Canadian-produced animated television series Totally Spies!.In a 2004 interview, she said "I'm so happy that David (Michel, creator and producer), Jamie (Simone, voice director) and everyone gave me the opportunity to be part of the show, it's been one of my absolute favorite experiences." She describes Sam as "smart and adventurous, but now you see more of her wacky side and her girly side as well," and Mandy as a "total snot, which is fun too." She voiced the two characters as well as others for the show's six seasons and its feature movie. <mask> voiced Bastila Shan in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and returned for a brief appearance in the sequel Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords. She later voiced the female version of Jaden Korr in Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy. In the BioWare MMOPRG Star Wars: The Old Republic, <mask> voiced the Republic Trooper Female as well as the recurring NPC Jedi Grand Master Satele Shan. <mask> interpreted the voices of Fall-From-Grace and Deionarra in the role-playing computer game Planescape: Torment.She is also known as the "voice" of Samus Aran in all three games in the Metroid Prime trilogy, providing grunts and screams as the player moves and takes damage. <mask> is also known for playing several voices in the Metal Gear Solid series (Naomi Hunter in Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, and Emma Emmerich in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty). <mask> was also the voice of Jean Grey in Wolverine and the X-Men and Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds as well as a small role in Swat Kats. She also voiced British mercenary <mask> in Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction and Mercenaries 2: World in Flames. In 2011, she was the voice of Ms. Marvel (Carol Danvers) on Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. She provided the voice of Leah in Diablo III, and appeared as Rosalind Lutece in BioShock Infinite. <mask> also played the role of Krem, a trans man character in BioWare's Dragon Age: Inquisition.<mask> was selected to voice Commander Shepard, the main player character in the Mass Effect series. She had said that she is very invested in helping to "create" the stories of video games, though she herself is not a gamer. Although <mask> does object to certain lines if they seem out-of-character in other works, she prefers not to mess with the words for Shepard and BioWare. Although reports showed that only 18% of players chose to play as a female Shepard in Mass Effect 2, vocal support for her character was high, leading to the fan-driven nickname "FemShep" and an e-mail campaign to put her character on the cover of Mass Effect 3. She was nominated for "Best Performance by a Human Female" at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards,  in 2012, she was nominated again for Mass Effect 3. Influences and reception

In an interview with The Geek Forge regarding her influences, <mask> cited voice actors such as Dee Bradley Baker, Grey DeLisle, Phil LaMarr, Tress MacNeille, Kath Soucie, Frank Welker, and April Winchell, with emphasis on LaMarr. She also admires the work of actors Judi Dench, Edward James Olmos, and Mary McDonnell.<mask>'s peers and critics have noted her versatility in her roles: Michael Abbott, a professor at Wabash College who blogs about video games, said that she has made herself "untraceable" despite having voiced dozens of roles. Journalist Tom Bissell noted that she has been referred as "a kind of Meryl Streep of the form". In an interview, she said, "I love the anonymity. I could walk through Comic Con, and no matter how many people who might be a fan of what I do, we're in proximity and no one knew. I'm invisible. If I'd have done as many on-camera roles as I've done voiceover, I couldn't go to the grocery store in peace." She stated in the same interview, "As cheesy as it sounds, the player is the star of the game.That's the beauty of games—that it's you that inhabits it. It's not about someone else, it's about that you get to be that person, and if I do my job right, I as a person disappear. Your experience is primary." Personal life
<mask> lives in the Los Angeles area. She has a son. She has several pets and enjoys the outdoors, stating that she might have become an architect because she likes to redo houses. She has said that she was not allowed to watch cartoons as a child, and had not played any video games until her 2011 interview with Tom Bissell for The New Yorker, in which she played Mass Effect for the first time.She likes horses and has mentioned being part of the local evacuation response team that rescues horses from advancing wildfires. Filmography

Notes

References

Book references

External links

 <mask> at Behind The Voice Actors

  – Video interview

Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American people of Inuit descent
Actresses from Birmingham, Alabama
Actresses from Atlanta
Actresses from Newfoundland and Labrador
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Georgia (U.S. state)
Actresses from California
People from Happy Valley-Goose Bay
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian people of Inuit descent
Canadian television actresses
Canadian video game actresses
Canadian voice actresses
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Jennifer Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Jennifer Mui
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Jennifer Hale


title: Faeq al-Mir arrest controversy

texts:
The Faeq al-Mir arrest controversy refers to the arrest, imprisonment, and calls for release of <mask>-Mir, leader of the Syrian People’s Democratic Party, after he telephoned Elias Atallah, a Lebanese politician critical of Syrian policies there. In the call, taped by Syrian Intelligence forces, al-Mir gave condolences to Atallah regarding the assassination of Pierre Gemayel, Lebanon's Minister of Industry. Al-Mir was detained by Syrian security forces at his home in Latakia on December 13, 2006, and charged in March 2007 with "undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment during times of conflict" and "communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so." On December 31, 2007, Damascus's First Criminal Court ruled him guilty of "circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation" and sentenced him to three years in prison, though the duration was immediately reduced to 18 months. Human rights groups, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, criticized the arrest and demanded al-Mir's unconditional release. Background
Having worked together for communist organizations in the mid-1980s, <mask> and Elias Atallah boasted a close relationship at the time of the arrest. Al-Mir, a human rights activist, led the left-wing People’s Democratic Party, an unauthorized party critical of the Syrian government.Atallah was the leader and sole parliamentarian of the Democratic Left Movement, a leftist Lebanese party. He was also a senior figure in the March 14 Alliance, a Lebanese parliamentary coalition critical of Syrian policies. The two conversed over the phone several times prior to the arrest. They often lamented the assassinations of anti-Syrian Lebanese figures like Samir Kassir. Al-Mir, who was released from a previous ten-year prison sentence related to political activism in 1999, visited Lebanon in 2006 to mourn the killing of George Hawi, a former leader of the Lebanese Communist Party. According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, this contributed to al-Mir's arrest at the end of the year. While the Syrian constitution liberally grants free speech, a state of emergency in effect since the Baath Party seized power suspends this freedom.Syria has stringently approached dissidents who question its policies in neighboring Lebanon; Syrian authorities detained and imprisoned ten activists who signed the Beirut-Damascus Declaration petition in May 2006. The petition, of which al-Mir was a signatory, advocated the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the normalization of relations between the two countries. The call
In a December 2006 phone call, al-Mir bestowed his condolences to Atallah regarding the November 21 assassination of Pierre Gemayel, Lebanon's Minister of Industry and an anti-Syrian politician. The call was taped by Syrian intelligence forces, known as the Mukhabarat. Arrest and Trial
On December 13, 2006, Syrian security forces arrested al-Mir at his home in Latakia on Syria's western coast, and he has remained in detention since. In March 2007, Syrian authorities charged al-Mir with "undertaking acts that weaken national sentiment" during times of conflict and "communicating with a foreign country to incite it to initiate aggression against Syria or to provide it with the means to do so." The second charge bears a life sentence and could entail the death penalty if the foreign nation initiates aggression against Syria.Al-Mir's trial began before the Damascus First Criminal Court on August 29, 2007. His indictment stated he "contacted enemies of the state in Lebanon including members of the March 14 group, and he knows that the ideas and direction of this group are in accordance with the American and Zionist direction which are against the national approach of the Syrian government." It accused al-Mir of conveying "support for the approach and direction of March 14" during the phone call. Al-Mir denied this, stating that he called Atallah only as head of the Democratic Left Movement. On November 8, the court adjourned his trial, postponing the verdict until November 28 as a result of the defense filing a petition to dismiss the judge in session. On December 31, 2007, the Damascus First Criminal Court ruled al-Mir guilty of "circulating false or exaggerated news which would weaken the morale of the nation". In accordance with an amnesty provision, the court dropped the charge of “circulating knowingly false or exaggerated news abroad, which would harm the State or its financial standing".He was sentenced to three years in prison, though the duration was immediately commuted to one and a half years. The court elected to consider al-Mir's detention before the trial as part of his prison term. Aftermath

Deeming the charges against him "politically motivated", Human Rights Watch called for al-Mir's immediate release. The organization included his arrest in the Syrian section of its 2008 World Report, a human rights assessment. Amnesty International judged al-Mir a "prisoner of conscience" and called for "his immediate and unconditional release." Atallah — speaking to NOW Lebanon, a Lebanese newspaper — praised al-Mir's human-rights activism and commented "arresting someone for a phone call is unheard of... every free and democratic Lebanese citizen is in solidarity with [Mir] and his comrades, and they demand that he is set free along with all the political prisoners in Syria.”

According to NOW Lebanon, al-Mir's indictment implied that "any support for March 14 – the ruling parliamentary majority in Lebanon – is tantamount to treason," a precedent that was "portentous for the future of Lebanese-Syrian relations or for the revitalization of democracy inside of Syria." In a letter smuggled out of Adra Prison and published by a Lebanese newspaper, al-Mir and five other imprisoned activists denounced the "repressive climate" in their country and wrote "Our situation as prisoners of conscience is part ... of the crisis of public freedoms and human rights in Syria, which started with the state of emergency imposed 44 years ago."Al-Mir was released from prison on July 13, 2008 after spending a year and a half in prison. During the Syrian Uprising
<mask> al-Mir became actively involved in the Syrian uprising (2011–present) right from the beginning. As a result, he went into hiding in Ghouta near Damascus to avoid arrest by the security agencies of the Syrian government. However, on Monday October 7, 2013, he was arrested during a visit to the city of Damascus. <mask> al-Mir is known among supporters of the Syrian opposition with the title "al-e'mem" (Levantine Arabic: العميم, meaning "the uncle") in recognition for his lifelong political activism against the dictatorship of Al-Assad family in Syria. See also
National Progressive Front
Politics of Syria

References

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Syria
Human rights abuses
Emergency laws
Political repression in Syria
Politics of Syria
Syrian prisoners and detainees

masks:
Faeq al
Faeq al Mir
Faeq
Faeq


title: Road Warrior Animal

texts:
Joseph Michael Laurinaitis (September 12, 1960 – September 22, 2020), better known by his ring name <mask> (or simply <mask>), was an American professional wrestler. Along with <mask>, he was one half of the tag team The Road Warriors/The Legion of Doom. He headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF and WCW, competing for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at 2001's Sin. <mask> was inducted with Hawk and their manager Paul Ellering into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011. Early life
Laurinaitis was born in Philadelphia on September 12, 1960 to Lithuanian parents. He grew up in Minnesota, having to work for a living from a very early age. He attended Irondale High School.Because of his size and love of power lifting, Laurinaitis was an imposing figure and thus a very effective bouncer. He worked as a bouncer at Grandma B's in the Twin Cities where he caught the eye of Eddie Sharkey, a well-known wrestling trainer. Sharkey thought that Laurinaitis and Mike Hegstrand, Richard Rood, and Barry Darsow could make it big in professional wrestling, and trained all four of them. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1982–1983)
Laurinaitis made his debut in November 1982, competing as The Road Warrior using a biker gimmick. After only a few matches as a singles competitor, his career and life would change thanks to an idea by Paul Ellering. American and Japanese territories (1983–1986)

When Paul Ellering was looking to put together a stable of heels in Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) called "The Legion of Doom", it was decided to put Laurinaitis together with his good friend Mike Hegstrand and change their names to "<mask>" and "Hawk" respectively. Thus, the Road Warriors were born.They first started out as biker gimmicks; on The Road Warriors DVD, <mask> said he felt like one of the Village People. To look more intimidating, the two shaved their heads into Mohawks and started wearing studded dog collars, spiked shoulder pads, and face paint. The look and name were taken from The Road Warrior, helping to paint the two as no-mercy monsters. Their interview style was vicious, yet charismatic and a bit humorous. The team was an instant hit, revolutionizing the tag-team scene with their power moves, no mercy attitudes, and innovative face paint that would spawn many future imitators in wrestling. In Georgia, they won the NWA National Tag Team Championship four times before moving on to bigger promotions, such as the American Wrestling Association in the US and All Japan Pro Wrestling, winning more tag team titles. Jim Crockett Promotions (1986–1990)
Their hard hitting style, no nonsense attitude, and winning ways made the Road Warriors fan favorites.Even when they were booked as heels, the fans refused to boo them. They started to split their time between the AWA and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) until finally leaving the AWA for big money contracts with the NWA and a huge push for the monster duo. The move paid off instantly as they won the inaugural Jim Crockett Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament and feuded with the top stars of the NWA such as The Four Horsemen and The Russian Team (which included the Road Warriors' old training buddy Barry Darsow). During their initial run in the NWA, they helped popularize the WarGames match, the Scaffold match, and their trademark Chicago Street Fight. In 1988, the Road Warriors engaged in a violent feud with The Powers of Pain (The Barbarian and The Warlord) the first team that could truly match the Road Warriors in power (and who were one of the most well known Road Warrior clones). The Powers of Pain even went so far as to injure <mask>'s eye (kayfabe) during a weightlifting competition. When <mask> returned, he initially wore a hockey goalie mask to protect his eye.The angle abruptly ended when the Powers of Pain left the NWA after finding out they were booked against the Road Warriors in a series of Scaffold Matches and they did not want to get hurt by falling off the scaffold. Near the end of 1988, the Road Warriors captured the NWA World Tag Team Championship from The Midnight Express whom they mauled in short order to win the titles. After being the "Uncrowned champions" for a long time the Road Warriors' run with the tag team titles was short-lived. Teddy Long used a fast count to cheat the Road Warriors out of their titles. In their last year with the NWA, the Warriors feuded mainly with The Varsity Club, The Samoan Swat Team, and The Skyscrapers before leaving the NWA in the summer of 1990, due to conflicts with Jim Herd. World Wrestling Federation (1990–1992)
The Road Warriors immediately signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1990 and were pushed into a feud with the most famous of all "Road Warrior Clones", Demolition, a group which included their old training partner Barry Darsow. Due to the ailing health of one of Demolition (Ax) he was replaced by Crush but the magic of the original Demolition was gone and the feud did not live up to the high hopes of the fans.Just over a year after signing with the WWF, the Legion of Doom won the WWF Tag Team Championship and held it for about eight months. When they lost the titles, they briefly left the WWF, only to return with longtime manager Paul Ellering by their side, as well as a wooden ventriloquist dummy called "Rocco". Both members of the L.O.D. thought the Rocco gimmick was stupid, and it led to Hegstrand walking out of the WWF immediately following SummerSlam 1992, leaving Laurinaitis on his own for the first time in nine years. <mask> went ahead and finished his contractual obligations with the WWF, as a singles wrestler and occasionally teaming with former rival Crush, formerly of Demolition. During a handicap match in Japan against the Beverly Brothers in September 1992, Laurinaitis legitimately injured his back from a botched double suplex and had to take a lengthy hiatus. His last match was a victory over Papa Shango in San Francisco, California on October 16.After this his back was too injured to allow him to wrestle. World Championship Wrestling (1993, 1996)
Laurinaitis made some non-wrestling appearances in WCW in 1993. On August 18, at the Clash of the Champions XXIV, <mask> made his appearance, getting out of a black Camaro Z28 indicating his partner Hawk was Dustin Rhodes' mystery partner against Rick Rude and The Equalizer. On September 19, at Fall Brawl, <mask> was the advisor for Sting's team, consisting of Sting, Davey Boy Smith, Dustin Rhodes, and The Shockmaster for WarGames, defeating Big Van Vader, Sid Vicious, and Harlem Heat. For the next couple of years, Laurinaitis stayed out of the wrestling ring, collecting on an insurance policy from Lloyd's of London while Hegstrand competed all over the world. Near the end of 1995, Laurinaitis' back had finally recovered enough for him to return to active competition. Three years after everyone thought the Road Warriors had ended, they reunited and signed a contract with World Championship Wrestling.On January 4, 1996, <mask> seconded Hawk in his match against Scott Norton in New Japan Pro-Wrestling's annual Tokyo Dome show. Upon their return in January 1996, they immediately started a feud with the Steiner Brothers, who returned in March, and Harlem Heat, before moving on to challenge the WCW Tag Team Champions Sting and Lex Luger. The Road Warriors had several shots at the champions but never won the title in the six months they were with the company. The Steiner Brothers also arrived shortly after the Warriors did, and feuded with them to try to prove who the best team of all time was. The Steiners got the better of the feud and the Warriors left WCW in June 1996. Return to WWF (1997–1999)
After leaving WCW they returned to the WWF where the Legion of Doom took part in the Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. the Hart Foundation feud, siding with Austin against the Harts. The Legion of Doom also became two-time tag team champions on October 7, 1997, when they defeated The Godwinns.In November 1997, the Legion of Doom faced the newly formed New Age Outlaws (<mask> Dogg and Billy Gunn) and lost the titles to the upstart team. After several unsuccessful challenges the L.O.D. were repackaged as "Legion of Doom 2000" with manager Sunny, although she did not stay with the team for long. At the same time, Paul Ellering returned, but sided with D.O.A., whom L.O.D. were feuding with at the time; Ellering and <mask> explained on the Road Warriors DVD that it was hard for Ellering to work with another team against the Road Warriors and difficult to rip on his former team on promos. In 1998, the Legion of Doom became involved in their most controversial angle; playing off Hegstrand's real life drug and alcohol problems. Hawk started to show up drunk or "unable to perform" on TV.As Hawk proved more and more erratic and unreliable, a third L.O.D. member, Puke, was introduced to team with <mask> while Hawk dealt with his personal issues. The storyline ended with accusations that Puke had been the "enabler" of Hawk's problems, exploiting them to take Hawk's place in the team. During the controversial segment, Hawk was shown to have fallen off the Titan Tron. Neither Hegstrand nor Laurinaitis approved of the WWF exploiting Hegstrand's personal problems, which caused them to subsequently leave the WWF. While the Road Warriors never officially

masks:
Road Warrior Animal
Animal
Road Warrior Hawk
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Animal
Road
Animal
Animal