title: Elliot See

texts:
<mask>. (July 23, 1927 – February 28, 1966) was an American engineer, naval aviator, test pilot and NASA astronaut. <mask> received an appointment to the United States Merchant Marine Academy in 1945. He graduated in 1949 with a Bachelor of Science degree in marine engineering and a United States Navy Reserve commission, and joined the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division of General Electric as an engineer. He was called to active duty as a naval aviator during the Korean War, and flew Grumman F9F Panther fighters with Fighter Squadron 144 (VF-144) from the aircraft carrier  in the Mediterranean, and  in the Western Pacific. He married Marilyn Denahy in 1954, and they had three children. <mask> rejoined General Electric (GE) in 1956 as a flight test engineer after his tour of duty, and became a group leader and experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, where he flew the latest jet aircraft with GE engines. He also obtained a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from UCLA.Selected in NASA's second group of astronauts in 1962, <mask> was the prime command pilot for what would have been his first space flight, Gemini 9. He was killed along with Charles Bassett, his Gemini 9 crewmate, in a NASA jet crash at the St. Louis McDonnell Aircraft plant, where they were to undergo two weeks of space rendezvous simulator training. Early life and education
<mask> <mask>. was born on July 23, 1927, to <mask> Sr. and Mamie ( Drummond) in Dallas, Texas. He was the first of two children; his sister Sally rounded out the family. His father was an electrical engineer who worked for General Electric, and his mother worked in jobs ranging from advertising to real estate. <mask> was active in the Boy Scouts of America for five years, and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He attended Highland Park High School and was on the varsity team in several sports, including boxing.He was also on the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) Rifle Team. He graduated from high school in 1945. The United States entered World War II in December 1941. <mask> had to choose between going to war or going to college, as he would otherwise be drafted at age 18. He decided to apply for aviation cadet training. He failed a physical, and, according to <mask>, "going to college became the most important thing". He enrolled at the University of Texas, and after a few months pledged to Phi Kappa Psi.While at the University of Texas, he signed up for flying lessons and received his private pilot's license. <mask> applied for military officer training and received an appointment to the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) in 1945. As the end of the war drew near, the USMMA changed its curriculum to a four-year college-level program, which was the minimum requirement to be a merchant marine in peacetime. He spent his plebe year at Pass Christian, Mississippi, where the USMMA had a satellite campus, and then transferred to the main campus at Kings Point, New York. He commanded the Third Company as a cadet officer. He was a member of the Propeller Club and head cheerleader. He was on the mile relay running team, played intramural softball, and was a varsity boxer.As co-captain of the rifle team, he won the Captain Tomb Trophy for individual rifle and pistol marksmanship in December 1948. In 1949, Congress authorized the USMMA to award Bachelor of Science degrees to its graduates, so on graduation that year <mask> received his degree, his marine engineer's licenses, and a commission as an officer in the United States Navy Reserve. Navy service and General Electric

After graduation, <mask> took a summer job with Lykes Brothers Steamship Company. On September 1, 1949, he joined the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division of General Electric, the firm his father had worked for, in Boston. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when the division was relocated. There he met Marilyn Jane Denahy from Georgetown, Ohio, who worked at General Electric as a secretary. He and his friend Tay Haney pooled their funds to buy a Luscombe Silvaire Sprayer aircraft, which they flew on cross-country trips.In November 1952, while taking Marilyn on a joyride, the Luscombe's engine began to fail. <mask> attempted to land the aircraft on a short, unimproved field, but the tail wheel snagged a power line and forced the aircraft into the ground. <mask> suffered deep cuts to his face which required plastic surgery. Marilyn escaped the crash with only minor injuries. By 1953, <mask> was working as a flight test engineer at General Electric's plant in Evendale, Ohio. Like many naval reservists, he was called to active duty due to the Korean War. He was initially stationed at Miramar Naval Air Station near San Diego, California.He married Marilyn on September 30, 1954, before shipping out for a sixteen-month operational tour as a naval aviator, flying the Grumman F9F Panther with Fighter Squadron 144 (VF-144), part of Carrier Air Group 14. He was deployed to the Mediterranean on the aircraft carrier , which returned to the United States in June 1955. In October, after further training at El Centro Naval Air Station, he embarked with VF-144 on an operational cruise on the aircraft carrier , which formed part of Task Force 77. The task force traveled to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Hong Kong. <mask> primarily focused on line maintenance, but also became proficient at carrier landings. By the end of the tour, he had reached the rank of lieutenant commander. He returned home in February 1956, in time for the birth of his first child, Sally.The couple later had two more children: Carolyn in 1957, and David in 1962. <mask> rejoined General Electric in 1956 as a flight test engineer after his tour of duty. He became a group leader and experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, where the United States Air Force conducted flight tests. He served as a project pilot for the development of the General Electric J79-8 engine used in the F4H aircraft. He also conducted powerplant flight tests on the J-47, J-73, J-79, CJ805 and CJ805 aft-fan engines, which involved flying in F-86, XF4D, F-104, F11F-1F, RB-66, F4H, and T-38 aircraft. He worked towards his master's degree one night a week, starting in 1960, eventually obtaining a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from UCLA in 1962, and continued flying with the Naval Reserve. He was eventually promoted to commander.NASA

In 1962, <mask> applied to become a NASA astronaut. After undergoing preliminary evaluations, medical tests, and interviews during the selection process, <mask> was selected to be in NASA's second group of astronauts, known as the New Nine. He was 35 at the time of his selection; the oldest in the group. On his selection, he said "Overwhelmed isn't the right word. I was amazed and certainly pleased. It's a very great honor." At the time of his selection, <mask> had logged more than 3,900 hours of flying time, including more than 3,300 in jet aircraft.He drove from Edwards with fellow civilian pilot Neil Armstrong to start his new career in Houston, where the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) was under construction. Every astronaut was assigned a core competency, a special area in which they had to develop expertise, by the NASA Astronaut Office. The knowledge they gathered could then be shared with the others, and the astronaut-expert was expected to provide astronaut input to the spacecraft designers and engineers. <mask>'s special area of expertise was the spacecraft electrical and sequential systems, and the coordination of mission planning. <mask> was tasked with determining if the crewed lunar landing should occur in direct sunlight or using light reflected from the Earth. To help make the decision, he flew helicopters and airplanes wearing special welding goggles to simulate different lighting conditions. <mask> also landed helicopters with Jim Lovell on lava flows that simulated the terrain on the Moon.<mask> was announced as the backup pilot for Gemini 5 on February 8, 1965, with Armstrong serving as the backup command pilot. They were the first civilians selected for a spaceflight. Gemini 5 was launched on August 21, 1965. Early in the flight, a problem was discovered with the fuel cells, and the flight controllers considered ending the mission early. <mask> had worked with General Electric in developing the fuel cells and was confident that they could find a solution to the problem. Flight Director Chris Kraft gave them 24 hours to fix the problem or he would terminate the flight early. After working through the night, they diagnosed the problem and developed procedures that allowed the astronauts to fix the fuel cells, which allowed the mission to continue.<mask> was a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) at MSC in Houston during the Gemini 7/Gemini 6A rendezvous mission in December 1965. Under the crew rotation system devised by chief astronaut Deke Slayton, as the backup for Gemini 5, Armstrong and <mask> were in line for prime crew of Gemini 8. From the spring to the fall of 1965, Armstrong and <mask> trained for the Gemini 5 mission. They spent a significant amount of time training in the spacecraft simulators. They flew back and forth to Kennedy Space Center, from which their spacecraft would be launched; to North Carolina to develop experiments to be conducted during the flight; and to McDonnell Aircraft in St. Louis, where the Gemini spacecraft was made. Contrary to Slayton's typical crew rotation, David Scott took <mask>'s place as the pilot of Gemini 8. According to his autobiography, Slayton did not assign <mask> to Gemini 8 because he considered him as too out-of-shape to perform an extravehicular activity.Life photographer Ralph Morse asked Armstrong why <mask> was no longer assigned with him on the Gemini 8 mission, and Armstrong replied, "<mask>'s too good a pilot not to have a command of his own." In October 1965 <mask> was promoted to command pilot (first seat) of Gemini 9, with Charles Bassett as his pilot. The Gemini 9 mission was similar to the previous mission. An extravehicular activity (EVA) that used the astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU) was scheduled, and they would rendezvous with an Agena target vehicle. Bassett was scheduled for the EVA and <mask> would stay in the capsule. Death

On February 28, 1966, <mask> and Charles Bassett were flying with their backup crew, Gene Cernan and Thomas Stafford, from Ellington Air Force Base to Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri, for two weeks of space rendezvous simulator training. The prime crew flew in one jet and the backup crew in another.<mask> was the pilot of their T-38 trainer jet. The weather at Lambert Field was poor and required an instrument approach. Both jets overshot the initial landing attempt; <mask> continued with a visual circling approach and Stafford elected to follow the standard procedure for a missed approach. On his second attempt, <mask> undershot the runway, hit the afterburners and turned to the right. The jet crashed into McDonnell Aircraft Building 101, where the Gemini spacecraft was built. <mask> was found in a parking lot still strapped to his ejection seat. Both astronauts died instantly from trauma sustained in the accident.They died within  of their spacecraft. <mask> and Bassett were buried near each other in Arlington National Cemetery, and the graves are about  from Theodore Freeman, another astronaut who died in a T-38 crash two years prior. After Freeman's wife found out he died from a reporter, NASA enacted new policies to avoid a similar embarrassing situation in the future. In compliance with these policies, astronaut John Young asked Marilyn Lovell and Jane Conrad to go to <mask>'s house and ensure she did not find out about her husband's death from a non-NASA source. They rushed over and made excuses for their early surprise visit. After Young arrived to break the news, the three hugged her for comfort. Marilyn Lovell then went to the school to pick up <mask>'s children, to make sure they did not find out from the press.A NASA investigative panel later concluded that pilot error, caused by bad weather, was the principal cause of the accident. The panel concluded that <mask> was flying too low on his second approach, probably due to poor visibility. At the time, <mask> was known as one of the better pilots in the astronaut corps. Slayton later expressed doubts about <mask>'s flying abilities, claiming that he flew too slowly, and "wasn't aggressive enough... he flew too slow–a fatal problem in a plane like the T-38, which will stall easily if you get below 270 knots []." Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were promoted to the backup crew as a result of the accident. Stafford and Cernan–the original backup crew–were launched three months later, on June 3, 1966, as Gemini 9A. The shuffling of the Gemini crews caused by the deaths of <mask> and Bassett affected crew assignments for subsequent Gemini and Project Apollo missions.In particular, Aldrin flew as the pilot of Gemini 12, and later Apollo 11. Both men were buried in Arlington National Cemetery. During the service, Buzz Aldrin, Bill Anders and Walter Cunningham flew the missing man formation in <mask>'s honor, while Jim McDivitt and Jim Lovell and civilian pilot Jere Cobb did the same to honor Bassett. Legacy

<mask> was survived by his wife Marilyn and three children. After his death she continued to live in Houston, where she worked as a court reporter. <mask>'s name is inscribed on the Fallen Astronaut plaque placed on the Moon by Apollo 15 in 1971. He is also listed on the Space Mirror Memorial at the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, dedicated in 1991.He was honored by Highland Park High School in 2010 as one of the recipients of its Distinguished Alumni Award. <mask> was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In media
<mask> was played by Steve Zahn in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, and by Patrick Fugit in the 2018 film First Man. See also
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

Notes

References

1927 births
1966 deaths
Accidental deaths in Missouri
American astronauts
American test pilots
Aviators from Texas
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
General Electric people
Military personnel from Texas
People from Dallas
Space program fatalities
United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni
United States Naval Aviators
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1966
NASA Astronaut Group 2

masks:
Elliot McKay See Jr
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See Jr
Elliot See
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Elliot
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Marilyn See
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title: Mary Saunderson

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1637–1712), later known as <mask> after her marriage to Thomas Betterton, was an actress and singer in England during the 1660s and 1690s. She is considered one of the first English actresses. Stage career
Her most notable accomplishments are her being the first female actress to portray several of Shakespeare's woman characters on the professional stage. She was the first to portray Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, and other female roles in The Tempest, Hamlet (as Ophelia), Measure for Measure, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, King Lear. In Shakespeare's day, female roles were played by teenage boys, as women and young girls were not allowed on the stage. By the 1660s, however, the laws in England had changed, allowing females to act professionally. <mask>'s connections through her husband, Thomas, who was also a famous actor, allowed her to play several significant roles.<mask> had a reputation for virtue; Colley Cibber described her as leading "an unblemish'd and sober life". One of her earliest roles was in The Siege of Rhodes, taking over the role of Ianthe in place of a Mrs. Edward Coleman, whom many agreed had done very poorly in the role. Acting under the direction of William Davenant, <mask> did very well, even to the point that she was frequently called Ianthe for the rest of her life. She sang in several of Aphra Behn's operas. Perhaps her greatest and most lauded accomplishment was her performance in the role of Lady Macbeth. Actor-playwright Colley Cibber considered her "so great a Mistress of Nature" who was the only actress able to "throw out those quick and careless Strokes of Terror from the Disorder of a guilty Mind … with a Facility in her Manner that render'd them at once tremendous and delightful". She played the major female roles for about 30 years, until she gradually faded out of the stage lights in the early 1690s.Her final appearance was in John Dryden's last play, Love Triumphant, where she played the leading female role. Teaching career
As acting was one of Betterton's most beloved passions, she also had the desire to put forth her talents as a way of educating and influencing the young minds around her. <mask> and her husband even informally adopted actress, Anne Bracegirdle, and played a key role in training her for the very successful and popular stage career that she would have. Bracegirdle was also known as, "the celebrated virgin," meaning that she was popular for not being the risqué stereotype that came with many actresses during this time. The "celebrated virgin" label that Bracegirdle received was easily attributed to the moral teachings that Betterton also provided when training the young actress. <mask> was such a positive light and educator to young actresses that King Charles II requested her as his first choice to train his nieces (daughters of his younger brother) to become great actresses, which is a huge reflection of how respected she was as an acting coach and mentor. As Lady Anne and Lady <mask> grew up to be Queens, the work of Betterton could be seen in their speeches with their "clear and direct voices".Betterton had a lasting impact on these women, so much so that when Thomas Betterton died, Queen Anne granted her a yearly pension to ensure that she was taken care of financially. Personal life
<mask> was a granddaughter of Richard Burbage, one of William Shakespeare's men, one of the first and most famous Shakespearean actors. Very little or if anything is known of her childhood. The first information that can be found of her is that Sir William Davenant hired her to perform for the Duke's Company in 1661. She lived with other actresses in the company including Hester Davenport under his wife's care until she and the leading man of the company, Thomas Betterton, obtained a marriage license on Christmas Eve in 1662. Their marriage lasted for some 48 years under "the strictest amity" until her husband's death in 1710. Mrs. Betterton was different than many other English actresses, in that she attracted no public chatter or gossip about her personal life; she was simply not interested in enticing any foolish blather about her life off stage.

masks:
Mary Saunderson
Mary Saunderson Betterton
Mary
Saunderson
Mary
Mary Betterton
Mary Betterton
Mary
Mary Betterton


title: Arnold Deutsch

texts:
<mask> (1903–1942? ), variously described as Austrian, Czech or Hungarian, was an academic who worked in London as a Soviet spy, best known for having recruited Kim Philby. Much of his life remains unknown or disputed. Early life
He was a cousin of <mask>, the proprietor of the Odeon Cinemas chain. Though he claimed to be an observant Jew to disguise his role as a Communist agent, <mask> was in fact lapsed in his religious beliefs. At the age of 24, <mask> received with distinction his PhD in chemistry from the University of Vienna. He was also a follower of Wilhelm Reich and his "sex-pol" movement.His remarkable academic record opened opportunities to penetrate the highest institutions in many Western countries. Espionage career
At the same time, <mask> embarked on his lifelong involvement with Communism and the Soviet Union. In the 1920s he was working for the OMS, the International Liaison Department of the Comintern. A co-worker of his there was Edith Suschitzky, whom he met at 1926 in Vienna and who would be instrumental in his later espionage career. Soon after leaving university he married an Austrian woman, Josefine. The couple were both recruited by Comintern and worked for OMS, its international liaison department. Over the next couple of years they travelled around the world working as couriers.In 1933, <mask> was arrested by the Nazi authorities in Germany, but was freed from custody with the help of Willi Lehmann, the highly placed Soviet agent within the Gestapo. <mask> then travelled to Britain under his real name, so that his university credentials would be valid. Upon arriving in England, <mask> studied psychology at the graduate level at the University of London, as his cover for espionage work in England. In the mid-1930s Deutsch occupied Flat 7 of the Isokon building in Lawn Road, Hampstead, north London. The writer Nigel West (Rupert Allason) asserts, based on the information provided in 1940 by Soviet defector Walter Krivitsky, that <mask> had been an assistant of the Latvian-born senior Soviet spy Adam Purpis, who according to the same source was between 1931 and 1934 the NKVD Illegal Rezident (i.e. agent operating outside the embassy) in the UK. <mask>'s legacy from his time in the UK is to have come up with a highly successful agent recruitment strategy.<mask> observed that the high quantity of Communist students and constant turnover due to matriculation and graduation provided an excellent recruiting ground. The idea was to select capable, idealistic students and have them publicly distance themselves from Communism so that they could penetrate the British government and intelligence spheres. The students' former involvement in Communism would be overlooked by the British as a mere youthful mistake. This strategy produced many well-placed agents, especially the Cambridge Five, the first of which was Kim Philby, whom Deutsch recruited directly. When Litzi Friedmann and Kim Philby, who had just married in Vienna, arrived in London from Vienna in 1934, Edith Suschitzky suggested to Deutsch that the NKVD should recruit Friedmann and Philby as agents. Deutsch recruited Kim Philby in Regent's Park, London, on 1 July 1934. Deutsch told Philby that he must break-off all communist contacts.He should establish a new political image as a Nazi-sympathiser. "He must become, to all outward appearances, a conventional member of the very class he was committed to opposing." <mask> told him. "The anti-fascist movement needs people who can enter into the bourgeoisie." <mask> gave him a new Minox subminiature camera and gave him a codename (Sohnchen). He began to instruct Philby on the rudiments of tradecraft: how to arrange a meeting; where to leave messages; how to detect if his telephone was bugged; how to spot a tail, and how to lose one. His first task was to spy on his father, Harry St John Bridger Philby, as it was believed he had important secret documents in his office.<mask> then went on to recruit Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess in 1934. Using the code name Otto, <mask> was the controller for the Cambridge Five spy ring from 1933 to 1937, when he was replaced by Theodore Maly. Whilst in London, Deutsch also acted as handler for Percy Glading, who was operating a spy ring within Woolwich Arsenal, which obtained blueprints of Britain's brand new—and highly secret—naval gun. During his time in the United Kingdom, <mask> was given the task of evaluating an American recruit, Michael Straight, who did not impress him. <mask>'s evaluation of Straight was to be borne out almost thirty years later, in 1963, when Straight decided to voluntarily inform Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., a family friend, about his communist connections from his student days at Cambridge University, a confession which led directly to the exposure of Anthony Blunt as a recruiter and member of the Cambridge Five spy ring. In September 1937, in the midst of Joseph Stalin's fatal purges in the Moscow "show" trials, <mask> was recalled to Moscow. At that time, <mask> was at great risk of being discovered in western Europe, because of the defections of the highly placed Soviet operatives Ignace Reiss and Walter Krivitsky; he had been familiar with some elements of their operations.Back in Moscow, <mask> was extensively debriefed, and managed to escape execution – which, at the time, was the fate of many completely loyal Communists. He was employed as an expert on forgery and handwriting, and  was not allowed to go abroad again until the early 1940s. Fate unknown
<mask>'s final fate is uncertain. Among theories which have been proposed by various authors, <mask> was said to have been captured and shot by the Nazis after parachuting into Austria; or as having drowned when his ship was sunk by a U-boat while en route to New York, where he was supposed to work with NKVD recruits. Kim Philby's fourth and last wife, Rufina, cites the drowning story, but says that the Russian sources are divided on where <mask> was headed when his ship, the Donbass, was sunk on its way to the United States. She says that Volume 3 of the KGB History states that <mask>'s eventual destination was Latin America, but then says that Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vasilliev, citing KGB files, write, in Haunted Wood, that Deutsch was headed to the New York residency to expand its operations. Portrayal in fiction
In the 2003 four-part BBC television drama about the Cambridge Spies, <mask> was portrayed in the first two episodes by Marcel Iures.References

1903 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Austrian spies for the Soviet Union
Austrian Jews
Soviet spies
University of Vienna alumni
Austrian emigrants to the Soviet Union
NKVD officers
Austrian civilians killed in World War II

masks:
Arnold Deutsch
Oscar Deutsch
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title: William Earl Dodge Stokes

texts:
<mask> (May 22, 1852 – May 18, 1926) was an American multimillionaire responsible for developing much of New York's Upper West Side. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City on May 22, 1852. He was the son of James Boulter and Caroline (née Phelps<mask>; brother of <mask> and <mask>. One of his grandfathers was London merchant <mask>, one of the 13 founders of the London Missionary Society, and <mask> later actively supported the American Bible Society, the American Tract Society and the American Peace Society. His other grandfather, Anson Greene Phelps, was a New York merchant, born in Connecticut and descended from an old Massachusetts family. <mask> was a member of the Yale College Class of 1874. He helped purchase a corner plot at the corner of Prospect and Trumbull streets in New Haven, Connecticut, where the first Hall for Wolf's Head Society was erected in 1884.<mask> was an honorary member of the society, founded in 1883, tapped with a number of alumni who assisted the upstart students. Career
As a young man <mask> started his career working in the family business, Phelps, Dodge & Company, a mercantile establishment founded by his grandfather Phelps and his uncle, <mask> <mask>, Sr., in the 1830s. By the time that <mask> joined the company, it had become a mining business. He was also a share holder in the Ansonia Clock Company. When his father died in August 1881, <mask> contested the will, sued his brother Anson for conspiring to throw him out of the family business, and gained a $1 million inheritance. He left Phelps Dodge and, from 1885 to 1890, he developed real estate on the Upper West Side. Property developer
After his marriage in 1895, the couple moved into one of <mask>'s new developments at 262 West 72nd Street.In 1898, <mask> began work on a new mansion at 4 East 54th Street designed by McKim, Mead and White. However, in 1900, just as the house was nearing completion, <mask> filed for divorce, and neither ever lived in the house. In 1899, <mask> commissioned architect Paul E. Duboy (1857-1907) to build the greatest and grandest hotel in Manhattan, New York. The result was The Ansonia, named after <mask>' grandfather industrialist Anson Greene Phelps, located at 2109 Broadway between West 73rd and West 74th Streets. Opening in 1903, the $3 million Ansonia had 350 suites with several restaurants, a bank, a barbershop, a ballroom, a swimming pool and full hotel services, along with an imposing Parisian-style facade of turrets and balconies. In 1907, the New York Board of Health planned to raid the Ansonia hotel's roof and confiscate the four pet geese and a pig, called Nanki-Poo, that they had been informed that <mask> kept there. <mask> and his butler hid the animals in the basement and convinced the inspector that the roof was animal-free.Railroad venture
In 1900, as reported in The New York Times, <mask> bought at auction, for $25,000, the Chesapeake & Western Railroad, a bucolic venture that in an earlier incarnation, circa 1870s, was to be part of the Washington, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, linking through the Shenandoah Valley at Harrisonburg, Virginia and into the central and southern coal producing areas of West Virginia and southern Ohio. The Chesapeake & Western had already been capitalized with $811,200 of common stock, $608,400 of preferred stock and $1,419,000 of first mortgage bonds. <mask> renamed it the Tidewater & West Virginia, but just a year later in 1901 renamed it the Chesapeake Western Railway. In an attempt to revive the plan to link more of east with west, <mask> pushed west and laid 13 miles of rail to Stokesville, west of Bridgewater in 1902, and east to Elkton. The Allegheny and Blue Ridge Mountains proved to be formidable obstacles to further expansion, and without serious financial backing there was no chance of true success. <mask>' best chance for success came in the form of an offer by Colonel Henry H. Rogers, a major stakeholder in Standard Oil, who attempted to buy the 40-mile railroad from <mask>, so he could complete the route as intended, but <mask>' asking price was far too high and Rogers turned down the offer and chartered his own railroad, the Virginian Railway, which became one of the nation's most efficient and best run railroads. Eventually, the Chesapeake Western Railway became a subsidiary of the Norfolk Southern and survives to this day, primarily linking Harrisonburg to Staunton, Virginia.Publications
In 1917, Stoke wrote The Right to be Well Born; or, Horse Breeding in its Relation to Eugenics which was published by C. J. O'Brien in New York. In this book, <mask>, who was a horse breeder, extended his theories from the equine, advocating selective breeding in humans and the grading of men who are candidates for marriage. He writes that the genealogical records of the working class should be kept so that prospective employers can assess their capabilities. The book was so ill-received that the publishers sued <mask> for the recovery of their costs. Personal life
In 1895, aged 43, <mask> married 19-year-old Rita Hernandez de Alba Acosta (1875–1929), the daughter of Cuban émigré Ricardo de Acosta. Rita's youngest sister, Mercedes de Acosta, wrote in her autobiography that "when Rita finally decided to marry <mask> it was, I believe, because she felt his wealth could open doors... But she paid a high price for any material gain."Together, Rita and <mask> were the parents of one son, whom they called "Weddie". According to her sister, Rita hated the child and could hardly bring herself to hold him. In 1900, Rita filed for divorce and the settlement was said to be $2 million, a record at that time. <mask> <mask> Jr. (1896–1992), who ran Hotel Ansonia after he inherited the property from his father. In 1907, <mask> was sued by a woman named Lucy Randolph for child support. She claimed that she had met <mask> in the Ansonia and that he had told her that he wanted to have a child with her. After getting her pregnant <mask> had ignored her.Although it was proved in court that <mask> had been intimate with her, and that he had previously given her regular payments, the case against him was dismissed on a technicality. In February 1911, <mask>, then aged 59, secretly married the 24-year-old Helen Blanche Ellwood (1885–1951). He married in secret because when he was divorced by his first wife, Rita de Acosta <mask>, the judge had told him he could not marry again during her lifetime. In June 1911, <mask> was shot and wounded by a 22-year-old vaudeville actress, Lillian Graham. She claimed that <mask> had attacked her because he was angry at her refusal to return compromising letters he had written her. For his part, <mask> claimed that Graham had been trying to blackmail him and that she had attacked him when this had been unsuccessful. Graham was found not guilty.Together, they were the parents of:

 James Ellwood <mask> (d. 1998), also a developer and philanthropist. Helen Muriel <mask> (1915–2010), who married Charles Jules Lowen, Jr. in 1941. After his death in 1956, she married Donald F. Magarrell, who died in 1980. In 1989, she married childhood friend Gerald H. Phipps. In 1918, <mask> filed for divorce from <mask>. <mask> was represented by attorney Max Steuer, and started what proved to be a very acrimonious legal case. He claimed that she had had affairs with her cousin, his own son and at least nine other men.She stated that his witnesses were lying, and that he had had numerous affairs throughout their marriage, that with Lillian Graham being just one. She added that he kept several dozen chickens in their apartment at the Ansonia. In February 1922 Rita de Acosta Lydig appeared before the Supreme Court of Justice on behalf of <mask>, claiming that <mask> used to beat her during their marriage. In 1923, after paying $1 million in legal fees, <mask>' request for a divorce from his wife was denied; she won a counterclaim for separation. <mask> was tried for conspiracy to defame her, but was acquitted in 1925. <mask> died on May 18, 1926, aged 74, and The New York Times noted in his obituary that, even though <mask> had been involved in "almost incessant litigation," he had left about $8 million in his will. However, in 1928 that estimate was reduced to $300,000, and even that would be erased, The Times said, "if his estate lost all the many pending lawsuits that plagued his controversial career, even after death".References

External links
A West Side Developer's Other Side
The Stokes Divorce - 'A Filthy Mess' Time Magazine November 12, 1923
Stokes and the Building of the Upper West Side
A History of The Ansonia
Stokes and The Ansonia

1852 births
1926 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Phelps Dodge
American real estate businesspeople
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Yale College alumni

masks:
William Earle Dodge Stokes
Stokes
) Stokes
Anson Phelps Stokes
Olivia Eggleston Phelps Stokes
Thomas Stokes
Anson Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
William Earle
Dodge
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Rita Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Will Stokes
William
William Earl
Dodge Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Helen Stokes
Stokes
Helen Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes
Stokes


title: Christopher Priest (novelist)

texts:
<mask> (born 14 July 1943) is a British novelist and science fiction writer. His works include Fugue for a Darkening Island, The Inverted World, The Affirmation, The Glamour, The Prestige, and The Separation. <mask> has been strongly influenced by the science fiction of H. G. Wells and in 2006 was appointed Vice-President of the international H. G. Wells Society. Early life

<mask> was born in Cheadle, Cheshire, England in 1943. As a child, <mask> spent some time holidaying in the English county of Dorset. Here he explored the ancient hillfort of Maiden Castle, near Dorchester, which he would later use as the location for the novel A Dream of Wessex. <mask>'s first story, "The Run", was published in 1966.Formerly an accountant and audit clerk, he became a full-time writer in 1968. One of his early novels, The Affirmation, concerns a traumatized man who apparently flips into a delusional world in which he experiences a lengthy voyage to an archipelago of exotic islands. This setting featured in many of <mask>'s short stories, which raises the question of whether the Dream Archipelago is actually a fantasy. The state of mind depicted in this novel is similar to that of the delusional fantasy-prone psychoanalytic patient ("Kirk Allen") in Robert Lindner's The Fifty-Minute Hour, or Jack London's tortured prisoner in The Star Rover. <mask> also dealt with delusional alternate realities in A Dream of Wessex, in which a group of experimenters for a British government project are brain-wired to a hypnosis machine and jointly participate in an imaginary but as-real-as-real future in a vacation island off the coast of a Sovietized Britain. His most recent novels are The Islanders (2011), set in the Dream Archipelago, and The Adjacent (2013), a multi-strand narrative with recurring characters. Of his narrative's plot twists, <mask> told an interviewer in 1995, "my shocks are based on a sudden devastating reversal of what the reader knows or believes."Tie-in work
<mask> wrote the tie-in novel to accompany the 1999 David Cronenberg movie eXistenZ, which contains themes of the novels A Dream of Wessex and The Extremes. Such themes include the question of the extent to which we can trust what we believe to be reality and our memories. <mask> was approached to write stories for the 18th and 19th seasons of Doctor Who. The first, "Sealed Orders", was a political thriller based on Gallifrey commissioned by script editor Douglas Adams; it was eventually abandoned due to script problems and replaced with "Warriors' Gate". The second, "The Enemy Within", was also eventually abandoned due to script problems and what <mask> perceived as insulting treatment after he was asked to modify the script to include the death of Adric. It was replaced by "Earthshock". <mask> received payment while Doctor Who producer John Nathan-Turner and script editor Eric Saward were forced to pen a letter of apology for the treatment of the writer.This falling-out soured the attitude of the production office to the use of established literary authors, and no more were commissioned until Neil Gaiman authored the episode "The Doctor's Wife" in 2011. A film of his novel The Prestige was released on 20 October 2006. It was directed by <mask> and starred Christian Bale and Hugh Jackman. Despite differences between the novel and screenplay, Nolan was reportedly so concerned the denouement be kept a surprise that he blocked plans for a lucrative US tie-in edition of the book. Pseudonyms
 <mask> uses the pseudonyms John Luther Novak and Colin Wedgelock, usually for movie novelizations. As well as the eXistenZ novelization (which undermined the pseudonym by including <mask>'s biography on the pre-title page), he has novelised the movies Mona Lisa (as John Luther Novak) and Short Circuit (as Colin Wedgelock). <mask> has co-operated with fellow British science fiction author David Langford on various enterprises under the Ansible brand.Other writing
<mask> has written for The Guardian since 2002, largely obituaries of such figures as Robert Sheckley, Stanislaw Lem, Jack Williamson, Diana Wynne Jones, <mask> and many more. Awards and honours
<mask> has won the BSFA award for the best novel four times: in 1974 for Inverted World; in 1998 for The Extremes; in 2002 for The Separation and in 2011 for The Islanders. He has won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction and the World Fantasy Award (for The Prestige). He won the BSFA award for short fiction in 1979 for the short story "Palely Loitering"; and has been nominated for Hugo Awards in the categories of Best Novel, Best Novella, Best Novelette, and Best Non-Fiction Book (this last for The Book on the Edge of Forever (also known as Last Deadloss Visions), an exploration of the unpublished Last Dangerous Visions anthology). The Space Machine won the International SF prize in the 1977 Ditmar Awards . <mask>'s 1979 essay "The Making of the Lesbian Horse" (published as a Novacon chapbook) takes a humorous look at the roots of his acclaimed novel Inverted World. He was guest of honour at Novacon 9 in 1979 and Novacon 30 in 2000, and at the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention in 2005.In 1983 <mask> was named one of the 20 Granta Best of Young British Novelists. In 1988 he won the Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for The Glamour as Best Foreign Fiction Book. Between 7 November and 7 December 2007, the Chelsea College of Art and Design had an exhibition in its gallery Chelsea Space inspired by <mask>'s novel The Affirmation. It followed "themes of personal history and memory (which) through the lens of a more antagonistic and critical form of interpretation, aims to point towards an overtly positive viewpoint on contemporary art practice over any traditional melancholy fixation". Personal life
<mask> lived in Devon but now lives on Isle of Bute. He was married to writer Lisa Tuttle from 1981 to 1987 and to Leigh Kennedy from 1988 to 2011, with whom he had twins. He currently lives with speculative fiction writer Nina Allan.Bibliography

Novels
Indoctrinaire. London: Faber and Faber, 1970. Fugue for a Darkening Island. London: Faber and Faber, 1972. Campbell nominee, 1973. The Inverted World. London: Faber and Faber, 1974.BSFA winner, 1974, Hugo Award nominee, 1975. The Space Machine. London: Faber and Faber, 1976. A Dream of Wessex (US title The Perfect Lover). London: Faber and Faber, 1977. The Affirmation. London: Faber and Faber, 1981.BSFA nominee, 1981. The Glamour. London: Jonathan Cape, 1984. BSFA nominee, 1984. Short Circuit. Sphere Books, 1986. (Film tie-in novelisation as Colin Wedgelock)
Mona Lisa.Sphere Books, 1986. (Film tie-in novelisation as John Luther Novak)
The Quiet Woman. London: Bloomsbury, 1990. The Prestige. London: Simon and Schuster, 1995. BSFA nominee, 1995; World Fantasy Award winner, James Tait Black Memorial Prize winner, Clarke Awards nominee, 1996. The Extremes.London: Simon and Schuster, 1998. BSFA winner, 1998; Clarke Award nominee, 1999.
eXistenZ. Harper, 1999. (Film tie-in novelisation)
The Separation. Scribner, 2002. Old Earth Books 2005—BSFA winner, 2002; Clark Award winner, Campbell Award nominee, 2003. The Islanders.Gollancz, 2011. BSFA winner, 2011; Campbell Award winner, 2012. The Adjacent. Gollancz, 20 June 2013. The Gradual. Gollancz, 2016. An American Story.Gollancz, 2018. The Evidence. Gollancz, 2020. Expect Me Tomorrow. Gollancz, 2022. Short story collections
Real-time World. Faber and Faber, 1975.Reissued 2009. An Infinite Summer. Faber and Faber, 1979. Three stories reissued in The Dream Archipelago. The Dream Archipelago. Earthlight, 1999. Reissued 2009.Ersatz Wines – Instructive Short Stories GrimGrin Studio, 2008. Anthology of early works. Episodes, Gollancz, 2019. Short story in anthology, also as editor
 Anticipations. Faber and Faber, 1978. Watson, Ian. Indhold:The Very Slow Time Machine
 Sheckley, Robert.Is That What People Do? Shaw, Bob. Amphitheatre
 <mask>, <mask>. The Negation
 Harrison, Harry. The Greening Of The Green
 Disch, Thomas M.. Mutability
 Ballard, J.G.. One Afternoon At Utah Beach
 Aldiss, Brian W.. A Chinese Perspective

Screenplay
The Stooge. 2010 or 2011. Selected non-fiction
Your Book of Film-Making.London: Faber and Faber, 1974. The Making of the Lesbian Horse. Novacon 9 for the Birmingham Science Fiction Group, 1979. <mask> attended as the Guest of Honour. The Book on the Edge of Forever. Seattle: Fantagraphics, 1993. "<mask>'s Top 10 Slipstream Books".2003. An essay for London's The Guardian, listing ten seminal novels of the slipstream genre, including works by J. G. Ballard, Angela Carter, Borges, Steve Erickson, and Steven Millhauser. "Foreword" to Stephen E. Andrews' and Nick Rennison's 100 Must-Read Science Fiction Novels. London: A&C Black Academic and Professional/Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006. . The Magic – The Story of a Film. Hastings: GrimGrin Studio, 2008. "La Jetée".Essay in Cinema Futura: Essays on Favourite Science Fiction Movies, edited by Mark Morris. PS Publishing, 2010. .

References

External links

 London Calling Interview with <mask>

 His story "The Discharge" at Sci Fiction
 1995 interview by David Langford, Ansible (includes brief summaries and comments by <mask> on most of his novels to date)
 His Guest of Honour speech at the 2005 World Science Fiction Convention
 Interview de <mask> in Actusf.com, 2000

1943 births
Living people
English science fiction writers
English horror writers
World Fantasy Award-winning writers
People from Cheadle, Greater Manchester
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
20th-century English novelists
21st-century British novelists
English male novelists

masks:
Christopher Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Career Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Christopher Nolan
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
John Christopher
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Priest
Christopher
Priest
Christopher Priest
Christopher Priest
Priest
Christopher Priest


title: Virginia Proctor Powell Florence

texts:
<mask> (October 1, 1897 – 1991) was a trailblazer in both African-American history and the history of librarianship. In 1923 she became the first black woman in the United States to earn a degree in library science. This also made her the second African-American to be formally trained in librarianship, after Edward Christopher Williams. Early life and education
<mask> was the only child born to Socrates Edward and Caroline Elizabeth (<mask><mask> on October 1, 1897 in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> spent her early years in Wilkinsburg until both her mother and father died in 1913. At this time <mask> moved to Pittsburgh to live with her aunt. After moving to Pittsburgh, <mask> graduated from Pittsburgh's Fifth Avenue High School in 1915.She followed in her mother's footsteps and continued her education at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. In 1919, <mask> earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Oberlin and went out into the workforce. She moved back to Pittsburgh where, although having adequate training and experience, she was unable to pursue her desired goal of teaching and spent some time working at her aunt's salon as a beautician. Aware of her passion for children and books, Charles Wilbur <mask>, her future husband, encouraged her to pursue a career in librarianship. During a time when African-Americans were rarely considered for admission into predominantly white universities, <mask> was considered for admission into the Pittsburgh Carnegie Library School (now the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences). There was much debate about allowing a black person into the program. School officials were concerned with how white students might react to having a black peer and the likelihood that <mask> would find work upon completion of the program was slim.No library in the Pittsburgh area had ever hired a black person with the amount of formal training <mask> would have after graduation. After deliberation, school officials decided to admit <mask> in 1922 based on her previous academic achievement at Oberlin College. Although the school had accepted her, she still had to face discrimination. She was not allowed to interact directly with the white patrons; she was instructed to allow a white patron to answer any questions patrons would have. Nevertheless, she graduated with a Bachelor of Library Science degree in 1923, after one year of library school. Career
Although <mask> is recognized for her place in the history of librarianship, her first few jobs did not lead her in that direction. Upon graduating from Oberlin, <mask> moved to St. Paul, Minnesota to work for the YWCA as a secretary in the Girl Reserves of the Colored Girls Work Section.After only a year, <mask> decided St. Paul was not for her and she returned to Pittsburgh. Upon her return to Pittsburgh, <mask> realized that she wanted to become a teacher. While at Oberlin, she had participated in community groups and campus literary clubs, and had a passion for working with children. <mask> thought the combination of her experience working with children at the YWCA and her degree in English literature would be more than adequate qualifications for her to become a teacher. Unfortunately, the Pittsburgh school system did not see her qualifications in the same light. The Pittsburgh school system had integrated the student body but they were not yet ready for black teachers to impress knowledge upon white students and therefore would not accept <mask> as a teacher. To her dismay, she could not find a job that she desired so she worked in her aunt’s beauty salon for two years.Not only was it apparent to <mask> that working in her aunt’s salon did not fit into her career goals but it was also apparent to Charles Wilbur <mask>. He did not want to see <mask> lose sight of her goals and was her main advocate for her pursuit of a degree in librarianship. <mask> knew that <mask> had the right combination of academic success, determination, and a love for children and books to be triumphant in the program at the Carnegie Library School. Due to his encouragement, <mask> applied for the program and was accepted despite the school's apprehension about her race. Following her graduation, <mask> applied to libraries across the country that seemed most likely to hire an African-American librarian. <mask> was hired into the New York Public Library system where she remained until 1927. After leaving the New York Public Library system, <mask> achieved yet another first: she became the first African-American to take and pass the New York high school librarian's examination.After completion of the test, <mask> was appointed librarian at Seward Park High School in Brooklyn. On July 18, 1931, <mask> <mask> and Charles Wilbur <mask> were finally married. They had decided to delay marriage until this time to focus on their educations and careers. In addition to Mrs. <mask>’s success, Mr. <mask> was quite accomplished himself. He earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Pittsburgh and spent two years at Harvard in a quest for a doctorate, however he did not complete the requirements. While in Boston, <mask> was selected to become the president of Lincoln University of Missouri in Jefferson City, Missouri. After the wedding, the couple moved to Jefferson City so Florence could begin his appointment.<mask> took an eight-year hiatus from librarianship to take on the role of “First Lady” of Lincoln University. In Missouri, she was described as a stylish, soft-spoken librarian fond of social teas and reading clubs. In 1938 the couple moved again to follow another career opportunity for Florence, this time in Richmond, Virginia. <mask> was unable to find work for herself in Richmond and decided to take a position in Washington, D.C. away from her husband. The move to Washington, D.C. allowed <mask> to return to librarianship where she worked at Cordoza High School until 1945. Due to health complications, <mask> stopped working in the Washington, D.C. school system and returned to Richmond. <mask>’s health improved and allowed her to return to her career as a librarian.She worked in the Richmond school system at Maggie L. Walker Senior High School until 1965 when she retired from the field of librarianship. Although she was no longer in the work force, she and her husband remained passionate about social justice issues. <mask> noted in her 1968 alumni reunion class questionnaire that, "“My husband and I, being negroes, are especially interested in Civil Rights and better race relations. We work with our church, YWCA, and the Richmond Crusade for Voters toward that end.”

<mask> <mask> died in 1991 at the age of 93 in Richmond. Honors

<mask>’s contributions to librarianship were acknowledged decades after she became the first black woman in the United States to earn a degree in library science. She was honored by the University of Pittsburgh in 1981 with a Special Award for Outstanding Professional Service and again posthumously in 2004 with a plaque in the lobby of the Information Sciences Building. Additionally the American Library Association recognized her endeavors by honoring <mask> in their list “100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century,” where she was ranked number 34.Notes and references

External links

 Papers of <mask> <mask>, and <mask>, at the University of Pittsburgh

African-American historians
20th-century American historians
American librarians
American women librarians
1897 births
1991 deaths
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Oberlin College alumni
American women historians
African-American librarians
20th-century American women writers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
African-American women writers

masks:
Virginia Proctor Powell Florence
Virginia Proctor Powell Florence
Proctor
) Powell
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Florence
Powell Florence
Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Virginia Proctor
Powell
Florence
Powell Florence
Florence
Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Virginia Proctor
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Powell Florence
Virginia Proctor
Powell Florence
Charles Florence


title: Richard Fortus

texts:
<mask> (born November 17, 1966) is an American guitarist. He has been a member of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he has recorded one studio album, since 2002. Fortus has also collaborated extensively with The Psychedelic Furs frontman <mask> and fellow Guns N' Roses bandmate Frank Ferrer. Aside from lead singer Axl Rose and keyboardist Dizzy Reed, <mask> is the longest-tenured member of Guns N' Roses, having been with the band continuously since 2002. Alongside his work in Guns N' Roses, <mask> is a former member of Love Spit Love, Thin Lizzy, and The Dead Daisies. Career

Early life and beginning career
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He began learning violin at 4 years old and the drums a year later.Fortus studied at the Conservatory of the Arts in St. Louis and Southern Illinois University and also played in several youth symphonies in the St. Louis area. The Eyes/Pale Divine (1984–91)
Fortus founded the band The Eyes in 1984. The four-piece alternative band independently released Freedom in a Cage, which was produced by David Probst. After signing with Atlantic Records, they changed their name to Pale Divine. They subsequently toured the U.S. in support of their only album, Straight to Goodbye, opening for The Psychedelic Furs. Love Spit Love and the Psychedelic Furs (1992–2000)

After the Psychedelic Furs split up, Fortus formed Love Spit Love with <mask> and Frank Ferrer in 1992. When the Furs re-formed in 2000, Fortus joined the group as second guitarist and played on the live album Beautiful Chaos: Greatest Hits Live.Love Spit Love went on an indefinite hiatus soon after. Loup Garou  (1995–98)

Fortus joined this NYC outfit for club dates and festivals over a three-year hitch that included dates in Europe and culminated with the recording of the band's third CD, Ten Wines from Job's Vineyard. Guns N' Roses (2002–present)

In 1999, Fortus was contacted by Guns N' Roses to audition as a potential replacement for the departing Robin Finck. However, the spot was ultimately filled by Buckethead. In 2002, guitarist Paul Tobias left Guns N' Roses, citing stress with touring. Fortus was touring Europe as guitarist for Enrique Iglesias in May 2002 when he got a call from his friend (and Guns N' Roses bassist) Tommy Stinson asking him to fly out to audition for the band. Fortus joined Guns N' Roses officially in July 2002.In Guns N' Roses, <mask> plays both rhythm guitar and occasional lead guitar. Lead singer Axl Rose is very pleased with <mask>'s work and has said, "He's an amazing lead player and very technically skilled. He really likes the pocket that Brain sets and the two of them click with Tommy so we finally have the real deal rhythm section, as <mask> is a proven professional. Basically, <mask>'s the guy that we always were looking for." Fortus recorded guitars for the band's 2008 album Chinese Democracy and appears on the live release Appetite for Democracy 3D. <mask> has been present at every tour since 2002, most recently at the Not in This Lifetime... Tour, playing alongside classic-era members Slash and Duff McKagan. The Dead Daisies (2013–16)

In 2013, <mask> joined the Dead Daisies with the likes of Jon Stevens and Dave Lowy as well as Guns N' Roses bandmates Frank Ferrer and Dizzy Reed.Their eponymous debut album was released on August 9, 2013. A second album, Revolucion, was released in 2015. <mask> left the Dead Daisies in 2016 to focus on Guns N' Roses. Other projects
Fortus was in a group called Honky Toast with Frank Ferrer, singer Eric J. Toast, and bassist E.Z. Bake. The group released one album, 1999's Watcha Gonna Do Honky?. Fortus has collaborated with techno-rock musician BT on several occasions, including touring with him in 2000.In March 2008, <mask> was one of the guest guitarists for the reunion shows of X Japan at the Tokyo Dome. He played with them three more times in 2018: on April 10 and 11 at Zepp Divercity and on April 14 at Coachella. In 2008, he joined the Danish rock/pop band the Storm on their tour. Fortus played guitar on their first record, Where the Storm Meets the Ground, and is a personal friend of lead singer Pernille Rosendahl and lead guitarist Johan Wohlert. Fortus provided guitar for former The Replacements and Guns N' Roses bassist Tommy Stinson's two solo albums. <mask> also recorded a cover of the James Bond theme for Guitar Hero World Tour and later played the song live as a solo spot during Guns N' Roses's 2012 tour. He has collaborated with singer-songwriter Lásse Kvernmo in a project called Sáivu.Fortus has also recorded or toured with acts such as Rihanna, N*SYNC, Nena, and Ben Folds, among others. Fortus is a member (alongside Ferrer) of New York–based band The Compulsions. Fortus briefly joined Thin Lizzy as lead guitarist in 2011. Equipment
Guitars: Paoletti Richard Fortus Signature #2 Guitar in White Leather. Gibson '73 Les Paul Signature, Gretsch White Falcon,
Effects: Hiwatt Tape Echo, Lexicon PCM80
Pedals: Klon Centaur, Hermida Mosferatu
Amps: 2 channel Cornford, '73 Jose-modded Marshall 100, Plexi Marshalls (modified), Diezel

Personal life
On November 5, 2005, Fortus's partner gave birth to a daughter, Paisley Piper <mask>. She gave birth to a second child, Clover Blue Fortus, on January 6, 2008. In September 2015, he was seriously injured in a motorcycle crash, causing him to miss dates with the Dead Daisies.Fortus suffered a broken shoulder blade, a broken collarbone, six broken ribs, a broken toe, a bruised lung, a lacerated liver, and a concussion. On December 10, 2016, Fortus married Stephanie Howlett, a St. Louis–based attorney. The couple resides in St. Louis County, Missouri, with their two daughters. Discography

With The Eyes/Pale Divine
Freedom in a Cage (1990)
Straight to Goodbye (1991)

With Love Spit Love
Love Spit Love (1994)
Trysome Eatone (1997)

With Tommy Stinson
Village Gorilla Head (2004)
One Man Mutiny (2011)

With BT
Movement in Still Life (1999)
Emotional Technology (2003)

With Loup Garou
Ten Wines from Job's Vineyard (1996)With Guns N' Roses:Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)With Michael Monroe:Sensory Overdrive (2011)With The Dead Daisies:The Dead Daisies (2013)
Revolución (2015)With The Compulsions:'Dirty Fun (2015)

With The Psychedelic Furs:
Beautiful Chaos: Greatest Hits Live (2001)
Made of Rain (2020)

With Thin Lizzy:
High Voltage Recorded Live: July 23rd 2011 (2011)

References

External links

 4tus.com – Official Website of <mask>

1966 births
American heavy metal guitarists
Rhythm guitarists
Guns N' Roses members
The Dead Daisies members
Living people
Love Spit Love members
Musicians from St. Louis
Guitarists from Missouri
20th-century American guitarists
Thin Lizzy members

masks:
Richard Fortus
Richard Butler
Fortus
Fortus
Fortus
Richard Butler
Fortus
Fortus
Richard
Richard
Fortus
Fortus
Fortus
Fortus
Fortus
Fortus
Richard Fortus


title: Kim Pyung-soo

texts:
<mask>o (born 1939), also known as <mask>, is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner. Early life
<mask> was born in Seoul in 1939, and  attended the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) where he received a B.A. in Russian language and literature. He began studying gwonbeop  Kong Soo Do at an early age under the guidance of Nam Sok Lee, president of the Chang Moo Kwan Association in Seoul. In November 1994, <mask> was promoted to 10th degree black belt by his Senior Grandmaster, Hong Jong-Pyo, Taekwon Kwon Bop, in the Central YMCA, Seoul, establishing <mask> as one of the highest ranking karate instructors in the world. During years of practice and teaching, <mask> has taught many students, including the bodyguards of the late South Korean president, Syngman Rhee, U.S. Army units in South Korea, municipal police departments, youth organizations and students at universities in South Korea and Texas. <mask> arrived in the United States in January 1968 and has maintained a central school in Houston, Texas since September of that year.In September 1970, he inaugurated his martial arts system entitled Chayon-ryu (Natural Way). <mask> is fluent in Korean, English, Spanish and Russian; in addition, he understands and writes Chinese. <mask> plans on continuing to teach and to place emphasis on the spiritual as much as the physical aspect of martial arts. Noted Research
In the 1950s, Park Chul-hee mentioned to <mask> he thought their missing master, Yoon Byung-in, may be teaching in Russia. This inspired <mask> to study Russian language and literature in college in hope of traveling to Russia to find Yoon Byung-in. Since that time, <mask> has continued to preserve the chuan-fa curriculum from Yoon Byung-in, plus searched for Yoon. His research took <mask> all over the world including Japan, then Russia (Omsk and St. Petersburg) in 1994.<mask> was finally able to make contact with Yoon's family in South Korea, who were able to verify Yoon's chuan-fa training and life. <mask> maintains a relationship with the family to this day. Works
<mask>-soo is the author of three books:

1. Palgue 1-2-3 of Taekwondo Hyung, Ohara Publications, 1974. ISBD: 978-0897500081
2. Palgue 4-5-6, Ohara Publications, 1976. 3.Palgue 7-8, Ohara Publications, 1981. 4. тхэквондо, Russia publisher needed, 2000. He was the first correspondent from South Korea for Black Belt magazine (1964–68) and is regularly used as a historical consultant by various authors of martial arts. Honors and awards
1954 – Earns 1st degree Black Belt from Nam Sok Lee, in Chang Moo Kwan style of Kong Soo Do in Seoul, South Korea. 1958 – Teaches Special Police Detachment of first South Korean president, Syngman Rhee. 1961 – Teaches hand-to-hand combat training for Republic of Korea Army, Eighth Division. 1962 – Promoted 5th Dan at first promotion contest of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association.1963 – Graduates from HUFS with a BA in Russian language and literature. 1964 – Chief Instructor, Eighth U.S. Army and HQ I Corps, U. S. Army (1964–1967). 1967 – Promoted 6th-degree Black Belt by the South Korea Tae Kwon Do Association, Amateur Athletic Association. 1968 – <mask> founds <mask> Soo College of Taekwon-Karate in Houston. Promoted 7th Dan, Kang Duk Won Martial Arts Association, South Korea. (Burtman, 2001)
1970 – Birth of the Chayon-Ryu teaching method. August 15, <mask> receives citation from South Korean government for his contribution to elevating the Korean national image in the world.1973 – <mask> receives 7th-degree Black from South Korea Tae Kwon Do Association, and 7th-degree Black Belt from World Tae Kwon Do Federation. <mask> publishes Palgue 1, 2, 3. <mask> receives 6th-degree Black Belt from Korea Hapkido Association. 1974 – Publication of Palgue 4, 5, 6. 1976 – Publication of Palgue 7 & 8: "Black Belt Requirements". 1979 – <mask> receives 8th-degree Black Belt from Kang Duk Kwon; Kwon Bop Association; Korea Tae Kwon Do Association; World Tae Kwon Do Federation. 1984 – <mask> receives first summa cum laude Professor citation at Rice University (this has been repeated many times through the years).1985 – <mask> receives 9th-degree Black Belt from Master Park Chull Hee, Kang Duk Won; Kwon Bop Association. 1986 – Named by South Korean president Chun Doo-hwan, to serve on the Committee for the Reunification of Korea, an international "think tank" of leaders (term concluded in 1993). 1988 – 9th-degree Black Belt from Hong Jong Pyo, Taekwon Kwon Bop, Central YMCA, Seoul, South Korea. January 16 proclaimed "Grandmaster <mask> Day" by Houston Mayor Kathryn J. Whitmire, honoring <mask>'s 20 years in the city. (Burtman, 2001)
1993 – On July 16 <mask> is honored by Texas Governor Ann Richards for his 25 years of dedication and service. <mask> receives Presidential commendation by U.S. President Bill Clinton. 1994 – In November, <mask> is promoted to 10th degree Black Belt by his Senior Grandmaster, Hong Jong Pyo, Taekwon Kwon Bop, Central YMCA, Seoul, South Korea.1997 – CBS "Inside Edition" featured Chayon-Ryu Martial Arts with a demonstration by <mask> and Master <mask>. On May 24, <mask> was inducted into the Texas Martial Arts Hall of Fame as "Grandmaster of the Year." Chayon-Ryu was chosen as "Best School" in Texas for 1997 as well. A permanent display will be included in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in Waco. In June, <mask> is inducted into the World Karate Union Hall of Fame in Pennsylvania, as "Karate Grandmaster of the Year" in America and receives the "Lifetime Achievement Award of Honor" for training and teaching more than 30 years in the Martial Arts. In September, <mask> is inducted into the International Martial Arts Hall of Fame in Orlando, Florida, as "Texas Grandmaster of the Year 1997." 2007 – April 6 - <mask> was inducted into the Tae Kwon Do Hall of Fame as "Pioneer Journalist & Historian" to honor his role as a correspondent for Black Belt magazine.2010 – <mask> received a Hall of Fame award from the U.S. Taekwondo Grandmasters Society for Literary Achievement. 2010 – <mask> received a proclamation from the Texas Senate in recognition of his 42nd anniversary in Texas. 2011 – <mask> was selected as a guest speaker at the United States Taekwondo Grandmaster Society banquet in Los Angeles. 2011 – <mask> was invited to instruct a seminar at the Sport For All Busan Association, held at the Olympic Memorial Community Hall in Busan, South Korea. 2011 – <mask> was invited to perform a Chayon-Ryu demonstration at the International Youth Judo Championships at Dong-A University in Busan, South Korea. 2011 – Black Belt Magazine (September 2011 issue) features <mask>'s article, "Taekwondo For Health: Train Smart Now and Your Body Will Thank You Later." 2012 – <mask> was invited to participate and demonstrate Chayon-Ryu at the XXII Asiana Sport For All Association (ASFAA) Congress 2012 held in Delhi, India.2012 – <mask> was invited by the Taekwondo Promotion Foundation, Inc. to film the Kwon-Beop legacy from Grandmaster Yoon Byung-in at Yong-In University. This filming included Kwon-Beop Hyung and pre-arranged sparring techniques. 2012 – <mask> received a Certificate of Donation (No. 12-006) for the supply of old historical articles written by him for Black Belt magazine
2013 – On January 16 <mask> received a proclamation from Houston Mayor, Annise Parker and the Houston City Council on his Sapphire(45th) Anniversary of the founding of Kim Soo Karate, Inc.
2013 – On May 24 Texas State Resolution 989, sponsored by Senator John Whitmire, was presented to <mask> in the Texas Senate Chamber of the Texas Capitol in Austin, Texas. This resolution honored <mask> on his 45th anniversary of founding the Chayon-Ryu martial art system and his outstanding contributions to the community. 2016 - <mask> receives Proclamation from Houston mayor, Sylvester Turner. 2018 - <mask> receives a proclamation from the Texas Senate (#478) for the 50th anniversary of <mask>'s Chayon-Ryu Martial Arts System in Houston, Texas.2018 - <mask> was named Black Belt Magazine's Instructor of the Year. References

 <mask>. Palgue 7, 8 of Tae Kwon Do Hyung. 3rd ed. n.d.
 Burtman, Bob. "In the Chops; A master of self-defense... ." Houston Press (Texas) 25 January 2001: News. Print.Richards, Joey. "Students get their kicks in the sand." Associated Press August 11, 1999: Sports News. Print. McLain, Robert. "Korean Martial Arts History." Black Belt Magazine'' January 2008.Print. Living people
South Korean emigrants to the United States
Rice University people
Date of birth missing (living people)
South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
1939 births

masks:
Kim Pyung so
Kim Soo
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Pyung
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Soo
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Geary
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Soo


title: Neville Howse

texts:
Major General Sir <mask>,  (26 October 1863 – 19 September 1930) was an Australian Army officer, medical doctor, and politician. He was the first Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest decoration for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. <mask> was born in Somerset, England, and followed his father into the medical profession. He immigrated to Australia in 1889 and eventually settled in Orange, New South Wales. During the Boer War, <mask> served with the Australian medical corps. He was awarded the VC for his rescue of a wounded man at Vredefort in July 1900, while under heavy rifle fire. During the First World War, <mask> served in New Guinea, Gallipoli, and on the Western Front.He oversaw the medical services of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and finished the war with the rank of major-general. He was elected to parliament in 1922, and was subsequently appointed to cabinet by Stanley Bruce. He served as Minister for Defence (1925–1927), Health (1925–1927; 1928–1929), and Home and Territories (1928). Early life
<mask> was born in Stogursey, Somerset, England, the son of Lucy Elizabeth (née Conroy) and <mask>. He was educated at Fullard's House School in Taunton. He chose to follow his father (a surgeon) into the medical profession, studying medicine at London Hospital. He attained the qualifications MRCS and LRCP in 1886, and subsequently became a demonstrator in anatomy at the University of Durham.In 1889, <mask> immigrated to Australia for health reasons. He initially settled in Newcastle, New South Wales, but later moved to Taree. He returned to England in 1895 for further studies, obtaining the rank of FRCS in 1897. He moved back to Australia in 1899 and bought a medical practice in Orange, which would remain his primary residence for the next 30 years except during his overseas military service. Military service

Boer War
Howse served in the Second Boer War with the Second Contingent of the New South Wales Army Medical Corps, Australian Forces, arriving at East London, Eastern Cape, in February 1900 as a lieutenant. On 24 July 1900, during the action at Vredefort, South Africa, <mask> saw a trumpeter fall, and went through very heavy cross-fire to rescue the man. His horse was soon shot from under him, but he continued on foot, reached the casualty, dressed his wound, and then carried him to safety.For this action, <mask> was awarded the Victoria Cross. The award was gazetted on 4 June 1901 and the original citation reads:

He thus became the first recipient of the Victoria Cross serving in the Australian armed forces; his medal is on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. <mask> was subsequently promoted to captain on 15 October 1900. The Second Contingent left South Africa via Cape Town on 13 December 1900 on the S.S. Orient, however <mask> had been invalided to Britain on 28 November 1900. <mask> subsequently returned to Australia at the end of February 1901. Following the gazetting of his VC, <mask> was presented with the medal in a ceremony at Victoria Barracks, Sydney on 4 December 1901. Also at the ceremony were Captain A. Heathcote and Sergeant J. Paton, prior recipients of the VC for actions during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, who had subsequently migrated to New South Wales.<mask> returned to South Africa as a major with the Australian Army Medical Corps (AAMC) in command of the Bearer Company, arriving at Durban in Natal on 17 March 1902. Following service in Natal, Orange River Colony and Western Transvaal (attached to Colonel A.W. Thornycroft's Mounted Infantry Column), at the conclusion of the war he became seriously ill. He was again invalided to Britain on 6 July 1902, with the remainder of the AAMC contingent departing for Australia on 8 July 1902. <mask> eventually returned to Australia in November 1902. In 1905 <mask> married Evelyn Pilcher in Bathurst, and was twice elected to serve as mayor of the City of Orange. First World War

When the First World War began, <mask> was appointed principal medical officer to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force to German New Guinea, with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Following his time in New Guinea, he was appointed Assistant Director of Medical Services 1st Australian Division. During the Gallipoli campaign he took charge of evacuating wounded men from the beach in the campaign’s opening days. In 1917 at the Dardanelles commission, he described the arrangements for dealing with wounded men at Gallipoli as inadequate to the point of 'criminal negligence'. He was Mentioned in Despatches for his service in this campaign. In September 1915 he was given command of ANZAC medical services and in November became director of the AIF’s medical services, with the rank of surgeon-general. When the Australian Imperial Force moved to France, <mask> took up a position in London, overseeing medical services in France, Egypt and Palestine. At the beginning of 1917 he was promoted to major general.<mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1915 King's Birthday Honours, was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 22 January 1917, and appointed Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1919. From 1921 to 1925 he was Director-General of Medical Services. Politics

In 1922, <mask> resigned his army commission to enter politics, as regulations at the time forbade political campaigning by members of the regular army. He was elected to the House of Representatives, standing for the Nationalist Party in the Division of Calare. He subsequently represented Australia at the League of Nations Assembly in 1923. In January 1925, <mask> was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce as Minister for Defence and Minister for Health. In the defence portfolio his primary responsibility was for repatriation.He was a member of the Australian delegation to the 1926 Imperial Conference in London, but was taken ill and had to resign his portfolios in April 1927. He was kept on in the ministry as an honorary minister without portfolio. In February 1928, <mask> was reappointed Minister for Health and also made Minister for Home and Territories. He relinquished the latter portfolio in November 1928 after that year's election. <mask> made a significant impact during his two periods as health minister. He helped establish the Federal Health Council of Australia, supported the formation of the Australian College of Surgeons and the first conference of Australian cancer organisations, and was instrumental in the decision to site the Australian Institute of Anatomy in Canberra. In 1928, he convinced cabinet to spend the considerable sum of £100,000 to establish one of the world's first radium banks, allowing Australia to become a centre of radiological research.He was also credited with inspiring public confidence in Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and the government's immunisation programs, at a time when a series of fatalities had led to a distrust of immunisation among the general population. <mask> lost his seat in parliament in the Labor landslide at the 1929 election. Death and legacy

In February 1930, <mask> travelled to England for medical treatment for cancer, but died on 19 September 1930, and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. His son, <mask>, was member for Calare from 1946 to 1960. A statue by Peter Dornan depicting <mask>'s act of bravery is on display at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Melbourne. A postage stamp commemorating <mask> was issued by Australia Post in 2000. A one dollar coin designed by Wojciech Pietranik commemorating the centenary of <mask>'s feat of arms was issued by the Royal Australian Mint in 2000.He was a freemason. Honours and awards

Notes

References

The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War (Ian Uys, 2000)
Who’s who in Australian Military History

External links

 "The emerging office of the Surgeon General", Lieutenant Colonel Robert L Pearce, Australian Defence Force Health Journal, April 2002
Biographical Notes by Ross Mallett on his AIF Order of Battle pages. Speech at launch of commemorative stamp issue by John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia in Orange, New South Wales, 23 July 2000. Australian Nurses in the Second Boer War – notes on the New South Wales Medical Corps in South Africa. Record on AIF Project database

1863 births
1930 deaths
Australian Army officers
Australian generals
Australian recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Calare
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
People from Orange, New South Wales
People from West Somerset (district)
Second Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross
English emigrants to Australia
Australian Freemasons
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Australian Ministers for Health

masks:
Neville Reginald Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Alfred Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse
John Howse
Howse
Howse
Howse


title: Don Gault

texts:
<mask><mask> (born August 30, 1946) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns in 1970. Over the course of his career, he played in two games, completed 2 of 19 passes for 67 yards, threw no touchdowns and three interceptions, and finished his career with a passer rating of 2.2. <mask> played college football at Hofstra University where he set many school passing records. After graduating, he was signed by the Browns. The team kept him on the roster from 1968 to 1972, though he was only an active player in 1970. He played in two games and started one, earning a victory despite a passer rating of zero. After the Browns released him in 1972, he had offseason stints with the San Diego Chargers, Edmonton Eskimos, New York Jets, and New York Stars before retiring.College career
<mask> played high school football for John Adams High School in Queens, then played college football for the Hofstra Pride. After sitting out his freshman year, he was awarded the starting quarterback job as a sophomore in 1965. In his third start for Hofstra, he completed 21 of 33 passes and threw for a school record 315 yards in a 35-13 win over Kings Point Academy. A month later, he broke his own record and threw for 345 yards after completing 17 of 25 passes in a 42-28 win over Temple. For the season he completed 158 passes for 20 touchdowns and 2,134 yards. <mask>'s junior year was considered to have been a disappointment due to ineffectiveness and a 2-8 overall record, but his career passing yards through two full seasons set a school record. <mask>'s senior season performances included a 325-yard, four touchdown performance, after which he was named to the weekly All-East All-Star football team.In his last collegiate game against C. W. Post College, he completed 11 of 20 passes for 220 yards in a 19-0 win, giving Hofstra an 8-2 record his senior year with seven of the eight wins being shutouts. Over the course of his career, <mask> broke school records for passing yards and completions in a season and career, but also had 22 interceptions in 30 career games. After his graduation, coach Howdy Myers said of him, "he has a quick release and can throw accurately both long and short." Professional career
<mask> went undrafted in the 1968 NFL Draft, and was signed by the Cleveland Browns as a free agent. Heading into training camp, he was one of five quarterbacks looking for a roster spot, the others being Frank Ryan, Gary Lane, Dick Shiner, and fellow undrafted rookie Jim Alcorn. By the end of the preseason, <mask> was cut from the active roster, and spent the 1968 season on the practice squad, but was noted as someone who could be the Browns' future starting quarterback. Before the 1969 season began, <mask> joined the military reserves.While training at Fort Dix from June to November, he played in the Continental Football League with the Jersey Jays. After his training ended, he returned to the team's practice squad. He was placed on the active roster as a third-string emergency quarterback in case the Browns needed him during the postseason. During the offseason, <mask> worked as an insurance broker while remaining on the Browns roster. The Browns had three quarterbacks on their roster entering the 1970 season in <mask>, Bill Nelsen, and Mike Phipps. As training camp began, Browns coach Blanton Collier planned to use <mask> in exhibition games, as he was throwing the ball well in practice during the summer. By the end of preseason, <mask> was named to the active roster as the Browns retained all three quarterbacks, an uncommon move at the time.During the Browns' second game against the San Francisco 49ers, starting quarterback Nelsen was injured, leading <mask> to enter the game in the fourth quarter. He completed a pass to Gary Collins for 23 yards, threw an incompletion, and threw an interception to Dave Wilcox, allowing the 49ers to go on a game-winning drive in a 34-31 Browns loss. Due to Nelsen's injury, <mask> was given the start in next week's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, facing off against fellow rookie and first overall draft pick, Terry Bradshaw. In his only career start, he completed one pass for 44 yards in 16 attempts, threw two interceptions, and finished the game with a 0.0 passer rating. He also led the Browns to only three first downs during the first half, and as a result Phipps took over at quarterback; the Browns went on to win the game, 15-7. Nelsen recovered from the injury the following week and turn back over for the Browns at quarterback; <mask> did not play another snap that season. Entering the 1971 season, <mask> modified his throwing style after discussion with new head coach Nick Skorich, and was throwing better in training camp as a result.After training camp ended, however, he was placed on the practice squad, where he remained throughout the season. In 1972, the Browns drafted Brian Sipe, giving <mask> competition for the third quarterback spot, which was noted as a main position battle in training camp for the Browns that season. At the end of training camp, Sipe won the job, and <mask> was cut. He was picked up by the San Diego Chargers in late August. He competed with Wayne Clark for the backup quarterback job for a short time, and did not see any playing time for the Chargers before his release. He also spent time with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League, but did not see any playing time with them. He later noted that he was unable to adjust to the game of Canadian football, as he was unable to throw a spiral due to the football being shorter and fatter.The New York Jets signed <mask> as a free agent in 1973, and he was slated to compete with Al Woodall for the backup quarterback spot behind Joe Namath. At the end of preseason, he lost the backup spot to Woodall, and was released. The following year, <mask> signed with the New York Stars of the new World Football League in April. After practicing with the team throughout the offseason, he was released in August, ending his professional career. References

External links
<mask> at Pro-Football-Reference

1946 births
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Cleveland Browns players
Continental Football League players
Edmonton Elks players
Hofstra Pride football players
Living people
New York Jets players
New York Stars players
People from Lynbrook, New York
Players of American football from New York (state)
San Diego Chargers players
John Adams High School (Queens) alumni

masks:
Donald J
. Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Gault
Don Gault


title: Charlotte Forten Grimké

texts:
<mask> (August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an African American anti-slavery activist, poet, and educator. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in Philadelphia. She taught school for years, including during the Civil War, to freedmen in South Carolina. Later in life she married <mask>, a Presbyterian minister who led a major church in Washington, DC, for decades. He was a nephew of the abolitionist Grimké sisters and was active in civil rights. Her diaries written before the end of the Civil War have been published in numerous editions in the 20th century and are significant as a rare record of the life of a free black woman in the antebellum North. Early life and education
<mask>, known as "Lottie," was born on August 17, 1837, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Mary Virginia Wood (1815 – 1840) and <mask> (1813 – 1864).Paternal family lineage
Her father <mask> and his brother-in-law Robert Purvis were abolitionists and members of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, an anti-slavery network that rendered assistance to escaped slaves. Her paternal grandfather, the wealthy sailmaker <mask> Sr., was an early abolitionist in Philadelphia. Her paternal aunts –  Margaretta <mask>, Sarah Louisa <mask> Purvis, and <mask> Purvis – and her paternal grandmother, <mask> <mask>, were all founding members of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Maternal family lineage
While the Fortens were free northern blacks, <mask>'s mother, Mary Virginia Wood, had been born into slavery in the south. She was the daughter of wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston of Hayes Plantation, Edenton, North Carolina, and the granddaughter of Governor Samuel Johnston of North Carolina. <mask>'s maternal grandmother, Edith "Edy" Wood (1795 – 1846) was the slave of Captain James Wood, owner of the Eagle Inn and Tavern in Hertford, Perquimans County, North Carolina. Edy Wood and the wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston carried on a longstanding relationship and had four daughters: Mary Virginia, Caroline (1827 – 1836), Louisa (1828 – 1836), and Annie E. (1831 – 1879).Johnston emancipated Edy and their children in 1832 and settled them in Philadelphia in 1833 where they rented a Pine Street home for two years from Sarah Allen, widow of Richard Allen of Philadelphia's Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church. From 1835 through 1836, Edy Wood and her children boarded with Elizabeth Willson, mother of Joseph Willson, author of Sketches of Black Upper Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia. Woods–Forten marriage and family life
After Mary Virginia Wood's 1836 marriage to Robert B<mask>, her mother Edy joined the Forten household and paid board to her son-in-law. When Mary died of tuberculosis in 1840, Edy continued to care for her grandchild <mask> alongside <mask>'s young aunt, Annie Wood, who was only six years older. Upon Edy Wood's death in 1846, <mask> was raised by various members of the Forten-Purvis family, while her aunt Annie moved to the Cassey House, where she was adopted by Amy Matilda Cassey. In 1854, Forten joined the household of Amy Matilda Cassey and her second husband, Charles Lenox Remond, in Salem, Massachusetts, where she attended the Higginson Grammar School, a private academy for young women. She was the only non-white student in a class of 200.The school offered classes in history, geography, drawing, and cartography, with special emphasis placed on critical thinking skills. After Higginson, Forten studied literature and education at the Salem Normal School, which trained teachers. Forten cited William Shakespeare, John Milton, Margaret Fuller and William Wordsworth as some of her favorite authors. Her first teaching position was at Eppes Grammar School in Salem, becoming the first African American hired to teach white students in a Salem public school. Activism
<mask> became a member of the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, where she was involved in coalition building and fund-raising. She proved to be influential as an activist and leader on civil rights. Forten occasionally spoke to public groups on abolitionist issues.In addition, she arranged for lectures by prominent speakers and writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Senator Charles Sumner. Forten was acquainted with many other anti-slavery proponents, including William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, and the orators and activists Wendell Phillips, Maria Weston Chapman and William Wells Brown. In 1892, <mask>, Helen Appo Cook, Ida B. Bailey, Anna Julia Cooper, Mary Jane Patterson, Mary Church Terrell, and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African American community. In 1896, Forten assisted in starting the National Association of Colored Women. Forten stayed active in activist circles until her death. Teaching career
In 1856, finances forced Forten to take a teaching position at Epes Grammar School in Salem.She was well received as a teacher but returned to Philadelphia after two years due to tuberculosis. At this point, <mask> began writing poetry, much of which was activist in theme. Her poetry was published in The Liberator and Anglo African magazines. During the American Civil War, <mask> was the first black teacher to join the mission to the South Carolina Sea Islands known as the Port Royal Experiment. The Union allowed Northerners to set up schools to begin teaching freedmen who remained on the islands, which had been devoted to large plantations for cotton and rice. <mask> was the first African American to teach at the Penn School (now the Penn Center) on St. Helena's Island, South Carolina. The school was initially founded to teach enslaved African-American children and eventually African-American children freed during the U.S. Civil War.The Union forces divided the land, giving freedmen families plots to work independently. Forten worked with many freedmen and their children on St. Helena Island. During this time, she resided at Seaside Plantation. She chronicled this time in her essays, entitled "Life on the Sea Islands," which were published in Atlantic Monthly in the May and June issues of 1864. <mask> struck up a deep friendship with Robert Gould Shaw, the Commander of the all-black 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the Sea Islands Campaign. She was present when the 54th stormed Fort Wagner on the night of July 18, 1863. Shaw was killed in the battle, and <mask> volunteered as a nurse to the surviving members of the 54th.Following the war in the late 1860s, she worked for the U.S. Treasury Department in Washington, DC, recruiting teachers. In 1872, <mask> taught at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. One year later, she became a clerk in the Treasury Department. Marriage and family

In December 1878, <mask> married Presbyterian minister Francis J<mask>, pastor of the prominent Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., a major African-American congregation. He was a mixed-race nephew of white abolitionists Sarah and <mask> of South Carolina. Francis and his brother <mask> were the sons of <mask> and Nancy Weston (a woman of color). At the time of their marriage, <mask> was 41 years old and Grimké was 28.On January 1, 1880, <mask> and Francis' daughter Theodora Cornelia <mask> was born, but the child died less than five months later. <mask> <mask> assisted her husband in his ministry, helping create important networks in the community, including providing charity and education. Many church members were leaders in the African-American community in the capital. She organized a women's missionary group and focused on "racial uplift" efforts. When Francis' brother Archibald Grimke was appointed as U.S. consul in the Dominican Republic (1894–98), Francis and <mask> cared for his daughter Angelina Weld <mask>, who lived with them in the capital. <mask> later became an author in her own right. Details of <mask> <mask>'s health and travels during the 1880s and 1890s are documented in the recently discovered letters of Louisa M. Jacobs, daughter of fugitive-slave-narrative author Harriet Ann Jacobs.The <mask>ke House in Washington, D.C., is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Writings
<mask> <mask>'s last literary effort was in response to The Evangelist editorial, "Relations of Blacks and Whites: Is There a Color Line in New England?" It asserted that blacks were not discriminated against in New England society. <mask> <mask> responded that black Americans achieved success over extraordinary social odds, and they simply wanted fair and respectful treatment. <mask> <mask> was a regular journal writer until she returned north after teaching in South Carolina. After her return, her entries were less frequent, although she wrote about her daughter's death and her busy life with her husband. Her journals are a rare example of documents detailing the life of a free black female in the antebellum North.In her diary on December 14, 1862, <mask> made a reference to "the blues" as a sad or depressed state of mind. She was teaching in South Carolina at the time and wrote that she came home from a church service "with the blues" because she "felt very lonesome and pitied myself." She soon got over her sadness and later noted certain songs, including one called Poor Rosy, that were popular among the slaves. <mask> admitted that she could not describe the manner of singing but she did write that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit." Those conditions inspired countless blues songs and could be described as the essence of blues singing. See also

References

Bibliography
 Billington, Ray, ed., The Journal of Charlotte Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era, New York: Norton, 1981. Randall, Willard Sterne and Nahra, Nancy.Forgotten Americans:  Footnote Figures who Changed American History. Perseus Books Group, United States, 1998. Shockley, Ann Allen, Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989. Stevenson, Brenda, ed., The Journals of Charlotte Forten, New York: Oxford Press, 1988. Winch, Julie, A Gentleman of Color: The Life of <mask>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. External links
 "Journal of <mask>en, Free Woman of Color", Selections from 1854 to 1859 (age 16 to 21), National Humanities Center

1837 births
1914 deaths
African-American abolitionists
African-American women writers
African-American writers
American diarists
American essayists
Pennsylvania political activists
Activists from Philadelphia
Salem State University alumni
American women essayists
People from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina
Forten family
Women diarists
Grimké family
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Charlotte Louise Bridges Forten Grimké
Francis James Grimké
Forten
Robert Bridges Forten
Robert Forten
James Forten
Forten
Forten
Harriet Forten
Charlotte Vandine
Forten
Charlotte
Charlotte
. Forten
Charlotte
Charlotte
Charlotte
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
Forten
. Grimké
Angelina Grimké
Archibald Grimké
Henry Grimké
Forten
Charlotte
Grimké
Charlotte Forten
Grimké
Charlotte
Grimké
Angelina Grimké
Charlotte Forten
Grimké
Charlotterim
Charlotte Forten
Grimké
Forten
Grimké
Charlotte Forten
Grimké
Forten
Forten
James Forten
Charlotte Fort