title: Mathias Wieman

texts:
<mask> (<mask>; 23 June 1902 – 3 December 1969) was a German stage-performer, silent-and-sound motion picture actor. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Osnabrück, the only son of <mask> and his wife Louise. Raised in Osnabrück, Wiesbaden and Berlin, where he studied four terms of philosophy, history of art and languages, Wieman wanted to actually become an airplane technical designer and flier. He started his acting career on the stage in Berlin under the direction of Max Reinhardt at the Deutsches Theater. In the early 1920s, he was a member of the Holtorf-Truppe, a stock theater group that included future director Veit Harlan. His fellow stage actors included his future wife, Erika Meingast, Marlene Dietrich, Dora Gerson and Max Schreck (the vampire in Nosferatu). Later he began working in silent and sound films; he landed supporting roles in Assassination, Queen Louise and Land Without Women.In 1930, along with Leni Riefenstahl, he appeared in Storm over Mont Blanc, and in 1932 he played the lead in Riefenstahl's The Blue Light. At the height of his film career, during the decade of the 1930s, Wieman acted in such productions as Man Without a Name, L'Atlantide, The Countess of Monte Cristo, Fräulein Hoffmanns Erzählungen, The Rider on the White Horse, Victoria, Patriots, and Togger. In 1936 Wieman produced the Frankenburger Würfelspiel of the Nazi playwright Eberhard Wolfgang Möller in association with the 1936 Summer Olympics and the inauguration of the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne, and also played the Black Knight. He also had an international success with his appearance in The Eternal Mask. The movie was awarded with the American National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Film in the United States in 1937 (National Board of Review Awards 1937). The film was also nominated for an award at the Venice Film Festival. Also in 1937, Wieman was made Staatsschauspieler, an honorary title bestowed by the German government and the highest honour attainable by an actor in Germany.1940s and after

<mask> was classed as "persona non grata" by Joseph Goebbels, this greatly reduced his activity. He acted in the following movies in the 1940s: Ich klage an, Her Other Self, Paracelsus, Dreaming and How Do We Tell Our Children?. After the failed 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler happened in 1944, <mask> and his wife Erika helped the family of Count Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg. This assistance is detailed by Charlotte von der Schulenburg in the book Courageous Hearts: Women and the Anti-Hitler Plot of 1944
(Dorothee Von Meding, Berghahn Books, 1997). After World War II he was able to work more intensively in the film business again, normally in support roles. To his fairly well known work belongs No Greater Love, As Long as You're Near Me, The Last Summer, Ripening Youth, The Girl and the Legend, and opposite Ingrid Bergman in Roberto Rossellini's Fear. Two of the films <mask> starred in were in competition at the Cannes Film Festival: In 1952, No Greater Love; and in 1954, As Long as You're Near Me.Wieman also made many records (LPs) of classic stories where he would narrate the story accompanied by orchestral music. One example is Peter und der Wolf with <mask> and the Berlin Philharmonic in 1950 conducted by Fritz Lehmann and the Orchestre National de France in 1962 conducted by Lorin Maazel. Another example is <mask> kleine Diskothek. In 1992 Deutsche Grammophon issued a commemorative set of CDs in honour of the 100th anniversary of <mask>'s birth: Für Kenner & Kinder. Stage work

On stage, Wieman appeared in a number of productions including, Goethe's Faust, Pygmalion (play) by George Bernard Shaw, the most famous play of Italian playwright Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, and in Bertolt Brecht's In The Jungle of Cities (Im Dickicht der Städte). His many friends included such diverse people as Hanna Reitsch, Lida Baarova, Hans Fallada, Anny Ondra, and Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg. Later life
After World War II, <mask> moved to Switzerland with his wife, stage actress Erika Meingast, there in 1969 he died of cancer.<mask> and his wife Erika (died in 1972) were cremated and the ashes buried in the Wieman family plot in the Johannesfriedhof cemetery in Osnabrück. Honours
In 1958, his hometown of Osnabrück awarded him the prestigious Justus-Möser-Medaille for his achievements in acting on stage and screen. And in 1965, Wieman received the Bambi Award. Selected filmography

 A Free People (1925)
 Potsdam (1927)
 Der Sohn der Hagar (1927) as Dr. Friedlieb
 Out of the Mist (1927) as Grigori
 Mata Hari (1927) as Grigori
 Queen Louise (1927) as King Frederick William III
 Assassination (1927) as Irrsinniger
 The Merry Farmer (1927) as son Stephan Reuther
 The Runaway Girl (1928) as Vladimir Pekoff, ein Komponist
 Under the Lantern (1928) as Hans Grote
 Diary of a Coquette (1929) as Arzt
 Land Without Women (1929) as American Physician
 Love's Carnival (1930) as Hans Rudorff - Leutnant
 Storm over Mont Blanc (1930) as Walter Petersen
 The Golden Anchor (1932) as Marcus sein Sohn
 The Blue Light (1932) as Vigo
 The Countess of Monte Cristo (1932) as Stephan Riehl, Journalist
 L'Atlantide (1932) as Ivar Torstenson
 Man Without a Name (1932) as Dr. Alfred Sander
 Anna and Elizabeth (1933) as <mask>a
 Fräulein Hoffmanns Erzählungen (1933) as Benno Karden
 The Love Hotel (1933) as Klaus Petermann
 The Rider on the White Horse (1934) as Hauke Haien
 Achtung! Wer kennt diese Frau? (1934) as Artur von Bavro
 Das verlorene Tal (1934) as René von Eisten
 Little Dorrit (1934) as Arthur Clennam
 Suburban Cabaret (1935) as Josef Kernthaler, Bauzeichner
 The Eternal Mask (1935) as Dr. Dumartin
 Victoria (1935) as Johannes
 Togger (1937) as Peter Geis, Journalist
 Patriots (1937) as Peter Thomann - genannt Pierre
 Unternehmen Michael (1937) as Major Zur Linden
 Michelangelo: Life of a Titan (1938) (voice)
 Anna Favetti (1938) as Hemmstreet
 Die Hochzeitsreise (1939) as Dr. Paul Goethals
 Cadets (1939) as Rittmeister von Tzülow
 Ich klage an (1941) as Dr. Bernhard Lang
 Her Other Self (1941) as Ingenieur Martin
 Paracelsus (1943) as Ulrich von Hutten
 Man rede mir nicht von Liebe (1943) as Andreas Alwin
 Dreaming (1944) as Robert Schumann
 The Heart Must Be Silent (1944) as Dr. Paul Holzgruber
 How Do We Tell Our Children? Full length.Bust of <mask> recently discovered at the University of Vienna (in German). Blog (in German) by Thomas Hunziker about "The Eternal Mask" being shown at the 2010 Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival. "New York Times" review of "Unternehmen Michael" (The Private's Job). Cursor down to under "At the 86th St. Garden Theatre" for the review. Nugent, Frank S., "Goodbye Broadway," New York Times, 14 May 1938. Information about a portrait done of <mask> by artist Hans Jürgen Kallmann. 1902 births
1969 deaths
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
German male stage actors
People from the Province of Hanover
People from Osnabrück
20th-century German male actors

masks:
Mathias Wieman
Carl Heinrich Franz Mathias Wieman
Wieman
Carl Philipp Anton Wieman
Wieman
Mathias
Mathias
Mathias
Mathias Wiemans
Wieman
Wieman
Mathias
Mathias Test
Mathias Wieman
Mathias Wieman


title: Jeanne Rorex-Bridges

type: original

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>, born 1951) is painter and illustrator based in Oklahoma. She is a member of the Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, a state-recognized tribe. Most known for her work in the Bacone flatstyle, Rorex-Bridges work typically reflects Native American and women of African descent as they live their daily lives. She has illustrated 16 books, including Crossing Bok Chitto by Tim Tingle (Choctaw) and was interviewed as part of the Oklahoma Native Artist Oral History Project at Oklahoma State University. Early life
<mask> was born in 1951 in Muskogee County, Oklahoma to Allie E. (née Stone) and Louis E. "Buster" Walker. Walker was raised on a farm near Oktaha, Oklahoma, along with her six siblings. Her mother's family claimed Cherokee heritage, and her maternal uncle was the internationally-known sculptor Willard Stone.She attended school in Oktaha and graduated in 1969 with the last class to attend the Old Oktaha High School. In 1971, she married Kenneth Rorex, with whom she had two sons. After her sons were older, Rorex returned to school in 1978, studying with Dick West and Ruthe Blalock Jones at Bacone College. After graduating as class salutatorian in 1980, she enrolled at Northeastern Oklahoma State University and graduated with a degree in graphic art. Career
Rorex's art uses the Bacone flatstyle, which employs little shading or dimension. Many of her paintings revolve around women, their work tending children and crops, and the different phases of their life, such as pregnancy, motherhood or friendship. She also incorporates symbolism, using native motifs like corn, and the sun and moon as woman's companion.Her figures typically are placed in landscape settings. She began exhibiting her art at regional events for Native American artists, winning numerous awards. She won the Jerome Tiger Memorial Award at the Trail of Tears Art Show hosted at the Cherokee Heritage Center in Park Hill, Oklahoma, for three consecutive years and won the award five times in total. In 1988, she was invited along with other artists to participate in the Cherokee Legends Exhibit at the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, North Carolina. In 1990, concerns with non-Indigenous people marketing imitation Native art led to passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act. Passage of the law meant that people who were not enrolled in recognized federal or state tribes or not tribally-designated artisans were unable to market their wares as "Indian artists". The law made it possible for violators to be subject to a five year prison term or fines up to $1,000,000.The passage of the law created factions — those who believed it eliminated false advertising and misappropriation of traditional knowledge, those who believed it prevented poseurs from impersonating Native people, and those like Rorex, whose livelihoods were threatened. Describing herself as a "Native American artist" while selling her paintings could have resulted in fines or jail time. Though the law made provisions for non-members to be certified as "artisans" by a recognized tribe, Rorex refused to petition the council, believing such a request would imply "that her family, relatives and ancestors were all frauds" and their resistance to enrollment was dishonorable. In 1991, when the Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution for her uncle Willard Stone to be a certified Cherokee artisan, Rorex and other members of the Stone family asked that the certification be withdrawn, as it recognized his work, but not his heritage. She was barred from participating in the exhibitions of the Five Civilized Tribes Museum, the Philbrook Museum of Art's American Indian Heritage Competition, or the Tsa-La-Gi Annual, among other events. The Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression took up her case and the argument of individual autonomy in violation of her First Amendment rights. No legislative action came of the involvement and in 1996, the protocols for enforcement of the act were finalized.Rorex was featured in a month-long solo exhibition in 1995, Harmony, Strength and the Spiritual: The Art of <mask> Rorex, held at the Institute for American Indian Studies in Washington, Connecticut. The following year, another solo exhibition hosted by the Red Cloud Gallery in St. Petersburg, Florida, showcased her art. The gallery had hosted some of her works over the previous five years, but the exhibition featured more than 200 pieces of her work. Around 2000, Rorex married James R. Bridges and changed her professional name to <mask>-Bridges. Though she continued to produce artworks, she had to market herself as an Oklahoma artist. The couple traveled extensively, marketing her works in 17 different states, participating in events like the annual Rio Grande Arts & Crafts Festival of Albuquerque, New Mexico and the Native American and Wildlife Art Festival of Atlanta. In 2011, Rorex-Bridges had to learn how to paint left-handed after a stroke.Changing her former stance, she became an enrolled member of the state-recognized Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, a tribe whose validity is questioned by the three federally-recognized Cherokee tribal governments. Rorex-Bridges' work has been featured on the cover of numerous books and she has worked as an illustrator, having 16 nationally-published books to her credit. One of these, Crossing Bok Chitto, an award winning children's book by Tim Tingle (Choctaw) features 18 of her paintings to illustrate the story of a Choctaw girl who helped a slave boy escape from pre-Civil War Mississippi. Another series she painted, Sisters (1991–1995), focused on the interconnections between African and indigenous people, as well as their shared ancestry. The series highlights their shared history, as there were many people of African descent who were forcibly relocated with Native people in the Trail of Tears. In 2012, she was interviewed as part of the Oklahoma Native Artist Oral History Project of Oklahoma State University. In 2016, the State of Oklahoma passed legislation which barred people who were members of state recognized tribes from showing their works.Rorex-Bridges, Peggy Fontenot, and others were once again barred from participating in major Native Art shows. They were allowed to return to venues in 2017, after Peggy Fontenot filed a lawsuit challenging the law, and the Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma agreed to stay enforcement of the law while the case was pending. In 2019, the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma declared the state law unconstitutional, and permanently enjoined the law from being enforced in the future, on the grounds that the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 preempted Oklahoma's more restrictive law. Since the federal statute allowed artists who were members of any tribe in the United States, the state law could not narrow that to artists who were members of a federally recognized tribe. That year, she was one of the artists featured in the Women of the Five Civilized Tribes Exhibit hosted by the Five Civilized Tribes Museum of Muskogee, Oklahoma. References

Citations

Bibliography

 and

 and
 and

 and
, , and

External links
Oral History Interview with <mask>-Bridges

1951 births
Living people
People from Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Bacone College alumni
Northeastern State University alumni
Cherokee artists
Native American women artists
American civil rights activists
Native American painters
Native American illustrators
Native American activists
American women activists
Native Americans' rights activists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
American women illustrators
American illustrators
American women painters
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
Women civil rights activists
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women

masks:
Jeanne Rorex Bridges
Jeanne Walker Rorex
Jeanne Walker
Jeanne Walker
Jeanne Rorex
Jeanne Rorex


title: T. K. Doraiswamy

texts:
T. K<mask> (21 August 1921 – 17 May 2007), also known by his pen name Nakulan, was an Indian poet, professor of English, novelist, translator and short fiction writer, who wrote both in Tamil and English, and is known for his surrealism and experimentation as well as free verse. He served as Professor of English, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram for four decades. During his literary career which started in his forties, when he started writing in Ezhuthu, a literary magazine founded by C. S. Chellappa, he wrote a novel and six books of poems in English, and nine novels and five books of poems in Tamil. His English work was mostly published under his real name, while Tamil works often appeared under his pen name. He also wrote briefly under the pen name, S. Nayar(sp?). His symbolic novel Ninaivup Patai Nilakal (1972) is considered a milestone in Tamil literature and established him as an avant garde novelist.His other notable works in Tamil include, Nizhalgal, Naykal, Naveenante Diary Kurippukal, Ezhuthu <mask>l, Iruneenda <mask>l, Antha Manchal Nira Poonaikutty, and in English, Words to the Wind, 'Non-Being' and 'A Tamil Writer's Journal'. He received the Asan Memorial Award for Tamil Poetry in 1983. Early life and education
Born in 1921, in Kumbakonam, in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, Prof. <mask> moved to Thiruvananthapuram at age 14. Later he completed his MA in Tamil from Annamalai University, followed by M.A. in English from University of Kerala. He had an M.Phil. in Literature on Virginia Woolf's work.Career

He started serious writing only in 1960s, and was encouraged in pursuing the art by his good friend <mask>a Naa Subramoniam. Many of Nakulan's students acknowledge that he initiated them into the art of writing good poetry. He was widely read. He quietly influenced countless writers and artists who visited his house at Golf Links, Kaudiar, and had discussions with him, especially the young ones. Equally distinguished as a poet, translator, critic, anthologist, novelist and short fiction writer, his publications include a novel and six books of poems in English and nine novels and five books of poems in Tamil. His alter-ego Naveenan in his Tamil novels stands out as a modernist anti-hero who was perhaps the first of his kind in Tamil literature. He was one of the first writers to attempt techniques like stream of consciousness in Tamil literature ably.His use of the diary form in his novels like " Naveenan's Diary Jottings" was based on his admiration for the spirituality, philosophy and theology of the twentieth century (modern) mystic Simone Weil rather than influenced by writers like Anaïs Nin. His only novel in English was called "Words for the Wind." (1973). His English poetry collections include "Words to the Listening Air," "Non – Being" and "A Tamil Writer's Journal I, II and III". He wrote a long poem in English called "Raja Vembala." His short stories were frequently published by Pritish Nandy in the Illustrated Weekly of India. He has translated James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and K. Ayyappa Paniker, to name just a few.His best translation work may be the book  "The Little Sparrow" in which he devotes himself entirely to the great Subramania Bharati's writing. Although the influence of James Joyce was pronounced in his writings, it was more the metaphysical and religious thrust similar to T. S. Eliot's and the spareness of style of a Samuel Beckett that really made his works stand out. He was definitely a late Modernist moving into the realm of Post-Modernism. He never compromised in his writing or his life on what was expected of an artist. He retired as Professor of English, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram (University of Kerala) after serving for four decades, and started full-time freelance writing. His best known novels are Ninaivu Pathai, Naaikal (Dogs) and Vaakku Moolam (Confession). He was awarded the Asan Memorial Award for Tamil Poetry in 1983, and several other literary awards.Personal life
He was a bachelor. He died on 17 May 2007, at Thiruvananthapuram, at the age of 86. He had looked after his parents till they died and so their domestic help Purthai took care of him till the very end. Works
 English
 Words for the Wind. Writers Workshop, 1973. (as T.K<mask>)
 Routes of Evanescence: a cycle of poems.Samkaleen Prakashan, 1981. That Little Sparrow: poems from Subramanya Bharati, with Paratiyar. Zha Publications, 1982. A Tamil Writer's Journal I & II. Publisher: T.K. Duraiswamy, 1984. Words to the Listening Air.Atri Publishers. Non- Being
 Tamil Short stories
 Oru raathal irachi
 Hippies
 Oru naal
 Tamil
 Nillakal. Publisher Tamilp Puttakalayam, 1965. Kurukshetram: oru ilakkiyat tokuppu. Publisher Vir̲panai urimai, Tamil̲ Puttakālayam, 1968. Ninaivup patai. Publisher	Tas Puk Centar, 1972.Nāykal. Publisher	Turaicāmi, 1974. Navinaan tayari: naval. Publisher	Ilakkiyac Kankam, 1978. Mūnru: kavitaikal. Publisher Turaicami, 1979. Aintu: kavitaikal.Publisher T.K<mask>, 1981. <mask>tstānt kavitaikal. Publisher La Veliyitu, 1981. Ivarkal. Publisher Narmata, 1983. Curuti.Publisher	<mask>ni Patippakam, 1987. Gramam: nōval. Publisher	Sahityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaranasangham, 1991. Iru ninta kavitaikal. Publisher Virutcam, 1991. Vakkumulam. 1992.Nakulan̲ kataikal. Kavya, 1998. Nakulan kavithaikal (Selected poems). Ed. Sudalaimuthu Shanmugasundaram. Publisher Kavyā, 2001. Nakulan̲ katturaikal.Publisher Kavya, 2002. <mask>nnadiyahum kangal, ed. R. R. Srinivasan. Kāvyā, 2006. Nakulan Novelkal — Collection of Eight Novels of Nakulan. Kaavya, 2006. Notes

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Further reading

External links
 Nakulan – a few poems (Tamil with English Translation)
 Nakulan in Tamil
 Writer Nakulan – Works, Collections, Poems, Memoirs (In Tamil)

Tamil-language writers
University of Kerala faculty
1921 births
2007 deaths
Tamil writers
Tamil poets
Writers from Thiruvananthapuram
University of Kerala alumni
Indian male novelists
20th-century Indian translators
English-language writers from India
English-language poets from India
Indian male short story writers
Annamalai University alumni
Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian short story writers
Novelists from Kerala
Novelists from Tamil Nadu
People from Thanjavur district
20th-century Indian male writers

masks:
. Doraiswamy
Kathaika
Kathaika
Doraiswamy
Ka
. Doraiswamy
. Doraiswamy
Ko
Tara
Ka


title: Korfiz Holm

texts:
<mask> (also <mask> (21 August 1872 - 5 August 1942 was a German publisher, translator and author. Life
Diedrich Heinrich Corfitz/Korfiz <mask> was born into a German speaking family in Riga, where his father <mask> (1846–95) worked as a railway company director. His mother, Maria "Mia" <mask> (1845-1912:  sometimes identified in sources by her maiden name as Maria von Hedenström), was the daughter of a Protestant pastor from Sweden:  she achieved a measure of notability on her own account as a poet and novelist. <mask> attended school at the Gymnasium (secondary school) in Riga. At least one source refers to part of his childhood having been spent in Moscow, but most make no mention of this. If there was a period in Moscow it was almost certainly brief, and probably connected with his father's business as the director of a railway company:  by the time his father died, in 1895, <mask> was in Saratov, a large industrial far to the south of Moscow. In 1885 his parents separated, however.After the divorce, which appears to have followed only in 1890 when his father wished to marry someone else, he moved with his mother to briefly to Munich and from there to Lübeck in Germany. It was at the prestigious "Katharineum" ("humanistic secondary school") in  Lübeck that he completed the final two years of his schooling. A contemporary at the school (actually nearly three years younger than Holm) was Thomas Mann. During their time at the school, <mask> was assigned to help out as "Mann's gymnastics coach". Thomas Mann viewed the whole business of school gymnastics with intense dislike, but could on occasion be persuaded to compromise his principals to the extent of touching the horizontal exercise bars with his fingertips, while casting a look of withering contempt at the equipment. When it came to the more obviously cerebral aspects of the school curriculum, the future creator of Buddenbrooks and Zauberberg was, according to school reports, an adequately committed pupil; and while the school authorities refused to view his conduct in gymnastics classes with complete equanimity, Mann's rebellious aversion to organised exercise did not prevent a friendship from forming with his schoolboy "gymnastics coach". Later, when they were all grown up and <mask> had joined a publishing business, he intervened to help Mann obtain work with the Munich-based satirical magazine "Simplicissimus".<mask> was already 21 during the early summer of 1894 when, at a slightly older age than was conventional, he passed his "Reifeprüfung" ("Matriculation" - school graduation exam). He enrolled to study for a degree in Jurisprudence at Berlin University. That same year he moved on to Munich University, intending to stay for a year as part of his degree course. As matters turned out, Munich would remain his home city for the rest of his life, though it is not clear that he ever completed his degree. Soon after arriving in Munich he enrolled as an "Einjährig-Freiwilliger" for military service with the Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment, under a scheme which permitted applicants to undertake their military service over a reduced duration of just one year, provided they agreed to pay their own costs in respect of equipment, food and clothing. His first published poems appeared in the weekly magazine "Simplicissimus" in 1896. The new magazine had been launched by Albert Langen in April of that year.According to a story he later liked to relate, <mask> had come across Langen in the first place only because of confusion on the part of his mother between the art publisher "Josef Albert" and the magazine publisher "Albert Langen". Josef Albert seems to have been a printer of then fashionable coloured post cards. His premises only occupied the ground floor of the building into which <mask>'s mother marched while, armed with a list of possible "art publishers" compiled by her son, she sought out a publisher for some illustrated poems that her son had produced. (The illustrations had been produced by one of her own contacts in the Munich arts world.) Joseph Albert's large brass name plate, including the name "Albert", dominated the various signs by the entrance   It seems probable that the publisher of "Simplicissimus", Albert Langen, had his office on a higher floor in the same building. In any event, shortly after publishing some of <mask>'s poems, Langen agreed that the young man could help him, starting on 1 October 1896, as an unpaid internee. The interneeship quickly became a paid job.Langen himself had married the nineteen year-old Dagny Bjørnson Sautreau in 1896, after which it seems that <mask> was encouraged to take more responsibility within the business. By 1898 <mask> <mask> had gained his employer's confidence to the point at which he became a "Prokurist", contractually authorised to sign off certain agreements on behalf of Langen's publishing business. During the next few years titles by Heinrich Mann, Henrik Ibsen, Marcel Prévost and Verner von Heidenstam were published. Together, Langen and <mask> evidently made formidable team:  business was booming. In April 1909, however, Albert Langen died as a deferred consequence of Otitis media. After 1909 <mask> managed the business as a trustee ("Kurator" / "Treuhänder"). Meanwhile, in 1899 <mask> <mask> married the young widow Augusta "Annie" Ziemann (1872-1942), thereby instantly acquiring three step-children.<mask>  (1901-1978), the couple's fourth child, was born a couple of years following the marriage in Munich. In 1918 or 1919 <mask> became one of three co-owners of the Albert Langen publishing business. A further significant change in the ownership structure came about in 1932 when the Langen publishing business was merged with the Georg Müller publishing business. <mask> remained in post as "Mitgeschäftsführer" (loosely, "Joint-CEO") of the combined publishing firm "Albert Langen — Georg Müller Verlag GmbH" till his death in 1942. <mask> <mask> died in Munich after a long illness on 5 August 1942. Works
<mask> <mask> was the author of novels, short stories, poems and stage plays. His work can be classified as entertainment literature.He also published several engaging autobiographical volumes and shorter pieces about his childhood and years as a young man in Munich. He also translated works of literature into German from Russian, French and Danish. His translations of Gogol, still regarded as classics of their kind, found a particularly welcoming resonance with critics and readers. Output (selection)

as author

translations into German

Notes

References

1872 births
1942 deaths
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
19th-century German male writers
20th-century German male writers
German publishers (people)
German printers
20th-century publishers (people)
Translators from Danish
Translators from French
Translators from Russian
Translators to German
People from Riga
People from Lübeck

masks:
Korfiz Holm
Corfitz Holm
Holm
Diedrich Eduard Holm
Holm
Holm
Diedrich Holm
Holm
Holm
Holm
Holm
Holm
Holm
Holm
Korfiz
Holm
Holm
Holm
Korfiz
Holm
Edith Holm
Holm
Holm
Korfiz
Holm
Korfiz
Holm


title: Clara Brown

texts:
<mask> (c. 1800–1885) was a former enslaved woman from Virginia and Kentucky who became a community leader, philanthropist and aided settlement of former slaves during the time of Colorado's Gold Rush. She was known as the 'Angel of the Rockies' and made her mark as Colorado's first black settler and a prosperous entrepreneur. <mask> was born in Virginia in 1800  and moved to Logan County, Kentucky, with her family. She married another enslaved person when she was 18 and together they had four children. In 1835, <mask>'s family was broken apart when they were all sold to different slave owners. When <mask> was 56, she received her freedom but was required by law to leave the state. She worked her way west as a cook and laundress to Denver, Colorado.<mask> settled in the mining town now called Central City, Colorado where she worked as a laundress, cook, and midwife. With the money she made, she invested in properties and mines in nearby towns. Known as "<mask>" for her emotional and financial support, <mask> was a founding member of a Sunday school, made her home available for prayer services and generously supported the community. At the end of the Civil War, <mask> could freely travel and liquidated all of her investments to travel to Kentucky to find her daughter. Although she was unsuccessful, she paid the way for 16 or more relatives and others who were former slaves to move to Colorado. Finally, in 1882 she reunited with Eliza Jane and Eliza Jane's daughter. In 1885, the last year of her life, <mask> was voted into the Society of Colorado Pioneers for her role in Colorado's early history.Early life
<mask> was born into slavery near Independence, Missouri on January 1, 1800. At a young age <mask> and her mother were sold to Adam Smith, a Virginian tobacco farmer, and worked in the fields. She was then moved with the Smith family to Kentucky. <mask> married a slave named Richard at 18 years of age. Together they had four children: Richard, Margaret, Paulina Ann, and Eliza Jane. Sadly at 8 years of age Paulina, the twin sister to Eliza Jane drowned. In 1835 their owner, Ambrose Smith, died.To settle the estate <mask>'s family was brought to a slave auction, sold separately and sent to different, distant locations. A plantation owner from Kentucky, <mask>, sensed her intelligence and strength and placed high bids to attain her. Freedom

At the age of 56, <mask> was granted her freedom, as stipulated in <mask>'s will. She left the state upon receiving her freedom according to a Kentucky law. Kentucky to Colorado
<mask> was hired as a maid and cook by a family heading to the westward departure point of Leavenworth Kansas Territory. From there <mask> was hired by Colonel Benjamin Wadsworth in April 1859 to work on the wagon train as a cook for 26 men. It was a hot, difficult eight-week journey to Denver, Colorado, made more uncomfortable by the complaints of a southern man about a black woman traveling with them.<mask> is believed to be Colorado’s gold rush first African American woman. Denver and Central City
 In the Denver area, <mask> settled in nearby Auraria where she worked at the City Bakery. She was one of the founding members of the nondenominational Union Sunday school through her affiliation with two Methodist missionary ministers. Following the tide of miners heading into the mountains, <mask> set up the first laundry in Gilpin County in Gregory Gulch, now called Central City, Colorado. She also worked as a midwife, cook and nursemaid. <mask>'s income grew substantially when she expanded her laundry business after taking a partner. She invested her earnings in mine claims and land and within several years had accumulated $10,000 in savings and reportedly owned 16 lots in Denver, 7 houses in Central City, and property and mines in Boulder, Georgetown, and Idaho Springs.<mask> gave generously of herself to those in the community. She hosted the first Methodist church services at her house and helped those in need any way she could, whether newly settled Euro-Americans or Native Americans. Lovingly called "Aunt <mask>," her home was, "a hospital, a home, a general refuge for those who were sick or in poverty." She was quoted as saying, "I always go where Jesus calls me." The Catholic Church and the first Protestant church in the Rocky Mountains were built partly through <mask>'s donations toward their construction. Frank C. Young, who some called the Washington Irving of the Rockies said of <mask>:
In our little community everyone knew everyone else, whatever might be the positive differences in social position. In this connection, I might speak of Aunt <mask>.She was raised in old Kentucky, and with, she won freedom secured after years of persistent, patient toil, when well along in life she joined the procession of gold seekers to Gregory Gulch. Through the unusual returns of a mining camp for labor such as hers, she was able to bring out from the old plantation her children and later her children’s children [relatives]; and with them, whether aided by her efforts or stimulated by her example, have, year by year, come many others of her race, worthily represented by the Pointers, the Lees, the Nelsons and other families who are as tenacious of recognition as subjects of the 'little kingdom' as you or I may be. Attempts to find her family and aid to former slaves
 Letters were sent to locate her family with the aid of friends who could write. <mask> heard that her husband Richard and daughter Margaret had both died and her son Richard was lost, but she vowed to find her daughter Eliza Jane. At the end of the Civil War, she liquidated her holdings to travel back to Gallatin, Kentucky. She didn't find Eliza Jane, but she helped 16 (or 26) relatives and others who were former slaves travel to Colorado by train and wagon train and helped them find work once they were settled. <mask> also went to Kansas in 1879 to help former slaves "build a community and farm the land."At eighty years of age, <mask>'s funds were depleted through charitable contributions, her efforts to find her family, and having been cheated by real estate agents. <mask> moved to Denver when she could no longer sustain the higher altitude and lived in the home of a friend. After years of writing letters, <mask> heard that her daughter lived in Council Bluffs, Iowa and traveled there at 82 years of age to meet her. The Council Bluffs Nonpareil reported on March 4, 1882, that <mask> was "still strong, vigorous, tall, her hair thickly streaked with gray, her face kind." <mask> returned to Denver with her granddaughter after a lengthy visit and was later visited by her daughter, Eliza Jane, until <mask>'s death. In remembrance of her pioneering role in Colorado history, she was voted into the Society of Colorado Pioneers and interviewed by the Denver Tribune-Republican on June 26, 1885. Death and memorials
<mask> died in Denver on October 23, 1885 and was buried in Denver's Riverside Cemetery.Colorado state dignitaries were in attendance at her funeral, including Denver mayor John Long Routt and governor James Benton Grant. The Central City Opera House dedicated a permanent memorial chair in her name. <mask> is the subject of the opera Gabriel's Daughter by Henry Mollicone and William Luce, which premiered at Central City Opera in 2003. <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1989. See also
 History of slavery in Colorado
 List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes

References
 <mask> Biography (1800-1885). Biography Channel. A&E Network.Retrieved 13 June 2011. Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, <mask>. Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Hill, A. (1915).Colorado pioneers in picture and story. Denver: Brock-Hafner Press. Katz, W. (1995) Black Women of the Old West. Chapter 7, <mask> of Colorado. New York: Antheum Books for Young Readers, Simon and Schuster. .
 Reiter, Joan S. (1978). The Old West: The Women. Time-Life Books
 Varnell, Jeanne (1999).Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Boulder: Johnson Press. .
 Wishart, David J. (2004). "<mask>, "Aunt" <mask>". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. .

1800 births
1885 deaths
19th-century American slaves
Colorado Mining Boom
Society of Colorado Pioneers
People from Central City, Colorado
American midwives
People from Denver
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
African-American history of Colorado
19th-century African-American women

masks:
Clara Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Aunt Clara
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Brown
Clara Brown
Clara Brown
Clara
Clara
Brown
George Brown
Clara Brown
George Brown
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Clara
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Clara Brown
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Clara Brown
Clara Brown
Clara Brown
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Clara


title: Joe Dunne

texts:
<mask> (born 25 May 1973) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who is currently interim assistant manager of Colchester United. Dunne played as a defender in the Football League for Gillingham and Colchester United, and briefly played in the Conference for Dover Athletic. He once represented Republic of Ireland at under-21 level. His playing career was ended prematurely after suffering a series of injuries. He began coaching at Colchester United, earning his coaching badges and working his way up from youth level. He became the club's assistant manager when John Ward was appointed manager in 2010, before replacing Ward at the helm in September 2012 having previously acted as caretaker manager for four games in 2009. After guiding the club to League One safety in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons, Dunne left his role on 1 September 2014.He then joined Cambridge United as an assistant manager on 11 May 2015. Playing career

Early life
Dunne was born in Dublin and grew up in the city's Inchicore suburb, where he lived with his mother and father. His father died when Dunne was 13, leaving him to be the "man of the house". Determined to make a career for himself in football, Dunne left Ireland for England at the age of 15 at the same time as his friend Mark Kinsella, who had been playing for Home Farm. He went on a week-long trial at Gillingham, but stayed for two weeks and signed for the club without telling his mother. Gillingham
Gillingham manager Keith Burkinshaw signed Dunne, but Irishman Damien Richardson had replaced Burkinshaw at the helm by the time Dunne arrived. Dunne signed for the Gills on a professional contract in August 1990 and went on to make 115 league appearances for the club, scoring once.Colchester United
Colchester United boss Steve Wignall signed <mask> from Gillingham in March 1996 on a free transfer. Dunne made his debut for the U's on 30 March 1996 at Hartlepool United's Victoria Park, coming on as a substitute for Paul Gibbs. He scored his first goal for the club in the penultimate game of the 1995–96 season, which proved crucial as it was a 90th-minute winner against Mansfield Town to help Colchester into the play-off positions. Dunne missed the play-off matches as the U's lost out to Plymouth Argyle, but Dunne would get his chance to play at Wembley the following season. Dunne was a member of the Colchester squad that lost the 1997 Football League Trophy Final to Carlisle United in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw. However, he tasted success the following year as Colchester defeated Torquay United 1–0 at Wembley to win the 1998 Football League Third Division play-off Final and promotion to Division Two. However, in the summer of 1999, Dunne was unceremoniously released by new Colchester manager Mick Wadsworth alongside nine other players.Despite his release, his popularity with the fans was proven as Colchester's Evening Gazette newspaper awarded Dunne their 'Player of the Year' award, as voted for by readers and fans. Upon hearing this news, Dunne said that it was "a great honour" and he "couldn't thank the fans enough". Dover Athletic
Eleven weeks following his release, Dunne struggled to find a Football League club willing to accommodate him, and Dunne considered quitting football and taking a job outside of the game to support his family after initial interest from Isthmian League club Aldershot Town came to nothing. However, Dunne signed for Football Conference side Dover Athletic in August 1999. He made his debut for the club in their 3–1 home defeat to Doncaster Rovers on 11 September and went on to score two goals in eleven Conference appearances. Return to Colchester United
Steve Whitton had replaced Mick Wadsworth in the hot seat at Colchester United, and Whitton made it his job to bring fans' favourite Dunne back to the club. He was captain at Dover and playing well, but Whitton stated that he would go straight into the U's starting line-up for their next fixture, knowing Dunne had previously stated that he would "leap at the chance to come back".He re-signed for a nominal fee on 14 December 1999 on a deal that would see him tied to the club until at least 2001. Dunne made his second debut for the club in an important 3–0 win at Layer Road against Luton Town on 17 December as the U's looked to turn their season around and pull away from the relegation zone. In an away game against Luton one year later, Dunne was taken off after 31 minutes after clashing with Hatters midfielder Matthew Taylor. He suffered a five-inch vertical gash on his face while making tackle and was subsequently taken to hospital for treatment. He spent three-and-a-half hours in hospital before being released and was able to take the team coach back home following the U's 3–0 victory. He returned to action before the new year. Dunne managed to make 62 further league appearances in his second spell with Colchester but played his final game on 24 November 2001 when he was stretchered off after 79 minutes with a serious knee injury.During his time out injured, Dunne forfeited his monthly wages in a bid to save his career at the club, having been signed to a rolling-monthly contract. Dunne's recovery process suffered setbacks, and required major reconstruction surgery on cartilage and cruciate ligament injuries. In January 2003, Dunne said that he hoped to be back in action by the end of the 2002–03 season. In April 2003, Dunne finally announced his retirement from League football aged 29.

International career
Dunne represented Republic of Ireland at under-21 level once in 1992, but never received a call-up to the full national squad. Managerial career

Colchester United
Colchester United decided to retain Dunne's services immediately after his retirement from the game by appointing him as a youth team coach, working under Micky Cook. Dunne had previously done some scouting work for Colchester manager Phil Parkinson towards the end of the 2002–03 season during his recuperation from his injuries. Dunne replaced Cook as senior youth team coach in August 2003.Dunne took charge of the U's youth team on their 2004 FA Youth Cup run where they defeated Premiership club Chelsea 2–1 in the third round at Layer Road in December. The young U's side then proceeded to the fifth round of the cup for the first time in the club's history after beating Cardiff City 3–2 in the fourth round. <mask>'s team booked their place in the quarter-finals of the competition with a 2–1 away win at Crewe Alexandra in February 2005. A record youth fixture attendance at Layer Road saw 2,900 fans turn out for the quarter-final against rivals Ipswich Town, but the weary Colchester players were thrashed 5–0 by Town on 16 March 2005. Dunne led his youth team to the Youth Alliance Cup final in May 2006, where they took on Preston North End in front of a crowd of 545 at Layer Road. The U's fought back from 2–0 down to take the tie to extra time, where they eventually fell to a 5–2 defeat. When Colchester United assistant manager Mick Harford departed the club for a similar role with Queens Park Rangers, Dunne was keen to once again stand in as assistant manager to Geraint Williams having done so previously prior to Harford's arrival.In August 2007, following his good work with the Colchester United youth team, Dunne was promoted within the club to position of reserve team manager having managed the youth team for four seasons. With new assistant manager Micky Adams leaving Colchester by mutual consent to concentrate on a return to full management, Dunne returned as stand-in assistant manager once again in January 2008 while remaining reserve team manager. With Geraint Williams dismissal as Colchester manager in September 2008, Dunne was once again drafted in as assistant manager while former-assistant manager Kit Symons took up caretaker duties until a new manager was found. Paul Lambert replaced Williams as Colchester manager. In the summer of 2009, Lambert brought in Gary Holt as player-coach, assisting the youth team and <mask>e, meaning Dunne could step up to first-team coach duties. but a little under one year later, Lambert sensationally walked out on the U's for League One rivals Norwich City. Dunne stepped in to take temporary charge of the first team as caretaker manager.<mask>'s first game in charge was against his former club Gillingham on 18 August 2009, as the club put the loss of Lambert behind them to claim a 2–1 victory and remain top of League One. MK Dons ended Colchester's 100% start to the 2009–10 season with a 2–1 victory on 22 August. Dunne ruled himself out of the running for the managers position at the club, stating that he was not one of the 12 possible candidates being interviewed for the job. Dunne suffered his second successive defeat as U's boss when Leeds United visited the Colchester Community Stadium on 29 August, Aidy Boothroyd was announced as Lambert's successor, as Dunne took charge of Colchester for his final game as caretaker manager. The U's once again faced Gillingham, this time in the Football League Trophy as they bowed out on penalties after the game finished 1–1 in normal time. Dunne said of the experience as caretaker that he "enjoyed the pressure and he enjoyed the challenge" and that "it made him better and made him want to get better", whetting his appetite for more. Boothroyd left the U's in May 2010 for Coventry City, as Colchester chairman Robbie Cowling announced that both Boothroyd's former assistant John Ward and Dunne were both in the running for the managerial position.On 31 May, Ward was confirmed as the club's new manager, and <mask> was promoted once again to the position of assistant manager. Following Ward's dismissal as Colchester manager on 24 September 2012, <mask> was once again made caretaker manager as Cowling began his search for a new manager. However, three days later on 27 September 2012, without managing a game as caretaker, Dunne was appointed full-time manager of Colchester United on a one-year rolling contract. He named former Colchester United midfielder and friend Mark Kinsella as his assistant. Dunne immediately signed three players on loan; forward Jabo Ibehre from MK Dons and Arsenal duo Craig Eastmond and Sanchez Watt, All three players went straight into the first team squad for Dunne's first match as Colchester manager against Hartlepool United. After falling behind in the sixth minute, Colchester hit back with goals from Gavin Massey and two from new signing Ibehre to win 3–1. After winning four of his first seven games, ending the club's eight-game winless start to the 2012–13 season, Dunne considered quitting the club in January 2013 following a record ninth consecutive loss for Colchester, with the club struggling at the lower end of League One.However, he stayed on to help the U's narrowly avoid relegation to League Two with a final-day 2–0 win at Carlisle United, the club finished 20th in the league table. With Cowling's and Dunne's emphasis on producing quality players raised through the Colchester United Academy and blooding them for first team action, Dunne said he was "fine" with the U's relegation tag as they headed into the 2013–14 season. During the first half of the season, Dunne gave first-team debuts to Conor Hubble, Sammie Szmodics and Macauley Bonne having already brought Alex Gilbey, Freddie Ladapo and Tosin Olufemi into the first-team picture during the 2012–13 season. Chairman Cowling was pleased that his investments in the youth team had begun producing players that were able to break into the first-team. Dunne was nominated for the Football League One Manager of the Month award for the month of January 2014 after steering his side into the top-half of the League One table with two high-scoring wins and a solid draw at MK Dons. It was the second time Dunne had been nominated, after being shortlisted in November 2012 but pipped to the prize by Sheffield United manager Danny Wilson. Once again however, Dunne was beaten to the accolade, this time by Leyton Orient boss Russell Slade.Following a string of four successive defeats and a winless start to the 2014–15 season, Dunne left Colchester United by mutual consent on 1 September 2014, ending his 18-year association with the club. Colchester United chairman Robbie Cowling stated Dunne decided to go as he felt he took things as far as he could. Cambridge United
In 2015, Dunne joined Cambridge United as assistant to Shaun Derry. Following Derry's departure in February 2018, Dunne was appointed as interim manager of the club until the end of the season before being officially appointed as manager on a three-year deal in May 2018. However, he was sacked on 1 December 2018 due to poor results leaving the club 21st in the league table. Bristol Rovers
On 22 February 2019, Dunne joined Graham Coughlan's coaching staff at Bristol Rovers on a voluntary basis until the end of the season. He was appointed as assistant manager in June 2019.<mask> was caretaker manager of Rovers for the FA Cup second round replay against Plymouth Argyle where he oversaw a 1-0 win. Mansfield Town
Following Coughlan’s departure to Mansfield Town in December 2019, <mask> joined him at the Nottinghamshire club as assistant manager. Dunne was sacked from the post on 28 October 2020. Stevenage
Dunne joined League Two club Stevenage on 1 December 2020, taking on the role of assistant manager to Alex Revell. After a week in his new position, Dunne left his role at the club due to personal reasons. Colchester United
In March 2021, Dunne returned to Colchester United to assist interim manager Wayne Brown. In January 2022, following the return of Wayne Brown as interim manager, Dunne again returned to the club as interim assistant coach.Career statistics

As a player

As a manager

Honours

As a player
Colchester United
1998 Football League Third Division play-off Final winner
1997 Football League Trophy runner-up

As a manager
Colchester United youth team
2006 Youth Alliance Cup runner-up

All honours referenced by:

Personal life
Dunne's son Louis was a member of the Colchester United Academy programme. He rapidly progressed through the age groups at the club, playing at higher levels. He was called up by Republic of Ireland under-15s in April 2013 and featured in Ireland's 3–0 defeat to Finland on 18 April 2013. References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Gillingham F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Republic of Ireland football managers
Colchester United F.C.managers
Cambridge United F.C. managers
Bristol Rovers F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Bristol Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Mansfield Town F.C. non-playing staff
Stevenage F.C. non-playing staff
Colchester United F.C. non-playing staff
Outfield association footballers who played in goal

masks:
Joseph John Dunne
Dunne
Dunne
Joe Dunn
Dunne
Dunne
Dunne
Dunne
Dunne


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
<mask> (, Ashkenazi pronunciation: ; 13 January 1887 – 19 August 1979) was the founder and first Grand Rebbe of the Satmar dynasty. A major figure in the post-war renaissance of Hasidism, he espoused a strictly conservative and isolationist line, rejecting modernity. <mask> was a fierce opponent of Zionism, which he decried as inherently heretical. His role as a Jewish community leader in Transylvania during the Holocaust remains controversial. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on January 13, 1887. He was the second son of Grand Rabbi of Sighet, Chananyah Yom Tov <mask> and his second wife, Chana Ashkenazi. The couple her in 1878, after receiving a special dispensation for him to take a second wife, as his first wife, Reitze – daughter of Rebbe Menashe Rubin of Ropshitz – was unable to bear children.<mask> was the youngest child, with four older siblings. Chananyah served as the rabbi of Máramarossziget (shortened to Siget in Yiddish; today Sighetu Marmației, Romania). He was dean of the local Rabbinical seminary, and the leader of the eponymous Hasidic movement based in the city. He was the great-grandson of Moshe <mask>, a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, who was one of the main promulgators of Hasidism in Hungary. The rabbis of the Teitelbaum family were known for their highly conservative stance, and their opposition to the Enlightenment, Neolog Judaism, and Zionism. <mask> was renowned for his intellectual capacities from a young age. At his bar mitzvah, he delivered a sermon of several hours concerning an issue from the Shabbat tractate in the Talmud.He was stringent in matters regarding ritual purity, and would lengthily prepare for prayer by meticulously cleaning himself. Even before marrying, he received letters of ordination from eight prominent rabbis, including Moshe Greenwald. In 1904, just several days before his father's death on 15 February, the 17-year-old married Chavah Horowitz, the daughter of Abraham Chaim Horowitz of Polaniec. They had three daughters, none of whom survived their father or had any children: The first, Esther, died in her youth, on 14 September 1921; Rachel died on 19 March 1931, shortly after her wedding. The last, Chaya Roisa (or Reysel), died on 23 October 1953. <mask>'s older brother Chaim Tzvi <mask> succeeded their father in all three of his posts. Their mother, along with a small faction of the Hasidim, regarded the younger brother as the appropriate heir.The newlyweds then moved to her father's residence in Radomyśl Wielki, and remained there for over a year. On 8 September 1905, he settled in Szatmárnémeti, or Satmar in Yiddish. Despite his youth, supporters opened a study hall for him. He gradually began to attract a small local following. Journalist Dezső David Schön, who researched the <mask> dynasty, wrote that <mask> started to refer to himself as "Rebbe of Satmar" at that point. Subsequently, he had tense relations with the first to claim the title, Yisaschar Dov Leifer, son of Mordechai of Nadvorna. However, the latter died on 12 September 1906.Rabbinical career
In 1911, <mask> was invited by the Jewish community in Ilosva (or Iršiva), to serve as their town's rabbi. Though , then part of the Austro-Hungarian, it is now Irshava, Ukraine. During <mask>'s stay there, he established a local seminary and spread the ideas of Hasidism among the populace. Upon the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Szatmárnémeti, where his old study hall gradually developed into a full-fledged seminary. As a young rabbi, he clung to the positions of his father and grandfather: He forbade any contact with Zionists, including the religious Mizrachi, and supported Chaim Elazar Spira in his opposition to Agudath Israel. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon (1920), following World War I, Szatmárnémeti and the rest of Partium and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania. The chief Orthodox rabbi of Satmar, Yehudah Greenwald, died on 9 March 1920.Several of <mask>'s supporters advanced his name as a possible candidate for the vacant office, but he was opposed by the non-Hasidic (Ashkenazi) majority in the community, the modernists, and the Zionists, as well as by many Hasidim. Eventually, Eliezer David Greenwald (no relation to the former) was chosen. In 1922, after eight years outside the town, <mask> returned to his community, Iršiva, then in Czechoslovakia. On 29 March 1925, he was appointed chief rabbi of Carei. He moved to the city about a year afterwards. On 21 January 1926, his older brother Chaim Tzvi died unexpectedly of an intracranial hemorrhage. Tzvi's oldest son, Yekusiel Yehuda <mask> (II), was fourteen years old.Although many of his followers suggested that <mask> should succeed his brother, custom prevailed, and the boy was given his father's three posts. Yekusiel Judah Gross of Berbești was brought to serve as his tutor and de facto chief rabbi of Sighet. However, most of the Hasidim turned to <mask>, who became the dynasty's Rebbe in all but name. When he grew older, Yekusiel established a following of his own from among his father's loyal supporters, but his influence as rebbe never exceeded beyond the city limits. On 20 May 1928, Eliezer David Greenwald of Satmar died, and <mask> ran for the municipal rabbi's office again. An election committee established by the Orthodox community's board chose him to the post on 11 June, with nineteen members in favor, five against, and two abstentions. After a prolonged dispute with his opponents, the parties decided to hold an election among all members of the congregation.It took place on 9 August, and <mask> received 437 votes in favor and 331 against. The opposition did not accept the results. In a second vote, on 27 September, 779 approved of <mask>, and only one rejected him. Chaim Freund, the community's president, and several other members of the board were close supporters of the rabbi, and his opponents accused them of rigging the vote throughout the election process by various means, including granting and withdrawing the right to participate according to criteria which benefited their candidate. Both sides sued their opponents in rabbinical courts, and complained to the civilian authorities. The parties presented their claims in lengthy pamphlets printed in 1929: Freund's faction issued a book under the name Milkhemes Mitzve haKhudosh (The New Commanded War), and the other one published Sfas Emes (Words of Truth). Finally, following the continued refusal of many to accept <mask>, his supporters established their own independent community on 10 December 1929, where he could serve as a rabbi.The fear of losing members' fees motivated the other party to negotiate. An agreement was reached on 11 June 1930, and <mask> was invited to serve as Satmar's  chief rabbi. He chose not to accept the nomination until he was certain of support from the community council, which took three and a half years. Only then did he move, arriving on 27 February 1934. With 334 students, his rabbinical seminary became Satmar's largest, having more pupils than the other three combined. In August 1932, <mask> visited Jerusalem. A small party there sought to appoint him as the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the city, in the wake of Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld's death, but Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky eventually received the post.On 29 January 1936, <mask>'s first wife, Chava, died. On 20 August 1937, he remarried with Alte Faige Shapiro, the orphaned 25-year-old daughter of Avigdor Shapiro from Czestochowa, who was half his age. Incident with King Carol II of Romania
In the winter of 1936, the Romanian king Carol II made a visit in the city of Satmar. A large parade consisting of thousands of soldiers and courtiers accompanied his arrival. The municipality prepared a large stage upon which all its religious and municipal leaders stood. <mask> was accompanied by his son-in-law, Chananya Yom-Tov Lipa <mask>, rabbi of Szemihály, and community leader Shmuel Rosenberg, and standing beside them were rabbis of the status quo and neolog communities, and other religious leaders. When the king approached the stage, he surveyed all the people who stood on it, and started walking in <mask>'s direction, who was holding his rabbinical stick in one hand and his hat in the other.Two priests started walking towards the king, but he ignored them. <mask>, suddenly noticing what was happening, saluted and said the blessing "Shenatan MiChvodo LiVnei Adam" (who gave from his honor to human beings). The king gave <mask> his hand. The moment was documented by a Jewish photographer, and was published in the Romanian press. Several days later, the king was asked why he approached the Orthodox rabbi first, and he responded: "Immediately when I walked toward the stage, I surveyed all those who were standing on it. My heart was attracted to this rabbi due to his appearance that radiated spirituality (lit., Yiddishen geistlichen rabbiner)." The king's response was published in the country's Jewish press.World War II
In 1940, following the Second Vienna Award, Satmar again became part of Hungary. Prior to the Holocaust, <mask> ignored the threats to the Jews of Transylvania, and failed to engage in the preparation of rescue and aid plans. As the situation of Hungarian Jews became dangerous, <mask> equipped himself and his closest circle with certificates or visas that would facilitate their escape to Palestine or the United States, while he thwarted all attempts at cooperation between the heads of the ultra-Orthodox communities and the Zionist organizations, which could have helped the rest of the Jewish community to escape. His daughter settled in Jerusalem, while he openly called on his followers to avoid immigrating to Palestine. <mask>'s attempts to leave Hungary were part of a broader general phenomenon, which attracted criticism, even then, of rabbis and other public figures fleeing the country. When the Germans invaded Hungary, <mask>'s closest associates sought a safer way to smuggle him out by bribing two junior officers, drivers of a Red Cross ambulance, who agreed to drive a group of Jews to Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca) in return for money. The travelers included his family, and several wealthy families who paid most of the costs.The attempt failed, and <mask> was arrested and sent to Kolozsvár Ghetto. Faced with harsh living conditions, he asked his followers to try to transfer him to Budapest, or back to the ghetto of Satmar, where Jews were housed in residential buildings, but they were unable to fulfill his requests. Baron Fülöp von Freudiger, director of the Orthodox congregation in Budapest, selected eighty rabbis and other prominent figures, and paid for their inclusion in the passengers' list of the Kastner train, which was to depart the state for a neutral country. <mask> put himself on the list, despite the fact that the evacuation was organized by a Zionist group. On 30 June 1944, once negotiations with the Germans had been concluded, the passengers boarded a freight train that was planned to proceed to

masks:
Joel Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Lipa Teitelbaum
Joel
Teitelbaum
Joel
Teitelbaum
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Teitelbaum
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Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
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Joel
Joel
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Joel
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Teitelbaum
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Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

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 Switzerland, but was eventually diverted to Bergen Belsen. The group was held in a special section, in better conditions than those of other groups. Although the group included several notable figures, <mask> was given special consideration.The group's physician exempted him from roll calls, and volunteers performed the tasks imposed on him. With the help of Kasztner and SS officer Herman Krumey, the final arrangements were made, and <mask> was transferred to Switzerland with some Jews from the group. Upon his arrival in Switzerland, he was accorded preferential treatment by the authorities. Eventually, he decided to immigrate to Palestine. In August 1945, several hundreds of the Kastner train's passengers, <mask> among them, left Switzerland for the port of Taranto in Italy. On the 30th, they boarded the ship Ville d'Oran, which arrived in Haifa in the morning of 2 September. During his stay in Mandatory Palestine, he resided in Jerusalem, at the house of his nephew and son-in-law, Lipa Meir <mask>.When <mask>'s institutions became bankrupt after a year, he emigrated to the United States. United States
The Satmar Rebbe arrived in New York on the second day of Rosh HaShana (27 September) 1946, aboard the motor vessel Vulcania. He settled in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, with a small group of supporters. In late April 1948, the Satmar Hasidim established "Congregation Yetev Lev", named after his grandfather, which was registered as a religious corporation. The community's regulations, accepted in April 1952, decreed that <mask> was not a salaried office holder, but the supreme spiritual authority over the members. In 1951, although not a resident of Israel, <mask> was appointed to the ceremonial office of President of the anti-Zionist Edah HaChareidis (Congregation of God-Fearers) in Jerusalem. After the death of Zelig Reuven Bengis on 21 May 1953, he also succeeded him as the chairman of Eidah Hacharidis Rabbinical Court .He visited Israel every few years. In 1955, <mask> founded the Central Rabbinical Congress, which he headed for the remainder of his life. From the early 1960s, <mask>'s envoys sought to establish a rural settlement, in which the congregants could be secluded from the outside world. They eventually managed to purchase territory in Monroe, New York, where they built Kiryas Joel (Town of Joel). The first families settled there in 1974. On 23 February 1968, <mask> suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed and barely functioning. His wife, backed by several sextons and other functionaries, became the behind-the-scenes power in Satmar.In the early hours of 19 August 1979, he complained of aches, and was transported to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he suffered a myocardial infarction and died at approximately 8am. Over 100,000 people attended his funeral in Kiryas Joel. He was succeeded by his nephew, Moshe <mask>, second son of his older brothers. Opinions

Opposition to Zionism
<mask> was famous for his vocal opposition to Zionism in all arenas. He encouraged his followers in Israel to form self-sufficient communities, without assistance from the State of Israel, and forbade any official engagement with it. Before World War II, most Hasidic rabbis, as well as many other prominent Orthodox rabbis and leaders, believed that God had promised to return the Jewish people to the Land of Israel under the leadership of the Moshiach, who would arrive when the Jewish people had merited redemption. While awaiting the Messiah, the Jewish people were to perform the mitzvot, and were not to antagonize or rebel against the Gentile nations of the world.In the years following the Holocaust, <mask> undertook to strengthen this position. In <mask>'s view, the founding of the modern State of Israel by secular as well as religious Jews, rather than the Moshiach, violated a Jewish commandment that Jews should wait for the Messiah. Moreover, <mask> taught that the existence of the Zionist State of Israel was actually preventing the Messiah from coming. Three oaths

The core citations from classical Judaic sources cited by <mask> in his arguments against Zionism are based on a passage in the Talmud. Rabbi Yosi b'Rebbi Hanina explains (Kesubos 111a) that the Lord imposed "Three Oaths" on the nation of Israel: a) Israel should not return to the Land together, by force; b) Israel should not rebel against the other nations; and c) The nations should not subjugate Israel too harshly. According to <mask>, the second oath is relevant concerning the subsequent wars fought between Israel and Arab nations. He views the Zionist State of Israel as a form of "impatience", in keeping with the Talmud's warnings that being impatient for God's love leads to "grave danger".The Satmar Hasidim explain that the constant wars in Israel are a result of ignoring this oath. <mask> saw his opposition to Zionism as a way of protecting Jews and preventing bloodshed. Apart from his opposition to the founding and existence of the State as being violations of the Three Oaths, and his opposition to Zionism/Nationalism as an idolatrous replacement or addition to Judaism, <mask> held that participating in the Israeli government, especially voting in the elections, should not be done, because it makes one a "partner" in all of the state's anti-Torah policies. He felt that any participation in the Israeli government, even voting in elections, was a grave sin, because it contributes to the spiritual and physical destruction of innocent people. Although many Haredi rabbis agree with the first two ideas, the general view of Agudath Israel and other Haredi rabbis is that the third idea, participating in the Israeli government, is permitted in order to rescue whatever is possible ("saving from the mouth of the lion.") <mask>, however was openly opposed to the views of Agudath Israel, and until the present time, Satmar refuses to become a member of the Agudath Israel organization or party. The Satmar view is that only the Jewish Messiah can bring about a new Jewish government in the Land of Israel.Even if a government declaring itself religious would be formed before the Messiah, it would be illegitimate due to its "improper arrogation of power". While the Satmar Hasidim are opposed to the present government of Israel, many of them live in and visit Israel. <mask> himself lived for about a year in Jerusalem, after his escape from Europe, but before the establishment of the State of Israel, and visited Israel after moving to the United States. Other opinions

<mask> was very stringent in many particulars of Jewish law. He argued with Moshe Feinstein over the proper height of a mechitza (partition between the sexes in the synagogue). Feinstein held that the mechitza need go only up to the shoulders of the average woman, while <mask> opined that the mechitza should not allow women to be seen at all. <mask> was strongly opposed to the use of a tube for metzitza during circumcision of a baby boy, and felt that this change in the procedure would spiritually lead to more promiscuity.<mask> encouraged all married Hasidic men to wear ceremonial fur hats. Although these were not worn by most Hasidic men in Hungary before the war, <mask> felt that in America, it was more important for people to look very different from the rest of the population, in order to prevent assimilation, which was more rampant in America than it had been in Hungary. He held that young men and women should not meet more than two or three times before getting engaged. <mask> stressed the importance of tznius. He was a strong proponent of the Hungarian Hasidic custom for married women to shave their head every month before immersion in the mikveh (ritual bath). He strongly opposed the wearing of wigs by married women. He felt that this was prohibited on Jewish legal ground; he wanted women to cover their hair with something else instead, such as a turban.He insisted that all Satmar women and girls wear thick, brown stockings with seams. The stockings had to be at least 90 denier. Due to the lack of availability of such stockings, <mask> encouraged one of his Hasidim to manufacture the stockings. The stockings are called "Palm", the English translation of <mask>'s last name. <mask> prohibited the ownership of a television. This was in the 1950s, when TV was still heavily censored for promiscuous content. He bought and oversaw his own Yiddish-language newspaper, Der Yid, for two reasons: First, he felt that the other Yiddish newspapers at the time contained articles that were prohibited to read – because of their promiscuous content, and because they did not respect Haredi leaders.In addition, <mask> wanted a platform from which to spread his ideas. Works
Some of the works <mask> authored himself, or otherwise compiled by students:
 Vayoel Moshe (1958), explaining his belief that Zionism is prohibited by halakha (Jewish law)
 Al HaGeulah VeAl HaTemurah (1967, with N. Y. Meisels), further explaining his belief that Zionism is prohibited, in light of the Six-Day War
 Divrei Yoel, on the Chumash, Talmud, and Jewish festivals
 Kuntres Chidushai Torah, on the Chumash
 Kuntres Chidushai Torah, on the festivals
 Shu"t Divrei Yoel, responsa on halakha
 Dibros Kodesh, sermons given at shalosh Seudos
 Agados Maharit, on the Talmud
 Tiv Levav, on the Chumash
 Rav Tuv, on the Chumash

<mask> authored a brief introduction to the Talmudic tractate Shabbat for a Holocaust-era printing in Romania. There are collections of his speeches entitled Hidushei Torah MHR"I <mask>. See also
 Hasidic Judaism
 Neturei Karta
 Shomer Emunim (Hasidic dynasty)

References

Further reading
 Farbstein, Esther, Sermons Speak History: Rabbinic Dilemmas in Internment between Metz and Auschwitz. Modern Judaism, May 2007
 Meisels, Dovid. The Rebbe. The extraordinary life and worldview of Rabbeinu Yoel <mask>, the Satmar Rebbe.Distributed by Israel Book Shop, Lakewood, New Jersey, 2010. Weisshaus, Yechezkel Yossef. The Rebbe. A Glimpse into the Daily Life of the Satmar Rebbe Rabbeinu Yoel Teitelbaum. Translated by Mechon Lev Avos from Sefer Eidis B'Yosef by Rabbi Yechezkel Yosef Weisshaus. Machon Lev Avos. Distributed by Israel Book Shop, Lakewood, New Jersey, 2008.Rabbi Chaim Moshe Stauber The Satmar Rebbe The life and times of Rav Yoel Teitlbaum zt"l-a close talmid's personal recollections. Distributed by Feldheim. External links
 https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/bios/leaders-in-the-diaspora/rav-yoel-teitelbaum-the-satmarer-rebbe/ at OU.org

 Nadler, Allan, The Riddle of the Satmar. Jewish Ideas Daily, February 17, 2011

1887 births
1979 deaths
Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis
People from Sighetu Marmației
Blood for goods
Rebbes of Satmar
Rabbis of the Edah HaChareidis
Kolozsvár Ghetto inmates
Hungarian Orthodox rabbis
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
American Hasidic rabbis
20th-century rabbis
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
People from Monroe, New York
Rabbis from New York (state)
Kiryas <mask>, New York
People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Kastner train
Teitelbaum family
Romanian Orthodox rabbis
Jewish anti-Zionism in

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<mask> (October 20, 1887 – January 1970) was an electrical engineer who worked for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) in the early part of the 20th century. Zobel's work on filter design was revolutionary and led, in conjunction with the work of John R. Carson, to significant commercial advances for AT&T in the field of frequency division multiplex (FDM) telephone transmissions. Although much of <mask>'s work has been superseded by more modern filter designs, it remains the basis of filter theory and his papers are still referenced today. Zobel invented the m-derived filter
and the constant-resistance filter, which remains in use. <mask> and Carson helped to establish the nature of noise in electric circuits, concluding that—contrary to mainstream belief—it is not even theoretically possible to filter out noise entirely and that noise will always be a limiting factor in what is possible to transmit. Thus, they anticipated the later work of Claude Shannon, who showed how the theoretical information rate of a channel is related to the noise of the channel. Life
<mask> was born on October 20, 1887 in Ripon, Wisconsin.He was the son of Oscar Ewald "Herman" <mask>, who had emigrated to the United States from his native Germany in 1860, and his wife Ernestine, née Kahl. Zobel had seven siblings. After attending Ripon High School, he first studied at Ripon College, where he received his BA in 1909 with a thesis on Theoretical and experimental treatment of electrical condensers. He later received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from Ripon. He then went to the University of Wisconsin and graduated with an MA in physics in 1910. Zobel stayed at the University of Wisconsin as a physics instructor from 1910 to 1915, and graduated with his PhD in 1914; his dissertation concerned "Thermal Conduction and Radiation". This followed his 1913 co-authoring of a book on the subject of geophysical thermodynamics.From 1915 to 1916 he taught physics at the University of Minnesota. Having moved to Maplewood, New Jersey, he joined AT&T in 1916, where he worked on transmission techniques. In 1926, still with the company, he moved to New York and in 1934, he transferred to Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs), the research organisation created jointly by AT&T and Western Electric a few years earlier. He retired from Bell Telephone in 1952. The last of Zobel's prolific list of patents occurred for Bell Labs in the 1950s, by which time he was residing in Morristown, New Jersey. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the Acoustical Society of America. He died in Morristown of a heart attack in January 1970.He had married Irene Staab on 28 May 1949; she was still living when he died but a son predeceased him. Thermal conduction

<mask>'s early work on heat conduction was not pursued in his later career. There are, however, some interesting connections. Lord Kelvin in his early work on the transmission line derived the properties of the electric line by analogy with heat conduction. This is based on Fourier's law and the Fourier conduction equation. Ingersoll and Zobel describe the work of Kelvin and Fourier in their book and Kelvin's approach to the representation of transmission functions would consequently have been very familiar to Zobel. It is therefore no surprise that in Zobel's paper on the electric wave filter a very similar representation is found for the transmission function of filters.Solutions to the Fourier equation can be provided by Fourier series. Ingersoll and Zobel state that in many cases the calculation involved makes the solution "well-nigh impossible" by analytical means. With modern technology such a calculation is trivially easy, but Ingersoll and Zobel recommend the use of harmonic analysers, which are the mechanical counterpart of today's spectrum analysers. These machines add together mechanical oscillations of various frequencies, phases and amplitudes by combining them through a set of pulleys or springs: one for each oscillator. The reverse process is also possible, driving the machine with the function and measuring the Fourier components as output. Background to AT&T research
After the work of John R. Carson in 1915 it became clear that multiplexed telephone transmissions could be greatly improved by the use of single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB) transmission. Compared to basic amplitude modulation (AM) SSB has the advantage of half the bandwidth and a fraction of the power (one sideband can have no more than 1/6 of the total power and would typically be a lot less).AM analysed in the frequency domain consists of a carrier and two sidebands. The carrier wave in AM represents the majority of the transmitted power but contains no information whatsoever. The two sidebands both contain identical information so only one is required, at least from an information transmission point of view. Up to this point filtering had been by simple tuned circuits. However, SSB required a flat response over the sideband of interest and maximum rejection of the other sideband with a very sharp transition between the two. As the idea was to put another (completely different) signal in the slot vacated by the unwanted sideband it was important that all traces of it were removed to prevent crosstalk. At the same time minimum distortion (i.e.flat response) is obviously desirable for the sideband being retained. This requirement led to a big research effort in the design of electric wave filters. George A. Campbell and Zobel worked on this problem of extracting a single sideband from an amplitude-modulated composite wave for use in multiplexing telephone channels and the related problem of extracting (de-multiplexing) the signal at the far end of the transmission. Initially, the baseband pass range used was 200 Hz to 2500 Hz but later the International Telecommunication Union set a standard of 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz with 4 kHz spacing. Thus the filtering was required to go from fully pass to fully stop in the space of 900 Hz. This standard in telephony is still in use today and had remained widespread until it began to be supplanted by digital techniques from the 1980s onwards. Campbell had previously utilised the condition discovered in the work of Oliver Heaviside for lossless transmission to improve the frequency response of transmission lines using lumped component inductors (loading coils).When Campbell started investigating electric wave filter design from 1910, this previous work naturally led him to filters using ladder network topology using capacitors and inductors. Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters were designed. Sharper cut-offs and higher stop-band rejection to any arbitrary design specification could be achieved merely by increasing the length of the ladder. The filter designs used by Campbell were described by Zobel as constant k filters although this was not a term used by Campbell himself. Innovations
After Zobel arrived at the Engineering Department of AT&T he used his mathematical skills to further improve the design of electric wave filters. Carson and Zobel developed the mathematical method of analyzing the behavior of filters now known as the image method whereby the impedance and transmission parameters of each section are calculated as if it is part of an infinite chain of identical sections. Wave filters

Zobel invented the m-derived (or m-type) filter section in 1920, the distinguishing feature of this design being a pole of attenuation close to the filter cut-off frequency.The result of this design is a filter response which falls very rapidly past the cut-off frequency. A fast transition between pass-band and stop-band was one of the primary requirements for cramming as many telephone channels as possible into one cable. One disadvantage of the m-type section was that at frequencies past the pole of attenuation, the response of the filter started to increase again, reaching a peak somewhere in the stop-band and then falling again. Zobel overcame this problem by designing hybrid filters using a mixture of constant k and m-type sections. This gave Zobel the advantages of both: the fast transition of the m-type and good stop-band rejection of the constant k.

By 1921 Zobel had further perfected his composite filter designs. He was now using, in addition, m-type half sections at the ends of his composite filters to improve the impedance matching of the filter to the source and the load, a technique in which he held a patent. The difficulty that he was trying to overcome was that the image impedance techniques being used to design filter sections only gave the mathematically predicted response if they were terminated in their respective image impedances.Technically, this was easy to do within the filter as it could always be arranged that adjacent filter sections had matching image impedances (one of the characteristics of m-type sections is that one side or the other of the m-type section will have an image impedance identical to the equivalent constant k section). However, the terminating impedances are a different story. These are normally required to be resistive but the image impedance will be complex. Even worse, it is not even mathematically possible to construct a filter image impedance out of discrete components. The result of impedance mismatch is reflections and a degraded filter performance. Zobel found that a value of m=0.6 for the end half sections, while not mathematically exact, gave a good match to resistive terminations in the pass-band. Around 1923, Zobel's filter designs were reaching the peak of their complexity.He now had a filter section to which he had doubly applied the m-derivation process resulting in filter sections which he called the mm'-type. This had all the advantages of the previous m-type, but more so. An even faster transition into the stop-band and an even more constant characteristic impedance in the pass-band. At the same time one side would match into the old m-type, just as the m-type could match into the k-type. Because there were now two arbitrary parameters (m and m') that the filter designer could adjust, much better end matching half-sections could be designed. A composite filter using these sections would have been the very best that could have been achieved at that time. However, the mm'-type sections never became as widespread and well known as the m-type sections, possibly because their greater complexity has deterred designers.They would have been inconvenient to implement with microwave technology and the increased count of components, especially wound components, made them more expensive to implement with conventional LC technology. Certainly, it is hard to find a textbook from any period which

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 covers their design. Transmission line simulation
<mask> directed much of his effort in the 1920s to constructing networks which could simulate transmission lines. These networks were derived from filter sections, which themselves had been derived from transmission line theory and the filters were used on transmission line signals. In turn, these artificial lines were used to develop and test better filter sections. Zobel used a design technique based on his theoretical discovery that the impedance looking into the end of a filter chain was practically the same (within the limits of component tolerances) as the theoretical impedance of an infinite chain after only a small number of sections had been added to the chain. These "image" impedances have a mathematical characterization impossible to construct simply out of discrete components, and can only ever be approximated.Zobel found that using these impedances constructed out of small filter chains as components in a greater network allowed him to build realistic line simulators. These were not in any sense intended as practical filters in the field, but rather the intention was to construct good controllable line simulators without having the inconvenience of miles of cable to contend with. Equalisers
Zobel invented several filters whose defining characteristic was a constant resistance as the input impedance. The resistance remained constant through the pass band and the stop band. With these designs Zobel had completely solved the impedance matching problem. The main application of these sections has been not so much for filtering out unwanted frequencies, the k-type and m-type filters remained best for this, but rather to equalize the response in the pass band to a flat response. Perhaps one of Zobel's most fascinating inventions is the lattice filter section.This section is both constant resistance and flat response zero attenuation across the band, yet it is constructed out of inductors and capacitors. The only signal parameter it modifies is the phase of the signal at different frequencies. Impedance matching
A common theme throughout Zobel's work is the issue of impedance matching. The obvious approach to filter design is to design directly for the attenuation characteristics desired. With modern computing power, a brute force approach is possible and easy, simply incrementally adjusting each component while recalculating in an iterative process until the desired response is achieved. However, Zobel developed a more indirect line of attack. He realized very early on that mismatched impedances inevitably meant reflections, and reflections meant a loss of signal.Improving the impedance match, conversely, would automatically improve a filter's pass-band response. This impedance matching approach not only led to better filters but the techniques developed could be used to construct circuits whose sole purpose was to match together two disparate impedances. Zobel continued to invent impedance matching networks throughout his career. During World War II he moved on to waveguide filters for use in the newly developed radar technology. Little was published during the war for obvious reasons but towards the end with Bell Labs in the 1950s, Zobel designs for sections to match physically different waveguide sizes appear. However, the circuit noted above which still bears Zobel's name today, the constant-resistance network, can be viewed as an impedance matching circuit and remains Zobel's finest achievement in this regard. Loudspeaker equalisation
The name of Zobel is, perhaps, most well known with regard to impedance compensation networks for loudspeakers and his designs have applications in this field.However, none of Zobel's patents or articles appear to discuss this topic. It is unclear whether he actually designed anything specifically for loudspeakers. The closest we get to this is where he speaks of impedance matching into a transducer, but here he is discussing a circuit to equalize a submarine cable, or in another instance where clearly he has in mind the hybrid transformer which terminates a line going into a telephone instrument on a phantom circuit. Noise
While Carson led the way theoretically, Zobel was involved in the design of filters for the purpose of noise reduction on transmission systems. Background
At the beginning of the 1920s and through to the 1930s, the thinking on noise was dominated by the radio engineers' concern with external static. In modern terminology, this would include random (thermal and shot) noise but those concepts were relatively unknown and little understood at the time despite an early paper by Schottky in 1918 on shot noise. To the radio engineers of the time, static meant externally generated interference.The line of attack against noise from the radio engineers included developing directional antennae and moving to higher frequencies where the problem was known not to be so severe. For telephone engineers, what was then called "fluctuating noise", and would now be described as random noise, i.e. shot and thermal noise, was much more noticeable than with early radio systems. Carson broadened the radio engineers' concept of signal-to-static ratio to a more general signal-to-noise ratio and introduced a figure of merit for noise. Impossibility of noise cancellation
The radio engineers' preoccupation with static and the techniques being used to reduce it led to the idea that noise could be totally eliminated by, in some way, compensating for it or canceling it out. The culmination of this viewpoint was expressed in a 1928 paper by Edwin Armstrong. This led to a famous retort by Carson in a subsequent paper, "Noise, like the poor, will always be with us".Armstrong was technically in the wrong in this exchange, but in 1933, ironically and paradoxically, went on to invent wide-band FM which enormously improved the noise performance of radio by increasing the bandwidth. Carson and Zobel in 1923 had conclusively shown that filtering cannot remove noise to the same degree as, say, interference from another station could be removed. To do this they had analyzed random noise in the frequency domain and postulated that it contains all frequencies in its spectrum. This was the first use of Fourier analysis to describe random noise and hence described it in terms of a spread of frequencies. Also first published in this paper was the concept of what we would now call band-limited white noise. For Zobel this meant that characteristics of the receiving filter completely determine the figure of merit in the presence of white noise and that the filter design was key to achieving the optimum noise performance. Although this work by Carson and Zobel was very early, it was not universally accepted that noise could be analyzed in the frequency domain in this way.For this reason, the aforementioned  exchange between Carson and Armstrong was still possible years later. The precise mathematical relationship between noise power and bandwidth for random noise was finally determined by Harry Nyquist in 1928 thus giving a theoretical limit to what could be achieved by filtering. This work on noise produced the concept, and led Zobel to pursue the design, of matched filters. In this context matched means that the filter is chosen to match the signal's characteristics in order to admit all of the available signal without admitting any noise that could have been excluded. The underlying insight is that admitting as much signal as is available without admitting any noise that could be excluded will maximize the signal to noise ratio. When the signal to noise ratio is maximized, the noise performance of the equipment is optimal. This conclusion was the culmination of theoretical research into removing noise by the application of linear filters.This became important in the development of radar during the Second World War in which Zobel played a part. Use of work in genetic programming research
Zobel's work has recently found an application in research into genetic programming. The purpose of this research is to attempt to demonstrate that the results obtained from genetic programming are comparable to human achievements. Two of the measures that are used to determine whether a genetic programming result is human-competitive are:
The result is a patented invention. The result is equal to or better than a result that was considered an achievement in its field at the time of discovery. One such problem set as a task for a genetic program was to design a crossover filter for woofer and tweeter loudspeakers. The output design was identical in topology to a design found in a patent of Zobel's for a filter to separate multiplexed low and high frequencies on a transmission line.This was judged to be human-comparable, not only because of the patent, but also because the high-pass and low-pass sections were "decomposed" as in Zobel's design, but not specifically required to be so in the programs parameters. Whether or not Zobel's filter design would be good for a hi-fi system is another question. The design does not actually cross over, but rather, there is a gap between the two pass-bands where the signal is not transmitted to either output. Essential for multiplexing, but not so desirable for sound reproduction. A later genetic programming experiment produced a filter design which consisted of a chain of constant k sections terminated in an m-type half section. This was also determined to have been a design patented by Zobel. References

Sources
Bray, J, Innovation and the Communications Revolution, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2002 .Leonard, R, <mask>, O J, Ingersoll, A C, An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Heat Conduction with Engineering and Geological Applications, 1913, Ginn and Co, Boston, New York. Matthaei, G L; Young, L; Jones, E M T, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures McGraw-Hill 1964 (1980 edition is ). Schwartz, M, "Improving the Noise Performance of Communication Systems: 1920s to early 1930s", Technologies, Technologists & Networks: A Symposium on the History of Communication Technologies, October 17, 2007, Smithsonian National Postal Museum. <mask>, O J, Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave Filters, Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 2 (1923), pp. 1–46. 1887 births
1970 deaths
American electrical engineers
American electronics engineers
Engineers from Wisconsin
People from Ripon, Wisconsin
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Radio pioneers
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American

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