title: Pope Gregory II

texts:
Pope <mask> (; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death. His defiance of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian as a result of the iconoclastic controversy in the Eastern Empire prepared the way for a long series of revolts, schisms and civil wars that eventually led to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. Early life
Born into a noble Roman family in the year 669, <mask> was the son of Marcellus and Honesta. <mask> II was an alleged collateral ancestor to the Roman Savelli family, according to a 15th-century chronicler, but this is unattested in contemporary documents and very likely unreliable. The same was said of the seventh-century Pope <mask>, but nothing certain is known about a kinship between the two of them. As a young man, he was placed in the papal court, and was made a subdeacon and sacellarius of the Roman See during the pontificate of Sergius I (687–701). Later he was made a deacon and placed in charge of the Vatican Library.During Constantine's pontificate, <mask> was made a papal secretary, and accompanied the pope to Constantinople in 711 to deal with the issues raised by Rome’s rejection of the canons of the Quinisext Council. The actual negotiations on the contentious articles were handled by <mask>, with the result that Emperor Justinian II agreed that the papacy could disregard whichever of the council’s decisions it wished to. After Constantine’s death on 9 April 715, <mask> was elected pope, and was consecrated as bishop of Rome on 19 May 715. First years and expanding missionary activity
Almost immediately, <mask> began the task of repairing Rome's Aurelian Walls, beginning at the Porta Tiburtina. Work on this task was delayed in October 716 when the river Tiber burst its banks and flooded Rome, causing immense damage and only receding after eight days. <mask> ordered a number of litanies to be said to stem the floods, which spread over the Campus Martius and the so-called Plains of Nero, reaching the foot of the Capitoline Hill. The first year of his pontificate also saw a letter arrive from Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, who attempted to justify his support of Monothelitism, while at the same time seeking sympathy from the pope over the position he was in, with respect to the emperor.<mask> responded by sending a letter outlining the traditional Roman position against Monothelitism. Then in 716, <mask> received an official visit from Duke Theodo of Bavaria to discuss the continuing conversion of his lands to Christianity. As a result of this meeting, <mask> gave specific instructions to his delegates who were to travel to Bavaria, coordinate with the duke, and establish a local church hierarchy, overseen by an archbishop. <mask> maintained an interest in Bavaria; in 726 he forced an unwilling Corbinian, after reviewing his appeal through a synod, to abandon his monastic calling, and become bishop of Freising in upper Bavaria. <mask> next turned his attention to Germany. In 718, he was approached by an Anglo-Saxon missionary, Winfrid, who proposed undertaking missionary work in Germany. <mask> agreed, and after changing his name to Boniface, commissioned him in May 719 to preach in Germany.After hearing of the work that had been done so far, in 722 <mask> summoned Boniface back to Rome to answer rumors concerning Boniface’s doctrinal purity. At this face-to-face meeting, Boniface complained that he found <mask>’s Latin difficult to understand, a clear indication that Vulgar Latin had already started to evolve into the Romance languages. After examining Boniface’s written profession of faith, <mask> was satisfied enough that he made Boniface a bishop in November 722, and returned him to Germany to continue his mission. Continued successes saw <mask> write to Boniface in December 724 to offer his congratulations, followed in November 726 by a response to Boniface’s questions about how to structure the newly emergent churches in Germany. <mask> also strengthened papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. In 726 <mask> was visited by Ine, the former King of Wessex, who had abdicated the throne in order to undertake a pilgrimage to Rome and end his life there. Local church activities
<mask> also concerned himself with establishing or restoring monasteries.He turned his family mansion in Rome into a monastery, St. Agatha in Suburra, endowing it with expensive and precious vessels for use at the altar, and also established a new church, dedicated to Sant'Eustachio. In 718 he restored Monte Cassino, which had not recovered from an attack by the Lombards in 584, and he intervened in a dispute at the Monastery of St. Vincent on the Volturno over the deposition of the abbot. In 721, <mask> held a synod in Rome, for the purpose of fixing issues around illegitimate marriages. Then in 723, the longstanding dispute between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado flared up again. Upon the request of the Lombard king, Liutprand, <mask> had given the pallium to Bishop Serenus, granting him the patriarchate of Aquileia. Soon afterward, however, <mask> received a letter from Donatus, Patriarch of Grado, complaining that Serenus had overstepped his authority, and was interfering within what was Grado’s ecclesiastical jurisdiction. At the same time, <mask> reprimanded Donatus for complaining about <mask>’s decision to grant the pallium to Serenus in the first place.Then in 725, upon Donatus’ death, the Grado patriarchate was usurped by Peter, the Bishop of Pola. <mask> responded by depriving Peter of both sees, and he wrote to the people of the diocese, reminding them to only elect bishops in accordance with church law, whereupon they elected Antoninus, with <mask>’s approval. <mask> also mandated a number of practices within the Church. He decreed that in Lent, on Thursdays, people should fast, just as they were required to do during the other days of the week. Apparently, the practice had been frowned upon by popes of previous centuries, as pagans had fasted on Thursday as part of their worship of Jupiter. He also prescribed the offices be said during church services on Thursdays in Lent, as prior to this, the Mass of the preceding Sunday was said on those Thursdays. Relations with the Lombards
<mask> attempted to remain on good diplomatic terms with the Lombards, and especially with their king, Liutprand.In April 716 he managed to get Liutprand to agree not to retake the Cottian Alps, which had been granted to the Roman Church in the reign of Aripert II. However, the semi-independent Lombard Duchy of Benevento, under the expansionist duke Romuald II, resumed hostilities by capturing Cumae in 717, cutting Rome off from Naples. Neither threats of divine retribution nor outright bribery made an impression on Romuald, and so <mask> appealed to Duke John I of Naples, funding his campaign to successfully retake Cumae. That same year saw the Lombard duke Faroald <mask> of Spoleto, capture Classis, the port of Ravenna. <mask> brokered a deal with Liutprand, who forced Faroald to return it to the Exarch of Ravenna. Perceiving that the Lombard threat would continue to fester and they would take imperial territory in Italy a piece at a time, in around 721 <mask> appealed to the Franks, asking Charles Martel to intervene and drive out the Lombards. Charles however, did not respond to the request.Imperial weakness in Italy encouraged further Lombard incursions, and in 725, they captured the fortress of Narni. Then in 727, with the Exarchate of Ravenna in chaos over the Byzantine Emperor’s iconoclast decrees (see below), the Lombards captured and destroyed Classis and overran the Pentapolis. Although Classis was retaken in 728, fighting continued between Byzantine forces and the Lombards until 729, when <mask> brokered a deal between Liutprand and the Byzantine exarch, Eutychius, bringing about a temporary ceasing of hostilities that held until <mask>’s death. <mask> and Liutprand met in 729 at the ancient city of Sutri. Here, the two reached an agreement, known as the Donation of Sutri, whereby Sutri and some hill towns in Latium (see Vetralla) were given to the papacy. They were the first extension of papal territory beyond the confines of the Duchy of Rome, and in effect marked the beginning of the Papal States. Conflict with Emperor <mask>

Tensions between <mask> and the imperial court began around 722 when emperor Leo III attempted to raise taxes on the papal patrimonies in Italy, draining the Papacy’s monetary reserves.Leo required this revenue to pay for the ongoing Arab war, while <mask> needed it to provide local foodstuffs for the city of Rome, thereby relieving Rome on its reliance upon the long-distance supply of grain. The result of which was, through refusing to pay the additional taxes, <mask> encouraged the Roman populace to drive the imperial governor of Rome from the city, and Leo was unable to impose his will upon Rome, as Lombard pressure kept the exarch of Ravenna from fielding an army to bring the pope to heel. However, in 725, possibly at the emperor’s request, Marinus, who had been sent from Constantinople to govern the Duchy of Rome, encouraged a conspiracy to murder the pope. Involving a duke named Basil, the Chartoularios Jordanes, and a subdeacon named Laurion, the departure of Marinus paused the plot, only to see it resume with the arrival of the new exarch, Paul. However, the plot was uncovered, and the conspirators were put to death. Then in 726, Leo issued an iconoclast edict, condemning possession of any icon of the saints. Although Leo made no move to enforce this edict in the west beyond having it read in Rome and Ravenna, <mask> immediately rejected the edict.Upon hearing this, the Exarchate of Ravenna rose in revolt against the imperial imposition of iconoclasm. The armies of Ravenna and the Duchy of the Pentapolis mutinied, denouncing both Exarch Paul and Leo III, and overthrew those officers who remained loyal. Paul rallied the loyalist forces and attempted to restore order, but was killed. The armies discussed electing their own emperor and marching on Constantinople, but were dissuaded by Pope <mask> from acting against Leo. At the same time, the self-described “duke” Exhilaratus and his son Hadrian rebelled in Naples, sided with the emperor and marched on Rome in order to kill <mask>, but were overthrown by the people and killed. In 727, <mask> summoned a synod to condemn iconoclasm. According to Greek sources, principally Theophanes, it was at this point that <mask> excommunicated Leo.However, no western source, in particular, the Liber pontificalis, confirms this act by <mask>. He then dispatched two letters to Leo, denying the Imperial right to interfere in matters of doctrine. He wrote:
"You say: ‘We worship stones and walls and boards.’ But it is not so, O Emperor; but they serve us for remembrance and encouragement, lifting our slow spirits upwards, by those whose names the pictures bear and whose representations they are. And we worship them not as God, as you maintain, God forbid!... Even the little children mock at you. Go into one of their schools, say that you are the enemy of images, and straightway they will throw their little tablets at your head, and what you have failed to learn from the wise you may pick up from the foolish... In virtue of the power which has come down to us from St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, we might inflict punishment upon you, but since you have invoked one on yourself, have that, you and the counselors you have chosen... though you have so excellent a high priest, our brother Germanus, whom you ought to have taken into your counsels as father and teacher. . . .The dogmas of the Church are not a matter for the emperor, but for the bishops." <mask>'s letters to Leo have been accused of being apocryphal, and may not accurately reflect the real content of <mask>'s correspondence with Leo. In 728, Leo sent to Italy a new exarch, Eutychius, to try to retrieve the situation. Eutychius sent an emissary to Rome, with instructions to kill <mask> and the chief nobility in the city, but the plot was uncovered and foiled. Next, he attempted to turn the Lombard king and dukes against the pope, but they retained their ambivalent stance, not committing one way or the other. That same year <mask> wrote to Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, giving the patriarch his support, and when Germanus abdicated, <mask> refused to acknowledge the new patriarch, Anastasius, nor the iconoclast rulings of a council summoned by Leo. In 729, Eutychius finally managed to bring about an alliance with the Lombard king, Liutprand, and both agreed to help the other deal with their rebellious subjects.After they had subjugated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing them under Liutprand’s authority, they turned to Rome with the intent of bringing <mask> to heel. However, outside Rome, <mask> managed to break up the alliance against him, with Liutprand returning to Pavia. After this, Eutychius reached an uneasy truce with <mask>, and the pope in return forged a temporary truce between the Lombards and the Byzantines. Regardless, <mask> was still a devoted and vigorous defender of the empire. This was demonstrated in 730 when there arose another usurper, Tiberius Petasius, who raised a revolt in Tuscany. He was defeated by the exarch Eutychius, who received steady support from Pope <mask>. <mask> died on 11 February 731, and was buried in St. Peter’s Basilica.The location of his tomb has since been lost. He was subsequently canonized and is commemorated as a saint in the Roman calendar and martyrology on 13 February, although some martyrologies list him under 11 February. Miracle at the Battle of Toulouse (721)
A miracle concerning <mask> II is linked to the victory over Muslim forces at the Battle of Toulouse (721). According to the Liber Pontificalis, in 720 Pope <mask> sent to Odo, Duke of Aquitaine, "three blessed sponges/baskets of bread". The Duke kept these, and just before the battle outside of Toulouse, he distributed small portions of these to be eaten by his troops. After the battle, it was reported that no one who had eaten a part of the sponges/baskets of bread had been killed or wounded. References

Literature

 Ekonomou, Andrew J., Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from <mask> the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752 (2007)
 Levillain, Philippe, The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies, Routledge (2002)
 Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (1997)
 Mann, Horace K., The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol.I: The Popes Under the Lombard Rule, Part 2, 657–795 (1903)
 Bury, John Bagnall, A History of the Later Roman Empire From Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II (1889)

 . Annette Grabowsky: Gregor II. In: Germanische Altertumskunde Online (nur bei De Gruyter Online verfügbarer Artikel mit umfassenden Quellen- und Literaturangaben) 2014. 669 births
731 deaths
Popes
Popes of the Byzantine Papacy
8th-century archbishops
Papal saints
8th-century Christian saints
8th-century popes
Leo III the Isaurian

masks:
Gregory II
Gregory
Gregory
Benedict II
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
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II
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Leo III
Gregory
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title: Anthony de la Roché

type: original

texts:
<mask> (spelled also <mask>, <mask> or <mask> in some sources) was a 17th-century English merchant born in London to a French Huguenot father and an English mother. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was blown off course, and visited the Antarctic island of South Georgia, making the first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence. 1675 Voyage

Discovery of South Georgia
Having acquired a 350-ton ship in Hamburg and obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in Spanish America, <mask> called at the Canary Islands in May 1674 and in October that year arrived in the port of Callao in the Viceroyalty of Peru by way of Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn. On his return voyage, sailing from Chiloé Island (Chile) to Bahia de Todos os Santos (Salvador, Brazil), in April 1675 <mask> rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the tricky waters off Staten Island (Isla de los Estados). His ship failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor round the east extremity of Staten Island (i.e. make the mythical 'Brouwer's Strait' present on the old maps since the 1643 Dutch expedition of Admiral Hendrik Brouwer), and was carried far away to the east instead. Eventually they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly Drygalski Fjord according to some experts – where the battered ship anchored for a fortnight.According to <mask>é's report published in London in 1678 and its surviving 1690 summary, "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. fathoms sand and rock". The surrounding glaciated, mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather". Once the weather cleared up, the ship set sail, and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia they sighted Clerke Rocks further to the southeast. Gough Island landing
Several days after his departure from South Georgia, <mask>é came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish", and spent six days "without seeing any human being", thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the South Atlantic island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator Gonçalo Álvares in 1505 or 1506 (and known as Gough Island since 1731). La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador, and eventually arrived in La Rochelle, France on 29 September 1675. Legacy
Soon after the voyage, cartographers started to depict on their maps Roché Island, and Straits de la Roche separating the island from an Unknown Land to the southeast, honouring the discoverer.Captain James Cook was aware of <mask>oché's discovery, mentioning it in his ship journal upon approaching South Georgia in January 1775. However, Cook made the first recorded landing, and surveyed and mapped Roché Island, renaming it for King George III in the process. The second-ever map of South Georgia, made in 1802 by Captain Isaac Pendleton of the American sealing vessel Union and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer Arnaldo Faustini in 1906, was entitled South Georgia; Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675. (Pendleton erred regarding <mask>'s nationality due to his French last name.) Maps showing <mask>é's discovery
In particular, the newly discovered island appeared on the following 17th–18th century maps:

 J.T. Albernaz, J. <mask> e F. <mask> y Lovera. Mapas generales originales y universales des todo el orue con los puertos principales y fortalezas de Ambas Indias y una descripcion topographica de la region Austral Magallonica año de 1692.Published in 1630, appended in 1692. L'Isle, <mask>; J. Covens & C. Mortier. (1700/20). L'Amerique Meridionale. Paris. <mask>, Henry A. (1705/19).Nouvelle Carte de Géographie de la Partie Méridionale de l'Amérique. Amsterdam. L'Isle, <mask> & Henry A. Chatelain. (1705/19). Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan. Paris. Lens, Bernard & George Vertue.(ca. 1710). Map of South America. London. Price, Charles. (ca. 1713).South America corrected from the observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London and Paris. London. De Fer, <mask>. (1720). Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique, où se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay, et les Terres Magellaniques avec les Fameux Détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire. Paris. Homann Heirs.(1733). Typus Geographicus Chili a Paraguay Freti <mask>ci. Nuremberg. Moll, Herman. (1736). A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye South Part of Brasil. London.L'Isle, <mask> & Giambattista Albrizzi. (1740). Carta Geografica della America Meridionale. Venice. Seale, Richard W. (ca. 1745). A Map of South America.With all the European Settlements & whatever else is remarkable from the latest & best observations. London. Cowley, John. (ca. 1745). A Map of South America. Londra.Gibson, John. (1753). South America. London. Buache, Philippe. (1754). Carte des Terres Australes, Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique.Paris. Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). South America. Londra. <mask> Vaugondy, Didier. (1777).Hemisphère Australe ou Antarctique. Paris. Arrowsmith, Aaron. (1794). Map of the World on a Globular Projection, Exhibiting Particularly the Nautical Researches of Capn. James Cook, F.R.S. with all the Recent Discoveries to the Present Time.London. Honours
Roché Peak, the highest feature on Bird Island, South Georgia, and Roché Glacier in Vinson Massif, Antarctica are named for <mask> <mask>. See also
 History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 Gough Island
 Roché Glacier
 Roché Peak

References

English explorers
Sailors from London
Explorers of Antarctica
History of South Georgia
17th-century English people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
17th century in Antarctica

masks:
Anthony de la Roché
Antoine de la Roché
Antonio de la Roché
Antonio de la Roca
la Roché
la Roché
la Roch
la Roch
la R
la Roché
la Roch
de Attayde
de Seixas
Guillaume de
Chatelain
Guillaume de
Nicolas
Magellani
Guillaume de
Robert de
Anthony de
la Roché


title: Joe Cornish

texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1968) is an English comedian and filmmaker. With his long-time comedy partner, Adam Buxton, he forms the comedy duo Adam and <mask>. In 2011, <mask> released his directorial debut Attack the Block. He also co-wrote The Adventures of Tintin with Steven Moffat and Edgar Wright, and Ant-Man, with Wright, Adam McKay and Paul Rudd. Early life
<mask> was educated at the independent Westminster School in central London, where he became friends with both Adam Buxton and Louis Theroux. At age 18, he went on to study at the Bournemouth Film School. Career

The Adam and Joe Show

The Adam and Joe Show was an ironic pop culture sketch show written, presented and directed by the duo.The show found cult success during its four series between 1996 and 2001. The best-known segments featured hit feature films recreated with stuffed toys, British television shows parodied using Star Wars action figures, and Vinyl Justice, in which the pair invaded rock stars' homes and searched their record collections for embarrassing records. Since the end of The Adam and Joe Show, <mask> has continued to work in British television and radio as a presenter, writer and director, both with and without Buxton. He wrote and presented the BBC Radio 4 film programme Back Row between 2002 and 2003. In 2001, he fronted the topical discussion show This Week Only, alongside Nick Frost and Lauren Laverne. In 2007, he and Buxton began presenting Adam and Joe, a radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music. This was put on hold during 2010 while <mask> directed Attack the Block; a new series began on Saturday 2 April 2011.Film & TV
<mask> has made a number of behind the scenes documentaries/video diaries. They include <mask> following the making of Little Britain series 2, which was screened on BBC Three and is included on the Little Britain Series 2 DVD; a video diary of his brief cameo as a zombie, which appears on the UK Shaun of the Dead DVD; and Hot Fuzz: The Fuzzball Rally, where he followed his friends and collaborators, Edgar Wright, Nick Frost and Simon Pegg on the US press tour for their film Hot Fuzz. There have been two cuts of the Fuzzball Rally: a 28-minute version was included on the Hot Fuzz HD DVD (UK/US) and a 71-minute version was included on both the 3-Disc Collectors Edition DVD (US) and the Blu-ray Disc (US/UK) of Fuzz. The documentary caused the latter's certification to be changed from a 15 certificate to an 18 certificate, due to the very strong language the documentary contains. He made a brief appearance in Hot Fuzz as a white suited and bemasked Scenes-of-Crime Officer named "Bob". In 2017, he made a cameo in Star Wars: The Last Jedi alongside Wright, where both played Resistance fighters. In 2006, he was announced as co-writer on a feature film adaptation of the Marvel Comics comic book character Ant-Man, with Shaun of the Dead director Edgar Wright.Both Wright and <mask> received story by and screenplay credit on the finished film, after Wright's departure from the project in 2014. Wright and <mask> also rewrote Steven Moffat's script for The Adventures of Tintin co-starring Simon Pegg, for Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson. In November 2013, <mask> was tipped to be J. J. Abrams' lead choice for director of the upcoming Star Trek Beyond. However, Roberto Orci was ultimately chosen to direct, before leaving the project in late 2014. In December 2020, the popular middle grade thriller series Lockwood & Co. was announced to be going to Netflix, adapted by <mask>. <mask> has continued his work in television comedy, directing parts of the pilot of Modern Toss, and the pilot to Channel 4's Blunder. According to an interview in Word Magazine, he pulled out of directing the series of Blunder due to creative differences with Channel 4 and the production company.In early 2007, he directed the video for Charlotte Hatherley's single "I Want You to Know". Attack the Block
On 13 May 2011, Optimum released Attack the Block, <mask>'s directorial debut, which was executive produced by his friend and collaborator, Edgar Wright, and produced by Film4, Big Talk Pictures, The UK Film Council and StudioCanal. The film is a science fiction action comedy horror film set in South London that pitches a gang of youths against an alien invasion. The film initially had no US distributor, but after the reaction of the press and attendees at the SXSW premiere, the US rights were purchased by Screen Gems for theatrical release on 29 July 2011. The Kid Who Would Be King
<mask>'s second film was the fantasy adventure The Kid Who Would Be King, starring Louis Ashbourne Serkis. Filming took place in Tintagel. The film, also featuring Patrick Stewart and Rebecca Ferguson, was released on 25 January 2019.Future projects
In June 2012, it was announced that <mask> had been signed as director of a future film adaptation of Neal Stephenson's classic 1992 novel Snow Crash for Paramount Pictures. In May 2020, it was announced that <mask> would direct and write the TV series adaptation of Lockwood & Co. for Netflix. In April 2021, it was announced that <mask> would direct and write an adaptation of Starlight for 20th Century Studios. In May 2021, it was announced that <mask> would write, direct, and produce the sequel to Attack the Block. Filmography

Film

Cameo roles

Television

References

External links

 The Tall Guy: The <mask> Interview – Channel 4
 Adam and Joe: How We Met – The Independent
 <mask>, Adam and the Ant-man – The Independent
 Some Groovy Attack the Block Updates – Shaun of the Dead With Aliens? 1968 births
Living people
English male comedians
English film critics
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English radio personalities
English television personalities
English television presenters
Comedians from London
Film directors from London
Male actors from London
Writers from London
People from Westminster
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Arts University Bournemouth
English male non-fiction writers
People from Stockwell

masks:
Joseph Murray Cornish
Joe
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Cornish
Joe Cornish
Joe


title: Li Chongjun

texts:
<mask> (李重俊) (died 7 August 707), formally Crown Prince Jiemin (節愍太子), was a crown prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the second reign of his father Emperor Zhongzong. He was made crown prince because the only son of his father's wife Empress Wei, <mask>, had been killed before his father's return to the throne, but on account of his mother's low birth, he was often humiliated by Empress Wei's daughter <mask>'er the Princess Anle and her husband Wu Chongxun (武崇訓). In 707, in anger, he started a coup and killed Wu Chongxun and his father Wu Sansi the Prince of Dejing, but his subsequent attempt to arrest Empress Wei, <mask>'er, and Consort Shangguan Wan'er was thwarted, and he was killed in flight. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it was recorded that he was the third son of Emperor Zhongzong (<mask>), although his younger brother Emperor Shang was born in either 695 or 698, and so he must be born sometime there before. It is not known who his mother was other than that she was not Emperor Zhongzong's wife Empress Wei. It is further unknown whether he was born before or during Emperor Zhongzong's brief first reign in 684, or during his exile from 684 to 698. However, upon the recall of <mask>, then carrying the title of Prince of Lulin during the reign of <mask>'s grandmother Wu Zetian, to the capital Luoyang, Wu Zetian created <mask> the Prince of Yixing.In 705, <mask> was restored to the throne after Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup. He created <mask> the Prince of Wei and made him the prefect of Luo Prefecture (洛州, i.e., Luoyang). He was also made a general and the commandant at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), although he remained at Luoyang and did not report to Yang Prefecture. As crown prince
In 706, <mask> was created crown prince. It was said that he was intelligent and decisive, but because he lacked good teachers, he did not act properly. Emperor Zhongzong made his brothers-in-law Yang Shenjiao (楊慎交) the husband of Princess Changning and Wu Chongxun the husband of <mask>'er the Princess Anle his advisors. It was said that all Yang and Wu did were to play sports with <mask> and were not carrying out actions to educate or protect him.His staff members Yao Ting (姚珽) and Ping Zhenshen (平貞慎) did frequently advise him to act properly, and <mask> treated them with respect, but could not carry out their suggestions. At that time, Wu Chongxun's father Wu Sansi the Prince of Dejing was a lover of Empress Wei and a trusted advisor to Emperor Zhongzong, and shortly after <mask> was created crown prince, he persuaded <mask> to suggest that five officials who had been instrumental in returning Emperor Zhongzong to the throne but who had subsequently lost out to Wu Sansi in a power struggle -- Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, Zhang Jianzhi, Yuan Shuji, and Cui Xuanwei—be killed and their clans be slaughtered. Emperor Zhongzong did not accept the suggestion, although subsequently the five were all either killed cruelly or died in exile. Meanwhile, because <mask> was not born of Empress Wei, she disliked him. Further, Wu Chongxun and <mask>'er both often humiliated <mask>, sometimes even calling him "slave" on account of his mother's lower birth. <mask>'er, Emperor Zhongzong's favorite daughter, also often suggested to Emperor Zhongzong that he depose <mask> and make her crown princess. In fall 707 (by which time the capital had moved back to Chang'an), <mask>'s anger erupted, and he, the ethnically Mohe general <mask>o, and his father's cousin <mask> (李千里) the Prince of Cheng rose in rebellion, along with other generals <mask> (李思沖), <mask>ang (李承況), Dugu Yizhi (獨孤褘之), and Shazha Zhongyi (沙吒忠義).They took a group of imperial guards and attacked Wu Sansi's mansion, killing him and Wu Chongxun. They then attacked the palace, seeking to arrest Empress Wei, <mask>'er, and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er (who also had an affair with Wu Sansi). The imperial guards at the palace defended against the attack, and <mask> hesitated—hoping to be able to converse with Emperor Zhongzong himself to plead his case. The eunuch Yang Sixu (楊思勗) took the opportunity to counterattack and kill <mask>'s forward commander, <mask>o's son-in-law Ye Huli (野呼利). Emperor Zhongzong then spoke to <mask>'s soldiers, urging them to desert. The soldiers thereafter turned against <mask> and killed <mask>o, <mask>ang, Dugu, and Shazha; in a separate attack, <mask>li and his son <mask> (李禧) the Prince of Tianshui were killed in battle. <mask> fled with some 100 soldiers toward the Qinling Mountains, but soldiers deserted on the way, and by the time he reached Hu (戶縣, near Chang'an), he only had several soldiers with him.As they were resting under a tree, the soldiers killed him and surrendered. Emperor Zhongzong presented <mask>'s head to the imperial ancestral temple (in other words, treating him as having committed treason), and then also presented it to the caskets of Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun. He then hung <mask>'s head on the government wall. None of <mask>'s staff members, fearful that they would be accused of treason themselves, dared to approach <mask>'s body, but the secretary general of Yonghe County (永和, in modern Linfen, Shanxi), Ning Jiaxu (甯嘉勗), took off his own shirt, wrapped <mask>'s head in it, and wept bitterly—and as a result was demoted to be the secretary general of the distant Xingping County (興平, in modern Foshan, Guangdong). After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710, Empress Wei was overthrown in a coup led by <mask>'s cousin <mask> the Prince of Linzi and their aunt Princess Taiping, and <mask>'s father and <mask>'s uncle <mask> the Prince of Xiang became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong). Emperor Ruizong restored <mask>'s title as crown prince, reburied him with honors due a crown prince and gave him the posthumous name of Jiemin (meaning "self-controlled and suffering"). Ancestry

Personal Information
<mask>'s consort was Lady Yang; her younger sister Empress Yuanxian was mother of the future Emperor Suzong of Tang.<mask> had a son named <mask> (李宗晖) born by Lady Yang. Zonghui would be created Prince of Huyang during the reign of his grand-uncle Emperor Ruizong of Tang and serve as Taichangyuanwaiqing (太常员外卿) in the Tianbao era of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 86. New Book of Tang, vol. 81. Zizhi Tongjian, vols.208, 209. Tang dynasty generals
Tang dynasty imperial princes
707 deaths
Year of birth unknown
7th-century births
Heirs apparent who never acceded

masks:
Li Chongjun
Li Chongrun
Li Guo
Li Guo
Li Chongjun
Li Xian
Li Xian
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Xian
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Guo
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Guo
Li Chongjun
Li Guo
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Duozu
Li Qianli
Li Sichong
Li Chengku
Li Guo
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Duozu
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Duozu
Li Chengku
Li Qian
Li Xi
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Li Longji
Li Longji
Li Chongjun
Li Dan
Li Chongjun
Li Chongjun
Chongjun
Li Zonghui


title: William Stamps Farish II

texts:
<mask> (February 23, 1881 – November 29, 1942) was a pioneer in East Texas oilfield development, president of Standard Oil and a founding member and president of the American Petroleum Institute. He was a member of the influential <mask> family. Early life
<mask> was born in Mayersville, Mississippi the son of <mask> (1843–1899) and Katherine Maude Power (1860–1931) and the grandnephew of Jefferson Davis. He attended school at St. Thomas Hall, an Episcopal preparatory school at Holly Springs, Mississippi. The school was founded in 1844 by a New Yorker, the Reverend Francis Lister Hawks (1798–1866). A brilliant, winsome, and sometimes controversial Episcopal priest and educator, Hawks attracted motivated students from all over the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi. Hawks's vision for the school in Holly Springs was derived in part from W.A.Muhlenberg's successful schools on Long Island. In 1847, Hawks left Mississippi to become the first President of the University of Louisiana in New Orleans (now the Tulane University of Louisiana). Career
After receiving a law degree from the University of Mississippi in 1900, he practiced law for three months at Clarksdale, Mississippi, before moving to Beaumont, Texas, when oil was discovered at the Spindletop oilfield. He became supervisor of wells for Texas Oil Fields, Limited, an English syndicate. The next year he organized the Brown-Farish Oil Company, which did contract drilling and traded in oil. The firm became bankrupt at Brown's death, but <mask> succeeded in borrowing money to pay creditors. By 1904 <mask> and Robert Lee Blaffer had formed a partnership to do contract drilling and lease trading.The next year Blaffer and <mask> moved to Houston to be nearer the Humble field. In 1915, <mask> became president of the Gulf Coast Producers Association and subsequently was named president of the Texas-Louisiana Oil and Gas Association. In March 1917, he and others organized the Humble Oil and Refining Company. As vice president, <mask> was in charge of production, advancing industry technology and helping the company expand rapidly. In 1918, he raised the profile of Humble, serving on the Petroleum Committee of the Council for National Defense. When Humble grew short of capital for expansion, <mask> turned to industry executives he had met. He negotiated with Walter Teagle, head of Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon Corporation), which paid $17 million for a slight majority of Humble in 1919, and Humble gained a market for its oil and financial backing to build in Baytown, Texas one of the world's largest refineries.<mask> served as vice president for five years and in 1922 became president. The Houston company, which remained surprisingly autonomous, became Jersey Standard's largest operating unit. In 1926, <mask> became a founder and president of the American Petroleum Institute, taking a leadership position in oil conservation. In 1933, he became chairman of the board of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, which held substantial stock interest in Humble, and in 1937, he became president of Standard. At the beginning of World War II, <mask> was a member of the National Petroleum Industry War Council. World War II controversy

<mask> had been a principal in a partnership between a Standard Oil/General Motors owned company, Ethyl Gasoline Corporation, and the German company I.G. Farben.This jointly owned venture, Ethyl GmbH, was involved with the creation of the Auschwitz labor camp on June 14, 1940, to produce artificial rubber from coal and they also built then operated tetraethyllead plants in Germany. On March 25, 1942, U.S. Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold announced that <mask>, along with other officers of Standard Oil and related companies, pleaded "no contest" in the criminal courts of Newark, New Jersey to criminally conspiring with the Nazi government in Germany. As part of a plea bargain, the charges were dropped in exchange for Standard Oil releasing its German patents and payment of fines totaling about $50,000. <mask>s <mask> was fined $1,000 while similar fines were levied against Standard Oil -- $5,000 each  for  the parent company and for several  subsidiaries. This did not interfere with the millions of dollars that <mask> had profited as a large  stockholder, chairman  and president of Standard Oil. He was described by Senator Harry Truman in public as approaching 'treason' for profiting from the Nazi war machine and withholding patents from the US government. Lazy F Ranch
<mask>amps <mask> II founded Lazy F Ranch in Texas.After his death in 1942, his widow and daughter took over the running of the operation. Under Lazy F colors, Martha Gerry bred and raced a number of Thoroughbred racehorses the most famous of which was Forego who raced between 1973 and 1978. Voted United States Horse of the Year three years in a row and a U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Forego was ranked #8 in The Blood-Horse magazine list of  the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century. Personal life
On June 1, 1911, he married Libbie Randon Rice in Houston. Libbie was a cousin of the first wife of Jefferson Davis, Sarah Knox Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, and a granddaughter of Walter Browne Botts, a founder of the international law firm of Baker-Botts. (Farish's great-grandfather, Hazelwood M<mask> (1809–1851), married Jane Lucinda Davis (1821–51), youngest sister of Jefferson Davis, President of the CSA.)Together, W.S. and Libbie <mask> had a son and a daughter:

 <mask> <mask> Jr. was in the US Air Force during World War II and was the father of <mask> <mask> <mask> (b. 1939). <mask> (1918–2007), who married Edward Harriman Gerry (1914–2003), in 1939. Gerry was the son of Robert Livingston Gerry Sr. (1877–1957) and Cornelia Averell Harriman (1884–1966), the daughter of railroad executive E. H. Harriman and his wife <mask> Averell. <mask> resided in the Shadyside community, developed by his friend, Joseph S. Cullinan. <mask> <mask> <mask> died at the age of 61 on November 29, 1942, in Millbrook, New York, while visiting friends; he was buried in Houston.<mask> had established the W. S. Farish Co. in 1929 to manage the family assets, which were valued by Forbes in 1992 at $400 million. The holdings include the Farish Fund foundation, providing millions for charitable causes. W. S. Farish Co., today is headed by grandson <mask>, and still operates in Houston. See also
<mask>amps <mask> <mask> (grandson)
<mask> <mask> IV (great grandson)

References

1881 births
1942 deaths
Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)
American businesspeople in the oil industry
People from Mayersville, Mississippi
Standard Oil
ExxonMobil people

masks:
William Stamps Farish II
Farish
Farish
William Stamps Farish I
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
Farish
William Stamp
Farish
Farish
William St
Farish
. Farish
Rice Farish
William Stamps
Farish
William Stamps
Farish
III
Martha Farish
Mary Williamson
Farish
William Stamps
Farish
II
Farish
Will III
William St
Farish
III
William Stamps
Farish


title: Tim Parker

texts:
<mask> (born 19 June 1955) is a British executive. As of 2020 he was the chairman of the National Trust, Post Office Ltd, and Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS). From 1986 to 2014, he was successively the CEO of Kenwood, Clarks Shoes, Kwik-Fit, the AA, and Samsonite, and led each company in a turnaround. He was appointed the chairman of the National Trust in 2014, chairman of Post Office Ltd in 2015, and chairman of HMCTS in 2018. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, in 1955. The son of an army officer, he spent much of his childhood abroad. He was educated at Abingdon School in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, leaving in 1973.He attended Pembroke College, Oxford, where he was chairman of the Oxford University Labour Club. He holds an MA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from Oxford (1977), and an MSc in Business Studies from the London Business School (1981). Career
After graduating from Oxford, <mask> worked as a junior economist in HM Treasury from 1977 to 1979. In 1981, after obtaining his business degree, he joined Thorn EMI as assistant to Sir William Barlow, chairman of the engineering group. At the age of 26, he was appointed CEO of Blakeslee, a small engineering subsidiary of Thorn EMI in Chicago. After two years he had the business sold off as lacking in scalability. Returning to the UK, he headed Crypto Peerless, a Birmingham company manufacturing foodservice equipment, which in a little over two years he took from break-even to £800,000 in profits.In 1986, he was appointed CEO of the appliance manufacturer Kenwood. In 1989 he led a management-based leveraged buyout of the business, with backing from the private-equity firm Candover Investments; the company was purchased for £52 million. It was listed on London Stock Exchange in 1992 at a valuation of £104 million. In 1996, <mask> became CEO of Clarks Shoes. He substantially reorganised the company, closed 20 factories, moved manufacturing overseas, and revived the Clarks brand with more up-to-date shoe styles. Within six years the company's profitability increased by 150%, and by the time he left in 2002 it had revenues approaching £1 billion a year. In August 2002, he was hired as CEO of Kwik-Fit, after CVC Capital Partners acquired the company from Ford.He undertook a major restructuring of the business, including cutting 3,000 jobs. During his tenure as CEO, profits increased by 250%. The business was sold to PAI Partners in 2005 for £800 million, with <mask> earning £20 million from the deal. In 2004, CVC Capital Partners and Permira purchased the AA from Centrica for £1.75 billion, and <mask> was appointed CEO. During the next two years, he carried out a fundamental restructuring programme; one-third of the company's 10,000 jobs were cut in the process. <mask> was subsequently dubbed the "Prince of Darkness" by trade unions. The AA's EBITDA increased from £120 million in 2004 to £305 million in 2007.In 2007, the AA merged with Saga at an enterprise value of £3.35 billion. From 7 July to 19 August 2008, <mask> served as First Deputy Mayor of London, under Boris Johnson. He was also chairman of Transport for London and CEO of the Greater London Authority during that period, prior to resigning. In November 2008, he was appointed non-executive chairman of Samsonite, and was made CEO in January 2009. CVC Capital Partners had acquired Samsonite in July 2007, and the ensuing financial crisis of 2007–2008 hit the luggage company hard due to the declines in international air travel and consumer spending; 2008 earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation collapsed from $120 million to only $40 million globally. <mask> was brought in to turn the company around. He restructured the company, replaced its management, cut jobs, closed stores, and invested funds in new suitcase designs and marketing.In 2010, earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation revived to $192 million. The company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in June 2011, raising $1.25 billion in the IPO. Following his appointment to the National Trust, in August 2014 <mask> resigned as CEO of Samsonite, effective 1 October 2014; he remained on as non-executive chairman of the company. In 2009, he was the lead investor in the private-equity acquisition of British Pathé, and the historic film archive launched a newly established and dedicated London office, and a new, updated, quicker, and simpler website. He remains a director and owner of the British Pathé film archive. In 2014 <mask> was appointed chairman of the National Trust, an unpaid role. In May 2021 the National Trust announced that he would be stepping down in October 2021.<mask> became chairman of Post Office Ltd in October 2015, in the midst of a long dispute between the Post Office and a number of subpostmasters over problems with its Horizon computer system. In June 2016, he told subpostmasters that replacing the Horizon system would "incur considerable risk". The faulty Horizon system was responsible for hundreds of subpostmasters being accused of accounting fraud and theft since its installation in 1999, and dozens of false convictions. In December 2019, the Post Office agreed to a £58 million settlement, and a High Court judge ruled that bugs, errors, and defects in the Horizon system caused shortfalls in branch accounts. In October 2020, after the Post Office conceded appeals by 44 former subpostmasters to overturn convictions linked to the Horizon accounting scandal, <mask> issued an apology, stating "I am sincerely sorry on behalf of the Post Office for historical failings which seriously affected some postmasters. Post Office is resetting its relationship with postmasters with reforms that prevent such past events ever happening again. Post Office wishes to ensure that all postmasters entitled to claim civil compensation because of their convictions being overturned are recompensed as quickly as possible.Therefore, we are considering the best process for doing that." In April 2018, <mask> was appointed chairman of Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS), effective 27 April 2018. Additional board memberships
As of 2020, in addition to being chairman of Samsonite, <mask> is an advisor to CVC Capital Partners. He is also a trustee of the Royal Academy of Music. Personal life
<mask> is married and has four children. See also
 List of Old Abingdonians

References

Living people
1955 births
People educated at Abingdon School
National Trust people
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of London Business School

masks:
Timothy Charles Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker


title: John Langdon (politician)

texts:
<mask> (June 26, 1741September 18, 1819) was a politician from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, signed the United States Constitution, and was one of the first two United States senators from New Hampshire. As a member of the Continental Congress, <mask> was an early supporter of the Revolutionary War. He later served in United States Congress for 12 years, including as the first president pro tempore of the Senate, before becoming president and later governor of New Hampshire. He turned down a nomination for U.S. vice presidential candidate in 1812. Early life
<mask>'s father was a prosperous farmer and local shipbuilder whose family had emigrated to America before 1660 from Sheviock, Caradon, Cornwall. The <mask>s were among the first to settle near the mouth of the Piscataqua River, a community which became Portsmouth, one of New England 's major seaports.<mask> attended the local grammar school run by a veteran of the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg against the French at Fortress of Louisbourg in New France. After finishing his primary education, he and his older brother, Woodbury <mask>, rejected the opportunity to join in their father's successful agricultural livelihood and apprenticed themselves to local naval merchants. By age 22, <mask> was captain of the cargo ship Andromache, sailing to the West Indies. Four years later he owned his first merchantman and would continue over time to acquire a small fleet of vessels engaging in the triangle trade between Portsmouth, the Caribbean, and London. His older brother was even more successful in international trade, and by 1777 both young men were among Portsmouth's wealthiest citizens. American Revolution
British control of the shipping industries limited <mask>'s business, motivating him to become a vigorous and prominent supporter of the revolutionary movement in the 1770s. He served on the New Hampshire committee of correspondence and a nonimportation committee and also attended various Patriot assemblies.In 1774, he participated in the seizure and confiscation of British munitions from Fort William and Mary. <mask> served as a member of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776. He was one of the signatories of the U.S. Constitution. He resigned from the Congress in June 1776 to become an agent for the Continental forces against the British and superintended the construction of several warships including the "Raleigh", the "America", and the "Ranger." In 1777, he equipped an expedition against the British, participating in the Battle of Bennington and commanding <mask>'s Company of Light Horse Volunteers at Saratoga and in Rhode Island. Political career

In 1784, he built at Portsmouth the mansion now known as the <mask> <mask> House. <mask> was elected to two terms as president of New Hampshire, once between 1785 and 1786 and again between 1788 and 1789.He was a member of the Congress of the Confederation in 1787 and became president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, serving as a member of the New Hampshire delegation. <mask> was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1801. He was elected the first president pro tempore of the Senate on April 6, 1789, and also served as president pro tempore during the Second Congress. During the 1787 constitutional debates in Philadelphia, <mask> spoke out against James Madison 's proposed "negative" on state laws simply because he felt that should the Senate be granted this power and not the House of Representatives, it would "hurt the feelings" of House members. <mask> was an ardent supporter of the drive to ratify the Constitution of the United States in New Hampshire. On June 21, 1788, it was ratified by New Hampshire by a vote of 57-47. He immediately wrote to George Washington to inform him that New Hampshire had become the ninth state which he described as the "Key Stone in the Great Arch.Joshua Atherton, who campaigned against ratification, accepted the result and stated, "It's adopted. Let’s try it”. In 1798, <mask> assisted Oney Judge to evade Burwell Bassett,  the nephew of George and Martha Washington, who had intended to kidnap Judge and return her to slavery with the Washingtons. <mask> served as a member of the New Hampshire Legislature (1801–05), with the last two terms as speaker; he served as governor of New Hampshire from 1805 to 1812, except for a year between 1809 and 1810. In 1808, his niece, Catherine Whipple <mask>, married Edmund Roberts. <mask> declined the nomination to be a candidate for vice president with James Madison in 1812. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Portsmouth in 1819 and was interred at the Langdon Tomb in the North Cemetery.The town of Langdon, New Hampshire, is named after him, as is Langdon Street in Madison, Wisconsin, a city with numerous streets named after Founding Fathers. See also
 New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 114: North Cemetery
 New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 127: <mask> (1741–1819)

Notes

References

 "The Founding Fathers: New Hampshire." U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builers Publishing Manchester, NH 1903
 Mayo, Lawrence Shaw."<mask> of New Hampshire". Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1937. External links
 Governor <mask> House, Historic New England

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1741 births
1819 deaths
Politicians from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
People of colonial New Hampshire
American people of Cornish descent
American Congregationalists
Continental Congressmen from New Hampshire
Signers of the United States Constitution
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from New Hampshire
Anti-Administration Party United States senators from New Hampshire
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from New Hampshire
New Hampshire Democratic-Republicans
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
1808 United States vice-presidential candidates
1812 United States vice-presidential candidates
Governors of New Hampshire
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
New Hampshire militiamen in the American Revolution
Burials in New Hampshire

masks:
John Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Governor John
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
Langdon
John Langdon
John Langdon
John Langdon


title: Paddy Madden

texts:
<mask> (born 4 March 1990) is an Irish footballer who plays as a striker for National League club Stockport County. Career

Bohemians
Madden signed league forms with Bohemians on 8 July 2008, and scored several times for the Bohemians "A" Team on their path to the Grand Final of the A League in that year. He made his Bohemians first team debut as a substitute in their 2–0 win over Cobh Ramblers on 8 November 2008. Prior to the start of the 2009 season, Madden joined Shelbourne on loan on 10 February 2009. Bohemians manager Pat Fenlon sent the young striker out on loan hoping for Madden to gain first team experience. Madden made an immediate impression for Shelbourne by scoring in his first competitive appearance for Shels in their opening First Division match against Wexford Youths at Tolka Park on 6 March 2009. He also scored against his own employers for Shelbourne during an EA Sports Cup 2nd round tie at Dalymount Park on 4 May 2009.<mask>'s loan spell at Shelbourne concluded on 29 June 2009 and he returned to Bohemians. During his loan spell at Shelbourne, Madden made 16 league and cup appearances and scored 8 goals. On 29 September 2009, <mask> scored his first goal for Bohs in a 1–0 victory over Derry City in the Brandywell which led to Bohs returning to the top of the league. In the 2010 season, <mask> scored 9 goals in 5 matches, and he was voted the Soccer Writers Association of Ireland Player of the Month for June. Carlisle United
Madden signed for English League One side Carlisle United on 31 January 2011, for an undisclosed fee signing a two-and-a-half-year contract with the Cumbrian club. On 4 October 2012, Madden joined League One club Yeovil Town on an initial one-month loan deal with a view to extend to gain some much needed pitch time after not featuring in Carlisle's starting league squad this season. He had scored 1 goal in 3 substitute appearances for the Cumbrians this campaign.On 6 October 2012, he made his debut for Yeovil and scored a two goals in a 3–1 home victory against Colchester United. After going on a run of five goals in five games, he extended his loan until 2013. On 1 January 2013, Madden scored a brace in the final match of his loan spell against Leyton Orient ending with nine goals from sixteen games for Yeovil. Following the game it was announced <mask> had signed permanently for Yeovil Town for an undisclosed fee on a two-and-a-half-year deal. Madden then went on to score 4 goals in his first two games as a permanent Yeovil Town player in the month of January. By mid February he was already League One top scorer, with 18 goals, despite only starting playing in October. In an interview with the BBC after this run of form he was described by his manager Gary Johnson as "the bargain of the season".<mask>'s contribution of 6 goals to Yeovil's perfect January of 3 out of 3 wins didn't go unrecognised as he won the League One Player of the Month award. <mask> scored in the 2013 League One play-off Final as Yeovil beat Brentford 2–1 to earn promotion to the Championship for the first time in the club's history. <mask> ended the season with the League One golden boot with 23 goals (1 for Carlisle), plus his 2013 League One play-off Final goal to make it 24 in all competitions. On 26 November 2013, with <mask> having failed to score since Yeovil's promotion to the Championship, he was placed on the transfer list by the club. Scunthorpe United
On 10 January 2014, <mask> signed for Football League Two side Scunthorpe United for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £300,000, signing a -year contract. <mask>'s first game for Scunthorpe came on 11 January 2014 in a 0–2 away win over Mansfield Town. He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Portsmouth on 22 February 2014.Madden helped the club gain promotion to League One at the end of the 2013–14 season, scoring 5 goals in the process. For the following two seasons, Madden was the club's most prolific goalscorer, netting 16 goals in all competitions during 2014–15, and 23 goals in all competitions during 2015–16. Madden suffered a significant downturn of form during Scunthorpe's play-off push in the 2016–17 season, despite featuring in the majority of the Iron's games. This downturn in form continued into the next season, with Madden scoring only 2 league goals during the very early stages of the 2017–18 season. Madden failed to score in any of his last 16 league appearances for the Iron. Despite his downturn in form, Madden scored 60 goals across all competitions during his time with the Iron, placing him as the club's 10th most prolific goalscorer of all time. Fleetwood Town
On 2 January 2018, <mask> signed for fellow League One side Fleetwood Town for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £150,000, signing a -year contract.He scored his 100th goal in English football in Fleetwood Town's FA Cup tie against Guiseley on 3 December 2018. In May 2019 he signed a new three-year contract with the club. During the 2020–21 season, Madden was sidelined for multiple matches after testing positive for COVID-19. At the time of <mask>'s departure from Fleetwood Town in March 2021, he was the club's all-time top scorer in the EFL with 43 goals. In all competitions, Madden scored 53 goals in 149 appearances for Fleetwood after joining the club from Scunthorpe United in January 2018. Stockport County
On 15 March 2021, Madden signed for National League side Stockport County for an undisclosed fee, signing a three year deal. International
<mask> has represented the Republic of Ireland at U18 and U19 level and made his Republic of Ireland under-21 debut against Armenia in November 2009.In August 2013, <mask> was called up for the first time to Republic of Ireland senior team to play Wales in a friendly. <mask> made his debut coming on in the 69th minute. Career statistics

Honours
Bohemians
League of Ireland Premier Division: 2009
Setanta Sports Cup: 2009–10

Carlisle United
Football League Trophy: 2010–11

Yeovil Town
Football League One play-offs: 2012–13

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2012–13 League One
Airtricity/SWAI Player of the Month: June 2010
Football League One Player of the Month: January 2013
Football League One Golden Boot: 2012–13

References

External links

Ireland profile at Soccerscene

1990 births
Living people
Association footballers from County Dublin
Republic of Ireland association footballers
League of Ireland players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Bohemian F.C. players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C.players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Association football forwards
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-23 international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
League of Ireland XI players
A Championship players

masks:
Patrick Stephen Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
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Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden
Madden


title: Harry Hamlin

texts:
<mask> (born October 30, 1951) is an American actor, author, and entrepreneur. Hamlin is known for his roles as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy film Clash of the Titans and as Michael Kuzak in the legal drama series L.A. Law, for which he received three Golden Globe nominations. For his recurring role on the AMC drama series Mad Men, Hamlin received a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. Early life
<mask> was born October 30, 1951, in Pasadena, California, the son of Bernice (née Robinson), a socialite, and <mask>, Jr., an aeronautical engineer. As a teenager, he attended Flintridge Preparatory School, near Pasadena, and The Hill School, a private boarding school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, where he played soccer and lacrosse and acted in the school's musicals and plays. He also attended classes at the Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts. Hamlin attended University of California, Berkeley, and is an alumnus of the Theta Zeta chapter of the national fraternity Delta Kappa Epsilon, of which he was president in 1972.<mask> graduated from Yale University in 1974 with dual Bachelor of Arts degrees in drama and psychology. He then attended the American Conservatory Theater's advanced actor training program, from which he was awarded a Master of Fine Arts degree in acting in 1976. There, Hamlin starred in a production of Equus, attracting the attention of director Stanley Donen. Career

Film and television
<mask> appeared in the 1976 television production of Taming of the Shrew and also had the title role in the 1979 television miniseries Studs Lonigan. He starred in Movie Movie with George C. Scott in 1978, for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. His big-screen break was a starring role in the 1981 Greek mythology fantasy epic Clash of the Titans. Afterwards, his career faltered somewhat with such controversial films as Making Love in 1982 (the first gay themed love story to be produced by a major studio, Twentieth Century Fox) and Blue Skies Again (1983).He returned to television appearing in the miniseries Master of the Game (based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon) in 1984 and Space (based on the novel by James A. Michener) in 1985. Hamlin appeared on the NBC legal drama series L.A. Law, playing attorney Michael Kuzak. He remained on the series from 1986 to 1991 during which time he was voted  People magazine's "Sexiest Man Alive" in 1987. Hamlin left the series at the end of the fifth season having been nominated three times for Best Actor in a television series by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. In early 1991 Hamlin appeared in the music video and sang in the choir on the song "Voices That Care" which was made in support of U.S. troops who were stationed in the Middle East and involved at that time in Operation Desert Storm. He then appeared in two 1992 episodes of Batman: The Animated Series, in each episode as a separate character. In the episode "Joker's Wild", Hamlin played the role of Cameron Kaiser, a ruthless businessman who sinks all his money into a casino, then counts on the Joker to destroy it in order to collect on the insurance policy from a reputable company, and in the other episode, "Moon of the Wolf", he provided the voice of Anthony Romulus, a greedy athlete who takes a potion to enhance his skills, only to realize too late that it has transformed him into a werewolf.In 1995, he participated in the documentary film, The Celluloid Closet where he discussed his role in the film Making Love. In 2001, he starred in the television comedy Bratty Babies, and in 2002 he reprised the role of Michael Kuzak in an L.A. Law reunion television movie. In 2004, Hamlin began a recurring role on the television series Veronica Mars. He played fading action hero Aaron Echolls, father to central show character Logan Echolls who had a turbulent relationship with him. Hamlin's character states that he (like the real-life Hamlin) was People magazine's 'Sexiest Man Alive' in 1987. Aaron's wife, Lynn, was played by Hamlin's real-life wife, Lisa Rinna. Hamlin appeared beginning in the sixth episode of the first season, "Return of the Kane", and made his last appearance in the second season finale, "Not Pictured".In 2006, Hamlin took part in the third season of Dancing with the Stars with Ashly DelGrosso, but was voted off the show in the third week. In 2009, <mask> starred in the series Harper's Island as Uncle Marty. He was killed abruptly in the first episode by being cut in half while he dangled from a broken wooden bridge. In June 2010, Hamlin guest-starred in an episode of Army Wives and then became a recurring cast member. In June 2010, Hamlin starred in the Hallmark Channel movie You Lucky Dog. On December 4, 2008, TV Guide reported that <mask> and Rinna signed a deal to create a reality television series called Harry Loves Lisa that is based around their family life. The series was developed by TV Land and premiered on October 6, 2010.In 2012, <mask> began playing Lloyd Lishman, an older lover to Ian Gallagher (Cameron Monaghan) on the U.S version of Shameless (7 episodes circa the end of Season 3). Hamlin appeared in an adult diaper commercial with his wife during a primetime television program. Beginning on April 28, 2013, Hamlin appeared in several episodes of season six (1968) of Mad Men as ad executive Jim Cutler after the merger of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce and Cutler Gleason and Chaough. Hamlin was nominated for a 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his appearance in "A Tale of Two Cities". In 2016, Hamlin was cast in the EPIX comedy Graves starring Nick Nolte, and in 2017, Hamlin was cast as Addison Hayes, a mysterious and powerful mastermind whose agenda will collide with Swagger in the new USA Network show Shooter. Stage
<mask> made his Broadway debut in 1982 playing Moe Axelrod opposite Frances McDormand in the Broadway revival of Clifford Odets' Awake and Sing!. An avid Shakespearean actor, Hamlin played the title role in Hamlet at the famed McCarter Theater in Princeton, New Jersey, where he would go on to play Faust in Dr. Faustus the following year.In 1994, <mask> received a Helen Hayes Award Nomination for his portrayal of Henry V, in the play of the same name, at the prestigious Shakespeare Theater Company in Washington, DC. In 1996, <mask> returned to Broadway as Michael Buchanan in Tennessee Williams' Summer and Smoke at the Roundabout Theater. Video games
Hamlin reprised the role of Perseus in the 2007 video game God of War II. In the game, Perseus was trapped in a room while searching for the Sisters of Fate to revive his dead lover, and believes Kratos to be sent by the gods to test him. Books
In 2010, Hamlin authored Full Frontal Nudity: The Making of an Accidental Actor, published by Scribner, wherein he shares stories of his career as an actor. ()

Fusion power
Hamlin is an advocate for fusion power and was an angel investor and co-founder of TAE Technologies, formerly known as Tri Alpha Energy. TAE Technologies states that it is in the final stages of the research and development of a clean, non-radioactive fusion power generator.Hamlin delivered a talk on Fusion at the TEDX LA conference in 2016 entitled, "You Don't Have To Be A Rocket Scientist To Be A Futurist!" Hamlin was also a board member of Advanced Physics Corporation. Hamlin is also on the Board of Governors of the National Space Society. Personal life
Hamlin was in a relationship with Ursula Andress after meeting on the set of Clash of the Titans in 1979. She gave birth to their son in 1980. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her.From 1985 to 1989, he was married to actress Laura Johnson and between 1991 and 1992, to actress Nicollette Sheridan. Since 1997 <mask> has been married to Days of Our Lives actress and television host Lisa Rinna. They have two daughters born 1998 and 2001, who both appeared in the reality show Harry Loves Lisa with the couple. The couple also starred in the first season of Veronica Mars as Aaron and Lynn Echolls, a married couple. They also starred as a married couple in the 2001 Lifetime Movie Sex, Lies, and Obsession. Hamlin's wives have each been prominent prime time soap-opera actresses: Rinna starred on Melrose Place, Sheridan was a regular on Knots Landing, Desperate Housewives, and the Dynasty reboot. Johnson was a regular on Falcon Crest (on which Andress later made guest appearances).Filmography

Film

Television films

Television series

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask> on Worldcat (libraries)
Dancing with the Stars page on Hamlin

1951 births
Male actors from Pasadena, California
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
The Hill School alumni
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Yale University alumni
American male Shakespearean actors
Fraternity Leadership Association
American Conservatory Theater alumni

masks:
Harry Robinson Hamlin
Hamlin
Chauncey Jerome Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Hamlin
Harry Hamlin


title: Mircea Nedelciu

texts:
<mask> (; November 12, 1950 – July 12, 1999) was a Romanian short-story writer, novelist, essayist and literary critic, one of the leading exponents of the Optzeciști generation in Romanian letters. The author of experimental prose, mixing elements of conventional narratives with autofiction, textuality, intertextuality and, in some cases, fantasy, he placed his work at the meeting point between Postmodernism and a minimalist form of Neorealism. This approach is illustrated by his volumes of stories and his novels Zmeura de cîmpie ("Raspberry of the Field"), Tratament fabulatoriu ("Confambulatory Treatment"), and by Femeia în roșu ("The Woman in Red"), a collaborative fiction piece written together with  and . A follower of trends in avant-garde literature of the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> co-founded the literary circle Noii ("The New Ones") with Gheorghe Crăciun, , , , , Emil Paraschivoiu,  and . His integration as an authoritative voice on the Postmodern scene, inaugurated by his presence in the Desant '83 anthology, was complemented by his free-minded attitude and drifter lifestyle. Although <mask>'s political nonconformism pitted him against the repressive communist system on several occasions, he stood out on the literary scene for adapting to some communist requirements in order to get his message across. This tendency made Nedelciu the target of controversy.The final years of <mask> <mask>'s life witnessed his publicized struggle with Hodgkin's lymphoma, which shaped the themes in his unfinished novel, Zodia Scafandrului ("Sign of the Deep-sea Diver"). Although the rhythm of his activity slowed under the pressures of infirmity and major surgery in French clinics, Nedelciu continued his involvement with the literary scene, as both cultural promoter and polemicist, until shortly before his death. His critical posterity is sharply divided on issues surrounding the importance of his work, between those who primarily view him as an eccentric figure and those who describe him as one Romania's major experimental writers. Biography

Early life
Nedelciu was born in the semi-urban locality of Fundulea, Călărași County, where his parents, Ștefan and Maria, worked in agriculture (Nedelciu's father was also employed by the House of Savings, a state-run bank). The couple's resistance to forced collectivization had engendered political repercussions, and impacted on the family's standing: Nedelciu's older sister was expelled from university for one year. The family was also periodically harassed by the communist authorities after their son-in-law decided to cross the Iron Curtain, settling in the United States. <mask> <mask> attended primary school in his native town and high school in Brănești, and afterward left for the national capital of Bucharest, in order to complete his studies.A student at the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Letters, specializing in English and French, Nedelciu was attracted into bohemian, cosmopolitan and countercultural circles, growing his hair long and informing himself on new developments in Western culture. His time as a student overlapped with an episode of liberalization which coincided with the early rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, and which, as Nedelciu himself recalled, provided young intellectuals with access to cultural items that were less known or were recovering from official censorship. These included texts Nedelciu read in the University Library: the French journal Tel Quel and the works of Mikhail Bulgakov, William Faulkner, John Dos Passos, and J. D. Salinger. Nonconformism also impacted on his student life: reportedly, he only attended courses which he found interesting, neglecting all others. Nedelciu was especially close to his colleague and campus roommate Gheorghe Crăciun and to painter , and vacationed in Crăciun's native Brașov County. It was also during his time in college that he helped found Noii, which in its original form also comprised Flora and "the three Gheorghes" (Crăciun, Ene, Iova). The club was later joined by Lăcustă, Paraschivoiu, Sorin Preda, and Stan.Noii, which for a while published an eponymous student magazine, survived both its members' graduation and the national communist backlash inaugurated by the July Theses of 1971, but remained marginal on the literary scene, and discreetly reacted against the new restrictive guidelines by cultivating difference. According to Nedelciu's own recollection: "In all these years down to 1980, the club was a literary life completely separated from the official literary life." After completing his studies in 1973 and turning down a post-graduate assignment at a school in the remote Danube Delta, Nedelciu went through several jobs, including that of tour guide for foreigners. According to literary historian , his refusal of initial employment exposed him to the political regime's suspicion for "parasitism". Nedelciu was however able to publish his first literary piece, the short story Un purtător de cuvânt ("A Spokesman"), hosted by a Luceafărul magazine issue of 1977. Rise to prominence
The young author's standing declined further later that year, when he was briefly held under arrest for handling foreign currency (a criminal offense at the time). This time inspired him to write another story, Curtea de aer ("The Air Court"), also printed by Luceafărul in the following period.He ultimately found stable employment soon after his release, when he began working as a librarian on the staff of Cartea Românească publishing house (where his first works in literature were to be printed over the following years). As Cordoș argued, the institution "would become legendary as a meeting place for young writers from Bucharest and out of town—political rather than literary marginals." A similar statement is made by literary historian and reviewer , who sees the writer's activities as responsible for making the library "a sui generis literary club". Also according to Cordoș, <mask> was still being subject to political pressures for his family connections and his refusal to join the Romanian Communist Party. With his 1979 volume of short stories, Aventuri într-o curte interioară ("Adventures in an Interior Courtyard"), Nedelciu became a notorious figure among young authors, and earned the Writers' Union annual prize for debut. He was by then also affiliated with Junimea, a workshop and literary society named after its 19th-century predecessor and hosted by the influential critic Ovid Crohmălniceanu. Nedelciu followed up on his writing with the short story volumes Effectul de ecou controlat ("The Controlled Echo Effect") of 1981 and Amendament la instinctul proprietății ("Amendment to the Proprietary Instinct") of 1983.Owing to Crohmălniceanu's patronage, his prose works were published as part of the critically acclaimed Desant '83 anthology, which set the tone for Optzeciști writings. From this moment on until his death, Nedelciu was at the forefront of debates opposing the Optzeciști to their older colleagues, and stood among those members of his generation who willingly accepted to be called "Postmodernists". A separate and enduring controversy, involving Nedelciu's apparent endorsement of the repressive regime, was sparked in 1982. That year, he signed a lampoon piece targeting anti-communist exiles who broadcast clandestinely into Romania by means of Radio Free Europe, and had it published in Scînteia Tineretului (or SLARS), the mouthpiece of Communist Youth and branch of the main official party newspaper, Scînteia. Zmeura de cîmpie, Tratament fabulatoriu and the new short prose grouping Și ieri va fi o zi ("And Yesterday Will Be Another Day"), published in 1984, 1986, and 1989, respectively, were Nedelciu's last volumes to emerge in print before the 1989 Revolution. The former was published by the Romanian Army's specialized venue, Editura Militară, which commentators have considered slightly unusual, ultimately tying the decision to the text's oblique mentions of World War II. First issued in 1990, Femeia în roșu was co-written with Anglicist  and comparatist .A best seller, it went through a second edition in 1997. A second revised edition of Tratament fabulatoriu came in 1996. The following year, Femeia în roșu was turned into an , directed by <mask> Veroiu. It was also at that stage that Nedelciu began collecting his essays of criticism, grouped in the 1994 anthology Competiția Continuă. Generaţia '80 în texte teoretice ("The Race Goes On: the Eighties Generation in Theoretical Texts"). In 1996, <mask> was involved in the open debate organized by the Writers' Union magazine România Literară and critic Nicolae Manolescu, whose purposes were defining the nature and expectations of Romanian Postmodernism and allowing its representatives a reply to criticism. A section of the debate opposed Nedelciu to the younger writer , the latter of whom had objected to the supposed Optzeciști monopoly on Postmodernist terminology while arguing that a more genuine manifestation of the current was to be found in the emerging forms of electronic literature.Nedelciu also contributed to  and 's 1998 anthology of erotic literature, Povestea poveștilor generației '80 ("The Tale of the Tales of the 80s Generation"). Final years
The final decade of <mask>'s life witnessed his struggle with Hodgkin's disease, a rare type of lymphoma with which he was diagnosed in 1988, and which severely impaired his motor skills. His treatment involved difficult surgery, performed with French assistance; in 1995, he was subject to a bone marrow autograft, carried out in Romania with additional help from Marseille's . Although he was eventually forced to use a wheelchair, <mask> continued to be active on the literary scene, both through his involvement with the Writers' Union and his founding of Euromedia, a Franco-Romanian company specialized in distributing literature. He also briefly served as editor of Contrapunct, a magazine launched by the Optzeciști, and, after accusing the Writers' Union of "Stalinism", joined other disgruntled authors in creating the Association of Professional Writers. Late in his life, he also presided over the initiative to monitor book circulations, setting up the external auditor program Topul naţional de carte ("National Book Rankings"). His output was much reduced and his ability to write altogether threatened, but he was still working on Zodia Scafandrului, his final contribution to literature.After a 1996 treatment session in France, <mask> was informed that his life expectation depended on procedures which cost 70,000 American dollars—a sum described by Nedelciu himself as "huge". Commenting on these developments, he indicated having resolving not to accept either "capitulation" or "the solution of humiliation", and declared himself optimistic about the possibility of collecting funds in dignity. His efforts were supported by the literary community, who organized a series of fundraisers, the collection being supplemented by government authorities. In late 1997, Nedelciu applied for a visa in order to get treatment in France, but it was not granted. This prompted indignation on the Romanian literary scene, and press campaigns criticizing the French Embassy in Bucharest. In November of that year, while participating in the Gaudeamus Book Fair, <mask> was able to collect the endorsement of various local cultural personalities for his own manifesto, which demanded "freedom of movement throughout Europe for those who are in need of it". The French authorities eventually rescinded their decision, and the writer left for Marseille, where he underwent an intervention to improve his mobility.<mask> <mask> died on July 12, 1999, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery two days later. His tombstone bears the title of one of his books, "And Yesterday Will Be Another Day". In a short memoir of the event, his Noii colleague Stan commented on the "subtle irony" of his burial having taken place on Bastille Day, France's national celebration. Work

Cultural positioning
Throughout his career, <mask> was a prominent exponent of experimental literature, metafiction and autofiction. Inside Noii, he reportedly cut the figure of an innovator, a promoter, and the club member most interested in literary theory. This verdict was partly backed by , who remarks: "Like other authors from his generation, <mask> Nedelciu took care to define himself his own manner of writing, before literary critics did". According to critic , the period of "theoretical effervescence", in which Nedelciu assimilated inspiration from diverse sources, was followed by a "growing preoccupation for language."Writing during the second part of his career, Nedelciu reflected back with self-irony: "the writer's childhood diseases are [...] the wish the theorize and the baroque. Which shall the disease of old age be? I do not know. Probably monumentality, classicization!" Owing to their secondary nature, that of literary tests, Nedelciu's works abound in references and compliments to, as well as borrowings from, various authors. Names critics cite in this context include Romanian classics such as Ion Luca Caragiale, Mateiu Caragiale, <mask> Eliade, and Marin Preda. <mask>'s narratives were overall significantly indebted to American fiction, and in particular to J. D. Salinger, in whose Catcher in the Rye he reportedly found the first model for his own autofictional style.He is also known to have reworked and blended into his own texts various themes borrowed from Ernest Hemingway. The English-speaking world became the Romanian author's primary cultural reference, and, according to researcher , <mask> was one of those "fascinated" with the ideas of Canadian essayist Northrop Frye on "the constant degeneration of the character" in Western literature. His inspiration sources also covered French authors associated with the May 1968 movement. Primarily related to his interest in the textuality and intertextuality techniques of Tel Quel theorists, French echoes are ranked by Dinițoiu as secondary in <mask>'s work. The author did however make extensive use of constrained writing techniques popularized by France's avant-garde, stating his admiration for the lipograms of Georges Perec. According to a testimonial by his friend Gheorghe Crăciun, <mask> <mask> also adopted "action writing"-like techniques, "without prior minute elaboration", displaying "that science of controlling one's own text bear-handed." ţoiu also mentions the "passion [...] for exact science" as a distinct trait of Nedelciu's experimentation, accounting for his "stylistic rigor".Nedelciu equaled his integration into the Desant '83 group with an affiliation to Postmodernism, an interpretation of positioning which came to divide the Optzeciști camp. <mask> Cărtărescu, another member of this faction, referred to his colleague as "the uncontested prose leader of the 1980s", while Mihăieș acknowledged in him "the true leader of our generation, whose rule was naturally acknowledged, indisputable and therefore not at all constrictive." In tandem, author Daniel Cristea-Enache retrospectively referred to Nedelciu as a "Pope of Romanian textualism" whose "strongest asset" was literary theory. The main meeting point between Nedelciu's style and Postmodernist tenets is provided by his attachment to reinterpreting literary conventions, often with the introduction of self-referential material or provoking artistic license. Neorealism and personalized techniques
Within the Postmodernist framework, Nedelciu also stood for a minimalist approach to Neorealism, which linked him directly to fellow Optzecişti Ioan Groşan, Cristian Teodorescu and Sorin Preda. For the author himself, Postmodernist-textualist practices and the tradition of literary realism were complementary, in that the former meant "the realism of attitudes toward the real", a conclusion to which he added: "The document, the act, the direct transmission of an event that has actually happened may enter a literary text's economy, where they are no longer 'artistically transfigured' but authenticated [Nedelciu's italics]." According to literary critic Mihai Oprea, who builds his comments on terms introduced by essayist Monica Spiridon, Nedelciu's textualist approach to literature

masks:
Mircea Nedelciu
Nedelciu
Nedelciu
Mircea
Nedelciu
Mircea
Nedelciu
Nedelciu
Mircea
Nedelciu
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Mircea
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Mircea
Mircea
Nedelciu
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Mircea
Nedelciu
Mircea