title: C. West Churchman

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<mask>  (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He was internationally known for his pioneering work in operations research, system analysis and ethics. Biography
<mask> was born in 1913 in Mount Airy, Philadelphia,  to <mask> and Helen Norah Fassitt, descendants of Philadelphia Main Line families. His first intellectual love was for philosophy and this far-ranging love for wisdom captivated him to the end of his life. He studied philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1935, a master's in 1936, and a PhD in 1938, all in philosophy. One of his teachers was Edgar A.Singer, who had been a student at Harvard of the philosopher and psychologist William James. Before completing his dissertation, in 1937, he became Instructor of Philosophy, also at the University of Pennsylvania. <mask>'s dissertation was ultimately completed under Henry Bradford Smith, titled "Towards a General Logic of Propositions" (1938). Upon finishing his degree, he was appointed assistant professor at the university. During World War II, <mask> headed the mathematical section of the U.S. Ordnance Laboratory at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia and devised a way to test small arms ammunition and detonators based on the statistical methods of bioassay. He also investigated the theory of detonation, applying high-speed photography.In 1945, back in Pennsylvania he was elected Chairman of the Department of Philosophy. In 1951, <mask>man moved to the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, and until 1957 he was Professor of Engineering Administration at Case. In 1957, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley and remained there as a Professor Emeritus after his retirement. During 1946–1954, he served as the secretary and program chairman of the American Philosophy of Science Association. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. <mask>man was a founding member of TIMS, now INFORMS, and was its ninth president in 1962. In 1989, <mask>man was elected president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences.<mask>man edited the journal Philosophy of Science for a long period beginning in 1948. He was also the first editor-in-chief of the journal Management Science in 1954. <mask>man has been cited by Noam <mask> as the only professor from whom he learned anything as an undergraduate. European students of C. <mask>man are Werner Ulrich and Kristo Ivanov who developed his work in related fields and contributed to its diffusion in Europe. <mask> died in 2004 in Bolinas, California. Work
<mask>man made significant contributions in the fields of management science, operations research and systems theory. During a career spanning six decades, <mask>man investigated a vast range of topics such as accounting, research and development management, city planning, education, mental health, space exploration, and peace and conflict studies.<mask>man became internationally recognized due to his then radical concept of incorporating ethical values into operating systems. Hasan Ozbekhan, his friend, in The Predicament of Mankind proposal to the Club of Rome incorporated ethical values in the 49 Continuous Critical Problems that constitute the Global Problematique. The proposal was not accepted because it was "too humanistic"

Personal life
His wife <mask> died in 2009. About her husband, she said, "Academic philosophy wasn't satisfying to him. He demanded that philosophy have meaning in the world. He wanted to insert an ethical dimension into science. And he really made it his job to remind all these CEOs that they had ethical responsibilities.""He was a tremendous teacher. People would flock to his class," <mask> said. "He always kept you on the edge of your chair, because he was a very, very exciting lecturer. He had students from everywhere, all over the world." Professor <mask> and <mask> are survived by their son Daniel Wharton <mask> (Josh) of Bolinas, his daughter-in-law <mask> and two grandchildren, Jenna and <mask>. Recognition

<mask>'s honors include the Academy of Management’s Best Book in Management Award and the McKinsey Book Award, both in 1968. In 1965 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.His work was further honored through three honorary doctorates given to him by the Washington University in St. Louis in 1975, the University of Lund, Sweden in 1984, and the Umeå University, Sweden in 1986. In 1983, <mask>man received the Berkeley Citation, one of the campus's highest awards. In 1999 he received the LEO Award for Lifetime Exceptional Achievement in Information Systems. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. The West Churchman Memorial Prize was awarded in 2014, during the 10th Brazilian Congress of systems, conducted by CORS - USP, after a selection carried out by an editorial committee, composed of researchers from several countries. The purpose of it was to provide recognition to an important systemic research work developed within the highest ethical and methodological standards as advocated C. <mask>man. Publications
<mask>man wrote some 15 books and edited another 9 books:

 1938, Towards a General Logic of Propositions, Ph.D. Dissertation.1940, Elements of Logic and Formal Science, J.B. Lippincott Co., New York. 1940, Euclid Vindicated of Every Blemish, Translator, Saccheri's. 1946, Psychologistics, with Russell L. Ackoff. 1948, Theory of Experimental Inference, Macmillan Publishers, New York. 1950, Methods of Inquiry: Introduction to Philosophy and Scientific Method, with Russell L. Ackoff, Educational Publications, St. Louis, Missouri, Missouri. 1956, Costs, Utilities, and Values, Sections I and II. 1957, Introduction to Operations Research, with Russell L. Ackoff & E.L. Arnoff, J. Wiley and Sons, New York.1960, Prediction and Optimal Decision, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1968, Challenge to Reason, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1968/1979, The Systems Approach, Delacorte Press, New York. 1971, The Design of Inquiring Systems, Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations, Basic Books, New York. 1975, Thinking for Decisions: Deductive Quantitative Methods, Science Research Associates, Chicago, Illinois. 1979, The Systems Approach and Its Enemies, Basic Books, New York. 1982, Thought and Wisdom; The Gaither Lectures, Intersystems Publications, Seaside, California.Books edited by C<mask> <mask>. 1947, Measurement of Consumer Interest, ed. with Russell L. Ackoff, and M. Wax. 1959,  Measurement: Definitions and Theories, ed. with P. Ratoosh. 1959, Experience and Reflection by Edgar A. Singer, Jr., ed.1960, Management Sciences, ed. with M. Verhulst. 1975, Systems and Management Annual 1975, ed. 1976, Design Methods and Theories, ed. 1976, World Modelling: A Dialogue, ed. with R.O. Mason.1984, Natural Resources Administration: Introducing a New Methodology for Management Development, ed. with A.H. Rosenthal, and S.H. Smith. 1989, The Well-Being of Organizations, ed. 2011, The Permanent Revolution in Science. Richard L. Schanck and C. <mask>, (Reissue of 1954 book). New York, Philosophical Library, Introduction by C<mask> <mask>.See also

 Boundary critique
 Co-design
 Formal science
 Debora Hammond
 Werner Ulrich
 Kristo Ivanov
 Umeå University
 Ludwig von Bertalanffy
 Wicked problem

References

External links

 Appreciation of <mask>man by Werner Ulrich includes obituary from the San Francisco Chronicle. Biography of C<mask> <mask>man from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). C<mask> <mask>man's profile at the Ethics and Sustainability Forum. Interview of C<mask> <mask>man by prof. Kristo Ivanov at Umeå University on April 30, 1987 (2 hours in 4 sections). With photos and documentation. 1913 births
2004 deaths
American business theorists
American operations researchers
American systems scientists
Mathematicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
People from Bolinas, California
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Mathematicians from California
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

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title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

type: original

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<mask> (10 April 1838 – 24 June 1923) was an Irish-born military historian and officer in Queen Victoria's Royal Artillery. The son of <mask>, an officer of the British East India Company's army, he was descended from the early settlers of the West Indies; many generations had served in the British, and the English military. Phipps served in the Crimean War, had a stint of duty at Malta, and helped to repress the Fenian uprising in Canada in 1866. <mask> is known for his study of The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, a five-volume set published posthumously from 1926–1939 by Oxford University Press. He also edited L.A. Fauvelet de Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, a three-volume work published in 1885 and Madame Campan's The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, published in 1889. Background
<mask> descended from generations of military and political men. Colonel <mask>, a Yeoman of Lincolnshire, raised a regiment of horse for Charles I.Another of his ancestors was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in the reign of Queen Anne. Captain <mask> settled the Island of St. Christopher, in the West Indies in 1676. The family was rewarded for its loyalty with titles and lands in Ireland. <mask> was also a cousin of the Earls of Mulgrave. In 1791, <mask>' grandfather, Constantine (1746–1797), rented the Hotel d'Harcourt in Caen, France, from the Duke of Harcourt; in 1793, he returned briefly to England in 1793 for the wedding of one of his daughters, leaving eight of his children in France. When War of the First Coalition broke out in 1793, the children were separated from their parents. <mask>' father, Pownoll <mask> (1780–1858) and his siblings grew up in the French city during the French revolution, and lived under the threat of anti-English violence.Only after the Treaty of Campo Formio could the children return to England, arriving on 2 October 1798, all of them fluent in French; Pownoll <mask> reportedly spoke with French-accented English for the rest of his life. By the end of October, Pownoll had a commission as a lieutenant and joined the Bengal Army of the East India Company. The following June, he embarked for India on the Bombay-built ship Britannica. Upon arrival in India, Pownoll <mask> joined the force under command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley. He participated in Sir David Baird's expedition from India to Egypt in 1801, for which participation he eventually became a Knight of the Crescent. <mask> married Henrietta Beaunpaire; orphaned by the French Revolution, she had taken refuge with him and his siblings at the Hotel d'Harcourt, on 10 August 1802, in Calcutta. Pownoll <mask>' second wife, Sophia Matilda Arnold, was Benedict Arnold's daughter.<mask> retired from the East India Company service on 1 July 1825, with the rank of colonel. Living for a time in London, he was a popular regular at Exeter Hall events. A well-versed, informed and articulate speaker and storyteller, <mask> was a gallant gentleman, readily at ease in all society, and very friendly: "a tall, stout, officer-like person, about 60-years of age, with white hair, short, sharp features, and a pleasant cast of countenance." He also had a strict sense of honor. In 1857, a year before his death, he wrote a letter to the Editor of The Times, in which he asserted his belief in the good character and quality of the Sepoys, despite the popular outrage against them during the Indian Mutiny. Pownoll <mask> developed bronchitis after presiding over the closing of an art exhibit in Clonmel, Ireland; he died in November 1858. His funeral was attended by Protestant and Catholics, and the procession was over a mile long.<mask> <mask> was the second son of Pownoll <mask> and his third wife, the Irish-born Anna Charlotte Smith. Born at the family estate, Oaklands, in Tipperary, Ireland, he was named <mask> in honor of an uncle who pioneered slave emancipation in the West Indies, and <mask> after another uncle, a scientific clergyman. By 1841, his father had returned to England, to reside in Kent, where the family lived in Yalding. They lodged at the "Parsonage" with a local farmer, Ramsey Warde; Ramsey Warde was also a relative of <mask>' mother. The family of four included three-year-old <mask>, his older brother, Pownoll (age five), his mother (age 30) and his father. Eventually, two more children joined the family: Henrietta Sophia and Robert Constantine, twins born 23 September 1841. The boy died 9 October, but Henrietta lived into adulthood, marrying Lieutenant-Colonel William Smith.After suffering a bout of measles in spring 1847, <mask> attended Mr. Barron's School at Stanmore with his older brother, Pownoll, with the intent to following his brother in a year or two to Rugby in Warwickshire. Military career
Before he could enter Rugby, <mask> was offered instead a cadetship and entered the government preparatory school at Carshalton in Surrey. In 1849, at the age of 11, he put on a uniform, and he wore it, or a variation of it, until his retirement in 1887. <mask> later attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. After his graduation, he expected a commission in the Royal Artillery, and while awaiting it, he lived for a few months with his uncle at Carragh, Ireland; his lieutenant's commission arrived, dated 1 August 1855, and with it instructions him to join his Royal Artillery unit at Woolwich, for service in the Crimean War. He reached the Crimea in November 1855, and participated in the siege of Sevastopol. Assigned to the Matthew Dixon's 5th Company, 9th Battalion, he was part of the right siege train, and his chief occupation was blowing up the Sevastapol docks.He was still small for his age, and looked very young, which drew teasing from his company. The siege work was difficult and the living conditions were brutal; he recounted to his brother that the soldiers were plagued not only by the Russian fire, but by dysentery, bad food, and wintering in tents. He returned to England the following year on the Imperatrice, arriving in March 1856. Although he was given a medal to wear when Queen Victoria reviewed the troops, it was later collected from him; the decision was made at higher commands that only those who had landed in the Crimea prior to September 1855 would be awarded the Crimea Medal. After his return to England, <mask> was quartered at the Tower of London. After this assignment, he was sent to Plymouth, serving at the Prince of Wales Redoubt. In 1861, <mask> was stationed in South Shoebury, Essex.He was promoted to the Royal Artillery's unique rank of second captain on 7 April 1864, and appointed brigade adjutant on 14 October 1868. The brigade adjutant functioned as the staff officer for the brigade commander: he supervised all brigade books and records, monitored the execution of orders, supervised the education and training of subalterns, prosecuted in all courts-martial proceedings, and accepted and transmitted all orders. <mask> married Anne Bampfylde, the daughter of a Bath physician, in September 1864. With a few exceptions, most of <mask>' posts included garrison duty in southern England in the vicinity of the Royal Artillery barracks at Woolwich. <mask> traveled to the United States, arriving in Boston on 30 April 1866; he went to Canada to participate in operations against the Fenian uprising. In 1869, his brother and a friend sought to climb the Zermatt and the Schreckhorn, during which climb the friend fell over  to bottom of the Lauteraar glacier. In the emergency, <mask> joined his brother in Grindelwald while guides recovered the body.In 1881, <mask> was stationed in Ireland; his wife remained in Bath, living in the prestigious Royal Crescent (No. 19), with her three children, a female cousin, and several servants. <mask> was promoted to major on 12 April 1873, to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 1 July 1881, and substantive lieutenant-colonel on 26 April 1882. <mask> had little tolerance for foolishness and retained a professional soldier's dislike of civilian interference in military affairs, and ineffective administration, whether from civilians or government. In 1887, shortly after his retirement, he wrote a letter to the editor of The Times addressing some of the highly publicized problems of desertions from the ranks. "War Office civilians", he wrote, "like the plan of indiscriminate enlist, as it swells their list of recruits. Then, when the list of deserters grows, they put on long faces, and say, 'it must be those wicked officers.'The officers would stop this plan in a day if they were allowed." The problem with recruiters, <mask> maintained, lay in the need for quantity, not quality. "What fools you civilians are to pay for these blackguards", he wrote. "If you would let the officers select their men, for the first year or so, you would have fewer men on paper, fewer men in prison, and just as many men for service....I will then give you another hint for saving money...why not do away with the Inspector-General of Recruiting, and spend his pay in horse artillery, who would be very ornamental and very serviceable? What use is the Inspector General?" He had retired from active service in 1883, and <mask> fully retired in 1887, after attaining the rank of colonel. <mask> and his wife had seven children, five of whom survived into adulthood.The first son, Edmund, born 1867, died less than two months later while the family was stationed at Plymouth. During a short stint on Malta in 1869, a daughter Mary was born and died immediately. Edmund Bampfylde was born in 1869, and followed a career in education; he attended New College, Oxford, and became a Deputy Secretary on the Board of Education. In 1906, he married Margaret Percy <mask>, who was Mayor of Chelsea for two terms. In 1916, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath, followed by a knighthood in 1917; he served in the Ministry of Munitions during the latter part of World War I. Charles Fossett, born in 1872, and Henry, the youngest son, pursued military careers. Charles and Henry were awarded the Distinguished Service Order for their roles in the British Expeditionary Force in 1914. Charles attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I, assigned to the VI Corps Heavy Artillery, and in 1918 moved to Parkgate, in Dublin.Henry married Lorna Campbell in 1906, and they had three children. Henry eventually attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Artillery, and died on 24 August 1949. The youngest, Gertrude Annie, was born on 13 December 1876. She married in 1907 to Lieutenant Colonel E.C. Sandars, CMG, also a Royal Artillery officer; the couple had a daughter, Elizabeth. <mask>' wife died in October 1885. In 1888, <mask> settled with his three youngest children at Chalfont St Giles.The 1891 Buckingham census shows <mask> on the Royal Artillery retired list and living at a country manor house, The Stone, with his sons, 21-year-old Edmund, a student at the University of Oxford, and 16-year-old Henry, a student at Wellington, and 14-year-old Gertrude. Four servants supported this small family, including a cook, a lady's maid for Gertrude, a housemaid, and a scullery maid. In 1901, Henry had left the family household, but Edmund and Gertrude still lived with their father in St. Giles. <mask> remained at The Stone until 1920. Career as military historian

Chalfont St Giles lies  from London, and about the same distance to Oxford, maintained a foot in the social world of London and the academic world of Oxford. <mask> was chairman of the magistrates for the Burnham division, sitting at Beaconsfield, and was a member of the County Standing Joint Committee and the County Licensing Committee. He also attended annual Diocesan Conferences at Oxford.<mask> pursued his life-long interest in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1885, he edited a revised edition of what was then the standard authority on Napoleon, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. He also wrote the revision's chapters XXIV and XXVI. Subsequently, he edited a new edition of the surgeon Barry Edward O'Meara's Napoleon at Saint Helena, another Napoleonic Wars classic, to which he wrote a new introduction: O'Meara had been Napoleon's doctor on Helena. Historians praised <mask>' introduction as a convincing exposition against the treatment of Napoleon on Helena. In 1889, he edited a revised edition of Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan's The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, which was also well received. Creation of the magnum opus
Initially interested in the ministers of the Empire, <mask> was diverted to a deeper interest in Napoleon's marshals, primarily by the difficulty of obtaining facts about them.He capitalized on the growing interest of both Britons and the French in the Napoleonic period by purchasing, as they came out, the many personal memoirs published by the descendants of the participants. Indeed, by 1920, he had acquired over 2,000 volumes, plus sundry maps and letters. That year, in failing health, he moved to

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title: Ramsay Weston Phipps

texts:
 the house of his son, Charles, in Carlyle Square (21), Chelsea, London. There was no room for the books at his son's house, so <mask> gave them to All Souls College, Oxford; the majority of them were placed in the Codrington Library. He selected All Souls for its established reputation in military history, and for the Codrington's collection left to it by Sir Foster Cunliffe, who had been killed in action in 1916. The collection, called the Phipps Collection, numbered more than 2,000 volumes, and includes Napoleon's published correspondence, that of the marshals, and has been kept up to date with modern works issued by the Historical Department of the French General Staff. By the 1920s, there was still little published in English about the French marshals.<mask>'s work was complicated by the regular appearance of new material. The French field armies of the Revolutionary Wars (1793–1800) formed the military education of the future marshals, but little had been published in either French or English about their early military experience. <mask> called these revolutionary armies the Schools for Marshals. Furthermore, he postulated, "the Consulate and the Empire cannot be judged until the Revolutionary period has been studied in detail." Published works were inconsistent, and French sources frequently misinterpreted the English sources, and vice versa. <mask> wrote both an introduction to his work and a summary of the histories of the armies of the Republic and the Consulate, from 1791 to 1804, and at certain points in his narrative, he paused to review the positions of the various future marshals and other well-known generals. He reflected on the development of their experience, the characteristics of their leadership, and the relationships to one another and to Napoleon.Critically, he posited that generals rarely improved with practice. A massive typescript remained unfinished on <mask>'s death in June 1923. It included an introduction, a summary of the armies, a detailed history of the armies and the coup d'état in Paris, a complete history of the French armies in Spain 1808–1814, accounts of Napoleon's 1814 campaign and of the marshals during the First and Second Restorations. It also included biographical material on the marshals and notes on the ministers of the Empire. <mask> hoped that his children might be able to prepare it all for publication, and he made some provision for that. After <mask>'s death, with the support of Charles Oman, his son Charles F<mask> supervised the publication of the first three volumes. Charles died in June 1932 before proofing the final galleys of volume three.Volumes four and five were left in the hands of <mask>'s "very capable granddaughter" and literary executor, Elizabeth Sandars. Reception
<mask>' effort, and that of his literary executors, was well received as both interesting and informative. "The narrative is that of a gallant gentleman whose life was spent as a 'soldier of the Queen' and in contributing to the greatness of the British Empire, who narrates to his listeners the facts which he has gathered, after his retirement from the army, in the pursuit of his favorite hobby." The narrative itself is informal and charming, not only full of analysis, but also relaying interesting stories and anecdotes about the marshals themselves. Other reviewers found the narrative clear, but undistinguished and "fatigued." In the first volume, <mask>' analysis covers a categorization of the marshals, although the narrative itself is largely confined to the Armée du Nord. In the beginning, he points out, the French army was well disciplined and the class of non-commissioned officers was "especially good."As the integration of the so-called volunteers—the revolutionary conscripts—into the units of regular troops undermined morale, discipline, and conditions, the army's cohesion fell apart. <mask> highlighted in particular the problems of armies moving without magazines or supplies. His analysis of the classes of marshals—citizen, soldier, officer—offers a noteworthy and solid refutation of the marshals as a class of leadership rising from the rough soldiery; his criticism of the French Revolutionary army system resulting from the two amalgamations is acute, targeted and well-documented. However, by limiting his sources to only those in English or French, in which he also was fluent, <mask> necessarily restricted his details, ignoring the actions of the Austrians and the Russians. The evidence, though, is always well assembled, even though, by volume three, it becomes much more sparse. Of the five volumes, the second may be the most interesting: it dealt with more interesting times, and more consistent military operations. The army of the north was a "bad army", and the story of its command is one of "honest and brave men hurried in turn to the guillotine, or of less honest men going over to the enemy."Some of <mask>' own eccentricities also appear in volume two; he frequently lapses into sarcasm, revealing his disdain for civilian administration of military affairs, and there are points at which he fails to follow through fully on his criticism; for example, he holds back on his critique of Jean Victor Moreau despite his assertion that he wanted to demolish once and for all the myth that Moreau was as great a soldier as Napoleon. <mask> adeptly describes the game of cat and mouse that Moreau, Jean Baptiste Jourdan, and the Archduke Charles played with one another in the summer of 1796 as their armies criss-crossed south-western Germany; neither general came to grips with the other until October, and even then, after the Battle of Schliengen, Charles was content to chase Moreau and Jourdan over the Rhine, not to demolish the French army. They were lacking, <mask> postulated, the instinct and nerves of Napoleon. The problems associated with <mask>' lack of professional training as an historian become clear by the third volume. Despite his reading of newly published works, <mask>' idea of what constituted new material included the publications of memoirs and journals of the participants, not the extensive secondary literature and array of historiographical material in the periodic literature written by professional historians seeking to understand the French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Consequently, <mask>' perceptions of the French revolution remained rooted in the outdated theories of Archibald Alison, Adolphe Thiers, and others, while ignoring some of the new theories of Albert Sorel, François Victor Alphonse Aulard and Albert Mathiez. His military background emerged clearly in his hostility to the meddling of the French government in the affairs of soldiers.Despite his amateur standing, <mask> plowed through an alarmingly confusing mass of material, especially that covering the 1796–1797 campaigns in Ireland and the Pyrenees. He hacked through a tangle of French material to provide a path for the English language reader. This feat in itself made volume three a useful tool; furthermore, <mask> offered an even-handed treatment of the suppression of Lyon and Toulon, two French cities whose revolts alarmed the Revolutionary government. Despite his lack of professional training, <mask> provided a valuable assessment to these widely studied revolts. Reviewers also gave credit to Elizabeth Sanders, <mask>' granddaughter and literary executor, for her skillful handling of the last two volumes. The purpose of the work becomes even more apparent and direct under her management and editing of the material. The role of the future marshals becomes more clear in the campaigns of 1797, and especially in the Italian campaign; her handling of the material kept it fully focused on the future marshals Massena, Augereau, Berthier, and Brune.By the time of the publication of the final volume, <mask>' work had established for itself a place in the pantheon of Napoleonic literature. It "will always be regarded as a valuable source", well-known to students of the Napoleonic era, and the last volume, critics maintained, was "as interesting as its predecessors." Not only did <mask> achieve his goal of creating a record of the development of the marshals, but his volumes have become a useful history of the progress of the wars themselves, from 1792 to 1799. The true value of the first volume, and indeed the subsequent four, lies in its repeated use as a reference work. Publications
 <mask> <mask>. The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926–39. Edited works
 Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, The private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre; with sketches and anecdotes of the courts of Louis XVI, Revised edition edited by R.W.Phipps, London, Bentley, 1889. Barry Edward O'Meara, Napoleon on Saint Helena. Revised edition edited by R.W<mask>, 2 volumes, London: Bentley, 1888. Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, revised edition edited by R. W<mask>, 3 volumes, London, Bentley, 1885. Archives
Three photograph albums and a photographic print by <mask> <mask> are held in the British Empire and Commonwealth Collection at Bristol Archives. The albums include photos from 1874–1927, from <mask>' time in India (including parts of the North East frontier which is now Pakistan), Egypt, Aden, Burma, South Africa, and Ceylon.There are also images from Shoeburyness, Plymouth, Chalfont St Giles, Charterhouse and Canterbury Cathedral, as well as family photographs from England and abroad. (Ref. 2005/047) (online catalogue). Sources

Notes and citations
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Citations

Bibliography
 Anderson, Troyer S. "Review." The American Historical Review. Vol.41, No. 4 (Jul., 1936), pp. 745–746. Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891: Buckingham, St. Giles Chalfont, district 2. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1891. Class: RG12; Piece: 1131; Folio 15; Page 4; GSU roll: 6096241. Found at Ancestry.Retrieved 15 June 2010. East India Company, Great Britain. India Office. East-India register and army list. London, W.H. Allen [n.d.]. England & Wales, Birth Index, 1837–1915.General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England. Various volumes. Found at Ancestry. Retrieved 15 June 2010. England & Wales, Death Index: 1916–2005.General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration. Various volumes. Found at Ancestry. Retrieved 15 June 2010. England & Wales, Marriage Index: 1837–1915.General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes.London, England: General Register Office. Various volumes. Found at Ancestry. Retrieved 15 June 2010. Falls, Cyril. "Review." The English Historical Review.Vol. 45, No. 180 (Oct., 1930), pp. 656–657
 Falls, Cyril. "Review." The English Historical Review. Vol.55, No. 218 (Apr., 1940), p. 345. Foster, Joseph. Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 and Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714. Oxford: Parker and Co. 1888–1892. Retrieved at Ancestry. Accessed 15 June 2010.Hart, H. G. The New Army List...for 1873. London: John Murray, 1873. Hart, H. G. Hart's annual army list, special reserve list, and territorial force list. London: Murray, 1883. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The English Notebooks: 1853–1856. United States: Ohio State University Press 1997.Huidekoper, Frederic L. "Review." American Historical Review. 34:1, October 1928, pp. 120–121. Irvine, Dallas D. "Review."The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 4, No. 3 (September, 1932), pp. 471–474. London Gazette. no.21764, p. 3129, 17 August 1855;  no. 23966, p. 1923, 11 April 1873; no. 23966, p. 1923; no. 25089, p. 1412; and 28 March 1882, no. 25115, p. 2641, 6 June 1882. Retrieved on 15 June 2010. Lossing, Benson John."Descendants of Benedict Arnold." The American historical record. Philadelphia: Chase & Town, Publishers, 1872–1874, volume 3. New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff. The New England Register. Westminster, MD: Heritage, 2010. Nolan, Fred.A brief history of Chalfont St. Giles. Village website. Accessed 15 June 2010. One of the Protestant side. Random recollections of Exeter Hall, in 1834–1837. London: James Nisbet and Co., 1837. Page, William (editor).Parish of Chalfont St. Giles. A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 184–193. Found at British History online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.Parish register transcripts from the Presidency of Bengal, 1713–1948. India. Office of the Registrar General. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1966–1967. <mask>, Pownoll William. The life of Colonel Pownoll <mask>. London: Bentley, 1894.<mask>, <mask>. The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926–1939, volumes 1–5. External links

1838 births
1923 deaths
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Royal Artillery officers
People of the Fenian raids
People from County Tipperary
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British military historians
Knights of the Order of the

masks:
Phipps
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Ramsay Weston


title: Florence Kelley

texts:
<mask> (September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932) was a social and political reformer and the pioneer of the term wage abolitionism. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today. From its founding in 1899, <mask> served as the first general secretary of the National Consumers League. In 1909, <mask> helped to create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early life
On September 12, 1859, <mask> was born to William D<mask> (1814–1890) and Caroline Bartram Bonsall in Philadelphia. Her father was a self-made man who became an abolitionist, a founder of the Republican Party, a judge, and a longtime member of the US House of Representatives. <mask> was influenced mainly by her father and said, "I owe him everything that I have ever been able to learn to do."Throughout her early years, he read books to her that involved child labor. Even at 10, she was educated by her father on his activities, and she was able to read her father's volume, The Resources of California. Caroline Bartram Bonsall, <mask>'s mother, was not a less-prominent figure. Bonsall had relations to the famous Quaker botanist, John Bartram. Unfortunately, Bonsall's parents died while at a young age, she was then adopted by Isaac and Kay Pugh. <mask> spent many happy years with her grandparents Isaac and Kay Pugh. <mask>'s great-aunt, Sarah Pugh, lived as a Quaker and opponent of slavery.Pugh's decision to deny use of cotton and sugar because of the connection to slave labor made an impression on <mask> from an early age. Pugh was an advocate for women and told <mask> about her life as an oppressed woman. <mask> had two brothers and five sisters; all five sisters died in childhood. Three of the sisters were Josephine Bartram <mask>, Caroline Lincoln <mask>, and Anna Caroline <mask>. Josephine died at the age of ten months. Caroline died at the age of four months. Anna died at the age of six years.<mask> was an early supporter of women's suffrage after her sisters died and worked for numerous political and social reforms, including the NAACP, which <mask> helped found. In Zurich, she met various European socialists, including Polish-Russian medical student Lazare Wischnewetzky, whom she married in 1884 with whom she had three children; the couple divorced in 1891. She wanted a divorce because of his physical abuse and overflowing debt. Unable to divorce her husband for "non-support," she fled to Chicago and received full custody of her children. She kept her maiden name but preferred to be called "Mrs. <mask>." Education

In her early years, she was severely sick and highly susceptible to infections and so was unable to go to school for a period of time.On days that she would miss school she would be in her father's library and read many books. In 1882, <mask> attended Cornell University at age 16. At Cornell, she was a Phi Beta Kappa member. There, she wrote her thesis about disadvantaged children. The topic of her thesis was influenced by her father's teaching about underprivileged children. Although <mask> desired to study law at the University of Pennsylvania, she was denied to attend because of her sex. In the meantime, she pursued her passion for working women by founding and attending evening classes at the New Century Guild for Working Women.Later, she attended the University of Zurich, the first European university to grant degrees to women, and she joined a group of students advocating socialism. <mask> also earned a law degree at Northwestern University School of Law in 1894. She was then able to start a school for working girls in Pennsylvania. Socialism and civil rights

<mask> was a member of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, an activist for women's suffrage and African-American civil rights. She was a follower of Karl Marx and a friend of Friedrich Engels. Her translation, of the latter's The Condition of the Working Class in England into English in 1885 is still used today. She appears there as "Mrs. F. <mask>tzky" and was also known as <mask>.She assisted with the establishment of the New Century Guild of Philadelphia, along with Gabrielle D. Clements and led by Eliza Sproat Turner. It had classes and programs to assist working women. <mask> herself taught evening classes there. The New Century Guild intended to increase the quality of working and living condition of the lower class in urban areas. The organization helped lead the battle for labor laws, such as the minimum wage and the eight-hour days, at the local, state, and federal levels. In Chicago, <mask> organized the New York Working Women's Society Campaign in 1889 and 1890 "to add women as officials in the office for factory inspection". By 1890, the New York legislature passed laws creating eight new positions for women as state factory inspectors.<mask> joined the Hull House from 1891 to 1899. The Hull House allowed <mask> to advance in her career by providing her a network to other social organizations and an outlet to pursue the advancement of rights for working women and children. While at the Hull House, <mask> bonded with Jane Addams and Julia Lathrop, who worked together as major labor reformers. All three women were of upper-middle-class background and had politically active fathers. She also became friends with Grace and Edith Abbott as well as Alice Hamilton, a professional physician specialized in preventing occupational diseases. <mask> interacted with the Chicago Women's Club under Jane Addams' sponsorship by establishing a Bureau of Women's Labor. Hull House provided <mask> the opportunity to bypass male organizations in order to pursue social activism for women, who were denied participation in formal politics at the time.She is credited with starting the social justice feminism movement. In 1892, <mask> investigated the labor conditions of Chicago's garment industry by persuading Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics to hire her. During that same year, she conducted a survey of Chicago's slums per the request of U.S. Commissioner of Labor, Carroll D. Wright,. The survey uncovered children from three-years-old working in "overcrowded tenement apartments". The survey also revealed women overworked past exhaustion, workers risking pneumonia, and children with burns. <mask> contributed to a variety of social organizations including National Child Labor Committee, National Consumers League, National Conference of Social Workers, American Sociological Association, National American Woman Suffrage Association, NAACP, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Intercollegiate Socialist Society. Factory inspection and child labor
<mask>'s father had toured her through glass factories at night when she was young.<mask> fought to make it illegal for children under the age of 14 to work and to limit the number of hours for children under 16. She sought to give the children the right of education, and argued that children must be nurtured to be intelligent people. From 1891 through 1899, <mask> lived at the Hull House settlement in Chicago. <mask> took the initiative by taking state legislatures on tours of sweatshops. She persuaded labor and civic groups to lobby on behalf of the reform legislation. In 1893, she became the first woman to hold statewide office when Governor Peter Altgeld appointed her to the post of Chief Factory Inspector for the state of Illinois, a newly created position and unheard-of for a woman. She chose five women and six men to assist her.Hull House resident Alzina Stevens served as one of <mask>'s assistant factory inspectors. In the course of her Hull House work, she befriended Frank Alan Fetter when he was asked by the University of Chicago to conduct a study of Chicago neighborhoods. At Fetter's motion, she was made a member of Cornell's Irving Literary Society as an alumna, when he joined the Cornell Faculty. <mask> was known for her firmness and fierce energy. Hull House founder Jane Addams' nephew called <mask> "the toughest customer in the reform riot, the finest rough-and-tumble fighter for the good life for others, that Hull House ever knew." <mask> was appointed Special Agent of the Illinois State Bureau of Labor Statistics when she proposed investigating the "sweating system", "the practice of contracting out work to homes of the poor," in Chicago. In her report, she discovered employees working up to 16 hours a day, seven days a week with some wages that are not high enough to support the family.By 1893, the Illinois legislature passed the first factory law limiting work for women to eight hours a day and prohibiting the employment of children under the age of fourteen. In the same year, Illinois passed protective labor laws, distinguishing the start of the Progressive Era in social reform. NAACP and work on racial equality
Asked by William English Walling and Mary White Ovington, <mask> became a founding member of the NAACP. As a member of the board of directors, she belonged to committees on Nomination, The Budget, Federal Aid to Education, Anti-Lynching, and the Inequality Expenditure of School Funds. According to W.E.B. DuBois, <mask> was well known for asking pointed questions to find a course of action. Her public discussions covered black people in churches, social welfare forums, and social inequality.In 1913, she studied the federal patterns of distribution of funds for education. She noticed a lot of inequitable distributions for white schools as opposed to black schools. That launched her to create the Sterling Discrimination Bill, which was an attack against the Sterling Towner Bill, which proposed a federal sanction of $2.98 per capita for teachers of colored children and $10.32 per capita children at white schools in 15 schools in the South and Washington, D.C. The NAACP held the position that it would perpetuate the continual discrimination and neglect of the public schools for black people. She and W. E. B. DuBois disagreed on how to attack this bill. She wanted to add the language that guaranteed equitable distribution of funding regardless of race. DuBois believed that there should be a clause added specific to race because it would require the federal government to enforce that the schools for black people to be treated fairly.<mask> believed that if anything was added about race to the bill, it would not pass through Congress. She wanted to get the bill passed and then to change the language. Therefore, when the bill was passed, it called for equal distribution to the schools to be handled by the states based on population. The issue remained on whether or not the states would distribute the money equally. <mask> disagreed with the NAACP and W.E.B. DuBois on other issues as well.

masks:
Florence Moltrop Kelley
Kelley
Kelley
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. Kelley
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title: Florence Kelley

texts:
 The Sheppard-Towner Act was the most contentious issue of disagreement between them.The act provided aid to mothers and children during pregnancy and infancy. The NAACP and DuBois were opposed to the bill because there were no provisions to prevent the discrimination in the distribution of funds to black mothers. Unlike her stance on equitable distribution of educational funds, <mask> was not demanding any provisions for equitable distribution, as she knew the bill would never pass if the issue of race was introduced, especially with the opposition already present from southern states. <mask> believed that it was more important to pass the legislation, even in its limited form, so that the funding would be secured and the primary principle of social welfare would be established. Eventually, <mask>, earned the support of the NAACP on the issue with the promise to monitor the bill if it passed and to work tirelessly toward the equity of all, regardless of race. In 1917, she marched in the New York silent protest parade, opposing the violence of white citizens against black people in the East St. Louis, Illinois, race riots of that year. To pressure anti-lynching onto Congress, she appealed National Women's League of Voters to support the Dryer Anti-Lynching Bill in 1922.Despite the League's lack of action, <mask> provided a series of letters to Arthur B. Spingarn of the NAACP in 1926 about the many cases of lynching in the United States. To gain support from the media, <mask> also suggested for newspaper editors who opposed lynching to be published. <mask> used her power in Congress by her personal connections to avoid discrimination from being passed in laws, especially toward expenditure toward school funds. In 1921, she pushed the Board of Directors of the NAACP to oppose bills that discriminate based on race in expenditure toward school funds. <mask> is famous for creating the tradition of protest against racial discrimination, which occurred in the mid-20th century. With the release of "Birth of a Nation," <mask> and other NAACP leaders demonstrated in numerous cities against the film for representing a racist interpretation of black people. In 1923, <mask> struggled for admission of the National Association of Colored Women as members of the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, which formed in 1920.She succeeded by January 1924, when 15 of 17 organizations included NACW members. National Consumers League and eight-hour day

From 1899 through 1926, she lived at the Henry Street settlement house on New York City. From there, she founded and acted as General Secretary of the National Consumers League, which was strongly anti-sweatshop. She used her direction to raise public awareness and pass state legislation to protect workers, primarily for women and children. The Consumers' League established a Code of Standards that served to raise wages, shorten hours, and required a minimum number of sanitary facilities. <mask> used the NCL to address her own policies such as local hours and wages of women via data collection and activism. <mask> also served as a mentor to younger activists, such as Mary van Kleeck, who briefly worked for the Consumers League.In her work there, she built 64 Consumers Leagues to promote and to pass labor legislation. <mask> often acted as a representative to address state legislators and expanded the NCL network through women's clubs. She worked hard to establish a workday limited to eight hours. In 1907, she threw her influence into a Supreme Court case, Muller v. Oregon, an attempt to overturn limits to the hours female workers could work in non-hazardous professions. <mask> helped file the famous Brandeis Brief, which included sociological and medical evidence of the hazards of working long hours and set the precedent of the Supreme Court's recognition of sociological evidence, which was used to great effect later in Brown v. Board of Education. Her pursuit to enforce the eight hour work day for women was later declared unconstitutional by the Illinois Supreme Court in 1895 because it restricted women from making contracts for longer hours. In 1909, <mask> helped create the NAACP and thereafter became a friend and ally of W. E. B.Du Bois. She also worked to help improve child labor laws and working conditions. In 1917, she again filed briefs in a Supreme Court case for an eight-hour workday, now for workers "in any mill, factory or manufacturing establishment," in the case Bunting v. Oregon. <mask>'s NCL sponsored a "Consumer's 'white label'" on clothing that restricted garment production with child labor and working conditions against state law. She led the National Consumers League until her death, in 1932. Other accomplishments
In 1907 <mask> organized New York’s Committee on Congestion of Population, after which she and Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch sponsored an exhibit on the causes and consequences of congestion and methods for alleviating it, catalyzing the first National Conference on City Planning in 1909. <mask> worked with Josephine Goldmark to make the Brandeis Brief to demonstrate the harmful effects of overtime on women's health.The action helped support arguments in Muller v. Oregon in 1908, although the Supreme Court ruled against the women laundry workers in the case. <mask> also helped lobby Congress to pass the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916, which banned the sale of products created from factories that employed children thirteen and under. In addition to this act, she also lobbied for the Sheppard-Towner Act, which created the nation's first social welfare program to fight against maternal and infant mortality by funding health care clinics specialized in those areas. In 1912, she formed the US Children's Bureau, a federal agency to oversee children's welfare. Death
<mask> died, age 72, in the Germantown section of Philadelphia on February 17, 1932. She is buried at Philadelphia's Laurel Hill Cemetery. She was named an Angel hero by The My Hero Project.Publications
The responsibility of the consumer. New York City: National Child Labor Committee, 1908. Kelly argues that it is the responsibility of the consumer to use their buying power to discourage moral ills regarding work conditions, such as child labor. Succinctly put, she argues for the modern phrase, "vote with your dollar." Further, in order to judge labor conditions, she argues that citizens must demand adequate statistics about such conditions from their state and federal governments. The Present Status of Minimum Wage Legislation. New York City: National Consumers' League, 1913.Provides a brief history of the beginnings of minimum wage legislation in England and the United States. <mask> cautions the states against drawing up too quickly a hastily and poorly written law such that a court may strike it down thereby setting a precedent for similar laws. Finally, Kelly briefly explores how society ultimately bears the cost for not paying a sufficient minimum wage, through caring for the poor and through the maintenance of prisons. Modern Industry: in relation to the family, health, education, morality. New York: Longmans, Green 1914. Women in Industry: the Eight Hours Day and Rest at Night, upheld by the United States Supreme Court. New York: National Consumers' League, 1916.Twenty Questions about the Federal Amendment Proposed by the National Woman's Party. New York: National Consumers' League, 1922. Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of <mask>. Chicago: C.H. Kerr Pub. Co., 1986. The Need of Theoretical Preparation for Philanthropic Work.1887. Kelly emphasizes the need for a theoretical background prior to engaging in philanthropic work. Without such background, she argues, the type of philanthropic work chosen will most likely reproduce the current capitalist socioeconomic system that leads to the need for philanthropic work in the first place. In essence, one needs theoretical preparation in order to treat the causes rather than the symptoms. She argues for this by distinguishing between two types of philanthropy: bourgeois philanthropy and philanthropy of the working class. Bourgeois philanthropy "aims to give back to the workers a little bit of what our social system robs them of, propping up the system longer," (92) thus it is fundamentally palliative, preserving the current system in place. Philanthropy of the working class, on the other hand, aims to weaken the capitalist system through goals such as shortening the work day and limiting the working of children.These measures result in a lower amount of surplus value produced which is antithetical to the capitalist system. After such a theoretical preparation, <mask> concludes that real philanthropic work consists in elevating class consciousness. References

Further reading

 Blumberg, Dorothy Rose. <mask>. The Making of a Social Pioneer. (1966)
 Goldmark, Josephine. Impatient Crusader: <mask>'s Life Story (1953)
Grinspan, Jon.The Age of Acrimony: How Americans Fought to Fix Their Democracy, 1865 - 1915. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2021. Sklar, Kathryn Kish. <mask> and the Nation's Work: The Rise of Women's Political Culture, 1830-1900. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1995.Sklar, Kathryn. Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of <mask>, Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company. 1986. Sources
 Amico, Eleanor B., ed. Reader's Guide to Women's Studies (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998)
 Sklar, Kathryn Kish, and Beverly Wilson Palmer, eds. The Selected Letters of <mask>, 1869–1931 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009). lxii, 575 pp.External links
Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000. "How Did <mask>'s Campaign against Sweatshops in Chicago in the 1890s Expand Government Responsibility for Industrial Working Conditions?" External links

The Life and Times of Florence Kelley in Chicago (1891-1899) on Northwestern University
<mask> (1859-1932) on harvard.edu
<mask> on schoolnet.co.uk
<mask> on Women and Social Movements, subscription required
Biographical note
A letter from Engels to <mask> Wischnewetzky
Entry at 'project Muse' (needs a subscription to read it all)
<mask> fought for civil rights

1859 births
1932 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American feminists
American Marxists
American pacifists
American socialists
American translators
Consumer rights activists
Child labor in the United States
Cornell University alumni
Pennsylvania political activists
Pennsylvania socialists
NAACP activists
German–English translators
Activists from Philadelphia
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
American women writers
Progressive Era in the United States
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
Marxist

masks:
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Florence Kelley
Kelley
Florence Kelley
Florence Kelley
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Florence Kelley
Florence Kelley
Florence Kelley
Kelley Kelly
Florence Kelley
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Florence Kelley


title: George Shirley

texts:
<mask> (born April 18, 1934) is an American operatic tenor, and was the first African-American tenor to perform a leading role at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Early life
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He earned a bachelor's degree in music education from Wayne State University in 1955 and then was drafted into the Army, where he became the first Black member of the United States Army Chorus. He was also the first African American hired to teach music in Detroit high schools. Career
After continuing voice studies with Therny Georgi, he moved to New York and began his professional career as a singer. His debut was with a small opera group in Woodstock as Eisenstein in Strauss's Die Fledermaus in 1959, and his European debut in Italy as Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème. In 1960, at 26, he won a National Arts Club scholarship competition, and the following April he was the first Black singer to win the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions scholarship competition.<mask> is the first Black tenor and the second Black male to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera. He sang there for 11 seasons. <mask> has also appeared at The Royal Opera, London; the Deutsche Oper Berlin; the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires; the Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam; Opéra de Monte-Carlo; the New York City Opera; the Scottish Opera; the Lyric Opera of Chicago; the Washington National Opera; the Michigan Opera Theatre; the San Francisco Opera; and the Santa Fe Opera and Glyndebourne Festival summer seasons, as well as with numerous orchestras in the United States and Europe. He has sung more than 80 roles. He was on the faculty of the University of Maryland from 1980 to 1987, when he moved to the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, where he was Director of the Vocal Arts Division. He currently serves as the Joseph Edgar Maddy Distinguished University Professor of Music, and still maintains a studio at the school. Awards and recognition
In 1968, <mask> won a Grammy Award for his performance in the role Ferrando in the RCA recording of Mozart's Così fan tutte.He has three times been a master teacher in the National Association of Teachers of Singing Intern Program for Young NATS Teachers, and taught dozens of up-and-coming vocalists for ten years at the Aspen Music Festival and School. <mask> produced a series of programs for WQXR-FM radio in New York on Classical Music and the Afro-American and hosted a four-program series on WETA-FM radio in Washington, D.C. called Unheard, Unsung. <mask> has been awarded honorary degrees by Wilberforce University, Montclair State College, Lake Forest College, and the University of Northern Iowa. He is a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. In 2013, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, of which he is a member, named him a Signature Sinfonian, an award recognizing exceptional accomplishment in the fraternity member's chosen field. One his highest honors came in 2015 when Mr. <mask> received the National Medal of Arts, bestowed upon him by US President Barack Obama. The following year in 2016, he was a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award during the National Opera Association's annual convention.Mr.  <mask> was presented with the William Warfield Legacy Award in  2019 for his dedication to the advancement of African  American classical vocalists and the legacy of William Warfield. Discography

[Composer: work (other singers; ensembles; conductor), label, recording or publication date.] – <mask>. Der wissende Sänger
George <mask> interview by Bruce Duffie

1934 births
20th-century African-American male singers
20th-century American male opera singers
African-American male opera singers
American operatic tenors
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Musicians from Indianapolis
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Wayne State University alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Singers from Detroit
Singers from Indiana
Classical musicians from Michigan

masks:
George Irving Shirley
Shirley
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George Shirley
Shirley


title: André Boisclair

texts:
<mask> (; born April 14, 1966) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. He was the leader of the Parti Québécois, a social democratic and sovereigntist party in Quebec. Between January 1996 and March 2003, <mask> served as Citizenship and Immigration Minister and Social Solidarity Minister under former Premier of Quebec Lucien Bouchard and as Environment Minister under former Premier Bernard Landry. He won the Parti Québécois leadership election on November 15, 2005. <mask> announced he was stepping down as leader of the PQ on May 8, 2007. François Gendron was named interim leader. Early life

<mask> was born in Montreal, Quebec.He grew up in the affluent francophone Montreal neighbourhood of Outremont. While attending Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, a private CEGEP, he became the president of the Federation of Quebec College Students (in French, FECQ). After graduation he attended Université de Montréal, but dropped out after two years. Political scene 1989–2003
He joined the Parti Québécois in 1984, and in the 1989 general election he was elected to represent the Montreal-area riding of Gouin as a PQ candidate. At 23 years old, he became the youngest member ever elected to the Quebec National Assembly, a record he held until Simon-Pierre Diamond was elected in 2007. He also quickly garnered a reputation as a party animal in Quebec City's night-life scene. He served as a cabinet minister from 1998 to 2003, under Parti Québécois (PQ) Premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry, holding a variety of high-profile portfolios.During his time in office, <mask> and his chief of staff, Luc Doray, became the center of a drug and embezzlement scandal. After a routine audit, officials discovered that Doray submitted over $30,000 in false expense reports and authorities later discovered that Doray had used the money to feed his cocaine habit. Doray pleaded guilty to defrauding the government and during court testimony it was learned that <mask> authorized some of the expenses. The ensuing investigation cleared <mask> of any wrongdoing - he was never accused nor charged with any crime. However, in September 2005, <mask> admitted to personally using cocaine between 1996 and 2003 while serving as a member of the Quebec legislature. <mask> continued to serve as a Member of the National Assembly until he resigned in August 2004 to attend the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. At the time of his resignation, <mask> held the position of opposition parliamentary (house) leader.<mask> completed the Master's in Public Administration program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government - a program that does not require students to hold a previous university degree. While at Harvard, <mask> attended lectures by Michael Ignatieff and kept a blog recording his experience. Party leadership
After Bernard Landry resigned in June 2005, <mask> entered the race to succeed Landry as the PQ's leader. Elected as the sixth leader of the Parti Québécois on November 15, 2005, <mask> earned 53.8% of the party membership vote as compared to his closest rival, Pauline Marois, who garnered 30.6%. For the first time, the PQ allowed telephone voting, resulting in the participation of over 76% of the party membership. Polls taken at the time of his leadership victory in November 2005 suggested that <mask>'s Parti Québécois would win a landslide victory over the incumbent Liberal Party of Jean Charest. <mask> was the first openly gay politician in Canada to win the leadership of a party with legislative representation.(Previous openly gay Canadian political party leaders included Chris Lea of the Green Party of Canada and Allison Brewer of the New Brunswick New Democratic Party.) After his election as party leader, <mask> delivered a speech promising a sovereignty referendum within two years of a PQ victory in the next Quebec general election. During a joint press conference with Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe in Montreal on November 20, 2005, <mask> decried Canada's Clarity Act as unacceptable. He stated that if elected Premier, he would ignore the ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada on referendum question clarity. Upon taking the reins of the PQ, <mask>'s actions quickly created political controversy within his own party. After a questionable appearance in a comedy sketch featuring a homosexual depiction of Stephen Harper and George W. Bush, and an attempt to distance the PQ from its traditional union base, a push to oust <mask> developed. Purportedly led by Boisclair's predecessor, Bernard Landry (which he denies), the plan failed and no real threat to <mask>'s leadership emerged.Pundits speculated that the proximity of the Quebec general election contributed to the putsch's failure. On August 14, 2006, <mask> was elected to the provincial legislative assembly in a by-election for the Montreal-area riding of Pointe-aux-Trembles. He was re-elected in the general election of March 26, 2007. 2007 election

In February 2007, <mask> promised a dream team of high-profile candidates for the anticipated 2007 general election. Comparing his slate to the l'équipe du tonnerre (the thunder team) of former premier and Quiet revolution architect Jean Lesage, Boiscair announced that actor Pierre Curzi, former cabinet member Linda Goupil, TV journalist Bernard Drainville, academic Guy Lachapelle, union leader Marc Laviolette, and former Bloc Québécois MPs Richard Marceau and Yvan Loubier composed this team. On February 21, 2007, the Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, Lise Thibault, dissolved parliament and called a general election for March 26, 2007. <mask> launched his campaign using the slogan "Reconstruisons notre Québec" (Let's rebuild our Quebec).At the beginning of the campaign, <mask>'s Parti Québécois stood five percentage points behind the Quebec Liberals. <mask> stated throughout his campaign that education would remain a key priority in the PQ's election strategy and that he would organize a new referendum on sovereignty as soon as possible. He also supported new measures targeting home ownership for young families. During the election campaign, controversy arose when radio talk show host Louis Champagne made homophobic remarks while interviewing Parti Québécois candidate Alexandre Cloutier, asking him if the fact that his party was led by a gay man — and was running an openly gay candidate, Sylvain Gaudreault, in the neighbouring riding to Cloutier's — meant that voters would believe the Parti Québécois was "a club of fags". Days later, the radio station's corporate owner, the Corus Group, suspended Champagne. Most observers ruled the 2007 leaders' debate a draw. Critics felt that <mask> appeared the most aggressive, repeatedly asking the Action démocratique du Québec's (ADQ) Mario Dumont to state the financial model of his political platform.Election night produced a major disappointment for the Parti Québécois. The party polled its smallest share of the popular vote since 1973 and the PQ came third in seat numbers in the National Assembly - losing Official Opposition status. The 2007 election left Quebec with its first minority government since 1878. Although <mask>'s future as the leader of Parti Québécois appeared uncertain, he claimed on the day after the election that he had no plans of stepping down (however, he resigned six weeks later). Apart from the Champagne incident, the election campaign was not marked by any other open expressions of homophobia. However, at least one prominent political journalist in Quebec, The Gazette's Don Macpherson, has asserted that some other criticism of <mask> — particularly a persistent notion among some voters that he was too cosmopolitan and "Montréalais" — may in fact have been code for lingering voter discomfort with the idea of electing an openly gay premier. Resignation as PQ Leader

<mask> announced his resignation as Parti Québécois leader on May 8, 2007, the same day Quebec's National Assembly was resuming sitting after the 2007 general election.The announcement came as a shock to many Parti Québécois caucus members, some of whom expressed "sadness" at the decision. <mask>'s leadership was questioned immediately after the election and petitions for a motion of confidence within the party came far and wide from regional PQ presidents and major sovereigntist groups. <mask>'s resignation followed a dispute with Gilles Duceppe, leader of the Bloc Québécois, the sovereigntist party on the federal scene. In an interview with Radio-Canada, <mask> had confirmed rumours that Duceppe had been scheming for his post. Duceppe denied these rumours but many political observers still believed <mask> had gone too far in this denunciation. <mask> remained the MNA for Pointe-aux-Trembles, but on October 15, 2007, he announced he was resigning from his seat and quitting politics on November 15, 2007. He also accused leader Bernard Landry of undermining his support as party head by referring to the PQ's loss of public support under <mask>'s reign, and for hinting he wanted to return to the party's leadership himself.Post-political life

<mask> was hired by Questerre, a Calgary-based energy company, in 2011 as a consultant due to his sociopolitical knowledge of Quebec. In September 2012, <mask> criticized the newly elected PQ government's position on the shale (more commonly known as fracking) industry in Quebec. In November 2012, he was named as the new provincial delegate-general in New York City. He was the President and CEO for the Urban development institute of Québec (UDI) - a non-profit organization focused on Quebec's commercial real estate industry from June 2016 until he resigned amidst allegations of sexual assaults. On May 28, 2020, he was charged with two counts of sexual assault on an unidentified victim: one charge for committing a sexual assault while carrying, using or threatening to use a weapon, and one charge for being party to a sexual assault with another person. The events are alleged to have occurred in 2014. The matter has not yet gone to trial.See also
2005 Parti Québécois leadership election
Quebec sovereignty movement
Politics of Quebec
List of leaders of the Official Opposition (Quebec)
List of third party leaders of Quebec

Electoral record

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References

External links

LinkedIn <mask> page

1966 births
People from Outremont, Quebec
Canadian bloggers
French Quebecers
Gay politicians
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Living people
Male bloggers
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
Leaders of the Parti Québécois
Université de Montréal alumni
LGBT Christians
Canadian expatriates in the United States
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
André Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
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Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
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Boisclair
Boisclair
André Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
Boisclair
André Boisclair


title: James O'Higgins Norman

texts:
<mask>'<mask>  PC, MStJ, FRSA holds the UNESCO Chair on Tackling Bullying in Schools and Cyberspace at Dublin City University. He is the director of the National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, and a member of the Government of Ireland Advisory Council on Online Safety. Background
He was born in 1968 in Dublin, Ireland, and grew up in Glasnevin where he attended Sacred Heart Boys National School and St Kevins College, Ballygall. Education
His undergraduate studies included philosophy, psychology and sociology and he has an honours degree in Divinity from Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Rome, 1994), as well as a Higher Diploma in Education from University College Dublin (1996) and a Master's degree in Education from the National University of Ireland, Maynooth (1999). He also studied Family Law at the Law Society of Ireland (2008) and was awarded a Doctorate from UCL Institute of Education, London (2006). Career
In 2000, he took up a position as a lecturer in the Mater Dei Institute of Education, Dublin, Ireland, where he led research on pastoral care in second level schools. While there he authored the book entitled Ethos and Education in Ireland (2003) (New York: Peter Lang) in which he argued that the Catholic Church had a majority share in the control and management of schools in Ireland and that the church and state would need to reconsider this position in the light of the emerging diversity in Irish society.These views were upheld in 2006 when Archbishop Martin of Dublin called on the state to consider alternative patrons for schools and in 2011 when Ruairí Quinn, Minister for Education and Skills, established a special commission to examine how some schools could be transferred from the patronage of the Catholic Church to other bodies. In 2003, he was awarded a research grant to examine homophobic bullying in Irish second-level schools. Between 2004 and 2008 he published several reports and two books revealing the extent of the issue in Ireland. In 2005 he became an associate professor at the School of Education Studies in Dublin City University where his research led to the launch in October 2006 of the "Making Our Schools Safe" campaign by the Department of Education and Science. His work on bullying also informed debate in Dáil Éireann and was quoted in a session of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Education. In May 2012 he was invited to participate in the National Anti-Bullying Forum sponsored by the Government of Ireland at the Department of Education and Skills. He also extended his work on bullying to include research on cyberbullying, and his research on bullying and education was published in journals including the British Journal of Educational Management, Administration and Leadership.In 2010 he co-edited the International Handbook on Education for Spirituality, Care and Wellbeing (Netherlands: Springer). In addition to his publications he has also been consulted and deposed on issues related to equality and education. In 2012 he was awarded a research scholarship funded by the US State Department which allowed him to participate in research on alternatives to political violence in Boston College’s Irish Institute. In 2013 he became Director of the National Anti-Bullying Research Centre, formerly of Trinity College Dublin, which moved to Dublin City University following the retirement of its founder and first director Professor Mona O'Moore. In 2018 he was appointed as the UNESCO Chair on Tackling Bullying in Schools and Cyberbspace. Public life

He is a former Catholic priest who supported victims and gave evidence to the commission into clerical abuse in the Archdiocese of Dublin. As an academic at DCU he has contributed to education debates and has been consulted by the media as a spokesperson on educational and social issues.O'<mask> has served with a number of school boards and voluntary organisations in the Dublin area. In 1986 he was awarded the Father Phelim McCabe Perpetual Endeavour Award for volunteering with local community services. In 1997, he was nominated by Archbishop Desmond Connell to the board of management of Jobstown Community College where he served as Chairperson until 2004. He was later nominated by the Edmund Rice Schools Trust (ERST) to the board of management of St. Vincent's CBS, Glasnevin, (2009-2012). He was also Chairperson of Schools Across Borders (2010-2012), an Irish Aid funded NGO promoting better relations between young people in areas of conflict. From 2008 to 2014 he was a member of the board of Clans of Ireland and in 2009 became its Vice Chairperson. In 2010 he was appointed to the Most Venerable Order of St. John and in 2012 he was appointed Honorary President of St. John Ambulance Castleknock Combined Division in Dublin.Honours and awards

O'<mask> has received a number of awards including:

  Queen Elizabeth II, Member of the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem (MStJ). President of the United States of America, Lifetime Achievement Award for Volunteer Service (PAVS). President of Ireland, Companion of the Order of Clans of Ireland (CIOM). Government of Ireland, Peace Commissioner. Royal House of Georgia, Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Eagle of Georgia and the Seamless Tunic of Our Lord Jesus Christ (GCEG). La Casa Troncal de los Doce Linajes de Soria Caballero Honorario y Concesión de Las Llaves de Bronce. St. John Ambulance, Honorary President Castleknock Division.Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts. Published works

Peer Reviewed Journals
•	O'<mask>, J., Goldrick, M. 2012. Reducing Academic Isolation in Favour of Learning Relationships Through a Virtual Classroom. Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education, 4,
•	O'<mask>, J.,Connolly, J. 2011. Mimetic Theory and Scapegoating in the Age of Cyberbullying:The Case of Phoebe Prince. Pastoral Care in Education, 29, 4.•	O'<mask>, J., McNamara, G. 2010. Conflicts of Ethos: Issues of Equality in Faith Based Schools. Educational Management Administration and Leadership. (London: Sage). •	O'<mask>, J.Goldrick, M.,Harrison, K. 2009. Pedagogy for Diversity: Mediating Between Tradition and Equality in Schools. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 14, 4.•	O'<mask>, J. 2009. Straight Talking: Explorations on Homosexuality and Homophobia in Secondary Schools in Ireland. Sex Education, 9, 4. •	O'<mask>, J. 2009. Still Catching up: Schools, Sexual Orientation and Homophobia in Ireland.Sexuality And Culture, 13, 1, pp1–16. •	O'<mask>, J. 2008. Equality in the Provision of Social Personal and Health Education in the Republic of Ireland: The Case of Homophobic Bullying? Pastoral Care in Education, 26, 2, pp69–81. •	O'<mask>, J. 2006.Homophobia: A Final Frontier for Tolerance in Religious Education. Journal of Religious Education, 54, 3, pp43–48. •	O'Higgins Norman J. 2005. Homophobic Bullying in Irish Second-Level Schools. Guideline - Newsletter of the Institute of Guidance Counsellors, pp15–17. •	O'<mask>, J.2003. Teacher Professionalism: The Pastoral Dimension. Oideas, 50, Spring, pp66–78. •	O'<mask>, J. 2002. The School Around the Corner is Not Still the Same: The Need for Pastoral Care in Schools. Search, 25:3,
•	O'<mask>, J.2002. Educational Underachievement: The Contribution of Pastoral Care. Irish Educational Studies, 21:1, Spring, pp33–45. •	O'<mask>, J. 2000. Ethos and the Catholic School. Oideas, 47, Spring, pp66–79.•	O'<mask>, J. 1999. Discipline For Learning. The Furrow, Maynooth. Selected Books/Reports
•	O'<mask>, J., Education Matters, Readings in Pastoral Care for School Chaplains, Guidance Counsellors and Teachers. Dublin, Veritas, 2014. •	O'<mask>, J., Goldrick, M., Harrison, K. (2010) Identifying Good Practice in Addressing Homophobic Bullying in Second-Level Schools.Dublin: The Equality Authority. •	O'<mask>, J. et al. 2009. The International Handbook on Education for Spirituality, Care and Wellbeing. Dordrect: Springer. •	O'<mask>, J. Homophobic Bullying in Irish Secondary Education, Palo Alto, California, Academica Press, 2008. •	O'<mask>, J.Straight Talk: Researching Gay & Lesbian Issues in the School Curriculum, The Centre for Educational Evaluation, DCU, 2006. •	O'<mask>, J. A Survey of Teachers on Homophobic Bullying in Irish Second-Level Schools, Dublin City University, 2005. •	O'<mask>, J (ed.) At the Heart of Education, School Chaplaincy and Pastoral Care, Dublin: Veritas, 2004. •	O'<mask>, <mask>. Ethos and Education in Ireland, New York: Peter Lang, 2003.Selected Chapters
•	O'<mask>, J. 2011. Sociology of Education. B. Walsh. Education Studies. Dublin. Gill and McMillan.•	O'<mask>, J., Hall, E. 2009. Violence and Conflict in Schools: Negotiating Pathways to Wellbeing, International Handbook on Education for Spirituality, Care and Wellbeing. (Dordrect: Springer). •	O'<mask>, J., King, P. 2007. Evaluating the Impact of a State Religious Education Syllabus for the Religious Education Teacher and the School Chaplain. International Handbook of the Religious, Spiritual and Moral Dimensions in Education (Dordrect: Springer). •	O'<mask>, J.2003. Pastoral Care in Schools: The Role of the School Principal, Chaplain, Guidance Counsellor and Teachers. Re-imagining The Catholic School (Dublin: Veritas). References

1968 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
People from Glasnevin
20th-century Irish people
Ballygall
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Education
Academics of Dublin City University
Irish social scientists
21st-century Irish people
Living people

masks:
James O
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
James
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman
Higgins Norman


title: Jane McGonigal

texts:
<mask> (born October 21, 1977) is an American game designer and author who advocates the use of mobile and digital technology to channel positive attitudes and collaboration in a real world context. Biography

Early years
McGonigal was brought up in New Jersey. Her parents are teachers who emphasized intellectual attainment. Her identical twin sister, Kelly McGonigal, is a well known psychologist. Education

McGonigal received her BA in English from Fordham University in 1999 and her PhD in performance studies from the University of California, Berkeley in 2006. She was the first in the department to study computer and video games. Personal life
After earning her BA in English, McGonigal started developing her first commercial games.In 2006, at the age of 28, she earned a PhD in performance studies and continued developing games. In 2009, she suffered a debilitating concussion that helped her in the development of a game, Jane the Concussion Slayer, for treating her concussion and other similar conditions; the game was later renamed SuperBetter. In 2011, her first book was published. Philosophy

McGonigal writes and speaks about alternate reality games and massively multiplayer online gaming, especially about the way that collective intelligence can be generated and used as a means for improving the quality of human life or working towards the solution of social ills. She has stated that gaming should be moving "towards Nobel Prizes." McGonigal has been called "the current public face of gamification". Despite this, McGonigal has objected to the word, stating, "I don't do 'gamification,' and I'm not prepared to stand up and say I think it works, I don't think anybody should make games to try to motivate somebody to do something they don't want to do.If the game is not about a goal you're intrinsically motivated by, it won't work." Career

As a designer McGonigal became known for location-based and alternate reality games. She has taught game design and game studies at the San Francisco Art Institute and the University of California, Berkeley. In 2008 she became the Director of Game Research & Development at Institute for the Future and in 2012 Chief Creative Officer at SuperBetter Labs. Games

<mask> has been developing commercial games since 2006, some of which are listed in the following chart:

SuperBetter

In July 2009, <mask> suffered a concussion after hitting her head in her office. The symptoms were severe, lasted for several weeks, and led to her feeling suicidal. She requested her friends give her tasks to do each day.Wanting to recover from her condition, she created a game to treat it. The game was initially called Jane the Concussion-Slayer (after Buffy the Vampire Slayer), then renamed to SuperBetter. McGonigal was able to raise $1 million to fund an expanded version of the game. Additionally, she has collaborated on commissioned games for the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Books

On January 20, 2011, McGonigal's first book, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make us Better and How they Can Change the World, was published. In this book, McGonigal looks not only at massively multiplayer online gaming and alternate reality games but also at games more widely. Using current research from the positive psychology movement, McGonigal argues that games contribute powerfully to human happiness and motivation, a sense of meaning, and the development of community.The book was met with a favorable reception from The Los Angeles Times, and Wired, and mixed reviews from The Independent. The book received criticism from some quarters, notably the Wall Street Journal, which felt that her thesis, which claimed to use games to "fix" everyday life by giving it a sense of achievement and making it seem more fulfilling and optimistic, made "overblown" claims from minor examples, and did not address conflicting individual goals and desires, or the influence of "evil". The New York Times Book Review also criticized some points in her book, calling out the lack of evidence demonstrating that in-game behavior and values could translate into solutions to real world problems such as poverty, disease and hunger. On September 15, 2015, <mask>'s second book, SuperBetter: A Revolutionary Approach to Getting Stronger, Happier, Braver, and More Resilient, was published by Penguin Press. It was #7 on the New York Times Best Seller: Advice, How-to and Miscellaneous List its debut week. <mask>'s third book, Imaginable: How to See the Future Coming and Feel Ready for Anything―Even Things That Seem Impossible Today, will be released on March 22, 2022. McGonigal has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.Recognition
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Date !! Award !! Description
|-
| 2010 || Named in O: The Oprah Magazine "2010 O Power List" || Named in O: The Oprah Magazine as one of 20 important women of 2010 on the "2010 O Power List"
|-
| 2008 || Named one of the Top 20 Most Important Women in videogaming ||
|-
| 2008 || South by Southwest Interactive Award for Activism || Awarded for World Without Oil

|-
| 2006 || Listed on MIT Technology Review's TR100 || Named one of the world's top innovators under the age of 35 by MIT's Technology Review. |-
| 2005 || 2005 Innovation Award from the International Game Developers Association and a 2005 Games-related Webby Award. || For I Love Bees, the Halo 2 promotion. |}

PublicationsReality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World, , (20 January 2011)SuperBetter: A Revolutionary Approach to Getting Stronger, Happier, Braver and More Resilient'',  (15 September 2015).References

External links

 IT Conversations: Interview on Alternate Reality Gaming (2007)
 Game Changer: A Talk with <mask> (2011)
 Mother Jones: Wii Shall Overcome (2011)
 Hollywood Reporter: How Video Games Can Change Your Life (2012)
 How Gaming Can Make A Better World: Ted Talk (2010)

1977 births
American video game designers
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Game researchers
21st-century American women writers
Twin people from the United States
Women video game designers
Women video game developers
Pervasive games
Identical twins
American women academics

masks:
Jane McGonigal
Jane
Jane
McGonigal
McGonigal
Jane McGonigal


title: John Brereton Barlow

texts:
<mask> (24 October 1924 – 10 December 2008) was a world-renowned South African cardiologist. He qualified as a doctor in 1951, gained experience as a registrar in Hammersmith Hospital and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in London. In the late 1950s he returned to South Africa to Johannesburg Hospital where he became Professor of Cardiology in the research unit and carried out significant studies on cardiac disorders as well as discovering the cause of a well known mitral valve disorder. He gives his name to <mask>'s Syndrome. Professional life
<mask> commenced medical studies at the University of the Witwatersrand. However, shortly afterwards, in 1940 when South Africa became involved in World War II he enlisted in the military and spent time attached to British forces in North Africa and later the Fifth US Army in Italy. He returned to medical school in 1946 and graduated with MBBCh.in November 1951. <mask> served his internship and registrar posts in the Royal Imperial Hospital, Baragwanath Hospital and in 1955 set sail for England to sit his examination for membership of the Royal College of Physicians. He worked as SHO to Sheila Sherlock and medical registrar under Mr <mask> at Hammersmith Hospital and The Royal Post Graduate Medical School in London. It was during this time that <mask> became interested in auscultation and phonocardiography which led him to investigate non-ejection clicks and late systolic murmurs. The non-ejection click had long been thought to have an origin outside the heart. During his time at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School <mask> attended the postmortem examination of a patient who was known to have a 'click'. <mask> noticed that the man had a single fibrosed mitral valve chord, he also noted no abnormality outside the heart to account for the click.<mask>, by further investigation, was able to demonstrate that the cause of this widely known but little understood problem was due to a pathological condition of the mitral valve. This discovery by <mask> was controversial at the time and was met with scepticism by the cardiological community. His first paper on the subject was declined on the grounds that his assertions were extreme. A friend and former colleague persuaded <mask> to submit a shorter version of the paper to the Maryland State Medical Journal (of which his friend was a sub-editor) where it was published under the title "The Significance of Late Systolic Murmurs and Mid-Late Systolic Clicks". A second and ground-breaking paper was published in the American Heart Journal in October 1963. So significant was this paper that it became one of the most commonly cited papers in the AHJ and in 1983 was designated by the Institute for Scientific Information as a citation classic. In addition to his specialised work on the mitral valve he furthered research and published papers in other cardiac pathologies including the role of tricuspid regurgitation after mitral valve surgery; the role of a haemodynamic valve load as the origin of refractory heart failure in patients with active carditis; submitral aneurysm; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the time course of "false positive stress ECGs"

In the late 1950s, <mask> had returned to South Africa to work at Johannesburg Hospital as a registrar.In 1960, he became a consultant physician in the cardiac research unit, in 1971 he was appointed director of the cardiology unit and named his newly commissioned cardiac catheterization unit the McMichael Unit in honour of his erstwhile mentor. In 1972, together with Margaret McClaren and others, he carried out a study on 12,000 schoolchildren of Soweto which demonstrated very high levels of rheumatic heart disease. When the paper was published in the British Medical Journal the international publicity highlighted the poor socio-economic conditions of the children living under the laws of apartheid, the South African government was critical of the study. In 1980 he was awarded a Professorship of Cardiology,(Ad Hominem) and continued in this post for a further 10 years to his retirement. <mask> was widely acknowledged by his peers as an excellent clinician who put great store in taking a careful medical history and a thorough physical examination. He tended not to trust medical tests and questioned medical orthodoxy in general. He treated people from all walks of life, from poor children from Soweto to President Nelson Mandela.Later in his career he found maintaining standards more difficult as other consultants either emigrated or moved to the private medicine sector, but even after his retirement he continued to support, advise, consult and supervise until a few months before his death. <mask> had a deserved international reputation for his knowledge of cardiac problems, specifically those associated with murmurs of the mitral valve. He described the development and mechanism of the 'click' and murmur and showed that they were caused by prolapse or billowing of the valve and mitral regurgitation respectively. He also described other pathological conditions of the mitral valve including associated regurgitation, abnormal changes of rhythms and associated abnormal electrocardiograph readings. In 1968 <mask> and Wendy Pocock co-authored a paper published by the British Heart Journal

Bibliography
Perspectives on the Mitral Valve F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1986. . The dedication reads — "To all the students who listen, look, touch and reflect: may they hear, see, feel and comprehend"

Personal life
<mask> was the son of Lancelot <mask>, a South African who studied medicine in England and returned to South Africa to work as a medical pathologist.His mother was Madeline Dicks who Lancelot met while studying medicine. Educated at St John's College (Johannesburg, South Africa), where he excelled as a sportsman - especially rugby. He had a reputation for flouting the rules. As a medical student he was fond of referring to rare or bizarre medical conditions, this earned him the nickname 'Canary' alluding to the fact that canaries are rare in South Africa, <mask>, in a tribute to this name (and his eccentricity) kept canaries outside his office. <mask> married Shelagh Cox in 1949 and they had two sons, <mask> and Clifford William who are medical consultants in dermatology and cardio-thoracic surgery respectively and working in the United Kingdom. Awards
Among many local and international awards made to <mask> are the following:

 Walter Bleifield Award for Distinguished Contribution in the Field of Clinical Research in Clinical Cardiology from the International Society of Heart Failure. Louis and Artur Lucian Award for Outstanding Research in the Field of Diseases of the Circulation from McGill University in Montreal.First Recipient of Award for Distinguished Contributions to National and International Cardiology from the South African Cardiac Society in Johannesburg. Percy Fox Foundation National Award for Outstanding Work as an Internationally Recognized Authority in Cardiology. Annual Laennec Society Lectureship from the American Heart Association. Annual St Cyres Lectureship, National Heart Hospital in London and British Cardiac Society. André Allard Medal for Distinguished Service to Medicine from the International Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine. The Seymour Lectureship and Medal for Distinguished Service to International Medicine from Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, Kansas. President's Medal for Distinguished Contributions to International Cardiology from the National Council of the South Africa Cardiac Society.Honorary Research Fellowship from the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. References

South African people of British descent
People from Johannesburg
South African cardiologists
1924 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Johannesburg
Physicians of Hammersmith Hospital

masks:
John Brereton Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
John McMael
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
Barlow
John Barlow
White Barlow
Later Barlow
Barlow
Richard John
John Barlow