title: Joni Ernst

texts:
<mask> (née Culver; born July 1, 1970) is an American politician and former military officer serving as the junior United States senator for Iowa, a seat she has held since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, she served in the Iowa State Senate from 2011 to 2014 and as auditor of Montgomery County from 2004 to 2008. After graduating from Iowa State University, <mask> joined the United States Army Reserve. She served in the Iowa Army National Guard from 1993 to 2015, retiring as a lieutenant colonel. During the Iraq War, she served as the commanding officer of the 185th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Camp Dodge, the Iowa Army National Guard's largest battalion. <mask> also holds a Master of Public Administration from Columbus State University. In 2004, <mask> was elected Montgomery County Auditor.She was reelected in 2008. In 2011, <mask> was elected to the Iowa State Senate in a special election and reelected in 2012. She represented District 12, in southwestern Iowa. <mask> ran for the United States Senate in 2014 and won, succeeding longtime Democratic Senator Tom Harkin and becoming the first Republican to win that seat since 1978. Having been strongly critical of President Barack Obama, she has been characterized as a reliable ally of President Donald Trump, and was thought to be a possible running mate in his 2016 campaign. <mask> was elected vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference in November 2018. She was reelected in 2020, defeating Democratic nominee Theresa Greenfield by 6.6 points.<mask> opposes legalized abortion, and has supported a fetal personhood amendment and introduced legislation to defund Planned Parenthood. She opposes the Affordable Care Act and has called for reforms to Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. During the Trump administration, she expressed concern about, although not opposition to, Trump's trade war with China and criticized some aspects of his foreign policy. <mask> voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. While supporting both Trump's nominees for EPA administrator, she expressed concern over their commitment to the Renewable Fuel Standard. She rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. <mask> has opposed a federal minimum wage and advocated for the elimination of federal departments such as the Internal Revenue Service, Department of Education and the Environmental Protection Agency.Early life and career
<mask> was born <mask> Kay Culver in Montgomery County, Iowa, the daughter of Marilyn and Richard Culver. She was valedictorian of her class at Stanton Community School District High School. She earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from Iowa State University in 1992, and a Master of Public Administration degree from Columbus State University in 1995. In college, she took part in an agricultural exchange to the Soviet Union. Military career
<mask> joined Iowa State University's ROTC program at age 20 and the United States Army Reserve after graduating. She served as a logistics officer and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Iowa National Guard. In 2003–2004, she spent 12 months in Kuwait as the company commander of the 1168th Transportation Company, during the Iraq War.Near the end of her career, she served as the commanding officer of the 185th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Camp Dodge, the Iowa Army National Guard's largest battalion. Upon her retirement from the military in 2015, <mask> had served 23 years in the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard. In an interview with Time Magazine in 2014, <mask> said that she was sexually harassed in the military, saying, "I had comments, passes, things like that" that she was able to stop, and said she would support removing sexual assault cases from the chain of command. Iowa politics
<mask> was elected Montgomery County Auditor in 2004 and reelected in 2008. She was elected to the Iowa State Senate in a special election in 2011 and reelected in 2012. She represented District 12, in southwestern Iowa. Following her election to the U.S. Senate, <mask> resigned from the Iowa State Senate, effective November 28, 2014.U.S. Senate

Elections

2014

In July 2013, <mask> announced that she would seek the Senate seat held by retiring Democratic Senator Tom Harkin. Iowa Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds endorsed her in October 2013. In March 2014, <mask> was endorsed by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, to whom she has drawn comparisons. In May 2014, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a lobbying group, endorsed her. Little known at the start of her campaign, <mask> was boosted in the Republican primary by the Koch brothers with "hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of television ads [...] and tens of thousands of dollars in direct campaign contributions". A Koch-backed group launched an "advertising blitz", including a $257,000 campaign against <mask>'s biggest Republican rival, Mark Jacobs, who had supported a proposal to limit carbon emissions that Koch Industries opposed. <mask> privately credited the Kochs and their allies for having "really started my trajectory" after her primary victory.<mask> received widespread attention for a campaign advertisement she released in March 2014, in which she made a tongue-in-cheek comparison between her experience castrating pigs and her ability to "cut pork" in Congress. Many found the ad humorous, and it was spoofed by late-night comedians, including Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert. Before the ad aired, <mask> had struggled to raise money, and two polls of the Republican primary taken in February 2014 had shown her in second place, several points behind Mark Jacobs. After it aired, a Suffolk University poll in early April showed her with a narrow lead and a Loras College poll showed her essentially tied with Jacobs. By May, she was being described in the media as the "strong front-runner". During the primary, <mask> promoted a conspiracy theory that a United Nations sustainable development plan, Agenda 21, could lead to farmers being forced off their land and made to live in cities, but a few months later she said she did not consider the plan a “threat”. In a May 2014 Des Moines Register interview, <mask> said she was "extremely offended" by comments Jacobs made characterizing her as AWOL due to missing over 100 votes in the legislative session.Previously, in The Gazette, <mask> cited her National Guard duty to rebuff criticism about her missing votes, but The Gazette found that only 12 of the 117 missed votes came on days when she was on duty. The other 105 missed votes represented 57% of the Iowa Senate votes that session. <mask>'s spokesman said she had a better than 90% voting record during her Senate career and that she had never claimed Guard service was the only reason she had missed votes. In July, <mask> delivered the Republican Party's weekly address, criticizing a health care scandal at the Department of Veterans Affairs and calling for a balanced budget and reform of Social Security and Medicare. Later that month, she suspended her campaign while participating in two weeks of National Guard duty. In endorsing her for the Republican primary nomination, the Des Moines Register wrote: "<mask> is a smart, well-prepared candidate who can wrestle with the details of public policy from a conservative perspective without seeming inflexible." On October 23, <mask> canceled a scheduled meeting with the Des Moines Register'''s editorial board, citing the paper's negative editorials about her.The editorial board ultimately endorsed Braley, citing <mask>'s calls to abolish the EPA, the Department of Education, and the federal minimum wage, as well as her support for partially privatizing Social Security and overturning the Affordable Care Act. In the 2014 election, <mask> received $17,552,085 in "dark money", which constituted 74% of non-party outside spending in her support; she had a $14 million outside spending advantage over her opponent. In an October 2014 debate, <mask> said she “believe[s] in political free speech” and did not see a need to change campaign finance laws. <mask> won the 2014 Senate race, 52.2% to 43.7%. She is the first woman elected to represent Iowa in either house of Congress. 2020

<mask> ran for reelection in 2020. She was unopposed in the Republican primary and faced Democratic nominee Theresa Greenfield, a businesswoman and former congressional candidate, in the general election.<mask> was seen as the strong favorite and eventually defeated her opponent, 52%-45%. In December 2019, the Associated Press reported that <mask>'s campaign had closely coordinated with a political nonprofit founded by a longtime consultant; such groups are tax-exempt and not required to disclose donors, but cannot make political campaigning their primary purpose and must separate their activities from candidates they support. An <mask> campaign adviser said that any implication they had acted outside the "spirit of the law" was "fake news". After the article's publication, the nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission. Tenure

<mask> was sworn into the United States Senate on January 3, 2015 and thus became Iowa's first new U.S. senator since Tom Harkin in 1985. She delivered the official Republican response to the State of the Union on January 20.Kim, Seung Min (January 20, 2015) – "<mask> <mask>'s Response: Congress Is 'Back to Work'". POLITICO.Retrieved January 21, 2015. In May 2016, Chris Cilizza put <mask> on his short list of possible vice presidential running mates for Donald Trump to become the 45th President of the United States. Other media outlets also mentioned her as a possible benefit to Trump's campaign. On June 16, <mask> said no one had "reached out" to her and that she was content with this. On July 4, she and Trump met privately. Trump selected Governor Mike Pence of Indiana on July 15. In 2016, <mask> and other Republican senators introduced "Sarah's Law" in honor of Sarah Root, a 21-year-old student in Omaha who was killed in a street racing crash earlier that year.In 2017, <mask> asked Secretary of Defense nominee James Mattis whether he would pledge to cut wasteful spending and stop sexual assault in the military, to which Mattis agreed. In March, after photographs of nude female soldiers were posted on Facebook, <mask> said that this "type of activity creates a culture that leads to sexual assault." At a press conference two weeks later, she asked Congress to pass a law requiring people to immediately report suspected sexual assault at government facilities. <mask> was elected vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference in November 2018. On the initiation of the 116th United States Congress in 2019, <mask> became the first female Republican to be appointed to the Senate Judiciary Committee, along with Marsha Blackburn. In March 2019, after the Special Counsel Investigation concluded and Attorney General William Barr released an abridged summary of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report, <mask> called for a release of the report's full findings, saying, "as much of the report that can be made public should be". In August 2020, when Iowa had the most new COVID-19 infections per capita of any state in the preceding seven days, <mask> repeated a debunked conspiracy theory that the case numbers were greatly inflated and that health care providers might be falsifying them.She later walked back her statements. After Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's death in September 2020, <mask> said she supported Trump nominating a new justice before the November presidential election. Eight months before the 2016 presidential election, <mask> opposed Senate consideration of Obama's Supreme Court nominee, saying "the American people deserve to have a say" on a decision that would "impact the course of our country for years to come". In 2018, <mask> reiterated that Supreme Court nominees should not be heard during presidential election years, telling the Des Moines Register, "It's precedent set. ... So come 2020, if there's an opening, I'm sure you'll remind me of that." <mask> was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol.She called the storming "a protest turned anarchy" and, citing that she served in the military to defend the right to peacefully protest, "a complete betrayal of those sacred ideals." When Congress returned to the certification process, <mask> voted to support certification. She opposes impeaching Trump for the attack on the Capitol, choosing to support a peaceful transfer of power and "healing our nation." In response, The Gazette editorial board wrote that <mask> and Grassley "must reckon with why they did the wrong thing for so long" regarding their support of Trump during his presidency. in a September 2021 Fox News interview, <mask> accused President Joe Biden of overstepping presidential powers and "leading by coercion" with the newly announced "Path Out of the Pandemic" initiative, aimed at mitigating the rising threat of the COVID-19 Delta variant. "Forcing these federal mandates was one way to divert us", she said. "This is a diversion away from 9/11, away from the 20th anniversary and away from the debacle that was his Afghanistan withdrawal".The previous week, Biden had signed an executive order declassifying 9/11 documents that the victims' families had requested for many years; his agenda on September 11, 2021, included visits to three 9/11 crash sites in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Committee assignments

 Committee on Armed Services
 Committee on Environment and Public Works
 Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

 Caucus memberships

 Republican Main Street Partnership

 Political positions
In 2019, Politico called <mask> "a reliable vote for most of Trump's agenda", and as of October 2020, she had voted in line with Donald Trump's positions 91.1% of the time. The American Conservative Union's Center for Legislative Accountability gives <mask> a lifetime conservative score of 81.69. The politically liberal Americans for Democratic Action gave <mask> a score of zero for 2019. Abortion
<mask> opposes legalized abortion. In 2013, she voted for a fetal personhood amendment in the Iowa Senate and has said that she would support a federal personhood bill. Critics, such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, have expressed concern that such an amendment could restrict abortion even in cases of rape or incest, as well as certain forms of birth control, although <mask> has affirmed that she supports access to birth control.In January 2020, she petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to reconsider Roe v. Wade, the landmark ruling that abortion bans are unconstitutional. In 2017, <mask> introduced legislation allowing states to block Planned Parenthood from receiving Title X grants or reimbursements for treating Medicaid patients, although Planned Parenthood clinics provide multiple family planning services and the funding does not go to abortions except in rare circumstances. Barack Obama
In 2014, when asked about President Barack Obama's recess appointments, <mask> called Obama a "dictator" who should be "removed from office" or face "impeachment." She said, "He is running amok. He is not following our Constitution." Later in 2014, <mask> criticized Obama's handling of the Ebola outbreak. Donald Trump
In 2020, <mask> voted to acquit Trump on both articles of impeachment (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress).She argued that Trump had learned his lesson, and that he would not ask a foreign leader to investigate his rivals again without going through the proper channels. At the same time, she suggested that Joe Biden could be impeached if he becomes president over his actions in Ukraine; there is no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden in regard to Ukraine. In May 2020, <mask> praised Trump's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying, "he was right on it from day one". On May 28, 2021, <mask> voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack. Economic policy
<mask> opposes a federal minimum wage and has said that states should have sole authority to set their minimum wages. She voted against a minimum wage increase in the state Senate. In response to a Congressional Budget Office report projecting that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour would lift 900,000 people out of poverty but cost 500,000 people their jobs, <mask> said, "government-mandated wage increases are not the solution."<mask> has proposed eliminating the Internal Revenue Service. In the state Senate, she worked on legislation that reduced property taxes. In 2014, she said she supports a "fairer, flatter, and simpler" federal tax code, a reduction in discretionary spending and spending on social programs, and a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced federal budget. In 2017, she voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. <mask> has expressed support for the partial privatization of Social Security accounts for young workers while making clear that "we have to keep our promises to seniors". In May 2018, <mask> was one of nine Republican senators to introduce a rescission package meant to fulfill Trump's wish to curb previously approved spending by $15.4 billion as part of an attempt to roll out the legislation to ensure it reached the Senate floor within a 45-day window. Education
<mask> supports eliminating the U.S. Department of

masks:
Joni Kay Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Joni
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Joni
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst


title: Joni Ernst

type: original

texts:
 Education, saying she "believe[s] our children are better educated when it's coming from the state."While states handle almost all education policy decisions, the Department of Education conducts nationwide research, monitors for discrimination, and distributes student financial aid through loans and grants. In 2014, <mask> claimed, inaccurately, that 94% of employees at the Department of Education had been deemed “nonessential” and argued funding would be better spent at the state and local level. PolitiFact calculated that hypothetically reassigning all employees to non-federal positions would increase state and local education staffing by “4/100ths of 1 percent”. In February 2017, <mask> voted to confirm Betsy DeVos as Education Secretary, saying they shared a belief that those "closest" to students know what is best for them. Environment
<mask> rejects the scientific consensus on climate change and has said that any governmental regulation to address it should be "very small." In a 2014 debate, she said, "I don't know the science behind climate change. I can't say one way or another what is the direct impact from whether it's manmade or not."In 2018, after the release of the Fourth National Climate Assessment, detailing the impact of climate change, <mask> said that "our climate always changes and we see those ebb and flows through time". In her 2014 Senate campaign, <mask> won support from the Koch brothers and affiliated groups, who helped propel her ahead of a primary opponent who backed a proposal to limit carbon emissions. In 2014, she said she is "adamantly opposed" to cap-and-trade, a market-based approach to reducing carbon emissions. She supported Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw from the Paris climate accords. <mask> has called for eliminating the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2014, she criticized the impact of the Clean Water Act on farms and businesses and said she would have voted against the 2014 U.S. Farm Bill. After voting to confirm Trump nominee Scott Pruitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, <mask> said in 2018 that he had lied to her about upholding the Renewable Fuel Standard, which mandates a minimum proportion of ethanol that must be mixed with fuel, while calling Pruitt "about as swampy as you get".In February 2019, <mask> voted to confirm Trump's new nominee for EPA administrator, Andrew Wheeler. In June 2019, she said she had asked Trump and Wheeler to limit the issuing of RFS waivers, saying they were being handed out "like candy" without congressional oversight. As of September 2020, <mask> has a 1% lifetime score from the environmentalist League of Conservation Voters. Foreign policy

Iran
<mask> opposed the Iran deal negotiated by the Obama administration. In January 2020, she expressed support for the US military's assassination of Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani by drone strike at Baghdad International Airport. Iraq
Of the Iraq War and weapons of mass destruction, she said, "We don't know that there were weapons on the ground when we went in. However, I do have reason to believe there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.That was the intelligence that was operated on. I have reason to believe there was weapons of mass destruction. My husband served in Saudi Arabia as an Army Central Command sergeant major for a year and that's a hot-button topic in that area." After criticism from Iowa Democrats and some commentators, <mask> then issued a statement that she had not meant to suggest that Iraq had WMD at the time of invasion, but rather that Iraq had used WMDs in the past, and that her point was that "we don't know exactly what happened to those weapons." When asked whether she supports the limited airstrikes conducted in Iraq in August 2014, <mask> said, "What I can say is what I would have supported is leaving additional troops in Iraq longer and perhaps we wouldn't have this situation today." Korean conflict
In June 2018, <mask> questioned Trump's decision to suspend joint military exercises with South Korea. In July, she advocated that the United States continue the exercises in case talks between the US and North Korea did not continue.Russia
In 2017, <mask> called Russia's behavior, including its annexation of Crimea and interference in U.S. elections, "totally unacceptable" and said Trump should "show strength against Vladimir Putin". The next year, she urged caution if the U.S. worked with Russia to "put a lid on Iran", saying that Russia would never be "a true friend or ally" to the U.S. She cited North Korea as another case where caution should be maintained when cooperating to make the world "a safer place". After the 2018 Russia-United States summit later that month, <mask> expressed hope that Trump had "delivered a strong message" that Russia would be punished for its annexation of Ukraine, support of Bashar al-Assad, and "aggressive actions in U.S. domestic policy", and that Trump had discussed Russia's actions in the Balkans. Syrian civil war
In 2015, <mask> said the U.S. should halt the admission of Syrian refugees, saying the United States needs a "thorough vetting process". In 2018, after missile strikes against Syria, <mask> said that she would be "uncomfortable" if Trump wanted to commit more American troops there, saying it was secondary to fighting ISIS. After Trump announced the withdrawal of troops from Syria, <mask> al Assad, Iran, and Russia." In 2019, <mask> was one of six senators to sign a bipartisan letter to Trump calling on him to "urge Turkey to end their offensive and find a way to a peaceful resolution while supporting our Kurdish partners to ensure regional stability" and arguing that leaving Syria without installing protections for American allies endangered both them and the US.Yemen
In March 2018, <mask> voted to table a resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Lee that would have required Trump to withdraw American troops either in or influencing Yemen within the next 30 days unless they were combating Al-Qaeda. In November 2018, following the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, <mask> stated that Saudi Arabia was "great strategic partner" but that Congress should consider a legislative response due to the commitment of the United States to human rights and the rule of law. She added that Trump should become involved "if there are indicators coming from those intelligence agencies". In December, <mask> warned that a resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi Arabia-led intervention in Yemen could complicate peace talks in Yemen and that, although Saudi Arabia should be punished for Khashoggi's death, "those consequences are I see as right now are separate from the discussion of the Saudis and their actions in Yemen engaging the Houthis." Gun policy
<mask> supports open carry legislation, which allows guns to be carried openly in public. In 2019, she was one of 31 Republican cosponsors of a bill to grant those with concealed carry privileges in their home state the right to carry concealed weapons in other states with concealed carry laws. In a 2014 debate, speaking about the Santa Barbara shooting, <mask> said, "Just because of a horrible, horrible tragedy, I don't believe we should be infringing upon people's Second Amendment rights."After the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, she said that mental illness was the "root cause" of many mass shootings. She later cosponsored a bill to require federal authorities to inform states within a day if a person failing a background check attempted to buy a firearm. In 2017, amid bipartisan momentum for bump stock restrictions, <mask> was one of 10 Republican senators to sign a letter requesting that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives review a decision that bump stocks fall outside the purview of existing gun regulations. According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics, the NRA spent $3,124,273 in support of <mask> between 2014 and 2018, mostly attacking candidates running against her. Health care
<mask> opposes the Affordable Care Act. The Campaign for Liberty reported that in 2012 <mask> had answered "Yes" to a survey question asking whether she would support legislation that would "nullify ObamaCare and authorize state and local law enforcement to arrest federal officials attempting to implement [it]." She voted for all three versions of a bill to repeal the ACA in 2017.In 2018, <mask> was one of 10 Republican senators to cosponsor a bill intended to guarantee coverage for people with preexisting conditions, though it would have allowed insurers to exclude coverage for the conditions themselves. <mask> has expressed support for reforming Medicare and Medicaid and endorsed a partial privatization of both programs in a 2011 Iowa Senate vote. A CBO report found that the plan would increase medical costs for Medicare beneficiaries 61% by 2022, compared with 27% under the existing structure. In 2013, she said there was a "generation of people that rely on the government to provide absolutely everything for them" and that removing them from government programs such as the Affordable Care Act "is going to be very painful". <mask> has questioned the legitimacy of how hospitals are reporting COVID-19 deaths. Immigration
In June 2018, <mask> and Democratic senators Kirsten Gillibrand and Patrick Leahy wrote Defense Secretary James Mattis a letter saying they were "deeply troubled" by the decision to send 21 Judge Advocate General's Corps to prosecute immigration cases on the southern border, calling it an "inappropriate misapplication of military personnel" and urging Mattis to retain the military lawyers within the military justice system. In July 2018, <mask> was one of 31 Republican senators to submit a resolution endorsing Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), saying its abolition would allow "dangerous criminal aliens" and members of the MS-13 gang to remain in the U.S.

Amid the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown that resulted after Trump demanded $5.7 billion for a border wall, <mask> said she would "tend to agree that not all areas of our border need a physical barrier" if they are monitored by technology or Border Patrol agents and it was possible to respond in a "timely manner".Internet
Ernst opposes net neutrality, which prevents internet service providers from blocking or slowing down certain content, and voted against reinstating it after an FCC ruling in 2018. In May 2020, <mask> voted for an amendment co-sponsored by Senators Steve Daines and Ron Wyden that would have required federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies to obtain federal court warrants when collecting web search engine data from American citizens, nationals, or residents under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). LGBTQ rights
In a 2014 debate, <mask> said she believes that same-sex marriage is a state's rights issue, but that she would support a federal ban were one proposed. In the Iowa Senate, she co-sponsored a bill to amend the state constitution to define marriage as between one man and one woman. In 2017, she announced her opposition to Trump's ban on transgender individuals serving in the armed forces. Nullification

As a state senator, <mask> co-sponsored a resolution urging the "nullification" of EPA rules on emissions standards and another expressing the Iowa General Assembly's "refusal to recognize" federal laws "which conflict with the Second Amendment". In 2012, she answered "Yes" to a survey asking whether she would support legislation "nullify[ing] ObamaCare and authoriz[ing] state and local law enforcement to arrest federal officials attempting to implement [it]."In 2013, <mask> said Congress should not pass laws "that the states would consider nullifying", referring to what she called "200-plus years of federal legislators going against the Tenth Amendment's states' rights." Courts have consistently ruled that nullification is unconstitutional. During her 2014 Senate campaign, <mask>'s spokespeople argued that she did not support nullification, and that "her comments on it were about encouraging Iowans to send her to Washington to pass good laws." Relationship with Steve King
<mask>'s relationship with Steve King, a Republican House Representative known for his racist rhetoric and support for far-right politicians, has been criticized. In 2016, when King faced a primary challenge for his House seat, <mask> endorsed him, saying he "stands strong for life and liberty." In 2017, when King attracted criticism for saying "we can't restore our civilization with somebody else's babies" and for supporting European far-right politicians, <mask> said she did not condone King's behavior but would not ask for his resignation. In 2017, The Des Moines Register wrote a scathing editorial against King, which criticized <mask> for endorsing him in the past and not condemning him.In 2018, <mask> appeared with King at a rally in his district after King had endorsed a Canadian politician with neo-Nazi ties. In 2019, amid extensive criticism of King by Republican politicians after King made controversial remarks about white supremacy, <mask> rebuked him. The New York Times wrote that <mask>'s belated distancing from King might harm her 2020 reelection effort, as she previously "had spent years embracing Mr. King." Art Cullen, editor of The Storm Lake Times, criticized the timing of <mask>'s response, which came after it started to look possible that King would lose his seat, writing "the hypocrisy is epic and comic." The Des Moines Register's editorial board questioned why it took national condemnation for <mask> to rebuke King. <mask> did not make an endorsement in King's 2020 Republican primary race, which he lost.Trade
In 2018, as Trump imposed tariffs as part of his trade policy and other countries responded in kind, <mask> said she was willing to give him some leeway but worried about the impact on farmers. In May 2019, amid a trade war between the United States and China, <mask> said she did not like tariffs but that the "president's way of negotiating... brings people to the table." She said that Iowa farmers are "disappointed" but that they recognize "that China is the one that is forcing this." In January 2018, <mask> was one of 36 Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting he preserve and modernize the North American Free Trade Agreement. In August 2018, she warned that failure to finish trade deals would "reflect negatively upon our Republican candidates" and advocated completing NAFTA and continuing to work with the European Union. In 2019, <mask> accused House Speaker Nancy Pelosi of "slow-walking" the passage of the USMCA trade agreement but believed there was enough support to ratify it. Personal life
In 1992, <mask> (then <mask> Culver) married <mask>.The <mask>s have one daughter, Libby. On August 27, 2018, <mask> announced that she and her husband were in the process of obtaining a divorce. In a sworn affidavit, <mask> stated that she had declined then-candidate Trump's offer to be his vice-presidential running mate because Gail "hated any successes [she] had and would belittle [her] and get angry any time [she] would achieve a goal", and that she made "sacrifices... out of concern for Gail and [their] family." Gail said that he "gave up his aspirations" to support <mask>'s pursuit of her political ambitions. The divorce was finalized in January 2019, with <mask> <mask> alleging that Gail had verbally and mentally abused her and on one occasion physically assaulted her. The <mask>s accused each other of infidelity; both denied the respective accusations. In her first interview after her divorce, <mask> revealed that she had been raped in college.<mask> is a lifetime member of the Montgomery County Republican Women, Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 2265, Montgomery County Court of Honor, Altrusa, PEO Chapter HB, the National Rifle Association, and the Montgomery County Farm Bureau. Her church is Mamrelund Lutheran Church in Stanton, Iowa, of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) denomination. On June 13, 2018, federal judge Linda Reade sentenced Joseph Dierks, of Waterloo, Iowa, to six years in prison for threatening "to kill or otherwise harm" <mask> on Twitter. The sentence, which exceeds sentencing guidelines, was imposed on Dierks for disparaging comments he made about Reade and threats against the case prosecutor and his children, and against black corrections officers while awaiting trial. As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, <mask>'s net worth was negative, owing more than $196,000. In May 2020, she published her memoir, Daughter of the Heartland: My Ode to the Country That Raised Me''. Electoral history

See also

 Women in the United States Senate

References

External links

Senator <mask> <mask> official U.S. Senate website
<mask> <mask> for U.S. Senate campaign website

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1970 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American Lutherans
Columbus State University alumni
Conservatism in the United States
Female United States Army officers
Female United States senators
Iowa National Guard personnel
Iowa Republicans
Iowa state senators
Iowa State University alumni
People from Red Oak, Iowa
People from Montgomery County, Iowa
County auditors in the United States
Republican Party United States senators
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army reservists
United States senators from Iowa
Women in the Iraq War
Women state legislators in

masks:
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernstr
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Joni
Gail Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Joni
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Ernst
Joni
Ernst
Joni
Ernst


title: Nuon Chea

texts:
<mask> (; born Lao Kim Lorn; 7 July 1926 – 4 August 2019), also known as Long Bunruot () or Rungloet Laodi ( ), was a Cambodian communist politician and revolutionary who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge. He also briefly served as acting Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea. He was commonly known as "Brother Number Two" (), as he was second-in-command to Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, General Secretary of the Party, during the Cambodian genocide of 1975–1979. In 2014, <mask> received a life sentence for crimes against humanity, alongside another top-tier Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan, and a further trial convicted him of genocide in 2018. These life sentences were merged into a single life sentence by the Trial Chamber on 16 November 2018. He died while serving his sentence in 2019. Early life
<mask> was born as Lao Kim Lorn at Voat Kor, Battambang on 7 July 1926.Nuon's father, Lao Liv, worked as a trader as well as a corn farmer, while his mother, Dos Peanh, was a tailor. An interview by a Japanese researcher in 2003 with <mask> <mask> quoted that Liv was Chinese, while Peanh was the daughter of a Chinese immigrant from Shantou and his Khmer wife. In 2011, however, <mask> told the Khmer Rouge Tribunal that he was only a quarter Chinese through his half-Chinese father. As a child, <mask> <mask> was raised in both Chinese and Khmer customs. The family prayed at a Theravada Buddhist temple, but observed Chinese religious customs during the Lunar New Year and Qingming festival. <mask> <mask> started school at seven, and was educated in Thai, French and Khmer. In the 1940s, <mask> <mask> studied at Wat Benchamabophit School and Faculty of Law, Thammasat University in Bangkok and worked part-time for the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs.He began his political activities in the Communist Party of Siam in Bangkok. He was elected Deputy General Secretary of the Workers Party of Kampuchea (later renamed as the Communist Party of Kampuchea) in September 1960. In Democratic Kampuchea, he was generally known as "Brother Number Two." Unlike most of the leaders of the Khmer Rouge, <mask> was not educated in France. As documented in the Soviet archives, <mask> <mask> played a major role in negotiating the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970, with the intent of forcing the collapse of Lon Nol's government: "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy <mask> <mask>. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "<mask> <mask> has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days." In 1970, in fact, Vietnamese forces occupied almost a quarter of the territory of Cambodia, and the zone of communist control grew several times, as power in the so-called liberated regions was given to the CPK [Khmer Rouge].At that time relations between Pol Pot and the North Vietnamese leaders were especially warm." The North Vietnamese trusted <mask> <mask> more than Pol Pot or Ieng Sary, although <mask> "consistently and consciously deceived the Vietnamese principals concerning the real plans of the Khmer leadership." As a result, "Hanoi did not undertake any action to change the power pattern within the top ranks of the Communist Party to their own benefit." Career
As the recently proclaimed state legislature, the Kampuchean People's Representative Assembly held its first plenary session during 11–13 April 1976, <mask> was elected president of its Standing Committee. He briefly held office as acting prime minister when Pol Pot resigned for one month, citing health reasons. According to Dmitry Mosyakov, "In October 1978, Hanoi still believed that 'there were two prominent party figures in Phnom Penh who sympathized with Vietnam—<mask> <mask> and the former first secretary of the Eastern Zone, So Phim....Vietnamese hopes that these figures would head an uprising against Pol Pot turned out to be groundless: So Phim perished during the revolt in June 1978, while <mask> <mask>, as it is known, turned out to be one of the most devoted followers of Pol Pot—he did not defect to the Vietnamese side....It is difficult to understand why until the end of 1978 it was believed in Hanoi that <mask> <mask> was 'their man' in spite of the fact that all previous experience should have proved quite the contrary. Was Hanoi unaware of his permanent siding with Pol Pot, his demands that 'the Vietnamese minority should not be allowed to reside in Kampuchea', his extreme cruelty, as well as of the fact that, 'in comparison with <mask> Chea, people considered Pol Pot a paragon of kindness'?"<mask> <mask> was forced to abandon his position as president of the Assembly, along with all others as the Vietnamese captured Phnom Penh in January 1979. According to prison commander Kaing Khek Iev (more commonly known as Duch), who described <mask> as "the principal man for the killings," <mask> "ordered me to kill all the remaining prisoners" at Tuol Sleng shortly before the regime's ouster; <mask> was reportedly "furious" that Duch failed to destroy Tuol Sleng's extensive archives documenting torture and mass murder at the prison before the Vietnamese took the site. In December 1998, <mask> surrendered as part of the last remnants of Khmer Rouge resistance which was based in Pailin near the Thailand border. The government under Prime Minister Hun Sen, himself a former member of the Khmer Rouge, agreed to forsake attempts to prosecute <mask>, a decision that was condemned by Western nations. American journalist Nate Thayer, the last person to interview Pol Pot, describes <mask> <mask> as "probably more guilty than Pol Pot himself for the actual killings that went on while the Khmer Rouge were in power." Arrest and trial

On 19 September 2007, 81 year old <mask> was arrested at his home in Pailin and flown to the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Phnom Penh, which charged him with war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was held continuously in detention after his arrest.In February 2008, <mask> told the court that his case should be handled according to international standards. He argued that the court should delay proceedings because his Dutch lawyer, Michiel Pestman, had not yet arrived. In May 2013, <mask> told the court and the victims' families, "I feel remorseful for the crimes that were committed intentionally or unintentionally, whether or not I had known about it or not known about it." On 7 August 2014, the court convicted <mask> of crimes against humanity and sentenced him to imprisonment for the remainder of his life. His lawyer immediately announced that <mask> would appeal against his conviction. <mask> faced a separate trial for the crime of genocide in the same court. The court found him and Khieu Samphan guilty of genocide against the Vietnamese people and the Chams on 16 November 2018.These life sentences were merged into a single life sentence by the Trial Chamber on 16 November 2018. In his closing brief before the court, numbering some 500 pages, <mask> "blamed Vietnamese agents for virtually everything that went wrong during Khmer Rouge rule." He also denied responsibility for mass killings, but this was contradicted by detailed documentation left behind by the Khmer Rouge regime itself, including bizarre "confessions" extracted under torture at Tuol Sleng and photographs of purge victims, as well as a recording made by a Cambodian journalist prior to <mask>'s 2007 arrest in which <mask> admitted: "Believe me, if these traitors were alive, the Khmers as a people would have been finished. ... If we had shown mercy to these people, the nation would have been lost." Death
<mask> <mask> died on 4 August 2019 at the Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital in Phnom Penh, aged 93. He had been hospitalized since 2 July for lack of blood-flow to his toe which turned black.Due to advanced age <mask>'s circulation was not delivering blood properly to it. Lack of proper circulation brought infection of his toe which eventually killed him, most likely by causing sepsis of blood and eventual multiple organs failure. His body was later brought to Sala Krau, Pailin, before cremation in accordance with Buddhist tradition. See also
Enemies of the People
Cambodian genocide

References

External links

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
571-page closing brief, <mask>’s version of Khmer Rouge  history
The Rape Of Khmer Muslim Women
"Brother Number Two Enjoys Retirement" Full Transcript
Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
Documentary Feature Film featuring interviews with Nuon <mask>

|-

1926 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Cambodian politicians
Cambodian Buddhists
Cambodian communists
Cambodian revolutionaries
Khmer Rouge party members
Cambodian politicians convicted of crimes
Cambodian people convicted of crimes against humanity
Cambodian politicians of Chinese descent
Cambodian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Communist Party of Kampuchea politicians
Nuon Chea
Genocide perpetrators
People convicted by the Khmer Rouge Tribunal
People convicted of genocide
People from Battambang province
Presidents of the National Assembly (Cambodia)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Cambodia
Nuon Chea
Heads of government who were later imprisoned

masks:
Nuon Chea
Nuon Chea
Nuon Chea
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Nuon
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea
Nuon
Chea
Chea
Chea
Chea


title: Kirk Bovill

texts:
<mask> (born January 17, 1961) is an American actor, writer, voice-over artist and producer. His film credits include Vice,  20th Century Women,  Free State of Jones, Get on Up, Contraband, Texas Killing Fields, White Lightnin', The Butterfly Circus, and God Bless America. Early life
<mask> was born in Wayne, Nebraska, the son of <mask>, a teacher, artist, and writer, and <mask>, a college professor, coach, writer, and former actor, who filmed national Wells Fargo commercials in the 1970s as Mark Twain. After attending Aurora High School, he headed off to the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, where he graduated in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in Biology. He coached women's track as an undergraduate assistant at the school and was on the staff that won three national indoor team titles. He completed a master's degree in Journalism with a minor in Advertising at Louisiana State University in 1987. He coached women's track as a graduate assistant and was on the staff that won LSU’s first two NCAA team titles.Also during his stay, he earned CoSIDA National Runner-Up Honors for writing the 1986 Track and Field Media Guide. Career
<mask> started out at Hollywood’s The Comedy Store in the improv group that opened up the highly successful urban comedy show, Trippin’ on Tuesdays in 2006. The cast included Windell Middlebrooks. He began his career in network television in 2007 as an armed enforcer in Hallmark's Murder 101 opposite legendary Dick Van Dyke. He followed that with roles in a number of shows, including Criminal Minds, CSI, Ghost Whisperer, Leverage, Sons of Anarchy, Southland, and Days of Our Lives. His film breakthrough was British director Dominic Murphy's dark drama, White Lightnin’, as the redneck killer Long which premiered at the Sundance and the Berlin International Film Festivals in 2009. The film is loosely based on the true story of Jesco White.Filming took place in Croatia. That was followed up with several film roles including; the James Brown biopic Get On Up, with Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Taraji P. Henson and Chadwick Boseman, and helmed by Tate Taylor, Contraband with Mark Wahlberg, Kate Beckinsale, Ben Foster and Giovanni Ribisi,  Texas Killing Fields with Chloë Grace Moretz, Sam Worthington, Jessica Chastain and Jeffrey Dean Morgan, The Butterfly Circus, God Bless America, Paramount's Circle of 8, and Footprints. Recent television credits include a guest star turn on American Horror Story: Asylum, Grey's Anatomy, and Brooklyn Nine-Nine. In 2016, he appeared in the films Free State of Jones and 20th Century Women. He plays the whacky coop player Dick in the video game Dead Rising 3 which was introduced at E3 2013. The game is exclusively available on Microsoft Xbox One and was developed by Capcom Vancouver. The game sold in excess of one million copies in the first month of release.He has released two critically acclaimed CDs with his wife, Joni Bovill under their indie label, Elmo Records. They have appeared on TV One's The Gospel of Music with Jeff Majors and have licensed their music to films. Bovill wrote all of the songs. Prior to entering into the entertainment industry, Bovill was an international marketing executive in high technology for a number of years. He's been published in technical journals. Before that, he spent six years in the collegiate coaching ranks at the University of Nebraska as an undergraduate assistant and Louisiana State University as a graduate assistant in track and field. Personal life
Bovill married actress Joni <mask> in Negril, Jamaica.Joni's brother, Henry Green, is a member of the multi-Grammy nominated Gospel group, The Williams Brothers.

masks:
Kirk Bovill
Bovill
Judy Bovill
Ron Bovill
Bovill
Bovill


title: Richard Bowen (Royal Navy officer)

texts:
<mask> (1761 – 25 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. <mask> saw service with Horatio Nelson, and was killed fighting alongside him at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. <mask> was born into a naval family, and first saw service alongside several distinguished naval figures, including John Jervis, who would become a long-standing friend and patron to <mask>. <mask> rose to prominence after distinguishing himself in several actions, but was unable to gain a commission by the end of the war with America, and spent several years in the Caribbean, hoping to receive promotion. He took the opportunity to carry out a resupply mission to the colonies in Australia during the interwar years, a task he completed successfully, even though it involved a circumnavigation of the globe. Away from Britain for a considerable length of time while carrying this out, he found on his return that war had broken out with France. Reuniting with his old patron Jervis, <mask> returned to the Caribbean and after distinguishing himself in actions against the French colonies there, finally received his own commands.He followed Jervis to the Mediterranean and took part in several hard-fought frigate actions, and even went so far as to attack the Santísima Trinidad, the largest warship in the world at the time, in his 32-gun frigate, . He was operating off Tenerife in 1797 when he came under the command of Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson, who was quickly impressed by <mask>'s zeal and ability. <mask> was given the task of leading the first wave of the assault on the town of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, but the attack went badly. The defenders poured grapeshot onto the attacking British, killing and wounding many, <mask> was killed while Nelson was badly wounded. <mask>'s body was recovered and buried at sea. His friends and relations pressured the authorities for the erection of a memorial in one of the main London churches, but their requests were turned down. Family and early life
<mask> was born in Ilfracombe, Devon in 1761.The <mask>s were a seafaring family, with <mask>'s older brother James and two other siblings, George and Thomas, all serving in the navy. <mask> went to sea at the age of thirteen, joining his father, who was captain of merchant ship. After two years with his father <mask> joined his elder brother James' merchant ship and made trading voyages between England and Jamaica. He was at Jamaica in 1778 when news reached him of the outbreak of war with the American colonies. He applied to join the navy as a volunteer and a position was found for him by his friend, Captain Benjamin Caldwell, then the commander of the frigate . Caldwell and <mask> sailed to England in 1779, whereupon Caldwell was appointed to command the 50-gun . Finding her to be unready for sea, <mask> and a number of the officers from Emerald joined the guardship at the Nore, .Caldwell went on to equip the 14-gun ship-sloop HMS Lightning for service while awaiting the launch of Hannibal, and <mask> received an appointment to her and the position of midshipman on 12 August 1779. Despite this he does not seem to have served aboard her, instead joining  under Captain John Jervis. <mask> served with Jervis aboard Foudroyant for several years. On 29 July 1781 Foudroyant was part of Vice-Admiral Sir George Darby's fleet when two French warships were sighted. The wind made prevented the British from approaching, causing Darby to order boats to tow  into range. <mask> commanded one of the boats, and his actions and exertions caused favourable comments from his superiors. Perseverance was able to capture one of the French ships, which proved to be the former British , while the second French ship, the corvette Hirondelle, escaped by using her sweeps.<mask>'s second chance to prove his qualities came in 1782, after Darby had been succeeded by Samuel Barrington as commander of the Channel Fleet. On 20 April an enemy French fleet was sighted by lookouts aboard Captain John MacBride's . A general chase ensued, forcing the French fleet to disperse. Foudroyant led the chase and eventually became separated from the rest of the fleet. Jervis pressed on, bringing the sternmost French ship, the 74-gun Pégase to action early in the morning of 21 April and forcing her to surrender. <mask> acted as aide-de-camp to Jervis during the battle, and acquitted himself so well that Jervis advanced him to acting-lieutenant. <mask> also received a sword from his friend Robert Calder.The damaged Foudroyant underwent a repair and refit, during which time Jervis arranged for the transfer of some his crew including <mask> to MacBride's Artois. <mask>, serving as third-lieutenant, and MacBride cruised in the Bay of Biscay, with <mask> coincidentally serving under his brother James, the elder <mask> being the master of Artois. <mask>'s service aboard Artois came to an end when Jervis, by now appointed commodore and commander-in-chief of a secret expedition, sent for his men to rejoin Foudroyant. The war came to an end before the expedition could be carried out and Foudroyant was paid off. Jervis found a place for <mask> as master's mate aboard HMS Pegase, the ship he had helped to capture in 1782. From there he was moved to the 98-gun  and in late 1783 to the 50-gun . He went out in the later ship to the West Indies with Rear-Admiral Sir <mask>.He spent three years on the station, several times being appointed temporary lieutenant but being unable to have the commission confirmed. Years of frustration
<mask> returned home in 1786, and passed his examination on 7 November 1787. With the prospect of war with the Dutch looming in 1787 he received an appointment to , which was being prepared as the flagship of Admiral Hugh Pigot. <mask> hoped for a lieutenant's commission, but was to be disappointed, the war did not materialise and he found himself unemployed again. He went out to the West Indies on the advice of his brother James, and his patron Jervis, and with their recommendations he was able to secure the attention of the commander of the station Commodore Sir Peter Parker. Parker made him acting-lieutenant of the 50-gun  on his arrival in January 1788, but he was superseded shortly afterwards by the arrival of Lord William Beauclerk. Temporarily shelving hopes for promotion, he took command of the government brig Lord Howe at the request of Sir John Orde, the Governor of Dominica.As captain of the Lord Howe he carried out anti-smuggling operations until July 1789. Promotion
During this time <mask> made studies of mathematics, astronomy and surveying, before returning to serve under his old patron, now Rear-Admiral Sir John Jervis, in 1790 during the Spanish Armament. He finally received his long-awaited commission as lieutenant on 21 September 1790, and an appointment to Jervis's flagship . <mask>'s friend Robert Calder then requested his services aboard the 64-gun . Stately was paid off after the easing of tensions and <mask> applied to the Navy Board for a posting. The Board gave him command of three transports in the Third Fleet to resupply the colony at Port Jackson, New South Wales. He departed England in March 1791 and reached Port Jackson in July that year.There the Lieutenant-Governor, Philip Gidley King, decided that the rice supply was insufficient for the needs of the colony and despatched <mask> to Bengal to acquire more. <mask> set off on the voyage, dropping King and his family at Norfolk Island on the way, and sailed east past New Caledonia, the Isle of Pines and Terra Arsacides, a route never before sailed. He also sailed a never-before navigated passage, between Borneo and Paragua into the South China Sea. From there he passed through the Straits of Malacca, reaching Bengal in January 1792. After acquiring provisions he made his way back to Port Jackson. He picked up Governor Arthur Phillip in December and returned him to Britain, arriving at Spithead in May 1793. By then he had completed two long voyages, one of them around the world, in a transport vessel.French Revolutionary Wars

Caribbean
By the time of <mask>'s arrival war had broken out between France and Britain. He was offered a chance to perform a similar to mission to his earlier voyages to the colonies in Australia, but turned in down in order to serve under Jervis, now commander-in-chief of an expedition to attack the French colonies in the Caribbean. <mask> joined the fleet as fourth-lieutenant and signal-officer aboard the 98-gun , and after the fleet had rendezvoused at Barbadoes, sailed for Martinique on 3 February 1794. Jervis placed <mask> in command of the guard and gunboats after the fleet's arrival at Fort de France Bay, and instructed him to prepare an assault on a large French frigate, the Bien Venu, chained to the walls of the fort protecting the city. The frigate was rumoured to hold a number of captured English prisoners, whom the French were threatening to kill by blowing up the frigate, should the British attempt to storm the fort. <mask> developed a plan of attack and on 17 February led an assault force consisting of Boynes barge and a number of small boats. The boats rushed the frigate and the boarding party stormed her successfully.The boarding party killed or drove off all of her crew, with the exception of twenty whom <mask> took prisoner, among them the captain and lieutenant. Finding that there were no British prisoners aboard, <mask> manned the cannon and fired a broadside into the fort. He then took his prisoners off and returned to the British ships. Only the contrary wind prevented <mask> from sailing the frigate out as well. Promotion
<mask> received a mention in Jervis's despatches, where he was credited for convincing the commanders to carry out their assault on the fortified French positions. <mask> and the gunboats supported the landings, which resulted in a British victory. <mask>'s former quarry, the Bien Venu, was captured and commissioned as  under the command of Captain Robert

masks:
Richard Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Richard
Richard
Richard
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Richard
Bowen
Richard
Bowen
Richard Hughes
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen


title: Richard Bowen (Royal Navy officer)

texts:
 Faulknor, who had distinguished himself in the battle while commanding .Faulknor was given command of Undaunted on 20 March 1794, the same day the <mask> was promoted to master and commander, and succeeded Faulknor in command of Zebra. <mask> was promoted to post-captain in April, and briefly took command of the 64-gun , before moving to the 32-gun . He was sent out in the Terpsichore to North America, where he learnt that , under Captain Sir Charles Knowles, was being blockaded in the Chesapeake by two French frigates. <mask> set out to relieve him, an act he accomplished on 17 May, when the two British ships escaped to sea. The French attempted to pursue, but broke off when the British offered battle. Terpsichore and Daedalus sailed in company to Halifax, after which <mask> returned to the Caribbean. There he found the British positions on Guadeloupe under pressure from French forces, and helped to resupply them until it was deemed necessary to evacuate them.He ably oversaw the withdrawal, but received a wound to the face from French shot while assisting in the evacuation of the last of the troops. He received notes of praise from Rear-Admiral Charles Thompson and Vice-Admiral Benjamin Caldwell of the navy, and General Sir John Vaughan and Lieutenant-General Robert Prescott from the army. The wound however became dangerous in the Caribbean climate, and he was sent home with the despatches. North Sea and Mediterranean

Gibraltar and Mahonesa
<mask> soon recovered, and spent some time in the North Sea, until December 1795, when his old patron, Jervis, replaced Admiral William Hotham as commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Jervis requested <mask> to come out and take command of a squadron of small vessels operating around Gibraltar in defence of British trade and the garrison there. He soon made himself popular, and contemporaries remarked on his zeal and dedication. In early October 1796 the British squadron under Sir John Man was chased into Gibraltar by a Spanish fleet.<mask> set out in Terpsichore to report this to Jervis, and having rendezvoused with  of Jervis's fleet on 10 October, began the return voyage to Gibraltar. While off Cartagena on 13 October, a frigate was spotted under full sail. <mask>'s crew had been reduced by sickness, but he decided to chase down the mysterious sail. After closing on her, and determining that she was attempting to manoeuvre into a position to better fight the Terpsichore, <mask> ordered a gun be fired to test her intent. This was instantly met with a broadside, and a general action began. After an hour and forty minutes the frigate surrendered, and was discovered to be the Spanish Mahonesa. She was taken into service with the British as .<mask> received a piece of plate valued at 100 guineas. Spanish ship and Vestale
<mask> refitted Terpsichore and departed on another cruise, capturing several small vessels on 12 and 13 November, sending them to Gibraltar, and on 22 November he learned from an American brig that he had encountered off Cape St. Mary's, that a Spanish ship bound for Cadiz from Montevideo was in the area. Bad weather prevented <mask> from locating the Spanish vessel at first, and he also had to escape from a Spanish ship of the line that appeared and chased the Terpsichore for a while. The Spanish ship was found to be anchored in Cadiz, and at 10 am the next day <mask> entered the harbour, captured the ship and brought her out. <mask> continued to cruise off Cadiz, and while sailing through a gale on the morning of 12 December, the lookouts spotted a frigate. <mask> gave chase, with both ships hampered by the rough weather, so that it was only after 40 hours that <mask> was able to bring Terpsichore alongside and at 10 o'clock on the night of 13 December the two ships engaged each other. After two hours the frigate surrendered, and was discovered to be the 36-gun French Vestale, with 270 men aboard.She had lost her captain and 40 men killed, while her second captain and another 50 men were wounded. The Terpsichore had casualties of a quartermaster and three seamen killed, and nineteen wounded. Among the wounded was Lieutenant <mask>, <mask>'s brother. <mask> had distinguished himself during the capture of the Mahonesa, as well as being particularly active now in the capture of Vestale. <mask> reported that

Shortly after the French surrender all of Vestales masts and her bowsprit went by the board. She began to drift towards the breakers off Cadiz, while her crew were drunk. The British prize-crew managed to regain control, and both ships managed to ride out the storm that night.It was not until the following evening that the wind changed sufficiently for <mask> to attempt to tow his prize away. The line became snagged on a rock, and had to be cut for the safety of both vessels. When dawn broke the next day <mask> discovered that the French had risen up against the prize crew and retaken the ship, sailing her into Cadiz. Now bereft of his prize, <mask> returned to port empty handed, writing to Jervis that 'As we feel conscious of having done out duty, to the utmost of our power, we endeavour to console ourselves with the expectation of our conduct being approved.' Jervis confirmed this, writing

Cape St Vincent and Santísima Trinidad
Bowen was at Gibraltar when news of Jervis's victory at the Battle of Cape St Vincent arrived. He immediately set out to join the fleet, and having fallen in with several other British frigates, including , came across the Spanish first rate Santísima Trinidad. The Spanish ship was flying the Union Jack above her own colours, indicating that she was in the hands of a British prize-crew, but the bad weather meant no meaningful exchange could take place between the frigates and the Spanish vessel, and it was suspected that the British colours were being used as a ruse de guerre.After the frigates lost sight of the ship in bad weather, <mask> hurried to report the sighting to Jervis. While returning to his station he again fell in with the Santísima Trinidad, and determined to see if she would surrender to him. He opened fire on the massive Spanish vessel, at the time the world's largest warship, carrying 136-guns on four decks, over a hundred more guns than the Terpsichore. The Spanish ship resisted <mask>'s fire, and he broke off the attack. It was later discovered that <mask>'s attack had killed nine men, and left a number of others badly wounded. The Spanish retreat
Terpsichore was in harbour, tied alongside the Mole in late May, and taking advantage of her apparent unreadiness to put to sea, two Spanish frigates carrying troops and money, attempted to leave Algeciras on 29 May. This was reported to <mask>, who quickly got Terpsichore to sea, and joining , gave chase.Rather than risk an engagement the two Spanish ships rushed back to port. Terpsichore had by now gained the nickname 'Little Devil' amongst the Spanish. Pallas returned to port, but Terpsichore lingered, and that night captured a small prize from under the guns of the Spanish shore batteries. Cutting Out of the Principe Fernando
In April Jervis sent <mask> in the Terpsichore accompanied by the Dido to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Cadiz-bound Philippine frigates Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz. On the night of 17/18 April a joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats of which those from the Terpsichore under the command of its First Lieutenant (Lieutenant George Thorp) successfully captured the nearer of the Indiamen to the shore, Principe Fernando, sailing and towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours. Santa Cruz and death
<mask> took part in the first bombardment of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on 5 July, and worked with Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson to prepare plans for an assault on the town. In the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on 24 July <mask> was assigned to lead the landing parties onto the mole.At the head of forty or fifty of his men he gained the mole, took the battery covering the harbour by storm and spiked its guns, and was advancing into the town in pursuit of the fleeing Spanish. As he did so the Spanish fired a large round of grapeshot onto his party, causing heavy casualties. <mask> and his first lieutenant (George Thorp) were among those killed, while Nelson and his men, who were just landing, were caught in the fire, Nelson being hit in his right arm. <mask>'s body was recovered the next morning and returned to the British ships after the withdrawal. Nelson said of <mask> that '...a more enterprising, able, and gallant officer, does not grace His Majesty's naval service!' <mask> was buried at sea on 27 July. Legacy
There were applications after <mask>'s death for a memorial to be erected to him in Westminster Abbey.Both his brother, Rear-Admiral <mask>, and Sir John Jervis pressured the First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Spencer, while Nelson wrote to Jervis;
Spencer demurred however, on the grounds that there was no precedent for such a memorial, when the action in which he was killed was not successful. His father instead had a memorial to him erected in Ilfracombe parish church. The Naval Chronicle summarised his life and achievements;

Jervis Bay in New South Wales, Australia was entered and named by <mask> in 1791 in the convict transport ship Atlantic of the Third Fleet, in honour of Admiral John Jervis. When explorer George Bass entered the same bay on 10 December 1797 he named Bowen Island in honour of <mask>, who had been killed in July of that year. Notes

a.  <mask> recovered from his wound, and was promoted to commander for his service during the action. Jervis wrote in his congratulatory letter to <mask>

B. The Vestale was captured in 1799 by Captain Charles Cunningham's .Citations

References

1761 births
1797 deaths
Royal Navy officers
British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
People from Ilfracombe
Burials at

masks:
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
George Bowen
Richard Bowen
George Bowen
Richard
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
James Bowen
Bowen
Richard Bowen
George Bowen
Richard Bowen


title: Dinamic Black

texts:
<mask> (born June 25, 1992) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) portraying a tecnico ("Good guy") wrestling character. <mask>'s real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Professional wrestling career
The wrestler known under the ring name <mask> made his debut in 2007, starting his career at the age of 15 working as a masked wrestler, which also meant he only revealed a limited amount of personal information. At one point he trained in Guadalajara, Jalisco in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's (CMLL) wrestling school under Arkangel de la Muerte and El Hijo del Gladiador, but never officially worked for CMLL. He would later receive additional training from <mask> and Bombero Infernal in the International Wrestling Revolution Group's training school known as Futuro Idolos de Lucha Libre (FILL; "Future Idols of Wrestling"). <mask> began working on IWRG shows regularly in late 2009, including wrestling in a Torneo Novatos ("Rookie tournament"), a torneo cibernetico, multi-man elimination match that also include such wrestlers as El Hijo del Signo, Alan Extreme and Fénix and was won by Gringo Loco. In early 2010 the rookie <mask> was teamed up with veteran wrestler Chico Che for the 2010 Torneo Relampago de Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas de la Lucha Libre (Spanish for "Projecting a new promise lightning tournament"), the first tournament of its kind held by IWRG.The duo defeated Alan Extreme and <mask> in the first round, but were defeated by eventual tournament winners Comando Negro and Oficial 911 in the semi-finals. On February 4, 2010 <mask> <mask> was on the losing side of an FILL Copa Higher Power match that was won by Dr. Cerebro, El Hijo del Pantera and Trauma I. In late 2010 <mask> <mask> competed in his first ever Luchas de Apuestas, or bet match where each competitor "bets" their mask or hair on the outcome of the match. The match was an International Wrestling League (IWL) promoted 11 man Steel Cage match where the last man in the cage would either be forced to unmask or have his hair shaved off. <mask> <mask> escaped about half way through to keep his mask safe; Cerebro Negro lost the match and was shaved bald afterwards. On December 21, 2010 <mask> <mask> won a Copa Higher Power tournament, outlasting other young wrestlers to win the trophy. <mask> <mask> participated in the second annual Torneo Relampago de Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas de la Lucha Libre tournament, teaming up with veteran Negro Navarro for the occasion.The team defeated Hammer and El Hijo de Pirata Morgan in the first round, but lost to eventual tournament winners Comando Negro and Scorpio, Jr. in the next round. Somewhere around 2010/2011 <mask> <mask> became a regular competitor for IWRG, not just a "student", which meant participating in several of the major IWRG events of the year, such as the IWRG Rey del Ring tournament on June 16, 2011, a tournament won by Pantera and where <mask> <mask> was the 12th person eliminated. A few months later he participated in a tournament to find a new IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Champion, but was eliminated before the finals, the tournament was eventually won by Carta Brava, Jr. He later earned a match for the IWL International Junior Heavyweight Championship when he defeated <mask>, Daga, Eterno, Fantasma de la Opera, Flamita, Konami, Low Rider and Peligro on an IWL show in Huamantla, Tlaxcala, Mexiko. On November 3, 2011 <mask> <mask> won his first ever wrestling championship as he defeated Comando Negro to win the IWRG Intercontinental Lightweight Championship. The match was one of the feature match ups on the undercard of the 2011 El Castillo del Terror show. He held the championship for a total of 49 days, until December 22, 2011 where he lost the championship to Carta Brava, Jr. as part of IWRG's Arena Naucalpan 34th Anniversary Show.In 2012 IWRG decided to rename the Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas to El Protector, but kept the concept the same. <mask> <mask> teamed up with Angelico, but lost to Centvrión and Negro Navarro in the first round. On May 31, 2012 he was one of 30 competitors in the 2012 Rey del Ring tournament. He was one of the first wrestlers in the ring and was eliminated early on in the tournament, Oficial Factor would go on to win the Rey del Ring tournament. In November 2012 <mask> <mask> participated in a tournament for the World Wrestling Stars (WWS) Welterweight Championship, a championship promoted by IWRG that had been vacated when the previous champion left the promotion. <mask> <mask> was defeated by eventual tournament winner Cerebro Negro in the first round. He would later unsuccessfully challenge Cerebro Negro for the WWS Welterweight Championship.On March 24, 2013 <mask> <mask> defeated Rayan to win the IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship in a best two-out-of-three falls match. Less than a month later he successfully defended the championship against official challenger, and frequent rival, Carta Brava, Jr. in the semi-main event of the 2013 Prison Fatal show. The match between the two was so well received by the audience that they threw money into the ring, which is a tradition in Mexico to show their appreciation for a good match. On March 21, 2013 <mask> <mask> successfully defended the Welterweight championship against the AAA Fusión Champion Fénix, making it the second title defense in less than one week. On May 5, 2013 <mask> <mask> defeated Carta Brava, Jr. to win the WWS World Welterweight Championship, making him a double champion. Championships and accomplishments
International Wrestling League
IWL International Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Fresero, Jr.

International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Intercontinental Lightweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Rey del Ring Championship (1 time)
WWS World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Copa Higher Power

Lucha de Apuestas record

References

1992 births
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers

masks:
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black
Black Terry
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black
Black Terry
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Black Fire
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black


title: L. L. Langstroth

texts:
Rev. <mask> (December 25, 1810 – October 6, 1895) was an American apiarist, clergyman, and teacher, and considered to be the father of American beekeeping. He created the modern day Langstroth hive. Early life and family
<mask>th was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 25, 1810. He graduated from Yale University in 1831, and subsequently held a tutorship there from 1834–1835. After this, he was pastor of various Congregational churches in Massachusetts, including the South Church in Andover, Massachusetts in May 1836. From 1843–48, he served as pastor of the Second Congregational Church in Greenfield, Massachusetts.A large granite marker was placed on the church's front lawn by national beekeeper E.F. Phillips and others in 1948. In 1848, <mask>th became the principal of a young ladies' school in Greenfield, Massachusetts. Contributions to beekeeping
The Leaf Hive, invented in Switzerland in 1789 by François Huber, was a fully movable frame hive, but had solid frames that were touching and made up the "box." The combs in this hive were examined like pages in a book. <mask>th acknowledged Huber's contribution and noted: “The use of the Huber hive had satisfied me that, with proper precautions, the combs might be removed without enraging the bees, and that these insects were capable of being tamed to a surprising degree. Without knowledge of these facts, I should have regarded a hive permitting the removal of the combs as quite too dangerous for practical use.” (<mask>stroth on the Honey-Bee, 1860)

Development of the bee space
Langstroth was popularly credited with discovering the "bee space," though this discovery had already been implemented in European hives. In Europe, both Jan Dzierżon and August von Berlepsch had been focused on side-opened hives.Land resources in Europe had been limited, and bees were traditionally kept in beehouses. The presently so-called “bee space” had been incorporated by Berlepsch following Dzierzon’s discoveries, from the years 1835–1848, into his frame arrangement (Bienen-Zeitung, May 1852). <mask>th made many other discoveries in beekeeping, and contributed greatly to the industrialization of modern beekeeping. <mask>th revolutionized the beekeeping industry by using bee space in his top-opening hive. In the summer of 1851, he found that by leaving an even, approximately bee-sized space between the top of the frames holding the honeycomb and the flat coverboard above, he was able to remove the coverboard quite easily, which was normally well-cemented to the frames with propolis, and made separation difficult. <mask>th later used this discovery to make the frames themselves easily removable. If a small space was left (less than 1/4 inch or 6.4 mm), the bees filled it with propolis; conversely, when a larger space was left (more than 3/8 inch or 9.5 mm), the bees filled it with comb.Innovations to beehive design
On 5 October 1852, <mask>th received a patent on the first movable frame beehive in America. A Philadelphia cabinetmaker and fellow bee enthusiast, Henry Bourquin, made <mask>stroth's first hives for him. By 1852, <mask>th had more than a hundred of these hives, and began selling them where he could. <mask>th spent many years attempting to defend his patent without success. He never earned any royalties, because the patent was easily and widely infringed. <mask>stroth hives are still in common use today. He wrote that “... the chief peculiarity in my hive was the facility with which they could be removed without enraging the bees ....I could dispense with natural swarming, and yet multiply colonies with greater rapidity and certainty than by the common methods .... feeble colonies could be strengthened, and those which had lost their queen furnished with the means of obtaining another. .... If I suspected that anything was wrong with a hive, I could quickly ascertain its true condition and apply the proper remedies.”

<mask>th also found that several communicating hive boxes can be stacked one above another, and that the queen can be confined to the lowest (or brood) chamber, by means of a queen excluder. In this way, the upper chambers can be reached only by the workers, and therefore contain only honey-comb. This made hive inspection and many other management practices possible, and turned the art of beekeeping into a full-scale industry. At the time of <mask>th's contributions, honey was the chief sweetener in American diets, so <mask>th's new beekeeping techniques were of great importance. His discoveries and inventions allowed beekeeping to be done more cost-effectively on a large scale.Since four to twelve pounds of honey—in addition to many hours of bee time—are consumed by bees in the production of one pound of beeswax, honey production was increased from reuse of the comb. The Hive and the Honey-Bee
In 1853, <mask>th had moved back to Greenfield, Massachusetts from Philadelphia, and published The Hive and the Honey-Bee (Northampton  (Massachusetts): Hopkins, Bridgman, 1853), which provided practical advice on bee management and, after more than 40 editions, is still in print today. <mask>th on the Honey Bee was published in 1860. Move to Oxford, Ohio

After 1858 <mask>th made Oxford, Ohio, his residence, and devoted his time to beekeeping. The site was , and was an ideal place to keep bees. <mask>th planted a row of linden trees along the street, and apple trees throughout his property. He sowed buckwheat and clover seed, using  of ground for a formal garden, filled with the flowers that bees like best, and called it his honey garden.The home where he lived from 1858 to 1887 was built in 1856, and is now called <mask>th Cottage; it is designated a National Historic Landmark. It was donated to the Western College for Women, and is today home to the Miami University Center for the Enhancement of Learning and Teaching. <mask>th received his first Italian bees at his home in 1863; Italian bees were more productive than the European bees that were most common in America at the time. He and his son sold the Italian queens at $20USD each, and in one year, sold 100 of them, with many being sent by post all over the United States. Later life
In 1887, he moved with his daughter, Mrs. H. C. Cowan, and her family to Dayton, Ohio. <mask>th died at the pulpit of the Wayne Avenue Presbyterian Church in Dayton on October 6, 1895, just as he was beginning a sermon on the love of God. He is buried at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum in Dayton.His epitaph reads as follows:

<mask>th's papers are located at the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia. Patents
 USPatent|9300 — L.L<mask>'s patent for a Bee hive from October 5, 1852. USPatent|RE1484 — L.L<mask>'s patent for a Bee hive Reissued from May 26, 1863. USPatent|61216 — <mask><mask>th's joint patent (with S. Wagner) for an Improved Apparatus for Extracting Honey from the Comb from January 15, 1867.See also
Clyde Cowan — his great-grandson, astrophysicist, and co-discoverer of the neutrino. Langstroth's Hive and the Honey-Bee, Dover Publications  (original version, still in print)
Ron Brown's Great Masters of Beekeeping, Bee Books New and Old
Apiology

References

External links

 Scan of "Langstroth on the hive and the honey-bee" 1853 edition
L. L. (<mask>) Langstroth papers at the American Philosophical Society

Beekeeping pioneers
1810 births
1895 deaths
American beekeepers
Yale University alumni
People from Oxford, Ohio
Clergy from Philadelphia
Burials at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum
American Congregationalist ministers
Educators from Philadelphia
Educators from Ohio
19th-century American educators
19th-century American clergy

masks:
Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Lang
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Lang
Langstro
Langstro
Lang
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
. Langstroth
. Langstroth
L L
. Langstro
Lorenzo Lorraine


title: Marian Diamond

texts:
<mask> (born Cleeves; November 11, 1926 – July 25, 2017) was a pioneering scientist and educator who is considered one of the founders of modern neuroscience. She and her team were the first to publish evidence that the brain can change with experience and improve with enrichment, what is now called neuroplasticity. Her research on the brain of Albert Einstein helped fuel the ongoing scientific revolution in understanding the roles of glial cells in the brain. Her YouTube Integrative Biology lectures were the second most popular college course in the world in 2010. She was a professor of anatomy at the University of California, Berkeley. Other published research explored differences between the cerebral cortex of male and female rats, the link between positive thinking and immune health, and the role of women in science. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Glendale, California to Dr. Montague Cleeves and <mask> as the sixth and last child in the family.Her father was an English physician and her mother a Latin teacher at Berkeley High School. <mask> grew up in La Crescenta. She was educated with her siblings near home at La Crescenta grammar school, Clark Junior High, Glendale High School and finally Glendale Community College, before going to University of California, Berkeley. She played tennis at Berkeley, earning a letter. Career
After graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1948, <mask> spent a summer at the University of Oslo, Norway before returning to Berkeley for her graduate studies, the first female graduate student in the department of anatomy. Her doctoral dissertation thesis "Functional Interrelationships of the Hypothalamus and the Neurohypophysis" was published in 1953. While studying for her PhD degree, <mask> also began to teach, a passion that continued well into her eighties.<mask> received her PhD degree in human anatomy. After working as a research assistant at Harvard University between 1952–53, <mask> became the first woman science instructor at Cornell University from 1955–58 where she taught human biology and comparative anatomy. <mask> returned to the University of California, Berkeley in 1960 in the role of lecturer. In the role as neuroanatomist, <mask> joined an ongoing research project with psychologists David Krech, Mark Rosenzweig, and chemist Edward Bennett, as a . By 1964, <mask> had the first evidence, from anatomical measurements, of plasticity in the mammalian cerebral cortex. These results "opened the doors for our experiments to follow for the next 37 years." UC Berkeley invited <mask> to be an Assistant Professor in 1965, progressing later to be a full professor, and finally, Professor Emeritus until her death in 2017.In 1984, <mask> and her associates had access to sufficient tissue from Einstein's brain to make the first ever analysis of it, followed by publication of their research. The 1985 paper "On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein" created some controversy in academia over the role of glial cells. However, it also ushered in new interest in neuroglia. Personal life
<mask> married Richard Martin <mask> in 1950 and they had four children: Catherine Theresa (1953), Richard Cleeves (1955), Jeff Barja (1958), and Ann (1962). They divorced in 1979 after which <mask> married Professor Arnold Bernard Scheibel in 1982. Documentary film
My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and Science of Dr. <mask> is a 2017 documentary about <mask>'s life as a pioneering woman of science, her curiosity and passion for the human brain, as well as her research and love of teaching. Produced and directed by Catherine Ryan and Gary Weimberg of Luna Productions, it was broadcast on PBS, was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Science and Technology Documentary (2018, National News and Documentary Emmy Awards), won the PRIX ADAV for Best Educational film of the year at the Pariscience Festival International du Film Scientifque, won the Kavli-AAAS Science Journalism Gold Award for best in-depth science documentary of 2017, was included among Science Books & Film year-end list of Best Science Films OF 2017, and won numerous awards at various festivals, including the Audience Award Best in Fest-RiverRun International Film Festival 2016, the Best Feature Film-American Psychological Association Film Festival 2016, the Best Documentary – Indigo Moon film festival, the Best Documentary – High Falls Film Festival, NY, the Best Documentary, Audience Award, Durango Film Festival, and the Audience Favorite Award – Mill Valley Film Festival, CA.Contributions to neuroscience, neuroanatomy, neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity: <mask> was a pioneer in anatomical neuroscience whose major scientific contributions have changed forever how we view the human brain. <mask> produced the first scientific evidence of anatomical neuroplasticity in the early 1960s. At that time, the scientific consensus was that the nature of your brain was due to genetics and was unchangeable and fixed. <mask> showed that the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Her initial anatomical experiment, and replication experiments, with young rats showed that the cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was 6% thicker than the cortex of the impoverished rats based on different kinds of early life experiences. An enriched cortex shows greater learning capacity while an impoverished one shows lesser learning capacity. These paradigm-changing results, published in 1964, helped to launch modern neuroscience.Einstein's Brain:
In early 1984, <mask> received four blocks of the preserved brain of Albert Einstein from Thomas Stoltz Harvey. Harvey, pathologist of Princeton Hospital at the time of Einstein's death, had removed Einstein's brain during autopsy in 1955 and maintained personal possession of the brain. The fact that the Einstein brain tissue was already embedded in celloidin when the Diamond lab received it meant that their choice of methods of examination would be somewhat limited. However, they were able to successfully analyze both the superior prefrontal (area 9) and inferior parietal (area 39) association cortices of the left and right hemispheres of Einstein's brain and compare results with the identical regions in the control base of 11 human, male, preserved brains. From previous analysis of the eleven control brains, the Diamond lab "learned the frontal cortex did have more glial cells/neuron than the parietal cortex." After many years of research, <mask> and her team had data proving that, in the rat brain, glial cells increased with enriched conditions, but did not increase with age. <mask> and her associates discovered that the big difference in all four areas was in nonneuronal cells.Einstein had more glial cells per neuron than the average male brains of the control group. Importantly, the biggest difference was found in area 39 of the left hemisphere of Einstein's brain where the increase in the number of glial cells per neuron was statistically significantly greater than in the control brains. Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte glial cells were pooled for these results. <mask> demonstrated that the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence of sex steroid hormones. <mask> also showed that the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. In humans, cognitive stimulation increases circulating CD4-positive T lymphocytes, supporting the idea that immunity can be voluntarily modulated, in other words, that positive thinking can impact the immune system. Selected publications
Mohammed, A. H., Zhu, S. W., Darmopil, S., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Ernfors, P., Winblad, B., ... & Bogdanovic, N. (2002).Environmental enrichment and the brain. In Progress in brain research (Vol. 138, pp. 109–133). Elsevier. <mask>, M. C. (2001). Response of the brain to enrichment.Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 73(2), 211–220. <mask>, M. C. (1994). Hearts, Brains, and Education: A New Alliance for Science Curriculum. Higher Learning in America, 1980-2000, 273. <mask>, M. C. (1990). An optimistic view of the aging brain. In Biomedical advances in aging (pp.441–449). Springer, Boston, MA. <mask>, M. C. (1988). Enriching heredity: The impact of the environment on the anatomy of the brain. Free Press. <mask>, M. C., Scheibel, A. B., Murphy Jr, G. M., & Harvey, T. (1985).On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Experimental neurology, 88(1), 198–204. Globus, A., Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & <mask>, M. C. (1973). Effects of differential experience on dendritic spine counts in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of comparative and physiological psychology, 82(2), 175. <mask>, M. C., Law, F., Rhodes, H., Lindner, B., Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., & Bennett, E. L. (1966). Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment.Journal of Comparative Neurology, 128(1), 117–125. <mask>, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 123(1), 111–119. Bennett, E. L., <mask>, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain. Science, 146(3644), 610–619.<mask>, M. C. (1963). Women in modern science. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 18, 891–896. Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L., & <mask>, M. C. (1962). Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: a replication and extension. Journal of comparative and physiological psychology, 55(4), 429. Awards
Council for Advancement & Support of Education.Wash. D.C. award for California Professor of the Year and National Gold Medalist
California Biomedical Research Association Distinguished Service Award
Alumna of the Year—California Alumni Association
San Francisco Chronicle Hall of Fame
University Medal, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Brazilian Gold Medal of Honor
Benjamin Ide Wheeler Service Award
The Distinguished Senior Woman Scholar in America awarded by the American Association of University Women, 1997. Clark Kerr Award for Distinguished Leadership in Higher Education 2012
International House Alumni Faculty Award, 2016
Paola S. Timiras Memorial Award for Aging Research from the Center for Research and Education in Aging (CREA)2016
Distinguished Teaching Award 1975 awarded by the University of California Berkeley

References

1926 births
American women neuroscientists
Women anatomists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Oslo alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
2017 deaths
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
American neuroscientists
California Golden Bears women's tennis players
People from Glendale, California
People from La Crescenta-Montrose, California

masks:
Marian Diamond
Marian Cleeves
Rosa Marian Wamphler Cleeves
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Marian Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Marian Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond