title: Eugene List

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<mask> (July 6, 1918March 1, 1985) was an American concert pianist and teacher. Early life
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent his formative years in Los Angeles, where his father <mask> (originally Lisnitzer) was a language teacher in the Los Angeles Unified School District and his mother, Rose, a pharmacist. Louis Lisnitzer had immigrated to America from Odessa, Ukraine and settled in Philadelphia, where he met and married Rose, whose family had also come from the same region. In 1937, Louis decided officially to change his name and that of his family to "<mask>". The family soon relocated to California. Showing early musical talent, young <mask> studied with Julius V. Seyler who soon proclaimed him a prodigy.His striking musical gifts were obvious. In 1929, at the age of 12, he performed with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Artur Rodziński, playing Beethoven's 3rd Piano Concerto. Rodziński recommended that he go to Philadelphia to study with the renowned teacher Olga Samaroff. In 1932 she accepted young <mask> with great enthusiasm. Too young for the Juilliard School, <mask> first studied at the Philadelphia Conservatory under Samaroff's tutelage, transferring a few years later to Juilliard in New York. During his second year with Madam Samaroff at Philadelphia (1934), <mask> entered and won Philadelphia's annual piano competition, giving him the opportunity to perform with Philadelphia's celebrated orchestra. Although he had planned to perform the Schumann Piano Concerto in A minor, <mask> was given the most stunning challenge of his career.Six weeks before the scheduled concert, Leopold Stokowski asked him to play the premiere of Piano Concerto No. 1 by Dmitri Shostakovich that he had just received from the Soviet Union. <mask> accepted the challenge and learned the new concerto within the six-week time frame. Concert career
At the age of sixteen, <mask>'s official concert career began in December 1934 at Philadelphia's Academy of Music. Although under great stress, he delivered a dazzling performance and received rave reviews. He was declared the wunderkind and a mature artist almost immediately. <mask>'s performance as the young American who met Stokowski's challenge established him as a star, a status that would stay with him the rest of his fifty-year career.As the only pianist in America who knew Shostakovich's Piano Concerto No. 1, he received many more invitations to appear with major orchestras in the US, including the New York Philharmonic under conductor Otto Klemperer. His celebrity status spanned four continents, including Europe, South America and Asia. In the US, he performed with most all the nation's major orchestras, conductors and leading chamber ensembles. <mask>'s personality was known to be personable and unpretentious, uncommon qualities in the performing concert world. Everyone liked him. Conductors, composers, colleagues, students and even presidents valued his modest demeanour, his intellect, and his quick wit.World War II
In December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> enlisted in the Army without waiting for his formal call-up, asking only that he be allowed to finish the season, since he was committed to several concert dates. In March 1942, the Army assigned <mask>, aged 26, to the New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn, where he was given an office job as a typist. In 1943, he married the well-known violinist, Carroll Glenn, in New York, whom he had met at Juilliard. Like her husband, Glenn was a prodigy. She had already won the prestigious Naumburg Competition, which gave her a New York debut and helped to launch her illustrious career. <mask> was soon assigned to the Special Services, a post he had wanted since his enlistment. He performed concerts in the New York area, where all his fees went to the Army Emergency Relief.In 1945, he was sent overseas along with other enlisted entertainers. He was sent to the Paris suburb of Chatou, where he joined a collection of GI talent, including Mickey Rooney, violinist Stuart Canin, modern dancer José Limón, Bobby Breen and Josh Logan. Later, both Canin and <mask> were ordered to start an orchestra. This eventually became the famous Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra. In June 1945, Canin and <mask> were ordered to Potsdam, Germany where they were told to play for the President and his staff at the Potsdam Conference. Soon they learned the occasion was to play for President Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill, including their large entourage at the Big Three conference. Both musicians performed for the President and the conference members for the next few weeks, with President Truman even turning the pages for <mask> when he was asked to play the Chopin Waltz in A-flat, Op.42, a work he did not have memorized. Both musicians were astounded at the headlines in the papers and the star-studded celebrity status they had acquired. <mask> soon became known as the "Pianist of the Presidents" or "The Potsdam Pianist." <mask> would perform many more times at the White House, the last in 1980 for President and Mrs. Carter. Post-war career
<mask>'s post-war concert career flourished, even gaining him a role in a movie, The Bachelor's Daughter. In 1964, he and his wife Carroll Glenn joined the faculty at Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York. Both husband and wife would teach in Rochester until 1975 before they returned to New York, where Glenn taught violin at Queens College and the Manhattan School of Music.<mask> joined the faculty at NYU as a part-time teacher, and for two years—1983–85—traveled by plane twice a month to teach at Carnegie Mellon in Pittsburgh. Like his former teacher Olga Samaroff, <mask> guided his students to form their own sound and interpretation as long as it was valid to the score and intent of the composer. He stimulated their imagination and urged them to explore the vast piano repertoire. In addition to his advocacy for playing and recording American music, <mask> also recorded the Carlos Chávez Concerto with the composer conducting. In 1975, he recorded Shostakovich's two concertos in Russia, with the composer's son, Maxim, conducting. <mask>'s great interest in Louis Moreau Gottschalk's music led to his recreation of the composer's Monster Concerts, where he featured many pianos and pianists playing together on stage. <mask> recreated the Monster Concerts at Eastman in 1970.They were televised on The Ed Sullivan Show with 10 pianos, nine student pianists and <mask>. He continued the Monster Concert agenda through the 1970s and into the early 1980s, including a performance at UCLA in collaboration with Henri Temianka and some 36 pianists, and a performance at Brooklyn College in 1980 in collaboration with students of Agustin Anievas. He served on the jury of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition in 1980. Death

In April 1983, Carroll Glenn's earlier bout with cancer suddenly returned. Several days later, she slipped into a coma. At that same time, <mask> was scheduled to perform the Vincent Persichetti Concerto in Carnegie Hall. The next morning, after the Carnegie Hall concert, Carroll Glenn died.Only two years later, on March 1, 1985, while at home planning his own 50th anniversary concert in Carnegie Hall, <mask> accidentally fell on the stairway of his New York brownstone and was killed. An autopsy revealed he died instantly of a broken neck. During their forty-two year marriage, <mask> and Carroll Glenn raised two daughters, Rachel and Allison, while actively pursuing their respective concert and teaching careers. Notes

References
Bachus, Nancy, former Eastman students, phone interview with author, March 2007. Glover, Daniel, former students, Interview with author, San Francisco, January 2007. <mask>, <mask>, copy of interview with Oliver Daniel, New York, 1976. <mask>, <mask>, copy of written reminiscences given to author by <mask>, undated.<mask>, Rachel, Interview with author, January 2007. Canin, Stuart, Interview with author, San Francisco, October 27, 2006. Kline, Donna S. "An American Virtuoso on the World Stage", Texas A and M University Press, 1996. Shookhoff, William, former Eastman student, interview with author, December 2006. Schonberg, Harold C. copy of "<mask>, 67, the Pianist." 1918 births
1985 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
United States Army personnel of World War II
Juilliard School alumni
American music educators
Piano pedagogues
Musicians from New York City
New York University faculty
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Philadelphia
United States Army soldiers
University of Rochester alumni
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
20th-century classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
Classical musicians from California
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians

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title: Alexandru Averescu

type: original

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<mask> (; 9 March 1859 – 2 October 1938) was a Romanian marshal, diplomat and populist politician. A Romanian Armed Forces Commander during World War I, he served as Prime Minister of three separate cabinets (as well as being interim Foreign Minister in January–March 1918 and Minister without portfolio in 1938). He first rose to prominence during the peasants' revolt of 1907, which he helped repress with violence. Credited with engineering the defense of Moldavia in the 1916–1917 Campaign, he built on his popularity to found and lead the successful People's Party, which he brought to power in 1920–1921, with backing from King Ferdinand I and the National Liberal Party (PNL), and with the notable participation of Constantin Argetoianu and Take Ionescu. His controversial first mandate, marked by a political crisis and oscillating support from the PNL's leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, played a part in legislating land reform and repressed communist activities, before being brought down by the rally of opposition forces. His second term of 1926–1927 brought a much-debated treaty with Fascist Italy, and fell after <mask> gave clandestine backing to the ousted Prince Carol. Faced with the People Party's decline, <mask> closed deals with various right-wing forces and was instrumental in bringing Carol back to the throne in 1930.Relations between the two soured over the following years, and <mask> clashed with his fellow party member Octavian Goga over the king's attitudes. Shortly before his death, he and Carol reconciled, and <mask> joined the Crown Council. <mask>, who authored over 12 works on various military topics (including his memoirs from the frontline), was also an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and an Order of Michael the Brave recipient. He became a Marshal of Romania in 1930. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Babele, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (later renamed to Alexandru Averescu, today Ozerne, a village northwest of Izmail, Ukraine). The son of Constantin <mask>, who held the rank of sluger, he studied at the Romanian Orthodox seminary in Izmail, then at the School of Arts and Crafts in Bucharest (intending to become an engineer). In 1876, he decided to join the Gendarmes in Izmail.Seeing action as a cavalry sergeant with the Romanian troops engaged in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he was decorated on several occasions, but was later moved to reserve (after failing his medical examination due to the effects of frostbite). He was, however, reinstated later in 1878, and subsequently received a military education in Romania, at the military school of Târgoviște (Dealu Monastery), and in Italy, at the Military Academy of Turin. <mask> married an Italian opera singer, Clotilda Caligaris, who had been the prima donna of La Scala. His future collaborator and rival Constantin Argetoianu stated that <mask> "chose Mrs. Clotilda at random". Upon his return, <mask> steadily climbed through the ranks. He was head of the Bucharest Military Academy (1894–1895), and, in 1895–1898, Romania's military attaché in the German Empire; a colonel in 1901, he was advanced to the rank of Brigadier General and became head of the Tecuci regional Army Command Center in 1906. Before the World War, he led the troops in crushing the 1907 peasants' revolt — where he engaged in using very harsh means of repression, especially when dealing with soldiers who refused to fight against the rebels — and was subsequently Minister of War in Dimitrie Sturdza's National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet (1907–1909).According to the recollections of Eliza Brătianu, a split occurred between him and the PNL after <mask> attempted to advance various political goals — the conflict erupted when he sought support with King Carol I and then, as the National Liberals deeply resented Romania's alliance with the Central Powers, he approached the Germans for backing. Subsequently, he was commander of the First Infantry Division (stationed in Turnu Severin) and, later, of the Second Army Corps in Craiova. In 1912, he became a Major General, and, in 1911–1913, he was Chief of the General Staff. In the latter capacity, <mask> organized the actions of Romanian troops operating south of the Danube in the Second Balkan War (the campaign against Bulgaria, during which his troops met no resistance). World War and first cabinet

During the World War (which Romania entered in 1916), General <mask> <mask> led the Second Romanian Army in the successful defense of the Predeal Pass, and was then moved to the head of the Third Army (following the latter's defeat in the Battle of Turtucaia). He commanded Army Group South in the Flămânda operation against the Third Bulgarian Army and other forces of the Central Powers, ultimately stopped by the German offensive (<mask>'s forces did not register important losses, and orderly retreated to Moldavia, where Romanian authorities had taken refuge from the successful German operations). <mask> again led the Second Army to victory in the Battle of Mărăști (August 1917); his achievements, including his brief breakthrough at Mărăști, were considered impressive by public opinion and his officers.However, several military historians rate <mask> and his fellow Romanian generals very poorly, arguing that, overall, their direction of the war "could not have been worse". Despite controlling an army of 500,000 plus 100,000 Russian reinforcements, they were defeated by a German-Austrian-Bulgarian army of 910,000 in less than four months of combat. <mask> was widely seen as the person behind a relatively successful resistance to further offensives on Moldavia (the single piece of territory still held by the Romanian state), and he was considered by many of his contemporaries to have stood in contrast to what was seen as endemic corruption and incompetence. The state of affairs, together with the October Revolution in Russia, was to be blamed for the eventual Romanian surrender to the Central Powers; promoted Premier by King Ferdinand I during the period of crisis, <mask> began armistice talks with August von Mackensen in Buftea and Focșani, but was vehemently opposed to the terms — he resigned, leaving the <mask> Marghiloman cabinet when it signed the Treaty of Bucharest. Despite <mask>'s talks yielding no result, he was repeatedly attacked by his political adversaries for having initiated them. During the period, he also faced a Russian Bolshevik military action: just before <mask> came to power, as Russia's Leon Trotsky negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, the Rumcherod administrative body in Odessa, led by Christian Rakovsky, ordered an offensive from the east into Romania. In order to prevent further losses, <mask> signed his name to a much-criticized temporary armistice with the Rumcherod; eventually, Rakovsky was himself faced with a German offensive (sparked by the temporary breakdown of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk), and had to abandon both his command and the base in Odessa.People's Party

Character
<mask> quit the army in the spring of 1918, aiming for a career in politics — initially, with a message that was hostile to the National Liberal Party (PNL) and its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu. He presided over the People's Party (initially named People's League), and he was immensely popular especially among peasants after the end of the war. His force had an appealing populist message, translated into vague promises and relying on the image of the General: peasants had been promised land at the beginning of the war (and they were being rewarded with it at the very moment, through an agrarian reform that reached its full scope in 1923); they had formed the larger part of the Army, and had come to see <mask> as the one to fulfill their expectations, as well as a figure who was still commanding their allegiance. Eliza Brătianu, the PNL leader's wife, placed <mask>'s ascension in the context of Greater Romania's creation through the addition of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania (while making use of the condescending National Liberal tone towards the Romanian National Party that was emerging triumphant in previously Austro-Hungarian Transylvania):
"[The] so very harsh losses [during the war], the defeats suffered by the Old Kingdom, the traces of foreign domination in the newly acquired provinces, but most of all the state of unhealthy euphoria that had taken hold of Transylvania, who had begun, in all good faith, to believe that only she had made the union happen, all of these have created a sort of insecurity within the borders of [Greater Romania]." As the movement initially tended to describe itself as a social trend rather than a political party, it also attracted former members of the Conservative Party (such as Constantin Argetoianu, Constantin Garoflid, and Take Ionescu), military men such as Constantin Coandă, the Democratic Nationalist Party leader A. C. Cuza, the notorious supporters of dirigisme Mihail Manoilescu and Ştefan Zeletin, the moderate nationalist Duiliu Zamfirescu, the future diplomat Citta Davila, the journalist D. R. Ioaniţescu, the left-wing agrarianist Petru Groza, the Bukovinian leader Iancu Flondor, and the lawyer Petre Papacostea. Additional support came from Transylvanian activists such as Octavian Goga and Teodor Mihali, who had previously left the Romanian National Party there in protest over the policies of its president Iuliu Maniu. Nevertheless, the People's Party did attempt to approach Maniu for an alliance at various intervals after summer 1919 (according to Argetoianu, their attempts were frustrated by King Ferdinand I, whose relationship with Maniu was cordial at the time, and who allegedly stated "Maniu is no one else's!Maniu is mine!"). The grouping also established close links with Garda Conștiinței Naționale (GCN, "The National Awareness Guard"), a reactionary group formed by the electrician Constantin Pancu, engaged in violence against communist activists in Iași (the latter were feared by <mask> as well). Nevertheless, in late 1919, <mask> and Argetoianu approached the Socialist Party of Romania and its associate, the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat, with an offer for collaboration, negotiating the matter with the parties' reformist leaders — Ioan Flueraş, Ilie Moscovici, and Iosif Jumanca. At the time, Argetoianu claimed, his conversations with Moscovici revealed the fact that the latter was growing suspicious of the party's far left wing, where "the blanket-maker Cristescu and others were agitating". <mask> proposed merging the two parties, as a distinct section, into the People's Party; he was refused, and talks broke down when the general expected the Socialists to support his electoral platform. Impact
According to Eliza Brătianu (who was comparing <mask> with the French rebel soldier Georges Boulanger), several voices inside his movement called on <mask> to lead a republican coup d'état against King Ferdinand and her husband — a move allegedly prevented only by the general's loyalism. Argetoianu, who admitted that "I shook hands with <mask> [...] expecting a dictatorial regime", claimed that, during his stay in Italy, the general had been decisively influenced by Radicalism and the Risorgimento movement.This, in Argetoianu's view, was the cause for his repeated involvement in conspiracies; he recalled that, in 1919, Davila's house was the scene of regular reunion of officers, who plotted Brătianu's ousting and pondered dethroning the king (in this version of events, <mask> initially accepted to be proclaimed dictator, but, around October of that year, called on conspirators to renounce their plan). Aiming to answer most of Romania's social and political issues, the League's founding document called for:
"A land reform, with the passage of the land which is at the moment expropriated only on principle [ - a reference to the 1917 promise for a land reform] into the effective and immediate ownership of villagers through the means of communes; an electoral reform, through universal suffrage, direct election, secret ballot, and compulsory voting, with representation given to ethnic minorities, since the latter would not hinder the free manifestation of political individualities; administrative decentralization." According to Argetoianu,
"in the autumn of 1919, [<mask>'s] popularity had reached its peak. In the villages, people would dream of him, some swore that they had seen him descending from an airplane into their midst, others, who had fought in the war, told that they had lived by his side in the trenches, it was through him that hopes were solidified, and he was expected of to provide a miracle for people to live a carefree and fulfilling life. His popularity was something mystical, something supernatural, and all sorts of legends had begun to surround this Messiah of the Romanian people." Although he was also Prime Minister of Romania for three mandates (1918, 1920–1921, 1926–1927), his political success is not as spectacular as the military one. Averescu ended up as one of the pawns maneuvered by Brătianu.Argetoianu later repeatedly expressed his distaste for <mask>'s hesitant stance and openness to compromise. Second cabinet

Establishment
Initially, Brătianu approached <mask> using their shared displeasure over the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Romanian National Party (PNR)-Peasants' Party (PȚ) cabinet; the National Liberals managed to obtain the general's renunciation of his goal to prosecute their party for alleged mis-management of Romania before and during the war, as well as his promise to respect the 1866 Constitution of Romania when carrying out the planned land reform. At the same time, Brătianu kept a tight relationship with King Ferdinand. On March 13, 1920, he gave news of the Vaida-Voevod cabinet's dissolution, and was widely expected to call for early elections as soon as this had happened. Instead, he read a document convened with King Ferdinand, which suspended Parliament (the first legislative body in Greater Romania) for ten days — the measure was intended to give <mask> the time to negotiate a new majority in the chambers. These moves caused a vocal response from the opposition: Nicolae Iorga, who was president of the Chamber of Deputies and sided with the National Party, called for a motion of no confidence to be passed on March 26; in return, <mask> obtained the support of the monarch in dissolving the Parliament, and invested his cabinet's energies into winning the early elections by enlisting the help of county-level officials (local administration came to be dominated by People's Party officials). It carried the vote with 206 seats (223 together with Take Ionescu's Conservative-Democratic Party).As agreements between the PNR and PȚ broke down (with the PNR awaiting for new developments), the PȚ joined Iorga's party, the Democratic Nationalists, in creating the Federation of National-Social Democracy (which also drew support from the group around Nicolae L. Lupu). Policies
His mandate was marked by the signing of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, and initial steps leading to the creation of the Little Entente—formed by Romania with Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was

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title: Alexandru Averescu

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 also at this stage that Romania and the Second Polish Republic inaugurated their military alliance (see Polish–Romanian alliance). The goal to create a cordon sanitaire against Bolshevist Russia also brought him and his Minister of the Interior Argetoianu to oversee repression measures against the group of Socialist Party of Romania members who voted in favor of joining the Comintern (arrested on suspicion of "attempt against the state's security" on May 12, 1921). This came after a long debate in Parliament over the imprisonment of Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor, a Romanian citizen who had joined the Russian Red Army in Bessarabia during the later stages of the October Revolution, and who had been tried for treason. Argetoianu, who proclaimed communism to be "over in Romania", later indicated that <mask> and other members of the cabinet were hesitant about the crackdown, and that he ultimately resorted to taking initiative for the arrests — thus presenting his fellow politicians with a fait accompli. The regions coming under Romania's administration at the end of the war still maintained their ad hoc administrative structures, including the Transylvanian Directory Council, set up and dominated by the PNR; <mask> ordered these dissolved in April, facing protest from local notabilities.At the same time, he ordered all troops to be demobilized. He unified currency around the Romanian leu, and imposed a land reform in the form in which it was to be carried out by the new Brătianu executive. In fact, the latter measure had been imposed by the outgoing PNL cabinet through the order of Ion G. Duca, in a manner which Argetoianu described as "destructive". As an initial step, <mask>'s government appointed the noted activist Vasile Kogălniceanu, a deputy for Ilfov County, as rapporteur; Kogălniceanu used this position to give an account of the agrarian situation in Romania, stressing the role played by his ancestor, Constantin, in abolishing Moldavian serfdom, as well as that of his father, Mihail Kogălniceanu, in eliminating corvées throughout Romania. The People's Party found itself hard pressed to limit the effects of the reform as promised by Duca — reason why Constantin Garoflid, seen by Argetoianu as "the Conservative and theorist of large-scale landed property", was promoted as Minister of Agriculture. Argetoianu also accused the Premier of endorsing reform in an even more radical shape, and contended that:
"[...] peasants blessed «father <mask>», who gave them land, and rallied around him even tighter. Brătianu, Duca, they were nowhere mentioned except in curses.O, human gratitude!" In October 1920, <mask> reached an agreement with the Allied Powers, recognizing Bessarabia's union with Romania — expressing a hope for the Bolshevik government to be overthrown, it also imposed the region's cession on a projected democratic government in Russia (while calling for further negotiations between it and Romania); throughout the interwar period, the Soviet Union refused to bind itself to the provisions of the agreement. Italy also refused to ratify the document, citing, alongside various foreign interests (including its friendship with the Soviet Union), the 250 million Italian lire owed to Italian investors in Romanian state bonds. Scandals and fall
In March 1921, Argetoianu became implicated in a scandal involving the actions of his associate Aron Schuller, who had attempted to contract a 20 million lire loan with a bank in Italy, using as collateral Romanian war bonds that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve. With Nicolae Titulescu as Finance Minister, <mask> resumed the interventionist course in economic policies, but broke with tradition when he attempted to legislate a major increase in taxes and proposed nationalizations — with potential negative effects on the PNL-voting middle class. The National Liberals, through the voice of <mask> Constantinescu-Porcu, helped exploit the rivalry between the Peasants' Party and Iorga, using the latter's rejection of Constantin Stere (a conflict sparked by Stere's support for Germany during the World War); Stere won partial elections for the deputy seat in Soroca, Bessarabia, causing a political scandal which saw all parties (including the PNR) declare their dissatisfaction. The conflict worsened during a prolonged parliamentary debate over <mask>'s proposal to nationalize enterprises in Reșița (an initiative the opposition mistrusted, alleging that the new owners were to be People's Party members), when Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to the Peasant Party's Virgil Madgearu.Ion G. Duca of the PNL expressed his sympathies to Madgearu (who had repeated out an obscene word whispered by Argetoianu), and all opposition groups appealed to Ferdinand, asking for <mask>'s recall (July 14, 1921). Ferdinand then attempted to facilitate a fusion between the Romanian National Party and the National Liberals, but negotiations broke down after disagreements over the possible leadership. Eventually, Brătianu convened with Ferdinand his return to power, and the king called on Foreign Minister Take Ionescu to resign, thus causing a political crisis that profited the PNL and put an end to the <mask> cabinet. Shows of popular support in Bucharest were called of by <mask> himself, after he had negotiated with Brătianu for a People's Party cabinet to be formed "at a proper time". Ionescu took over as premier until late January 1922, when he was replaced by Brătianu. Third cabinet

New political alliances
In early 1926, the general was again named Premier, and approached the PNR and its close ally, the Peasants' Party, proposing a merger around his leadership. This met with a stiff refusal, as it seemed that the two were about to win the elections with additional support, but the king, suspicious of the left-wing credentials of the Peasants' Party, used his Royal Prerogative and nominated <mask> as premier (with PNL support).<mask>'s party was instead joined by PNR dissidents, Vasile Goldiș and Ioan Lupaș, who represented a Romanian Orthodox segment of the Transylvanian voters (rather than the Greek Catholics supporting Iuliu Maniu). The 1926 elections, which <mask>'s cabinet organized in March and won with a landslide (269 mandates) also brought a massive defeat for the PNL, who held just 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Italian-Romanian Treaty
Although not fascist itself, the new government he formed displayed gestures of friendship towards Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy, a state which advertised itself as a rising force — The Nation called <mask> "Romania's Mussolini", as "an epithet which the new premier of Rumania bestowed upon himself". Contacts established (as early as a June 1926, when Mihail Manoilescu had negotiated a loan in Rome) were one of the major points of divergence between the policies of <mask> and those of Brătianu: the former attempted to overcome the embarrassment provoked by Mussolini when, due to Romania's debt, the Italian government had recalled the ambassador and had refused to permit King Ferdinand's pre-convened visit. The loan convened by Manoilescu and Mussolini made important concessions to Italy in return for a clarification of Romania's debt status; it also led to the signing of a five-year Friendship Treaty (September 16), widely condemned by Romanian public opinion for not having called on Italy to state its support for Romanian rule in Bessarabia, and created tension inside the Little Entente (Yugoslavia feared that Italy had attempted to gain Romania's neutrality in case of a potential irredentist conflict). Writing at the time, Constantin Vișoianu also criticized the vague terms in which the sections of the document dealing with mutual defense had been drafted:
"What have we gained from Italy through this pact? Nothing.In truth, article 3 — which does not [even] refer to Bessarabia — makes provisions for the eventuality of a violent incursion and organizes a mutual assistance system [that is] original through its Platonic love-like character." The treaty expired in 1932, and, after being prolonged by six months, it was not renewed. Overall, the political impact of contacts was minor, given that the Italians mistrusted the Romanian movement for its traditional role as instrument for Brătianu. Referring to the parallel project to marry Princess Ileana to Prince Umberto of Italy, <mask> himself allegedly stated: "I didn't get much from Italy except a throne for a Princess of Rumania". <mask>'s controversial projects
<mask> continued to offer his support to far right groups (especially to the National-Christian Defense League formed by A. C. Cuza, his early collaborator), and probably considered assuming dictatorial powers. The cabinet clashed with Brătianu when it was discovered that it had been negotiating in secret with the disinherited Prince Carol (a traditional adversary of the PNL) as Ferdinand's health was taking a turn for the worse (<mask> later claimed that he had been asked by Brătianu: "So, after I have brought you to power, you wish to rise and dominate?"). The PNL withdrew its support, and, through an order signed by Constantin Hiott, <mask>'s was replaced by the broad coalition government of Barbu Știrbey, Brătianu's brother-in-law.The general's deposition, confirmed by King Ferdinand on his deathbed, created a vacuum on the Right, soon filled by the Iron Guard, a fascist movement formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (formerly an associate of Cuza's). Late 1920s politics

The People's Party involved itself in solving the dynastic crisis after Ferdinand's death in July 1927, again approaching Carol to replace the child-king Michael and Prince Nicholas' regency. In November 1927, <mask> took the stand in the trial of his supporter Mihail Manoilescu, who was arrested after having incited pro-Carol sentiment; in his testimony, he backed the notion that, despite his initial anger, Ferdinand had ultimately planned to have Carol return to the throne. His grouping lost much of its supporters to the newly formed National Peasants' Party, and scored under 2% in the 1927 elections. Around 1930, <mask> began opposing the universal suffrage he had endorsed earlier, and issued an appeal to the intellectuals in order to have it discarded from legislation on the basis that it was easily influenced by the parties in power. He and his supporter, the pro-authoritarian poet Octavian Goga, received criticism from the left-wing Poporanist journal Viața Românească, who claimed that <mask> had in fact provoked and encouraged widespread electoral irregularities during his time in office. In November 1930, he filed a complaint against the poet and journalist Bazil Gruia, claiming that the latter had libeled him by publishing, in January, an article in Chemarea which began by questioning the People's Party claim that <mask> was "the only honest comrade of the Romanian peasant" and contrasted it with the general's activities during the 1907 Revolt.The trial was held in Cluj, and Gruia was represented in court by Radu R. Rosetti. On December 1, Gruia was found guilty and sentenced to 15 days in a correctional facility with reprieve, and to a fine of 3,000 lei (soon after, Gruia benefited from a pardon). <mask> was promoted to Marshal of Romania in the same year, during the time when Carol returned to rule as King — the appointment was attributed by Time to his political support for the latter's return. According to the same source, by the end of 1930, <mask> was again at the center of Romanian politics, owing to Carol's favor, to the deaths of Ion I. C. and Vintilă Brătianu, and to the unexpected support he gained from the PNL dissident Gheorghe I. Brătianu. Final years

He ultimately showed himself hostile to Carol's inner circle, and especially to the king's lover Magda Lupescu; consequently, Goga was instigated by Carol to take over as leader of the People's Party, and the latter attacked <mask> for "subverting [...] the traditional respect enjoyed by the Crown". The clash led to Goga's creation of the splinter National Agrarian Party, which, although never an important force, obtained more of the vote in the 1932 elections (approx. 3% compared to <mask>'s 2%).Around 1934, as the Guard proclaimed its allegiance to Nazi Germany, the Italians (still rivals of Adolf Hitler), approached <mask> (as well as Manoilescu, Nicolae Iorga, Nichifor Crainic, Cuza, Goga, and other non-Guardist reactionaries), with an offer for collaboration (see Comitati d'azione per l'universalità di Roma). This apparent alliance was, in fact, marked by major dissensions — <mask> and Iorga were routinely attacked by Crainic's Calendarul. Eventually, <mask>'s group formed, in 1934, the Constitutional Front, a nationalist electoral alliance with the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, which was joined by Mihai Stelescu's Crusade of Romanianism (an Iron Guard offshoot), and the minor party created by Grigore Forțu (the Citizen Bloc); after the latter two parties disappeared, the Front survived in its original form until 1936, when it disbanded. In 1937, despite his ongoing feud with Carol, <mask> was appointed a member of the Crown Council. Argetoianu recalled that he and the Marshal had reconciled — at a time when Argetoianu pondered rallying all opposition forces, including the National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, and the Iron Guard, in a single electoral bloc (before the general election of December, the various groups successfully negotiated an electoral pact against the government of Gheorghe Tătărescu). <mask>, who, according to Argetoianu, declared was more interested in convincing Carol to allow his estranged wife Elena of Greece to return to Romania, remained opposed to the deal. The following year, he was briefly minister without portfolio in the cabinet of Premier Miron Cristea, created by Carol to combat the ascension of the Iron Guard, and opposed the monarch's option to renounce the 1923 Constitution and proclaim his dictatorship (the latter move signaled the end of the People's Party), but was among the figures displayed by Carol's regime.He died soon after in Bucharest, and was buried in the World War I heroes' crypt in Mărăști. In December, the king created the National Renaissance Front as the political instrument of his authoritarian rule. References

External links
FirstWorldWar.com Biography

1859 births
1938 deaths
People from Izmail Raion
People from Bessarabia Governorate
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania
People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians
Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian Ministers of Defence
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Industry and Commerce
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Members of the Senate of Romania
Field marshals of Romania
Chiefs of the General Staff of Romania
Romanian diplomats
Romanian military attachés
Leaders of political parties in Romania
Romanian Gendarmerie personnel
Romanian essayists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian anti-communists
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Romanian Army World War I generals
Recipients of the Order of Michael the

masks: Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Alexandru Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu Averescu


title: Sonya Yoncheva

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 December 1981) is a Bulgarian operatic soprano. Early life
Yoncheva was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. From the age of 6, she was "working", according to her own words from an interview for Metropolis. She studied piano and voice at the National School for Music and Dance in Plovdiv. During her teenage years, she hosted a Bulgarian television show about music. She won several music competitions in Bulgaria in 2000 and 2001, including a joint win with her brother as "Singers of the Year 2000" in the "Hit-1" competition organised and produced by Bulgarian National Television. She took advanced studies in classical singing with Danielle Borst at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève and obtained the master's degree in 2009.Career
<mask> was an invited participant in William Christie's "Jardin des Voix" academy for young singers in 2007. She has continued work in the baroque repertoire with Christie, and also with Emmanuelle Haïm. Yoncheva was the female first-place winner of the 2010 Operalia competition and the special CulturArte prize. In May 2011, she portrayed Cleopatra in a co-production of Giulio Cesare by the  and , performances of which also took place at the Royal Opera of Versailles. In June she performed in L'elisir d'amore as Adina as part of Festival Nuits Musicales Sainte Victoire in Peynier. Her debut at the Metropolitan Opera was in November 2013 when she stepped in as Gilda in Rigoletto, in advance of her previously scheduled official debut. In 2014 at the Met, she sang her stage role debut as Mimì (La bohème) in November and shared the role of Violetta (La traviata) in December.In 2015 she appeared as Desdemona in the season opening production of Otello the Metropolitan Opera and in September 2016 she made her debut as Norma at the Royal Opera House, where she sang Antonia in Les contes d'Hoffmann in November of the same year. In June 2017 she made her debut at the Teatro alla Scala as Mimì in La bohème. She made her role debut in the title role of Puccini's Tosca at the Metropolitan Opera for their 2017/18 season to great critical acclaim. Yoncheva set a record as first singer to appear in leading roles in three movie-theater broadcasts of the Metropolitan Opera in one season (Tosca, Mimi in La bohème and Luisa Miller in the 2017/18 season). Other role debuts in the 2017/18 season include Luisa Miller at the Metropolitan Opera and Élisabeth de Valois in Don Carlos at the Paris Opera. For her role debut as Imogene in Bellini's Il pirata at the Teatro alla Scala in June 2018, the first production of the piece after a legendary 1958 staging with Maria Callas as Imogene the press proclaimed that her performance would "surely see Yoncheva enter La Scala's hall of fame alongside Callas". In summer 2018 <mask> sang the role of Poppea in L'incoronazione di Poppea at the Salzburg Festival.<mask> began the 2018/19 season performing the title role of Médée in a staging at Staatsoper Berlin conducted by Daniel Barenboim. Other performances in 2018/19 included Desdemona in Verdi's Otello and the title part of Iolanta at the Metropolitan Opera, Desdemona in a new production for Festspielhaus Baden-Baden and at the Berlin Philharmonic Hall as well as Tosca at Staatsoper Berlin. In the spring of 2019, <mask> <mask> announced that she was expecting her second child in the coming fall as a result of which she did not perform from mid July to November 2019. She returned to the stage for the concerts of the Puccini Gala  at the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, the Tchaikovsky Hall in Moscow, and in Sofia. In the 2019/20 season, she performed Mimì in La bohème at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, the title role of Médée at the Staatsoper Berlin and as Imogene in Il pirata to the Teatro Real in Madrid. Several important role debuts in the 2019/20 and 2020/21 season had to be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, among them her first Manon Lescaut, Leonora in Il trovatore and Rusalka at the Metropolitan Opera as well as Fedora at the Teatro alla Scala. In Spring 2020, <mask> returned to the stage after the first European lockdown as the soprano soloist of Ludwig van Beethoven's 9th Symphony at the Victoria Hall in Geneva, telecast by Arte.She also participated in the 2020 edition of Le Concert de Paris in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, performed the title role of La traviata at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and appeared in concert at the Salzburg Festival, at the Arena di Verona, in Lucca and Caserta. In June 2020, <mask> announced the creation of her newborn company SY11 and a gala concert organised by the company for August at the Roman Theatre of Plovdiv. In summer 2020, <mask> <mask> and Rolex announced a concert series in aid of musicians affected by the pandemic and the ongoing cancellations. <mask> at the Bayerische Staatsoper, the Season Inauguration Gala A Riveder le Stelle of the Teatro alla Scala and a Christmas concert hosted by the German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier and telecast by ZDF. <mask> <mask> began the year 2021 starring in the Metropolitan Opera's "Met Stars Live in Concert" streaming concert series, which saw her singing arias and songs from the Schussenried Abbey in Germany. On French television, she appeared in "Fauteils d'Orchestre" on France 5, before embarking on a series of recitals and concerts throughout Spain, which brought her to Valencia, Bilbao and Madrid, where she performed her first Zarzuela concert at the Teatro de la Zarzuela.With the NOSPR led by her husband Domingo Hindoyan, Yoncheva sang Henri Duparc "L'Invitation Au Voyage" in Katowice, before starring in the title role of Tosca at the Wiener Staatsoper. In June, she took part in the Gala "Musiques en Fête" at the Chorégies d'Orange, telecast by France 3. <mask> <mask>'s busy summer season also included Stephana in Umberto Giordano rarity Siberia at the Maggio Musicale in Florence, a production of La traviata at the Arena di Verona that was recorded for telecasts on ZDF and 3sat, recitals and concerts in Toulouse, Munich, Baden-Baden, Ljubljana, Montpellier, Sofia, Bucharest and the Salzburg Festival. Awards and honors
Yoncheva is a Rolex artist and was named Medici.tv's 2017 Artist of the Year. She is also the winner of the 2019 Readers Award of the International Opera Awards. In 2021, <mask> <mask> received a number of honors: she was named honorary citizen of her hometown Plovdiv and received Germany's most important classical music award Opus Klassik as "Singer of the Year" for her solo album "Rebirth". She won a Young Artist of the Year award () in 2015 Echo Klassik.In 2016, she was awarded the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius for her "contribution to the field of art". She was one of the recipients of the 13th annual Opera News Awards. She was presented Award of the Year from the Círculo Críticos de Arte de Chile for her recital at the Teatro del Lago. Since November 2021, <mask> <mask> is a UNICEF Ambassador for Bulgaria, standing up for the rights of children. Personal life
Yoncheva married Venezuelan conductor Domingo Hindoyan in July 2014 and they live in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The couple have a son, Mateo, born 6 October 2014. In October 2019, their daughter Sophia was born.Her younger brother Marin Yonchev is a former rock singer and is now appearing in operatic concerts alongside <mask>. Discography
<mask> is featured on commercial audio recordings on the Virgin Classics label. In November 2013, she signed a recording contract with Sony Classical and has released several solo CDs including:
 2015: Paris, mon amour, Orquestra de la Comunitat Valenciana conducted by Frédéric Chaslin (Sony)
 2017: Handel, Academia Montis Regalis, Alessandro De Marchi (conductor) (Sony)
 2018: The Verdi Album, Münchner Rundfunkorchester conducted by Massimo Zanetti (Sony)
 2021: Rebirth, Cappella Mediterranea conducted by Leonardo García Alarcó (Sony)

On video she appears in DVD releases of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, and of Pergolesi's Il Flaminio. Additionally, she is featured on Pergolesi's "Stabat Mater" and Mozart's "Le Nozze di Figaro" on Deutsche Grammophon. She can be seen as Desdemona in the Met Opera's HD streaming video of Otello (2015). In 2016, she substituted for Anna Netrebko in Covent Garden's controversial season opener of Bellini's Norma, issued on DVD by Opus Arte. On DVD/Blu-Ray, she can also be seen on recordings of La bohème and Les Contes d'Hoffmann from the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Iolanta from Paris Opera, and in the ZDF Adventskonzert 2015 from Dresden.Documentary
 Sonya Yoncheva: Sempre Libera (2018). directed by Ema Konstantinova and Georgi Toshev. premiered at the 32nd Kinomania Film Festival in Sofia on 26 November 2018. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Opéra national de Paris
 <mask> Yoncheva at Sony Classical
 Sonya Yoncheva at Medici.tv

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Plovdiv
Bulgarian operatic sopranos
Bulgarian expatriates in Switzerland
Operalia, The World Opera Competition prize-winners
21st-century Bulgarian women opera singers
Sony Classical Records artists

masks:
Sonya Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Yonchevasca
Sonya
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Yoncheva
Sonya
Yoncheva
Sonya


title: Philemon Wright

texts:
<mask> (September 3, 1760 – June 3, 1839) was a farmer, lumberman and entrepreneur who founded what he named Columbia Falls Village, mostly known as  (or Wrightstown) and Wright's Village to others, the first permanent settlement in the National Capital Region of Canada. Wright's Town, later became incorporated in 1875 and renamed Hull, Quebec, and then in 2002, as a result of a municipal amalgamation, it acquired its present name of the City of Gatineau. Biography

<mask> was born in Woburn, Massachusetts into the family of <mask> and Elizabeth Chandler, a large and prosperous Woburn family that had been among the town's founders, 120 years before. <mask> was raised as a farmer. At the young age of 16, he was thrust into service for two years with the rebel forces in the first years of the American Revolution, leaving service as a sergeant. He fought in several battles including the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. Nicknamed "the Old Squire" by his employees and friends, <mask> was once described by John Mactaggart as "about six feet high, a tight man, with a wonderfully strange, quick reflective wild eye”.On May 16, 1782, <mask> <mask> married Abigail Wyman, a Woburn woman whose ancestors were among the founding families of Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1628. Charlestown would later become Boston. <mask> and Abigail would have a large family of 9 children. Their children (ages listed as of 1800, when they arrived in Hull Township) were: <mask> Jr. (Phil) 18, Tiberius (Bearie) 13, Abigail (Nabby, who died at 7 yrs. ), Mary (Polly) 10, Ruggles (Rug) 8, Abigail (Abbie) 6, Christopher Columbus (Chris) 2, Christiana (Chrissie) b. 1803 and Susana b. 1805.Settlement of Wright's Town
Feeling the strain of overpopulation in Massachusetts, <mask> first came to see the isolated and unsettled area of the Ottawa Valley in 1796, returned again in 1798, and once more in 1799. He finally decided that the best location for a new settlement would be next to the Chaudière Falls, near the intersection of the Tenàgàtino-sibi or Gatineau and Kitchi-sibi or Ottawa rivers, where he found thousands of acres of good soil and vast amounts of timber. He applied for the lands of the Township of Hull under the "leader and associates" regime and after swearing allegiance to the Crown, received the grant. <mask> used his natural leadership abilities to convince a group of Massachusetts settlers to come north with him. He sold his holdings in Woburn and led a group of 4 other families and 33 labouring men to the area, leaving on February 2, 1800, at the age of 39. With the help of a native Algonquin scout, who volunteered to help the group negotiate the treacherous voyage over ice from Kinodjiwan or Long-Sault at Carillon to the Akikodjiwan or Chaudière Falls, the group arrived on the western shore of the Gatineau River where it meets the Ottawa on March 7, 1800 and began to clear land. At first, their objective was to clear what was needed for homes and farmland for their survival.Two farms, the 'Gateno Farm' (1800), as he named it, and the 'Columbia Falls Farm' (1801) were the first to be cleared. Then, in 1801, at the foot of the Chaudière Falls, construction began on other enterprises. <mask> preferred to call the falls the Columbia Falls, but the name never stuck. The name Columbia, however, was repeatedly used throughout the new settlement: Columbia Pond (now, Leamy Lake), the Columbia farm, the Columbia hotel and Columbia road (now, St. Joseph blvd.). <mask>'s settlement quickly became Wright's Town with the shops, mills and other enterprises that were built so that the small community would not be dependent on the expensive practice of importing goods from Montreal. <mask> built a lumber mill, a hemp and grist mill and a smithy to fulfill their needs. When a fire burned down the smithy, he rebuilt it in stone, adding a trip hammer mill, four forges and four bellows operated hydraulically.He built a large bakehouse, shops for a shoemaker, a tailor, a bark grinding mill, as well as a tannery for curing leather. Always the opportunist, he also saw to it that a brewery and distillery were operating to slake the thirsts of the many employees he employed. Before long, he and his wife Abigail also saw to it that there was a teacher to teach all of the children in the community. The process was long and difficult and by 1806 <mask> had nearly exhausted his original capital of $20,000. In an effort to earn money and in order to keep his workers busy in the wintertime, he began the cutting of timber. Then, he attempted what was then thought impossible: to build a raft of timber and float it all the way to Quebec City. There, it would be sold for export to Britain.He built the first raft at the mouth of the Gateno River and named it "Columbo". Then, on June 11, 1806, he, his 18 yr-old son Tiberius and just 3 other men (London Oxford, a free black man & friend/associate of <mask>, Martin Ebert, and John Turner) began the treacherous journey down the Grand (Ottawa) River. Despite taking two months and encountering many hurdles he reached Quebec on August 12, and sold his 700 logs and 6000 barrel staves. The timber trade on the Ottawa River had begun. He founded several companies, among them a limestone quarry for building-stone and producing cement, The Hull Mining Company and P. Wright & Sons which, in particular, made him a great deal of money exporting timber, during the Napoleonic Wars when Britain was cut off from its traditional Baltic region suppliers. As a pioneer and an entrepreneur, <mask> had few equals. He was the point man for every builder, land speculator and government project in the region.According to John Mactaggart, the Royal Engineer in charge of the construction of the Rideau Canal and a contemporary of <mask> <mask>, <mask> should also be credited with having been the person who first suggested the building of the Rideau Canal, and once the canal's construction was under way, <mask> secured most of the contracts for supplies, materials and craftsmen. Despite his many achievements, he and his community faced near bankruptcy on several occasions. His earliest efforts to establish his settlement almost exhausted his entire capital and then, when his town was ravaged by a disastrous fire in May 1808, the village was practically wiped out. A despondent <mask> was ready to abandon the venture and possibly would have, if not for the encouragement he received from his sons <mask> Jr. and Tiberius to rebuild. They rebuilt the grist, hemp and sawmills, a larger foundry and the tavern within 6 months. In 1819, <mask> established the first passenger ship service on the Ottawa River. The first ship he used was the Packet, a four-ton vessel propelled by “sail and oars”.In 1822, he contracted Thomas Mears to construct a steamboat, which resulted in the Union of the Ottawa, which first set sail in 1823. The Union is described as “...measuring 125 feet on the deck, by 23 feet beam, drawing but little water, carrying 150 tons, and propelled by a 28-horsepower engine.”

<mask>'s son Ruggles travelled to Europe to learn Scandinavian timber methods, and armed with this knowledge, returned home and constructed the first ever timber slide in Canada on the north side of the Chaudière Falls in 1829, which allowed logs to be transported over the falls without having to use the previous method of waiting for calm water, which could take weeks. By 1820, Wrightstown was properly established. The population was 703, all either native New Englanders or first-generation Canadians. There were five mills, four stores, three schools, two hotels, two distilleries, and a brewery. For livestock, the count was 123 horses, 418 oxen, 503 cows, 505 pigs, and 558 sheep. Political career
<mask> was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada to represent Ottawa County in 1830 and he and his settlement both saw great success.He voted against the Ninety-Two Resolutions. He was also the leader of Freemasonry in the area for many of the villagers and surrounding communities. <mask> farms
Although he and his family spent their lives as lumber barons, <mask> <mask> was always a farmer at heart. He was a strong advocate for "scientific farming" and selective breeding, and he was the first person to import prize Devon and Herefordshire cattle to the Ottawa Valley. In 1813, <mask> sold 3,000 bushels of wheat in Québec for $3.00 a bushel (this astronomically high price courtesy of the War of 1812). By 1823, the <mask> family had created several large and lucrative farms, some of which covered most of the land occupied by present-day Hull & Aylmer. These included the Gatteno Farm near Leamy Lake, the Columbia Falls Farm (at <mask>'s village), The Columbia Farm (Chelsea Rd.), The Dalhousie Farm (by Leamy Lake), the Britannia Farm (on the Britannia Turnpyke), the Chaudière Farm (where Aylmer began), the second Gatteno Farm (east side of the Gatineau) and the Onslow farm (Township of Onslow). In fact, <mask>'s agricultural community, at the time of his death in 1839, was the most developed of Lower Canada. From Onslow Township (present-day Wyman) to present-day Buckingham, <mask> <mask> owned 36,978.5 acres (over 150 km2) The fame of Hull as an agricultural community in Canada, the US and Britain was well deserved. The Gatteno Farm was the site of the original clearing by the <mask> expedition in 1800, where stood <mask> <mask>'s first cabin he affectionately called "The Wigwam". His second home, a bigger home with a stone foundation, was built just north of the Wigwam. In 1801, at the Chaudière Falls, <mask> & his sons created the Columbia Falls Farm  and that is the location where Wright's Town grew up. In 1810, <mask> Sr. moved to his third home, built on the Columbia Falls Farm, on its 800 acres.He lived in that home until 1818, when he handed it over to his son Ruggles, along with the reins of all of the family's Chaudière operations. Eventually this property was purchased by E.B.Eddy and he tore down the <mask> home and built a mansion named "Standish Hall". That 1st mansion burnt down in 1900 and he built another that ultimately became the very popular Hotel in Hull by the same name, where Louis Armstrong and many big bands came to play. <mask>'s 4th home was built just west of the Standish Hall near the Chaudière Falls and was a grand home he named "The White House". The White House closely resembled the Wright Farm home in Winchester Massachusetts where <mask> grew up. Almost a perfect copy of <mask>'s White House can be found at the Billings estate in Ottawa and given that Braddish Billings started his career in the employ of <mask>, it may be no surprise that Billing's "grand, genteel" home, as he called it, would have been modeled after The Squire's, as <mask> was often referred to by his friends. When <mask> Sr. moved to the Columbia Falls Farm in 1810, the Gatteno farm was put in the hands of <mask> Jr. and <mask>, where Sarah, principally, raised animals and operated a distillery.It eventually ended up in the hands of Andrew Leamy who married Erexina <mask>, the daughter of Sarah and <mask> <mask>. The Columbia Farm of  was located at the junction of what would be the Brigham Road (now Gamelin) and Columbia Road (now boul. St. Joseph), and was operated first by <mask> Jr., then eventually owned by Thomas Brigham, who had married <mask> Sr.'s daughter, Abigail. The Britannia Farm, on the road leading to Aylmer, was owned by <mask> Jr. as was the Dalhousie Farm, south of what is now Leamy Lake. The Britannia Farm is now the site of the Royal Ottawa Golf Club, the Champlain & Château Cartier golf clubs. A farm at Lac Deschênes in Aylmer, called the Chaudière Farm, was established in 1818 by <mask> Jr. also a store and Inn was built at the landing. After <mask> Jr.'s tragic death in a stagecoach accident on Dec. 5th, 1821, <mask> Jr.s' heirs ended up losing ownership of the Britannia Farm and only retained ownership of the Gatteno Farm because of some dubious paperwork that <mask>. had fabricated.He confessed to this in a codicil to his Will, dated 1838. In 1826, <mask> Jr.'s widow, Sarah (Sally) Olmstead <mask>, married Nicholas Sparks (politician), who was then in the employ of P. Wright & Sons. Sparks would become a wealthy landowner & politician in the future Bytown. In 1822, <mask> Sr. gave the Chaudière Farms to Tiberius and Ruggles, and in 1823, he put the Chaudière Farm under the supervision of Charles Symmes, his nephew. The Dalhousie Farm went to Ephraim Chamberlain who was married to <mask> Sr.'s daughter Mary (Polly) <mask>. As well, there were additional Wright farms along the Mountain Road. Tiberius <mask> established the (second) Gatteno Farm in 1816, which his son Alonzo <mask> would inherit.By 1823, nearly  at this farm had been cleared. It occupied the site of the current Collège St-Alexandre in Limbour. Retirement & death
At the end of his life, <mask> Sr. retired to another farm, this time in Onslow Township, Lower Canada (now the province of Quebec). <mask> owned 12,000 acres that spanned the entire width of the County in the first six ranges of Onslow Township. In <mask>'s papers, in the National Archives of Canada, he frequently refers to his properties in Onslow, both his timber cutting operations and his farming activities there, listing acreages of oats and potatoes and his numbers of cattle. Unfortunately he did not state who was living on the properties or looking after his interests in the township. Joseph Bouchette's map, dated 1831, shows a few buildings and a road in the easternmost lots on the river, which is most likely to be the location of <mask>'s Onslow Farm.<mask> <mask>'s brother-in-law, Joseph Wyman, and his son Joseph Jr., who also came from Woburn, obtained several hundred acres in the west end of the township through <mask>. They named the new settlement Woburn after their New England home, and brought in other settlers. Woburn was later renamed Billerica (after Billerica, Mass.) and the name was eventually changed to Wyman. <mask> died on June 3, 1839 in Wright's Town, and is buried in St. James Anglican Cemetery, Gatineau (Hull Sector). He was survived by a large family, including his son Ruggles <mask> who invented the timber slide. <mask> <mask> is regarded as the founder of both the cities of Ottawa and of Gatineau.<mask> <mask> High School in Gatineau is named after him. Genealogical relationships
Interesting research through the years has established that through his own family and that of his wife, Abigail, <mask> <mask>'s family members are related to every President of the United States with the exception of Martin Van Buren and Donald Trump, and also related to the English Royal family

References

Bibliography

External links

The Family of John and Priscilla <mask>
 <mask> <mask> (1760-1839); Article on Outaouais Heritage WebMagazine by Bruce S. Elliott

1760 births
1839 deaths
American emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Settlers of the National Capital Region of Canada
Canadian people of English descent
People from Woburn, Massachusetts
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
History of Gatineau
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Immigrants to Lower Canada
Anglophone Quebec people

masks:
Philemon Wright
Wright
Thomas Wright
Philemon Wright
Wright
Philemon
Wright
Philemon
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Sarah Wright
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title: Adam Buckley

texts:
<mask> (born 2 August 1979) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder from 1996 to 2013. <mask> played as a professional in the Football League for Grimsby Town and Lincoln City between 1998 and 2003, after coming through the youth ranks at West Bromwich Albion. He then forged a career in non-league football and has played for Brigg Town, Harrowby United, Stamford, Spalding United, Bourne Town, Lincoln Moorlands Railway, Sleaford Town, Nettleham and Gainsborough Town. Career

Grimsby Town
<mask> first got his break in the professional game with West Bromwich Albion as an academy player in 1996, This was while his father, <mask> was the club's manager. With limited chances though he failed to make the grade and step up to the first team at Albion, prompting <mask> to eventually follow his father to Grimsby Town in 1997, when Alan re-took the managerial post at Blundell Park for the second time. He made his debut for Grimsby in a First Division defeat to Swindon Town on 24 April 1998.He would make one further appearance that season in another away defeat, this time to Watford. The following season, <mask> was eased into first-team action by his father, and was a regular presence on the bench during the 1999–00 campaign. During his time with The Mariners <mask> was cast aside by Grimsby supporters as a player who only featured professionally because his father was the club's manager. There may have been truth in that factor as following the departure of his father from his managerial role in September 2000, <mask> junior failed to be included in any of new manager's Lennie Lawrence's teams. With this he would not even make the Grimsby substitute bench during the 2000–01, and to add to this he also struggled to hold down a place in the club's reserve team and in July 2001, his contract with Grimsby was cancelled by mutual consent. Lincoln City
In July 2001, <mask> joined his father once again, agreeing a two-year contract with Lincoln City. He made his Football League debut, as a substitute, for Lincoln in the 3–0 home victory over Swansea City on 25 August and was a regular presence in the first-team squad during his first season, making a total of 31 league appearances, 12 of which came from the substitutes bench.In April 2002, due to financial constraints, <mask> departed Lincoln, and under new manager Keith Alexander chances were rare. <mask> would make only three league appearances, all from the substitutes bench, during the 2002–03 season with a further three appearances in cup competitions. The season did, however, bring <mask> his only goal in his professional career when he netted a free-kick in the 2–1 home defeat to Shrewsbury Town in the Football League Trophy on 12 November 2002. <mask> like at Grimsby also found cast aside by the Lincoln City supporters for only playing a part in first team affairs because his father was the team's manager. His career at Lincoln ended when he was arrested over allegations of theft from the club's ground in May 2003. In June 2003 he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service after pleading guilty to four counts of theft from his teammates. Non-League
<mask> then moved into Non-League football.He had an unsuccessful trial with Ilkeston Town, which was followed by a short spell with Brigg Town. He then joined Harrowby United in March 2004. In October 2005, he signed for Stamford, linking up with his former Harrowby boss Graham Drury. In February 2006, <mask> joined Spalding United on loan, debuting in the defeat to Kidsgrove Athletic on 19 February 2006; the move became permanent in April 2006. He was released by Spalding in September 2006 and was next heard of at Bourne Town, making his debut in the 4–0 home defeat to St Neots Town on 7 March 2007. After an unsuccessful trial with Boston United in August 2007, <mask> linked up with Spalding United for a second time. <mask> then moved on to play with Lincoln Moorlands Railway in 2008.He made a brief sojourn to Sleaford Town, appearing for the club in a 1–1 friendly draw with Lincoln United on 12 November 2008, before returning to Moorlands. In September 2010, he joined Sleaford Town debuting in the 1–0 United Counties Football League Premier Division home victory over St Ives Town on 11 September 2010. He moved on to play in the Lincoln Sunday League Premier Division for Welton Sports and joined Nettleham on the Saturdays. He then moved back to Lincoln Moorlands Railway for the remainder of the 2011–12 season before joining newly elected Lincolnshire League side Gainsborough Town in August 2012. <mask> failed to make a single appearance for Town and briefly re-joined Moorlands Railway where he eventually ceased playing competitive football in 2013. Personal life
He is the son of former Grimsby Town manager <mask>, he played for his father while at West Bromwich Albion, Grimsby and Lincoln. He is also the nephew of the former Derby County and Lincoln City player, <mask>.His elder brother Simon also had a short stint as a professional footballer and was contracted to Grimsby Town, West Bromwich Albion and Boston United but failed to make an appearance in the Football League. His career at Lincoln ended when he was arrested over allegations of theft from the club's ground in May 2003. In June 2003 he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service after pleading guilty to four counts of theft from his teammates. <mask>'s son Brandon currently plays for Cleethorpes Town. References

External links

Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile
Unofficial <mask> Profile at The Forgotten Imp

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Nottingham
English footballers
Association football midfielders
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C.players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Brigg Town F.C. players
Harrowby United F.C. players
Stamford A.F.C. players
Spalding United F.C. players
Bourne Town F.C. players
Lincoln Moorlands Railway F.C.players
Sleaford Town F.C. players
Nettleham F.C. players
Gainsborough Town F.C. players
Winterton Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
English criminals

masks:
Adam Christian Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Alan Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Alan Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Buckley
Alan Buckley
Steve Buckley
Buckley
Adam Buckley


title: Henry Dodge

texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1782 – June 19, 1867) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, Territorial Governor of Wisconsin and a veteran of the Black Hawk War. His son was Augustus C<mask> with whom he served in the U.S. Senate, the first, and so far only, father-son pair to serve concurrently. <mask> was the half brother of Lewis F. Linn. James Clarke, the Governor of Iowa Territory was his son-in-law. Early life
<mask> was the son of <mask> and <mask>. Israel was from Connecticut and a veteran of the Battle of Brandywine, who came west to serve under his brother in the military command of George Rogers Clark. Nancy's family similarly moved west and settled in Kentucky, and for a period of time the Hunter family was part of the settler colony whose population was recruited to support the garrison at the confluence of the Ohio River and the Mississippi River, known as Fort Jefferson.<mask> was born in Vincennes (then under the jurisdiction of Virginia) when Nancy stopped over to visit Israel (on duty in Vincennes) on her way from Kaskaskia to Louisville. <mask> was the first child in what is now Indiana who was born to parents from the colonies, the other residents of Vincennes being of Indian and French Canadian heritage. <mask> was raised in Kentucky. In 1788 Israel abandoned the family and <mask> was raised by his mother. (Nancy later remarried, and had a son Lewis who himself became an elected official.) At age 14 <mask> moved to Missouri to live with his father, who ran salt and lead operations. Although <mask> returned to Kentucky occasionally (including to read law), his move to Missouri was permanent.In 1800, he married Christiana McDonald. In 1805 <mask> was appointed deputy sheriff, reporting to his father. In 1806 <mask> was recruited by Aaron Burr to participate in Burr's spurious attempt at creating a new country in the southwest, an incident known as the Burr conspiracy. <mask> and a companion went so far as to report to a concentration point for the affair in New Madrid. However, when they learned that Thomas Jefferson had deemed it a treasonous act, they immediately abandoned the effort and returned home. <mask> was indicted as a participant in the conspiracy, but the charges were dropped. In 1806 <mask> was named lieutenant of the militia.In 1813 he was appointed U.S. Marshal, as well as Sheriff of Ste. Genevieve County. Career

War of 1812

In the War of 1812, <mask> entered as a captain in the Missouri State Volunteers. He was part of a mounted company. He finished the war as a major general of the Missouri Militia. His crowning achievement was saving about 150 Miami Indians from certain massacre after their raid on the Boone's Lick settlement in the summer of 1814.<mask> emigrated with his large family and slaves inherited from his father to the U.S. Mineral District in early July 1827. He served as a commander of militia during the Red Bird uprising of that year, and in October settled a large tract in present-day downtown Dodgeville, known then as "Dodge's Camp." He worked a large claim until around 1830, when he moved several miles south in a beautiful forested area known still as "<mask>'s Grove." Here he began building what would become a large two-story frame house for his ever-growing extended family. It is worthy to note that, despite the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banning slavery in the entire Northwest Territory, including Wisconsin, <mask> brought five black slaves from Missouri to work in his lead mines. Black Hawk War
<mask> rose to prominence during the Black Hawk War of 1832.As colonel of the western Michigan Territory Militia, <mask> brought a credible fighting force into being in a very short time. More than fifteen forts, fortified homes and blockhouses sprang up almost overnight. From these forts, <mask> and the mounted volunteers, with four companies of Territorial militia and one of Illinois mounted rangers, took to the field as the "Michigan Mounted Volunteers." <mask> and his men saw action at the battles of Horseshoe Bend, Wisconsin Heights, and Bad Axe. In June 1832, he accepted a commission as Major of the Battalion of Mounted Rangers, commissioned by an Act of Congress. Apparently, he took no prisoners. None of the 12 or 13 shot at Horseshoe Bend survived.The ranger experiment lasted a year, and then, in 1833, was replaced by the United States Regiment of Dragoons. <mask> served as colonel; one of his captains was Nathan Boone, Daniel Boone's youngest son. The United States Regiment of Dragoons was the fourth mounted Regular Army unit in United States Army history, not including the American Revolution, Continental Light Dragoons. In the summer of 1834, Colonel <mask> engaged on First Dragoon Expedition and made successful contact with the Comanches. He was an Indian fighter, most noted for his 1835 peace mission commissioned by President Andrew Jackson, who had called out the U.S. Dragoons to assist. Territorial governor
<mask> was the first Territorial governor of Wisconsin Territory from 1836 to 1841 and again from 1845 to 1848, an area which encompassed (before July 4, 1838, when Iowa became a territory) what became the states of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. In between his two terms as governor, <mask> was elected as a non-voting Democratic delegate to the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Congresses (March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1845) representing Wisconsin Territory's at-large congressional district.He declined the opportunity to have his name put forward for the Presidency of the United States at the 1844 Democratic National Convention. He was loyal to Martin Van Buren and both men opposed the annexation of Texas. Despite their efforts, James K. Polk, the Democrat who favored annexation, became President. Upon Wisconsin being admitted to the Union, <mask> was elected one of its first two senators. He served two terms. He turned down the appointment of Territorial Governor of Washington from Franklin Pierce in 1857. Death
<mask> died in 1867 in Burlington, Iowa.He is interred at the Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington. Legacy
In 1948, Iowa County presented a 160-acre estate to the State of Wisconsin which eventually became Governor Dodge State Park. Over the years, this park has grown to include 5,270 acres in the area <mask> once called his home. Dodge County, Wisconsin, Dodge County, Minnesota, and Henry County, Iowa, and Dodgeville, Wisconsin were named after <mask>. Fort Clark, the U.S. Army post built near the present-day location of Fort Dodge, Iowa, was renamed for Senator <mask> around 1850. His former cabin in Dodgeville, now known as the Dodge Mining Camp Cabin, serves as a museum and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. References

Attribution

Other reading

External links

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1782 births
1867 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American deputy sheriffs
American militia generals
American militiamen in the War of 1812
American people of English descent
American people of the Black Hawk War
American slave owners
Burials in Iowa
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin Territory
Democratic Party United States senators from Wisconsin
Governors of Wisconsin Territory
Military personnel from Iowa
Military personnel from Wisconsin
People from Dodgeville, Wisconsin
People from Kentucky
People from Ste.Genevieve County, Missouri
People from Vincennes, Indiana
Politicians from Burlington, Iowa
United States Army colonels
Wisconsin Democrats

masks:
Moses Henry Dodge
. Dodge
Henry Dodge
Henry Dodge
Israel Dodge
Nancy Hunter Dodge
Henry Dodge
Henry
Dodge
Henry
Dodge
Henry
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge


title: Eileen J. Garrett

texts:
<mask> (17 March 1893 – 15 September 1970) was an Irish medium and parapsychologist. <mask>'s alleged psychic abilities were tested in the 1930s by <mask> and others. Rhine claimed that she had genuine psychic abilities, but subsequent studies were unable to replicate his results, and <mask>'s abilities were later shown to be consistent with chance guessing. <mask> elicited controversy after the R101 crash, when she held a series of séances at the National Laboratory of Psychical Research claiming to be in contact with victims of the disaster. <mask>, and others, investigated her claims, and found them to be valueless, easily explainable, or the result of fraud. <mask> was married three times, and had four children. <mask> died after a long illness on 15 September 1970, in Nice, France.Biography

<mask> was born in Beauparc, County Meath in Ireland on 17 March 1893. Her parents committed suicide and <mask> went to live with her aunt. <mask> admitted she had a very unpleasant childhood and because of the anger of her aunt would "separate into a world of her own" where she could dissociate from her surroundings. She claimed to have developed psychic ability in her youth. She later married and claimed to hear voices and show symptoms of a dissociative identity disorder. Both <mask> and her husband believed she was on the "brink of madness", however, <mask> came to accept her condition and took up trance mediumship. The psychologist <mask> wrote that <mask>'s claims of psychic ability could easily be explained by "megalomania... ideas of grandeur" as she experienced mental dissociation, hallucinations and had an eccentric disposition from her childhood.<mask> married three times. Her first marriage was to Clive Barry and they had three sons, all of whom died young, and a daughter, <mask>, who took interest in parapsychology. <mask> worked at a hostel for wounded soldiers during World War I. In 1931 she was invited to the United States by the American Society for Psychical Research and performed experiments for various psychical researchers in both America and Europe until the 1950s. <mask> was not a proponent of the spiritualist hypothesis and attributed her mediumship not to spirits but to the activity of a "magnetic field". <mask> wrote "In all my years' professional mediumship I have had no "sign", "test" or slightest evidence to make me believe I have contacted another world." She considered that her trance controls were personalities from her subconscious and admitted to the parapsychologist Peter Underwood, "I do not believe in individual survival after death".The main trance controls of <mask> were known as "Abdul Latif" and "Uvani". In 1934 <mask> voluntarily submitted herself to an analysis by the psychologist William Brown and by word-association tests by the psychical researcher Whately Carington. The tests had proven that her controls were secondary personalities from her subconscious, organised around repressed material. The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington with his colleagues also examined the trance controls in many séance sittings. They utilised instruments to measure everything from galvanic skin response to blood pressure and concluded from the results that the controls were nothing more than secondary personalities of <mask> and there was no spirits or telepathy involved. <mask> regarded her trance controls as "principles of the subconscious" formed by her own inner needs. She founded the Parapsychology Foundation in New York City in 1951.<mask> founded the Creative Age Press publishing house, which she later sold to Farrar, Straus and Young. She also edited Tomorrow magazine. <mask> died after a long illness on 15 September 1970, in Nice, France. Clairvoyance tests

<mask> took part in "clairvoyance" tests. One of the tests was organized by <mask> at Duke University in 1933 which involved Zener cards. Certain symbols that were placed on the cards and sealed in an envelope, and participants were asked to guess their contents. She performed poorly and later criticized the tests by claiming the cards lacked a psychic energy called "energy stimulus" and that she could not perform clairvoyance to order.The parapsychologist Samuel Soal and his colleagues tested <mask> in May 1937. Most of the experiments were carried out in the Psychological Laboratory at the University College London. A total of over 12,000 guesses were recorded but <mask> failed to produce above chance level. In his report Soal wrote:

In the case of Mrs. <mask> we fail to find the slightest confirmation of Dr. J. B. Rhine's remarkable claims relating to her alleged powers of extra-sensory perception. Not only did she fail when I took charge of the experiments, but she failed equally when four other carefully trained experimenters took my place. The experiments of Rhine and the Zener cards used in the 1930s were discovered to contain procedural errors and flaws, the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories.Science writer Terence Hines has written "the methods used to prevent subjects from gaining hints and clues as to the design on the cards were far from adequate." Leonard Zusne and <mask> wrote "the keeping of records in Rhine's experiments was inadequate. Sometimes, the subject would help with the checking of his or her calls against the order of cards. In some long-distance telepathy experiments, the order of the cards passed through the hands of the percipient before it got from Rhine to the agent." Controversy

On 7 October 1930 it was claimed by spiritualists that <mask> made contact with the spirit of Herbert Carmichael Irwin at a séance held with Harry Price at the National Laboratory of Psychical Research two days after the R101 disaster, while attempting to contact the then recently deceased Arthur Conan Doyle, and discussed possible causes of the accident. The event "attracted worldwide attention", thanks to the presence of a reporter. Major Oliver Villiers, a friend of Brancker, Scott, Irwin, Colmore and others aboard the airship, participated in further séances with <mask>, at which he claimed to have contacted both Irwin and other victims.Price did not come to any definite conclusion about <mask> and the séances:

It is not my intention to discuss if the medium were really controlled by the discarnate entity of Irwin, or whether the utterances emanated from her subconscious mind or those of the sitters. "Spirit" or "trance personality" would be equally interesting explanations – and equally remarkable. There is no real evidence for either hypothesis. But it is not my intention to discuss hypotheses, but rather to put on record the detailed account of a remarkably interesting and thought-provoking experiment. In 1978, paranormal writer <mask>. Fuller wrote a book claiming that Irwin had spoken through <mask>. This claim has been questioned. Magician <mask> analyzed the mediumship of <mask> and the paranormal claims of R101 and considered her to be a fraud.According to Booth, <mask>'s notes and writings show she followed the building of the R101 and she may have been given aircraft blueprints from a technician from the aerodrome. However, Melvin Harris, a researcher who studied the original scripts from the case, wrote that no secret accomplice was needed as the information described in <mask>'s séances were "either commonplace, easily absorbed bits and pieces, or plain gobbledegook. The so-called secret information just doesn't exist." Harris discovered that the original scripts of the séances did not contain any secret information and spiritualist writers such as Fuller had fabricated and misinterpreted content from these scripts. When experts and veteran pilots were shown the scripts they declared the information to be incorrect and technically empty. <mask>, who had interviewed witnesses and wrote an 80,000-word report on the case, concluded that the information from the séance was valueless, and that one should "best forget the psychic side of R-101; it's a dead duck— absolutely!" Publications

 My Life as a Search for the Meaning of Mediumship (1938)
 Telepathy in Search of a Lost Faculty (1941)
 Adventures in the Supernormal: A Personal Memoir (1949)
 The Sense and Nonsense of Prophecy  (1950)
 Does Man Survive Death (1951)
 Many Voices: The Autobiography of a Medium (1968)

References

Further reading

 Whately Carington.(1934). The Quantitative Study of Trance Personalities. Part 1. Preliminary Studies. Mrs. <mask>, Rudi Schneider, Mrs. Leonard. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 42: 173-240. Harold Grier McCurdy.(1961). The Personal World: An Introduction to the Study of Personality. Harcourt, Brace & World. External links
 Parapsychology Foundation founded by <mask> J<mask>

1893 births
1970 deaths
Clairvoyants
Deaths from bone cancer
Irish psychics
Irish spiritual mediums
Parapsychologists
People from County Meath

masks:
Eileen Jeanette Vancho Lyttle Garrett
Garrett
Joseph Rhine
Garrett
Garrett
John Booth
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Jan Ehrenwald
Garrett
Garrett
Eileen Coly
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Joseph Rhine
Garrett
Garrett
Eileen Garrett
Warren Jones
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
John G
Garrett
John Booth
Garrett
Garrett
Garrett
Archie Jarman
Garrett
Eileen
. Garrett


title: Sathyan Anthikad

texts:
<mask> is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and lyricist best known for his family dramas in Malayalam cinema. <mask> has created many critical and commercially successful films, especially when working with Sreenivasan as the scriptwriter. <mask> made his debut with the 1982 film Kurukkante Kalyanam. His popular films include T. P. Balagopalan M.A. (1986),  Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam  (1986), Gandhinagar 2nd Street (1986), Nadodikkattu (1987),  Pattanapravesham (1988), Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu (1988), Varavelpu (1989), Artham (1989), Mazhavilkavadi (1989),  Kalikkalam (1990), Sasneham (1990), Sandesam (1991), Ennum Nanmakal (1991), My Dear Muthachan (1992), Santhanagopalam (1994), No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North (1995), Thooval Kottaram (1996), Irattakuttikalude Achan (1997), Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal (1999), Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal (2000), Yathrakarude Sradhakku (2002), Manassinakkare (2003), Achuvinte Amma (2005), Rasatanthram (2006), Oru Indian Pranayakadha (2013), and Njan Prakashan (2018). <mask>'s films have won 5 Kerala State Film Awards, and Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam at the 48th National Film Awards.He also won 2 Filmfare Awards for Best Director for Thooval Kottaram and Manassinakkare. Actors Mohanlal, Sreenivasan and Jayaram embodied the typical <mask> Anthikkad protagonist in most of the films. On the other hand, <mask> <mask> had tried making movies in different genres as well but because of their moderate success rate at the box-office he hasn't pursued to make more of them. Some of his such films include Pappan Priyappetta Pappan (1986), Samooham (1993),  Pingami (1994) and Oral Mathram (1997) with the exception being Artham (1989) which was a commercial success at the box-office. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born to M. V. Krishnan and M. K. Kalyani at Anthikad in Thrissur district of Kerala state. He is married to Nimmi <mask> and has three sons, Arun, Anoop and Akhil. Anoop and Akhil have been assistant directors at Malayalam film industry and have also directed independent documentaries.Anoop debuted as an independent director with Varane Avashyamund (2020 Malayalam movie) starring Shobhana, Suresh Gopi, Dulquer Salmaan & Kalyani Priyadarshan. Career
In 1973, <mask> debuted as an assistant director to Dr. Balakrishnan in Rekha Cine Arts. He was the Associate Director of director P. Chandrakumar for more than twenty films till 1982. He also assisted director Jeassy in few films. <mask> kickstarted his film direction with Kurukkante Kalyanam in 1982. The legend has it that he started shooting his first film in 1981, named Chamayam. Due to some unfortunate series of events this movie was never completed.He teamed up with Sreenivasan and made some of the most memorable films in Malayalam film history, with Sreenivasan as the screenwriter. Thalayanamanthram, Nadodikkattu and Sandesam are some of the films born from this team, covering socially relevant matters with a comic touch. Sathyan made two novels into films: Appunni starring Mohanlal (a film adaptation of V. K. N.'s novel) and Irattakkuttikalude Achan starring Jayaram and Manju Warrier (an adaptation of C. V. Balakrishnan's novel). Of late, he has ventured into screenwriting and made films like Rasathanthram, Vinodayathra, Innathe Chintha Vishayam and Bhagyadevatha, with credits of story, dialogues and screenplay. He is a favourite of family filmgoers because of his selection of plots in family-life backgrounds with social relevance and because of his comedic tastes. Recurring collaborators
<mask> Anthikad often includes certain actors and technicians more than once in his films. Innocent holds the record of working in maximum films with <mask> Anthikad.He rarely makes movies without Innocent in the cast. Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Mamukkoya, Nedumudi Venu and K. P. A. C. Lalitha are common cast in his films. His association with screenwriter and actor Sreenivasan's is one of the most successful combinations in Malayalam cinema which has given evergreen movies such as Nadodikakattu, Gandhi Nagar Second Street etc. Among the lead actors, he has worked with Mohanlal the most, 19 films, closely followed by Jayaram. The trio of <mask>, Mohanlal and Sreenivasan have produced some of the most memorable hits in Malayalam cinema. He has teamed up with Mammootty for 8 films. . He has also cast Urvashi  in his seven films, Shobhana in five films, Meera Jasmine in four films
and  Manju Warrier teamed up with him in three films

Either Vipin Mohan or Venu has served as cinematographer for almost all of Anthikkad's films.Editor K Rajagopal has edited all Sathyan Anthikad movies since the 80's. Johnson has provided music for most all his films till Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal. Their combination is said to be one of the most successful in Malayalam film history. Many memorable songs and film scores of nineties emerged from this combo. In Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal, Anthikkad roped in one of his favourite composers Ilaiyaraaja to compose music. However, he returned to Johnson himself for his next films Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka and Yathrakarude Sradhakku. He again brought back Ilaiyaraja in Manassinakkare, as Johnson took a sabbatical from film scoring.For the film Oru Indian Pranayakatha(2013) he roped  Vidyasagar for composing the music. It was followed by Ennum Eppozhum and Jomonte Suvisheshangal.In 2018 <mask> <mask> collaborated with music director Shaan Rahman for the film Njan Prakashan, the film also remarks the reunion of   <mask> <mask> and Sreenivasan combo after 16 years. Books
<mask> <mask> has authored a few books, including Eeswaran Mathram Sakshi, Shesham Vellithirayil and Aathmaavinte Adikkurippukal. Eeswaran Mathram Sakshi received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour in 2019. Filmography

Awards

References

External links
 <mask> Anthikkad in MMDb

 Weblokam articles by <mask> Anthikkad

Living people
People from Thrissur district
Malayalam film directors
Kerala State Film Award winners
Malayalam screenwriters
Filmfare Awards South winners
Writers from Thrissur
Film directors from Thrissur
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Screenwriters from Kerala
Year of birth missing (living people)
Male actors in Malayalam cinema

masks:
Sathyan Anthikad
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Anthikad
Sathyan
Anthikad
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Sathyan
Anthikad
Sathyan
Anthikad
Sathyan
Anthikad
Sathyan
Sathyan