title: Cato the Younger

texts:
 praetorship, and other privileges, all of which he stubbornly refused as unlawful honours. Caesar's civil war

The triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was broken in 54 BC at the same time as <mask>'s election as praetor. Judging their enemy in trouble, <mask> and the Optimates faction of the senate spent the coming years trying to force a break between Pompey and Caesar.It was a time of political turmoil, when popular figures such as Publius Clodius Pulcher tried to advance the cause of the common people of Rome, going so far as abandoning his patrician status to become a plebeian. As a leading spokesman for the Optimate cause, <mask> stood against them all in defense of the traditional privileges of the aristocracy. The following year, in 52 BC, <mask> ran for the office of consul, which he lost. <mask> accepted the loss, but refused to run a second time. In 49 BC, <mask> called for the senate to formally relieve Caesar of his proconsular command, which he viewed as having expired, and to order Caesar's return to Rome as a civilian and thus without proconsular legal immunity. Pompey had blocked all previous attempts at ordering Caesar back to Rome but had grown concerned with Caesar's growing political influence and popularity with the plebs. With the tacit support of Pompey, Cato successfully passed a resolution ending Caesar's proconsular command.Caesar made numerous attempts to negotiate, at one point even conceding to give up all but one of his provinces and legions, allowing him to retain his immunity while diminishing his authority. This concession satisfied Pompey, but <mask>, along with the consul Lentulus, refused to back down. Faced with the alternatives of returning to Rome for the inevitable trial and retiring into voluntary exile, Caesar crossed into Italy with only one legion, implicitly declaring war on the senate. Caesar crossed the Rubicon accompanied by the XIII Legion to take power from the senate in the same way that Sulla had done in the past. Formally declared an enemy of the state, Caesar pursued the Senatorial party, now led by Pompey, who abandoned the city to raise arms in Greece. <mask> was sent to Sicily to secure control of the grain supply. After securing control of Italy, Caesar sent the praetor Gaius Scribonius Curio with four legions to Sicily.<mask>'s garrison was insufficient to withstand a force of this magnitude; he abandoned the island and went to Greece to join Pompey. After first reducing Caesar's army at the siege battle of Dyrrhachium, where <mask> commanded the port, the army led by Pompey was ultimately defeated by Caesar in the Battle of Pharsalus. (<mask> was not present during the battle, Pompey had left him in command of Dyrrhachium). <mask> and Metellus Scipio, however, did not concede defeat and escaped to the province of Africa with fifteen cohorts to continue resistance from Utica. Caesar, after a delay in Egypt, pursued <mask> and Metellus Scipio. In February 46 BC the outnumbered Caesarian legions defeated the army led by Metellus Scipio at the Battle of Thapsus. Death

In Utica, <mask> did not participate in the battle and, unwilling to live in a world led by Caesar and refusing even implicitly to grant Caesar the power to pardon him, he committed suicide in April 46 BC.That night, <mask> sat and read Plato's Phaedo. He then called for his sword to be brought to him. According to Plutarch, <mask> attempted to kill himself by stabbing himself with his sword, but failed to do so due to an injured hand. Plutarch wrote:

Plutarch wrote that, on hearing of his death in Utica, Caesar commented, "<mask>, I grudge you your death, as you would have grudged me the preservation of your life." Starting with Pliny the Elder, later writers sometimes refer to <mask> the Younger as "<mask> Uticensis" ("the Utican"). In doing so they apply to him a type of cognomen that was normally awarded to generals who earned a triumph in a foreign war and brought a large territory under Roman influence (e.g., Scipio Africanus). Such names were honorific titles that the senate only granted for the most spectacular victories.Reference to <mask> as "Uticensis" is presumably meant to glorify him by portraying his suicide at Utica as a great victory over Caesar's tyranny. Legacy and reception

Antiquity
<mask>, who upheld the strong traditional Roman principles, was remembered particularly well. His suicide was seen as a symbol for those who followed the conservative, Optimate principles of the traditional Roman. <mask> is remembered as a follower of Stoicism and was one of the most active defenders of the Republic. The Stoics, from at least the time of Chrysippus onward, taught that the wise man should engage in politics if nothing prevents him. <mask>'s high moral standards and incorruptible virtue gained him several followers—of whom Marcus Favonius was the most well known—as well as praise even from his political enemies, such as Sallust—one of the sources for the anecdote about Caesar and <mask>'s sister. Sallust also wrote a comparison between <mask> and Caesar.Caesar, <mask>'s long-time rival, was praised for his mercy, compassion, and generosity, and <mask>, for his discipline, rigidity, and moral integrity. One should, however, consider which of these men Sallust found the more appealing. After <mask>'s death, both pro- and anti-Cato treatises appeared; among them Cicero wrote a panegyric, entitled Cato, to which Caesar, who never forgave him for all the obstructions, answered with his Anti-Cato. Caesar's pamphlet has not survived, but some of its contents may be inferred from Plutarch's Life of Cato, which repeats many of the stories that Caesar put forward in his Anti-Cato. Plutarch specifically mentions the accounts of <mask>'s close friend Munatius Rufus and the later Neronian senator Thrasea Paetus as references used for parts of his biography of <mask>. While Caesar proclaimed clemency towards all, he never forgave <mask>. This stance was something that others in the anti-Caesarian camp would remember, including <mask>'s nephew and posthumous son-in-law Brutus.Republicans under the Empire remembered him fondly, and the poet Virgil, writing under Augustus, made <mask> a hero in his Aeneid. Whilst it was not particularly safe to praise <mask>, Augustus did tolerate and appreciate <mask>. Whilst one might argue that heaping posthumous praise on Cato highlights one's opposition to the new shape of Rome without directly challenging Augustus, it was actually later generations who were more able to embrace the role model of <mask> without the fear of prosecution. Certainly under Nero, the resurgence of republican ambitions, with Cato as their ideal, ended in death for such figures as Seneca and Lucan, but Cato continued nevertheless as a righteous ideal for generations to come. Lucan, writing under Nero, also made <mask> the hero of the later books of his epic Pharsalia. From the latter work originates the epigram  ("The conquering cause pleased the gods, but the conquered cause pleased Cato", Lucan 1.128). Other Imperial authors, such as Horace, the Tiberian authors Velleius Paterculus and Valerius Maximus along with Lucan and Seneca in the 1st century AD, and later authors, such as Appian and Dio, celebrated the historical importance of <mask> the Younger in their own writings.Middle Ages
In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, <mask> is portrayed as the guardian of the mountain of Purgatory (Cantos I–II). <mask> is one of the two pagans presented by Dante in Purgatorio, the other being Statius. Whilst <mask>'s suicide warranted a placement of his soul in the seventh circle of Hell, Dante bases his decision to place <mask> in Purgatory on Roman ethics instead of Christian ethics. Since <mask> was a follower of stoicism, he represents leading a virtuous life free from sin. Hence, <mask> embodies the cardinal virtues and is referred to as an analogue of God by Dante. To Dante, <mask>'s suicide was a sacrifice for a just cause because he sought to preserve the freedom of the Roman Republic. Given his imperfect actions, <mask> is not allowed into Purgatory proper; he instead exists on the shores of the "High Mount" in part of ante-purgatory.<mask> appears in Purgatorio not as a soul who is purifying himself of their sins but holds a more administrative role in the realm. Here, Cato welcomes the new souls who arrive on the shores of Purgatory in an angel-led ship. <mask> is depicted as a solitary old man and a figure of reverence. Contrary to his unkempt depiction in Lucan's Pharsalia, <mask>'s appearance in Divine Comedy is carefully designed to be enclosed in light. References to the four holy stars on Cato's beard strengthen his association with the cardinal virtues. At the shores of Mount Purgatory, Cato sternly questions the pilgrim's and Virgil's intentions as they are breaking the rules of the world by being here. After Virgil convinces Cato of their journey, Cato imparts geographical information on Mount Purgatory to the pilgrim and Virgil before promptly disappearing, preparing Dante the pilgrim for the climb of Mount Purgatory.In Canto II, <mask> urges Virgil and the pilgrim to make haste and ascend to Mount Purgatory. Early Modernity (1500-1800)
The 16th century French writer and philosopher Michel de Montaigne was fascinated by the example of <mask>, the incident being mentioned in multiple of his Essais, above all in Du Jeune Caton in Book I. Whether the example of <mask> was a potential ethical model  or a simply unattainable standard troubled him in particular, <mask> proving to be Montaigne's favoured role-model in the earlier Essais before he later chose to follow the example of Socrates instead. <mask> was lionized during the republican revolutions of the Enlightenment. Joseph Addison's famous play Cato, a Tragedy, first staged on April 14, 1713, celebrated <mask> as a martyr to the republican cause. Based on the last days of <mask> the Younger, it deals with such themes as individual liberty vs. government tyranny, republicanism vs. monarchism, logic vs. emotion and Cato's personal struggle to cleave to his beliefs in the face of death. The play was a popular and critical success: it was staged more than 20 times in London alone, and it was published across 26 editions before the end of the century.This play had a great influence on George Washington, who often quoted it and arranged to have it performed at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777–1778 in spite of a Congressional ban on such performances. Portuguese Romantic poet Almeida Garrett also wrote a tragedy titled Catão (Cato), featuring the last days of <mask>'s life and his struggle against Julius Caesar, a fight between virtue (Cato) and vice (Caesar), democracy (Cato) and tyranny (Caesar). In the 18th century, several distinguished composers set to music the Metastasio libretto, Catone in Utica, among them, Leonardo Leo, Leonardo Vinci, J. C. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Handel, Paisiello, Jommelli, Johann Adolf Hasse and Piccinni, in two versions. A collection of letters on the topic of republicanism were published in the early 18th century under the title <mask>'s Letters, using <mask> as a pseudonym. The libertarian Cato Institute think tank was later named after this work. The death of <mask> (La mort de Caton d'Utique) was a popular theme in revolutionary France, being sculpted by Philippe-Laurent Roland (1782) and painted by Bouchet Louis André Gabriel, Bouillon Pierre, and Guérin Pierre Narcisse in 1797. The title-page of the third book ("Of Morals") of David Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature features an epigraph from Lucan's Pharsalia (Book IX) which serves as the prelude to <mask>'s celebrated speech at the oracle of Jupiter Ammon – a speech that was taken by Hume and other thinkers of the Enlightenment to be an exemplar of freethinking.The sculpture of Cato by Jean-Baptiste Roman and François Rude from 1832 stands in the Musée du Louvre. Late Modernity (1800-1900)

In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Clerval, in an attempt to comfort his friend dismayed over the recent news of his young brother William's murder, remarks to Frankenstein that "even Cato wept over the dead body of his brother". Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick refers to Cato in the first paragraph: "With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship". Contemporary media
<mask> is a major character in several novels of Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series. He is portrayed as a stubborn alcoholic with strong moral values, though he is prepared to transgress these beliefs if it means the destruction of his mortal enemy, Caesar. Cato also appears in Thornton Wilder's highly fictionalized Ides of March, where Cato is described by Caesar as one of "four men whom I most respect in Rome" but who "regard me with mortal enmity". Cato also appears as a major character in Robert Harris' Imperium and Lustrum novels, appearing as a heroic guardian of republican virtues, foreseeing Caesar's aggregation of power as perilous for the long-term stability of Rome.<mask> is a major and continuing character in the SPQR historical mystery novels by John Maddox Roberts, where he is portrayed as an impressive but rather tedious figure. In the television series Rome, <mask>, played by actor Karl Johnson, is a significant character, although he is shown as somewhat older than his actual age (mid-40s) at the time. In the 2002 miniseries Julius Caesar, <mask> as played by Christopher Walken is depicted as much older than he was, seen as a major figure in the senate when Caesar is just a young man, although Caesar was five years older than Cato. <mask> was featured in the BBC docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. See also
 Porcia gens

References
 Citations

 Sources

 Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro. The Romans: From Village to Empire. 2nd ed.New York: Oxford UP (2012): 220, 243
 Badian, E. "M. Porcius Cato and the Annexation and Early Administration of Cyprus", JRS, 55 (1965): 110–121. Bellemore, J., "Cato the Younger in the East in 66 BC", Historia, 44.3 (1995): 376–9
 Earl, D.C. The Political Thought of Sallust, Cambridge, 1961. Fantham, E., "Three Wise Men and the End of the Roman Republic", "Caesar Against Liberty? ", ARCA (43), 2003: 96–117. Fehrle, R. <mask> Uticensis, Darmstadt, 1983. Goar, R. The Legend of Cato Uticensis from the First Century BC to the Fifth Century AD, Bruxelles, 1987.Gordon, H. L. "The Eternal Triangle, First Century B.C. ", The Classical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 8. (May, 1933), pp. 574–578
 Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. .
 Marin, P. "<mask> the Younger: Myth and Reality", Ph.D. (unpublished), UCD, 2005
 Marin, P. Blood in the Forum: The Struggle for the Roman Republic, London: Hambledon Continuum, (April) 2009
 Marin, P. The Myth of Cato from Cicero to the Enlightenment (forthcoming)
 Nadig, Peter."Der jüngere Cato und ambitus", in: Peter Nadig, Ardet Ambitus, Untersuchungen zum Phänomen der Wahlbestechungen in der römischen Republik, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1997 (Prismata VI), S. 85–94,
 Plutarch. <mask> the Younger. Syme, R., "A Roman Post-Mortem", Roman Papers I, Oxford, 1979
 Taylor, Lily Ross. Party Politics in the Age of Caesar, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1971, . Further reading

 Drogula, F.K. (2019). <mask> the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic.New York: Oxford University Press

External links

1st-century BC Romans
95 BC births
46 BC deaths
Ancient Roman politicians who committed suicide
Correspondents of <mask> Uticensis, Marcus
Senators of the Roman Republic
Suicides by sharp instrument
Suicides in Tunisia
Optimates
Family of Servilia (mother of

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title: Edward St John

type: original

texts:
<mask> QC (pr: Sinj'n) (15 August 191624 October 1994) was a prominent Australian barrister, anti-nuclear activist and Liberal politician in the 1960s. His political career came to a controversial end after he criticised the Prime Minister <mask>. His book A Time to Speak was an account of his eventful three years in politics from 1966 to 1969. Justice Michael Kirby described <mask> John as a "contradictory, restless, reforming spirit". Early life
Born in Boggabri, New South Wales, <mask> was one of eight children of a Church of England canon and a descendant of many famous <mask> Johns, including <mask>, who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a close friend of Cardinal <mask>, and <mask>, a statesman and judge who challenged the legality of Charles I's Ship Money tax. <mask> was educated at state schools before attending the University of Sydney. His older brother was Anglican churchman <mask>.Career
<mask> became a barrister in 1940 and served in the 2nd AIF in Australia, the Middle East and the New Guinea campaign between 1940 and 1945 during World War II. Upon his return he was a law lecturer at the University of Sydney. In 1959 he was an official observer at the South African Treason Trial in Pretoria. He served in 1960 as a member of the Malta Constitutional Commission. In 1966, before entering parliament, he was an acting judge of the Supreme Court on NSW. He was also President of the Australian Section of the International Commission of Jurists. In November 1966 <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives as the Liberal member for the safe seat of Warringah.As a barrister, <mask> John successfully defended Richard Walsh, editor of the satirical magazine Oz at the first Oz obscenity trial in 1964. Of his last two major cases he successfully defended Thomas and Alexander Barton, two company directors charged with a series of alleged offences in which Barton company shareholders lost millions of dollars. The prosecutor for the NSW Corporate Affairs Commission was Tom Hughes QC, a former Liberal Attorney-General. The other was a major action arising out of the Chelmsford Hospital scandal. Controversies
<mask> John’s maiden speech before the House of Representatives on 16 May 1967 was remarkable for not being, as is usual, a paean to the beauties of the electorate, the civic pride of its inhabitants and the aims of its new representative. Instead, he criticised, in forthright terms, the conduct and findings of the Royal Commission into the Voyager disaster, calling for a second inquiry. Even more remarkably, and against all precedent, he was interrupted by an interjection from the Prime Minister – his own party leader – Harold Holt.He had effectively sacrificed his parliamentary career, but there was a second Royal Commission, largely vindicating his stand. He irritated the Government. In a debate on the new General Dynamics F-111 aircraft the Minister for Air, Gordon Freeth, said of <mask> John:
From this honourable gentleman emanates an odour of sanctity in this House which is quite nauseating. He has come here fairly recently with all the benefits of his party's endorsement for one of the safest electorates in Australia, and in this comfortable security he has been quick, very quick, to cash in on every opportunity to secure for himself a headline—always available to any member who attacks his own party. He has used this regardless of the political consequences to his own less comfortably situated colleagues. He does this with an air of the highest virtue, always proclaiming his anguish, as he did last night. On 20 March 1969, he embarrassed his party by criticising the behaviour of Prime Minister <mask>, claiming that he had offended American ambassador Crook by turning up at 1 am at the American embassy, after a late press-gallery dinner, with journalist Geraldine Willesee, the 19-year-old daughter of Labor Senator Don Willesee.Labor Senator Lionel Murphy sent a message to the House suggesting that <mask> John's comments were an inappropriate breach of the Prime Minister's privacy. <mask> John's view was that Gorton was inadequate in character, training and temperament to be prime minister, and claimed that he was not the only one dissatisfied with Gorton. However, no other party members supported him. Ms Willesee issued a statutory declaration stating that she talked with Gorton on Vietnam and politics, the two were always in mixed company throughout the morning. Gorton's wife Bettina supported her husband by sending a poem to the press gallery, referring to <mask> as "the member with the Serpent's tongue". There were moves within the Liberal Party to expel him and remove his endorsement for the coming election. Despite maintaining the support of his local electorate conference delegates, <mask> John resigned his endorsement to contest Warringah on 28 March 1969, and sometime in April resigned from the party to sit as an independent.He contested Warringah as an independent at the October 1969 election, but finished third on 20.62%, having lost more than half of his primary vote from 1966. His book about these turbulent times, A Time to Speak, was published just before the elections. During his time as an MP he spoke in parliament on many matters. He spoke in support of the Vietnam war and military conscription. He urged the development of nuclear power capacity for peaceful purposes and for deterrent purposes in case of war. After his defeat he took up an interest in mining. In 1970 he was managing director (later chairman) of prospecting company Mount Mejack Minerals Pty Ltd, and a director of its related nickel exploration company, Meekatharra Minerals NL.Activism
<mask> was a member of the conservative Association of Cultural Freedom and a friend of activist journalist B. A. Santamaria. Despite this conservatism, he set up the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa for victims of apartheid; and his election to parliament had been firmly opposed by the Australian League of Rights. <mask> helped establish global principles of the rule of law at successive meetings of the International Commission of Jurists in Bangkok, Rio de Janeiro and New Delhi, a non-governmental international human rights organisation. As an environmentalist he led the campaign against the flooding of Lake Pedder, which was dammed in 1972. After leaving politics for himself he supported Peter Garrett's Nuclear Disarmament Party candidature for the Australian Senate in 1984, which almost succeeded. Over the last decade of his life he campaigned for nuclear disarmament and peace.In 1984 he and the poet Les Murray jointly composed "The Universal Prayer for Peace: A Prayer for the Nuclear Age". A founding member of Australian Lawyers for Nuclear Disarmament in the same year, he was instrumental in its affiliation to the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms. In the mid-1980s he co-founded and chaired the Australian Peace Foundation. Inspired by his New Zealand colleague Harold Evans, he was a leading supporter of the World Court Project (WCP), through which his last quest was to ask the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the criminality of nuclear weapons. From 1985 <mask> began writing his major work, an anti-nuclear book Judgment at Hiroshima, with some research assistance from Elizabeth Handsley but died before publication. A Japanese edition appeared in 1995 to coincide with the 50th anniversaries of the atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. His widow Valerie released the English version two years later with copies distributed to research libraries in Australia and overseas.Personal life
In 1940 <mask> John married Frenchwoman Sylvette Cargher, who died by suicide in 1954. They had two daughters: Madeleine and Colette. Madeleine became a successful yet reclusive writer who was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. In 1955 he married Valerie Winslow, who died in 2010. They had three sons: Oliver, <mask> (Ed) and Patrick. Death
<mask> John died on 24 October 1994. His funeral was held in St Luke's Anglican Church, Mosman.The address was given by Justice Michael Kirby, who recalled <mask> John's relationship to Oliver Cromwell:
In his blood, as he told the House of Representatives in 1967, were the genes of <mask> <mask> who defended <mask> when he refused to pay ship money to King Charles I. Oliver married into the Cromwell family. An obituary titled "A crusader who put his party second" was published in The Sydney Morning Herald on 26 October 1994, and another, "Maverick Liberal caused a storm", by Mungo MacCallum, was published in The Australian on 1 November 1994. References

1916 births
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title: Nina Hagen

texts:
Catharina "<mask>" <mask> (; born 11 March 1955) is a German singer, songwriter, and actress. She is known for her theatrical vocals and rose to prominence during the punk and new wave movements in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Born in the former East Berlin, German Democratic Republic, <mask> began her career as an actress when she appeared in several German films alongside her mother <mask>. Around that same time, she joined the band Automobil and released the single "Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen”. After her stepfather Wolf Biermann's East German citizenship was withdrawn in 1976, <mask> followed him to Hamburg. Shortly afterwards, she was offered a record deal from CBS Records and formed the <mask> Hagen Band. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1978 to critical acclaim and was a commercial success selling over 250,000 copies.The band released one more album, Unbehagen, before their break-up in 1979. In 1982, <mask> signed a new contract with CBS and released her debut solo album NunSexMonkRock, which became her first record to chart in the United States. She followed it with two more albums: Fearless (1983) and <mask> in Ekstasy (1985), before her contract with CBS expired and was not renewed. In 1989, she was offered a record deal from Mercury Records. She released three albums on the label: <mask> (1989), Street (1991), and Revolution Ballroom (1993). However, none of the albums achieved notable commercial success. <mask> made her musical comeback with the release of her album Return of the Mother (2000).Besides her musical career, <mask> is also a voice-over actress. She wrote three autobiographies: Ich bin ein Berliner (1988), <mask>: That's Why the Lady Is a Punk (2003), and Bekenntnisse (2010). She is also noted for her human and animal rights activism. Life and career

1955–1976: Early life and career beginnings

<mask> was born in what was then East Berlin, East Germany, the daughter of <mask> (also known as Hans Oliva-<mask>), a scriptwriter, and Eva-Maria <mask> (née Buchholz), an actress and singer. Her father Hans survived the Holocaust, being held as a prisoner at a prison in Moabit between 1941 to 1945 until the liberation by the Soviet Army. Her paternal grandfather Hermann Carl <mask>, who was Jewish, was murdered at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on May 28, 1942, at age 56. Hedwig Elise Caroline Staadt, <mask>'s paternal grandmother, was also murdered at Sachsenhausen.<mask>'s maternal grandfather Fritz Buchholz died during World War II. Her parents divorced when she was two years old. During her childhood, she saw her father infrequently. At age four, she began to study ballet, and she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. When <mask> was 11, her mother married Wolf Biermann, an anti-establishment singer-songwriter. Biermann's political views later influenced young <mask>. <mask> left school at age sixteen and went to Poland, where she began her career.She later returned to Germany and joined the cover band Fritzens Dampferband ("Fritzen's Steamboat Band"), together with Achim Mentzel and others. She added songs by Janis Joplin and Tina Turner to the "allowable" set lists during shows. From 1972 to 1973, <mask> enrolled in the crash course performance program at The Central Studio for Light Music in East Berlin. Upon graduating, she joined the band Automobil. In East Germany, she performed with the band Automobil, becoming one of the country's best-known young stars. Her most famous song from the early part of her career was "Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen (You Forgot the Colour Film)", with words by Kurt Demmler to music by Michael Heubach, a subtle dig mocking the sterile, gray, Communist state, in 1974. <mask> performed comic songs like "Hatschi-Waldera" and "Was denn" in Karel Gott´s Czech TV show in Slaný.and "Wir tanzen Tango" in 1976. Her musical career in the DDR was cut short, when she and her mother left the country in 1976, following the expulsion of her stepfather. 1976–1979: Migration to West Germany and Nina Hagen Band
The circumstances surrounding the family's emigration were exceptional: Biermann was granted permission by East German authorities to perform a televised concert in Cologne, but denied permission to re-cross the border to his adopted home country. <mask> submitted an application to leave the country. In it, she claimed to be Biermann's biological daughter, and threatened to become "the next" Wolf Biermann if not allowed to rejoin her father. Just four days later her request was granted, and she settled in Hamburg, where she was signed to a CBS-affiliated record label. Her label advised her to acclimatise herself to Western culture through travel, and she arrived in London during the height of the punk rock movement.<mask> was quickly taken up by a circle that included The Slits. Back in Germany by mid-1977, <mask> formed the Nina Hagen Band in West Berlin's Kreuzberg district. In 1978 they released their self-titled debut album, Nina Hagen Band, which included the single "TV-Glotzer" (a cover of "White Punks on Dope" by The Tubes, though with entirely different German lyrics), and "Auf'm Bahnhof Zoo", about West Berlin's then-notorious Berlin Zoologischer Garten station. The album also included a version of "Rangehn" ("Go for It"), a song she had previously recorded in East Germany, but with different music. The debut album gained significant attention throughout Germany and abroad, both for its hard rock sound and for <mask>'s theatrical vocals which drew heavily from her operatic training, far different from the straightforward singing of her East German recordings. However, relations between <mask> and the other band members deteriorated over the course of the subsequent European tour, and <mask> decided to leave the band in 1979, though she was still under contract to produce a second album. This LP, Unbehagen (which in German also means "discomfort" or "unease"), was eventually produced with the band recording their tracks in Berlin and <mask> recording the vocals in Los Angeles.It included the single "African Reggae" and "Wir Leben Immer... Noch", a German language cover of Lene Lovich's "Lucky Number". The other band members, sans <mask>, soon developed a successful independent musical career as Spliff. Meanwhile, <mask>'s public persona was steadily creating media uproar. She became infamous for an appearance on an Austrian evening talk show called Club 2, on 9 August 1979, on the topic of youth culture, when she demonstrated (while clothed, but explicitly) various female masturbation positions and became embroiled in a heated argument with other panelists, in particular, writer and journalist Humbert Fink. The talk show host, Dieter Seefranz, had to step down following this controversy. She also acted with Dutch rocker Herman Brood and singer Lene Lovich in the 1979 film Cha Cha. Brood and <mask> would have a long romantic relationship that would end when <mask> could no longer tolerate Brood's drug abuse.She would refer to Brood as her "soulmate" long after Brood committed suicide in 2001. 1980–1988: International breakthrough

A European tour with a new band in 1980 was cancelled, and <mask> turned to the United States. A limited-edition 10-inch EP was released on vinyl that summer in the U.S. Two songs from her first album Nina Hagen Band were on the A side, and two songs from her second album Unbehagen were on the B-side. All four songs were sung in German, although two had English titles and the other two were covers of English-language songs with new German lyrics. In late 1980, <mask> discovered she was pregnant, broke up with the father-to-be Ferdinand Karmelk, and moved to Los Angeles. Her daughter, Cosma <mask>, was born in Santa Monica on 17 June 1981. In 1982, <mask> released her first English-language album: NunSexMonkRock, a dissonant mix of punk, funk, reggae, and opera.She then went on a world tour with the No Problem Orchestra. In 1983, she released the album Angstlos and a minor European tour. By this time, <mask>'s public appearances frequently included discussions of God, UFOs, her social and political beliefs, animal rights and vivisection, and claims of alien sightings. The English version of Angstlos, Fearless, generated two major club hits in America, "Zarah" (a cover of the Zarah Leander (No. 45 USA) song "Ich weiss, es wird einmal ein Wunder geschehen") and the disco/punk/opera song, "New York New York" (No. 9 USA). During 1984 <mask> spent a lot of time in London and UK based MusicSzene magazine chief-editor Wilfried Rimensberger, in conjunction with Spree Film, produced a first TV feature on her and what was remaining from London's 70 Punk movement induced by artist and model Frankie Stein.Her 1985 album In Ekstase fared less well, but did generate club hits with "Universal Radio" (No. 39 USA) and a cover of "Spirit in the Sky" and also featured a 1979 recording of her hardcore punk take on Paul Anka's "My Way", which had been one of her signature live tunes in previous years. She performed songs from this album during the 1985 version of Rock in Rio. While in Brazil she met and befriended Brazilian musicians as diverse as samba diva Beth Carvalho and Brazilian punk singer Supla (who was leader of a punk-new wave band named Tokyo), that invited her to contribute vocals to the hit 1986 song "Garota de Berlim" (Portuguese for "girl from Berlin") that received huge airplay in radio in Brazil. To this day, Brazilians remember <mask> above all things as the Berlin Girl from Tokyo's song. Wilfried Rimensberger and award-winning film director Lothar Spree produced a TV documentary for the German television station ZDF. This was followed by a launch of <mask>'s UFO fashion underwear at anti-SAFT in Zurich, where again Rimensberger joined her up with New Romantic icon Steve Strange performing on stage.Simultaneously fashion photographer Hannes Schmid produced a <mask> cover for German Cosmopolitan magazine. This also coincided with leading music publications like BRAVO and MusicSzene running cover stories that all put <mask> back on the forefront of something that, in retrospect, became a final highpoint of what the punk movement was all about. At the end of 1986, her contract with CBS was over and she released the Punk Wedding EP independently in 1987, a celebration of her marriage to an 18-year-old punk South African nicknamed 'Iroquois'. It followed an independent 1986 one-off single with Lene Lovich, "Don't Kill the Animals" (see Animal Liberation). 1989–1994: <mask>, Street, and Revolution Ballroom
In 1989, <mask> released the album, <mask>, which was backed up by another German tour. In 1989 she had a relationship with French stylist and music manager Franck Chevalier which yielded their son, Otis Chevalier-<mask> (b. 1990).In the 1990s, <mask> lived in Paris with her daughter Cosma Shiva and son Otis. In 1991 she toured Europe in support of her new album Street. In 1992 <mask> became the host of a TV show on RTLplus. Also in the same year (1992) she collaborated with Adamski on the European smash and minor UK hit single "Get Your Body". The following year, she released Revolution Ballroom. In 1994, <mask> starred in the acclaimed San Francisco Goethe Institut's The Seven Addictions and Five Professions of Anita Berber, playing the singer version of "Anita" alongside dancer Darla Teagarden who portrayed the other "professions" of "Anita". Also, her voice was heard on the Freaky Fukin Weirdoz single "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick".1995 brought the German-language album FreuD euch, equally recorded in English as BeeHappy in 1996. <mask> returned to San Francisco to star in another San Francisco Goethe Institut show, "Hannusen, Hitler's Jewish Clarvoyant". <mask> also collaborated with electronic music composer Christopher Franke, along with Rick Palombi (credited as Rick Jude) on "Alchemy of Love", the theme song for the film Tenchi Muyo! in Love. 1995–1999

In May 1996, she married David Lynn, but divorced him in the beginning of 2000. In 1997 she collaborated with German hip hop musician Thomas D. In 1998, <mask> became the host of a weekly science fiction show on the British Sci-Fi Channel, in addition to embarking on another tour of Germany. In 1999, she released the devotional album Om Namah Shivay, which was distributed exclusively online and included an unadulterated musical version of the Hare Krishna mantra.<mask> believes that the Hindu incarnation of Lord Vishnu known as Krishna was ”the King of Jerusalem”, and sometimes refers to Krishna as "Christ". She also provided vocals to "Witness" and "Bereit" on KMFDM's Adios. Also in 1998, she recorded the official club anthem Eisern Union for 1. FC Union Berlin and four versions were issued on a CD single by G.I.B Music and Distribution GmbH. In 1999, she played the role of Celia Peachum in The Threepenny Opera by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht, alongside Max Raabe. She also regularly performs songs by Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler and Paul Dessau set to Brecht's texts. 2000–2009: Return of the Mother

In 2000, her song "Schön ist die Welt" became the official song of Expo 2000.Another cover of a Zarah Leander song "Der Wind hat mir ein Lied erzählt" was a minor hit the same year. The album Return of the Mother was released in February 2001, accompanied by another German tour. <mask>, a supporter of HIV/AIDS denialism, wrote the song "Handgrenade" on the album Return of the Mother for Christine Maggiore. In 2001 she collaborated with Rosenstolz and Marc Almond on the single "Total eclipse"/"Die schwarze Witwe" that reached No. 22 in Germany. On 14 October 2002 <mask> hit Moscow by coming there with her concert, while interviews with the eccentric singer were aired on many TV-channels. <mask> dubbed the voice of Sally in the German release of Tim Burton's The Nightmare before Christmas, Yubaba/Zeniba in Spirited Away and she has also done voice work on the movie Hot Dogs by Michael Schoemann.Due to the death of Elisabeth Volkmann (†2006), the German voice of Marge, during the dubbing of the hit TV show "The Simpsons" 17th season, <mask> was a strong contender for the role, which eventually went to Anke Engelke. <mask> has been featured on songs by other bands, for instance on Oomph! 's song "Fieber". She did a cover of Rammstein's "Seemann" with Apocalyptica. Later albums include Big Band Explosion (2003), in which she sang numerous swing covers with her then husband, Danish singer and performer, Lucas Alexander. This was followed by Heiß, a greatest hits album. The following album, Journey to the Snow Queen, is more of an audio book – she reads the Snow Queen fairy tale with Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker in the background.In 2005 <mask> headlined the Drop Dead Festival in New York City. <mask> was an active protester against the war in Iraq. In 2006 she was a part of the Popstars team. She is a vegetarian. In August 2009 she was baptized in the Protestant Reformed church of Schüttorf. On 21 October after seven years passed she visited Moscow again. Since 2010: Personal Jesus and Volksbeat
After a four-year lapse her next album, Personal Jesus, was released 16 July 2010, followed by Volksbeat, released 11 November 2011.When Angela Merkel ended her 16-year chancellorship of Germany in December 2021, she chose <mask>'s song Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen (You forgot the colour film) as one of the three pieces to be played at her Großer Zapfenstreich military leaving ceremony.

masks:
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Eva Maria Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hans Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Shiva Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Nina
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina
Hagen
Nina Hagen
Hagen
Hagen


title: Kyle Kingsbury

texts:
<mask> (born March 22, 1982) is a retired American professional mixed martial artist. A professional competitor from 2006-2014, <mask> also formerly competed for King of the Cage and was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir. Background
<mask> attended Monta Vista High School in Cupertino, California. <mask> played high school football for the school, playing the defensive tackle position. He earned many titles such as: "Defensive Lineman of the Year" in the Santa Clara Valley League (2000), two-time first-team all-league selection (1999 and 2000), also earned second-team All-Central Coast Section honors behind first-team selection Jared Allen his senior year. <mask> was selected by the North squad for the North vs. South San Jose Charlie Wedemeyer All-Star football game, after a senior season where he racked up 53 tackles, 10 sacks and two fumble recoveries in his final year.<mask> was the captain for both his football team and his wrestling team. After graduating in 2000, <mask> attended Mesa Community College and earned his associate degree in 2003. Football career
<mask> later transferred to Arizona State University (ASU). He was a walk-on for the football team where he was a scout team member in the 2003 season and saw playing time in the 2004 season, including in ASU's 2004 Sun Bowl victory over Purdue University. Mixed martial arts

The Ultimate Fighter
<mask> fought Ryan Bader for a spot on the show, he lost to Bader by arm-triangle choke in the second round. After the discovery of two injured fighters, <mask> was brought in to replace one of them. He was picked by Antonio Nogueira's team and Nogueira called <mask> the leader of the team.In the first round of fights, Krzysztof Soszynski defeated <mask>. In the finale <mask> was matched up against Tom Lawlor. <mask> lost a unanimous decision to Lawlor at the Ultimate Fighter Finale. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against former The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir castmate Tom Lawlor. He was defeated via unanimous decision on the preliminary card at The Ultimate Fighter 8 Finale. Even though <mask> did not win any fights on TUF and did not win his debut, the UFC decided to keep him signed.At UFC 104, <mask> fought in his second UFC bout against Razak Al-Hassan. The fight went to the judges and was scored in the favor of <mask> who took a split decision. <mask> defeated Jared Hamman via unanimous decision on September 15, 2010 at UFC Fight Night 22 in a bout that earned Fight of the Night honors. <mask> improved his UFC record to 3-1 after a TKO victory over Ricardo Romero in 0:21 seconds of the first round, on February 5, 2011 at UFC 126. <mask> faced Fábio Maldonado on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale. He won the fight via unanimous decision and also earned the Fight of the Night honors for his performance. <mask> next faced Stephan Bonnar on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> fought UFC newcomer, Glover Teixeira on May 26, 2012 at UFC 146. <mask> lost the fight via submission in the first round. <mask> lost to debuting Jimi Manuwa on September 29, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 5 by TKO due to doctor stoppage. <mask> took tremendous punishment in the fight before the doctor ended the bout due to his left eye swelling shut. <mask> revealed on The MMA Hour that his orbital bone was fractured in two places but that it did not require surgery. <mask> faced Patrick Cummins on July 26, 2014 at UFC on Fox 12.He lost the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–25, and 30–24) and subsequently announced his retirement from MMA. Acting
<mask> performed motion capture for Vietnam veteran turned criminal, Lincoln Clay, in Mafia III.

masks:
Kyle Loren Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kyle
Kyle
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kyle
Kyle
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury
Kingsbury


title: Edwin van der Sar

texts:
<mask>  () (born 29 October 1970) is a Dutch football executive and former professional player who is currently the chief executive of AFC Ajax, with whom he began his senior playing career in the early 1990s; he is considered to be a member of the club's golden generation and was part of the Ajax team that won the UEFA Champions League in 1995. A goalkeeper, he left Ajax for Juventus in 1999, where he spent two years before moving to England, first to Fulham and then to Manchester United in 2005. There he won a second Champions League title in 2008, making him one of just eight players at the time to have won the competition with more than one club. He retired as a professional in 2011, but briefly came out of retirement in 2016 to play a match for Dutch amateur team VV Noordwijk, for whom he had previously played as a youth. He played 130 times for the Netherlands national team, and was the nation's most-capped player until 2017, when he was overtaken by <mask>. <mask>r is considered by critics and fellow players as one of the best goalkeepers of all time. He is also one of the most successful footballers ever, having won 26 major trophies in his career, mainly at Ajax and Manchester United.During the 2008–09 season, he set a world record by not conceding a league goal for 1,311 minutes. He is also the oldest player to win the Premier League, having done so in 2011 at the age of 40 years and 205 days. <mask> Sar has won several individual awards, including Best European Goalkeeper in 1995 and 2009, and UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year in 2009. Club career

Ajax
Born in Voorhout, <mask> Sar began his career at his hometown club, Foreholte, and then VV Noordwijk. At a relatively late age, he was brought to the attention of <mask> Gaal, and subsequently signed for Ajax. Even though he joined late he went into the reserve team and bided his time before getting his first-team call-up by <mask> Gaal. He enjoyed a long and successful stint in their senior side, winning the 1991–92 UEFA Cup (albeit only as the reserve, making no appearances in the run) and the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League (by now the starting goalkeeper), as well as the 1995 Best European Goalkeeper award, besides domestic honours.He was in goal for Ajax in the 1996 UEFA Champions League Final, but had to make do with a runner-up medal as they lost the penalty shoot-out against Juventus. He made a total of 226 appearances for Ajax, and scored a penalty for Ajax to complete an 8–1 victory over De Graafschap in the 1997–98 season. In his first full season as Ajax No. 1 he won the Dutch Football Goalkeeper of the Year, he would then go on to retain the award for the next 3 consecutive years. Juventus
In 1999, <mask> Sar's stature as one of Europe's top goalkeepers drew attention from Manchester United, who sought a replacement for Peter Schmeichel; however, <mask> Sar moved to Italian club Juventus for a fee believed to be in the region of £5 million. He made his debut for The Old Lady in the 1–1 draw with Reggina at the Stadio delle Alpi. He became the first non-Italian to keep goal for the Turin club.He was the first-choice goalkeeper during his first two seasons in Italy, making 66 Serie A appearances as Juventus finished runners-up in the league twice under Carlo Ancelotti, with the best defensive record in the league on each occasion. He performed well in his first season, winning the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup, and helping the club compete for the Serie A title. On the final day of the 1999–2000 season, however, Juventus lost to Perugia Calcio, after <mask> Sar was beaten by Alessandro Calori's volley; the result allowed Lazio to overtake Juventus and win the league title by a single point. The following season was less successful, however, as Juventus suffered a first-round exit in both the Coppa Italia and the Champions League, while <mask> Sar committed several errors, including a high-profile one in a league fixture at home against eventual Serie A champions Roma, on 6 May 2001, when he spilled Hidetoshi Nakata's shot, allowing Vincenzo Montella to tie the game 2–2; Juventus eventually finished two points behind the league champions. <mask> Sar lost his place in the summer of 2001, after the Bianconeri purchased Italian international goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from Parma for 100 billion lire (approximately £32.6 million), a world-record fee for a goalkeeper. Unwilling to remain as second-choice behind Buffon, <mask> Sar made it clear he wished to move on after two years in Serie A.

Fulham

On 1 August 2001, <mask> Sar opted to play in England and joined newly promoted Fulham in a shock move worth £7 million, signing a four-year contract. The following day, <mask> Sar was officially unveiled by Fulham, and upon his arrival, he described the move as a "nice friendly atmosphere" and that he felt "appreciated".He made his league debut on 18 August 2001 in a 2–3 away defeat against Manchester United. In total, he notched up 127 league appearances while at Fulham. In a game against Aston Villa in his final season at the club, he memorably saved two penalties from Juan Pablo Ángel in a 1–1 draw. His performances for the Cottagers caught the eye of Manchester United and the attention of Sir Alex Ferguson. Manchester United
Van <mask> Sar signed for Manchester United on 10 June 2005 for a reported fee of £2 million, although the exact transfer fee was undisclosed. Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson considers him the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Peter Schmeichel. On 5 May 2007, his penalty save from Darius Vassell helped assure a 1–0 triumph over Manchester City in the Manchester derby.The following day, Chelsea's failure to beat Arsenal at the Emirates ensured Manchester United's ninth Premier League trophy and <mask> <mask>'s first. He was also named in the 2006–07 PFA Team of the Year. Three months later, he was a catalyst in Manchester United's 16th FA Community Shield victory, as he saved three consecutive penalties in a shoot-out after Manchester United and Chelsea played to a 1–1 draw at the end of regular time. The 2007–08 season was <mask> <mask>'s best season since his arrival; he had several great performances despite a niggling groin injury. He would help United secure their second successive Premier League title on the final day and win the Champions League by saving the final penalty of the shoot-out from Nicolas Anelka. <mask> Sar signed a one-year extension to his contract with Manchester United on 12 December 2008, keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2009–10 season. On 27 January 2009, <mask> Sar helped Manchester United set a new club and Premier League record for consecutive clean sheets – the club's 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion meant that they had gone 11 games and 1,032 minutes without conceding a goal, beating the previous record of 10 matches and 1,025 minutes set by Petr Čech in the 2004–05 season.He then broke the overall English league record in the club's following game four days later, beating the previous record of 1,103 minutes, set by Steve Death of Reading in 1979. Another clean sheet, against West Ham on 8 February 2009, extended the record to 1,212 minutes, beating the British top-flight record of 1,155 minutes previously set by Aberdeen's Bobby Clark in 1971. Finally, on 18 February 2009, <mask> Sar further extended the record to 1,302 minutes, and in doing so, he broke José María Buljubasich's single-season world record of 1,289 minutes, set in the Chilean Clausura in 2005. His clean sheet record ended on 4 March, when he made an error allowing Peter Løvenkrands of Newcastle United to score after 9 minutes. In total, <mask> Sar had gone 1,311 minutes without conceding in the league. These clean sheets were a major factor in United clinching their 11th Premiership title as United won a lot of games 1–0 to clinch the title ahead of Liverpool. With a total of 21 clean sheets he also won the Barclays Golden Glove for 2008–09.However, he missed out on winning his third Champions League winners medal as United succumbed to a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Barcelona in the final of the tournament on 27 May 2009. Nevertheless, he won Best European Goalkeeper award from UEFA for the second time, 14 years after he first won it at Ajax. He was one of the five United players shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, which was ultimately given to his United teammate Ryan Giggs; however, <mask> Sar was named in the PFA Team of the Year. <mask> Sar sustained a finger injury during the Audi Cup pre-season tournament, forcing him to miss the first 12 matches of Manchester United's 2009–10 season. On 6 October 2009, <mask> Sar returned to action for United, playing 90 minutes in the reserves against Everton. On 17 October 2009, he returned to action in the first team, playing in United's 2–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers. On 21 November 2009, <mask> Sar would suffer injury again and be kept out of action for 12 games, with the combination of the Dutchman's wife suffering a brain haemorrhage just before Christmas.On 16 January 2010, <mask> Sar returned to action in a 3–0 win over Burnley. <mask> Sar signed a one-year extension to his current contract with Manchester United on 26 February 2010, keeping him at the club until at least the end of the 2010–11 season. On 23 December 2010, British press reported that Sir Alex Ferguson had confirmed <mask> <mask> would retire at the end of the 2010–11 Premier League season. Although he denied the reports at the time, <mask> Sar confirmed on 27 January 2011 it now was his intention. On 12 March, <mask> Sar was named Man of the Match against Arsenal in the FA Cup after making several fine saves. United won the match 2–0 with goals from Wayne Rooney and Fábio. He was included in the PFA Team of the Year, making his third appearance there, others in 2007 and 2008.On 22 May 2011, he played his final game at Old Trafford in a 4–2 victory over Blackpool

masks:
Edwin van der Sar
Wesley Sneder
Van der Sa
Van der
Van der
Louis van
Louis van
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
der
Van der
Sar
Van der
Sar
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Van der
Sar
Van der
Van der


title: Edwin van der Sar

texts:
 resulting in Blackpool's relegation from the Premier League. He captained United as a farewell treat. His last game for United was against Barcelona in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final on 28 May, which United lost 3–1; at 40 years, 211 days he was the oldest male player to feature in a European Cup final in the Champions League era, with Dino Zoff holding the all-time record at 41 years, 86 days, when he appeared in the 1983 European Cup Final. Following the match, <mask> <mask> retired from active football. International career
<mask> <mask> was included in the Netherlands' 1994 World Cup squad but did not play. He had to wait until 7 June 1995 for his international debut, against Belarus. He was in goal for three successive eliminations from major competitions by penalties: Euro 96, the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000.The Netherlands failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup after competing with Portugal and the Republic of Ireland and so during all of his career with the Netherlands, he had missed one tournament. 1998 World Cup
<mask> Sar backstopped the Netherlands to the semi-finals of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where they were eliminated by Brazil 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. In the third-place playoff, Netherlands lost to upstart Croatia 2–1. In the quarter-finals against Argentina, <mask> Sar confronted Ariel Ortega after Ortega received a yellow card for a dive in the penalty area; the Argentine was then sent off for headbutting <mask> Sar. Shortly after Ortega's red card, Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal in Netherlands' 2–1 victory. Euro 2000
<mask> Sar started the Netherlands' first two group games at UEFA Euro 2000, but suffered an injury in the closing stages of their 3–0 win over Denmark and was replaced by <mask> Westerveld for the final group match against France. <mask> <mask> returned for the quarter-finals, but was again replaced by Westerveld after 65 minutes, by which point the Netherlands had a 4–0 lead.<mask> Sar kept another clean sheet in the semi-final against Italy, resulting in a goalless draw after Frank de Boer and Patrick Kluivert both failed to score from the penalty spot in regulation time. The match went to a penalty shoot-out, and although <mask> Sar saved the effort from Italy captain Paolo Maldini, the Netherlands scored just one of their four kicks and lost 3–1. <mask> Sar finished the tournament without conceding a single goal, but was left out of the Team of the Tournament in favour of France's Fabien Barthez and Italy's Francesco Toldo. Euro 2004
During the penalty shoot-out after the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden, <mask> Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg, as the Netherlands won the shoot-out 5–4 and advanced to the semi-finals, where they lost to hosts Portugal. 2006 World Cup

Prior to the 2006 World Cup group match against Côte d'Ivoire, <mask> Sar had not conceded a goal in nine consecutive competitive matches. As captain of the Netherlands, he broke Frank de Boer's record of all-time caps for his country in the 2006 World Cup second-round match against Portugal. Euro 2008

On his 37th birthday, <mask> Sar was interviewed by Radio 538 and stated that he intended to retire from international football after Euro 2008.Prior to the tournament, he was instrumental in bringing an end to a long-time dispute between veteran striker Ruud <mask> and manager <mask> Basten. He was the captain in their impressive 3–0 victory over Italy on 9 June 2008, and also on 13 June for the 4–1 victory over France. On 21 June, he played in the 3–1 quarter-final loss against Russia, which was believed to be his final international. This was his 16th appearance in a European Championship finals match, with which he equalled the record set by Lilian Thuram a few days earlier. Along with 22 other players <mask> Sar was named in the team of the tournament. Following Euro 2008, <mask> Sar had the distinction of playing more minutes at the European Football Championship than any other player. 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
On 3 October 2008, at the urging of new coach <mask> Marwijk, <mask> Sar agreed to come out of international retirement for the Netherlands' 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Iceland and Norway after injuries to Maarten Stekelenburg and Henk Timmer made both unavailable for the two games.<mask> <mask> kept a clean sheet in both matches, which were won by the Dutch 2–0 and 1–0 respectively. In Oslo, the Dutch defeated Norway 1–0 courtesy of a <mask> Bommel goal, thus ensuring a fitting send-off for <mask> Sar who earned his 130th cap during that match, a record for a Dutch player, and put him in the top forty most capped players of all time. He remained the Dutch team's most capped player until <mask> surpassed him in 2017. Style of play

Regarded as one of the greatest and most complete keepers in football history, <mask> Sar was a large, athletic, yet slender goalkeeper, who excelled at coming off his line to handle crosses due to his height and physique; an intelligent goalkeeper, in addition to his reflexes, excellent positional sense, and shot-stopping abilities, he was also known for his calm composure, longevity, and his ability to organise his defence. Furthermore, he was also effective at stopping penalties. However, <mask> Sar was known in particular for his skill with the ball at his feet, as well as his accurate distribution with either foot, which gave him the ability to launch counter-attacks from his area with long balls, or build attacking plays by playing the ball out from the back on the ground. Due to his ability in possession of the ball, and to rush off his line, he also functioned as a "sweeper-keeper" on occasion throughout his career, in particular during his time with Ajax.Post-playing career

On 3 August 2011, a testimonial was played at the Amsterdam Arena in honour of <mask> Sar. The match featured the goalkeeper's "dream team", consisting of Wayne Rooney, John Heitinga, Louis Saha, Rio Ferdinand, Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, Nemanja Vidić, André Ooijer, Dirk Kuyt, Gary Neville, Michael Carrick, Edgar Davids, <mask> Bronckhorst, Boudewijn Zenden and Dennis Bergkamp with Alex Ferguson as manager. They faced the current Ajax first team, led by Frank de Boer. Prior to this match two shorter matches took place. One featured the Ajax and Manchester United youth teams, and another one featured Ajax's 1995 squad against the Netherlands national team of 1998. The Ajax squad featured among others Finidi George, Nwankwo Kanu, Frank de Boer, Winston Bogarde, Nordin Wooter, Ronald de Boer, Danny Blind, Patrick Kluivert, Marc Overmars and Frank Rijkaard with it being managed by <mask> Gaal. The Netherlands squad featured among others Wim Jonk, Dennis Bergkamp, Roy Makaay, Ruud Hesp, Aron Winter, Richard Witschge and <mask> Hooijdonk with it being managed by Guus Hiddink.The viewership numbers in the Netherlands alone peaked at 2 million and it had a 26% total market share. The income generated by the match was to be donated to two charities (Make a Wish Foundation and Laureus); it generated so much money, however, that <mask> Sar announced afterwards he would be starting his own charitable foundation to help spend the money. During the event, it was announced that <mask> Sar would be working as an analyst for the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting covering the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. <mask> <mask>'s son, Joe, made written comments stating his father would be working as a goalkeeping coach at Ajax within five years. <mask> Sar himself said he did not want to make a full commitment to this, but confirmed it was likely and he was interested in building up his coaching career slowly, starting at the lower levels. On 27 May 2012, <mask> Sar participated in the Soccer Aid 2012 Match, playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half, making a full-length save from John Bishop. He was replaced at half-time by comedian Patrick Kielty.He also took part in the Soccer Aid 2014 match on 8 June 2014, again playing for the Rest of the World side in the first half before being once again replaced at half time by Patrick Kielty. <mask> <mask> took on a role as Ajax's marketing director on 19 November 2012. He was promoted in late 2016 to the role of CEO. Personal life
<mask> Sar and his wife Annemarie <mask>en have two children. The couple's wedding ceremony took place at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam, on 20 May 2006. <mask> Sar's son, Joe, was on the pitch celebrating when his father saved a penalty in the Netherlands' 5–4 shoot-out victory over Sweden in the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2004. In December 2009, Van Kesteren was admitted to the hospital just two days before Christmas, reports said she had suffered a suspected brain haemorrhage and was in a "very poor" condition.<mask> Sar was granted indefinite leave following his wife's collapse, and it is understood that she has made a good recovery, with no long-term effects. On 12 March 2016, <mask> Sar made a brief return to football to play a single match for his former youth club VV Noordwijk. Noordwijk, playing in the amateur fifth tier, had suffered an injury crisis. He saved a penalty and conceded a goal in the match as they drew 1–1 with Jodan Boys. players
Fulham F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Eredivisie players
Serie A players
Premier League players
Hoofdklasse players
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Cup winning players
Netherlands international footballers
1994 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
FIFA Century Club
Dutch expatriate footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
AFC Ajax non-playing staff
Directors of football clubs in the Netherlands
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
VV Noordwijk players
FA Cup Final

masks:
van der
Sar
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Sar
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van Nistelrooy
Marco van
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Mark van
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title: Li Jishen

texts:
<mask> or <mask>-shen (5 November 1885 – 9 October 1959) was a Chinese military officer and politician, general of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954), Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1954–1959), Vice Chairman the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1949–1959) and founder and first Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (1948–1959). Initially a supporter of Chiang Kai-shek and Kuomintang, <mask>n helped purge and murder Communists in the 1927 Shanghai massacre, but eventually became one of Chiang's top internal rivals. <mask> accused Chiang of weakness in the face of Japanese aggression and of submission to Western financial interests. The two eventually reached an understanding, and <mask> went on to hold military commands during the Second Sino–Japanese War. However, after the end of the war, new disagreements with Chiang led to <mask>'s expulsion from the Kuomintang. After this, for a time, he became leader of the splinter Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (RCCK), then switched sides and joined the Communists, collaborating with Mao Zedong and holding political office in the new People's Republic of China. <mask> married several times and fathered many children.One of his sons, <mask>o, also served as Chairman of the RCCK. Early life
<mask> was born in Cangwu County, Wuzhou, Guangxi, in 1886. His family owned land, and some of his ancestors were Confucian scholars. His mother died when he was four years old. <mask> enrolled at Wuzhou Middle School, where he studied under the right wing Kuomintang leader Hu Hanmin. In 1904 he entered the Liangguang Accelerated Army Academy of the Qing Imperial Army in Guangdong. After graduation three years later, he was selected for advanced study at the Beiyang Army Officers Academy in Beijing (which later became the Baoding Military Academy).He interrupted his studies after the Wuchang revolt of October 1911 to serve as chief of staff of the 22nd Division of the revolutionary army in Jiangsu. After the establishment of the Republic of China, <mask> completed his education and remained at the Beijing academy, now called the Military Staff College, this time as an instructor. Military career and Kuomintang
<mask> returned to Guangdong in 1921 at the invitation of Guangdong Army chief of staff Deng Keng (邓铿). Deng was assassinated in March 1922, and Chen Jiongming staged a coup in June of that year, which <mask> helped to put down. For this, he received command of the army's 1st Division. In 1924, after serving briefly as commissioner of reconstruction of the West River-Wuzhou area and as Wuzhou garrison commander, <mask> became Deputy Dean of the newly established Whampoa Military Academy under Chiang Kai-shek. After Sun Yat-sen's death in March 1925, the Guangdong government was reorganized as the National Government, and <mask> was appointed commander of the 4th Army, which had formerly been the Guangdong Army.He spent the next year destroying Chen Jiongming's remaining power. When the Northern Expedition began in July 1926, <mask>'s 4th Army joined the push northward. During this time, <mask> also served as Governor of Guangdong, military affairs commissioner, and acting president of the Whampoa Military Academy. In 1927, he was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang and helped Chiang in the purge and massacre of Communists. In November 1927, <mask> left Guangdong with Wang Jingwei to attend a plenary session of the Committee in Shanghai on the subject of restoring party unity. In his absence, Zhang Fakui staged a coup. However, officers loyal to <mask> successfully put down the coup, forcing Zhang to surrender, and <mask> returned to Guangdong on 4 January 1928.On 7 February 1928, <mask> was made a member of the standing committee of the Military Affairs Commission. He was also made commander in chief of the newly established Eighth Route Army. On 1 March, <mask> became chairman of the Guangdong branch of the Political Council of the Kuomintang, and on 30 March he was made chief of the general staff of the Northern Expedition. During the remainder of the year, <mask> attended meetings in Beijing, and briefly served as acting commander in chief of the Nationalist forces when Chiang Kai-shek left Beijing for Nanjing. He was appointed to the State Council on 8 October and resigned as Governor of Guangdong in November. Fujian People's Government
In 1929, <mask> traveled to Nanjing to attend the 3rd National Congress and mediate a dispute that had arisen between the Nationalist government and the New Guangxi clique. However, talks broke down in March, the members of the clique were expelled from the Kuomintang, and <mask> was placed in detention.He was not freed until after the Japanese attack on Mukden in 1931. In 1933, <mask> joined forces with Chen Mingshu to launch a successful military revolt in Fujian, and after the initial seizure of power, became Chairman of the Fujian People's Government. However, in 1934, the revolt was crushed by Chiang Kai-shek, and <mask> was forced to flee to Hong Kong in January 1934. Second Sino–Japanese War
In 1935, <mask> joined with associates to found the Chinese People's Revolutionary League, which advocated resistance against Japan and overthrow of the Nationalist government. In 1936, <mask> participated in a joint Guangdong-Guangxi revolt against the government, but after it collapsed, <mask> returned to Hong Kong. The order for his arrest was rescinded by Chiang. In 1938, in the name of unity against the Japanese threat, <mask> was restored to membership in the Kuomintang, and again became a member of the Military Affairs Commission and the State Council.During the Sino-Japanese War, <mask> served in several military posts. In 1944, he was appointed president of the Military Advisory Council, and worked to consolidate resistance against Japan in southern Guangxi. At the 6th National Congress of the Kuomintang in May 1945, <mask> was elected to the Central Supervisory Committee of the Kuomintang, and served as a delegate to the National Assembly the following year. Expulsion from Kuomintang and Revolutionary Committee
On 8 March 1947, <mask> issued a statement calling for reconciliation between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. For this, <mask> was again expelled from the Kuomintang on Chiang's orders, for "making unwarranted statements and inciting the people to riot". <mask> began working to unite current and former Kuomintang members who opposed Chiang Kai-shek. This led to the formation of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang in 1948, with <mask> as its first Chairman.People's Republic of China
<mask> left Hong Kong in early 1949 and traveled north to Beijing, invited by Mao Zedong, and assisted in the preparatory work for the founding of the new People's Republic of China. After the inauguration of the new Communist government, <mask> went on to hold important posts, serving as Vice Chairman of the People's Republic from 1949 to 1954, Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1954–1959), and Vice Chairman the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1949–1959). He was also Vice President of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association. In addition to these positions, in January 1953 <mask> was named to the committee responsible for drafting the first Constitution of the People's Republic of China. <mask>n died on 9 October 1959 in Beijing due to stomach cancer and a cerebral thrombosis, at the age of 73. Personal life
<mask> married several times, had many mistresses, and fathered many children. One of his sons became Dean of the Agricultural College of Lingnan University during the 1940s.His second son, <mask> Kum, went to New York and graduated from Columbia University. Another son, <mask>, became Chairman of the National Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang in the 1990s. Three of his daughters were students at Yenching University in 1950. References

External links

1885 births
1959 deaths
Republic of China politicians from Guangxi
Expelled members of the Kuomintang
Members of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China
People from Wuzhou
People's Republic of China politicians from Guangxi
Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
China Zhi Gong Party politicians
Disease-related deaths in the People's Republic of China

masks:
Li Jishen
Li Chi
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Li Peiya
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Li Peiyao


title: Knut Ødegård

texts:
<mask> (born 6 November 1945) is a Norwegian poet. Biography

Born in 1945 in Molde, Norway, Ødegård made his poetic debut in 1967. Since then he has published more than fifty books, many volumes of poetry, two novels for young adults, two books about Iceland, a play, and several reinterpretations. His own works are recognized internationally as deeply original and high quality poetry and his poetry books are translated into 39 languages (2017), among these five separate collections in English. He was the founder and president of the Bjørnson Festival, the Norwegian International Literature Festival, held in homage to Nobel laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, for a decade. He was the founder and president of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson-Akademiet, The Norwegian Academy of Literature and Freedom of Expression, 2003–2015. He shares his time between a home in Molde and another in Reykjavík, Iceland.Selected works
1982: Wind over Romsdal, poems, translated by George Johnston. 1989: *Bee-Buzz, Salmon Leap (1989), poems, translated by George Johnston. 2002: Missa, poems, translated by Brian McNeil
2005: Judas Iscariot and Other Poems, translated by Brian McNeil
2009: "Selected Poems", translated by Brian McNeil

In Norwegian:
Drøymaren, vandraren og kjelda. Lyrikk. Noregs Boklag, 1967
Konsert i eit kvitt hus. Lyrikk. Noregs Boklag, 1968
I pensjonatet.Lyrikk. Noregs Boklag, 1970
Det mørke regnet. Lyrikk, Aschehoug, 1972
Einar Bragi: Regn i mai. Gjendikting, Noregs Boklag, 1973
Færøysk lyrikk. Gjendiktningar av færøysk notidslyrikk med essay. Aschehoug 1974
Gyula Illyés: Dikt i utval. Gjendikting (s.m.Vince Sulyok). Aschehoug, 1974
Fuglen og draumen. Barnebok. Noregs Boklag, 1974
Ólafur Jóhann Sigurðsson: Ved brunnane. Gjendikting. Aschehoug, 1976
Hoggormen. Skodespel.Dreyer, 1977
Vind gjennom Romsdal. Lyrikk. Noregs Boklag, 1978
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, i utvalg av <mask> Ødegård. Dikt. Den norske Bokklubben, 1979. Broder Eysteinn: Lilja. Gjendikting med essay.Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1980
Einarr Skúlason: Geisli. Gjendikting med essay. Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1982
Biesurr, laksesprang. Lyrikk. Cappelen, 1983
Ørneblodet. Ungdomsbok. Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1983
Gudehovet.Ungdomsbok. Cappelen, 1984
Leid Henrik Ibsen ad Petri Gaut. Essay. 1989
Moderne islandske dikt. Gjendiktingar med essay. Samlaget, 1990
Kinomaskinist. Lyrikk.Cappelen, 1991
Molde, mitt Molde. Dikt og prologar. Molde kommune, 1992. Island, øya mellom øst og vest. Sakprosa. Aschehoug, 1992
Buktale. Lyrikk.Cappelen, 1994
Matthias Johannessen: Om vindheim vide. Gjendikting. Cappelen forlag, 1994
Dikt i utval (v/Kolbeinn Falkeid og Edvard Hoem). Lyrikk. Cappelen, 1995
Milan Richter: Røter i lufta. Gjendikting med essay. Cappelen, 1996
Missa.Lyrikk. Cappelen, 1998
Island. Fra saga til samtid. Sakprosa. Aschehoug, 1998
Matthías Johannessen: Salmer i atomalderen. Gjendikting. Cappelen, 2002
Nysilt.CD s.m. Inger Johanne Brunvoll Band, 2002
Stephensen-huset. Lyrikk. Cappelen, 2003
Ödön von Horváth: Historier frå Wienerskogen. Drama. Samlaget, 2003
Kringsjå. Dikt i utval (v/Thorvald Steen).Lyrikk. Cappelen, 2005
Grøne dikt. 9 moderne irske lyrikarar. Antologi. Gjendikting med essay (s.m. Jostein Sæbøe). Cappelen, 2005
Står om enn tårnene faller.Kyrkjespel i høve Molde domkyrkjes 50-års jubileum. 2007
Jóhann Hjálmarsson: Storm er et vakkert ord. Gjendikting. Solum forlag, 2007
<mask> A. Ødegård sen.: Kornåker under himmelen. Dikt og essay. Fræna kommune, 2009
Det blomstra så sinnssjukt. Lyrikk.Cappelen Damm, 2009
Åsmund Sveen: Guten låg i graset. Dikt i utval ved <mask> Ødegård og <mask> Imerslund, 2009
Glacovi od cever, covremena, norveska poesija, moderne norsk lyrikk på makedonsk, utval, redigering og innleiingsessay (s.m. Yasminka Markovska). Struga, 2009
Friedrich Schiller: Don Carlos. Gjendikting. Samlaget, 2010
Eksempelet Island: om hvordan nykapitalismen angriper et folk. Sakprosa, red.og artiklar. Arneberg forlag, 2010
Olav den hellige. Spor etter helgenkongen. Essays og gjendiktingar (s.m. Lars Roar Langslet. Forlaget Press, 2011
Mennesket i sorteringssamfunnet. Sakprosa, red.og bidrag. Arneberg forlag, 2011
Fine spinn av draumar. Makedonske dikt. Antologi. Gjendiktingar og essay (s.m. Yasminka Markovska). Dreyers forlag, 2011
Edda-dikt I, Voluspå og Håvåmål.Gjendikting, essay og kommentarar. Cappelen Damm, 2013
Edda-dikt II, Gudedikt. Gjendikting, essay og kommentarar, Cappelen Damm, 2014
Liabonden. Prosatekstar. Via Media 2014. Gerður Kristný: Blodhest. Gjendikting med essay.Nordsjøforlaget, 2014. Edda-dikt III, Heltedikt 1. Gjendikting, essay og kommentarar. Cappelen Damm, 2015
Drankarar og galningar. Dikt i utval (v/Endre Ruset og Steinar Opstad). Cappelen Damm, 2015
Edda-dikt IV, Heltedikt, del 2. Gjendikting, essay og kommentarar.Cappelen Damm, 2016
UFO og englar over Holmarka. Prosatekstar. Via Media 2016
Tida er inne. Lyrikk. Cappelen Damm, 2017
Missa. Lydbok. ebok.no, 2017,
Fuglespråk, roman.Cappelen Damm, 2019. Sirkusdirektøren - og andre dikt, lyrikk, Cappelen Damm, 2020. Distinctions
Ødegård is appointed a Norwegian State Scholar by the Norwegian Parliament as well as a Consul General for the Republic of Macedonia in Norway (1997) and an honorary professor of literature at the Mongolian State University of Arts and Culture, and he has received many prizes and awards for his literary work. National orders
 : Knight 1. class of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (1997) by the King of Norway

Foreign orders
 : Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (2009), knighted by Cardinal Foley. Knight Commander (2016). : Knight Commander of the Order of the Falcon by the President of Iceland (1995). Commander with Star (2017).Sovereign Military Order of Malta, knighted 2021. Other
  Bastian Prize (1984) by the Norwegian Association of Literary Translators
  Anders Jahre Cultural Prize (2001)
  Jan Smrek Prize (2009) for his literary work in Bratislava, Slovakia
  Dobloug Prize (2011) by the Swedish Academy
 Golden Medal, 1. Prize, World Congress of Poets, Taiwan (2010)
 The Goden Key of Smederevo, Serbia (2014)
 International poetry prize Le Prix Special and Mihai Eminescu medal, Academie Internationale "Mihai Eminescu", Romania (2015)
 International poetry prize The Golden Grape, Kosovo (2016)
 Ulaanbaatar international poetry prize, Mongolia (2017)

References

1945 births
Living people
Norwegian male poets
People from Molde
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
20th-century Norwegian poets
20th-century Norwegian male writers
21st-century Norwegian poets
21st-century Norwegian male writers
Translators of the Poetic Edda

masks:
Knut Ødegård
Knut
Knut
Knut
Knut


title: Muhammad Mustafá Baghdádí

texts:
Mírzá Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-Baghdádí (1837/8—1910) was a prominent Iraqi adherent of the Baháʼí faith and one of 19 Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh. Mustafá was among the leading Baháʼís in Iraq until he moved to Beirut in the late 1870s, where he coordinated pilgrims going to see Baháʼu'lláh in ʻAkká, and later he was involved with the movement of the Báb's remains to ʻAkká. As a child, his family hosted Táhirih in Baghdad and later accompanied her on a trip to Iran, where they met Mullá Husayn. Background and family
Mustafá was the son of Shaykh <mask> (a.k.a. Shaikh Mohammad Šebl) Baghdadi, a high-ranking ulama of the city. Mustafa's father, grandfather (Sayyed Darvish), great-grandfather (Sayyed Shebl), and great-great-grandfather (Sayyed Sharif Kazemi) were all theologians in Kufa, then his father moved to Baghdad in 1827-28, a decade before Mustafá was born, taking the role of teaching theosophy for Siyyid Kázim. Mustafá's father became Kázim's personal representative in Baghdád, and later became one of the first Shaykhi leaders to become a Bábí in the mid-1840s, having been taught by Mullá ʻAlíy-i-Bastámí (one of the Báb's Letters of the Living) when he was brought to Baghdád and imprisoned.He later attempted to meet the Báb in Iran, but due to the Báb's banishment to Azerbaijan, he went to Khurasan and met Quddús instead. Travel to Iran
When Mustafá was nine years old, his family hosted Táhirih for about ten weeks in 1846, where she taught unveiled and enraged students by speaking of the need to abrogate the Sharia. Mustafá waited upon her and transmitted her messages in Baghdad and later Iran. The letter from the Báb bestowing the title Táhirih was read to a gathering of people at their home by Mustafá's father. When she was eventually expelled from Baghdád, Mustafá, his father, and about thirty armed men left with her to Iran in March 1847 on a trip paid for by Mustafá's family. They arrived in Kirmanshah, then Qazvin for one month, after which they separated from Táhirih and went to Tehran, at her request, to meet Mullá Husayn on his way to Mazandaran. They then returned to Baghdad, where his father died on 11 July 1850.Service to Baháʼu'lláh
During the period that Baháʼu'lláh was in Baghdád (1853-1863), Mustafá became devoted to him and was among the few who recognized him as the Báb's prophesied He whom God shall make manifest, before Baháʼu'lláh's proclamation in 1863. After Baháʼu'lláh's further banishment, Mustafá was recognized as a leader among the Baháʼís in Iraq and sought after for help. In 1867, 53 Baháʼís of Baghdad wrote an appeal to the Congress of the United States for assistance in freeing Baháʼu'lláh from confinement by Ottoman authorities. This appeal arrived at the American Consul in Beirut and was commented upon by American missionary Henry Harris Jessup. Beginning in 1868, and instigated by conversions of Sunni Muslims to the Baháʼí Faith, the Baháʼís of Baghdad were arrested and imprisoned repeatedly. In April–May 1868, three or four Baháʼís of Baghdad were killed by Persian Shias, likely offended by Baháʼís celebrating holy days during their mourning ceremonies. In 1872, Mustafá was attacked by an angry mob and nearly killed.Two years later he spent eight months in prison, along with many other Baháʼís of Baghdad. Upon his release in 1874, he traveled to ʻAkká and Baháʼu'lláh instructed him to move to Beirut. While in Beirut he was the main conduit for coordinating Baháʼí pilgrims on their way to Palestine. Mustafá became the liaison between the Ottoman political authorities and the Baháʼís, and his home became a meeting place of dignitaries such as the mufti and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's family. For decades, he was the focal point of internal and external communications. The "facilities provided by [Baha'u'llah's] staunch follower, <mask>á, now established in Beirut to safeguard the interests of the pilgrims who passed through that city" was listed by Shoghi Effendi as one several milestones that attested to the vitality of the religion toward the end of Baháʼu'lláh's life. His home in Beirut was host to the remains of the Báb for twelve days in January 1899, as they made their way secretly from Persia to ʻAkká, via Baghdad, Damascus, and Beirut.The casket was carried by hand by Mustafá and seven others from Beirut to ʻAkká, arriving 31 January 1899. After the passing of Baháʼu'lláh in 1892, he served as ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's representative in Beirut. As he got older, his eyesight began to fail. In 1910 he moved north to Alexandretta (Iskandarun) where he died soon after. Legacy
Mustafá wrote a chronicle of the Bábí movement, ar-Risalah al-Amriyyah (The Treatise on the Cause), that was appended to Ar-Risalah at-Tis` `Ashariyyah (The Treatise of Nineteen) by Ahmad Sohrab. The works were published in Cairo in 1919. Abbas Amanat wrote in Resurrection and Renewal of Mustafá's work,

Mustafá wrote poetry, which was requested by Edward Browne and is now kept at the Cambridge University Library.Browne met him on 22 April 1890 in Beirut, on his return from meeting Baháʼu'lláh. Browne wrote of the encounter,

The Guardian of the Baháʼí faith, Shoghi Effendi listed <mask>á as one of the nineteen Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh, giving him an equivalent level of distinction to Baháʼís as the Twelve Apostles are to Christians. <mask>'s burial was personally managed by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, who wrote the epitaph for his tombstone. In Memorials of the Faithful, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote of him,

He had three sons: Hosayn Eqbal (1864-1952), ʻAli Ehsan (1874-1917), and Ziaʾ Mabsut (1884-1937). A fourth son, Amin Abu'l-Wafa, was born 1878 but died 1898. Zia Mabsut was a leading Baháʼí in the United States, joined the editorial staff of the Star of the West from 1911 to 1915, accompanied ʻAbdu'l-Bahá on his journeys, supervised the construction of the Baháʼí House of Worship, played a leading role in the American race amity movement, and wrote his own memoirs, al-Reḥla al-baḡdādiya. One of ʻAli Ehsan's sons, Jamil Baghdadi (1913–87), was for many years the secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iraq and imprisoned for six years (1973–79) during a government crackdown on Baháʼí activities.Another son of ʻAli Ehsan, ʿAbbās Baḡdādi (1915-1975), was professor of geology at the University of Baghdad (1961–71), imprisoned during the crackdown, and died in prison on 20 January 1975. Another son of ʻAli Ehsan, Adib Rażi Baḡdādi (1905-1988), was a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iraq as both treasurer or secretary, the first pioneer to southern Yemen (1 December 1952) and received the title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh, and was later of the National Spiritual Assemblies of Kuwait and Lebanon. Notes

References

Further reading
<mask>á Baghdádí - biography at Bahá’í Chronicles

Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
1837 births
1910 deaths
Iraqi Bahá'ís

masks:
Muhammad Shibl
Muhammad Mustaf
Muhammad Mustaf
Muhammad Mustafá
Muhammad Mustaf


title: Robert Herring (poet)

texts:
<mask> (<mask>, b. 13 May 1903, Wandsworth – December 1975, Chelsea) was a novelist, essayist and poet, remembered as an early writer on film, being film critic of The Guardian for most of the 1930s, a regular contributor to the modernist film magazine Close Up, and later editor of the literary magazine, Life and Letters To-day from 1935 to 1950. Biography
His father, <mask> (1854-1906), made a substantial fortune in business in South Africa but died in England whilst Herring was still a child. An elder brother, Ernest Arthur Williams (1896-1978) remained in Kokstad, South Africa to manage the family interests but <mask> and his mother stayed in Britain. Herring was a cousin of the British writer, translator and polymath Edward Heron-Allen. He was educated at Clifton College, Bristol and possibly also at Tonbridge School, in Kent. At Clifton he was a protege of R.P.Keigwin. <mask> would remain friendly with his former tutor for the rest of Keigwin's life. He then took a second class degree in the English Tripos at Kings College, Cambridge, where his tutor was F.L. Lucas, graduating in 1924. At Cambridge he was associated with the group around Ivor Montagu and Angus McPhail, publishing his poetry regularly in Montagu's magazine, The Cambridge Mercury. He associated with the "Bright Young Things" in mid 1920s London, being friends with Inez Holden, and invited to Elizabeth Ponsonby's notorious "Bath and Bottle Party" of 13 July 1928. For most of the late 1920s and 1930s <mask> lived in a large new apartment at 1 Irvine Court, Porchester Terrace, to the north of Hyde Park, sharing it with his mother, a maid and a chauffeur.The building was destroyed in 1940 by a direct hit during the Blitz. When the lease expired in September 1937 Herring's mother, Clara Helena Williams, née Spillman (1869-1940), with maid and chauffeur, moved to a new home in Eastbourne, where she lived until her death in 1940. In June 1937 Herring moved to 52, Upper Cheyne Row, in Chelsea, sharing it until early 1938 with a friend, Johnny Cole, a 22 year old former soldier in the Grenadier Guards. Writing career
He began his writing career with a whimsical, fictional travelogue set in Andorra, The President’s Hat (1926) whilst also undertaking editorial work and introductions for a series of new editions of English comedies of manners for the highly reputable publisher Macmillan, starting with The School for Scandal in 1927. His talent was attractive enough for him to be contracted to the literary agency Curtis Brown, and his second book, the satire Adam and Eve at Kew, or, the Revolt in the Gardens, written in late 1926, would eventually appear in early 1930 with illustrations by the fashionable young artist Edward Bawden. Early in his career, <mask> worked for the publisher Allen & Unwin. He was assistant editor of The London Mercury from 1925 to 1928 and a regular contributor, particularly of film criticism, until the journal was sold to new owners in 1934 and J.C. Squire ceased to be editor.At the same time he contributed film criticism regularly to the magazine Drawing and Design: The Magazine of Taste, up to 1929. He became film critic at The Manchester Guardian in mid 1928, being one of the newspaper's best paid freelance contributors for several years. From 1932 onwards he reviewed ballet for the newspaper. He also became London Correspondent for the film magazine Close Up, contributing 38 feature articles between late 1927 and 1933, making him the journal's third most prolific contributor behind the editor Kenneth Macpherson and Oswell Blakeston. He was a regular contributor of talks about the cinema for the BBC and was published several times in The Listener, including two specially commissioned pieces, which were rare in a journal whose content had to be almost wholly the transcripts of earlier broadcasts. On several occasions the BBC considered hiring <mask> as its contracted film correspondent. In 1938 he became film critic of the Glasgow Herald.<mask> also delivered what was almost certainly the first official lecture on cinema at Cambridge University, on 13 August 1934. He took over editorship of Life and Letters in 1935, when it was purchased by Bryher's Brendin Publishing Company for £1200. He held the post for about 15 years, working initially with Dorothea Petrie Townsend, an old school friend of Bryher's who was a highly experienced editor with commercial magazines. The magazine's title was modified to Life and Letters To-day, the content of the magazine changed radically, with a large film section being included, directly under <mask>'s control, and the circulation expanded. The first issue  featured articles by Mary Butts, Murray Constantine, H. D., Havelock Ellis, Kenneth Macpherson, Lotte Reiniger, and Gertrude Stein, besides contributions by Sergei M. Eisenstein, André Gide, Horace Gregory, Osbert Sitwell and Eric Walter White. White's essay was probably the first substantial critique of Bertolt Brecht published in English. It continued to publish major figures, including Henry Miller and Dylan Thomas and was the first British magazine to publish emerging young American poets such as Elizabeth Bishop and Muriel Rukeyser.Life and Letters To-day was not a typical modernist "little magazine". The initial circulation as a quarterly was nearly 3000 per issue, and the magazine was stocked by major retailers such as W.H. Smith and Menzies. When the title switched to monthly publication in autumn 1938, Smith's alone increased their order by 1000 copies an issue. In March 1939 Brendin purchased the failing London Mercury and Bookman titles and incorporated them to the journal. The magazine reverted to its pre-Bryher title, Life and Letters later in World War II. Herring became close friends of the Pool Group (H.D., Bryher and Kenneth Macpherson), having associated with them since their interest in experimental film in the late 1920s.Bryher paid for <mask>'s psychoanalysis in London with the Freudian analyst Walter Schmideberg between 1935 and 1939. <mask> played the pianist in Macpherson's avant-garde production, Borderline (1930). <mask> died in a fire at his home in Cambridge in 1975, which destroyed his personal archive. Works

The President's Hat (1926)
Films Of The Year (1927)
Films of the Year, 1927 – 1928 (1929)
Adam and Evelyn at Kew, or Revolt in the Gardens (Elkin Mathews & Marrot, 1930) (Colour illustrations by Edward Bawden)
Cactus Coast (1934) novel
Cinema Survey (with Dallas Bower and Bryher). Harlequin Mercutio, Or, A Plague on Both Your Houses (A Ride Through Raids to Resurrection)(1943)
The Impecunious Captain or Love as Liv'd (1944)
Westward Look.Poems 1922-45 (1945)

References

Further reading
Meic Stephens, 'The Third Man: <mask> and Life and Letters To-day', Welsh Writing in English: A Yearbook of Critical Essays, 1997, pp. 157–69

Scottish poets
1903 births
Place of birth missing
1975 deaths
Place of death missing
20th-century Welsh poets

masks:
Robert Herring
Robert Herring Williams
Arthur Herring Williams
Robert
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Herring
Robert Herring