title: Wang Yuanying

texts:
<mask> (王元膺) (892 – August 13, 913), courtesy name Changmei (昌美), né <mask> (王宗懿), named <mask> (王元坦) from 910 to 912, was a crown prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu, during most of the reign of his father, the founding emperor <mask> (Emperor Taizu). He was killed during an uprising he started against the powerful official Tang Daoxi and posthumously demoted to commoner rank. Background
<mask> was born in 892, before the founding of the Former Shu state, as <mask>'s second son. His mother was a Lady Zhang, who later would be given the imperial consort title of Guifei (貴妃) after <mask> founded Former Shu. As his older brother <mask> (王宗仁), born of a Lady Ma, was disabled in his youth, <mask> was considered in effect <mask>'s oldest son, and at some point during <mask>'s service as a Tang Dynasty general was given the honorific title of deputy director of the archival bureau (秘書少監). When <mask> declared himself Emperor of Shu in 907, he created <mask>yi the Prince of Sui. As crown prince
In 908, <mask> created <mask> crown prince.In 909, <mask> made him the titular commander of the imperial guards, and established headquarters for him, naming the headquarters Yonghe Hall (永和府). <mask> also selected a number of officials to serve on his staff. <mask>yi was said to be ugly in appearance, but talented in many things, particularly archery. However, he was also said to be arrogant and violent, paying no heed to the counsel of the officials <mask> put on his staff. He soon came into conflict with <mask>'s close associate Tang Daoxi the director of palace communications, as he often made fun of Tang, leading to their mutually accusing each other of crimes. <mask>, not wanting them to be in constant conflict, made Tang the military governor (Jiedushi) of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) in 910 to separate them. Later in 910, <mask> renamed him <mask>.Subsequently, when <mask> made two tours  away from the capital Chengdu to Li Prefecture (利州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) in 911 in response to attacks by Former Shu's northern neighbor Qi, he had <mask> serve as regent at Chengdu. In 912, apparently in reaction to an incident where <mask> found a bronze medallion on the outskirts of the city, which <mask> considered a sign of divine favor, <mask> renamed him <mask>. In 913, when Tang completed his term as the military governor of Shannan West and returned to Chengdu to again serve as the director of palace communications, <mask> submitted accusations against Tang and declared that Tang should not be again in charge of palace communications, <mask> was displeased, but subsequently reacted by making Tang an advisor to <mask>. Uprising against Tang Daoxi and death
In fall 913, <mask> planned a vacation away from Chengdu for the Qixi Festival (on August 11 that year). The night before (August 10), <mask> held a feast for the imperial princes and high-level officials, but three invitees — <mask>'s adoptive son <mask> (王宗翰) the Prince of Ji, and the officials Pan Qiao (潘峭, who succeeded Tang Daoxi as the director of palace communications) and Mao Wenxi (the chief imperial scholar) — did not attend. <mask>, in anger, accused Pan and Mao in absentia of alienating his brothers from him. Meanwhile, <mask>'s trusted officers Xu Yao (徐瑤) and Chang Qian (常謙) were gazing at Tang.Tang, in fear, fled from the feast. The morning next day (August 11, the date of the Qixi Festival), <mask> went to see his father <mask> and accused Pan and Mao of alienating him from his brothers. <mask>, believing the accusations, ordered Pan and Mao demoted, making Pan's brother Pan Kang the new director of palace communications. However, after <mask> then left the palace, Tang arrived, and Tang made the counteraccusation that <mask> was planning to rebel, and, as part of his planning, was planning to put the princes and the officials under arrest. <mask>, with his suspicions aroused, cancelled the Qixi vacation plans. Further, he agreed to Tang's request to mobilize the regular troops to defend the palace (rather than the imperial guards, who were formally under <mask>'s command). Upon hearing that the regular troops had been mobilized, <mask> mobilized his own Tianwu Army (天武軍).He arrested Pan Qiao and Mao and almost battered them to death, in addition to arresting Pan Jiao (潘嶠) the mayor of Chengdu. The next day (August 12), Xu, Chang, and Yan Lin (嚴璘), under <mask>'s direction, attacked Tang's forces. Tang initially resisted, but tried to retreat when an arrow hit him. The crown prince's troops then routed his, killing him, and many of the troops under Tang were killed. In response, at Pan Kang's suggestion, <mask> summoned his adoptive sons <mask> (王宗侃), <mask> (王宗賀), and <mask> (王宗魯), ordering them to launch an attack against <mask>'s troops. They did so, along with another adoptive son, <mask>'an (王宗黯). They killed Xu in battle.Chang and <mask> fled to Longyao Pond (龍躍池) and hid on a boat there. The next morning (August 13), <mask> came out of hiding and requested food from the boat owner. This was reported to <mask>, and he dispatched <mask> to try to comfort <mask>. However, before <mask> arrived at Longyao Pond, <mask> was killed by his own guard. <mask> initially mourned <mask> bitterly, but later decided that without declaring <mask>ying a renegade, he could not comfort the people, and therefore demoted <mask> to commoner rank, although, apparently at <mask>'s direction, <mask> had <mask>'s killer executed. Many of <mask>'s associates were killed or exiled. Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol.38. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 266, 267, 268. 892 births
913 deaths
Former Shu people born during Tang
Former Shu politicians
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms imperial princes
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regents
Politicians from Sichuan
Former Shu generals
Generals from Sichuan

masks:
Wang Yuanying
Wang Zongyi
Wang Yuantan
Wang Jian
Wang Zongyi
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Zongren
Wang Zongyi
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Zong
Wang Jian
Wang Zongyi
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Zong
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Yuantan
Wang Jian
Wang Yuantan
Wang Yuantan
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Zonghan
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Zongkan
Wang Zonghe
Wang Zonglu
Wang Yuanying
Wang Zong
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Zonghan
Wang Yuanying
Wang Zonghan
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuan
Wang Yuanying
Wang Jian
Wang Zonghan
Wang Yuanying
Wang Yuanying


title: Nat Lofthouse

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (27 August 1925 – 15 January 2011) was an English professional footballer who played as a forward for Bolton Wanderers for his entire career. He won 33 caps for England between 1950 and 1958, scoring 30 goals, with one of the highest goals-per-game ratios of any England player. Playing career

Born in Bolton, Lancashire, in 1925, Lofthouse joined the town's main club on 4 September 1939 and made his debut in a wartime 5–1 win against Bury on 22 March 1941 when he scored two goals. It was then more than five years until he made his league debut for the club, but he eventually played against Chelsea on 31 August 1946, when he scored twice in a 4–3 defeat. <mask> would go on to play 33 games for England, but his debut on 22 November 1950 made him 25 when he finally broke into the team. He perhaps justified a claim to an earlier call-up by scoring both goals in a 2–2 draw against Yugoslavia at Highbury on his debut. On 25 May 1952, Lofthouse earned the title 'Lion of Vienna' after scoring his second goal in England's 3–2 victory over Austria.In doing so he was elbowed in the face, tackled from behind, and finally brought down by the goalkeeper. Back from national team duty, he then scored six goals in a game for the Football League against the Irish League on 24 September 1952. In 1952–53, he was named FWA Footballer of the Year. He scored a goal – but was on the losing side – in the famous 1953 FA Cup Final (aka 'The Matthews Final'), having previously scored in each round. That season he topped the First Division goalscoring charts with 30 goals. He featured in the 1954 World Cup side. Lofthouse scored twice against Belgium in a match that ended 4–4.Injured for the next match, in the quarter final game against Uruguay he equalized in the 16th minute, after receiving the ball in the 18-yard box. On 3 May 1958, almost five years to the day after losing the 1953 final, Lofthouse captained Bolton in the 1958 FA Cup Final against Manchester United. There was a national wave of sympathy for United, who three months earlier had suffered grievously in the Munich air disaster. Bolton won the game 2–0 with Lofthouse scoring both goals, the second of which was highly controversial and remains a talking point to this day. Lofthouse went into a challenge with the United keeper Harry Gregg and barged him into the net to score. Shoulder charging the goalkeeper was a legitimate tactic at the time, but Lofthouse later admitted that his challenge was a foul. On 26 November 1958, Lofthouse made his final England appearance, against Wales, at the age of 33, and he officially retired from the game in January 1960 because of an ankle injury, although his final league game was not until 17 December of that year, when he suffered a knee injury against Birmingham City.Lofthouse stands seventh in the list of English football's top division goalscorers. Coaching and managerial career
After retiring from playing football, Lofthouse became the assistant trainer at Burnden Park on 10 July 1961 and was then appointed chief coach at the club in 1967. In 1968, he spent a brief time as caretaker manager of the club and took over the job full-time on 18 December. Before becoming Bolton's chief scout, he became an administrative manager at Burnden. In 1978, he became the club's executive manager. In 1985, at the age of 60, Lofthouse became caretaker manager at the club again and became president in 1986. Recognition
Lofthouse was the recipient of various honours after retiring from the game.On 2 December 1989, he was made a Freeman of Bolton. On 1 January 1994, he was appointed an OBE and on 18 January 1997, Bolton decided to name their East Stand at their new Reebok Stadium after him. On 24 August 2013, a statue was dedicated. On 7 April 1993, he appeared as a special guest on the TV guest show This Is Your Life, in which the on-screen guests included Tom Finney and Harry Gregg, while others including Bobby Charlton, Gary Lineker and Ian Rush appeared on screen to pay tribute to Lofthouse as they were unable to appear alongside Lofthouse due to other commitments. Tributes were paid to Lofthouse as he celebrated his 80th birthday, including a party at the Reebok. A campaign, backed by Gordon Taylor, the chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association and former Bolton player, was started, aiming to get Lofthouse knighted. <mask> was an Inaugural Inductee into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002.Personal life

Already a Bolton Wanderers player having joined them in 1939 Lofthouse was conscripted in 1943 and worked in Mosley Common colliery as a Bevin Boy. He married Alma Foster in 1947 and they remained married until her death in 1985. They had two children, a son, Jeff, and a daughter, Vivien. Death
Lofthouse died on 15 January 2011, aged 85, in a nursing home in Bolton. He had suffered with dementia. On 24 January 2011 in Bolton Wanderers first home game since his death against Chelsea, a pre-match period of a minute's silence, thunderous applause, black-and-white footage of Lofthouse in action and the laying of floral tributes by Kevin Davies and John Terry took place before the start of the match. Lofthouse was buried on 26 January 2011 as thousands turned out to say goodbye at Bolton Parish Church.His funeral service was attended by more than 500 invited guests and members of the public. Eulogies were offered by Bolton chairman Phil Gartside and Professional Footballers' Association chief executive Gordon Taylor, a boyhood Bolton fan and former Wanderers player. Former Bolton captain Kevin Davies and then manager Owen Coyle were among the pallbearers. Legacy

Soon after Lofthouse's death a swell of support for a statue to be built in his memory started. A year to the day after his death, Bolton Wanderers chairman Phil Gartside announced plans for one to be built and for the statue to be situated outside the Reebok Stadium. The plan was for the statue to be funded by public donations, with help from the club. It was unveiled on 24 August 2013, three days before what would have been Lofthouse's 88th birthday.It was originally scheduled to take place three days later on his birthday but the date was moved forward to coincide with Bolton's home fixture against Queens Park Rangers. In April 1998, train operator Virgin CrossCountry named locomotive 47807 Lion of Vienna in Lofthouse's honour at Bolton station. Career statistics

International goals
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lofthouse goal. Honours

Player
Bolton Wanderers
FA Cup: 1957–58; runner-up: 1952–53
FA Charity Shield: 1958

Individual
FWA Footballer of the Year: 1952–53

References

External links
'The Cup Comes Home' - 1958 newsreel of <mask> Lofthouse in Bolton, Lancashire
The FA England Profile
Daily Telegraph Obituary
Guardian Obituary
BBC Obituary

1925 births
2011 deaths
Bevin Boys
Footballers from Bolton
English footballers
Association football forwards
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Outfield association footballers who played in goal
English Football League representative players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
England international footballers
1954 FIFA World Cup players
English football managers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. managers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People with dementia
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Nathaniel Lofthouse
Lofthouse
Nat Lofthouse
Nat


title: Dawood Ibrahim

texts:
<mask> (; born 26 December 1955) is an unapprehended Indian terrorist, gangster and drug kingpin from Dongri, Mumbai. He reportedly heads the Indian organised crime syndicate, D-Company, which he founded in Mumbai in the 1970s. <mask> is wanted on the charges of terrorism, murder, extortion, targeted killing, drug trafficking and various other cases. He was designated as a global terrorist in 2003 by India and the United States, with a reward of US$25 million on his head for his believed role in the 1993 Bombay bombings. In 2011, he was named number three on "The World's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives" by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and Forbes, though he has since been dropped from both lists. Recently, the Pakistani government in order to avoid FATF sanctions, listed <mask> and 87 others in the sanction list. He has been previously reported to be living in Karachi, Pakistan, though the Government of Pakistan denies it.In 2020, the Indian government sold off <mask>'s six properties in his ancestral village in Ratnagiri district in coastal Konkan in Maharashtra. The government organized the e-auction of his properties under the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act (SAFEMA), 1976. In November 2017 as well, Dawood's three properties including the famous Rounaq Afroz Restaurant, also known as Delhi Zaika was also auctioned off by the government. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 26 December 1955 in a Konkani Muslim family in Khed in Maharashtra, India. His father, <mask>, worked as a head constable with the Mumbai Police and his mother, Amina Bi, was a homemaker. He lived in the Zadgaon area of Dongri and attended Ahmed Sailor High School from which he dropped out. Criminal career
<mask> started his career in crime by engaging in fraud, robbery and petty crimes in his early teens and later joined the gang of Baashu Dada, a local don.He later split from the gang and created his own gang with his elder brother Shabir <mask> in the late 1970s. After Shabir was killed by the rival Pathan gang, he became the sole boss of his gang, known as the D-Company. He was then chiefly involved in gold smuggling, real estate, extortion and drug trafficking. He fled India to Dubai in 1986 after being wanted by the Mumbai Police for the murder of Samad Khan. In the following years he further expanded his gang with the help of his second-in-command Chhota Rajan, with his gang having over 5000 members and bringing in tens of crores of rupees in revenue annually in the early 1990s. He was named by the Indian government as one of the masterminds in the 1993 Mumbai Attacks. Following the attacks he fled Dubai for Karachi, where he is said to be living to this day.The United States Department of the Treasury designated <mask> as a terrorist as part of its international sanctions program, effectively forbidding US financial entities from working with him and seizing assets believed to be under his control. The Department of Treasury keeps a fact sheet on <mask> which contains reports of his syndicate having smuggling routes from South Asia, the Middle-East and Africa shared with and used by terrorist organization al-Qaeda. The fact sheet also said that <mask>'s syndicate is involved in large-scale shipment of narcotics in the United Kingdom and Western Europe. He is also believed to have had contacts with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin-Laden. In the late 1990s, <mask> traveled to Afghanistan under the Taliban's protection. The syndicate has consistently aimed to destabilise India through riots, terrorism, civil disobedience and pumping fake Indian currency notes into the country. India Today reported that <mask> provided the logistics for the 2008 Mumbai attacks.Presently, <mask>'s criminal activities are terror funding, drug trafficking, gunrunning, extortion and money laundering. He has also heavily invested in real estate in Karachi, Dubai and India. <mask> is believed to control much of the hawala system, which is the very commonly used unofficial system for transferring money and remittances outside the view of official agents. <mask> was linked to the financing of increasing attacks in Gujarat by Lashkar-e-Taiba. In 2006, the government of India handed over to Pakistan, a list of 38 most wanted criminals including <mask>. His crime syndicate spreads across Asia, Europe and Africa, with over 40% of its earnings coming from India. 1993 Bombay bombings

<mask> is widely believed to have masterminded the March 1993 bombings in Bombay.In 2003, the Indian and United States governments declared <mask> a "Global Terrorist." The Indian Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani described it as a major development. <mask> is currently on India's "Most Wanted List". In a public discourse in June 2017, Ram Jethmalani confirmed that after the Bombay blasts, <mask> <mask> had called him from London, saying that he was prepared to come to India and stand trial, on the condition that he should not be subjected to any third degree treatment from the police. Jethmalani had conveyed this to Sharad Pawar, but the politicians in power did not agree to this proposal. As per Jethmalani, their refusal to allow <mask>'s return was due to their fears that he would expose their secrets. Location
<mask> is previously assumed to be living in Pakistan and then in the United Arab Emirates.India says he has shifted to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Indian sources add that "Inter-Services Intelligence appeared extremely wary of the new Indo-US cooperation to fight terrorism." On 5 May 2015 MP Haribhai Chaudhary informed the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament) that the whereabouts of <mask> were unknown. However, on 11 May, Rajnath Singh, the then Home Minister of India, told the parliament to get public support that <mask> was in Pakistan and he will bring him back to India. According to claims of Indian news media Times Now on 22 August 2015, <mask> was in Karachi, Pakistan. According to said media corporation, they had conversation with a woman in Karachi on August 22, 2015. Transcripts of conversations which were published on the news agency's website, in one conversation she said that she is <mask>'s wife and "he is sleeping", while in the second conversation she said that there was no one by that name known to her.According to a dossier prepared by India in August 2015, to be handed over to Pakistan, <mask> has nine residences in Pakistan and has three Pakistani passports which he frequently uses to travel. On 22 August 2020, Pakistan issued two notifications sanctioning key terrorist figures. In it, three addresses of <mask> <mask> were listed "White House, Near Saudi Mosque, Clifton" in Karachi, Pakistan; in addition to "House Nu 37 - 30th Street - defence, Housing Authority, Karachi" and "Palatial bungalow in the hilly area of Noorabad in Karachi". Pakistan denied it was admitting he was in Pakistan, stating the notifications only contained what was listed in the list of sanctioned individuals and the entities belonging to the United Nations. Search for <mask> <mask>
He was third on Forbes's The World's 10 Most Wanted list from 2010 until it stopped publishing the list in 2011, and is designated a "global terrorist". Many attempts have been made to locate <mask> by the Indian intelligence agencies, Research and Analysis Wing and Intelligence Bureau (IB), ever since he went into hiding. His location has been frequently traced to Karachi, Pakistan, a claim which the Pakistani authorities have frequently denied.The claims were further established in August 2015, when a phone call made to his home by an Indian television channel, Times Now, was answered by his wife, who confirmed his presence at their home in Karachi. The Indian intelligence agencies immediately prepared a dossier of <mask> which included evidence of his location in Karachi, among other evidence. It was to be presented at the National Security Agency-level talks between the two countries in the same month, which was however, called off due to political reasons. In an interview with India Today, Chhota Rajan, a former aide of <mask>, who he later fell out with in 1992, said that, "He [<mask>] does travel out of Pakistan once in a while but Karachi is his base." Chhota Rajan vs <mask> <mask> Rajan is believed to have assisted intelligence agencies in getting a low down on the activities of the D-Company and its members by using his intimate knowledge of the criminal  and its operations from his experience. To reinforce his reputation as a patriotic gangster don, Chhota Rajan threatened to brutally murder those accused of engineering the 1993 Mumbai bombings. Saleem ‘Kurla’ in April 1998 followed by Mohammad Jindran in June 1998 and Majeed Khan on 1 March 1999 were shot dead.The Shiv Sena, which ruled Maharashtra in a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from 1994 to 1999, is speculated to have sympathized with Chhota Rajan. It is reported that selective police action against the <mask> Sena administration and its subsequent decline through encounter killings helped strengthen Chhota Rajan's position in the underworld. This is similar to how <mask> <mask> himself had benefitted from the 1980s police campaign against the Pathans. The Shiv Sena laid bare its affection for Chhota Rajan in an editorial in the Saamna newspaper, its mouthpiece, edited by Bal Thackeray. The editorial heaved a sigh of relief, attributing Chhota Rajan's survival to "good fortune" resulting from divine grace. The  Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was believed to be behind the attempted assassination of Chhota Rajan. In February 2010, alleged Chhota Rajan associates gunned down Nepali media baron Jamim Shah point blank in broad daylight as he was driving to his residence on a public road.Shah ostensibly had links with <mask> <mask> and was the mastermind of a racket producing counterfeit Indian currency within Nepal. His anti-Indian criminal activities had rankled the Indian government for more than a decade and half prior. Family
In 2006, <mask>'s daughter, Mahrukh <mask>, married Junaid Miandad, the son of Pakistani cricketer Javed Miandad. In 2011, his daughter Mehreen, 24, married Ayub, a Pakistani - American. His son Moin married Saniya, daughter of a London-based businessman on 25 September 2011. Several of his family members, including his brother, Iqbal, live in Mumbai. In popular culture
<mask> and his syndicate D-Company have been linked to the financing of the Bollywood film industry.A number of Bollywood studios and films were financed by D-Company in the 1980s and 1990s. <mask> was linked to a number of celebrities during that time, including the beauty pageant contestant Anita Ayub and the Bollywood actress Mandakini. D-Company is also known for extortion and threats targeted towards Bollywood producers and celebrities, and was involved in the murders of Bollywood producers Javed Siddique and Gulshan Kumar. Vijay Maurya portrayed him in the film Black Friday(2004), directed by Anurag Kashyap. The 2002 film Company is loosely based on D-Company's activities, and its sequel (prequel to events in the movie), the 2005 film D, as well as Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007), the 2010 film Once Upon a Time in Mumbai and 2013 film D-Day. The 2013 movie Shootout at Wadala is based on the rise of the D-Company. The titular antagonist in the 2016 Indian action-drama film, Dongri Ka Raja, is based on <mask> and is portrayed by Gashmeer Mahajani.The film Haseena Parkar (2017) is a biographical crime film based on his sister, Haseena Parkar. The 2018 video game Hitman 2 features a Mumbai crime lord active in the movie industry called "Dawood Rangan" as a target, presumably as a reference to <mask> himself. Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia and Byculla to Bangkok are non-fiction books by former Indian investigative journalist Hussain Zaidi. They trace the evolution of the Mumbai mafia. Shootout at Wadala is based on Dongri to Dubai. See also

 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
 Organised crime in India
 Tiger Memon
 Yakub Memon
Chhota Shakeel
Chhota Rajan

References

External links
 At Home In Exile
 BBC Profile on <mask>
 Mumbai's Mafia War

1955 births
1993 Bombay bombings
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Confidence tricksters
Crime in Maharashtra
Crime in the United Arab Emirates
Criminals from Mumbai
D-Company
Fugitives wanted by India
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Fugitives wanted on counterfeiting charges
Fugitives wanted on organised crime charges
Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges
Indian counterfeiters
Indian drug traffickers
Indian expatriates in Pakistan
Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates
Indian crime bosses
Indian money launderers
Indian smugglers
Konkani Muslims
Organised crime in Pakistan
People sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act
Possibly living people

masks:
Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar
Ibrahim
Dawood
Dawood
Dawood
Ibrahim
Ibrahim Kaskar
Dawood
Ibrahim Kaskar
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Dawood
Dawood
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim Chhota
Ibrahimv
Dawood
Ibrahim
Dawood
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Ibrahim


title: Bill Quackenbush

texts:
Hubert George "<mask>" Quackenbush (March 2, 1922 – September 12, 1999) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League. During his 14-year career, he was the first defenceman to win the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy. He won the award after playing the entire 1948–49 season without recording a penalty. The penalty-less season was part of a total of 131 consecutive games he played without being assessed a penalty. Quackenbush, considered to be an elite offensive defenceman during his career, was named to the NHL All-Star Team five times, played in eight NHL All-Star games and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1976. Following his retirement from professional ice hockey, he spent 18 years as head coach of various teams at Princeton University. Quackenbush coached men's golf, and both the men's and women's ice hockey teams, at various times.He won eight Ivy League Championships with the men's golf team and three with the women's ice hockey team. Early life
Quackenbush was born on March 2, 1922, in Toronto, Ontario. He was born Hubert George Quackenbush but was given the nickname <mask> by his aunt who disliked his given name. He played hockey on outdoor rinks around Toronto during the Great Depression as a youth, and was one of the top high school athletes in Canada as a teenager. In addition to hockey, he was a renowned football and soccer player. During the war years, he played for the famous Canadian soccer club Toronto Scottish. Quackenbush had an opportunity to play football professionally, but he decided to pursue a career in hockey.Quackenbush began his junior career playing for the Toronto Native Sons of the Ontario Hockey Association. He scored 13 points in 13 games during the 1940–41 season. The following season, he played for the Brantford Lions, scoring 34 points in 23 games, and caught the attention of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. Professional career
Quackenbush signed as a free-agent with the Red Wings on October 19, 1942, and played 10 games during the 1942–43 season before breaking his wrist. After recovering from the injury, Detroit assigned him to the American Hockey League where he joined the Indianapolis Capitals. He earned a regular position with the Red Wings during the 1943–44 season, scoring 4 goals and 18 points. In the next two seasons he averaged 21 points while only being assessed an average of 8 penalty minutes and scored a career high 11 goals in 1945–46.The following season he earned his first post-season honour, when he was named a Second Team NHL All-Star. He was also named the Red Wings team MVP. He registered a career high 17 penalty minutes in 1947–48 and was named a First Team All-Star. The season also saw the start of a streak of 131 consecutive games where Quackenbush was not assessed a penalty. It began with the final 5 regular season and 10 playoff games that year, continued through the entire 60 regular season and 11 playoff games during the 1948–49 season, and ended after 45 games of the 1949–50 season. At the conclusion of the 1948–49 season, he was awarded the Lady Byng Trophy, the NHL's annual award for sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct. He was the first defenceman to win the award, and remains one of only three in NHL history to capture the trophy.Detroit General Manager Jack Adams detested the award and felt that any player who won it did not belong on his team, so he promptly traded Quackenbush. He was sent to the Boston Bruins with Pete Horeck for Pete Babando, Lloyd Durham, Clare Martin and Jimmy Peters, Sr.

Quackenbush became a fan favourite upon his arrival in Boston, where his offensive style of play was compared to former Bruin (and fellow Hall of Famer) Eddie Shore. In his first season in Boston, Quackenbush scored 8 goals and 25 points. He continued to stay out of the penalty box, registering only 4 penalty minutes. However, it marked the first time in three seasons that he was not named to the NHL All-Star Team. The Bruins defence core was depleted by injury in 1950–51, forcing the team to use several first year players. While this resulted in Quackenbush having to play more minutes, including a game where he played 55 minutes, it also gave him the opportunity to play with his brother Max.It was the only time the two played professionally together. He also set a career high in points with 29 and was again named a First Team NHL All-Star. Over the next five seasons Quackenbush hovered around the 20 point mark and was never assessed more than 8 penalty minutes in a year. Quackenbush retired following the 1955–56 season, having accumulated only 95 penalty minutes over 774 games. This averaged out to seven seconds a game, one of the lowest in NHL history for a player at any position. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1976. Personal
Following his NHL career, Quackenbush worked as a manufacturer's agent while attending night school at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.At Northeastern, he earned an Associate's degree in engineering. Quackenbush also became an assistant coach at Northeastern. In 1967, he became the head coach for Princeton University's men's ice hockey team, a position he would hold for six seasons. His best season was his first in 1967–68, when the Tigers posted a 13–10–0 record. It was the highest win total for Princeton since 1935–36. However, his success with the men's ice hockey team would not last; Princeton won no more than five games for their next five seasons. His worst campaign was in 1970–71, when Princeton had two 11 game losing streaks and a 1–22–0 overall record.Because of this, Quackenbush stepped down as the head coach in 1973. In 1969 he began coaching the Princeton men's golf team. He enjoyed much greater success with the golf team, leading them to eight Ivy League championships. In 1978 Princeton started a women's ice hockey team, and Quackenbush was asked to coach them. He was still coaching the golf team but decided to accept the additional position and led them to three consecutive Ivy League championships between 1982 and 1984. Quackenbush retired from coaching in 1985, after which he moved to Orlando, Florida, where he lived for several years before moving to New Jersey in 1997. He married Joan Kalloch and the couple had three sons, Bruce, Scott and Todd.At the time of his death, Quackenbush also had seven grandchildren. He died of pneumonia and complications from Alzheimer's disease on September 12, 1999, at Chandler Hall Hospice in Newtown, Pennsylvania, at the age of 77. Playing style
Quackenbush was an offensive defenceman who carried the puck up the ice, making use of his stick handling, passing skills and ability to read the play. Over the course of his career, he was considered one of the elite rushing defenceman in the NHL. He was a solid checker, but relied more on positioning and discipline than physical play. This is evident by his low yearly average of penalty minutes and the fact that he was assessed only one major penalty throughout his NHL career. Defensively he made use of poke checks to take the puck from his opponents and excelled at getting to loose pucks and clearing them out of the defensive zone.He was adept at keeping opposing forwards from creating offence from behind the net. Awards and honours
 Lady Byng Trophy (1949)
 Three time NHL First Team All-Star (1948, 1949, 1951)
 Two time NHL Second Team All-Star (1947, 1953)
 Eight time NHL All-Star Game participant (1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954)
 Honored Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (1976)

Career statistics

All statistics taken from NHL.com

Head coaching record

Men's

References

External links

1922 births
1999 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Brantford Lions players
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Indianapolis Capitals players
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Sportspeople from Toronto

masks: Bill Bill


title: Nicky Romero

texts:
Nick Rotteveel (; born 6 January 1989), professionally known as <mask> or Monocule, is a Dutch DJ, record producer and remixer from Amerongen, Utrecht Province. He has worked with, and received support from DJs, such as Tiësto, Fedde le Grand, Sander van Doorn, David Guetta, Calvin Harris, Armand van Helden, Avicii and Hardwell. He currently ranks at number 26 on DJ Mags annual Top 100 DJs poll. He is known for his viral hit song "Toulouse". Early life
Nick Rotteveel was born and raised in Amerongen, the Netherlands. He moved to Kingston, Ontario, Canada for a year, and later moved back to the Netherlands to continue his education where he did his final semesters in France. Career
<mask> signed to Once Records and released the tracks "Privilege" and "Qwerty".It was followed by the track "Funktion One" was released, which was mixed by Azucar (from Madskillz and Gregor Salto) and later added "Hear My Sound". In 2009 he remixed  Tony Cha Cha's track "Get on the Floor" and a bootleg for David Guetta entitled "When Love Takes Over". Both tracks increased his profile and the Ministry of Sound contacted him to do some remixes on their label. He also made a remix for the Dirty South track "Alamo". In 2010 <mask> came up with a new track called "My Friend" (released on Spinnin' Records) which features a sample from the well known Groove Armada track of the same name. "My Friend" has been played by DJs and record producers such as Tiësto, Axwell, Fedde Le Grand, Sander van Doorn and many more. The track reached Number 4 at Beatport worldwide overall chart, Number 1 at Dance-Tunes chart and several other famous DJ charts.2011 saw <mask> release plenty of remixes such as "Where Them Girls At" by David Guetta featuring Flo Rida and Nicki Minaj, "What A Feeling" by Alex Gaudino featuring Kelly Rowland, "Stronger" by Erick Morillo and Eddie Thoneick featuring Shawnee Taylor, "Where Is The Love" by Eddie Thoneick and "Rockin' High" by Ben Liebrand. 2012–2013: Mainstream success

In 2012, <mask> achieved popularity with the recording "Toulouse", which became a mainstay on the Beatport Top Ten for a significant period of time. Recognizing his talent, MTV named him an EDM artist to watch in 2012. His popularity has risen in recent years, and he has attained a joint residency with David Guetta at party hot spot Ibiza for the summer of 2012. In October 2012, <mask> received the DJ Mag 'Highest New Entry' award on DJ Mag's top 100 DJs fan poll, and with spot number 17, he is one of the highest new entries ever, together with Skrillex and Dash Berlin. In that same year, <mask> collaborated with Swedish DJ/Producer, Avicii, to produce the highly anticipated single "I Could Be the One" which became a massive success across Europe, particularly in the United Kingdom, where the single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 17 February 2013 ― for the week ending on 23 February 2013 ― becoming both <mask> and Avicii's first chart-topper in the UK. On the UK Dance Chart, "I Could Be the One" debuted at number one ahead of Baauer's "Harlem Shake", which entered at number two.Following "I Could Be the One" in 2013, <mask>, "Legacy" also saw Beatport chart success hitting the No. 1 spot. <mask> then took on a collaboration with Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano, "S.O.T.U. ", that he released on Steve Angello's Size Records. Amid his 2013 releases, he performed as a resident at The Light Las Vegas and he also played numerous major festivals including Ultra Music Festival, Coachella, Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas and Puerto Rico, Sensation White, and Tomorrowland, amongst others.One of his most notable gigs was at TomorrowWorld where he was one of the first music acts to present an interactive performance experience using Google Glass. In October 2013, <mask> ranked at number 7 on DJ Mags Top 100 DJs annual fan poll. He helms his own weekly radio show, Protocol Radio and his own record label, Protocol Recordings. 2014–present: Studio work
In June 2014 he released a song called "Feet On The Ground" with vocals by the Dutch singer Anouk. Beside his music, he is up for different kinds of charity projects, as '10.000 Hours – People Planet Party' which is made to help renovate playgrounds for disadvantaged kids. "Legacy" was used as the backing track by Australian television network Channel Seven in on-air promotions for the 2014 season return of hit show Revenge. After the advertisement's high rotation during the high rating 2014 Australian Open, the song charted in Australia at number 50.In August 2014, <mask> partnered with EDM lifestyle brand Electric Family to produce a collaboration bracelet for which 100% of the proceeds are donated to Fuck Cancer. In Nover 2015, <mask> indicated that he had been suffering from anxiety which forced him to reduce his touring commitments and scale back his studio work. In 2018, <mask> released a song with ROZES, titled "Where Would We Be". Other productions
In addition to all "<mask>" singles, he also co-produced the track "Right Now" (featuring David Guetta) from Rihanna's seventh studio album Unapologetic, which was released on 19 November 2012. Before his performance at Tomorrowland, he mentioned in an interview with MTV that he was also working on a new project with Rihanna. He co-wrote and produced "It Should Be Easy" by Britney Spears for her eighth studio album Britney Jean. <mask> also co-produced "Bang My Head" (featuring Sia Furler) and "No Money No Love" from David Guetta's 2014 album titled Listen.Furthermore, he co-produced "Dragon Night" from Sekai no Owari's second studio album Tree. Criticism
As <mask> has become more popular, he has become the target of criticism from underground music producers and underground music satire web articles; subjects include his actual abilities and contribution to the electronic music canon. Critics have targeted his style, his appearance and his music-production abilities. Such suggestions describes elements of <mask>'s abilities as brief and insufficient. <mask> has since rebuffed the suggestions as minor. Other ventures

Protocol RecordingsProtocol Recordings''' is a Dutch record label founded on May 8, 2012 by electronic music producer and DJ <mask>. They have released music by notable underground electronic artists such as Blasterjaxx, Don Diablo, R3hab, Vicetone, Stadiumx, Thomas Gold, Arno Cost and Volt & State.The label's first release was "WTF!?" by <mask> and ZROQ. Protocol Recordings has become a successful record label as a result of releases by <mask>. The most successful international single from the label was Like Home by <mask> and Australian duo NERVO, which reached 37th place in Sweden, 15th place in the general chart and 5th place in the dance chart of the Netherlands and 33rd place in the singles chart and 9th place in the dance chart of the United Kingdom. Five releases have reached number one on the Beatport Top 100. Four of these have been produced by <mask> and another, Howl At The Moon, produced by Hungarian duo StadiumX, which reached 59th place in the French SNEP chart. Protocol Radio is a weekly podcast and syndicated radio show created in 2013 and is hosted by <mask>.It comprises upcoming releases on Protocol Recordings and tracks that he supports. In 2019, <mask> joined fellow DJ, Steve Aoki, in his investment in the Rogue esports team. In 2021 <mask> expanded his output by delivering an in-depth music production masterclass for aspiring DJs and producers. Filmography

<mask> made a cameo appearance in the 2015 film We Are Your Friends'', starring Zac Efron. He appeared in the ending, playing himself during the movie's Summerfest party. Discography

References

External links

 Official site
 Label site

1989 births
Living people
Dutch DJs
Dutch house musicians
Dutch expatriates in Canada
Dutch expatriates in France
People from Amerongen
Progressive house musicians
Electronic dance music DJs

masks:
Nicky Romero
Romero
Nicky Romero
Romero
Romero
Nicky Romero
Romero
Romero
Romeroella
Romero
Romero
Nicky
Romero
Nicky Romero
Nicky Romero
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Nicky Romero
Nicky Romero
Nicky Romero
Nicky Romero
Nicky Romero
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Romero


title: Rajadhiraja Chola

texts:
<mask> (994 CE - 1052 CE)  was a Chola emperor and the successor of his father, Rajendra I. During his short reign, he helped his father conquer many territories and maintained the Chola authority over most of Sri Lanka, Eastern Chalukya, Kalinga, etc. and the relations with overseas domains despite a series of revolts in the territory. <mask>’s record shows that he was a born fighter who was very capable of maintaining a vast and expansive empire with territories even outside the shores of India. He was a great warrior who always led his soldiers from the front. His life is a testimony to a great king who fought his own wars, standing shoulder to shoulder with his men on front lines. He earned the title Jayamkonda Chola (The Victorious Cholan) after numerous victories.Towards the end of his reign, he sacked the Western Chalukyan capital Kalyanapuram and assumed the title Kalyanapuramgonda Chola and performed a Virabhisheka (anointment of heroes) under the name Vijaya Rajendra Cholan (the victorious Rajendra Cholan). Long Apprenticeship

<mask> <mask> was made co-regent very early in his reign (1018). From that day onward, father and son ruled together and shared the burdens of the empire. From the inscriptions of Rajadhiraja it is evident that Rajadhiraja ruled in full regal status in the lifetime of his father. Rajadhiraja was at the forefront of most of his father's military campaigns. Military Campaigns

Revolts in Lanka

The Buddhist text Mahavamsa shows that the years following the defeat and deportation of the Sinhalese king Mahinda V by Rajendra in 1017 CE were filled with revolt and anarchy due uprisings by the Sinhalese subjects against the reign of the Chola invaders. Mahinda was captured and transported to the Chola country as prisoner where he died 12 years later.Mahinda’s son Kassapa had formed the resistance against the Chola occupiers and the revolts were centred on Kassapa. Kassapa managed to face off the almost 95,000 strong Chola army for over six months and push them northwards from the Rohana area in southern Sri Lanka he then crowned himself Vikramabahu in 1029 C.E. Cholas never intended to subjugate the entire island of Sri Lanka and only occupied the whole island for a period of about 10 years. Sinhalese resistance was assisted by various Pandyan princes against their common enemy. Pandyas had a very close political as well as marital relationship with the Sinhalese. During <mask>’s reign this became very acute as Vikramabahu launched an all out attack on the Tamil armies to expel them from the island. He was assisted by a Pandya prince Vikarama Pandya and Jagatpala, a prince from the distant Kanauj in North India.Rajadhiraja’s forces battled and killed these princes. The version of the Mahavamsa has to be taken in the right perspective in that it states itself to be a Buddhist chronicle and its point of view is only supposed to favour Buddhist subjects. We cannot expect it to speak in very complimentary terms about non-Buddhist kings. In any case, at least in war, the Cholas were known to be very uncompromising with their enemies and believed in eliminating them rather than setting them free. whether it was the "Chalukyas", "Pandyas" or the "Ilangai kings"... their treatment was the same, which the Mahavamsa chroniclers found inhuman.What is valourous and uncompromising warfare on the part of the Cholas was described as brutal conduct when it came to describing defeats of the rulers of Eelam (Sri Lanka). The same Mahavamsa records however, prefer not to throw any light on the looting and killing of traders and businessmen from South India visiting the Island of Ilangai or even other prosperous Tamils coming to see their relations in the Island. Either the traders or ordinary citizens from Tamil country were being regularly waylaid or looted merely because the Sinhalese could not tolerate their presence in the island.The Chola kings particularly from the time of Rajendra <mask> I, on coming to know of the ill-treatment meted out to the visitors from Tamil country in Ilangai, took prompt measures to punish the wrong-doers among the local Sinhalese in Ilangai, which information is available in scores of Tamil records[**]. The Chola provinces in Lanka were a separate administrative division of the empire. The deep southern half was however a Sinhalese stronghold in perpetual conflict with the Cholas. Prince Kitti, son of Vikramabahu became Vijayabahu in 1058 CE and took over the leadership of the resistance. The victorious generals of Cholas executed the captured lankan generals along with their family members, mainly in return for their disrupting traders activities from South India in the Lankan mainland by looting and killing them for their riches. More details included by Rithwik Rakshan S (Youth Historian)

Continuing Chalukya Wars

<mask>, eager to subdue the rising power of the Western Chalukyas and to restore Chola influence with the Eastern Chalukyas in Vengi, personally led an expedition into the Telugu country in 1046 CE. He defeated the Western Chalukya forces in a battle at Dannada on the river Krishna and set fire to their fort.This expedition was followed by number of raids into the Chalukya country by the Chola army in which they captured several generals and feudatories of Chalukya, demolished the Chalukya palace at Kampali. The victorious Chola forces crossed the Krishna river and erected a victory pillar at a place called Yetagiri. After more fighting, Kalyani, the capital of Chalukya, which is identified as Kalyan or Basavakalyan in Bidar was sacked. Cholas also placed a victory pillar in Kolhapur or Kollapuram in Maharashtra.The victorious Rajadhiraja entered the capital of the vanquished Chalukyas and his coronation was performed at 'Kalyanapura', subsequent to which he assumed the title Vijayarajendra. Someshvara I was banished to places like Rodda, Kadambalige and Kogali 1000 territories in the Nolambavadi areas[**]. In 1050 CE Chalukya king Someshvara reneged on his payment of tribute to his Chola overlords and usurped the Chalukya throne from the Chola viceroy in Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan). He also sent an expedition to Vengi in order to re-inforce Western Chalukyan hegemony over the Eastern Chalukyas, whom they always regarded as their dominions.It is also speculated that Someshvara I 'may' have captured Kanchi and Kalinga. However, according to Nilakanta Sastri and Majumdar, these are baseless claims because Someshvara I had as his feudatories the Uchangi Pandyas and the Nolamba Pallavas who had provided shelter to his predecessors Jayasimha-II and Satyashraya. The Nolamba Pallavas pompously held the birudas 'Lord of Kanchi', which may lead one to believe that the feudatories of the Chalukyas were ruling from Kanchi or occupying Kanchipuram, both of which presumptions are false. Also, the Cholas were controlling Kalinga through the Vengi Kings like Vimaladitya and Raja Raja Narendra who were related to the Chola Kings. While Someshvara-I did destabilise Vengi by temporarily displacing Rajaraja Narendra, this act also initially disturbed Chola connections with Kalinga. This however, was short-lived for immediately <mask>-I set off for war against Someshvara-I and that too not at Vengi or Kalinga but by the Chalukya capital itself. But that was after thoroughly preparing himself for war before which he undertook in 1052, the task of anointing his younger brother Rajendra <mask> II as co-regent in preference to his own sons.The latter seems to have ascended the throne in 12th for he has the title Rajakesari from then on. When these tasks were completed, in 1054 Rajadhiraja invaded the Chalukyan territory[**]. Rajadhiraja invaded Rattamandalam (southern Karnataka) and immediately seized many of the southern parts of Chalukyan territory like Uchangi, Nulambavadi, Kadambalige, Kogali etc. These developments shook Someshvara-I, who had given himself the title of Trailokyamalla after installing his puppet in Vengi and he had to rush back to save his own kingdom and he had no option but to march against the marauding Chola armies. The two armies met at a place called Koppam on the banks of the Krishna River[**]. Inscriptions

Rajadhiraja's inscriptions begin with the introduction tingaler-taru. The following is an inscription from the Svetaranyesvara temple in Tiruvenkadu, a few miles from Vaitheeswaran temple.It mentions the king's father, i.e., emperor Rajendra <mask> I

There is another inscription of the king his 29th regnal year from the Manimangalam village about donation of land which speaks on a detailed way his military achievements. Inscription goes on to describe the following:

a. Appointment of his 7 relatives as governors to Chera, Chalukya, Pandya, Ganga, Ceylon, Pallava and Kanyakubja (Kannauj – UP). b. Victorious war against ahavamalla, vikki, vijayaditya who are Someswarar I, Vikramaditya VI and Vijayaditya respectively of Western Chalukya and the burning of Kollipakai. c. His exploits at Ceylon where he attacked its four kings (Vikramabahu, Veera Salamegan, Vikrama Pandya and Srivallabha madanaraja) . Out of four, vira salamegan had initially ruled over Kannauj. Rajadhiraja while sacking Ceylon had seized his elder sister and his wife and also went on to cut the nose of his mother.d. On his second raid to chalukyan kingdom, he went on to burn Kampili and he died on the battle field at Kopam. There is one inscription by Western Chalukya which was inscribed in Annigere which talks of a wicked chozha who had abandoned his religious practices and burned Jaina temples and ultimately yielded his head to someswara. Another inscription of the king from a temple in Chingleput district is as follows,

Here is the inscription from Kolar in Karnataka:

Sometime after he ascended the throne, he placed Rajendra <mask> II as a co-regent. Rajendra <mask> II would reign alongside Rajadhiraja until the latter's death after which he ascended the throne. Death on the Battlefield

He was one of the greatest and bravest warriors in the Chola dynasty and sadly perished alone in a northern battlefield (Battle of Koppam). From the manner of his death, Rajadhiraja came to be known as Yanai-mel-thunjina Devar (the king who died on the back of an elephant). From the time he was chosen heir-apparent by his father to the day when he laid down his life on the field of battle, Rajadhiraja led the life of a warrior king and led many campaigns in person.Rajadhiraja was first and foremost a soldier and possibly his great military talent formed the reason for his being preferred for succession against an elder brother of his. Personal life

Rajadhiraja employed his father’s brother, his own brothers, elder and younger, in important offices of state and constituted them into subordinate rulers of regions of his empire. We know of the title (Trilokyam Udaiyar) rather than the actual name of a queen. His queens do not figure prominently in his records. Apart from Vijaya Rajendra, he took the titles of Virarajendra Varman, Ahavamally Kulantaka and Kalyanapurangondachola. His children seem to have been overlooked in the succession to the Chola throne for a brief time. Officials

Vira-Vichchadira(Vidyadhara)-Muvendavelan was a prominent military officer of this king.He has made several generous donations to the various temples in Kalavara nadu, a sub-division of Nigarili-Chola-mandalam (part of present-day Karnataka) where he was deployed. Vettan Panachanadi-Vānan alias Madurāntaka-tTamil-pperaiyan of Tandāngurai in Vilānādu belonging to the Pandikulasani valanadu of Sola-mandalam was the overseer of the dandanayakas. Santi Kuttan Tiruvalan Tirumud Kunran alias Vijaya Rajendra Acharyan, an actor was in charge of the troupe that were responsible for  enacting the Rajarajeswara Natakam (a musical), in the Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur. Velala Madurantakam alias Dandanayakan Rajadhiraja Ilangovelan was another officer from Nadar, a village of Tiraimur-nadu which was a sub-division of Uyyakondan-valanadu in Sola-mandalam. He has donated 90 sheep to a temple in Tiruvorriyur during the 3rd year of the reign of Rajendra Chola II when the latter was still a co-regent of the king. Religion
The Shaiva Siddhanta school of thought was prevalent and the Bhakti poetry of the Nayanars were encouraged and sang in the temples. We have a record dated in the twenty eighth year of the king's reign from the Adhipurisvara temple in Tiruvorriyur which mentions the Tiruttondatogai of Sundarar and the names of the sixty three Nayanars.Notes

References

 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984). Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002). South Indian shrines: illustrated By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar
 The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇa and the Kalachuris By Balakrishnan Raja Gopal

Chola kings
1052 deaths
11th-century Indian monarchs
Hindu monarchs
Indian military leaders

masks:
Rajadhiraja Chola
Rajadhiraja Chola
Rajadhiraja
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Rajadhiraja
Chola
Rajadhiraja
Rajadhiraja
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title: K. Omanakutty

texts:
<mask> is an academician, music teacher and carnatic vocalist noted for her research and publications in the field of music. Her research on Kathakali music led to her doctorate in this field. She currently serves as professor and Head of the Department of Music at the University of Kerala. She also chairs Sangeetha Bharathi, a private organization. K<mask> is also serving as a senior faculty of the Music Therapy Department of the Pankaja Kasthuri Ayurvedic Medical College, Kattakada, Thiruvananthapuram. She is also the founder chairman and secretary of Thiruvananthapuram-based Sangeeta Bharati. Her disciples includes K. S. Chithra, B. Arundhathi, K. S. Harisankar, Manjari,  K. S. Resmi among others.Her elder brother, M. G. Radhakrishnan was a music director in Malayalam movie industry and her younger brother, M. G. Sreekumar is a playback singer. Early life and education
K<mask> was born in the year 1943 near Haripad in Kerala. She was born into a family of musicians. Her father, Malabar Gopalan Nair, was a harmonium player and carnatic musician, who was a regular presence in stage shows across South India. Her mother, Medayil <mask> Amma, was also a carnatic musician. Her brother M. G. Radhakrishnan was a composer and another brother M. G. Sreekumar is both a composer and playback singer. She had her formal education from a school in her village.Later in 1963, she completed her graduation in Zoology from a degree college affiliated to Kerala University. Due to her interest in music, she joined in the Thiruvananthapuram-based Music Academy to pursue a Gana Praveena course in Music. On successfully completing the course in Music from that organization, <mask> Amma started working as a lecturer in the Music Department of Government Maharaja's College for Women in Thiruvananthapuram. While working in the Music department of the college, she completed her part-time degree course in Music. After successfully completing the degree course in Music, Omanakutty became a Second Grade Professor in the same department of the college. In this designation, she continued to teach students of the department with dedication for a period of 6 years. In recognition of the quality services provided by her in academics and music field, Omanakutty was promoted to the designation of the First Grade Professor of Music in the same department.During this period, many reputed musicians of today joined the course and successfully completed their formal training in Music from the department. Subsequently, she did her post graduation and doctoral programs in the field of Music from the same department successfully. For her doctoral degree program, the subject of her research was the origin and the evolution of Kathakali music in Kerala. Degrees:
Ph.D. (Origin and the Evolution of Kadhakali Music), University of Kerala
M.A. (Music), University of Kerala, 1st Rank
B.A. (Music), University of Kerala, 1st Rank
Ganapraveena, Swati Tirunal College of Music, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
B.Sc. (Zoology), University of Kerala.Career

Musician
While working as a senior faculty of Music at Government College for Women, the septuagenarian regularly took part in music concerts in different parts of the country. While preparing for the concerts, Omanakutty came across the works of the composer-musician king Swathi Thirunal. That point in time, many of his works were lying in oblivion. With the help of her disciples, she painstakingly analyzed his works and put them in order to make them presentable to the present-day audience. Later, she and her disciples started using Swathi Thirunal's compositions in their concerts to popularize them. One such discovery that was made during this period was a work on Tillana, a composition created by Swathi Thirunal. During her later years as a musician, she came to know about the effect of music on the psyche of human beings and other animals.After having read the resources available on the topic, she decided to devote her remaining time on this unexplored field of music. For serving this purpose, she established an organization called Sangeeta Bharati. Apart from doing research on Music Therapy, it also provides authentic music training to the budding musicians of the state. In recognition of her service in the upcoming field of Music Therapy, the authorities of Panakaja Kasthuri Ayurvedic Medical College in Thiruvananthapurm have made her the senior-most faculty in the organization to assist them in administering the medical cure through music. K. Omanakutty has performed more than 300 music concerts, exclusively of Swathi Thirunal kritis, as part of popularizing the Maharaja's compositions across the world. To this effect, Swathi Pancharatnam has performed by 500 students from Thiruvananthapuram district at Vyloppilly Sanskriti Bhavan in December 2015 with a focus to penetrate Maharaja's pancharatna kritis like that of Tyagaraja's Pancharatna Kriti. Now, under the social justice department of Government of Kerala, music therapy is applying to the inmates of Poojapura and Pulayanarkotta old age homes for the mental solace of the inmates staying there in every month.Academia
Omanakutty has teaching experience for 37 years as Lecturer and Professor in music. She retired from service in 2003 as professor and Head of Department of Music [HOD] from the Department of Music, University of Kerala. She was the first professor in Department of Music, University of Kerala. Personal life
Her husband M. P. Gopinathan Nair was a chief engineer of All India Radio. Her only daughter <mask> Lekshmi and son-in-law K. S. Sreekumar are also musicians. <mask>'s grandchildren, K. S. Harisankar is a playback singer and K. S. Ravisankar is a violinist. Awards
 1997 – Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (Classical Music)
 2012 – Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship (Classical Music)
 2013 – Subbulakshmi Award
 2020 – Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram

References

Women Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
20th-century Indian educators
Indian women classical singers
Indian women musicologists
Indian musicologists
Singers from Kerala
20th-century Indian women singers
Educators from Kerala
Women musicians from Kerala
Women educators from Kerala
People from Changanassery
20th-century Indian singers
21st-century Indian singers
21st-century Indian women singers
Kerala academics
20th-century women educators
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Kamalakshi Omanakutty
. Omanakutty
. Omanakutty
Kamalakshi
Omanakutty
Kamala
Omanakutty


title: Patrick Cabanel

texts:
<mask> (born 22 February 1961) is a French historian, director of studies at the École pratique des hautes études and holder of the chair in Histoire et sociologie des protestantismes. He mainly writes on the history of religious minorities, the construction of a secularised French Republic and French resistance to the Shoah. Life
He was born in Alès and studied at the lycée Alphonse-Daudet. Publications

Author
 Les Protestants et la République, de 1870 à nos jours, Complexe, 2000. Les Mots de la religion dans l'Europe contemporaine, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2001. Trames religieuses et paysages culturels dans l'Europe du XIXe siècle, Seli Arslan, 2002. La République du certificat d'études.Histoire et anthropologie d'un examen, Belin, 2002. Le Dieu de la République (1860-1900), Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003. Les Mots de la laïcité, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2004. Juifs et protestants en France, les affinités électives : xvie – xxie siècle, Fayard, 2004. 1905. La Séparation des Églises et de l'État, Geste Éditions, coll. « 30 questions », 2005.Cévennes. Un jardin d’Israël, Cahors, La Louve éditions, 2e éd., 2006. La Tour de Constance et Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. L'oubli et le royaume, Cahors, La Louve éditions, 2007. Entre religions et laïcité. La voie française, xixe – xxie siècle, Privat, 2007. Le Tour de la nation par des enfants.Romans scolaires et espaces nationaux, XIXe - XXIe siècle, Belin, 2007. Voyage en religions. Histoire des lieux de culte en Languedoc et Roussillon, Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, 2007. Chère mademoiselle… - Alice Ferrières et les enfants cachés de Murat, Éditions Calmann-Lévy, 2010
 Histoire des Justes en France, Armand Colin, 2012
 Résister. Voix protestantes, Alcide, 2012
 Histoire des protestants en France, Fayard, 2012
 De la paix aux résistances. Les protestants en France 1930-1945, Fayard, 2015,
 La Question nationale au xix siècle, La Découverte, coll. « Repères », éd.2015 [1997]. Ferdinand Buisson. Père de l'école laïque, Labor et Fides, 2016
 Le Protestantisme français, la belle histoire xvie – xxie siècle, Alcide, 2017
 Alexis Muston Journal (1825-1850), Grenoble, PUG, coll. « La Pierre et l'écrit », 2018
 Nous devions le faire, nous l’avons fait, c’est tout. Cévennes, l’histoire d’une terre de refuge, 1940-1944, Alcide, 2018,
 1942. Mgr Saliège, une voix contre la déportation des juifs, Portet-sur-Garonne, Éditions Midi-Pyrénéennes, 2018
 Histoire des Cévennes, PUF, coll. « Que sais-je ?», no. 3342 8e éd. 2019 [1998] . La Maison sur la montagne. Le Coteau fleuri, 1942-1945, Albin Michel, 2019, p.|257
 Deux peintres du refuge : artistes juifs dans les Cévennes (1942-1944), Alcide, 2020 . Évangéliser en France au xx siècle : histoire de La Cause (1920-2020), Paris, La Cause, 2021 . Editor
 Dire les Cévennes - Mille ans de témoignages, preface by Philippe Joutard, Presses du Languedoc/Club cévenol, 1994
 La Tunisie mosaïque, diasporas, cosmopolitisme, archéologie de l’identité, with Jacques Alexandropoulos, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2000.Questions de démocratie, co-edited with Jean-Marc Février, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2000. Les Camisards et leur mémoire 1702-2002, with Philippe Joutard, (international colloquum), Presses du Languedoc, Sète 2002. .
 La Deuxième Guerre mondiale, des terres de refuge aux musées, with Laurent Gervereau, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, 2003. La Fabrique des nations. Figures de l'État-nation dans l'Europe du ix siècle, with Michel Bertrand and Bertrand de Lafargue, Les Éditions de Paris, 2003. Un modèle d'intégration. Juifs et israélites en France et en Europe, xixe – xxe siècles, with Chantal Bordes-Benayoun, Berg International, 2004. Religions, pouvoir et violence, with Michel Bertrand, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2005.Le Grand Exil des congrégations religieuses françaises 1901-1914, with Jean-Dominique Durand, éd. du Cerf, 2005. Cévennes, terre de refuge (1940-1944), with Philippe Joutard and Jacques Poujol, 5e éd. Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, 2012 [1987]. Une France en Méditerranée. Écoles, langue et culture françaises, xixe – xxe siècles, Créaphis, 2006. Lettres d'exil 1901-1909.Les congrégations françaises dans le monde après les lois laïques de 1901 et 1904, Turnhout, Brepols, 2008. Le Siècle des excès, with Patrice Touchard, Christine Bermond-Bousquet, Maxime Lefebvre, PUF, 7e éd., 2010. Histoire régionale de la Shoah, with Jacques Fijalkow, Les Éditions de Paris, 2011. La montagne refuge - Accueil et sauvetage des juifs autour du Chambon-sur-Lignon, with Philippe Joutard, Jacques Sémelin, Annette Wieviorka, Albin Michel, 2013. Les Cévennes au XXI siècle, une renaissance, Alcide, 2014. Dictionnaire biographique des protestants français de 1787 à nos jours, tome 1, A-C (2015) and tome 2, D-G (2020), with André Encrevé, éditions de Paris/Max Chaleil, XXVI-831 p. .
 Croire, s’engager, chercher. Autour de Jean Baubérot, du protestantisme à la laïcité, with Valentine Zuber and Raphaël Liogier, Turnhout, Brepols, 2016 .La Saga Bost. Une famille protestante (xviie – xxie siècle), with Laurent Gervereau, Genève, Labor et Fides, 2017 . Protestantismes, convictions & engagements. Colloque international, historique & interreligieux, Olivétan, 2019

Awards
 1988 : prix Pays-Protestants  for Cévennes, terre de refuge (1940-1944). 2005 : Cabri d'or for Cévennes, un jardin d'Israël. 2012 :
 chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. prix Philippe-Viannay for Histoire des Justes en France
 2013 : prix Le-Dissez-de-Penanrun from the Académie des sciences morales et politiques

References

Bibliography
  André Encrevé, « <mask> », in <mask> et André Encrevé (dir.), Dictionnaire biographique des protestants français de 1787 à nos jours, tome 1 : A-C, , Les Éditions de Paris/Max Chaleil, Paris, 2015 . Serge Velay, Michel Boissard and Catherine Bernié-Boissard, « <mask> », in Petit dictionnaire des écrivains du Gard, Nîmes, Alcide, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-917743-07-2), p. 57. External links
  Biography on the École pratique des hautes études site

Living people
1961 births
21st-century French historians
French historians of religion
Historians of Protestantism
Historians of Jews and Judaism
École Normale Supérieure alumni
École pratique des hautes études faculty
People from Alès
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

masks:
Patrick Cabanel
Patrick Cabanel
Patrick Cabanel
Patrick Cabanel


title: Mohammed Junaid Thorne

texts:
<mask> is an Australian Islamic preacher of Aboriginal heritage from Perth, Western Australia. <mask> is noted for his controversial views on Islamic militant groups including Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. <mask> is a member of the Australian branch of Millatu Ibrahim, a Salafi organisation banned in Germany. In August 2015 <mask> was sentenced to between four and eight months jail for travelling on an aircraft under a false name, and using fake ID to obtain his ticket. Personal life
<mask> was born to a Noongar Aboriginal man named <mask> and to a Malaysian Muslim woman. His parents divorced and <mask>'s mother remarried a Moroccan Muslim. In 1996, when <mask> was five he was taken to Saudi Arabia to live as his stepfather secured work there.<mask> lived and studied in Saudi Arabia and became transcultured as a Muslim Arab. He stayed in Saudi Arabia until the age of twenty three. His older brother Shayden was sentenced by Saudi authorities to four and half years on terrorism charges. <mask> was deported from Saudi Arabia to Western Australia in July 2013 after protesting his brother's imprisonment. For his part in the 2016 "Tinnie terror plot", Shayden <mask> was sentenced to three years and ten months jail. Shayden  was released in early March 2020, under an interim control order. In November 2014, <mask> <mask> moved from Perth to Sydney.<mask> is on the Australian Federal Government's terrorism watchlist for his inflammatory social media posts and for lectures indicating support for Islamic State. On 15 January 2015 <mask>'s home in Bass Hill, New South Wales was raided by Australian Federal Police (AFP) officers. He was served with a notice to appear at court in Perth. When traveling between Sydney and Perth, with Omer Issak and Mostafa Shiddiquzzaman, they all used false names. All three plead guilty to the charges. Shiddiquzzuman was sentenced to four months in custody, while Issak received a "community-based order" earlier the same year in Perth. On 15 June 2015 <mask> was sentenced to nine months' jail.He was released on bail pending an appeal of his sentence. In August <mask> was sentenced to eight months, with a minimum of four. He is being held in segregation at Goulburn Correctional Centres supermax facility after being classified with the most secure rating, AA. In 2019 <mask> was charged with drug- and firearm-supply offences. Activities
<mask> has been an active Islamic preacher in the Muslim community of Australia; he has given a series of lectures at local Islamic centres known for their hardline views of Islam including the iQraa Islamic centre in Brisbane, the (now-closed) Al Risalah Islamic centre in Bankstown, and the (now closed) Al Furqan Islamic centre in Melbourne. According to <mask>, teenager Numan Haider, who was shot and killed after stabbing two officers from the Joint Counter Terrorism team outside the Endeavour Hills police station in Melbourne, attended a number of his lectures, and he met with the teenager several times. <mask> claimed Haider was "innocent" and had been "murdered in cold blood".Millatu Ibrahim
<mask> <mask> has become a member of the Millatu Ibrahim branch in Perth; Millatu Ibrahim has been banned in Germany. According to <mask>, Millatu Ibrahim means "to follow the path of Ibrahim (Abraham)," who is considered a prophet in the Islamic faith. <mask> has claimed that no connection exists between the Australian and German Millatu Ibrahim groups, stating "just because the name is the same... doesn't imply that they're the same or that they know each other." Ruqyah healing
Following his move to Sydney in November 2014, <mask> turned toward an Islamic form of spiritual healing known as ruqyah; <mask>, collaborating with a Sydney-based healer, Abu Hamza, began a series of lectures on the subject of spirits in Islam or jinn. Views
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
"If I were to vocalise my complete support to them [Islamic State], I would get in trouble... If I was to say that [I] don't support them at all, that would be untrue... I may support them [on] certain issues, while I disagree with them in other issues."Democracy and Sharia
"As Muslims, we do reject democracy, we reject other, we look to Sharia, Sharia law, as our main way of governmental system. Not that we are like trying to impose it here or anything. It's just that what we as Muslims want. Me personally, I want, I would love for Sharia law to be implemented here, but it doesn't mean that I'm going to impose it on anyone. But if there was an Islamic state where Sharia law was being implemented I would happily move there. Because as a Muslim, all Muslims, we see that Sharia law is our salvation, or our solution to the problems that we see nowadays." Charlie Hebdo shooting
<mask> has been critically cited in the media for providing justification for the terrorist attack on the French Charlie Hebdo magazine in Paris, in which 12 people were killed.Victim of trolling
In 2015, <mask> was the victim of Jewish American online troll, and convicted bomber Joshua Ryne Goldberg, who set up a fake account in the name of the preacher with the intention of smearing <mask>, as well as creating fake jihadist personas that interacted with the fake <mask> account, sending screengrabs of these fabricated interactions to journalists. Not realizing that the "jihadist" accounts were controlled by the same hoaxster that was impersonating <mask>, these faked interactions were published in The West Australian on 18 April 2015, and described as evidence of "the deep hatred many of <mask>'s followers harbour towards non-Muslim Australians". See also
Islam in Australia
Islamic organisations in Australia

References

1991 births
Living people
Australian Muslims
Noongar people
Australian people of Malaysian descent
Australian propagandists
Jihadist propagandists
Australian Salafis
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian male criminals
Prisoners and detainees of New South Wales

masks:
Mohammed Junaid Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Junaid Thorne
Graham Thorne
Junaid
Junaid
Junaid
Junaid
Thorne
Junaid
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Junaid
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne
Thorne


title: Herman Frasch

texts:
<mask> [or <mask>] (December 25, 1851 in Oberrot bei Gaildorf, Württemberg – May 1, 1914 in Paris) was a chemist, mining engineer and inventor known for his work with petroleum and sulphur. Biography

Early life
He was the son of Johannes and Frieda Henrietta (Bauer) <mask>. Both his parents were natives of Stuttgart. His father was burgomaster of Gaildorf. <mask> attended the Latin school in Gaildorf and was then apprenticed to a bookseller in nearby Schwäbisch Hall. At the age of 16 or 19, he left the apprenticeship and sailed from Bremen to New York, then took the train to Philadelphia. After his arrival in the United States, he became a lab assistant to John Michael Maisch at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.Engineering career

Oil career
In 1875, <mask> invented a recovery process for tin scrap and process to make white lead from galena. He patented a process for refining paraffin wax in 1876, and sold the patent to Standard Oil, for whom he became a consulting chemist based in Cleveland. In 1884, <mask> sold the exclusive use of his fractional distillation patent, which was more efficient at separating oil into by-products to Imperial Oil. Imperial then hired <mask> to assist them in retrofitting their Silver Star refinery with his refining process. Imperial offered <mask> a fee of $10,000, but he persuaded the company to provide him with a salary that matched the President of Imperial Oil, Frederick A. Fitzgerald. Once <mask>'s completed his work on the refinery in February 1885, he resigned and joined Imperial board member John Minhinnick in founding the Empire Oil Company. The partners purchased a refinery in London, and Frasch began experimenting on a way to remove the sulphur in kerosene refined from Petrolia oil.The oil fields in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada had a high sulphur content, resulting in the kerosene producing excessive smoke and a pungent smell when burned. Canadians nicknamed the kerosene "skunk oil," and refiners had a difficult time marketing their products at home and abroad. Between 1885 and 1887 <mask> determined that mixing copper oxide during the distillation process removed the sulphur content from the oil. Around the same time as <mask>'s discovery, Standard Oil began expanding into Lima, Ohio, and discovered that its oil, like Lambton County's, had a high sulphur content. Recognizing that any improvement in the Canadian oil could also be applied to the Ohio oil, Standard hired <mask> in July 1886, offering him "a salary higher than that of any other scientist in the country," and an exchange of his shares in the Empire Oil Company for Standard Oil shares. Once <mask> returned to the United States, he began working for the Solar Refining Company, a Standard Oil subsidiary in Lima, Ohio, and perfected his desulphurization method. Standard Oil held a patent monopoly on the desulphurization method until 1905, making its investments into the Lima oilfields extremely profitable for the company.<mask> became independently wealthy when he sold half his Standard stock after the price rose from $168 to $820 per share, while the dividend on the stock he retained increased from 7 to 40 percent. Sulphur career
During the search for oil in Louisiana, near the present-day city of Sulphur, sulfur was found below a layer of quicksand. All attempts to get to the sulfur with conventional mining shafts ended in disaster. <mask> drilled three dry holes nearby, but the sulfur was not on his property. <mask> concluded the sulfur was associated with a dome structure located on an island owned by the American Sulphur Company. On 20 Oct. 1890, he took out three patents for his Frasch Process. <mask>, and his business associates Frank Rockefeller and F.B.Squire, then entered into a 50-50 agreement with American Sulphur Company to form a new corporation called Union Sulphur Company. In 1894, <mask> started drilling well No. 14 using a 10-inch pipe, finally getting through the quicksand to the caprock after three months. He then drilled an 8-inch bore to the bottom of the sulphur deposit. A strainer, consisting of perforated 6 inch casing, was placed at the bottom of the 623 feet long test tube. Above the strainer were larger holes acting as the hot water outlet. A 3-inch pipe inside the 6 inch casing descended to the strainer, and was connected to a sucker rod pump.Water, from the surrounding swamp, was heated in a 20 feet high cylinder 30 inches in diameter, from steam supplied by 4 boilers. The superheated water was poured into the well for 24 hours, and on Christmas Day, melted sulphur was pumped to the surface filling 40 barrels in 15 minutes. The excess was then directed to a levee, where it solidified. As <mask> himself said about the first demonstration of the first Frasch Process, "We had melted the mineral in the ground and brought it to the surface as liquid." <mask> then eliminated the pump, by using air lift via compressed air. Bubbles form from the air, making the sulphur less dense than the surrounding water, thus raising the aerated column. Costs were also reduced by replacing wood and coal with oil.Then in 1911, he introduced bleed pumps to draw off excess cold water. In 1908, <mask> entered into an agreement with the Italian Government dividing the world market outside the U.S., where Union Sulphur Co. was guaranteed one-third. His costs were one-fifth that of Sicilian Sulphur mined in Caltanissetta. That agreement ended in 1912. Once his original patents expired, <mask> was unsuccessful in blocking Freeport Sulphur Company from using his process. Legacy
<mask> was awarded the Perkin Medal in 1912. <mask> married Romalda Berkin (1854-1889) in 1869.There is no record of her death. They had 2 children. George Berkin <mask> was born in Philadelphia in 1873. Frieda <mask> (1871-1951) was born in Cleveland. Frieda went on to marry Henry Devereux Whiton, who went on to succeed his father-in-law as president of Union Sulpher Co.

<mask> married his second wife Elizabeth Blee (1858-1924), shortly after his first wife passed away, on June 16, 1890. Frasch Elementary school, a public school in Calcasieu Parish, and Frasch Hall, a building at McNeese State University were named after him. <mask>'s surname is often misspelled Frash.<mask> died at his home in Paris on May 1, 1914, and was buried in Gaildorf. His body and that of his widow, Elizabeth Blee <mask>, were brought to the United States and re-interred in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York following the death of Elizabeth in Paris in 1924 . <mask> was awarded 64 U.S. patents during his lifetime. References

Additional reading

History of Sulphur (Sulphur, Louisiana)

Attribution

1851 births
1914 deaths
People from Schwäbisch Hall (district)
19th-century German chemists
20th-century American chemists
19th-century German inventors
19th-century American inventors
German emigrants to the United States
American mining engineers
19th-century German engineers
20th-century American engineers

masks:
Herman Frasch
Hermann Frasch
Frasch
Herman
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Herman Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Frasch
Herman Frasch
Frasch
Frasch


title: Godwin Obaseki

texts:
<mask> (born 1 July 1957) is a Nigerian politician and businessman who is currently the Governor of Edo State. He was first sworn in as governor on 12 November 2016. Before becoming governor, he had served as the chairman of the Edo State Economic and Strategy Team inaugurated by former Governor Adams Oshiomole in March 2009. Obaseki holds post graduate degrees in both Finance and International Business, and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Stock Brokers, Nigeria. Obaseki served as an executive board member of several private companies including Afrinvest. He is the recipient of the Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT) award for best performing Governor of the year in October 2019. Early life and education
Obaseki was born in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Obaseki is the third child of Late Pa Roland Obaseki and Gbinigie of Owina Street, Ogbelaka Quarters, Benin City.He attended St. Matthew's Primary School for his primary school education and proceeded to Eghosa Grammar School, in Benin City, for secondary education. Higher education
Obaseki, thereafter proceeded to the University of Ibadan where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Classics. For his mandatory one year National Youth Service, he served in Jos, Plateau State. He later left Nigeria for the United States to attend Columbia University and Pace University in New York, where he obtained an MBA in Finance and International Business. Obaseki is the founding secretary, (1992), of a US-based Africa Chamber of Commerce. He was also a Director of Junior Achievement of Nigeria – the local affiliate of international Non Profit Organisation (NGO). Career

Investment banking career
Obaseki began his career as a stockbroker in 1983 with Capital Trust Brokers Limited, Lagos.He later transferred his services to the International Merchant Bank. He moved to AVC Funds Limited, Lagos, in 1988, where he served as a Project Manager. He moved back to New York and worked as a Principal of Equatorial Finance Company, a Financial Advisory firm. He focused on Africa and provided Structured Trade Finance for African-related transactions. Afrinvest
In 1995, <mask> Obaseki founded Afrinvest West Africa Limited (formerly Securities Transactions & Trust Company Limited (SecTrust), which has grown to become one of the most reputable investment banking and management firms in Nigeria. Obaseki later stepped down from his position as chairman of the board of directors of Afrinvest in September 2016, to contest the gubernatorial election in Edo State. Politics and public policy
In an article by Vanguard daily, he was tagged the "Wake and See Governor."Pundits say this is because he prefers working and delivering infrastructural projects without prior fanfare or needless rhetoric. Before becoming the Edo State Governor, Obaseki served as the Chairman of the Economic and Strategy Team (EST). In that capacity, he pioneered a number of policy reforms that saw the state restructure its public finance, secure funding for infrastructure and improve the business environment to attract investment in power, agriculture and other critical sectors. Obaseki was also instrumental in attracting the Edo-Azura power project, with support from World Bank to the state. Aside these, some of his other reforms include:

 injecting a culture of regular retreats as a platform for engagement and consensus building in planning, executing and evaluating state development initiatives and their outcomes
 N25 Billion Infrastructure Development Bond from the Nigerian Capital Market in 2010
 inspiring Sector-based Economic Summits and Policy Dialogue Series

For seven years in the administration of Governor Adams Oshiomhole, his predecessor, he served as voluntary Chairman of the Edo State Economic and Strategy Team as well as Chairman of Tax Assessment Review Committee for Edo State Internal Revenue Service (TARC) and the Committee on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), respectively. He was Secretary of the Committee on the Implementation of the Law, Establishing the present Edo University, Iyamho, and member of the Committee on Contributory Pension Scheme and Edo SEEFOR/DPO Steering Committee, respectively. Before serving at the sub-national level, Obaseki served in the Presidential Committee on the Reform of the Nigerian Pension System, which facilitated the introduction of the contributory pension scheme and other novel pension reforms.He also served in the Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission Committee on the Re-activation of the Nigerian Bond Market and the review of the Investment and Securities Act. Between 2006 and 2009, he served as a member of the Nigerian Stock Exchange Council. He is a Trustee of the Dr Jackson Owen Obaseki Foundation, a family-owned Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). He publicly stated in October 2019 that he will be running for a second term in the State's Gubernatorial election coming up in 2020 stating that his re-election is non-negotiable. He was controversially disqualified from contesting in the APC primary elections by the screening committee due to his disagreements with the National chairman of the party and his predecessor in office comrade Adams Oshiomhole. Policies, projects and initiatives
Since assuming duty as the Executive Governor of Edo State on 12 November 2016, Mr. <mask> Nogheghase Obaseki has enacted projects with the aim of making the state an investment hub. Such projects, includes:

 The Benin River Port Project (Gelegele Seaport)
 The Benin Industrial Park
 Modular Refinery Project
 Technology hubs
 Edojobs

Asides his infrastructural projects, he has also enacted a number of social development initiatives.The state government has proposed to build about 200 Primary Healthcare Centres. Obaseki's focus in the health sector is to develop a viable primary healthcare system to provide affordable and accessible health care services to people in the state. He is also pioneering a state-backed Health insurance scheme to provide a robust sector that will attract private investors. In education, Obaseki launched the Edo Basic Education Transformation (Edo BEST) programme, an initiative to train and equip public school teachers with top-of-the-range skills and expertise for deploying Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in classrooms to improve learning outcomes. There is also a strong emphasis on technical education, which led to the revamping of the Government Science and Technical College (formerly Benin Technical College) to train workforce in the state. He has also vigorously pushed Edo state as a viable investment destination. In January 2018, his government established the Edo State Investment Promotion Office (ESIPO) to facilitate investments and stakeholders engagements so as to improve the business environment in the state.He has also contributed to the fight against human trafficking and illegal migration. He is also embarking on a massive reconstruction of the Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium in preparation for the state to host the 2020 National Sports Festival. Politics
On 29 September 2016, <mask> was elected as the Governor of Edo State under the platform of the All Progressives Congress. During the 2020 Edo Gubernatorial Election, <mask> sought for re-election under the APC but was controversially disqualified by the party's Primary Election Screening Committee from contesting the primary elections, citing missing letters on the governor's National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) certificate and what other observers described as spurious excuses surrounding the governor's university admission. The governor had had a running battle with his predecessor, Comrade Oshiomhole, the National Chairman of the APC, who headed the party's National Working Committee (NWC) at the time, which constituted the screening committee. Political analysts argue that the former governor acted out a script, with the ultimate aim of denying the governor a second-term ticket under the APC. Comrade Oshiomhole was eventually sacked as National Chairman of the APC.The governor was in possession of his West African Examination Council High School Certificate, which the committee said was absent from the governor's credentials, while the NYSC reissued a corrected version of the governor's NYSC discharge certificate, while apologizing for being responsible for the initial error. The Federal High Court in Abuja eventually struck out a certificate forgery case instituted against the governor by the All Progressives Congress (APC), his former political party. He said the ruling was victory for truth, and victory rule of law. He said the case against him was a most needless attempt by desperate individuals trying to undo the will of the people through the backdoor. On 16 June 2020, Obaseki resigned his membership from the All Progressives Congress. On 19 June 2020, Obaseki decamped to the People's Democratic Party and declared his intentions to seek re-election on the platform. PDP described him as a big catch.On 20 September 2020, The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announced Obaseki the winner of the Edo State gubernatorial election, He won against his major opponent from the All Progressives Congress Osagie Ize Iyamu with a total number of 307,955 votes. Controversy
An  alleged  certificate forgery suit was instituted by the All Progressives Congress (APC) against Gov. Obaseki. According to the Premium times publication on 9 January 2021, the Federal High Court in Abuja  dismissed the certificate forgery suit instituted by the All Progressives Congress (APC) against Governor <mask> <mask> of Edo State. Personal life
Obaseki is married to Betsy Bene <mask>, a financial expert. She holds a Bachelor and Master's degree in Accounting from the University of Lagos, and an alumna of the Kellog's School of Business Executive Management Programme, USA. He is also an avid golfer.See also
List of Governors of Edo State

References

External links
 Government website

Living people
People from Edo State
Nigerian political candidates
Governors of Edo State
1957 births
University of Ibadan alumni
Pace University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Nigerian stockbrokers
Nigerian chairpersons of corporations

masks:
Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki
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