title: La Argentinita

texts:
Encarnación López Júlvez, known as <mask>inita (Buenos Aires, March 3, 1898 – New York, September 24, 1945), was a Spanish-Argentine flamenco dancer (bailaora), choreographer and singer. La Argentinita was considered the highest expression of this art form during that time. Life
López Júlvez was the daughter of Spanish immigrants in Argentina, where her father had a fabric business. While living there, two of her siblings died in a scarlet fever epidemic. Consequently, she was brought to the north coast of Spain in 1901, where she began to learn Spanish regional dances. When she was only four years old, she started learning flamenco from Julia Castelao. Her first public performance was at the age of eight at the Teatro-Circo de San Sebastián, in the Basque Country.She chose the name <mask> Argentinita in deference to the famous flamenco dancer Antonia Mercé (La Argentina). After travelling throughout Spain as a child prodigy, she settled in Madrid to perform at Teatro La Latina, Teatro de la Comedia, Teatro de La Princesa, Teatro Apolo and Teatro Príncipe Alfonso. López Júlvez's success led her to tour in Barcelona, Portugal and Paris, and then Latin America. In the early 1920s, she returned to Spain, where she worked in Madrid. Among her early performances was the 1920 premiere of Federico García Lorca's musical play El maleficio de la mariposa as "the Butterfly". She announced her retirement in 1926, but would quickly return to the show business as part of the artistic renewal that led her to the Generation of ‘27, in which she combined flamenco, tango, bulerías and boleros. She danced to the compositions of Manuel de Falla, Joaquín Turina, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados and Maurice Ravel.She helped in the development of Ballet Español. Adapting pieces to popular tradition, she toured Europe, triumphing in Paris and Berlin and participating in the artistic movements of that time along with Spanish poets such as Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, Edgar Neville and Ignacio Sánchez Mejías. Sánchez Mejías, an intellectual and bullfighter, was a married man and her lover. La Argentinita retired a second time to maintain her clandestine relationship with him. However, she would return to the stage with the aid of Sánchez Mejías, who participated in the search and employment of interpreters for her subsequent performances. In 1931, López Júlvez and García Lorca recorded five gramophone slate records, which were accompanied by García Lorca's piano. The selection of songs was prepared, adapted and titled Colección de Canciones Populares Españolas by García Lorca.Among the ten songs were "Los cuatro muleros", "Zorongo gitano", "Anda Jaleo" and "En el Café de Chinitas". With the beginning of the Second Spanish Republic, López Júlvez formed her own ballet company called Bailes Españoles de la Argentinita together with her sister, Pilar López Júlvez, and García Lorca. López Júlvez staged several flamenco theatrical shows, including an adaption of Falla's El amor brujo (Love, the Magician) in 1933, and Las Calles de Cádiz (The Streets of Cadiz) in 1933 and 1940. She travelled through Spain and Paris, where she was recognized as one of the most important flamenco artists of her time. Her company included the flamenco figures Juana la Macarrona, La Malena, Fernanda Antúnez, Rafael Ortega and Antonio de Triana, who was her first dancing partner until the 1940s. At the end of her tour around Spain, her lover Sánchez Mejías was gored to death in 1934 in the Manzanares bullring. She sought refuge in her work and moved to Buenos Aires to dance at the Teatro Colón; from there she embarked on a long American tour.In 1936 she achieved success in New York. Afterwards, she returned to Spain but was forced to flee the country shortly before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. She travelled through Morocco, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and the United States, where she remained in exile in New York. From then until her death in 1945, she developed her career and became one of the biggest stars of international dance, and even participated in movies. In 1943 she presented the flamenco troupe El Café de Chinitas at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, with her own choreography, texts by García Lorca, scenery by Salvador Dalí and the orchestra directed by José Iturbi. In addition, she performed at the Washington DC Watergate complex with her sister. On May 28, 1945, she gave her last performance at the Metropolitan of the orchestral work El Capricho Español, composed in 1887 by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and based on Spanish melodies.At the end of the event, she had to be admitted to a hospital, where she died on September 24 from a tumor in her abdomen. She did not want to have it operated on because she did not wish to abandon dancing. Her body was repatriated to Spain in December and buried in the Spanish capital. That same year, the company of Bailes Españoles de la Argentinita was dissolved. Among the honours she received after her death was a plaque consecrated at the Metropolitan Opera House, positioned among the medals of Alfonso X El Sabio and La Orden de Isabel la Católica to honour her merits in the field of culture. Discography
Encarnación López Júlvez was the composer of two works and participated in another 27 recordings. Own works

 Duende y figura is a remastering released in Madrid in 1994 by Sonifolk.La Argentinita was released in Barcelona in 1958 by Compañía del Gramófono Odeón. Participation in other works

 Consuelo la Alegría is a tango composed by Manuel Font de Anta that was released in Barcelona in 1929 by Compañía del Gramófono. La Argentinita plays the castanets with orchestral accompaniment. El gaucho was a play based on the dramatic song "Cancionera" composed by Osmán Pérez Freire and released in Barcelona in 1929 by Compañía del Gramófono. La Argentinita performs as part of the orchestral accompaniment. Colección de Canciones Populares Españolas is a set of old popular songs transcribed and harmonized by García Lorca in cooperation with La Argentinita. It was released in Barcelona in 1932 by Compañía Compañía del Gramófono.It consists of 12 tracks, including "Sevillanas del Siglo XVIII" and "En el Café de Chinitas". Goyescas is a play with a dance number composed by Enrique Granados and released in Barcelona in 1941 by Compañía del Gramófono Odeón. La Argentinita performs a castanet solo with orchestra accompaniment. El amor brujo is a play that belongs to the Colección de Danzas Clásicas y Españolas composed by Manuel de Falla in 1944. It was published in Madrid in 1996 by the publishing house Sonifolk. La Argentinita provides an orchestral accompaniment with castanets and tapping heels. Tributes

Portrait in the Julio Romero de Torres Museum

The Julio Romero de Torres Museum in Cordoba (Andalusia) has portrait of López Júlvez.The portrait, painted in 1915 by Julio Romero de Torres, was from a period in which his brushstroke and colour were influenced by the French Impressionist movement. The expression of La Argentinita is displaced to a second plane in order to highlight the relevance of colour, which is the focus of the painting. Compañía de Bailes Españoles. Argentinita y Pilar López exhibition
A Segovian exhibition honoured Encarnación and Pilar López Júlvez. It was an initiative of their family, who for the first time displayed the artists' dresses for the public. This display consisted of 17 original costumes that the dancers wore in some of their most notable performances, including "La cosecha" by Enrique Granados and "El Café de Chinitas" by Federico García Lorca. It also included journalistic and artistic documentation, paintings, drawings and posters to promote the shows and contemporary portraits.References

External links

Dance History archives

1898 births
1945 deaths
Flamenco dancers
Spanish female dancers
Argentine emigrants to Spain
People from Buenos Aires
Cupletistas
20th-century Spanish women singers
People from San Sebastián
Basque singers

masks:
La Argent
La


title: Frank Clewlow

type: original

texts:
<mask> (October–December 1885 – 13 June 1957) also known under pseudonym of Stafford Dawson, was an English-born actor, director, stage and radio producer and theatre manager, he worked in his native England, as well as Scotland during the 1910s and 1920s, before emigrating to Australia in 1926 where he continued his career and in 1936 he became Federal Controller of Productions for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (later Corporation — ABC). Early life
He was born in Stone, Staffordshire, England, to <mask> (born 1858 Stafford, Staffordshire) and his wife Mary Jane Dawson (born 1857 in Luton, Bedfordshire) whom he married on 29 December 1884 at St Mary, Luton. <mask> had two younger siblings <mask> (born 1891 in Stone) and <mask> (born 1898 in Stone) He went to Alleyne's Grammar School then studied maths, physics, chemistry, zoology and botany at the University of Birmingham, but became involved with the Pilgrim Players and, under the influence of Barry Jackson and John Drinkwater, never completed the course. He borrowed £4 and ran away from home as he couldn't take his University exams due to working on the play there. He joined a repertory company in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. He worked for two years as leading actor and stage manager under the name "Stafford Dawson" in 1909 for Annie Horniman at the Manchester Gaiety Theatre, Manchester., then toured with Allan Wilkie (father of Australian journalist Douglas Wilkie) to the Far East in 1911. The inaugural meeting took place on 25 January 1922 at Council Room at the Chamber of Commerce where he was appointed Honorary Secretary.Following this on 11 April 1922 a public meeting was held at the Association Hall in Leicester where <mask> persuaded Lena Ashwell to form a Leicester branch of the British Drama Society and directed it for three years. Of the three founding members <mask> was the only one with acting experience. Whilst there he produced

The Silver Box    12 June  1922
The Cobblers Shop          1922
The Fantasticks            1922
Othello                    1923 (and played the part of the Moor)
Strife                     1923
The Cassils Engagement     1923
An Enemy of the People     1923
The Merry Wives of Windsor 1924

Scottish productions
He worked as producer for Scottish National Theatre Society (1922-1947) at The Athenaeum Theatre in Glasgow and the Museum Hall in Bridge of Allan for two years where he directed

Thomas the Rhymer              2 December  1924
The Two Shepherds            2 December  1924
The Lifting                    1 February  1925
The Guinea's Stamp          13 February  1925
Mary Stuart                 24 March     1925
The Dark Lady                  25 March     1925
James the First of Scotland 11 May       1925
The Inn of Adventure        13 October   1925
Punch Counts Ten            22 December  1925
Souterness                  19 January   1926
The House of the Queen      19 January   1926
Gregarach                   23 March     1926
The Fantasticks                 23 March     1926
, and as stage manager for Royal Carl Rosa Opera Company. Immigration to Australia and personal life
He was brought out to Australia in 1926 by Wilkie, as actor and stage director. He married Minnie Suckling, an actress with the same troupe (having previously married Gertrude Mary T Littlewood between April and June 1910 in St John Baptist, Hulme, Manchester, Lancashire, England). He played Henry VIII, Mercutio and Lafeu at the Theatre Royal, Hobart and Henry VIII at the Otago Theatre, Dunedin, New Zealand. Career in Australia
It was during this time he met a young actor Catherine Duncan with whom he was to have a professional association several years later.He was appointed director of the Melbourne Repertory Theatre Society, succeeding Gregan McMahon in 1928., amongst other plays directed The Touch of Silk (by Australian playwright Betty Roland) in November of that year. Angel Symon, who had also toured with Wilkie and assembled an important collection of stage ephemera now held at the University of Adelaide, was his secretary. The Repertory Theatre disbanded around 1930 after encountering financial difficulties. Clearly a man of huge enthusiasms, newspaper cuttings of this time show him appearing in public almost every week, whether conducting poetry recitals, lectures on German theatre, on poetry, judging at eisteddfods and elocution competitions, even opening an art exhibition in 1930. He contributed an article The Future of the Theatre for July 1931 Stream leftist literary journal that included an article by Nettie Palmer. He was responsible for the stage debut of Coral Browne in the George Bernard Shaw play You Never Can Tell at the Garrick Theatre in 1930. Around 1930 he organised a series of "great plays" for 3LO, a new member station of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, which led to his appointment in 1931 as Director of Drama for that station.He assembled a strong group of radio actors to perform several great plays every week. A similar group was assembled by his counterpart in Sydney, Laurence Halbert, and the two stations exchanged programs by landline and transcription disc. In 1938 he was moved to Sydney to become National Director of Productions for the ABC by (later Sir) Charles Moses, who was developing the Commission into a more centralised network. It is difficult now to appreciate what a powerful position this was, but in the decades before television radio drama was the chief form of entertainment for most Australians and the major radio networks provided the chief source of employment for many hundreds of actors (and a springboard to a movie career for many such as Peter Finch) and the drama heads of radio stations and production houses such as Grace Gibson and Hector Crawford could make or break an actor and the success or otherwise of a production could make or break a program. As guest adjudicator for a Melbourne elocution competition in 1934, he was impressed with Ida Elizabeth Osbourne and found parts for her in radio productions. He commissioned Edmund Barclay to write the series As Ye Sow which ran for most of 1937. In 1939 he cast the (then) unknown Nigel Lovell in a radio adaptation of The Wild Ass's Skin by Balzac, then as Romeo in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.That same year he was authorised by ABC head Charles Moses to create a national children's radio program, and called on Osbourne to develop what became the highly influential Children's Session and Argonauts Club.<ref>The Golden Age of the Argonauts" by Rob Johnson pub. Hodder & Stoughton 1997 </ref>
Later that same year he placed Peter Finch on contract. He produced one of the most famous Australian radio plays, The Fire on the Snow by Douglas Stewart, first performed by the ABC on 6 June 1941 with Ida Elizabeth Osbourne as Narrator. In 1943 he commissioned Gwen Meredith to write a radio serial to be a feature of the Country Hour, with the remit of providing agricultural information along with entertainment, expressly to consult with the NSW Agricultural Department and the ABC Rural Department. That program The Lawsons ran from 1944 to 1949 then morphed into the historic Blue Hills which ran until 1976. He appointed Catherine Duncan to write for radio after judging her entry The Sword Sung in a Sydney New Theatre competition. But rivals and opponents such as Leslie Rees and Lawrence H Cecil were developing influence within the organization.His insistence on "high standards" could easily be interpreted as reactionary, and his acid tongue made enemies of people who disagreed with him. In 1950 he was excised from his position and (quite unwillingly) transferred to Hobart to produce plays there. Recognition
He appeared in the Who's Who in Australia'' for publications 1936 and 1947. A portrait of <mask> painted by Jack Carington Smith was an exhibited entry for the 1955 Archibald Prize. References

External links
 <mask>'s Australian theatre credits at AusStage

1885 births
1957 deaths
Australian theatre directors
Australian theatre managers and producers
Australian radio producers
English theatre managers and producers
English male stage actors
People from Stone, Staffordshire
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Australian Broadcasting Corporation executives
20th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Frank Dawson Clewlow
Joseph Clewlow
Frank
Hilda Dorothy Clewlow
Harry Dawson Clewlow
Frank
Frank Clewlow
Clewlow
Frank Clewlow


title: Adam Green (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born May 28, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter, artist and filmmaker. <mask> is well known for his involvement in the anti-folk music movement and as one half of the band the Moldy Peaches, alongside fellow singer-songwriter Kimya Dawson. <mask> has found success as a solo artist, enjoying increasing popularity in the United States as well as a number of European countries, particularly Germany. Career

Music
<mask> attended Emerson College for one semester in 1998 before leaving to concentrate on his music, going on to co-found the Moldy Peaches with Kimya Dawson. In 2002, the Moldy Peaches went on hiatus, and both <mask> and Dawson embarked on solo careers. <mask> released several albums on Rough Trade Records. Among his better known songs are "Jessica" (about singer Jessica Simpson), "Novotel", "Friends of Mine",  "Dance with Me", "Carolina" and "Emily", and in the UK, his cover of The Libertines track "What a Waster"."Jessica" (#63, 2004) and "Emily" (#53, 2005) both appeared in the UK Singles Chart. Prior to Jacket Full of Danger in 2006, all of <mask>'s albums had been released on the 22nd of the month. In January 2008, the Moldy Peaches began having a resurgence in popularity, due to their music being included in the hit indie film, Juno. Most notably, a duet between <mask> and Dawson, the Moldy Peaches song "Anyone Else But You" was featured in the film, and also in a scene which featured the film's lead actors, Michael Cera and Elliot Page performing the song together. The soundtrack album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart on its third week of release. In January 2010, <mask> released his sixth solo album, Minor Love, which was a slight departure from his previous works.<mask> says he wrote many of these songs in a clearer style so they were easier for the listener to understand. He also says the album was slightly more produced, creating a more offsetting sound, rather than being raw, and simple like his earlier work. Later in 2010, he also released another album, Musik for a Play, which was a collection of instrumentals made for a play soundtrack. For his next album, <mask> expressed interest in making a heavy metal-like album. Following the release of these albums, <mask> took time off from making music, and focused his work as an artist and filmmaker. But he still performed during this time, even doing some shows with singer Binki Shapiro. In 2012, <mask> made references to an upcoming duet album with Shapiro, which was eventually announced in October 2012 on <mask>'s website.The song "Here I Am" from the album was also made available for download online. The album was released on January 29, 2013. <mask> is recording his next album, the soundtrack to his film Aladdin. In September 2019 <mask> released the album "Engine of Paradise" via Danger Mouse's record label 30th Century Records. Art

In 2005, <mask> entered the professional art world with his exhibition of a series of drawings titled "Animal Dreams" at Loyal Gallery in Stockholm. <mask>'s art exhibition "Teen Tech" was displayed at New York's Morrison Hotel Gallery for 10 days in April 2010 and consisting of twelve plaster sculptures, eighteen watercolor and acrylic large-scale (30" x 40") paintings, nineteen drawings, twenty collages and papier-mâché and mixed-material works. A portion of "Teen Tech's" proceeds went to benefit Artists for Peace and Justice, an effort to re-create and cultivate sustainability in Haiti.On June 9, 2012 <mask>'s exhibition "Cartoon & Complaint" opened at Dustin Yellin's art center and gallery The Intercourse in Red Hook, Brooklyn. In August 2012 The Hole Gallery in New York City announced that it would be showing a summer exhibition of <mask>'s work titled "Houseface", a collection of works inspired by De Stijl and the architecture of Friedensreich Hundertwasser and Antoni Gaudí. <mask>'s Houseface paintings and sculptures were featured in a Stuart Weitzman shoe advertisement directed by James Franco entitled "Walking After Midnight". Afterwards he formed an art collective named 3MB with Macaulay Culkin and Toby Goodshank. Their first exhibit Leisure Inferno opened at Le Poisson Rouge Gallery in October 2012. <mask> kicked off 2013 with "Medieval Businessmen," an exhibit of drawings and paintings at Loyal Gallery in Sweden. In July he showed his visual art for the first time in Italy with "The Yellow Show", a solo-exhibition that opened at Motel Salieri in Rome.The next month he had a show in Zurich with "From A Darker Time," a show composed of older works. In September 2013 <mask> took part in a collaborative artshow with Pete Doherty and Fionn Regan entitled "Noise Kids. In November <mask> exhibited in Vienna at the Viertelneun Gallery showing “A Land Recombined". His most recent show was at The Hole Gallery for his show "Hot Chicks". Film
On April 4, 2011, <mask> released his first film, entitled The Wrong Ferarri. The project, shot entirely on iPhone, was written, directed, and performed in by <mask> who claims to have conceived it under the influence of ketamine. Others appearing in the film included BP Fallon, Alia Shawkat, Devendra Banhart, Pete Doherty, Dev Hynes, Jeffrey Lewis, Sky Ferreira, Cory Kennedy and Macaulay Culkin.In August 2013, <mask> announced that his next film would be a version of Aladdin, entitled <mask>'s Aladdin. The film was successfully crowdfunded through Kickstarter in the spring of 2014. Filmed largely over the summer of 2014. Personal life
Although <mask> was brought up in a secular Jewish home, his grandparents were very religious. His great-grandmother, Felice Bauer, was engaged to Franz Kafka; her family fled the Nazis in the late 1930s and relocated to New York. <mask>'s brother Joel, an astronomer, has appeared as an accompanying musician on several recordings. <mask> was married on July 4, 2013, to Yasmin Dolatabadi.They have two daughters. <mask> is a friend of the musician Carl Barât, appearing in a documentary with him in 2005. It followed the pair on a night out in London, for the European television culture channel Arte. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2005,

Films
 The Wrong Ferarri – directed by <mask>, released in 2011
 <mask>'s Aladdin – directed by <mask>, released in 2015

References

External links

American male singer-songwriters
Jewish American musicians
1981 births
Living people
Rough Trade Records artists
Emerson College alumni
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Fat Possum Records artists
Jewish anti-folk musicians
Jewish rock musicians
21st-century American singers
The Moldy Peaches members
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Adam Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Adam Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Adam Green
Green


title: Salvador Videgain

texts:
<mask> (26 February 1886  – 12 October 1947) was a Spanish author and theatrical actor, director and producer. He was known for performing comedic and zarzuela roles in Spain and the Américas during the first half of the 20th century. He was born in Madrid, where he also died. He was the son of singers and actors <mask> and Antonia García. Biography
<mask> had heritage from the Basques, Andaluces and Irish. He popularized the following actors in theatre: Ángel de Andrés, Celia Gámez, Rafaela Aparicio, José Álvarez 'Lepe', Teresita Silva, Raquel Daina. Although few people knew, <mask> belonged to one of the most important families in the country.He debuted in the arms of his parents in 1886, first with Water Last Year (1889), In the time that because this was categorized as frivolous fame got overwhelmed launch the genre of the magazine, which then was imitated much especially after the theater season Martín. But never forgot his beginnings in the zarzuela and was the creator of possibly the anthologies of zarzuela and 4 monster program works in a day. Among his family, two sons were dedicated to acting intermittently, one came up to have the card professional. This family did not want to continue the saga of actors because there is a tradition that does not want to stop working on this craft a successor due to the tragic vicissitudes suffered the same in this work. Sin But there is a family successor in a variant of this job, as a writer is Juan José Videgain, a Spanish writer, is a descendant of him. The history of the past of his Videgain family is clearly of gentlemen who went down in the Spanish reconquest to take areas of the kingdom of Málaga-Granada towards the fifteenth century, being the Basque branch of that time that had recognized the lineage nobility, but it was during the different centuries when they were connecting with different relevant Andalusian lineages such as the Vilches, the Garcia, the Molina or the Guzmán, making this very particularly different and diverse in genealogy to those of other branches of the same last name that did not descend to it . Works, the first phase (1900–1909)
Videgain from small felt the call of family art.Debuted in the arms of his parents in 1886, then intervene in children's performances, first with water last year (1889), yet he dated his debut to an unexpected event, <mask> was studying for trade expert, when he got a substitution of a leading actor, the character was "anchor" of The Fist of Roses Ruperto Chapí, since that success no one expected what was going to get into the Spanish theatrical history. Without knowing it, because at the time of his early performance art was confusing, as a theater director would conduct the initial success of what would be called after the musical comedy in the early 20th century. In its early years, the early twentieth century, with the help of their parents start acting in a few roles as a substitute against eventualities actor with repertory works like The Fist of Roses, Giants, Rogues jealousy, The white house, The Feast of San Anton, The Ballad of light, The Barber of Seville, The unruly, The saint of the Isidra ... Then after the death of his father, continues to support his mother and brother of the famous master, Antonio Videgain in many provinces such as Cordoba, Barcelona, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Burgos and Alicante premiered his first works at the national level: the tunnel, heaven and earth, The girl's temple, Nido galante, La patria chica, the girl's boyfriend, and gets The huertanica go make a name as a comic tenor. The second stage "The launch of the Star" (1909–1919)

After making a name as a comic actor in the provinces and having his first company, will begin in 1909 engaged in the Teatro de la Zarzuela in works such as chopping, Bohemians, The Horseman of the guard and the brand new club single by Pablo Luna a disastrous event occurs one night in November, after he kicked last night by the absence of a soprano, someone with a cigarette caused the fire most important of the genre, the theater is completely obliterated and only save the rooms of some artists and these by and have completed their trabajo. De there will be recruited for the Grand Theatre where the comedy begins to create music with titles like The Riviera, The soul of love, The white deer, The poet of life, or magazine with the fairyland all in (1910). Apollo Theater in Madrid triumphed in the genre of zarzuela in the 1910–1911–1912 and 1913 seasons. The titles speak for themselves: The trust of philanderers José Serrano, The car of the devil, Gloria in excelsis, The fate of Isabelita, For peteneras, Blood and Sand by Pablo Luna, The boy in the cafeteria of Rafael Calleja Gómez, Barbarossaof Sinesio Delgado, Anita Amadeo Vives's cheerful, lily among thorns drama Gregorio Martínez Sierra, La Romerito 1912 Paul Luna, El Goya fresco, The Daughters of Lemos, Cadets Queen Cuisine, The Tale dragon castizo Child, The musical lothario, Don Juan Women's, sing Mills, Brook, La Cocagne, Latino muses Manuel Penella, The joy of love, The new capital testamento.Curiosamente makes no room so many new players and began a tour ending in Spain, which lasts several years settling in Barcelona and Valladolid and manages to maintain its reputation and prestige and wait for his next great opportunity. The third stage "as a great recognition of the scene" (1919–1936)

Martín achieved in the theater make great 1919–1920–1921–1922–1923 full seasons. Even the titles speak for themselves as large musical genre and revista. The corsair (1919), The Fall of the late (1920s), The perfect wife of Francisco Alonso, Linnet Courting (1921), Eye for an Eye, The Jewish capricious, The pretty haggard, Sanatorium of love, The great Pasha (1922), Venus in Chamberí, Women's body, The rush of pure, Dumb Time, The wedding gift (1923), Cabinet model, Present arms, The Land of the stars, The pool of Buddha (1923) by Vicente Lleo Balbastre. In the twenties his success as a director and comic actor are countless, especially after the bombing achieve gender starting to reach frivolous life is friendly, The Venetian Antonio Paso Díaz (1925), To brave love, The Garden of touch (1926), Date Night (1927), Aligui, Daddy doll, The Raja of Cochin and Punishes (1928) even helping out the careers of Celia Gámez. In the thirties continues with alternating successes genres in works such as carnations, The Severe released in Portugal, Beautiful women and Key (1933), The Founding Fathers (1935), The eager Pablo Luna (1935), which consolidate its reputation in both genders and revista. La zarzuela will take you through the theaters in northern Morocco and Andalusia in 1935–1936 premiering works such as The bunch of roses, Katie both of Pablo Sorozábal.The fourth stage "Sustaining the opera" (1936–1947)

At this stage Salvador shows how for years has been keeping alive a genre like this for years zarzuela in a serious crisis of authors, without any subsidies and get their own money to revive the genre endures as something typically Spanish. As director of several opera premieres in Madrid obtains some during the Spanish war civil Rosa de Triana (1937), The bell-ringer, Where are you going with shawl? (1938), Bartolo's Flute 1939, but as far as is known this time is the large number of works that go through the Teatro Ideal, at this time passes almost all the works of the country. The years zarzuela brings forty times of crisis, you have to alternate in all genres and appear in other more unusual for him La princesa maniquí and Joy (1946), first performance of Carmen Morell y Pepe Blanco. During the forties get success in magazines and musical comedies in works The arms and take, The Eye in Black, Women of Fire, Honeymoon in Cairo and My heart Ladybug Lady premiered in Barcelona (1943) as director of the company of Francisco Alonso and actor and director in the company of Luis Sagi-Vela with the comedy musical Qué sabes tú (1944). As for the zarzuela achieved success in the company of Pedro Terol and Matilde Vázquez, Alhambra (1940), The house of the three girls, Real Artemio as Lily ivory, Como lirio de marfil (1945). As director of the company premiere of Elio Guzman witches dance together with Aníbal Vela La danza de las brujas (1942), The gypsy painter (1943) and Serranía (1944).In the same way was company (1947) through the cities of Zaragoza, Valladolid and Palencia with its extensive repertoire of works and premiering zarzuela  The guitar of Aragón. The most prestigious of the 40th for him was to be the director of the company of maestro Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel in the theater Alcalá (1941) premiered Ugly Queen the master himself, Divine rebellion and The cat black with Pepita Embill and Plácido Domingo Ferrer. Also he was twice the company's director of Madrid's Calderon Theater, the first premiered at the Teatro Eslava with Maurice Chevalier's operetta The Love Parade (1942) with Antonio Middle and Pepita Embil. La second in a shift that began in the summer of 1946 leaving the Calderon Theater in Madrid and Salamanca, where he led for the first time the Gran Vía theater, Seville, Gibraltar, Granada, Alicante, Zaragoza... In 1947 He triumphed for Spain with his own company of zarzuela in the tour Zaragoza, Briviesca, Valladolid... After stopping to take a break and reform the company in October he became ill unexpectedly dying on the birthday of his second son, Manuel. The good Madrid society was able to go to his funeral in the sacramental of Almudena. All the Spanish press picked up the sad news of his death because of what it meant for the world of the scene and his fans.Filmography

Discography

Titles of works as a writer and author

As a librettist and playwright who collaborated known in most of his works with Juan Ortuño and part of the music with Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel. References

 The real life and history of the theater (2005) Juan José Videgain  . His life and his family. The zarzuela <mask>de (1979). Songs played him. Dictionary of Spain and Spanish zarzuela MªLuz González and others (2002) ICCMU Vol II. , His biography.Dictionary theater akal (1997) Manuel Gómez García , listed as company director and author on various pages. Ramon Femenía magazine (1997) , The greatest successes who got in magazine. The scene in Madrid between 1918–1926 Ed.Fundamentos M.Fca.Vilches and Dru Dougherty (1995). His career as an actor, director and entrepreneur during those years. The scene M.Fca.Vilches Madrid between 1926–1931 and Dru Dougherty (1998) Ed.Fundamentos. His career as an actor, director and entrepreneur during those years. A century of Spanish cinema Ed.planeta Luis Gasca (1998)  characters did in the films of that decade, see titles of the films.Catalog of Spanish cinema movies Angel Luis Hueso 1941–1950  characters did in the films of that decade, see titles of the films. Salvador in list theathe Apolo La correspondencia de España granvia.memoriademadrid.es/.../Imp_19606_hem_com_19100825_t.pdf
 Nosotros los artistas (2017)

Further reading

 Juan José Videgain La autentica vida e historia del teatro book biography (2005)
 Teatralerias, tres siglos de la escena, (2018) Madrid: P & V,

See also
House of Guzmán

External links

 The family's official website

1886 births
1947 deaths
Spanish male stage actors
Theatre managers and producers
Spanish male models
Spanish male film actors
Male actors from Madrid
Spanish male child actors
Salvador
Spanish people of Irish descent
20th-century Spanish male actors
Spanish emigrants to Argentina
20th-century Spanish male singers
Burials at Cementerio de la Almudena
Spanish emigrants to Venezuela
Writers from Madrid

masks:
Salvador Videgain García
Salvador Videgain Gómez
Salvador Videgain García
Salvador
Salvador
Salvador Valver


title: Karel Kryl

texts:
<mask> (12 April 1944 – 3 March 1994) was an iconic Czechoslovak (Moravian born and Czech speaking) poet, singer-songwriter and author of many hit protest songs in which he identified and attacked the hypocrisy, stupidity and inhumanity of the Communist (and later also the post-communist) regime in his home country. The lyrics of <mask>'s songs are highly poetic and sophisticated, with perfect rhyming and a frequent use of metaphors and historical allusions. The sparse sounds of his guitar served to underscore the natural flow of the lyrics themselves. <mask> has been compared with the young Bob Dylan, because of the complexity of his lyrics, his accompaniment by a single acoustic guitar, and his great popularity. Having lived for twenty years in forced exile, he was initially keen on the collapse of communism in his country, but very quickly he became bitterly and uncompromisingly critical of the new regime and its protagonists as well, including Václav Havel, and especially of those who were responsible for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992. Biography
<mask> was born on 12 April 1944 in Kroměříž, in the Nazi occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, however his family had roots in Nový Jičín, where they later moved to. The <mask> family owned a printing business, which was confiscated from them after the communist takeover in 1948.<mask> planned to be a potter and studied at an industrial secondary school in Bechyně where he specialized in ceramics. He graduated in 1962. <mask> moved to Prague in 1968 as an assistant at Czechoslovak Television. In his spare time he performed his romantic and satiric folk songs in numerous small clubs. When the Warsaw Pact armies occupied Czechoslovakia on 21 August 1968 to suppress the Prague Spring reform movement, <mask> released his first album. The title song Bratříčku zavírej vrátka (Keep the Gate Closed, Little Brother) was composed spontaneously on 22 August 1968 as an immediate reaction to the occupation. The album described his perception of the inhumanity of the regime and his views on life under communist rule.The album, released in early 1969, was banned and removed from shelves shortly after, but this could not prevent the songs from getting around the audience and becoming cult hits. <mask> left Czechoslovakia in 1969 to attend a music festival at Waldeck Castle in West Germany. Faced with certainty of imprisonment in his homeland, he decided to apply for political asylum and stay abroad. His second album, Rakovina (meaning "Cancer" in Czech) was banned in Czechoslovakia; however, copies were smuggled into the country and circulated widely. The title song, and other songs on the album, reflected on the paralysis that brought the nation of the Prague Spring on its knees and into a new subjugation; they reference the self-sacrifice of Jan Palach as well as the brutal suppression by the Czechoslovak police of peaceful protests on the first anniversary of the 1968 invasion. <mask> attained a second, German, graduation in 1973 and went on to study art history and journalism at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, though he never attained a title. For the majority of his time in exile, <mask> worked for Radio Free Europe and released a number of albums during this period.Though his albums were banned in Czechoslovakia and not played on government-controlled radio stations, many of his songs became iconic back in his homeland, where listening to his records or singing his songs became a major component of underground protest. <mask> went on several tours across Scandinavia, North America and Australia. During this time, he composed songs not only in his native Czech, but also in Polish and German. In the enthusiastic November days of 1989, during the Velvet Revolution, <mask> returned to Czechoslovakia to attend his mother's funeral. At first he was thrilled with the end of totalitarianism, but he soon became openly disappointed with the course of transformation of the politics and society. He continued to write protest songs (e.g. Demokracie, "Democracy") criticising politicians and others responsible for the failure of the country's transition to an authentic democracy, especially those who left the Communist party in or after 1989 and suddenly became 'democrats'.<mask> also attacked those who sought to manipulate the Czech and Slovak citizens by nationalist catchphrases and lies about economic transformation. Due to the conditions in the country that he considered unbearable, he decided to leave for Germany again. On 3 March 1994, just a month before his fiftieth birthday, <mask> <mask> died of a heart attack in a Munich hospital. Awards
 1989 – the Jan Zahradníček award for Czech Poetry, from the Czechoslovak Literature Club in Los Angeles
in memoriam:
 1994 – a silver memorial medal from the Charles University for contributions to the spiritual development and the moral support of the nation
 1995 – František Kriegl award
 1995 – the Czech Grammy
 1995 – Medal of Merit II. class from president Václav Havel

Bibliography
 Hraje a zpívá <mask> <mask>
 Kníška Karla Kryla
 Sedm básniček na zrcadlo
 Pochyby
 17 kryptogramů na dívčí jména
 (Zpod stolu) sebrané spisy
 Slovíčka
 Amoresky
 Z mého plíživota
 Zbraně pro Erató
 LOT
 Sněhurka v hadřících
 POD GRAFIKU
 Půlkacíř
 Texty písní
 Básně
 Krylogie+Půlkacíř
 Rozhovory
 Demokracie, aneb s malou vadou na kráse…

Discography

<mask> <mask> only released one album in Czechoslovakia (Bratříčku, zavírej vrátka), but he released many albums while in exile, a prominent example would be Tekuté písky.

masks:
Karel Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Kryl
Karel
Kryl
Karel
Kryl
Karel
Kryl


title: Julius von Soden

texts:
<mask> (5 February 1846 – 2 February 1921) was a German colonial administrator and politician. He was the Governor of the colonies of Kamerun and German East Africa, and later became Chef de Cabinet and Foreign Minister of the King of Württemberg. Youth and education
<mask> was born on 5 February 1846 in the barracks of the 7th Infantry Regiment in Ludwigsburg, where his father was lieutenant colonel. He was a member of the Evangelical Church. In 1849 the family moved to Stuttgart. His parents died early. His mother, whose maiden name had been <mask>, died on 28 March 1849, and his father <mask> on 13 April 1854.Soden and his three older sisters were raised by his grandmother, <mask> Neurath. Soden started school in Korntal, then went on to high school in Stuttgart. His temporary tutor <mask> and his schoolmasters in high school inspired him with an interest in antiquity, and he aspired to become
a classical scholar. Throughout his life, Soden enjoyed classical authors, especially Homer and Dante. His view of the world was at first strongly influenced by David Strauss and then increasingly by Immanuel Kant. After leaving school in 1864, Soden began the study of law at the University of Tübingen, where he joined the Corps Suevia Tübingen, a student duelling society. In the fourth semester, he moved to Göttingen.The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 created a problem, since <mask> had by then become a reserve officer and was a strong supporter of the Prussian <mask> Bismarck, while his family sympathized with Austria. He avoided the problem by remaining in Göttingen on the basis that it was impossible to travel to the south in wartime, only returning to Tübingen for his examinations in 1869. Soden then became a law clerk in Heilbronn, even though he had more interest in jurisprudence. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, Soden was an enthusiastic volunteer, serving in the 4th Württemberg Cavalry. He saw little action, and when peace returned left the military and returned to his legal studies, passing his second legal examination in the fall of 1871. Travel and consulates
<mask> <mask> felt an urge to travel and see the world. He heard that German consuls, who had usually been merchants, were being replaced by civil servants, often lawyers, and took up a consular career, ready to go anywhere.He first obtained a position as vice-consul in Bucharest, then in 1872, after half a year, transferred to the newly established German consulate in Algiers. Soden loved to travel and, in the next few years, made many long voyages. After his first voyage from Marseilles to Algiers, in 1876 he was sent to Canton and then Hong Kong. In 1879 he was assigned to Havana. From 1881 to 1882 he was Resident Representative of the Minister to Lima, and in 1884 he was Consul General to St. Petersburg. In these positions, he came to the conclusion that promotion of trade contacts was a job for businessmen, not consuls. He also began to take a broad view of the economic importance of developing German industry, shipping, and trade.West Africa
With the tentative start of German colonialism, Soden moved from a diplomatic into an administrative role. In July 1884, he was appointed as the first head commissioner of the German colony of Togoland. A year later, in March 1885, he was appointed by Kaiser Wilhelm I as the first governor of Kamerun. Chancellor <mask> Bismarck had a negative attitude towards Soden's colonial aspirations and gave him few instructions. Soden's job was made difficult by lack of resources to support a colonial empire and by lack of infrastructure. Without a telegraph system, it was very difficult to simultaneously fulfill the offices of Chief Commissioner of Togoland and Consul General of the Gulf of Guinea. In the circumstances, Soden emphasized a strategy of "peaceful" development of the "protected area", with the goal of maximizing the economic benefits of the colony.He envisioned a network of schools throughout the colony, with teachers to follow merchants, planters and officials. The schools would assist missionary activity as well as industrial and commercial enterprises. Soden quickly realized the potential of Cameroon for plantations, and encouraged the Hamburg-based Land- und Plantagengesellschaft in their project in Man O' War Bay. He established an advisory council under the governor, an arbitration court, and an initial customs administration. He brought the trade in spirits and arms under control. He dealt with risings in 1886 and 1887 caused by attempts by the government to break the monopoly that the coastal tribes had over trade with the interior. Although his policy was apparently succeeding, during a vacation at home from 13 May 1887 to 17 January 1888, he was invited by Bismarck to Friedrichsruh, where he learned that there had not been more enthusiasm for German colonial policy than before.Bismark's fall from power in 1890 did not immediately relieve him of his difficulties. East Africa
In 1890, the new German Chancellor <mask> Caprivi asked for a study of the prospects for establishing a new colony in East Africa. Despite a sobering report, the project went ahead, and Soden was appointed governor of the colony of German East Africa on 1 January 1891. However, in his new post Soden was handicapped by infrastructure problems and by constant interference by the Foreign Office in Berlin. Without consulting him, the government appointed three commissioners with vague powers: Eduard Schnitzer, known as Emin Pasha, Carl Peters, and <mask> Wissmann, Soden's two immediate predecessors in the colonial administration. Soden was handicapped in his main task of reorganizing the local security forces by being a civilian whose authority was not readily recognized by the military. He found that the principles of colonial policy that he had formulated over years of experience were in conflict with the "global politics" of Kaiser Wilhelm II.Soden founded the first secular state school, the Tanga School, against the wishes of the home government. His objective was to train Swahili-speaking junior administrators who would help him in his policy of limiting administration to the coast and using the coastal people as his intermediaries in establishing trade links with the interior. To overcome the distrust of a purely secular education by the upper-class Swahili families, a Koranic teacher was employed, but he was swiftly dismissed after the missionary lobby caused an uproar in Germany. In 1893, frustrated by the obstacles imposed on his administration from Berlin, Soden asked Chancellor Caprivi to allow him to retire. Later career
For the six years following his retirement, Soden lived on his estate in Germany, for the first time undertaking the duties of a landowner. He also traveled throughout Germany, coming into closer contact with the governments of the states, and also continued to be involved in colonial affairs as a consultant. In 1896, he became a member of the board of the West Africa Plantations Company (Westafrikanische Pflanzungsgesellschaft), an enterprise in Cameroon.In 1899, <mask> was surprised to be offered the post of Chief of Cabinet at the court of King William II of Württemberg. He accepted, and was successful in this very different role from his previous offices. He was trusted and respected by the king and all with whom he came into contact as someone who would give clear and impartial opinions. His kind and always helpful nature and his sunny temperament was of great value. On 1 September 1900, <mask> married Helene <mask> (born 1856), a daughter of Major-General <mask> Sick of Ludwigsburg. <mask> was 54 years old, ten years older than his bride. Their marriage was childless, probably due to the bride's advanced age.In November 1900, <mask> left the King's cabinet and became foreign minister in the Württemberg State Government. In this position, he promoted improvements in the transport sector, driving forward the unification of the railroads and expanding the Württemberg branch lines. He resigned from this post in 1906, and resumed his former post as royal cabinet chief, remaining in office until 1916. He also accepted various honorary positions, including that of chairman of the Swabian Schiller Society (1900 to 1902 and 1906 to 1917). After the war and the November Revolution, <mask> decided to resume his studies. In September 1920, aged 74, he returned to Tübingen, where he attended lectures. His chosen subjects were spiritual in nature, philosophy, philology and aesthetics.His retirement was short. A few months after a new semester began in January 1921, <mask> suffered a physical collapse, and on 2 February 1921, after a 14-day illness, he died three days before his 75th birthday. Explanatory notes

References

Cited books

1846 births
1921 deaths
Barons of Germany
German colonial people in Kamerun

masks:
Julius Freiherr von Soden
Julius von Soden
Marie von Neurath
Julius
Charlotte von
Julius Klaiber
Soden
Otto von
Julius von
Soden
Otto von
Leo von
Hermann von
Soden
Soden
von Sick
Hermann von
Julius
Soden
Soden
Soden


title: Ela Bhatt

texts:
<mask> (born 7 September 1933) is an Indian cooperative organiser, activist and Gandhian, who found the Self-Employed Women's Association of India (SEWA) in 1972, and served as its general secretary from 1972 to 1996. She is the current chancellor of the Gujarat Vidyapith. A lawyer by training, <mask> is a part of the international labour, cooperative, women, and micro-finance movements and has won several national and international awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1977), Right Livelihood Award (1984) for "helping home-based producers to organise for their welfare and self-respect" and the Padma Bhushan (1986). Early life and background
<mask> was born at Ahmedabad in India. Her father, <mask>, was a successful lawyer, while her mother, Vanalila Vyas, was active in the women's movement and also remained secretary of All India Women's Conference, which in turn was founded by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. Second of three daughters, her childhood was spent in the city of Surat, where she attended the Sarvajanik Girls High School from 1940 to 1948. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the M.T.B.College (South Gujarat University) in Surat in 1952. Following graduation Ela entered the Sir L.A. Shah Law College in Ahmedabad. In 1954 she received her degree in law and a Gold Medal for her work on Hindu law. Career
<mask> started her career teaching English for a short time at SNDT Women's University, better known as SNDT, in Mumbai. In 1955 she joined the legal department of the Textile Labour Association (TLA) in Ahmedabad. TLA and SEWA
In 1956, <mask> <mask> married Ramesh <mask> (now deceased). After working for sometime with the Gujarat government, <mask> was asked by the TLA to head its women's wing in 1968.In this connection she went to Israel where she studied at the Afro-Asian Institute of Labor and Cooperatives in Tel Aviv for three months, receiving the International Diploma of Labor and Cooperatives in 1971. She was very much influenced by the fact that thousands of female textile workers worked elsewhere to supplement the family income, but there were state laws protecting only those who were solely industrial workers and not these self-employed women. So with the co-operation of Arvind Buch, the then president of TLA, <mask> <mask> undertook to organise these self-employed women into a union under the auspices of the Women's Wing of the TLA. Then in 1972 the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) was established with Buch as president and she served as its general-secretary from 1972 to 1996. The Elders: 2007–present
On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday. “This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken," Mandela commented."Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair.”

Kofi Annan serves as Chair of The Elders and Gro Harlem Brundtland as Deputy Chair. The other members of the group are Martti Ahtisaari, <mask> <mask>, Lakhdar Brahimi, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Hina Jilani, Graça Machel, Mary Robinson and Ernesto Zedillo. Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are Honorary Elders. The Elders work globally, on thematic as well as geographically specific subjects. The Elders' priority issue areas include the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Korean Peninsula, Sudan and South Sudan, sustainable development, and equality for girls and women. <mask> <mask> is particularly involved in The Elders' initiative on equality for women and girls, including on the issue of child marriage. In February 2012, <mask> travelled to Bihar, India with fellow Elders Desmond Tutu, Gro Harlem Brundtland and Mary Robinson.Together, the Elders visited Jagriti, a youth-led project aimed at preventing child marriage, and encouraged the state government's efforts to tackle the issue. A Gandhian practitioner of non-violence, <mask> also travelled to the Middle East with Elders delegations in August 2009 and October 2010. In a blog post written for The Elders' website following the group's visit to Gaza in October 2010, <mask> stated that non-violent struggle against injustice requires "more hard work than fighting" and that "it is the coward who uses weapons." The Elders are independently funded by a group of donors: Sir Richard Branson and Jean Oelwang (Virgin Unite), Peter Gabriel (The Peter Gabriel Foundation), Kathy Bushkin Calvin (The United Nations Foundation), Jeremy Coller and Lulit Solomon (J Coller Foundation), Niclas Kjellström-Matseke (Swedish Postcode Lottery), Randy Newcomb and Pam Omidyar (Humanity United), Jeff Skoll and Sally Osberg (Skoll Foundation), Jovanka Porsche (HP Capital Partners), Julie Quadrio Curzio (Quadrio Curzio Family Trust), Amy Towers (The Nduna Foundation), Shannon Sedgwick Davis (The Bridgeway Foundation) and Marieke van Schaik (Dutch Postcode Lottery). Mabel van Oranje, former CEO of The Elders, sits on the Advisory Council in her capacity as Advisory Committee Chair of Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage. Personal life
<mask> <mask> married Ramesh <mask> in 1956, subsequently the couple had two children, Amimayi (b. 1958) and Mihir (b.1959). She currently lives in Ahmedabad, Gujarat with her family. Awards and recognition
She was one of the founders of Women's World Banking in 1979 with Esther Ocloo and Michaela Walsh, and served as its chair from 1980 to 1998. She has served as Chair of the SEWA Cooperative Bank, of HomeNet, of the International Alliance of Street Vendors, and is former a board of directors of WIEGO. She was also a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation. She was granted an honorary Doctorate degree in Humane Letters by Harvard University in June 2001. In 2012, she received a Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa from Georgetown University and an honorary doctorate from Université libre de Bruxelles in Brussels, Belgium.She also holds honorary doctorates from Yale and University of Natal. <mask> <mask> was also awarded the civilian honour of Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1985, and the Padma Bhushan in 1986. She was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1977 and the Right Livelihood Award in 1984. She was chosen for the Niwano Peace Prize for 2010 for her work empowering poor women in India. On November 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton honoured <mask> with the Global Fairness Initiative Award for helping move more than a million poor women in India to a position of dignity and independence. <mask> <mask> was honoured with the prestigious Radcliffe Medal on 27 May 2011 on Radcliffe day for her efforts in helping uplift women, which has had a significant impact on society. In November 2011, <mask> <mask> was selected for the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development 2011 for her lifetime achievements in empowering women through grassroots entrepreneurship.In June 2012, US Sectretary of State Hillary Clinton identified <mask> <mask> as one of her 'heroine'. She said, "I have a lot of heroes and heroines around the world and one of them is <mask> <mask>, who started an organisation called the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in India many years ago". Writings
<mask>'s book has been translated in Gujarati, Urdu, Hindi and is currently being translated in French and Tamil. <mask>, E. R. (2006). We are poor but so many: the story of self-employed women in India. Oxford, Oxford University Press. <mask>, E.R.(2015). Anubandh : Building Hundred Mile Communities. Ahmedabad, Navjeevan Publishing House. References

Further reading
India’s 50 Most Illustrious Women () by Indra Gupta

External links

 SEWA.org, Official website
 <mask> <mask> – Truthseeker, an interview with Culture Unplugged
 An Empire for Poor Working Women, Guided by a Gandhian Approach NY Times Profile
 Biography, National Resource Centre for Women, Government of India
 Biography of <mask> <mask> on the official site of the Magsaysay award
 <mask> <mask>'s biography on The Elders' website

1933 births
Living people
Scholars from Ahmedabad
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Cooperative organizers
Indian women activists
Gandhians
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
Indian microfinance people
Gujarat University alumni
Social workers
Gujarati people
Indian social entrepreneurs
Indian women educational theorists
Indian women's rights activists
Indian independence activists from Gujarat
Businesswomen from Gujarat
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian businesspeople
Women educators from Gujarat
Educators from Gujarat
Women Indian independence activists
Social workers from Gujarat
Businesspeople from Ahmedabad
20th-century Indian businesswomen
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
20th-century women educators
Women members of the Rajya Sabha

masks:
Ela Ramesh Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela Bhatt
Sumantrai Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Bhatt
Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Bhatt
Bhatt
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt
Ela
Bhatt


title: Felix Wiedwald

texts:
<mask> (; born 15 March 1990) is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for 2. Bundesliga club SV Sandhausen. He has represented Germany U20s at international level. Club career

Early career
After progressing through the academy of TSV Achim and subsequently Werder Bremen, <mask> made his debut for Werder Bremen II in the 2–2 away game at FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 3. Liga on 26 September 2009. He became Werder Bremen II's first-choice goalkeeper. MSV Duisburg
After joining Duisburg initially as number 2 goalkeeper to Florian Fromlowitz, <mask> played his first 2.Bundesliga match for MSV Duisburg on 18 November 2011 in a 3–0 home win against Eintracht Braunschweig. Eintracht Frankfurt
In the summer of 2013, <mask> joined Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt, where he became the number two goalkeeper to regular goalkeeper Kevin Trapp. On 12 December 2013, he made his debut for Eintracht Frankfurt in the UEFA Europa League match against Apoel Nicosia. He made his debut in the Bundesliga on 2 February 2014, when he came on in the game against Bayern Munich for the injured Kevin Trapp. In September 2014, <mask> held off competition from experienced former German international Goalkeeper Timo Hildebrand to be the clubs temporary first choice goalkeeper after an injury to regular number one Kevin Trapp. Werder Bremen

On 26 May 2015, Werder Bremen announced their signing of <mask> as he returned to his childhood club after spending four years at other clubs. While Raphael Wolf, his main competitor, struggled with injuries <mask> went into the 2015–16 season as Werder's first choice goalkeeper.At the beginning of the 2016–17 season, <mask> shared the number one position with Jaroslav Drobny, however established himself in the second half of the season, with <mask> starting 26 games for Bremen over the season as they finished 8th in the Bundesliga. After impressing during the latter half of the season and reaching a clause after playing 20+ games, on 11 May 2017, <mask>'s contract at the club was automatically extended. After Bremen signed goalkeeper Jiří Pavlenka on 27 June 2017 as the new number one goalkeeper for the 2017–18 season, <mask> was subject of enquiries from Ligue 1 club FC Nantes and Championship club Leeds United. Leeds United
On 30 June 2017, <mask> signed for Leeds United of the Championship on a three-year deal contract an undisclosed fee. On 6 August 2017, the first matchday of the 2017–18 season, he made his Leeds United debut in the 3–2 victory against Bolton Wanderers. In the following three league matches on 12, 15, and 19 August he kept four successive clean sheets – in two 0–0 draws against Preston North End and Fulham, in a 2–0 victory against Sunderland and a 2–0 victory against Nottingham Forest on 26 August. After receiving criticism for his performance against Sheffield Wednesday, <mask> lost his place in the side to Andy Lonergan.However, with Lonergan having several games as number 1 and failing to impress, <mask> returned to the side against Barnsley on 25 November keeping a clean sheet. During the game, a quick thinking Leeds fan from the crowd gave him his cap when he noticed that the sun was interfering with his vision. After the game, <mask> gave the fan his cap back and also his shirt as a thank you gift. He made an error on 9 December against Queens Park Rangers when he let Paweł Wszołek's hopeful tame long ball bounce into the net. He kept his 10th clean sheet of the season in his 19th performance on 1 January 2018 in Leeds 0–0 draw against Nottingham Forest. He received the man of the match award for Leeds, after keeping another clean sheet in Leeds 0–0 draw against Hull City on 31 January. After an early error against Bristol City that led to a goal, <mask> was criticised both by fans and by former Leeds and England goalkeeper Paul Robinson, acting as Sky Sports pundit, who said he thought Leeds needed another goalkeeper.On 24 February 2018, he helped prove to be a match winner in Leeds' 1–0 win against Brentford, when he made a save from Brentford's John Egan. On 2 March, <mask> again came under criticism in a 3–0 defeat against Middlesbrough after a series of errors in the game including letting a Patrick Bamford shot squirm past him to score Boro's second goal of the game. On 7 March, he was dropped due to his form, with youngster Bailey Peacock-Farrell preferred in goal against league leaders Wolverhampton Wanderers. Leeds lost 3–0 but Peacock-Farrell received man of the match for his display. Eintracht Frankfurt
<mask> re-signed for Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt on 19 June 2018 on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He joined MSV Duisburg on 2 January 2019 on loan until the end of the 2018–19 season. FC Emmen
Wiedwald moved to Eredivisie side FC Emmen on 5 October 2020, the last day of the 2020 summer transfer window.He signed a one-year contract with the option of a second year. SV Sandhausen
In January 2022, after half a year without a club, <mask> signed a contract until the end of the 2021–22 season with 2. Bundesliga club SV Sandhausen. He joined as a replacement for the injured Nikolai Rehnen. International career
On 13 November 2009, <mask> made his debut for Germany U20s against Austria Under 20's side. Career statistics

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
German footballers
Footballers from Lower Saxony
Association football goalkeepers
Germany youth international footballers
SV Werder Bremen players
SV Werder Bremen II players
MSV Duisburg players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Eintracht Frankfurt II players
Leeds United F.C. players
FC Emmen players
SV Sandhausen players
Bundesliga players
2.Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
English Football League players
Eredivisie players
German expatriate footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in England
German expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands

masks:
Felix Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald
Wiedwald


title: Bill McCartney

texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1940) is a former American football player and coach and the founder of the Promise Keepers men's ministry. He was the head coach at the University of Colorado Boulder for thirteen seasons (1982–1994), compiled a  record, and won three consecutive Big Eight Conference titles (1989–1991). <mask>'s 1990 team was crowned as national champions by the Associated Press, splitting the title with Georgia Tech, first in the final Coaches' Poll. <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2013. Early life and career
After receiving his Bachelor of Arts in education from the University of Missouri in 1962, where he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, <mask> was named as an assistant football coach under his older brother, Tom, in the summer of 1965 at Holy Redeemer High School in Detroit, Michigan. The younger <mask> was also the head basketball coach at Redeemer from 1965 to 1969, taking the school to the Detroit City Championship during the 1968–69 season. <mask> then served as the head football and basketball coach at Divine Child High School in Dearborn before becoming the only high school coach ever hired by University of Michigan coaching legend Bo Schembechler.Head coach at Colorado
After eight years as an assistant at Michigan, <mask> was hired to replace Chuck Fairbanks as head coach at the University of Colorado on June 9, 1982. In his first season, the Colorado Buffaloes compiled a record of 2–8–1. After improving to 4–7 in 1983, Colorado sustained a 1–10 campaign in 1984, but <mask> was given a contract extension nonetheless. In his fourth season in 1985, <mask> switched to the wishbone offense in the spring, then  guided the Buffs to a 7–4 regular season and a berth in the Freedom Bowl, where they lost to Washington. In 1986, CU earned its first victory over Big Eight Conference powerhouse Nebraska since 1967. After modestly successful seasons in 1987 and 1988, <mask> steered his team toward national prominence. After the 1988 season, the Buffaloes' star quarterback Sal Aunese was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died in the middle of the 1989 season.Nonetheless, Colorado won all eleven of its regular season games including victories over ranked Washington, Illinois, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. The top-ranked Buffaloes faced #4 Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl on New Year's, but lost 21–6. Colorado opened the 1990 season ranked fourth with a game against Tennessee in the inaugural Disney Pigskin Classic in Anaheim, California, which ended in a 31–31 tie. A comeback win over Stanford and a one-point loss to Illinois leveled the Buffaloes' record at 1–1–1. Colorado then won the remainder of their regular season games. Their winning streak, highlighted by wins over ranked Washington, Oklahoma, and Nebraska, was not without controversy. In a game against Missouri on October 6, the officials mistakenly allowed an extra down on which Colorado scored the winning touchdown as time expired.The game, known as the Fifth Down Game, became one of the most notorious officiating gaffes in college football history. Contentions notwithstanding, Colorado rose to #1 in the rankings and again faced Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl. The Buffaloes won a closely played game 10–9, aided by a controversial clipping call that negated a late punt return touchdown by Rocket Ismail of Notre Dame, and earned a share of the national title. Colorado was first in the final AP Poll while Georgia Tech was first in the Coaches' Poll. The following year, the Buffaloes tied Nebraska for the Big Eight title and lost to Alabama in the Blockbuster Bowl. In 1992, Colorado was 9–1–1 in the regular season, but lost to Syracuse in the Fiesta Bowl. In 1994, <mask>'s final year, he coached the Buffaloes to a victory at Michigan, where <mask> had spent eight years as an assistant.Colorado won the game 27–26 on a 64-yard Hail Mary pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook as time expired, which has since become known as The Miracle at Michigan. The Buffaloes posted an 11–1 record in 1994, capped by a win over Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl. At the end of the 1994 season, <mask> retired from coaching at the age of 54. <mask> holds records for the most games coached (153), most wins (93), and most conference wins (58) in the history of the Colorado Buffaloes football program. In 1995, there was widespread media speculation that <mask> might un-retire to serve as the head coach at Michigan following the resignation of Gary Moeller. <mask>, a former Wolverines assistant coach under Bo Schembechler, held a news conference to remove his name from consideration, stating that he wanted to devote his time to Promise Keepers. In 2012, <mask> publicly criticized Colorado's firing of head coach Jon Embree as racially motivated.Beyond coaching
In 1990, while he was head football coach at Colorado, <mask> founded a Christian men's group, Promise Keepers. He later resigned as the head of Promise Keepers and founded another organization, The Road to Jerusalem. In September 2008, <mask> rejoined Promise Keepers as CEO and chairman of the board. He serves on the board of directors of the Equip Foundation, Gospel to the Unreached Millions, and Concerts of Prayer International. <mask> was on the forefront to support Amendment 2 to the Colorado Constitution, which denied the designation of homosexuals as a "protected class." His public appearance in the facilities of CU to support the Amendment caused an outcry among students of CU. The Amendment was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.<mask> is the author of five books: From Ashes to Glory (1995), Sold Out (1997), Sold Out Two-Gether (1999), co-authored with his wife, Lyndi <mask>, Blind Spots: What You Don't See May Be Keeping Your Church From Greatness (2003), and Two Minute Warning: Why It's Time to Honor Jewish People Before the Clock Runs Out (2009) with Aaron Fruh. Honors
<mask> won a number of national coaching awards in 1989, including the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year award, the Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award and the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award. Three times, in 1985, 1989, and 1990, he was named the Big Eight Coach of the Year. <mask> was inducted into the Orange Bowl Hall of Fame in 1996 and the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. <mask> has been honored with a number of additional personal awards including: the Impact America Award from Point Loma College in 1995, the Spectrum Award from Sports Spectrum magazine in 1995, ABC News Person of the Week on February 16, 1996, Layperson of the Year from the National Association of Evangelicals in 1996, the Fire-Setters Award from Revival Fires Ministries in 1997, the Evangelist Philip Award from the National Association of United Methodist Evangelists in 1999, and the Humanitarian of the Year from the Syl Morgan Smith Colorado Gospel Music Academy in 1999. Personal life
<mask> lived with his wife, Lyndi, in the Denver area. They had four children (three sons and one daughter) and ten grandchildren, one of whom (T. C<mask>, a former LSU quarterback) was fathered by <mask>'s former player Sal Aunese, who died of stomach cancer at the age of 21.Another grandson, Derek, was fathered by <mask>'s former player Shannon Clavelle. Just before the 1993 Fiesta Bowl, <mask> confessed to his wife that he had committed adultery 20 years ago. Lyndi later suffered from severe bulimia and contemplated suicide, which prompted <mask> to retire from coaching in 1994. Lyndi died of emphysema in 2013. In 2016, <mask>'s family announced he had been diagnosed with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. He lives with his daughter Kristy. The <mask>s attend Cornerstone Church in Boulder, Colorado.Head coaching record

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
People from Riverview, Michigan
Sportspeople from Dearborn, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
Missouri Tigers football players
Coaches of American football from Michigan
High school basketball coaches in Michigan
High school football coaches in Michigan
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Colorado Buffaloes football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from Colorado
Writers from Michigan
American evangelicals
American Christian religious leaders
American Christian writers
Promise Keepers

masks:
William Paul McCartney
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title: Eun Heekyung

texts:
<mask> (born in 1959) is a South Korean writer. Life
Eun was born in Gochang, Jeollabuk-do in 1959. She did her undergraduate degree in literature at Sookmyung Women's University, and her graduate degree in the same field at Yonsei University, both in Seoul. Her childhood was full of fairy tales and children's stories that her parents purchased for her. Eun once stated, "My most important reading was pretty much done during my childhood." Even as a student she always read books (non-schoolbooks), and also recounts reading so intently that she failed to hear that school was ending, and only realizing it when she was surrounded by silence as the other students had left. She also discovered that other students were sometimes reading her diary, and for this reason she began to intersperse into it made up stories or lines aimed at specific readers.Eun's father was a carpenter who employed many workers. Eun noted that when these workers spoke directly to her father they spoke entirely differently from when they spoke behind his back. They also betrayed, intrigued and fought with each other, and Eun particularly remembers a carpenter running off with a cook. Eun saw these things as indicative of the warmth of human relationships between imperfect humans. Eun left for middle school in Seoul, where she was an average student and entered Sookmyung University in 1977, a time of tremendous political tumult. Since childhood Eun had desired to be a writer, but upon her graduation from Sookmyung she took jobs as a high school teacher, editor, and reporter. In 1994 she took a leave of absence from her work and went to a temple armed with a laptop computer, nearly a dozen books, and a decades' worth of diaries.In her stay at the temple she finished five short stories and a novella. The novella was A Duet, which won a Spring Literary Contest in 1995. Work
<mask>'s writing combines quotidian trivialities, a sometimes jesting style, sophistication and cynicism. One of her primary themes is the impossibility of real communication between people. Eun is also a feminist, although she often departs from any kind of theoretical approach in her exploration of the larger human condition and, in fact, is intensely suspicious of any ideological approaches to life. <mask> made her entrance to the Korean literary scene in 1995 with her short novel Duet. The next year won the Munhakdongne Fiction Award for her novel A Gift From a Bird which portrayed the world of adults through the skeptical eyes of a twelve-year-old narrator.Since her debut she has written 10 books, including six collections of short stories and four novels. Secrets and Lies, published in 2005, is the three-generation story of two interrelated families. Eun's Gift from a Bird is a coming of age novel that takes place between 1969 and 1995. Kang Jinhee, a woman in her mid-30s, reminisces about her life as a spirited twelve-year-old girl. In the beginning of the novel, she declares: “When I turned twelve, there was no need for me to grow.” In order to survive her troubled life, the young Jinhee learns to detach herself from her emotions. Asserting that people should observe themselves from a distance, she comes to possess a cynical and contemptuous personality, which becomes her defense mechanism. Just like the character Jinhee, Eun's work is characterized by these two traits: cynicism and contempt.Regardless of their present circumstances, the characters who populate Eun's fiction observe themselves and the world around them in a cold, unforgiving light; their only means of protection is through self-disparagement. For Eun, all ideologies seem suspicious and are open to ridicule. Families, romantic love, rationality, power and prestige—without fail, they each fall under Eun's intense suspicion. Despite her contempt and cynicism, it is ironic that much of Eun's work deals with the subject of love. Her characters seem to be contemptuous of everything around them, striving to think about events in a cold and clinical way, yet this kind of behavior perhaps arises from the fact that they yearn for connection. After all, it is no coincidence that Eun's first short story collection is titled To Talk with a Stranger. For instance, in Save the Last Dance for Me, which is the sequel to Gift from a Bird, Kang Jinhee, who is now in her late thirties, appears to scorn love but ultimately admits the value of genuine love.In Minor League, Eun ridicules mainstream male culture and advocates a space for those who do not fit into this group. The appeal of <mask>'s work is her unique ability to combine humor with cynicism that is sophisticated and sometimes cutting. Although Eun mocks everyday interactions and conventional mannerisms, there lies in her work a deep desire for authenticity. Eun has won other awards including the 1997 Dongseo Literature Award, the 1998 Yi Sang Literary Award, the 2000 Korean Literature Award, the Munhak Dongne Literature Award in 1996, the Korean Literature Award for Fiction in 2000, the Hanguk Ilbo Literature Award in 2002, and the 2007 Dong-in Literary Award for Beauty Snubs Me. In 2012 her story "Discovery of Solitude" was chosen by LTI Korea as one of three short stories to be the subject of their LTI Essay competition. In 2014, she participated in the International Writing Program's Fall Residency at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA. (그것은 꿈이었을까), 1999
Nobody Checks the Time When They’re Happy (행복한 사람은 시계를 보지 않는다), 1999
Minor League (마이너 리그), 2001
Secrets and Lies (비밀과 거짓말), 2005
Beauty Looks Down on Me (아름다움이 나를 멸시한다), 2007
Past of Light (빛의 과거), 2019

References

1959 births
Living people
South Korean novelists
Yonsei University alumni
People from North Jeolla Province
International Writing Program alumni

masks:
Eun Heekyung
Eun
Eun
Eun


title: Pinhas Rutenberg

texts:
<mask> (, <mask>; : 5 February 1879 – 3 January 1942) was a Russian Jewish engineer, businessman, and political activist. He played an active role in two Russian revolutions, in 1905 and 1917. During World War I, he was among the founders of the Jewish Legion and of the American Jewish Congress. Later, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine, and through his connections managed to obtain a concession for production and distribution of electric power and founded the Palestine Electric Corporation, currently the Israel Electric Corporation. A vocal and committed Zionist, <mask> also participated in establishing the Haganah, the main Jewish militia in pre-war Palestine, and founded Palestine Airways. He subsequently served as a President of the Jewish National Council. Socialist and revolutionary
<mask> was born in the town of Romny, north of Poltava, Russian Empire, now in Ukraine (also the hometown of Haim Arlosoroff and three of the founders of the first kibbutz, Degania).After graduating from a practical high school, he enrolled to the Technology Institute in Saint Petersburg and joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (also known as the S.R. or Eser party). He worked as a workshop manager at the Putilov plant, the largest Petersburg industry. The plant was a center of the Assembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers, founded in 1903 by a popular working class leader, Father George Gapon. Gapon collaborated in secret with the Police Department (the Okhrana), which believed this to be the way to control the workers' movement. <mask> became Gapon's friend, which made him a noticeable figure in the S.R. party.On Sunday, 9 January 1905 (Old Style date), Gapon organised a "peaceful workers' procession" to the Winter Palace in order to present a petition to the Tzar. <mask> participated, by his party's approval. In a tragic turn of events, army pickets fired directly into the crowd, and hundreds were killed. Amid the panic, <mask> retained self-control and actually saved Gapon's life, taking him away from gun fire. This incident, known as Bloody Sunday, sparked the first Russian Revolution of 1905. Gapon and <mask> fled abroad, being welcomed in Europe both by prominent Russian emigrants Georgy Plekhanov and Vladimir Lenin, and French socialist leaders Jean Jaurès and Georges Clemenceau. Before the end of 1905, <mask> returned to Russia, and Gapon followed him.Gapon soon revealed to <mask> his contacts with the police and tried to recruit him, too, reasoning that double loyalty is helpful to the workers' cause. However, <mask> betrayed his trust and reported  this provocation to his party leaders, Yevno Azef and Boris Savinkov. Azef demanded that the traitor be put to death. Ironically, he was in fact an agent provocateur himself, exposed by Vladimir Burtsev in 1908. On 26 March, 1906, Gapon arrived to meet <mask> in a rented cottage out of St. Petersburg, and after a month he was found there hanged. <mask> asserted later that Gapon was condemned by a comrades' court and that three S.R. party combatants overheard their conversation from the next room.After Gapon had repeated his collaboration proposal, <mask> called the comrades into the room and he left. When he returned, Gapon was dead. However, the S.R. party leadership refused to assume responsibility, announcing that the execution was undertaken by <mask> individually and the cause was a personal one, denying ever having sent their comrades to the meeting on 26 March. <mask> was then condemned and expelled from the party. Turn to Zionism

Forced to emigrate, <mask> settled in Italy. Away from politics, he concentrated on hydraulic engineering.Pondering on specific Jewish problems, he became convinced that the solution was to establish a national home for the Jewish people. After World War I broke out, the Zionist movement mainly supported the Entente Powers. <mask> set the goal to create a Jewish armed force to fight for the Land of Israel. He visited European capitals, met prominent politicians and Zionist leaders, and finally joined the efforts of Jabotinsky and Trumpeldor to set up the Jewish Legion. In May 1915, on Jabotinsky's approval, <mask> travelled to the United States to promote this idea among the American Jewry. He found strong support among Jewish organizations in New York City. <mask> endorsed the labour party (Poalei Zion) and cooperated with David Ben-Gurion, Itzhak Ben-Zvi, and Ber Borochov.Together with Chaim Zhitlowsky, he founded the American Jewish Congress. At the same time, <mask> published his book The National Revival of the Jewish People under the pseudonym <mask> Ben-Ami (in Hebrew: my people's son). While in the US, <mask> managed to complete a detailed design for utilizing the Land of Israel's hydraulic resources for irrigation and electrical power production, which was his long-time dream. Anti-Bolshevik

<mask> greeted the Russian February Revolution of 1917, and in July 1917 he returned to Petrograd, welcomed by the prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government, Alexander Kerensky, also an S.R party member. Despite 12 years of absence in Russia, <mask> was soon named vice-president of the Petrograd municipality, the local Duma. In a couple of months, Petrograd Soviet, headed by Leon Trotsky, became an alternative power in the capital, hostile towards the Duma. It was clear that the Soviets were planning to overthrow the government.On 3 November <mask> became a member of the emergency Supreme Council, created by Kerensky to preserve order and justice. During an assault on the Winter Palace on 7 November, the night of the October Revolution, <mask> defended the government residence after Kerensky had escaped. When the Bolsheviks prevailed, he was arrested and put in jail, together with the "capitalist ministers". In March 1918, when German troops approached Petrograd, the Bolsheviks released <mask>, among many others. He moved to Moscow, the new capital, and took a position in the cooperative movement. However, after the unsuccessful attempt upon Lenin's life by Fanny Kaplan in August 1918, the "Red Terror" campaign against "Esers" was launched. <mask> escaped from Moscow.His last location in Russia was in the port city of Odessa, where he was a member of the defense committee. The city was governed by White Russians who were supported by the French army. On 17 March 1919 he managed to obtain a Russian passport and with an exit visa boarded an American vessel that took him to the Allied-controlled city of Constantinople. From there he sailed to Marseille, later going on to the United Kingdom before departing to British Mandate of Palestine. In Palestine

In 1919, <mask> appeared in Paris and joined other Zionist leaders, preparing propositions for the Treaty of Versailles. Promoting the electrification plan, he received financial support from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and his son James A. de Rothschild and, finally, settled in Palestine to realise it. However, his first contribution after arrival was establishing, together with Jabotinsky, the Jewish self-defense militia, the Haganah.<mask> was the chief officer of these troops in Tel Aviv during the Arab hostilities in 1921. He participated in the demarcation of Mandatory Palestine's northern border, defining British and French areas of interest. In 1921 – over fierce Arab-Palestinian protests against giving the Yishuv an economic stranglehold of the country – the British granted Rutenberg the Jaffa and (later) the Jordan River electricity concessions. The Jaffa concession had been the first to have been executed. Operating under the name of the Jaffa Electric Company, Rutenberg in 1923 built a grid that gradually covered Jaffa, Tel Aviv, neighbouring (mainly Jewish) settlements, and the British military installations in Sarafend. The grid was powered by diesel engines, in contrast to the original commitment of Rutenberg to build a hydro-electric power station on the Auja (Yarkon) river. In 1923, <mask> founded the Palestine Electric Corporation.Following initial difficulties in launching the project, he sought and received support from then Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill. Rutenberg invited influential British politics, Lord Herbert Samuel and Lord Reading, as well as Hugo Hirst, the Director of the General Electric Company, to be members of his Corporation Council. The formidable achievement of <mask> was the "First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House" at Naharayim on the Jordan River, which opened in 1930, and earned him the nickname "The Old Man of Naharayim". Other power plants were built in Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Tiberias, which supplied all of Palestine. Jerusalem was the only part of the Mandatory Palestine not supplied by <mask>'s plants. The concession for Jerusalem was granted by the Ottoman Empire to Greek citizen Euripides Mavromatis. After Palestine was conquered by British forces, Mavromatis resisted Palestine Electric Company's attempts of building a power station that would serve Jerusalem.Only in 1942, when his British-Jerusalem Electric Corporation failed to supply the demands of the city, did the Mandatory government ask the Palestine Electric Company to take over the responsibility for supplying electricity to Jerusalem. <mask> died in 1942 in Jerusalem. A large modern power station near Ashkelon is named after him. Additionally, streets in Ramat Gan and Netanya are named in his honor. References

External links
Popular Mechanics, November 1930
Rutenberg and the Jordan River:A revolution in hydro-electricity
RUTENBERG, PINḤAS by Moshe Medzini. Encyclopaedia Judaica article at Encyclopedia.com
Pinhas Rutenberg

1879 births
1942 deaths
American Jewish Congress
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
Haganah
Hydraulic engineers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Jews of the Russian Empire
Israeli activists
Israeli chief executives
Israeli engineers
Israeli Jews
Jewish activists
Jewish engineers
Jewish National Council members
Jewish socialists
Jews in Mandatory Palestine
People of the Russian Revolution
People from Jerusalem
People from Romny
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
Russian socialists
Russian Zionists
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Ukrainian emigrants to Israel
Ukrainian Jews
Ukrainian Zionists

masks:
Pinhas Rutenberg
Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg
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Pinhas Rutenberg
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Pinhas
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