title: Robert Bortuzzo

texts:
<mask> (born March 18, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was drafted 78th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. Growing up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, <mask> played junior hockey with the Fort William North Stars with whom he won a Superior International Junior Hockey League (SIJHL) championship and Dudley Hewitt Cup. He was eventually drafted by the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) and later traded to the Kitchener Rangers. During his time in the OHL, <mask> drew comparisons to Fedor Tyutin and was praised as "a legitimate prospect" by NHL scouts. He spent three seasons with the Rangers before beginning his professional career with the Penguins organization. <mask> played seven seasons with the Penguins organization, during which he was named to the 2011 AHL All-Star Game.<mask> was eventually traded to the St. Louis Blues on March 2, 2015 in exchange for Ian Cole. During the 2018–19 season, <mask> won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Blues, becoming the first SIJHL alumni to do so. Early life
<mask> was born on March 18, 1989, in Thunder Bay, Ontario to parents Oscar and Susan. His father was a major junior ice hockey goaltender who was drafted by the Kitchener Rangers in 1977 and inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2003. His grandfather Sergio volunteered at Thunder Bay's DaVinci Centre and they host an annual bocce tournament in his name. Playing career
Growing up in Thunder Bay, <mask> played both baseball and ice hockey. He co-captained his little league baseball team to the Senior League World Series after narrowly missing the Little League World Series three years prior.<mask> was drafted by the Windsor Spitfires during the 2005 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection but chose to complete the 2005–06 season with the Fort William North Stars of the Superior International Junior Hockey League (SIJHL). During that season, he led the team to a league championship, Dudley Hewitt Cup but they failed to qualify for the 2006 Royal Bank Cup final. Although he went pointless in five games during the 2006 Royal Bank Cup Final, <mask> called it a "great experience and definitely a great learning curve." OHL
Upon completing the season with Fort William North Stars, <mask> was acquired by the Kitchener Rangers of the OHL in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2007 draft on May 31, 2006. After attending the team's training camp, he recorded his first career OHL goal on November 2, in a 4–2 loss to the London Knights. Leading up to the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> drew comparisons to Fedor Tyutin and was praised as "a legitimate prospect" by Mark Seidel, a scout for the NHL Draft. Although the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ranked <mask> 48th overall North American skaters he was drafted in the third round, 78th overall, by the Pittsburgh Penguins.On September 4, 2007, <mask> was invited to the Pittsburgh Penguins NHL camp, but was re-assigned to the Rangers for the 2007–08 season. During his second season with the team, <mask> helped the Rangers set a new franchise record for points in a season as he scored the game winning goal in a 4–3 win over the Saginaw Spirit. The Rangers eventually won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy as the OHL team who finished the regular season with the best record. <mask> helped the team qualify for the 2008 Memorial Cup and, in spite of a shoulder injury, recorded eight assists and a plus-18 rating. Former Penguins director of player personnel Jay Heinbuck spoke highly of <mask>'s play during the tournament saying, "He's got a good work ethic, he doesn't get beat one-on-one, he has good puck skills. I don't envision him being an offensive defenseman, but his passing is above average." During the offseason, <mask> attended the Penguins 2008 Conditioning Camp, although he missed the beginning of the 2008–09 season due to a shoulder injury and subsequent recovery.Upon his return to the line-up, <mask> played in the remaining 23 games and managed one goal and 16 assists. He signed a three-year entry-level contract with the Penguins on May 27, 2009, to conclude his major junior career. <mask> finished his tenure with the Rangers accumulating 49 points in 138 regular-season games. Pittsburgh Penguins
After attending the Penguins training camp, <mask> was reassigned to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins on September 23, 2009, to begin the 2009–10 season. He recorded his first career AHL goal during the second period of a 5–3 loss to the Hartford Wolf Pack on November 19. In his rookie season, <mask> tallied 12 points, 109 penalty minutes, and a plus-13 rating in 75 games. After attending the Penguins training camp, <mask> was re-assigned to the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins on September 29, 2010, to begin the season.Following a game against Norfolk Admirals on December 11, <mask>, Jesse Boulerice, and Stefano Giliati were each suspended one game as a result of their actions. By January, he had recorded two goals and 16 assists in 45 games and was tied league-wide for third amongst AHL defencemen with a plus-17 rating. As a result, he was selected to compete in the 2011 AHL All Star Classic, where he scored two goals. <mask> concluded his second season with the Penguins with 26 points in 79 games and earned a league-wide best plus-28. For the third consecutive year, <mask> attended the Penguins training camp, although he was placed on their injured reserve to begin the season. He also missed the team's final Rookie Tournament contest against the Blackhawks due to a lower body injury. <mask> ended up missing all of training camp and the beginning of the season to recover from his injury.When he was medically cleared to play, he was assigned to the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, whom he played two games with before being called up to the NHL for his debut on November 4. The following day, <mask> made his NHL debut against the Los Angeles Kings as a replacement for an injured Ben Lovejoy. He subsequently became the first SIJHL alumni to skate in a National Hockey League game. After going scoreless in his debut, he was returned to the AHL for a few games before earning another recall. While with the Penguins, <mask> was injured during a game against the Philadelphia Flyers on December 8, 2011, from a hit by Zac Rinaldo. He was out for several weeks with a concussion but was able to return to action in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton later that season on January 7. As the most tenured player on the team, he helped them qualify for the 2012 Calder Cup playoffs, where they eventually lost in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals to the St. John's IceCaps.<mask> completed the regular season with 21 points in 51 AHL games. Prior to the 2012–13 season, <mask> signed an AHL contract to stay with the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. The 2012–13 lock-out-shortened season saw <mask>'s role continue to increase on the team, playing in 15 of Pittsburgh's 48 regular-season games. On February 2, 2013, <mask> scored his first NHL goal, against goaltender Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils; the Penguins went on to win 5–1. During the Penguins' lengthy run to the Eastern Conference Finals in the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs, <mask> did not make an appearance, being a healthy scratch every game. Entering his seventh season with the Penguins organization, <mask> made the team's opening night roster for the first time during his tenure. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> saw his playing time continue to increase, in part due to rampant injuries among the Penguins defensive core.He played in 54 of Pittsburgh's 82 regular-season games, recording ten assists. On April 26, 2014, <mask> played in his first career Stanley Cup playoffs game, against the Columbus Blue Jackets in the first round of the 2014 playoffs, after Brooks Orpik sustained an undisclosed upper-body injury in the series' previous game. In his debut, he played 13:36 minutes during 5-on-5 play. After suffering an injury during training camp, <mask> joined the Penguins 2014–15 line-up on October 20, 2014. He sat as a healthy scratch at various times to begin the season before eventually scoring his first goal of the season on November 8, 2014. As a result of injuries to the Penguins blueline, <mask> was paired with rookie Derrick Pouliot and accumulated five points in 13 games. In spite of this, he was suspended two games for interference against Jaromír Jágr during a game against the New Jersey Devils on December 4.By January, key members of the Penguins defence had returned from injury, resulting in him moving to a third pairing with Simon Després. St. Louis Blues
After playing in 38 games for the Penguins and accumulating six points, <mask> was traded to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for defenceman Ian Cole. He made his St. Louis Blues debut on March 5, 2015, against the Philadelphia Flyers at Wells Fargo Center. <mask> played out the remainder of the 2014–15 season with the Blues, recording 2 points in 13 games. At the conclusion of the season, the Blues signed <mask> to a two-year contract in order to keep him on the team. Although the Blues qualified for the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs, he was unable to compete due to an upper-body injury. On October 7, 2015, <mask> was named to the Blues' opening night roster to begin the 2015–16 season, although his ability to play was questioned due to a preseason injury.He suffered a lower body injury during a game against the Montreal Canadiens on January 17, 2016, and missed one game to recover. <mask> made his post-season debut with the team during the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs in the Western Conference Second Round against the Dallas Stars. Coach Ken Hitchcock paired him with Kevin Shattenkirk because "One's a defending player and one's an attacking player....Our feeling is we need more attacking right now. [<mask>] is a guy that jumps up on the play, really attacks. He plays on his toes and he's good at joining the rush and making plays from the red line in." Although they beat the Stars, the team eventually lost to the San Jose Sharks during the Western Conference Final. Although <mask> was named to the Blues' opening night roster to begin the 2016–17 season, he suffered a lower-body injury during a loss to the Detroit Red Wings on October 27, 2016, and missed ten games to recover.Upon returning from his injury, <mask> was consistently paired with Colton Parayko until he was re-injured on December 3 during a game against the Winnipeg Jets and placed on injured reserve. As he was entering the final year of his contract, <mask> signed a two-year, $2.3 million extension to stay with the team on December 29. At the time of his singing, he had recorded two points, a goal and an assist, in 11 games while also averaging 13:48 of ice time. <mask> ended up missing a total of 16 games to recover from his injury against the Jets and returned to the Blues line-up on January 12, 2017, against the Los Angeles Kings. He suffered another injury on March 31 against the Colorado Avalanche which delayed his 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs debut until Game 2 against the Minnesota Wild. He played a total of 10 games before the Blues were eliminated from the postseason. On October 2, 2017, <mask> was named to the Blues' opening night roster to begin the 2017–18 season, paired with rookie Vince Dunn.Seven days later, <mask> was fined $3,091.40 for a cross-check delivered to the New York Islanders' forward Brock Nelson. As the season continued, <mask> sat as a healthy scratch five times and was injured in his career-high 55th game of the season. He missed five games to recover from his left knee injury but returned to the Blues line-up on March 3. In spite of his injury, <mask> set career highs in goals and points with four goals and 13 points. <mask> competed with the Blues in the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs, during which he hit Nashville Predators forward Kevin Fiala in Game 1 of the Western Conference Second Round, causing a season ending injury. The Blues ended up losing to the Predators in six games, sending the Predators to their first conference final in franchise history. During a pre-season game prior to the 2018–19 season, <mask> elbowed Washington Capitals defenceman Michal Kempný and was subsequently suspended for the remainder of the pre-season and one regular season game.Upon returning for the regular season, <mask> suffered a lower-body injury in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on October 20 and was placed on injured reserve. He was eventually taken off injured reserve on November 30, 2018, more than a month after the initial injury. During a Blues practice on December 10, 2018, <mask> fought teammate Zach Sanford. The two got a few punches in on one another before being separated by coaches. At the time, St. Louis had lost eight of their last 11 games. Five days later, the Blues signed <mask> to a three-year, $4.125 million contract extension worth $1.375 million per season through to the end of the 2021–22 season. By January 2019, the Blues were in last place around the entire league resulting in a coaching and goaltender change.The changes proved to be successful as <mask> ended the regular season playing in 59 regular-season games and accumulating 10 points as the team qualified for the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Blues beat the Winnipeg Jets and Dallas Stars to qualify for the Western Conference Final against the San Jose Sharks. After losing in Game 1 of the Finals, the Blues and Sharks returned for Game 2 at the SAP Center, where <mask> scored the game-winning goal at 16:34 of the second period in an eventual 4–2 win. The Blues ended up winning the series and met with the Boston Bruins in the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals. <mask> and the Blues beat the Bruins in seven games to win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history, and become the first SIJHL alumni to do so. Although he was scratched for the final game of the series, <mask> was rewarded for his efforts with a Day with the Cup. During the 2019–20 season, <mask> continued to improve his play while in the Blues' line-up.In a game against the Calgary Flames on November 21, 2019, <mask> played a season-high 17:52 of ice time and earned a plus-five rating in the 5–0 win. Three days later, <mask> was suspended for four games by the NHL Department of Player Safety for injuring Nashville Predators winger Viktor Arvidsson by repeatedly cross-checking him. Upon returning to the Blues' line-up on December 2 against the Chicago Blackhawks, <mask> commented on his suspension by saying "The temperature of the game is high at times. Again, I'm not a malicious player. I'm not out here trying to injure people and I stand by that." When the Blues met the Predators again on February 15, <mask> fought twice during the game, with Arvidsson and Jarred Tinordi, as the team lost 4–3. Career statistics

Awards and honours

References

External links

1989 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Kitchener Rangers players
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players

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title: Huni

type: original

texts:
<mask> (original reading unknown) was an ancient Egyptian king and the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom period. Following the Turin king list, he is commonly credited with a reign of 24 years, ending c. 2613 BC. <mask>'s chronological position as the last king of the third dynasty is seen as fairly certain, but there is still some uncertainty on the succession order of rulers at the end of the 3rd dynasty. It is also unclear under which Hellenized name the ancient historian Manetho could have listed him in his historical writing Aegyptiacae. Most possibly he is to be identified with the Hellenized name Aches, as Winfried Barta proposes. Many Egyptologists believe that Huni was the father and direct predecessor of king Sneferu, but this is questioned by other scholars. <mask> is seen by scholars as a confusing figure in Egyptian history, because he was long remembered in Egyptian traditions, but very few documents, objects or monuments from his reign have endured.Attestations

<mask> is not a well attested pharaoh; most of the attestations only point indirectly to him. There are only two contemporary objects with his name. The first one is a conical stele made of red granite, discovered in 1909 on the island of Elephantine. The object is  long,  thick and  broad. Its shape resembles a typical Benben stele, as known from mastaba tombs of early dynastic kings. At the front, the cone presents a rectangular niche with an incarved inscription inside. The inscription mentions a royal palace named Palace of the headband of Huni and writes Huni's name above inside a royal cartouche.The decorated niche is interpreted by scholars as a so-called "apparition window". The lower part of the window frame is flattened and elongated and shows traces of a second inscription, apparently the same as inside the window. It is not fully clarified, where exactly the object was once on display. Because it was found very close to a stepped pyramid, Egyptologists such as Rainer Stadelmann propose a position on the very front of the monument, or even visibly embedded in one of the steps. Today <mask>'s dedication cone is on display in the Cairo Museum as object JE 41556. The second finding, discovered in 2007, is a polished stone bowl made of magnesite, found at South-Abusir in the mastaba tomb AS-54, belonging to a high official, whose name is yet unknown to archaeologists. The stone vessel inscription mentions <mask>'s name without a cartouche, but with the Njswt-Bity title.The orthography of the hieroglyphs that form Huni's name makes a reading as Njswt-Hw or Hw-en-Niswt plausible. Huni is also attested in mastaba L6 at Saqqara, attributed to the official Metjen and dating to the end of the 3rd dynasty. There, an inscription was found with the name of a royal domain Hw.t-njswt.-hw ("Hut-nisut-hu") of Huni. Huni is further mentioned on the back of the Palermo stone in the section concerning the reign of the 5th-dynasty king Neferirkare Kakai, who apparently had a mortuary temple built for the cult of Huni. The temple, however, has not yet been located. Finally, Huni is attested in the papyrus Prisse, in the Instructions of Kagemni, probably dating to the 13th dynasty. The papyrus gives an important indication about Huni's succession in column II, line 7:

Most scholars today think that this extract may strengthen the theory that Huni was the last king of the 3rd dynasty and immediate predecessor of king Snefru (the first ruler of the 4th dynasty).Name and identity

<mask>'s cartouche name
<mask>'s identity is difficult to establish, since his name is passed down mostly as cartouche name and in different variations. The  earliest mention of his cartouche name may possibly appearing on the granite cone from Elephantine, which might be contemporary. Otherwise, the earliest appearances of <mask>'s cartouche can be found on the Palermo Stone P1, dating to the 5th dynasty, and on the Prisse Papyrus of the 13th dynasty. <mask>'s cartouche can also be found in the Saqqara kinglist and the Turin Canon, both dating back to the 19th dynasty. The Abydos kinglist, which also dates to the 19th dynasty, mysteriously omits <mask>'s name and gives instead a Neferkara I who is unknown to Egyptologists. The reading and translation of his cartouche name is also disputed. In general, two basic versions of his name exist: an old version, which is closest to the (lost) original, and a younger version, which seems to be based on ramesside interpretations and misreadings.The older version uses the hieroglyphic signs candle wick (Gardiner sign V28), juncus sprout (Gardiner sign M23), bread loaf (Gardiner sign X1) and water line (Gardiner sign N35). This writing form can be found on Old Kingdom objects such as the Palermo Stone recto (reign of Neferirkare), the tomb inscription of Metjen, the stone vessel found in Abusir and the granite cone from Elephantine. Whilst the stone vessel from Abusir writes <mask>'s name without a cartouche, but gives the Niswt-Bity-title, all other Old Kingdom writings place the king's name inside an oval cartouche. The ramesside versions use the hieroglyphic signs candle wick (Gardiner sign V28), beating man (Gardiner sign A25), water line (Gardiner sign N35) and arm with a stick (Gardiner sign D40). The cartouche No. 15 in the Kinglist of Saqqara writes two vertical strokes between the water line and the beating arm. The Prisse Papyrus omits the candle wick and the beating arm.Egyptologist Ludwig Borchardt had already proposed by the beginning of the 20th century that the old and ramesside cartouche versions were referring to one and the same king. He proposed that ramesside scribes erroneously took away the juncus sign of the Niswt-Bity title and placed it before the royal cartouche, not realizing that this sign was part of the original birth- or throne-name of <mask>. He also proposed that the candle wick was misinterpreted as the sign for "smiting", tempting the ramesside scribes to place the hieroglyph of a beating man behind it. These conclusions are still shared by scholars today. Following his hypothesis, Borchardt reads <mask>'s cartouche name as Niswt Hw ("king Hu"). However, Hans Gödicke instead reads Ny Swteh ("He who belongs to the smiters") and is convinced that <mask>'s name was theophoric. In particular, he compares <mask>'s name construction with those of the kings Nynetjer ("He who belongs to the deified of Horus") and Nyuserre ("He who belongs to those of power of Re").Rainer Stadelmann and Wolfgang Helck strongly refute Gödicke's reading, pointing out that no single Egyptian document mentions a deity, person, place or even a single colloquial term named "Swteh". Thus there is no grammatical source that could have been used to make a royal name "Ny Swteh". Helck instead suggests a reading as Hwj-nj-niswt and translates it as "The utterance belongs to the king". Huni's possible Horus name
The Horus name of Huni is unknown. There are several theories to connect the cartouche name "Huni" with contemporary Horus names. In the late 1960s, the Louvre Museum bought a stele showing a king whose Horus name is Horus-Qahedjet ("the crown of Horus is raised"). For stylistical reasons the stele may be dated to the late Third Dynasty and it seems possible that it refers to Huni, whose Horus-name it provides.However, dating and authenticity have been put into question several times, and today the stela is believed to be either fake, or dedicated to king Thutmose III (18th dynasty) while imitating the artistic style of Dynasty III. Peter Kaplony promotes an ominous name found in the burial shaft of an unfinished pyramid at Zawyet el'Aryan. The monument is connected with a possible pharaoh named Bikheris. The name in question reads Neb-hedjetnwb ("lord of the golden crown") and is thought by Kaplony to be Huni's possible Horus name. However, Egyptologists such as Aidon Dodson contradict this theory and argue that Neb-hedjetnwb, with its gold hieroglyph, should rather be the Golden Horus name of Bikheris. Other Egyptologists, such as Toby Wilkinson and Rainer Stadelmann, identify Huni with the contemporarily well-attested king Horus-Khaba ("the soul of Horus appears"). Their identification is based on the circumstance that both kings' Horus names appear on incised stone vessels without any further guiding notes.It was a fashion that began with the death of king Khasekhemwy (end of 2nd dynasty) and ended under king Sneferu (beginning of the 4th dynasty). Thus, it was a very typical practice of the 3rd dynasty. Additionally, Stadelmann points to the Layer Pyramid at Zawyet el'Aryan. This monument was possibly built by Khaba, since a nearby mastaba contained several stone vessels with his Horus name. Since the Turin Canon credits a reign of 24 years to Huni, Stadelmann argues that this time span would perfectly fit to finish the Layer Pyramid. Furthermore, Stadelmann points to the large amount of discovered mud seal impressions and stone bowls and the widespread finding spots throughout Egypt. In his opinion, the archaeological context also speaks for a longer-lasting reign.Thus, he identifies Khaba with Huni. Family

The genealogical position of Huni in the family line of ruling kings, during the time when the 3rd dynasty ended and the 4th started, is highly disputed. Contemporary and later documents often mention Huni and his follower Snefru in the same sentence, always in direct succession. Therefore, Egyptologists and historians believe that Huni might have even been related to Snefru. A key figure in this case is queen Meresankh I, the royal mother of Snefru. She definitely bore the title of a queen, but no contemporary source connects her name with the title of a daughter or wife of Huni. This circumstance raises doubts in the family relationship between Huni and Snefru.Today most scholars prefer to believe the historian Manetho, who claims in his Aegyptiacae that with the enthronement of Snefru a different royal house gained power over Egypt and a new dynasty had begun. A possible wife of Huni was instead a queen Djefatnebty, whose name appears in black ink inscriptions on beer vases from Elephantine. Her name is guided by the title great one of the hetes-sceptre, making her definitely a queen consort. According to an interpretation by Günter Dreyer, Djefatnebty's death is mentioned alongside several events during the reign of king Huni, although no king is mentioned in the inscription by his name. Dreyer is convinced that the notations concern the 22nd year of Huni's reign, since the Turin canon credits him with a reign of 24 years and no 3rd dynasty king is archaeologically proven to have ruled so long. Dreyer's interpretation is not commonly accepted, though. Until today, no child or other relative of Huni can be identified and connected to him with certainty.William Stevenson Smith and George Andrew Reisner propose to identify queen Hetepheres I (concubine of Sneferu and mother of king Khufu; 4th dynasty) as the daughter of King Huni. Hetepheres bore the female title Sat-netjer ("daughter of a god"), which led Smith and Reisner to the conclusion that this could be a hint to her family position as the daughter of Huni. In this case, Hetepheres would have been an heir princess and by marrying Snefru, she secured the blood line of the royal dynasty. But other scholars, such as Wolfgang Helck and Wilfried

masks: Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni


title: Huni

texts:
 Seipel, raise strong doubts against this theory. They argue that the title of Hetepheres does not explicitly reveal to whom she was married in her lifetime. Reign
Next to nothing is known of Huni's time on the throne. Huni is given a reign of 24 years by the Turin canon, which is commonly accepted by scholars.Religious or military activities are not known from his reign. The only contemporary documents, which allow some evaluation of any political and social developments during Huni's time, are the tomb inscriptions of high officials such as Metjen, Khabausokar, A'a-akhty and Pehernefer. These are dated to the time span from the end of 3rd dynasty unto the beginning of the 4th dynasty. They show that the reign of Huni must have been the beginning of the heyday of the Old Kingdom. For the first time inscriptions give explicit insights into the power structure of the state, with nomarchs and viziers exercising important powers. The tomb inscriptions of Metjen also mentions, for the first time in Egyptian history, that titles of high-ranked officials and priests were only passed down by inheritance from father to son. It seems though, that Huni undertook some building projects.The Turin Canon, which is rather modest about additional informations concerning the listed kings, credits Huni with the erection of a certain building, for which Huni must have been honoured in later times. Unfortunately, the papyrus is damaged at the relevant column and the complete name of the building is lost today. Egyptologists Günter Dreyer and Werner Kaiser propose a reading as "he who built Sekhem...". They believe that it could be possible, that the building was part of a building project through the entire land, including the erection of several, small cultic pyramids. Another hint of possible building projects and city foundations under Huni might be hidden in the name of the historical city of Ehnas (today better known as Heracleopolis Magna). Wolfgang Helck points out, that the Old Kingdom name of this city was Nenj-niswt and that this name was written with exactly the same hieroglyphs as the cartouche name of Huni. Thus, he proposes Huni as the founder of Ehnas.Additionally, the tomb inscription of Metjen mentions a mortuary domain in the nome of Letopolis. This building hasn't been found by archaeologists yet. After his death, Huni seems to have enjoyed a long lasting mortuary cult. The Palermo stone, which was made over a hundred years after Huni's death, mentions donations made to a funerary complex temple of Huni. Huni's name is also mentioned in the Prisse Papyrus, a further evidence that Huni was remembered long after his death since the papyrus was written during the 12th dynasty. Monuments possibly connected to Huni

Meidum pyramid

In the early 20th century, the Meidum pyramid was often credited to Huni. One long-held theory posited that Huni had started a stepped pyramid, similar to that of king Djoser, Sekhemkhet and Khaba, but architecturally more advanced and with more and smaller steps.When king Snefru ascended the throne, he would have simply covered the pyramid with polished limestone slabs, making it a "true pyramid". The odd appearance of the pyramid was explained in early publications by a possible building catastrophe, during which the pyramid's covering collapsed and many workmen would have been crushed. The theory seemed to be fostered by the unknown duration of Snefru's reign. At the time, egyptologists and historians couldn't believe that Snefru ruled long enough to have three pyramids built for him. Closer examinations of the pyramid surroundings however revealed several tomb inscriptions and pilgrim graffiti praising the "beauty of the white pyramid of king Snefru". They further call for prayers to Snefru and "his great wife Meresankh I". Additionally, the surrounding mastaba tombs date to the reign of King Snefru.<mask>'s name has yet to be found anywhere near the pyramid. These indices led Egyptologists to the conclusion that the pyramid of Meidum was never <mask>'s, but rather an achievement of Snefru, planned and constructed as a cenotaph. Ramesside graffiti reveal that the white limestone covering still existed during the 19th dynasty and thus started to collapse slowly after that period. The rest of the limestone covering and the first inner layers were robbed during the New Kingdom period and the Roman period. This practice continued in Christian and Islamic times, in particular during the construction works of the Arabs in the 12th century AD. Arab writers describe the Meidum pyramid as a "mountain with five steps". Finally, several regional earthquakes damaged the monument.A third argument against the theory that Snefru completed <mask>'s project is newer evaluations of Snefru's time on the throne. According to the Turin Canon, Snefru ruled for 24 years. However, during the Old Kingdom the years of rule were counted biennially, when cattle counts and tax collections were performed, which would mean that Snefru may have ruled for 48 years. The compiler of the Turin Canon may not have been aware of this long-gone circumstance when redacting his document and would consequently have attributed 24 years to Snefru. Today it is estimated that 48 years of rule would have allowed Snefru to build three pyramids during his lifetime. Additionally, egyptologists such as Rainer Stadelmann point out that it was uncommon for rulers during the Old Kingdom to usurp or finish the tomb of a predecessor; all that a succeeding king did was to bury and seal the tomb of his predecessor. Layer Pyramid

As mentioned before, Rainer Stadelmann thinks it could be possible that Huni built the so-called Layer Pyramid at Zawyet el'Aryan.According to Stadelmann and Jean-Phillipe Lauer, this monument was nearly finished, when it was left. It is unknown, though, if the subterranean complex actually was ever used for the burial of the king. The necropolis of the Layer Pyramid is still incompletely investigated. A nearby mastaba (Mastaba Z500), which was integrated into the pyramid complex, contained several stone bowls with the Horus name of king Khaba. Thus, the Layer Pyramid is commonly equally known as the pyramid of Khaba. Rainer Stadelmann proposes an identification of Khaba with Huni. He argues that the finishing of the pyramid lasted a long period of time and since the Turin Canon credits a 24-year reign to Huni, this time span surely covered the building time needed for the pyramid.Thus, both names ("Huni" and "Khaba") might point to one and the same ruler. Lepsius pyramid – I
A mysterious mud brick pyramid, originally planned to be the size of that of Khafrâ, was uncovered in Abu Rawash and documented by Karl Richard Lepsius, who listed it in his list of pyramids as Pyramid I. The pyramid was already a heap of rubble at the time his excavations: only a  stump of brick layers was left. Lepsius nonetheless discovered a narrow corridor leading down to a nearly square chamber. In it, he found a roughly hewn stone sarcophagus. Lepsius dated the pyramid to the late 3rd dynasty and proposed a connection to King Huni. Today, this theory is no longer accepted.In 1989, Egyptologist Nabil Swelim examined the pyramid more precisely and found that it was made of small mud bricks, with a quarter of its inner core hewn out of a natural bedrock. The rock core itself contained several rock-cut tombs dating back to the 5th and 6th dynasty. Swelim and others Egyptologists, such as Toby Wilkinson, point out that it would be surprising for a royal pyramid to have been completely destroyed less than 300 years after its construction, only to be re-used for simple rock-cut tombs. Additionally, he points to the unusual geographic position of the pyramid: Old Kingdom pyramids were commonly built on high grounds, while the pyramid Lepsius I lies on a flat plain. Thus, the dating of this monument to the late 3rd dynasty no longer seems tenable. Cultic step pyramids
Several small step pyramids along the Nile river are also credited to Huni. Those small pyramids had a cultic function and marked important royal estates.They contained no internal chambers and were not used for burial purposes. One of them is located at the eastern end of Elephantine island and a granite cone with Huni's name was discovered nearby in 1909. Therefore, this little pyramid is the only one that may be credited to Huni with some certainty. Some scholars such as Andrzej Ćwiek contest this attribution however, pointing out that it might be at least possible that the granite cone of Huni was re-used in later times, when ramesside priests restored cultic places of the Old Kingdom period. The only cultic step pyramid that can be definitively connected to an Old Kingdom ruler is a small step pyramid known as the Seila Pyramid, located at the Faiyum Oasis. Two large stela with the name of Snefru were found in front of the pyramid, thus indicating the king responsible for its construction. Since Snefru was Huni's likely immediate successor, this might indicate however that cultic pyramids were indeed constructed at the transition between the 3rd and 4th dynasties.Edfu South Pyramid
Edfu South Pyramid

Burial
<mask>'s burial site remains unknown. Since the Meidum pyramid can be excluded, egyptologists and archaeologists propose several alternative burial sites. As already pointed out, Rainer Stadelmann and Miroslav Verner propose the Layer-pyramid at Zawyet el-Aryan as <mask>'s tomb, because they identify Huni with Khaba, who is in turn well connected with the Layer-pyramid, since several stone bowls with his Horus name were found in the surrounding necropolis. Alternatively, Stadelmann proposes a huge mastaba at Meidum as Huni's burial. Mastaba M17 was originally around  large by  wide and was approximately  high. The above-ground part was made of unburnt mud bricks and filled with rubble from the second building phase of the Meidum pyramid. The subterranean structure contained a  deep shaft leading into a corridor and several large chapels and niches.The burial chamber was plundered in antiquity, every decoration was destroyed and/or stolen. The large, roughly hewn sarcophagus contained the remains of a violently tattered mummy. Stadelmann and Peter Janosi think that the mastaba was either the tomb of a crown-prince, who died an heir to the throne of king Snefru, or it was the burial of Huni himself. Miroslav Bárta instead proposes mastaba AS-54 in South-Abusir as the most possible burial site. This is promoted by the finding of a polished magnesite bowl, which shows the niswt-bity title of Huni. The mastaba itself was once pretty large and contained large niches and chapels. It also contained a quite large amount of polished dishes, vases and urns.Contradictorily, nearly all the vessels are undecorated, no ink inscription or carving were found on the objects. Thus, the name of the true owner is yet unknown. Only one vessel clearly shows <mask>'s name while a few other might show small traces. Bárta thus sees two possibilities for the owner of the mastaba: it was either a very high ranked official, such as a prince of Huni's time, or king Huni himself. Notes and references

External links
 Meidum: Site of the Broken Pyramid & Remnants of the First True Pyramid- Virtual-Egypt
 On pharaoh Huni

27th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty of Egypt
27th-century BC deaths
Year of birth

masks: Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni Huni


title: Action Bronson

texts:
Ariyan Arslani (born December 2, 1983), better known by the stage name <mask>, is an American rapper and television presenter. In August 2012, he signed with Warner Bros. Records, but was later moved to the Atlantic Records-distributed label Vice Records. Arslani hosts a talk/variety show The Untitled Action Bronson Show, as well as his travel program Fuck, That's Delicious, on Viceland. His frequent collaborators Meyhem Lauren, The Alchemist, and formerly Big Body Bes are regulars on both of his television series. Mario Batali, Andrew Zimmern, Daniel Boulud, Rick Bayless, Grant Achatz, and others have been guests on his television series. In September 2017, Arslani published his first book, based on his travel show, a cookbook, also entitled Fuck, That's Delicious. Arslani has also released several mixtapes, such as Rare Chandeliers (2012), with American hip-hop producer The Alchemist and Blue Chips 2 (2013) with longtime producer Party Supplies, before releasing his major label debut, an extended play (EP) titled Saaab Stories, with frequent collaborator Harry Fraud, in 2013.He released his major label debut album, Mr. Wonderful, on March 23, 2015. Biography

1983–2010: Early life and career

Ariyan Arslani was born in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on December 2, 1983, to an Albanian Muslim father and an American Jewish mother. Growing up he had been raised in his father's Muslim tradition. He attended Bayside High School, in Bayside, Queens, and graduated in 2002. Before embarking on a career as a rapper, which was originally just a hobby, <mask> was a gourmet chef in New York City. He hosted his own online cooking show, Action in the Kitchen.After breaking his leg in the kitchen, Bronson concentrated solely on his music career. 2011: Dr. Lecter and Well Done

Action Bronson's debut studio album Dr. Lecter was independently released by Fine Fabric Delegates on March 15, 2011. The album, produced entirely by New York City-based music producer Tommy Mas, was made available for digital download and also in CD-R, on his official website. In November of that year, <mask> followed up with Well-Done, a collaborative effort with American hip hop producer Statik Selektah. On March 12, 2012, he released his second mixtape, titled Blue Chips, with Party Supplies. 2012–2013: Major-label deal and Saaab Stories

In August 2012, it was announced Paul Rosenberg signed Action Bronson to a management deal with Goliath Artists, which also houses names such as Eminem, The Alchemist, Blink-182 and Danny Brown. Also in August 2012, <mask> was featured on Odd Future-rapper Domo Genesis and American hip hop producer The Alchemist's collaborative album No Idols, on tracks "Elimination Chamber" (also featuring Earl Sweatshirt and Vince Staples) and "Daily News" (also featuring SpaceGhostPurrp and Earl Sweatshirt).Later that year <mask> joined both Warner Bros. Records, via media company VICE, and concert booking agency NUE. On November 15, 2012, <mask> released Rare Chandeliers, a collaborative mixtape with the Alchemist. In March 2013, Bronson performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and later that month was featured on XXL Magazine's 2013 Freshman Class, a list of up-and-coming rappers. In May 2013, <mask> was moved to Atlantic Records, and subsequently released an extended play (EP) titled Saaab Stories, on June 11, 2013. The EP was produced entirely by American music producer Harry Fraud and features guest appearances from fellow American rappers Raekwon, Wiz Khalifa, and Prodigy. Released as a digital download only, the EP was preceded by the single, "Strictly 4 My Jeeps". In July 2013, he indicated wanting to get fellow Queens-bred rappers, Nas and Kool G Rap, on his major-label debut album.Also in July, <mask> announced his major-label debut album would be released in early 2014. On November 1, 2013, <mask> released Blue Chips 2, the second installment in his Blue Chips series, in promotion of the album. On October 28, 2013, Funkmaster Flex announced he would be hosting an upcoming Action Bronson mixtape. Production was revealed to be coming from Erick Sermon, Mike Will Made It, DJ Mustard and Jahlil Beats. In a November 2013 interview with Rolling Stone, <mask> stated that he would have Kool G Rap and Mobb Deep, featured on his upcoming album. 2014–present: Mr. Wonderful and Only for Dolphins

In February 2014, Action Bronson, J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar and 360 accompanied rapper Eminem, on a brief tour of Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.On May 6, 2014, Action Bronson debuted a food-oriented web series, titled Fuck, That's Delicious. The show is a Vice Records-sponsored monthly web series that chronicles the food-obsessed rapper's exploration of all things culinary. On August 5, 2014, <mask> released the song "Easy Rider" as the first single from his debut album Mr. Wonderful. The song was produced by <mask>'s longtime producer Party Supplies. On August 20, 2014, the music video for "Easy Rider", was released. The video for "Easy Rider", which was directed by Tom Gould, pays homage to the 1969 Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper film of the same name.<mask> officially released "Actin Crazy", via digital distribution on January 20. He released the full album on March 23, 2015. In October 2015, <mask> was hospitalized in Anchorage, Alaska, for emergency surgery after a concert on October 23. He remained in the hospital for several days. On Monday May 16, 2016, he presented at the Webby Awards. On October 31, 2018, <mask> announced that he was parting ways with Vice, the media company that served as his record label and television network. In November 2018, <mask> announced a tour in support of his latest album, White Bronco.The tour ran from February 2019 to March 2019. Meyhem Lauren and Roc Marciano will be supporting. On August 9, 2020, <mask> revealed the title of his new album, Only for Dolphins, released on September 25, 2020. The cover art was painted by <mask> himself. <mask> described the album as "ANOTHER BRIGHT THREAD WOVEN INTO THE TEXTURE OF THE COSMOS". Television and film
<mask> starred in two television shows which aired on the Viceland channel: the food travel show Fuck, That's Delicious, and a nightly food talk show, The Untitled Action Bronson Show. He also starred in the now-canceled comedy documentary series Traveling the Stars: <mask> and Friends Watch 'Ancient Aliens'.He has had cameo roles in the films The Irishman (2019), playing a coffin salesman, and The King of Staten Island (2020). Controversy
In March 2016, the Program Board of the George Washington University announced that Bronson would be the headlining performer for the university's yearly spring concert, "Spring Fling". Controversy soon erupted as <mask>'s song "Consensual Rape" came to light, as well as statements Bronson made that were considered homophobic, transphobic, and misogynistic. Student activist groups successfully pushed for the university to cancel the performance. In April 2016, <mask> was similarly disinvited from the Trinity College Spring Weekend concert. Bronson responded in an open letter, claiming that his songs "depict a story" and "aren't meant to be anything but an artistic expression," condemned all forms of sexual violence, and offered an apology. Musical style

Influences
Action Bronson cites as major influences fellow American rappers Kool G Rap, Nas, Cam'ron, Mobb Deep, UGK and the Wu-Tang Clan.Other artists include Michael Jackson, Carlos Santana, Queen as well as Albanian wedding singers. Rapping style
Bronson frequently raps about food in his songs. He is also well known for his frequent, and often obscure, allusions to athletes and sports teams. Bronson's lyrics often make reference to sports in New York City but also touch on more obscure subjects such as professional wrestlers, bodybuilders, figure skating and sports betting. Early in his career, Bronson gained recognition for lyrically and stylistically resembling fellow New York rapper Ghostface Killah of Wu-Tang Clan (with whom he collaborated, along with friend and fellow rapper Termanology, on a song called "Meteor Hammer", from the 2011 compilation album Legendary Weapons). Ghostface Killah himself has admitted to confusing Bronson's rapping for his own. In a 2011 interview with HipHopDX, Bronson was asked about how it was to be compared to the Wu-Tang rapper, and he responded with,

Personal life
Bronson has two children with a former girlfriend.Bronson's current girlfriend gave birth to a son in November 2019. In mid-2020, prompted by having reached a body weight of , and having a myriad of associated health problems, as well as by the birth of his son, Bronson began a regimen of healthier eating as well as boxing and high-intensity interval training. As of December 2020 he had lost . He took up Brazilian jiu-jitsu in 2021. Discography

Dr. Lecter (2011)
Well-Done (2011) (with Statik Selektah)
Mr. Wonderful (2015)
Blue Chips 7000 (2017)
White Bronco (2018)
 Only for Dolphins (2020)

Awards and nominations

BET Hip Hop Awards

The BET Hip Hop Awards was established in 2006 by the network to celebrate hip-hop performers, producers and music video directors. See also

 List of hip-hop musicians
 List of people from Queens
 Music of New York City

References

External links

1983 births
American male chefs
American chefs
American male rappers
American people of Albanian descent
Atlantic Records artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
Living people
Jewish American musicians
Jewish rappers
People from Flushing, Queens
Rappers from New York City
21st-century American singers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century Albanian rappers
21st-century American male singers
Bayside High School (Queens) alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Action Bronson
Bronson
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Action Bronson
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Actionon
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title: Charles Hope, Lord Granton

texts:
Rt Hon Lord <mask> FRSE (29 June 1763 – 30 October 1851) was a Scottish politician and judge. Life
Hope was born on 29 June 1763, the eldest son of Mary Breton, the only daughter of Eliab Breton of Forty Hill, Enfield (a granddaughter of Sir William Wolstenholme) and John Hope, Member of Parliament (MP) for Linlithgowshire, and a grandson of <mask>, 1st Earl of Hopetoun. He was educated at Enfield Grammar School, and later at the Edinburgh High School, where in 1777 he was the Latin dux. After studying law at the University of Edinburgh he was admitted as an advocate on 11 December 1784, and on 25 March 1786 was appointed a Deputy Advocate. In 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Allan Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank, James Gregory, and the mathematician John Playfair. Though not conspicuous as a lawyer he was an accomplished public speaker, and in this capacity made himself useful at the Tory political meetings.On 5 June 1792 he became Sheriff of Orkney, and in June 1801 was appointed Lord Advocate in the Addington administration in the room of Robert Dundas of Arniston. Shortly afterwards he was presented with the freedom of the city of Edinburgh, together with a piece of plate, for his assistance to the magistrates in obtaining a poor's bill for the city. At the general election in July 1802, he was returned to the House of Commons for Dumfries district, but resigned his seat when Henry Dundas's elevation to the upper house, and was returned unopposed for the city of Edinburgh (January 1803). During his service as Lord Advocate, Hope conducted through the House of Commons the Scotch Parochial Schoolmasters' Act (43 Geo. III, c. 54), by means of which authorities building schools were also obliged to erect houses with at least two rooms for the schoolmasters. The only speech of his reported in the 'Parliamentary Debates' was one delivered in his own defence in the debate on Whitbread's motion for the production of papers relating to Hope's censure of a Banffshire farmer named Morison, who had discharged his servant for attending drills of a volunteer regiment. Hope made an ingenious defence, and gave a lively description of the multitudinous duties of his office but though the case against him was strong, the motion, after a great party debate in which both Pitt and Fox took part, was defeated by 159 to 82.On 20 November 1804, Hope was appointed an ordinary Lord of Session and Lord Justice Clerk in the place of Sir David Rae, Lord Eskgrove, and assuming the title of Lord <mask> took his seat on the bench on 6 December 1804. On 12 November 1811, he succeeded Robert Blair, Lord Avontoun as Lord President of the Court of Session, being succeeded as Lord Justice Clerk by David Boyle, Lord Boyle. In 1820, he presided at the special commission for the trial of high treason at Glasgow, and on 17 August 1822 was admitted to the Privy Council at Holyrood House. On 29 July 1823, Hope was appointed, together with his eldest son John, on the Commission of Inquiry into the forms of process and the course of appeals in Scotland. On the death of James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose, in December 1836, Hope became Lord Justice General, by virtue of the Court of Session Act 1830, by which it was enacted that 'after the termination of the present existing interest' that office should 'devolve upon and remain united with the office of lord president of the court of session.' Hope retired from the bench in the autumn of 1841, and was succeeded as Lord President by David Boyle. He died at his home on 12 Moray Place, Edinburgh on 30 October 1851, aged 89.He was buried in the mausoleum at Hopetoun House on 4 November 1851. Assessment
Hope was a man of imposing presence, with a magnificent voice, which, according to Lord Cockburn, 'was surpassed by that of the great Mrs. Siddons alone', and a wonderful gift of declamation. Though a violent political partisan, and greatly wanting in tact and judgment, 'his integrity, candour, kindness, and gentlemanlike manners and feelings gained him almost unanimous esteem'. His charges to juries were singularly persuasive and impressive. Lockhart gives a graphic account of Hope's majestic bearing on the bench in 'Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk' (1819, ii. 102–8), while recording what he describes 'as without exception the finest piece of judicial eloquence, delivered in the finest possible way by the Lord-president Hope.' When the volunteer movement began, owing to the French war, Hope enlisted as a private in the first regiment of Royal Edinburgh Volunteers.He was afterwards appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Corps, and performed the duties of that office with enthusiasm for several years, until the regiment was disbanded for the second time in 1814. In December 1819, when the 'old blues' were once more summoned together, he made them 'one of the most eloquent addresses that ever was heard', and daily inspected the volunteers on duty at Edinburgh Castle while the regular troops were despatched to the western counties. Hope's famous regimental orders of 18 October 1803, containing most curious and minute details, are given at length in Cockburn's 'Memorials'. Family
On 8 August 1793 Hope married his cousin Lady Charlotte Hope, second daughter of John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun, by his third wife, Lady Elizabeth Leslie, second daughter of Alexander, fifth earl of Leven and Melville, by whom he had four sons- of whom the eldest, John (1794–1858), was Solicitor General for Scotland from 1822 to 1830- and eight daughters. His youngest daughter Ann Wilhelmina was married to Hercules Robertson, Lord Benholme. His wife died at Edinburgh on 22 January 1834, aged 62. David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead, Lord President of the Court of Session from 1989 to 1996, descends from Lord Granton's third son.References

Attribution

External links

1763 births
1851 deaths
<mask>on
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1802–1806
Lords President of the Court of Session
Lords Justice-General
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Lord Advocates
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

masks:
Charles Hope
Charles Hope
Granton
Charles Grant


title: François Gall

texts:
<mask> (22 March 1912, Hungary  9 December 1987, France) was a French modern impressionist painter. Personal life
<mask> was born "<mask>" in 1912 in Kolozsvár, Hungary (now Cluj Napoca). In 1936, at age 24 years, he moved to Paris. Early in 1939, <mask> returned to Kolosvàr to attend the bedside of his dying father. Once there, he could not return to France as the declaration of war was imminent. <mask>'s war time years were finished in Wels, Austria where he was a medic. He attended to Jewish people.After Austria's liberation from German occupation, <mask> returned to his attic at 16 Dauphine Street, Paris and resumed his career as an artist. In 1949, <mask> became a naturalized French citizen. <mask> married Eugenia Chassaing, a young woman from the province of Quercy. They had three children: Lize-Marie (1947), <mask> (1948), and Elizabeth-Anne (1956). In 1954, the family moved to 8 Villa Brune in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. It was purchased from the widow of Jules-Émile Zingg. Eugenia and the children became subjects and models for <mask>'s paintings.Eugenia died in a motor vehicle accident in 1980. In 1961, while hanging paintings for an exhibition for the Salon des Independents in the Grand Palais, <mask> fell several metres and could not work for over a year. In 1987, at the "House of Artists" in Berryer street, Paris, <mask> succumbed to his third heart attack. Education
<mask> was tutored by Aurel Popp (1879  1960) at the Coromaldi workshop at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Rome He was also taught by André Devambez (1867  1944) at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Paris. He later joined the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum before traveling to Europe on a scholarship. Subject matter and criticism
The artist painted a very wide range of subjects in the impressionistic style. <mask> was influenced by painters such as Edgar Degas.<mask> painted mostly figures but also a variety of subjects including bright street scenes, portraits, still life, and landscapes. His works often featured animals. <mask>'s figures were often women performing everyday and artistic activities such as sewing or ballet dancing. On 29 March 1962, Maximilien Gauthier wrote of <mask>'s work in The Literary News, "the Luxembourg gardens, terraces of coffee, his balls resonate July 14, while living the charm of Paris". On 10 April 1964, André Weber wrote in The Amateur Art, "Point riot of colour, no continuance, but a balanced sweet and harmonious concerto with nuances, subtleties, the preciousness palette, an incredible short refinement. From the very good and excellent painting watercolours that Israel Daniel-Mayer from what we called the "Painters Witnesses of their Time" <mask> particularly attractive distinguished by the delicacy of his paintings." Career
In 1932, <mask> exhibited his work at the Galleria d'Arte Moderna in Rome.In 1936, hel joined the workshops of Charles-<mask>-Prosper Guérin and André Devambez in Paris. He met artists including Christian Bérard, Othon Friesz, André Derain and Pablo Picasso. In the summer of 1937, <mask> made an exhibition of his Parisian experience at the Szalmasy Gallery in Budapest. In 1938, in Paris, <mask> received an honourable mention for his painting, The Spanish Refugees, which was acquired by the French State. In 1939, <mask> won a silver medal at the Salon d'Asnieres and received a scholarship from the Government of Hungary. In 1947, the year of major strikes in France, <mask> received a Gold Medal for his painting, Bread for the People. The Minister for Youth, Arts and Letters, Pierre Bourdan, commended the work.Also in 1947, <mask> exhibited at the Barreiro Gallery in Paris. Other artists at the gallery were Fernand Léger,  Lhote and Lurgat. There, he met Kisling who wanted to photograph Eugenia. In 1948, <mask> joined the group, "Free Art". He received the Silver Medal for his work, Exodus. It was shown at the Galerie Alexandre in Paris. His work Honfleur was exhibited at the Galerie Saint Philippe du Roule.After it was exhibited at the gallery of Paul Durand-Ruel, Honfleur was purchased by the French government. In the 1950s and 1960s, <mask>'s works were exhibited internationally and a permanent exhibition of his works was curated in Bern, Switzerland. The Marlborough Fine Art Gallery in London curated an exhibition of thirty of <mask>'s works. The painter, André Dunoyer de Segonzac commended them. In 1951, the same gallery presented <mask>'s exhibition, "Landscapes of France". In the 1960s, <mask> exhibited at the Salon of Painters in Paris. In 1963, he was awarded the Francis Smith prize at the Palais Galliera.With his prize money, <mask> made a study tour in Portugal. The resulting works were exhibited in the Portugal House in Paris. <mask> became a laureate of the Institut de France. Five forgeries of <mask>s works were found at the Dominion Gallery of Max Stern in Canada. They had been sourced from Eastern Europe. Affiliations
<mask> became a member of the board of artists in the Ministry of Culture. He was a director of the ADAGP.In 1977, <mask> was elected vice-president of the Society of Independent Artists. In 1987, <mask> became president of the National Union of Painters and Professional Sculptors. Awards
 Medals at the Paris Salon
 Francis Smith award (1963)
 <mask> became an Officer in the Order of Arts and Letters. Selected works

Portraits
 Edith Piaf (his muse)
 Marielle Goetschel
 France Gall
 Roland Dorgelès (this portrait was exhibited at the Salon des Independents and acquired by the French State). Roland Dorgeles (charcoal)

Figures
 La Lecon de Danse (Salon des Independents, 1969)

Landscapes
 Luncheon in the Park
 A Day at the Beach (1948)

Legacy
Gall's works are in the collections of a number of museums and galleries. These include the Muses de la Ville de Paris, Musee d'Auxerre, Musee de l'Union Francaise a Versailles, Musees de Budapest and the Musee de l'Art Moderne de Vienne. Galleries with <mask>'s works include Salon d'Automne, Salon des Independants, Salon des Tuileries and the Salon d'Asnieres Galerie des Beaux-Arts.<mask>'s daughter, Marie-Lize, and granddaughter, Estelle, work in the art world. In 1989, the Estelle and Francois Gall committee was convened by Enrique Mayer to administer and catalogue Gall's estate. References

External links
 http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6np5mj4
 http://www.askart.com/artist/Francois_<mask>/9001299/Francois_Gall.aspx

1912 births
1987 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
Impressionist painters
Society of Independent Artists
Hungarian emigrants to France

masks:
François Gall
François Gall
Ferenc Erdelyi Gall
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Jean François
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title: Geoffrey Lane, Baron Lane

texts:
<mask>, Baron <mask>,  (17 July 1918 – 22 August 2005) was a British Judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 1980 to 1992. The later part of his term was marred by a succession of disputed convictions. <mask>'s critics claimed that his refusal to believe that police evidence could be institutionally corrupt, and his reluctance to overturn the verdict of a jury, "represented a dangerous hindrance to justice". His failure to allow the appeal of the Birmingham Six in 1988 led to calls for his resignation following their successful appeal in 1991; an editorial in The Times "urged him to go", while 140 members of parliament signed a House of Commons motion to that effect. Early life
The son of a bank manager, <mask> was born in Derby. He attended Shrewsbury School and Trinity College, Cambridge where he took Firsts in Part I of the Classical Tripos before the Second World War and both parts of the Law Tripos after he was demobilized. During the war, he served as a pilot in the Royal Air Force.Initially, he flew Wellington Bombers for 104 Squadron, before being promoted to Squadron Leader to command 233 Squadron, which flew Dakota transport aircraft in D-Day and Operation Market Garden. He was awarded the Air Force Cross in 1943. Legal career
<mask> was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1946. He specialised in criminal prosecutions on the Midland and Oxford circuit, and took silk in 1962. He prosecuted some of the Great Train robbers and the murderer James Hanratty in the same year, and was appointed as Recorder of Bedford in 1963. While appearing for the defendant in the case of R v Morris, he made a much-cited statement as to what constituted 'common purpose' for the criminal law, which Lord Parker of Waddington CJ adopted:

"where two persons embark on a joint enterprise, each is liable for the acts done in pursuance of that joint enterprise, that that includes liability for unusual consequences if they arise from the execution of the agreed joint enterprise but (and this is the crux of the matter) that, if one of the adventurers goes beyond what had been tacitly agreed as part of the common enterprise, his co-adventurer is not liable for the consequences of that unauthorised act. Finally, he says it is for the jury in every case to decide whether what was done was part of the joint enterprise, or went beyond it and was in fact an act unauthorised by that joint enterprise."He is also famous for his quote: "Loss of freedom seldom happens overnight. Oppression doesn't stand on the doorstep with toothbrush moustache and swastika armband – it creeps up insidiously... step by step, and all of a sudden the unfortunate citizen realizes that it is gone." Judicial office

High Court
Later in 1966, <mask> was appointed a Justice of the High Court, assigned to the Queen's Bench Division, receiving the customary Knighthood. He was elected a Bencher at Gray's Inn the same year. He delivered some notable judgments: in 1968, he awarded damages against a school for a pupil who had been injured in 'horseplay' between his peers, saying that the school had a responsibility to stop it getting out of hand; and while acting as an appeal judge, he found for the publishers of Last Exit to Brooklyn who had been convicted of publishing an obscene book, because of faults in the trial Judge's summing-up. He was chosen to head the inquiry into the Staines air disaster in 1972, and concluded that the underlying cause was an undiagnosed heart condition of the pilot which impaired his judgement, coupled with the pilot's known bad temper which led to his junior crew being unwilling to challenge him. Appellate courts
<mask> was made a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1974.He was one of the appeal judges in Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council's appeal to keep its Grammar Schools rather than be forced by the government to adopt a comprehensive system, and joined in the judgment that found for Tameside and brought a halt to comprehensivisation. <mask>'s judgment was personally critical of Fred Mulley, the Secretary of State for Education and Science for being "far from frank" about his reason for intervening in Tameside. In another high-profile case in 1977, <mask> joined in dismissing an appeal against deportation from Mark Hosenball, an American journalist working for the Evening Standard. In 1978, <mask> found for the Labour Party and against its dissident members (Paul McCormick and Julian Lewis) who tried to win control of Newham North East Constituency Labour Party from the party's National Executive. <mask> became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary on 28 September 1979, receiving as a Law lord additionally a life peerage as <mask>, of St Ippollitts in the County of Hertfordshire. He had been appointed by the new Lord Chancellor, Lord Hailsham, soon after Margaret Thatcher won the 1979 general election. His appointment was welcomed in the legal profession, where <mask> was regarded as a genial figure ("<mask>, Baron <mask>.Good to have you back again. "), but eventually not welcomed by <mask> himself, who disliked the work. The overdue retirement of Lord Widgery, whose physical ill-health and increasing dementia had become a suppressed scandal, led to Hailsham picking <mask> to follow him as Lord Chief Justice from 1980. Lord Chief Justice
Shortly after taking over as Lord Chief Justice, <mask> attracted political controversy when he called for a general reduction in prison terms. His appeal judgments frequently cut the length of sentences and he was known to be a member of the Prison Reform Trust. He had served as deputy chairman of the Parole Board from 1970 to 1972. After the publication of lengthy interviews with members of the jury in the trial of Jeremy Thorpe, <mask> supported moves (later made in the Contempt of Court Act 1981) to ban any publication of reports from within the jury room.<mask> also opposed the proposal to extend rights of audience in the higher courts to solicitors. One of the areas of crime in which <mask> did not support shorter sentences was rape. In 1982, <mask> stated that sentences for rape should include immediate prison time, except in the most exceptional circumstances, which was taken as an implied rebuke for a Judge who had attracted controversy for fining a rapist £2,000 and saying that the victim was "guilty of a great deal of contributory negligence". <mask> made it clear he rejected the general concept that victims of rape could have given their attackers an excuse. Much later in his career, <mask> was responsible for a judgment in the case of R v R which for the first time held that a husband could be guilty of raping his wife, overturning the irrebuttable presumption at common law that a wife consented to sex with her husband. Many observers regarded <mask> as a defender of traditional 'Victorian' morality rather than a supporter of mild feminism. In 1983, he gave the Darwin Lecture at Cambridge, in which he stated that he believed that the word "gay" should not be used to mean homosexual, and that instead the term should be "homosexuals, and/or buggers".Disputed convictions
<mask> had an early introduction to controversies and disputed convictions when, in 1962, he was the junior Crown counsel in the trial of James Hanratty for the A6 murder. Hanratty was hanged but disputes over whether he was properly convicted have continued to this day. He also represented the Metropolitan Police at the Brabin inquiry into the conviction and subsequent hanging of Timothy Evans for the murders at 10 Rillington Place in 1950. From the mid-1980s, concern grew. On 5 December 1985, <mask> quashed the conviction of Anthony Mycock who had been convicted of a robbery which the BBC television programme Rough Justice argued had never occurred. In his judgment, <mask> asserted that there had been a robbery and criticised the programme for "outrageous" interview methods. He regarded such programmes as "mere entertainment".When the Birmingham Six were granted permission to appeal in 1987, <mask> presided over what was (at six weeks) the longest criminal appeal in English legal history. The judgment, given on 28 January 1988, adopted all the key parts of the Crown case, dismissed defence witnesses as unreliable, and upheld the convictions. <mask> concluded by sending a message to the Home Secretary: "As has happened before in References by the Home Secretary to this court, the longer this hearing has gone on the more convinced this court has become that the verdict of the jury was correct." This implied rebuke and invitation not to refer any more questioned cases was criticised by campaigners. <mask> initially refused leave to appeal to Winston Silcott, convicted of the murder of Keith Blakelock in the midst of a strong campaign of vilification from tabloid newspapers. In his findings he concluded that there was "no lurking doubt" in spite of the flimsiness of the prosecution case. Silcott's conviction for the Blakelock murder was ultimately quashed in 1991.Unfortunately for <mask>, in 1989, the appeal of the Guildford Four proved police malpractice conclusively. In this case, <mask> overturned the convictions. One observer described his appearance: "The Lord Chief Justice seemed to sniff something nasty in the air. Peering out over half-moon spectacles, Lord <mask>'s weary face was the mask of Justice embarrassed." <mask> refused to free Paul Hill, one of the Four, because of a separate conviction for murder in Northern Ireland, although this later turned out also to have been a wrongful conviction. The Birmingham Six were granted a further appeal (their third) in 1991, when more evidence established that the police evidence at their trial had been fabricated. The Director of Public Prosecutions announced before the appeal was held that he no longer considered their convictions safe and satisfactory.<mask> did not preside over the appeal which formally cleared them. Their successful appeal led to calls for <mask> to resign, including a hostile editorial in The Times and a motion in the House of Commons signed by 140 members of parliament. These, and other cases where convictions were overturned, blighted the end of <mask>'s tenure as Lord Chief Justice. Retirement
Despite previous thoughts that he would resign before the end of his time to enjoy an active retirement, <mask> stayed in office until 1992. Despite remaining in office after the Birmingham Six were released, he nevertheless resigned over a year before he would have been forced to retire at the age of 75. He headed a commission in 1993 which recommended the end of the mandatory life sentence for murder, but otherwise kept a low profile (he never gave press interviews while in office and did not change that policy in his retirement). He died in 2005 and was buried in the churchyard at St Ippolyts, near Hitchin in Hertfordshire.References

External links
Obituary (BBC News, 24 August 2005)
Obituary (The Guardian, 23 August 2005)
Obituary (The Telegraph, 24 August 2005)
Obituary (The Times, 24 August 2005)
Obituary (The Independent, 25 August 2005)

1918 births
2005 deaths
English judges
Knights Bachelor
Law lords
Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales
Queen's Bench Division judges
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Members of Gray's Inn
Royal Air Force officers
British World War II pilots
British World War II bomber pilots
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
People from Derby
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Lords Justices of Appeal

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title: Fernando Verdasco

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<mask> (; born 15 November 1983) is a Spanish professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 7, achieved in April 2009. His best performance in a Grand Slam was making the semifinals of the 2009 Australian Open, where he lost to compatriot and eventual champion Rafael Nadal in five sets. The match itself has been considered one of the greatest Grand Slam semifinals of all time. <mask> has also reached the quarterfinals twice at the US Open, in 2009 and 2010, losing to Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal respectively, the latter of whom went on to win the title, and once at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, where he led eventual champion Andy Murray by two sets to love before being defeated in five sets. In singles, the Spaniard won the 2010 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell and six ATP 250 tournaments and was a finalist at the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters and five ATP 500 tournaments.In men's doubles, he won the 2013 ATP World Tour Finals and three ATP 500 tournaments and was a finalist at the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, all of them partnering with David Marrero. He earned his 500th win at the 2018 Mutua Madrid Open becoming the 45th man in ATP World Tour history with 500 wins. He is currently No. 6 on the list of active players with over 500 wins. <mask> aided Spain in winning three Davis Cup titles, winning the deciding match in both 2008 and 2009, he was part of the winning team in 2011 as well. <mask> has the third-most losses in singles history, behind Feliciano López and Fabrice Santoro. <mask> started playing tennis at four years of age and had a full-time coach when he was eight.<mask> worked in Las Vegas with Andre Agassi and his team, including Darren Cahill (Agassi's former coach) and Gil Reyes (Agassi's fitness coach). Career

Early years
He turned professional in 2001, finishing as world No. 464. 2002 was a good year for him, as he won his first Futures category title in Spain F1 and was runner-up in Spain F3. He played his pond career challenger in Segovia, where he reached the final after beating Belarusian Vladimir Voltchkov in the semifinals. He then reached two additional Challenger semifinals in Kyiv and in Eckental, finishing the year in the top 200 at no. 173.2002 also finished strongly off the court, as <mask> finished runner-up in a closely contested Best Abs in Castilla La Mancha contest. 2003: Masters 1000 debut, Top 110 year-end ranking
In 2003, <mask> played his first Masters Series tournament (Miami Masters). He joined the main draw as a qualifier, and after defeating Karol Kučera and Max Mirnyi, he lost to countryman Carlos Moyà in the third round. After this good performance, he had a poor season on clay, and then he lost in the first round at Wimbledon against Finn Jarkko Nieminen in five sets in which he changed tennis racquets to the new Wilson Prestige and took new natural products for increased speed on the court. Then <mask> played in Cincinnati, where he lost to Andy Roddick in straight sets. He reached the third round at the US Open, where he lost to Thai Paradorn Srichaphan, after defeating countryman Tommy Robredo in the first round and Italian Davide Sanguinetti in the second round. 2004: First ATP title, top 40 year-end ranking
After finishing 2003 as No.109 in the world (with a 15–8 record in Challengers), he had a breakthrough in 2004 when he won his first ATP title in Valencia. He defeated defending champion Juan Carlos Ferrero in the semifinals and Albert Montañés in the final. He also reached the final in Acapulco, losing to Carlos Moyà, and the quarterfinals in Halle and in 's-Hertogenbosch on grass. He reached the third round in two Masters Series tournaments: the Hamburg Masters and the Madrid Masters. He reached the quarterfinals in Stockholm and the semifinals in Kitzbühel, and won a doubles title in Stockholm (with countryman Feliciano López), ending the year ranked no. 36 in the world. 2005: Further progress
In 2005, he defeated Andy Roddick twice, in Miami and in Rome.In Rome, the match was famous for Roddick being matchpoint up on <mask>'s serve and having the match end with a double fault from <mask>, but Roddick claimed that the serve was not out and the match went on, with <mask> winning. He also reached the quarterfinals in Valencia (where he was defending the title), Rome, and New Haven; the semifinals of Saint Petersburg; and was finalist in Kitzbühel, where he lost to Argentine Gastón Gaudio. <mask> reached his first Grand Slam fourth round at the U.S. Open, where he lost to Jarkko Nieminen, after defeating Novak Djokovic. His year-end ranking improved slightly to no. 32 in the world. 2006: 100 wins
<mask> reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, after beating Vince Spadea and German Benjamin Becker, and also upsetting third seed and former runner-up David Nalbandian in straight sets in the third round. <mask> then lost to Czech Radek Štěpánek in five sets.At the US Open, <mask> reached the third round but lost to eventual runner-up Andy Roddick in five sets. In previous rounds, <mask> defeated Fabrice Santoro in four sets and Thiago Alves in three. <mask> then lost in the quarterfinals of Palermo to Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo, and then he lost to Ramírez Hidalgo again the following week in the first round at Metz. <mask> did not win a match the rest of year. He lost to Italian Daniele Bracciali in Moscow, and then in the last two Masters Series tournaments of the year, he lost to Tim Henman in the Madrid Masters and to Michaël Llodra in the Paris Masters. <mask> finished the year ranked no. 35.2007: Top 30 Year-end ranking

In 2007, <mask> lost in the first round in the three Masters Series tournaments on clay. He lost to Frenchman Richard Gasquet in both Monte-Carlo Masters and Rome Masters, and to Czech Tomáš Berdych in the Hamburg Masters. He lost to Novak Djokovic in the fourth round of the French Open. In the previous rounds, he beat Jérôme Haehnel in the first round, Dmitry Tursunov in the second round, and David Ferrer in the third round. In the grass season, he lost in the first round in Queen's, and he reached the third round at Wimbledon, where he lost to third seed Andy Roddick after beating Bobby Reynolds in the first round and Italian Andreas Seppi in the second round. At the Madrid Masters, <mask> cruised through to the second round with a win over Albert Montañés, beating him in straight sets. However, in the second round, he faced third seed Novak Đoković and after winning the first set, the Serb player won the next two.At the St. Petersburg Open, <mask> played some brilliant tennis to reach the final without losing a single set. En route to this final, he defeated Marin Čilić, who defeated Nikolay Davydenko early on, in the semifinal. However, his quest to win the title ended with a defeat by Scot Andy Murray. Still, this solid performance raised <mask>'s position in the ATP rankings to No. 27 the next week. 2008: Third ATP title
<mask> entered the Australian Open as the 25th seed. He won his opening match with a strong performance against Thierry Ascione.He lost his second-round match in a close battle with Serbian Janko Tipsarević, who later went on to take Roger Federer to 5 sets. <mask> entered the Dubai Tennis Championships with a possible second-round opponent of either Roger Federer or Andy Murray, his opponent would be Murray after he beat Federer in three sets. <mask> managed to take Murray to three sets but after a good performance, he lost the match. In Berlin, <mask> and doubles partner Feliciano López clinched Spain's spot in the Davis Cup semifinals after defeating Germany's Philipp Kohlschreiber and Philipp Petzschner in a four-hour and 45-minute marathon match. At the Monte-Carlo Masters in Monaco, <mask> lost to Gaël Monfils in straight sets in the first round. In Barcelona the following week he also lost his first-round match in straight sets to Nicolás Lapentti. His form improved dramatically for the Rome Masters where he reached the third round, en route he got the better of Carlos Moyà and Nicolás Lapentti (who had beaten him the week earlier) before losing in a thriller to James Blake.<mask> continued his run of excellent form into the Hamburg Masters where he beat Mikhail Youzhny in the first round. In the second round, he beat Michaël Llodra. <mask> then went on to record a remarkable win against compatriot David Ferrer in straight sets. His run ended when he met world number 1, Roger Federer, losing. At the French Open <mask> was seeded No. 22 and enjoyed a good run, ending with a loss to Rafael Nadal in the last 16. On 9 June, <mask> achieved his career-high ranking of No.20, as a result of his run at the French Open. He reached the final of the Nottingham Open raising his ranking to a career-high of No. 18. At Wimbledon, he lost to Mario Ančić in a five-set thriller in which the last set lasted over 90 minutes and ended 13–11, in the fourth round. His performance at The Wimbledon Championships brought his world ranking up to No. 13. His most recent ATP victory was in Umag (Studena Croatian Open Umag), Croatia where he defeated Igor Andreev.Afterward, he again improved in the rankings to 11th place. <mask> was the 13th seed at the US Open in 2008, and lost to the 23rd seed Andreev in the third round. On 23 November, <mask> won the fourth rubber of Spain's Davis Cup final match against Argentina, defeating José Acasuso. This was enough to ensure victory for the team; <mask> had also played in the doubles match the previous day and won, partnering with Feliciano López. 2009: Australian Open semifinal, Top 10 debut, Masters 1000 quarterfinals, ATP Tour finals

<mask> started his season by reaching the final of the Brisbane International losing to Radek Štěpánek in three sets. Partnering Mischa Zverev, he was also the runner-up in the doubles final. At the 2009 Australian Open Verdasco defeated Andy Murray in the fourth round to reach his first Grand Slam quarterfinal, where he defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.<mask> then lost to World No. 1 Rafael Nadal in what was at the time the longest match in Australian Open history, lasting 5 hours, 14 minutes. <mask>'s semi-final run earned him No. 9 ranking, lifting the Spaniard into the top 10 for the first time. After being sidelined by injury since the Australian Open, he reached the quarterfinals at Indian Wells, where he lost to Roger Federer. At the 2009 Miami Masters, <mask> recorded his 200th ATP match win by defeating qualifier Benjamin Becker in the second round. He would go on to reach the quarterfinals, losing to Andy Murray.His run at this tournament earned him a further career-high ranking of No. 8. During the clay-court season, <mask> again reached the quarterfinal stage at the 2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, where he lost to Novak Djokovic. Following this tournament, his ranking rose further to No. 7. In Barcelona, he lost in the quarterfinals to <mask>. At the 2009 Rome Masters, he advanced to the quarterfinals, where he lost to Rafael Nadal.At the 2009 Madrid Masters, <mask> reached the quarterfinals, <mask> again lost to Nadal for the ninth time. Competing as the 8th seed at the 2009 French Open, <mask> lost in the fourth round to 10th seed Nikolay Davydenko. On his first tournament on grass that season, <mask> lost in the first round of the 2009 Gerry Weber Open to Philipp Petzschner. At the 2009 Ordina Open, he lost in the second round to eventual title winner Benjamin Becker. At the third Grand Slam of the year, Wimbledon, he matched his best result at that tournament by reaching the fourth round, where he was ousted by the big-serving Croat, Ivo Karlović. <mask> competed in the Swedish Open as the top seed, advancing to the quarterfinals where he retired against Juan Mónaco. After a small break he played in the Rogers Cup and was defeated by Andy Roddick in the third round.He was then upset by compatriot Guillermo García-López in the first round of the Cincinnati Masters in two tiebreaks. In New Haven, <mask> defeated Igor Andreev in two tiebreak sets in the semifinals. Due to rain delays in the previous days, <mask> returned later the same day for the final against Sam Querrey, winning in straight sets. He did not lose a set in the entire tournament. He was seeded 10th at the US Open, the year's final Grand Slam, losing in the quarterfinals to Novak Djokovic. <mask>'s first indoor tournament of the season was the 2009 Malaysian Open, where he lost to Nikolay Davydenko in straight sets in the final. At the China Open, <mask> was seeded fifth, losing to Djokovic in the quarterfinals for the third time in that year.In Shanghai, a Masters 1000 tournament, he lost his opening match to Ivan Ljubičić. He next competed at the Valencia Open 500. He advanced to the semifinals where he lost to top seed Andy Murray. He next competed at the Paris Masters as the seventh seed. In the third round, Verdasco lost to Marin Čilić. His bid in qualifying for the ATP World Tour finals depended on the results of other players because of this loss. However, Robin Söderling and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga failed to pass the quarterfinals, allowing Verdasco to qualify for the Tennis Masters Cup for the first time in his career.At the ATP Tour Finals, <mask> lost to Roger Federer in his first Round Robin match and to Juan Martín del Potro in his second match. He then lost his third match against Andy Murray in the round-robin hence ending his run at the tournament. <mask> finished 2009 with a 52–25 record in singles, his best record to date, and finished the year at No. 9, the first time he has finished the year in the top 10. To close 2009, Verdasco partnered Feliciano López in the 2009 Davis Cup Final doubles match against the Czech Republic. Playing against Radek Štěpánek and Tomáš Berdych, Verdasco and Lopez saved a set point to win the first set, and eventually the match. This victory retained the Davis Cup for Spain and was a fitting end to Verdasco's most successful season on the tour so far.2010: First masters final & ATP 500 title, top 10 year-end ranking
<mask> started his 2010 season at the exhibition tournament AAMI Kooyong Classic in Melbourne, in preparation for the upcoming Australian Open. He beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final. His first official tournament for the year was in the Australian Open. As the 9th seed, he lost in the fourth round against Nikolay Davydenko in a five-set match. His next tournament was the SAP Open in San Jose, California. Before his first-round match, he won an exhibition match against Pete Sampras in straight sets. In the tournament final, he defeated Andy Roddick to capture his fourth ATP singles title.This was his first win over a Top 10 ranked player since the 2009 Australian Open. He arrived late at the 2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships in Memphis, and as a result, he was ousted in the opening round by Jérémy Chardy. <mask>'s next tournament was the Acapulco where he lost to Juan Mónaco in the quarterfinals. Seeded 10th (and as a result, receiving a bye into the second round) at the 2010 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells where, in the third round, he lost to Tomáš Berdych. At the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, after receiving an opening-round bye, he lost to Berdych in the quarterfinals. At the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, as the sixth seed, he defeated the number 1 seed Novak Djokovic to reach his first-ever Masters 1000 final, to meet five-time defending champion, Rafael Nadal. It was the first all-Spanish final of a Masters 1000 event since Monte Carlo in 2002.However, he was defeated by Rafael Nadal. Despite the lopsided final, <mask> had done enough to ensure a return to the Top 10, at number nine. The following week, <mask> played at the 2010 Barcelona Open as the fifth seed, where he defeated Robin Söderling to win his fifth career singles title. In the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, where he played in his second semifinal appearance at the Masters 1000 level, he faced David Ferrer and lost. <mask>'s next tournament was the Madrid Open, where he was seeded sixth. After receiving a bye in the first round, he defeated Ivo Karlović before falling to Jürgen Melzer. Then, a week before the French Open, he reached his fourth final of the year at Nice by beating Leonardo Mayer in the semifinals.He then lost to Richard Gasquet in the final. During the third set, he was captured by a microphone yelling profanities about the crowd and was seen to sarcastically wave at them, after which the crowd booed him. He apologized after the match and before the French Open to everyone and stated that two fans had agitated him. <mask> was the seventh seed at the 2010 French Open where, in the fourth round, he lost to Nicolás Almagro. In an upset, <mask> then lost in the opening round of Wimbledon to

masks:
Fernando Verdasco Carmona
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Fernando González
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