title: Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib

texts:
<mask> is a former Bangladeshi  professional footballer who played as a striker for the Bangladesh national football team, during the majority of the 90s. He has a total of 107 Dhaka League goals and is the current all-time top scorer for Muktijoddha Sangsad KC, with 57 league goals. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1 September 1974, in Narsingdi. He was brought up in Dhaka, due to his fathers job as a veterinarian. On 3 July 2018, Nakib suffered a heart attack and was admitted to Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital in Shahbagh. Life after retirement
<mask> is the current Team Manager of Dhaka Mohammedan. Club Career

Early years
<mask>'s journey with football began after his father switched jobs to Badda district in 1980.He started playing in with neighborhood kids their and in 1985, one of his friends invited him to meet the coach of local club Badda Jagarani. Nakib started his club career with pioneer league team Badda Jagarani Chakra in 1986, while he was still at secondary school. Nakib had previously played as a goalkeeper for his school, however, after meeting the clubs coach Sayeed Hassan Kanan, who was also the national team goalkeeper at the time, Nakib registered at the club as a striker, even though he never played the role before. He played in pioneer divison from 1986 to 1997 and then in the Third Divison league in 1988, although he failed to secure a permanent place in the starting lineup during that time. In the late 90s <mask>'s family wanted him to quit playing as he was not able to find a sustainable source of income by playing in a semi-professional league, however, in 1989, he got an offer from Dhaka Mohammedan, who were the biggest club in Bangladesh at the time. The surprise move took place because Nakib managed to survive a trial for the Bangladesh national under-16 football team in 1988 and after the trial the Bangladesh Football Federation, placed a new rule on Dhaka League clubs, where a team has to sign 2 new players at the start of each season, and so, Nakib ended up at Mohammedan. Dhaka league and Asia
Nakib scored 7 goals in the league during his first season.He also helped Mohammedan reach the quarter-finals of the 1990–91 Asian Club Championship, his goals came against Salgaocar FC from India and also against Club Lagoons from Maldives. <mask>'s record of scoring in Asian competitions contuinued, as he scored against five different during the 1991 Asian Club Championship. In 1994 all the big named players in the country joined Muktijoddha Sangsad KC and Nakib was also forced to leave by the club officials, who did not know at the time that their decision will come to haunt them. In 1997 Muktijoddha played Mohammedan in the final matchday of the season. Mohammedan needed only a point to win the league, however, Muktijoddha's captain <mask> scored a brace and in thereby won the team their first ever league title, leaving the Mohammedan club officials and fans in dismay. From 1994 to 1999, <mask> scored a total of 57 league goals for the club, making him the clubs all-time leading goal scorer, before rejoining Mohammedan in 1999. During his time at Muktijoddha and during his second spell at Mohammedan Nakib was reported to be paid a monthly salary of 7 lakh Bangladeshi taka (8,148.40 USD).One of his greatest ever games came in 2000, for Mohammedan against their arch-rivals Dhaka Abahani, a game were Mohammedan were trailing by 2 goals, however, <mask> scored a hattrick, making him only the second ever player to score thrice during the Dhaka Derby. The game ended 4-3, with Motiur Munna, scoring the dying moments of the match. This game helped <mask> regain the love of the Mohammedan supporters, after he became the clubs villain while playing for Muktijoddha. Nakib also spent a year with Indian giants Mohun Bagan A.C. in the National Football League from 2000 to 2001, during the decline of the Dhaka league and Bangladeshi football in general. <mask> again returned to Mohammedan in 2001. On 23 March 2007, <mask> retired after playing his last Dhaka Derby for Mohammedan. The veteran struck 107 goals in Dhaka league in his 18-year long career and scored another 45 to 50 goals in different tournaments, he also found the net against numerous Asian opponents during Asian Cup competitions.International Career

Bangladesh U23
Nakib scored 8 goals fo the Under-23 team, his best performance for the side cam during the  Olympic Football qualifiers in 1991. He scored 5 times against the Philippines U23, as Bangladesh defeated them 8-0. <mask> also scored an important headed goal from a Mamun Joardar cross to win Bangladesh the game against the Malaysia U23 team during the qualifiers. Bangladesh national team
From 1991 to 1999 <mask> played for the Bangladesh national team. However, even though he was not dropped from selection and kept on scoring in the league during these 9 years, Nakib failed to solidify a starting spot in the team. According to him it was due to the fact that the Mohammedan coaches had a grudge against him for leaving Mohammedan. The club officials forced the national team coach to not play him.<mask>'s
greatest game for the National team came during Bangladesh's first ever title triumph, the The 4-nation Tiger Trophy in Myanmar. During the final Bangladesh took on the hosts. Myanmar had already defeated the nation during the opening match of the tournament, however, this time  a change of tactics brought in by coach Otto Pfister, helped Bangladesh outplay their opponents. Bangladesh took the lead through Mamun Joarder, but soon Myanmar equalized, and it was the Mamun-<mask> combination play which earned Bangladesh the winner, when Nakib headed the ball in from a Mamun Joarder cross during the last moments of the game. Nakib also scored during the 1997 SAFF Cup against Maldives, which ended up being hhis last ever goal for his country. During the 1999 SAFF, Bangladesh coach Samir Shaker finally told Nakib "You are not allowed to join the team", and thus, <mask> was forced to retire from the national team. International goals

Bangladesh U23

Bangladesh

Dhaka Mohammedan

References

Living people
1974 births
Bangladeshi footballers
Bangladesh international footballers
Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka) players
Association football forwards
Bangladeshi expatriate sportspeople in India
Bangladeshi expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in India
Calcutta Football League players

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Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib
Nakib
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Nakib
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title: Bradley Schlozman

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born February 6, 1971) is an American attorney who served as acting head of the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice under Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. A member of the Republican Party, Schlozman was appointed by Gonzales as the interim U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri, replacing Todd Graves, and he assumed that office on March 23, 2006. In April 2007, Schlozman left the U.S. Attorney position to work at the Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Schlozman and his office came under review by Congressional and Senate investigators regarding the dismissal of U.S. Attorneys and alleged inappropriate politicization of the Civil Rights Division. The Department of Justice Inspector General and the Office of Professional Responsibility alleged that Schlozman had violated the law and made false statements to Congress about his hiring decisions. While Schlozman testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that his personnel decisions were not based on party affiliation, the report cited emails and other communications in which Schlozman discussed hiring "right-thinking Americans" and ridding the Civil Rights Division of "pinkos", "commies", and attorneys perceived to be unacceptably liberal.Federal prosecutors, however, declined to file charges of criminal perjury against Schlozman, drawing criticism from Senate Democrats. Schlozman resigned from the Department of Justice on August 17, 2007, and accepted a position with the Hinkle  Law Firm in Wichita, Kansas. Education, early career, and family
A native of Overland Park, Kansas, Schlozman graduated from Shawnee Mission South High School in Overland Park, Kansas before receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and graduating magna cum laude with special distinction from The University of Pennsylvania. He obtained his Juris Doctor from The George Washington University Law School, graduating with honors. While at law school, Schlozman served as a legal intern in the United States Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Missouri. Schlozman served a two-year federal judicial clerkship with Chief U.S. District Judge G. Thomas VanBebber of the District of Kansas. He then spent a year clerking for U.S.Circuit Judge Mary Beck Briscoe of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. In 1999, Schlozman moved to Washington, D.C., where he joined the Supreme Court and Appellate Litigation Practice at Howrey, Simon, Arnold & White, before moving on to the Department of Justice in November 2001. Schlozman began service in the George W. Bush Administration as Counsel to then-Deputy Attorney General Larry Thompson. He then served in various roles including Deputy Assistant Attorney General directly supervising the Criminal, Voting, Employment, and Special Litigation Sections of the Civil Rights Division, five months as Acting Assistant Attorney General of the Civil Rights Division, and Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division at the United States Department of Justice. Following his tenure in the Civil Rights Division, Schlozman was appointed the interim U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri. Personnel controversy
In June 2007, Schlozman was questioned by Democrats on the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee regarding allegedly inappropriate politicized hiring policies during his tenure in the Civil Rights Division, charges which Schlozman denied. The Department of Justice's Inspector General and Office of Professional Responsibility subsequently conducted an investigation and issued a report on Jan. 13, 2009, concluding that Schlozman violated the Civil Service Reform Act by hiring attorneys on the basis of their political affiliation and later made false statements in his sworn testimony to Congress about his hiring decisions.Federal prosecutors later declined to prosecute Schlozman. Cases

Cases prior to Missouri appointment

Georgia voter I.D. law
In 2005, Georgia passed a controversial voter I.D. law which required that all voters to show photo identification at the polls, and eliminated previously accepted forms of voter identification, including social security cards, birth certificates or utility bills. As required by the Voting Rights Act, "Georgia and other states with a history of voter discrimination" (mostly southern states) are required to show that law changes will not have a discriminatory impact on minority voters, and to get approval by the Department of Justice under 1965 Voting Rights Act  According to rumors reported in the press, all of the staff of the Civil Rights division of DOJ, save one, recommended against the new law's approval, but Schlozman and other political appointees overruled the staff and approved it. The law was initially held unconstitutional as against the Georgia state constitution, but that ruling was reversed by a unanimous decision of the Georgia Supreme Court. In federal court, U.S. District Judge Harold L. Murphy issued an injunction against the law, holding that it was constitutionally suspect but declining to consider whether it offended the Voting Rights Act.Subsequent to the federal court decision, Schlozman wrote an op-ed in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution defending the Department of Justice's decision to pre-clear the Voter ID law under the Voting Rights Act. Although the Justice Department's actions were heavily criticized by liberal groups, no court has ever held that the Georgia ID law runs afoul of the Voting Rights Act, the only statutory provision considered by the DOJ in issuing its approval of the law. In fact, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit upheld the law against all constitutional challenges. Texas redistricting

In 2003, Tom DeLay spearheaded a major redistricting plan for the state of Texas. Justice Department lawyers wrote a memo opposing the plan, concluding that it violated the 1965 Voting Rights Act. The memo was endorsed unanimously by lawyers and analysts from the Department's Voting section. Nevertheless, Schlozman and several other political appointees overruled the lawyers' objections and approved DeLay's plan.In League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, the Supreme Court issued a complex 100-plus page concluding that all but one of the thirty-two district in the Texas redistricting plan satisfied the requirements of the Voting Rights Act. Lawsuit against Missouri
In 2005, while Schlozman was serving in the Civil Rights Division, the DOJ filed a lawsuit against Missouri accusing the state of failing to make a "reasonable effort" to eliminate ineligible people from voter rolls and improperly removing certain voters from the voter rolls prematurely. Although the then-US Attorney for Missouri, Todd Graves, whom Schlozman later succeeded after Graves' forced resignation, claims to have refused to sign off on the lawsuit, the Complaint filed in the case was signed by both Graves and an Assistant U.S. Attorney from his office, in addition to Schlozman and Assistant Attorney General Wan J. Kim. On April 13, 2007, a federal district judge dismissed the lawsuit, asserting that the Secretary of State couldn't police local registration rolls. The Justice Department appealed that ruling, however, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit later reversed the district court's decision. In March 2009, after a new political leadership had been installed at the Justice Department in the wake of the presidential election, the Justice Department asked a judge to dismiss the lawsuit, essentially ending the case and dropping all charges. Missouri Western District

Dismissal of U.S.Attorneys controversy

The forced resignation of U.S. Attorney Todd Graves and subsequent appointment of Schlozman is part of the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, which concerns the replacement of a number of U.S. Attorneys by the George W. Bush administration in its second term. ACORN voter registration prosecutions
In addition to the complaints regarding the lawsuit against the State of Missouri, described above, attention has focused on his lawsuit against several former employees of the activist group ACORN. In the summer of 2006, ACORN "paid workers $8 an hour to sign up new voters in poor neighborhoods around the country. Later, ACORN's Kansas City chapter discovered that several workers filled out registration forms fraudulently instead of finding real people to sign up. ACORN fired the workers and alerted law enforcement." Just five days before the 2006 election, Schlozman announced the indictments of four of the former ACORN workers, who all ultimately pleaded guilty to the voter registration charges.The election featured an extremely close Senate race between the incumbent Jim Talent and eventual winner Claire McCaskill. Former U.S. Attorneys Todd Graves
and David Iglesias, expressed surprise at the indictments, claiming that they appeared to violate longstanding Department of Justice policy to avoid overtly politically related prosecutions during an election. Joseph D. Rich, a 35-year veteran of the Department of Justice and chief of its voting section from 1999 to 2005, wrote a Los Angeles Times op-ed criticizing the prosecutions as politically motivated. Schlozman testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on June 5, 2007. Responding to concerns about a possible political motivation for pushing forward with prosecution immediately before the 2006 election, Schlozman stated that the department's public integrity officials had approved the prosecution and that he "did not think it was going to affect the election at all." However, he later amended his testimony, indicating that he had not been "directed" to indict for voter fraud, days before the November 2006 election in question, but that Schlozman himself made the decision to indict, after his First Assistant U.S. Attorney had consulted with the Washington DOJ Election Crimes Branch.According to Schlozman, Department of Justice policy—as explicitly underscored by the director of the Department's Elections Crimes Branch—was that the prosecution of ACORN employees for criminal voting offenses was not improper because the prosecutions pertained to "... voter registration fraud (which examined conduct during voter registration), not fraud during an ongoing or contested election." Jackson County Executive Katheryn Shields
In January 2007, Schlozman's office indicted Democratic Jackson County Executive Katheryn Shields, who had just left office, on charges of wire fraud in connection with a scheme for an appraiser to fraudulently inflate the price of her home that she was selling. Shields asked the court to dismiss the charges on the basis that they were politically motivated, but the court refused to order disclosure of internal Justice Department documentation and rejected her argument. The day after the indictment, Shields filed for an ultimately unsuccessful run for Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. She was subsequently acquitted in the criminal case although her co-defendants—the appraiser and the appraiser's associates—were convicted. Shields then sued the government to recover $202,000 in legal fees. However the court concluded that "[t]here is no evidence that the prosecutors in this matter acted with maliciousness or with an intent to harass, annoy, or embarrass [Shields] nor that the evidence was objectively deficient.".Notes

External links

Department of Justice report

News coverage
 <mask>man's supplemental answers to Congressional interrogatories, September 2007, courtesy of Talking Points Memo. Retrieved September 8, 2007. Justice Official Made Politically Biased Hires NPR, Retrieved January 13, 2009. Report Raps <mask>man, Former Justice Department Official, for Political Bias ABC News, Retrieved January 13, 2009. Report Cites Political and Racial Bias At Justice - Watchdogs Say Ex-Official Broke Civil Service Laws Washington Post, Retrieved January 13, 2009. Criticism of Ex-Official in Hiring at Justice Dept. New York Times, Retrieved January 13, 2009.Bush appointee saw Justice lawyers as 'commies,' 'crazy libs,' report says Los Angeles Times, Retrieved January 13, 2009. New report slams former head of Justice Department's civil rights division USA TODAY, Retrieved January 13, 2009. I.G. report says former civil rights chief broke the law CNN, Retrieved January 13, 2009. IG: Justice Official Hired Partisans, Lied CBS News, Retrieved January 13, 2009. 1971 births
Living people
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
George Washington University Law School alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Missouri
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Rights Division
People from Overland Park, Kansas
Kansas Republicans

masks:
Bradley Joseph Schlozman
Bradley Schloz
Bradley Schloz


title: Asser

texts:
<mask> (; died  909) was a Welsh monk from St David's, Dyfed, who became Bishop of Sherborne in the 890s. About 885 he was asked by Alfred the Great to leave St David's and join the circle of learned men whom Alfred was recruiting for his court. After spending a year at Caerwent because of illness, <mask> accepted. In 893, <mask> wrote a biography of Alfred, called the Life of King Alfred. The manuscript survived to modern times in only one copy, which was part of the Cotton library. That copy was destroyed in a fire in 1731, but transcriptions that had been made earlier, together with material from <mask>'s work which was included by other early writers, have enabled the work to be reconstructed. The biography is the main source of information about Alfred's life and provides far more information about Alfred than is known about any other early English ruler.<mask> assisted Alfred in his translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, and possibly with other works. <mask> is sometimes cited as a source for the legend about Alfred's having founded the University of Oxford, which is now known to be false. A short passage making this claim was interpolated by William Camden into his 1603 edition of <mask>'s Life. Doubts have also been raised periodically about whether the entire Life is a forgery, written by a slightly later writer, but it is now almost universally accepted as genuine. Name and early life

<mask> (also known as <mask> or <mask>ius Menevensis) was a Welsh monk who lived from at least AD 885 until about 909. Almost nothing is known of <mask>'s early life. The name <mask> is likely to have been taken from Aser, or Asher, the eighth son of Jacob in Genesis.Old Testament names were common in Wales at the time, but it has been suggested that this name may have been adopted at the time <mask> entered the church. <mask> may have been familiar with a work by St Jerome on the meaning of Hebrew names (Jerome's given meaning for "<mask>" was "blessed"). According to his Life of King Alfred, <mask> was a monk at St David's in what was then the kingdom of Dyfed, in south-west Wales. <mask> makes it clear that he was brought up in the area, and was tonsured, trained and ordained there. He also mentions Nobis, a bishop of St David's who died in 873 or 874, as being a kinsman of his. Recruitment by Alfred and time at court
Much of what is known about <mask> comes from his biography of Alfred, in particular a short section in which <mask> recounts how Alfred recruited him as a scholar for his court. Alfred held a high opinion of the value of learning and recruited men from around Britain and from continental Europe to establish a scholarly centre at his court.It is not known how Alfred heard of <mask>, but one possibility relates to Alfred's overlordship of south Wales. Several kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing and Hyfaidd of Dyfed (where Asser's monastery was), had submitted to Alfred's overlordship in 885. <mask> gives a fairly detailed account of the events. There is a charter of Hywel's which has been dated to c. 885; amongst the witnesses is one "Asser", which may be the same person. Hence it is possible that Alfred's relationship with the southern Welsh kings led him to hear of Asser. <mask> recounts meeting Alfred first at the royal estate at Dean, Sussex (now East and West Dean, West Sussex). <mask> provides only one datable event in his history: on St Martin's Day, 11 November 887, Alfred decided to learn to read Latin.Working backwards from this, it appears most likely that <mask> was recruited by Alfred in early 885. <mask>'s response to Alfred's request was to ask for time to consider the offer, as he felt it would be unfair to abandon his current position in favour of worldly recognition. Alfred agreed but also suggested that he should spend half his time at St David's and half with Alfred. <mask> again asked for time to consider, but ultimately agreed to return to Alfred with an answer in six months. On his return to Wales, however, <mask> fell ill with a fever and was confined to the monastery of Caerwent for twelve months and a week. Alfred wrote to find out the cause of the delay, and <mask> responded that he would keep his promise when he recovered. When he did recover, in 886, he agreed to divide his time between Wales and Alfred's court, as Alfred had suggested.Others at St David's supported this, since they hoped <mask>'s influence with Alfred would avoid "damaging afflictions and injuries at the hands of King Hyfaidd (who often assaulted that monastery and the jurisdiction of St David)". <mask> joined several other noted scholars at Alfred's court, including Grimbald, and John the Old Saxon; all three probably reached Alfred's court within a year of each other. His first extended stay with Alfred was at the royal estate at Leonaford, probably from about April through December 886. It is not known where Leonaford was; a case has been made for Landford, in Wiltshire. <mask> records that he read aloud to the king from the books at hand. On Christmas Eve, 886, after <mask> had for some time failed to obtain permission to return to Wales, Alfred gave <mask> the monasteries of Congresbury and Banwell, along with a silk cloak and a quantity of incense "weighing as much as a stout man." He allowed <mask> to visit his new possessions and thence to return to St David's.Thereafter <mask> seems to have divided his time between Wales and Alfred's court. <mask> gives no information about his time in Wales, but mentions various places that he visited in England, including the battlefield at Ashdown, Cynuit (Countisbury), and Athelney. It is evident from <mask>'s account that he spent a good deal of time with Alfred: he recounts meeting Alfred's mother-in-law, Eadburh (who is not the same Eadburh who died as a beggar in Pavia), on many occasions; and says that he has often seen Alfred hunting. Bishop of Sherborne
Sometime between 887 and 892, Alfred gave Asser the monastery of Exeter. <mask> subsequently became Bishop of Sherborne, though the year of succession is unknown. <mask>'s predecessor as Bishop of Sherborne, Wulfsige, attested a charter in 892. <mask>'s first appearance in the position is in 900, when he appears as a witness to a charter; hence the succession can only be dated to the years 892 to 900.In any event, <mask> had already been a bishop prior to his appointment to the see of Sherborne, since Wulfsige is known to have received a copy of Alfred's Pastoral Care in which <mask> is described as a bishop. It is possible that <mask> was a suffragan bishop within the see of Sherborne, but he may instead have been a bishop of St David's. He is listed as such in Giraldus Cambrensis's Itinerarium Cambriae, although this may be unreliable as it was written three centuries later, in 1191. A contemporary clue is found in <mask>'s own writing: he mentions that bishops of St David's were sometimes expelled by King Hyfaidd and adds that "he even expelled me on occasion." This also implies that <mask> was himself a bishop of St David's. The Life of King Alfred
In 893, <mask> wrote a biography of Alfred entitled The Life of King Alfred; in the original Latin, the title is Vita Ælfredi regis Angul Saxonum. The date is known from <mask>'s mention of the king's age in the text.The work, which is less than twenty thousand words long, is one of the most important sources of information on Alfred the Great. <mask> drew on a variety of texts to write his Life. The style is similar to that of two biographies of Louis the Pious: Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, written c. 840 by an unknown author usually called "the Astronomer", and Vita Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trier. It is possible that <mask> may have known these works. He also knew Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum; the Historia Brittonum, a Welsh source; the Life of Alcuin; and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It is also clear from the text that <mask> was familiar with Virgil's Aeneid, Caelius Sedulius's Carmen Paschale, Aldhelm's De Virginitate, and Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni ("Life of Charlemagne"). He quotes from Gregory the Great's Regula Pastoralis, a work he and Alfred subsequently collaborated in translating, and from Augustine of Hippo's Enchiridion.About half of the Life is little more than a translation of part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the years 851–887, though <mask> adds personal opinions and interpolates information about Alfred's life. <mask> also adds material relating to the years after 887 and general opinions about Alfred's character and reign. <mask>'s prose style has been criticised for weak syntax, stylistic pretensions, and garbled exposition. His frequent use of archaic and unusual words gives his prose a baroque flavour that is common in Insular Latin authors of the period. He uses several words that are peculiar to Frankish Latin sources. This has led to speculation that he was educated at least partly in Francia, but it is also possible that he acquired this vocabulary from Frankish scholars he associated with at court, such as Grimbald. The Life ends abruptly with no concluding remarks and it is considered likely that the manuscript is an incomplete draft.<mask> lived a further fifteen or sixteen years and Alfred a further six, but no events after 893 are recorded. It is possible that the work was written principally for the benefit of a Welsh audience. <mask> takes pains to explain local geography, so he was clearly considering an audience not familiar with the areas he described. More specifically, at several points he gives an English name and follows it with the British / Welsh equivalent name, such as in the case of Nottingham. As a result, and given that Alfred's overlordship of south Wales was recent, it may be that <mask> intended the work to acquaint a Welsh readership with Alfred's personal qualities and reconcile them to his rule. However, it is also possible that <mask>'s inclusion of Welsh placenames simply reflects an interest in etymology or the existence of a Welsh audience in his own household rather than in Wales. There are also sections such as the support for Alfred's programme of fortification that give the impression of the book's being aimed at an English audience.<mask>'s Life omits any mention of internal strife or dissent in Alfred's own reign, though when he mentions that Alfred had to harshly punish those who were slow to obey Alfred's commands to fortify the realm, he makes it

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John Asser
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title: Asser

texts:
 clear that Alfred did have to enforce obedience. <mask>'s life is a one-sided treatment of Alfred, though since Alfred was alive when it was composed, it is unlikely to contain gross errors of fact. In addition to being the primary source for Alfred's life, <mask>'s work is also a source for other historical periods, where he adds material to his translation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. For example, he tells a story about Eadburh, the daughter of Offa. Eadburh married Beorhtric, king of the West Saxons. <mask> describes her as behaving "like a tyrant" and ultimately accidentally poisoning Beorhtric in an attempt to murder someone else. He finishes by describing her death as a beggar in Pavia.This Eadburh is not the same as Alfred's mother-in-law, also named Eadburh, whom <mask> mentions elsewhere. Manuscripts of The Life of King Alfred

The early manuscript of the Life does not appear to have been widely known in medieval times. Only one copy is known to have survived into modern times. It is known as Cotton MS Otho A xii, and was part of the Cotton library. It was written about 1000 and was destroyed in a fire in 1731. The lack of distribution may be because <mask> had not finished the manuscript and so did not have it copied. However, the material in the Life is recognizable in other works.There is some evidence from early writers of access to versions of <mask>'s work, as follows:
 Byrhtferth of Ramsey included large sections of it into Historia Regum, a historical work he wrote in the late tenth or early 11th century. He may have used the Cotton manuscript. (The Historia Regum was until recently attributed to Symeon of Durham.) The anonymous author of the Encomium Emmae (written in the early 1040s) was apparently acquainted with the Life, though it is not known how he knew of it. The author was a monk of St Bertin's in Flanders, but may have learned of the work in England. The chronicler known as Florence of Worcester incorporated parts of <mask>'s Life into his chronicle, in the early 12th century; again, he may have also used the Cotton manuscript. An anonymous chronicler at Bury St Edmunds, working in the second quarter of the 12th century, produced a compilation now known as The Annals of St Neots.He used material from a version of <mask>'s work which differs in some places from the Cotton manuscript and in some places appears to be more accurate, so it is possible that the copy used was not the Cotton manuscript. Giraldus Cambrensis wrote a Life of St Æthelberht, probably at Hereford during the 1190s. He quotes an incident from <mask> that occurred during the reign of Offa of Mercia, who died in 796. This incident is not in the surviving copies of the manuscript. It is possible that Giraldus had access to a different copy of <mask>'s work. It is also possible that he is quoting a different work by <mask>, which is otherwise unknown, or even that Giraldus is making up the reference to <mask> to support his story. The latter is at least plausible, since Giraldus is not always regarded as a trustworthy writer.The history of the Cotton manuscript itself is quite complex. The list of early writers above mentions that it may have been in the possession of at least two of them. It was owned by John Leland, the antiquary, in the 1540s. It probably became available after the dissolution of the monasteries, in which the property of many religious houses was confiscated and sold. Leland died in 1552 and it is known to have been in the possession of Matthew Parker from some time after that until his own death in 1575. Although Parker bequeathed most of his library to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, the Cotton manuscript was not included. By 1600, it was in the library of Lord Lumley and by 1621 the manuscript was in the possession of Robert Cotton.The Cotton library was moved in 1712 from Cotton House in Westminster to Essex House in the Strand and then moved again in 1730 to Ashburnham House in Westminster. On the morning of Saturday, 23 October 1731, a fire broke out and the Cotton manuscript was destroyed. As a result, the text of <mask>'s Life is known from a multitude of different sources. Various transcripts had been made of the Cotton manuscript and a facsimile of the first page of the manuscript had been made and published, giving more direct evidence for the hand of the scribe. In addition to these transcripts, the extracts mentioned above made by other early writers have been used to help assemble and assess the text. Because of the lack of the manuscript itself and because Parker's annotations had been copied by some transcribers as if they were part of the text, scholarly editions have had a difficult burden. There have been multiple editions of The Life published, both in Latin and in translation.The 1904 critical edition (with 130 pages of introduction) by W. H. Stevenson, <mask>'s Life of King Alfred, together with the Annals of Saint Neots erroneously ascribed to <mask>, still provides the standard Latin text: this was translated into English in 1905 by Albert S. Cook. An important recent translation, with thorough notes on the scholarly problems and issues, is Alfred the Great: <mask>'s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources by Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge. Legend of founding of Oxford
In 1603 the antiquarian William Camden published an edition of <mask>'s Life in which there appears a story of a community of scholars at Oxford, who were visited by Grimbald:

In the year of our Lord 886, the second year of the arrival of St Grimbald in England, the University of Oxford was begun ... John, monk of the church of St David, giving lectures in logic, music and arithmetic; and John, the monk, colleague of St Grimbald, a man of great parts and a universal scholar, teaching geometry and astronomy before the most glorious and invincible King Alfred. There is no support for this in any source known. Camden based his edition on Parker's manuscript, other transcripts of which do not include any such material. It is now acknowledged that this is an interpolation of Camden's, though the legend itself first surfaced in the 14th century. Older books about Alfred the Great include the legend: for example, Jacob Abbott's 1849 Alfred the Great says that "One of the greatest and most important of the measures which Alfred adopted for the intellectual improvement of his people was the founding of the great University of Oxford."Claims of forgery

During the 19th and 20th centuries, several scholars asserted that <mask>'s biography of King Alfred was not authentic, but a forgery. A prominent claim was made in 1964 by the respected historian V.H. Galbraith in his essay "Who Wrote Asser's Life of Alfred?" Galbraith argued that there were anachronisms in the text that meant it could not have been written during <mask>'s lifetime. For example, <mask> uses "rex Angul Saxonum" ("king of the Anglo-Saxons") to refer to Alfred. Galbraith asserted that this usage does not appear until the late 10th century. Galbraith also identified the use of "parochia" to refer to Exeter as an anachronism, arguing that it should be translated as "diocese" and hence that it referred to the bishopric of Exeter, which was not created until 1050.Galbraith identified the true author as Leofric, who became Bishop of Devon and Cornwall in 1046. Leofric's motive, according to Galbraith, was to justify the re-establishment of his see at Exeter by demonstrating a precedent for the arrangement. The title "king of the Anglo-Saxons" does, however, in fact occur in royal charters that date to before 892 and "parochia" does not necessarily mean "diocese", but can sometimes refer just to the jurisdiction of a church or monastery. In addition, there are other arguments against Leofric's having been the forger. Aside from the fact that Leofric would have known little about <mask> and so would have been unlikely to construct a plausible forgery, there is strong evidence dating the Cotton manuscript to about 1000. The apparent use of <mask>'s material in other early works that predate Leofric also argues against Galbraith's theory. Galbraith's arguments were refuted to the satisfaction of most historians by Dorothy Whitelock in Genuine Asser, in the Stenton Lecture of 1967.More recently, in 2002, Alfred Smyth has argued that the Life is a forgery by Byrhtferth, basing his case primarily on an analysis of Byrhtferth's and <mask>'s Latin vocabulary. Byrhtferth's motive, according to Smyth, is to lend Alfred's prestige to the Benedictine monastic reform movement of the late tenth century. However, the argument has not been found persuasive, and few historians harbour doubts about the authenticity of the work. Other works and date of death
In addition to the Life of King Alfred, <mask> is credited by Alfred as one of several scholars who assisted with Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory I's Regula Pastoralis (Pastoral Care). The historian William of Malmesbury, writing in the 12th century, believed that <mask> also assisted Alfred with his translation of Boethius. The Annales Cambriae, a set of Welsh annals that were probably kept at St David's, records <mask>'s death in the year 908. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the following entry as part of the entry for 909 or 910 (in different versions of the chronicle): "Here Frithustan succeeded to the bishopric in Winchester, and after that <mask>, who was bishop at Sherborne, departed."The year given by the chronicle was uncertain, because different chroniclers started the new year at different calendar dates, and <mask>'s date of death is generally given as 908/909. Notes

References

 <mask>, <mask>’s Life of King Alfred, ed. William H. Stevenson, with an article by Dorothy Whitelock (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1957). Standard edition of the Latin original. External links

 HTML full text of <mask>'s Life of King Alfred (English translation)
 <mask>'s Life of Alfred, commentary from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. <mask>'s Life of Alfred

Bishops of Sherborne (ancient)
9th-century historians
Welsh biographers
Welsh bishops
Medieval Welsh writers
Welsh Christians
9th-century English bishops
9th-century births
900s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
Alfred the Great
10th-century English bishops
10th-century Welsh people
People from St Davids
Cotton Library
9th-century Latin writers
10th-century Christian monks
9th-century Christian

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title: Li Wei (artist)

texts:
<mask> (born in 1970, Hubei, China) is a contemporary artist from Beijing, China. His work often depicts him in apparently gravity-defying situations. <mask> started off his performance series, Mirroring, and later on took off attention with his Falls series which shows the artist with his head and chest embedded into the ground. His work is a mixture of performance art and photography that creates illusions of a sometimes dangerous reality. <mask> states that these images are not computer montages, but that he uses mirrors, metal wires, scaffolding and acrobatics. <mask>'s works have been published on the cover of the following magazines: Flash Art, Work, Magazin-Frankfurter Rundschau, Out of the Red, Zoom, Juliet, Contemporary, Theater Forum, NY Arts, Fine Arts Literature, Lapiz and Arte Al Limite. Life and work
<mask> grew up being a son of a farmer and had wanted to become an artist for a career.With family support he had the special privilege to study at a private arts school until he was tired of the school's traditional approach of teaching. However, <mask>'s struggle with art did not end early in his life. After <mask> became independent he had to work numerous jobs (delivering food and house keeper) in Beijing in order for him to sustain himself; but more importantly he needed the money to supply his art works (at the time painting) so that he could continue to work towards his dream. After <mask> kick started his career as an artist by working with paint, <mask> realized a newfound passion and wanted to specialize in a different form of art. In 1999 he believed that "only performance art offers a chance to experience an action's message through one's own body". Since then <mask> has been intentional about his art pieces and has desired to express his work publicly with a message behind each art piece. <mask> has been expressing his art by capturing photos of his own body and images of himself to relay a message towards his audience.But before becoming a photographer <mask> started as a performance artist simply because he wanted to document his performances. In an interview with AOL News <mask> states "When I started doing this, it was 2000, I only used photography to record the procedure of my performance art. Then, after the '<mask> falls into ... ' series, I found this way of shooting as my signal." And since then <mask> has already a performed for over 150 shots and many of these shots have risked his life. <mask> himself admits that he shoots in extremely dangerous situations and he thinks the creation of his artwork isn't as a big of a challenge than being in the dangerous situation for his performance shootouts. Some of these dangerous scenarios include shots on high buildings, lakes, ice holes and even through the windshield of a war. <mask>'s rise to fame was through his performance of the “Falls” series in which he sticks himself in the group as a missile.Through this performance he wanted to relay the modern man's desire to hide away from the problems that occur daily. <mask>'s art is a difficult process. In pieces such as “<mask> wei Falls to the Ice Hole,” his head is planted and unseen, while his body remains rigid and upright. These photos are shocking and make the viewer puzzle over their achievement. <mask> has a knack for creating catalytic art that awes and intrigues people fortunate enough to come across it. Many of <mask>'s photos have layered meanings, demonstrating various aspects of Chinese society. In “<mask>'s Body of Art” by Julie Segraves, <mask> comments on his “Falls” series, in which he demonstrates the shock of societal progression.Many of <mask>'s works are done through the usage of mirrors. The mirror would usually contain a hole in the middle for <mask> to insert his head. With this technique <mask> is able to create an “illusory superimpositions and fusions.” Within the Chinese culture the mirror possesses a great symbolic meaning. The mirror is an indicator of truth, allowing people to look at themselves and look at the mistakes they have made in life. Furthermore, there is a Chinese proverb that says “take history as a mirror”, which means that things that occurred throughout history will occur again and it is essential for individuals to recognize mistakes made from people in the past and react differently when similar issues come up again. <mask>'s art may seem humorous but they address wide range of topics from gender relations to politics. By creating art through mirrors, <mask> has been able to express his personal thoughts, experiences and address some social issues that occur in our daily lives.<mask> has been able to challenge the public audience's perception of 'reality' and 'truth' with his work. The actual shootout for his artwork takes about one or two hours but the preparation time is much longer. <mask> could be inspired with an idea, an image in his head he wants to enact in real life, but it can take many months until he actual puts his idea into reality. Moreover, <mask> hopes that he can one day shoot on the moon with a rocket. <mask>'s goal is to "make everything impossible possible." <mask> is a forward thinking artist with fresh ideologies. In an interview with 'The Creators Project' <mask> makes the interesting point that "we are all controlled by someone else.Our thoughts and actions are all controlled by an unseen force." What <mask> is pointing out here is that there is an external force that dictates us and our behaviors. Furthermore, <mask> mentions about the rapid changes that occurred in China in the last decade. As a citizen of Beijing, <mask> fully experienced the rapid change within China's economy and the exponential growth in all types of markets in China. <mask>'s concern with the rapid growth was the confinement of space due to the rapid growth. People from the country started to move into the cities, into tall confined apartments. <mask> feels like the rapid growth has caused a huge change and strain on people's perceptions and emotions.Due to destruction of old buildings and forced move into apartments people are forced into small confined spaces. As a result, people want to break free from these limitations, an issue that hasn't been a problem for the past decades. With this concern <mask> has created art that expresses the feeling of 'breaking free', art pieces that show the hunger and will to break away from limitations and confinement. Moreover, <mask> discusses his message behind his Fall series as they are not about belonging to earth, but rather it's about looking at the earth with the perspective from outer space. <mask> wants his audience to look at things with a different perspective. <mask> wants to draw out the fine line between reality and fantasy and point it out to the audience. And <mask> intends to relay his perception of this world through his photography and performance art.Exhibitions
<mask>'s artwork has been exhibited in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Solo Exhibitions include Parc de la Villette, Paris (2012), Lucca, Italy (2011), 10 Chancery Lane Gallery, Hong Kong (2010;2006), Shanghai Tang, Hong Kong (2010), Tribeca, Madrid (2009), Michael Schultz Gallery, Beijing (2009), Mogadishni CPH gallery, Denmark (2009), Yeh Rong Jia Culture & Art Foundation, Taiwan (2008), EScape Cultural Ample Gallery, Spain (2007), PYO Gallery, Seoul (2006), Galeria Espacio Minimo, Madrid (2006), Marella Gallery, Beijing (2005), Marella Gallery, Italy (2004)

<mask>'s work was included in Katonah Museum of Art, United States (2012), Beijing Times Art Museum, China (2011), Daegu Photo Biennale 2010 in Korea (2010),Palazzo Reale Museum, Milan (2009), Olympic Museum, Switzerland (2008), Criterion Gallery, Australia (2007), Toulouse Art Museum, France (2006), Ox Warehouse, Macau (2005), MMAC exhibition, Japan (2004), Prague Biennial in Czech Republic (2003),  Beijing Red Square, Beijing (2002), Hong Kong Arts Center, Hong Kong (2001), Performance Art Festival, Beijing (2000)

Mirror Series
<mask> began with the performance series “Mirroring” in 2000. In a mirror about a yard wide he cut a hole for his head. The mirror, propped by his hands, can be seen in many photos documenting the performances in private places but also in many public ones in China and abroad. Long shots show the observers as well as their surroundings mirrored round the performer's head. Close-ups are more striking in excluding the mirror's rim and the artist's body. <mask>'s head seems to hover, be it in the midst of a crowd of observers, in a gully between buildings, in the sky or on glittering water.“The mirror turns concrete reality into an immaterial image by establishing new relationships between things. The process mirrors that of imagination, since we are always putting single impressions together to form an imaginary reality. Insofar as my head is stuck in the middle of this reflection one of the important functions of contemporary art becomes evident: it is unsettling – like this performance – and questions our everyday habits of perception. We see ourselves and also the surrounding reality anew.”

Fall series

One of his most effective series of performances has been his “Falls”, begun in 2002. Photos show the artist with his head and chest embedded in the asphalt of a street, the roof of a ruined house or the ice of a lake with his legs pointing up to the sky. “No, these images are not computer montages,” the artist tells us. Sometimes he worked with the help of props in the literal sense of the word.But for him the main thing was physical exertion, the experience – be it brief – of keeping a posture up and of feeling the absurdity of the situation through his own body. “If you picture someone falling to earth from another planet… it would really be no soft landing in the sense of a happy moment, whether the landing were in China or in another part of the world: It’s crazy what we do to one another. And this feeling of having fallen headfirst into something and of having nothing firm under the feet is familiar to everyone. One doesn’t have to fall from another planet to feel it.”

Award
<mask> has received the following awards for his work:
 Macau Art Museum Overseas Communicate the Prize (Macau Art Museum, 2005)
 31 Photographers with the Most Creative World (American Getty, 2006)

References

External links
 Artist's Website
 "<mask> biography"
 "Artwork of LI Wei"

Chinese performance artists
Living people
1970 births
Artists from Hubei

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title: Carlos Saavedra Lamas

texts:
<mask> (November 1, 1878–May 5, 1959) was an Argentine academic and politician, and in 1936, the first Argentine Nobel Peace Prize recipient. Biography
Born in Buenos Aires, <mask> was a descendant of an early Argentine patriot. He married the daughter of president Roque Sáenz Peña. <mask> achieved renown not only as foreign minister of Argentina for his practical work in drafting international agreements and in conducting international mediation, but also as a professor for his scholarship in the fields of labor legislation and international law. <mask> was a distinguished student at Lacordaire College and at the [University of Buenos Aires] where he received the Doctor of Laws degree in 1903, summa cum laude. After study in Paris and travel abroad, he accepted a professorship in law and constitutional history at the University of La Plata, where he began the teaching career that was to span more than forty years. Later, he inaugurated a course in sociology at the University of Buenos Aires, taught political economy and constitutional law in the Law School of the university, and eventually served as the president of the university.<mask> <mask> was a leading Argentine academician in two areas. A pioneer in the field of labor legislation, he edited several treatises on labor legislation in Argentina and on the need for a universally recognized doctrine on the treatment of labor - among them, Centro de legislacíon social y del trabajo (1927) [Center of Social and Labor Legislation], Traités internationaux de type social (1924), Código nacional del trabajo (three volumes, 1933) [National Code of Labor Law]. In the arena of practical affairs, <mask> <mask> drafted legislation affecting labor in Argentina, supported the founding of the International Labor Organization in 1919, and presided over the ILO Conference of 1928 in Geneva while serving simultaneously as leader of the Argentine delegation. In international law, his other field of major scholarly interest, he published "La Crise de la codification et de la doctrine Argentine de droit international" (1931); and he spoke, wrote, or drafted legislation on many subjects with international ramifications - among them, asylum, colonization, immigration, arbitration, and international peace. His brief Vida internacional, which he wrote at the age of seventy, is an urbane by-product of all this study and experience. <mask> <mask> began his political career in 1906 as director of Public Credit and then became the secretary-general for the municipality of Buenos Aires in 1907. In 1908 he was elected to the first of two successive terms in Parliament.There he initiated legislation regarding coastal water rights, irrigation, sugar production, government finances, colonization, and immigration. His main interest, however, lay in foreign affairs. He provided leadership in saving Argentina's arbitration treaty with Italy, which almost foundered in 1907–1908, and eventually became the unofficial adviser to both the legislature and the foreign office on the analysis and implications of proposed foreign treaties. <mask> <mask> though was also a controversial public figure as he was seen by the masses as an elitist patrician who was too conservative and favored British intervention, especially in railroad construction. Appointed minister of Justice and Education in 1915, he instituted educational reforms by integrating the different divisions of public education and by developing a curriculum at the intermediate level for the vocational and technical training of manpower needed in a developing industrial country. When General Agustín P. Justo became president of Argentina in 1932, he appointed <mask> <mask> as foreign minister. In this post for six years, <mask> <mask> brought international prestige to Argentina.He played an important role in every South American diplomatic issue of the middle thirties, induced Argentina to rejoin the League of Nations after an absence of thirteen years, and represented Argentina at virtually every international meeting of consequence during this period. His work in ending the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia (1932–1935) had not only local significance but generalized international importance as well. When he took over the foreign office, he immediately engaged in a series of moves to lay the diplomatic groundwork for a negotiated settlement of this dispute. In 1932 he initiated at Washington the Declaration of August 3 which put the American states on record as refusing to recognize any territorial change in the hemisphere brought about by force. Next, he drew up a Treaty of Nonaggression and Conciliation which was signed by six South American countries in October, 1933, and by all of the American countries at the Seventh Pan-American Conference at Montevideo two months later. In 1935 he organized mediation by six neutral American nations which resulted in the cessation of hostilities between Paraguay and Bolivia. Meanwhile, in 1934, <mask> <mask> presented the South American Antiwar Pact to the League of Nations where it was well received and signed by eleven countries.Acclaimed for all of these efforts, he was elected president of the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1936. After his retirement from the foreign ministry in 1938, <mask> <mask> returned to academic life, became president of the University of Buenos Aires for two years (1941–1943), and rounded out his career as a professor for an additional three years (1943–1946). <mask> <mask> was known as a strict disciplinarian in his office, a logician at the conference table, a charming host in his home or his art gallery, and a man of sartorial elegance who wore, it is said, the highest collars in Buenos Aires. In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor of France and analogous honors from ten other countries. He died in 1959 at the age of eighty from the effects of a brain hemorrhage. In March 2014 his solid gold Nobel medal was put up for auction after being found in a South American pawn shop. In August 2014 a project for rebuying his Nobel medal by the Argentine Nation was presented at the Argentine congress.His auctioned medal was later won and is now owned by a private Asian collector. Notes

References

External links

1878 births
1959 deaths
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Galician descent
National Autonomist Party politicians
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Buenos Aires
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Buenos Aires Province
Foreign ministers of Argentina
People of the Infamous Decade
University of Buenos Aires alumni
National University of La Plata alumni
Argentine Nobel laureates
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Argentine ministers of education
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion

masks:
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Saavedra Lamas
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title: Tim Blanchard

texts:
<mask> (born 30 June 1987) is an Australian racing driver. <mask> has raced in several other motor racing series, including the British Formula Ford Championship, and was the winner of the 2007 Australian Formula Ford Championship. Early career

Karting
<mask> raced in various classes throughout his karting career, resulting in numerous titles. His final two years were particularly notable, taking out all before him in a dominant two years for the young Victorian. 2003 saw <mask> take out the Victorian Junior National Heavy Title before winning the Australian Junior National Heavy Title in the National Sprint Kart Championships at Ipswich Kart Raceway, Ipswich, QLD. This was another successful year for <mask> as he looked to move into the senior class after taking both junior titles on offer. In the 2004 season, <mask> took out the Victorian Senior National Heavy Title before winning the Australian Title at Hume International Raceway in Puckapunyal.This would prove to be his final year in karts as a foray into Formula Ford awaited. Formula Ford

Australia
<mask> progressed into Formula Ford in 2005, participating in both the Australian and Victoria State Championships in his first season. <mask> finished third in the Victorian Series, however only entering three races in the Australian Championship as he gathered much-needed experience in the open wheeler class. He turned his concentration fully onto the Australian Championship in 2006, and under the guidance of Sonic Motor Racing Services, finished the season with 186 points and five podiums, resulting in a fifth place in the championship. 2007 saw <mask> have his biggest success to date when he took out the Australian Formula Ford Championship with seven wins and sixteen podiums from the twenty-four race series. UK
After winning the 2007 Australian Formula Ford Championship, <mask> set his sights on conquering the British Formula Ford Championship, a series with a rich history, and a proving ground for many of the biggest names in motorsport. <mask> signed with Jamun Racing Services, one of the most successful teams in British Formula Ford, and together with his teammate Wayne Boyd, set about dominating the championship.With 3 race wins, 16 podiums & 5 poles, <mask> finished the 2008 British Formula Ford Championship in 2nd place, 50 points behind his teammate Wayne Boyd. This was another breakout year for <mask>, culminating in a 3rd-place finish at the season-ending Formula Ford Festival. His mechanic for the season was Scott Malvern who went on to be a successful racing driver in his own right winning the British Formula Ford Championship and Formula Ford Festival with Jamun in 2011. Due to some funding shortfalls following the Global Financial Crisis, <mask> was unable to secure a drive for the 2009 season. <mask> instead concentrated his efforts on completing his accounting degree at Swinburne University whilst also assisting a number of teams in both V8s and Formula Ford throughout the season. Supercars

Development Series

In 2010 <mask> reunited with Sonic Motor Racing Services for the 2010 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. <mask> drove the ex-Triple Eight Falcon BF that James Moffat drove in the 2009 Fujitsu V8 Series.Following a season in the wilderness, <mask> took no time to settle, finishing 5th in both races at the 2010 Clipsal 500. His standout performance came in Round 4 at the 2010 Sucrogen Townsville 400, winning the round with two podiums including his first race win. Consistency was the key throughout the season, as <mask> finished 2nd in the 2010 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. 2011 saw <mask> sign with MW Motorsport to team up with the experienced David Russell in the Team Jayco BF Falcons. <mask> drove the ex-FPR Falcon BF that Tony Bates drove in the 2010 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. After a successful year with Sonic Motor Racing Services, <mask> started off the season at MW Motorsport with his best result for the year, finishing 2nd in the opening round of the 2011 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series at the 2011 Clipsal 500. Another standout result was his 2nd Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series career race win at the 2011 Sucrogen Townsville 400.<mask> finished every round of the season in the top 10, culminating in a 5th-place finish in the 2011 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. 2012 saw <mask> remain in the Dunlop V8 Supercar Series with MW Motorsport. He piloted the ex-FPR Falcon FG that Mark Winterbottom drove in the 2011 V8 Supercars Championship. Following an incident-packed first round at the 2012 Clipsal 500, <mask> recorded his best finish of the year, a 5th at the 2012 Trading Post Perth Challenge. Consistent strong results followed, but <mask>'s development series program came to a premature end as main series commitments with Kelly Racing, substituting for the injured Todd Kelly, meant he could not complete the season with MW Motorsport. Supercars Championship
<mask>'s first experience in the main series came when he picked up an endurance co-driving role with Paul Morris Motorsport, partnering Greg Murphy in the 2010 L&H 500, where they finished 13th. In 2011 <mask> signed with Kelly Racing for the two endurance events in the 2011 V8 Supercars Championship, the 2011 L&H 500 and the 2011 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000.<mask> raced alongside David Reynolds in the teams No. 16 Stratco Commodore, making his Bathurst 1000 debut where mechanical issues saw them finish 19th following a standout 6th place at the 2011 L&H 500. 2012 saw <mask> retained by Kelly Racing for the two endurance events in the 2012 V8 Supercars Championship, the 2012 Dick Smith Sandown 500 and the 2012 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000. <mask> partnered Todd Kelly in the teams No. 7 Jack Daniels Commodore, finishing credible 18th at both events. Following the 2012 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000, <mask> was called up by Kelly Racing to substitute for an injured Todd Kelly for the remaining four rounds of the 2012 V8 Supercars Championship. In 2013 <mask> was given a full-time drive with Dick Johnson Racing, Driving the No.17 Entry. In 2014 <mask> became an endurance cup driver, joining Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport. In 2015 <mask> continued with LDM but was promoted to a full-time drive in the team's No. 3 Commodore. In 2016 <mask> moved to Britek Motorsport, a satellite team of Brad Jones Racing. In 2017 the Britek REC was replaced by <mask>'s own, Blanchard Racing Team, purchased from Super Black Racing. Mike Kable Young Gun Award

Following the 2010 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series, <mask> collected the coveted Mike Kable Young Gun Award.for best rookie driver following a successful season which saw the talented Melbournian finish second in the Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. Motor racing record

Super2 Series results
(key) (Round results only), (2021 Race results only)

Supercars Championship results

Complete Bathurst 1000 results

References

External links
<mask> Official Website
<mask> V8 Supercars Official Profile
<mask> Driver DataBase profile
<mask> Racing Reference profile

1987 births
Formula Ford drivers
Living people
Racing drivers from Melbourne
Supercars Championship drivers

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Tim Blanchard


title: Charles Erwin Wilson

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<mask> (July 18, 1890 – September 26, 1961) was an American engineer and businessman who served as United States Secretary of Defense from 1953 to 1957 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Known as "Engine Charlie", he was previously the president and chief executive officer of General Motors. In the wake of the Korean War, he cut the defense budget significantly. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Minerva, Ohio, the son of Thomas E. and Rosalind (née Unkefer) <mask>. After earning a degree in electrical engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1909, he joined the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, where eventually he supervised the engineering of automobile electrical equipment, and during World War I, the development of dynamotors and radio generators for the Army and Navy. <mask> married Jessie Ann Curtis on September 11, 1912. They had five children.General Motors career
In 1919, <mask> became chief engineer and sales manager of Remy Electric, a General Motors subsidiary. By January 1941 he was the president of General Motors. During World War II, <mask> directed the company's huge defense production effort, which earned him a Medal for Merit in 1946. He was still head of General Motors when Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. Secretary of Defense
<mask>'s nomination sparked a controversy that erupted during his confirmation hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee, based on his large stockholdings in General Motors. Reluctant to sell the stock, valued at the time at more than $2.5 million (or about $24 million in 2018), <mask> agreed to do so under committee pressure. During the hearings, when asked if he could make a decision as Secretary of Defense that would be adverse to the interests of General Motors, <mask> answered affirmatively.But he added that he could not conceive of such a situation "because for years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors, and vice versa." That statement has frequently been misquoted as "What's good for General Motors is good for the country." Although <mask> tried for years to correct the misquote, he was reported, at the time of his retirement in 1957, to have accepted the popular impression. <mask> was finally confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a Senate vote of 77 to 6 and began his duties in the Pentagon. Both <mask> and Eisenhower entered office committed to reorganizing the US Department of Defense. They succeeded in securing from Congress approval in June 1953 of Reorganization Plan No. 6, which made changes in OSD, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the chain of command.<mask> welcomed the reorganization plan, which became effective on June 30, 1953, as facilitating more efficient management of the Department of Defense. He considered the assistant secretaries as his "vice presidents" and tried to manage the Pentagon like an industrial corporation. <mask> took advantage of the reorganization to decentralize administration, giving the service secretaries more responsibility and importance. In his first annual report, he noted that the service secretaries were his principal assistants; decentralizing operational responsibility to them would make for effective exercise of civilian authority throughout the Department of Defense. In July 1954, to complement the 1953 reorganization, <mask> issued a directive to the JCS, the most important provision of which stated that "the Joint Staff work of each of the Chiefs of Staff shall take priority over all other duties," their tasks as chiefs of individual services. The directive also clarified the role of the JCS chairman and his authority over the Joint Staff while making clear that assignment of major tasks to the Joint Staff was the prerogative of the full JCS. Internal reorganization was only one of several major changes during <mask>'s tenure, the most important being the "New Look" defense concept.Eisenhower had criticized Truman's policies during the 1952 campaign, arguing that they were reactive rather than positive and that they forced the United States to compete with the Soviet Union on the latter's terms. Eisenhower entered office with strong convictions about the need to reorient the nation's security policy by maintaining a staunch defense while decreasing government expenditures and balancing the budget. The president inaugurated planning for the New Look in July 1953 by asking the incoming members of the JCS (Admiral Arthur W. Radford, chairman; General Matthew B. Ridgway, Army chief of staff; General Nathan F. Twining, Air Force chief of staff; and Admiral Robert B. Carney, chief of naval operations) to prepare a paper on overall defense policy. Although the JCS paper did not recommend any fundamental changes, the National Security Council in October 1953 adopted a key tenet of the New Look that a large-scale limited war or a general war would likely be fought with nuclear weapons. Eisenhower formally presented the New Look in his State of the Union message in January 1954, and <mask> helped to explain it. More defense for less money was possible, he said. With new weapons and techniques and ready reserves of troops and material, the United States could support capable military forces within budget allocations that Congress was willing to provide.The major features of the New Look included greater reliance on nuclear weapons, using the advantage the United States had over the Soviet Union in such weapons;  elevation of strategic air power, the major means to deliver nuclear weapons, to a more important position (not an expansion in the number of Air Force aircraft but rather development and production of better equipment); reductions of conventional ground forces, based both on reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear weapons and the expectation that US allies would provide ground troops for their own defense; an expanded program of continental defense, which, along with strategic air power, would serve as a principal ingredient of the New Look's deterrence program; and modernization and enlargement of reserve forces, enhancing the military manpower base while reducing active duty forces. Although the Eisenhower administration generally adhered to the New Look throughout <mask>'s term, the policy remained controversial. Some critics maintained that it made impossible the fighting of a limited non-nuclear war. The Army and the Navy felt that the increased emphasis on air power and nuclear weapons represented a repudiation the concept of "balanced forces" in which individual service programs were balanced against overall requirements. Implicit in the policy was rejection of the idea that a general war or a crisis with the USSR was imminent (to occur when the Soviets achieved offensive nuclear capability against the United States). <mask> pointed out frequently that defense policy should be long-term and not based on short-term projections of Soviet-American relations. "Military expenditures," he observed, "must be adequate, but not so great that they will become an intolerable burden which will harm the social and economic fabric of our country.True security cannot be founded on arms and arms alone." <mask> worked hard to reduce the defense budget, which meant some immediate cutbacks in fiscal year 1953 funds and a concerted effort to economize in subsequent years. Total obligational authority approved by Congress during <mask>'s tenure decreased significantly at first and then began to creep back up, but it remained lower than the Truman administration's last budgets, inflated because of the Korean War. The TOA for FY 1953, Truman's final Defense budget, was $44.2 billion. TOA in subsequent fiscal years was: 1954, $30.4 billion; 1955, $33.7 billion; 1956, $33.06 billion; 1957, $39.7 billion; and 1958, $41.1 billion. Especially after 1954, when the Democratic Party regained control of Congress, the <mask> effort to curb defense expenditures provoked growing criticism. The Air Force, even though the New Look enhanced its role, opposed the decision to cut back from the Truman goal of 143 wings, and its congressional supporters tried repeatedly, sometimes successfully, to appropriate more money for air power than the administration wanted.The other services, especially the Army, objected to force reductions ordained by the New Look. Both General Ridgway, who retired as Army chief of staff in June 1955, and his successor, General Maxwell D. Taylor, believed that the Army was receiving too small a share of the military budget. Its standing threatened by the New Look, the Army questioned the wisdom of reliance on "massive retaliation" and strategic air power to the neglect of other force elements. <mask> reportedly observed that the United States "can't afford to fight limited wars. We can only afford to fight a big war, and if there is one, that is the kind it will be." However, by 1955 the Army and, later that decade, the Navy, departed from their emphasis on preparation for total war by urging the need to prepare for limited war, non-global conflicts restricted in geographical area, force size, and weapons although tactical nuclear weapons were not ruled out. Generals Ridgway and Taylor stressed the need to have a variety of forces available and equipped to fight different kinds of war from a local non-nuclear war to a global strategic nuclear conflict.They rejected the notion that limited wars would occur only in less-developed areas and argued that such conflicts might occur in NATO as well. The Army received indirect support from such critics of massive retaliation as Bernard Brodie, William W. Kaufmann, and Henry A. Kissinger, who noted that the United States and the Soviet Union had or were acquiring the power to destroy each other with strategic nuclear weapons, thus precluding their rational use in response to a limited attack. Taylor, concluding that the Soviet Union and the United States had achieved mutual nuclear deterrence, believed that limited-war forces would play an active role in future conflicts and that atomic retaliatory forces would play a passive role. The Army moved into missile and space programs in an effort to preserve for itself a part in planning for and fighting a nuclear war, but in the late 1950s, it continued to push for adoption of a new national security policy acknowledging the primacy of limited war. While the Eisenhower administration did not adopt the Army's position, by the time that <mask> left office, it had accepted both the need to prepare for limited war and the idea that deterrence of a direct attack on US interests required "sufficient," rather than "superior," retaliatory capability. Increased competition among the services resulting from the New Look compelled <mask> to deal with the perennially troublesome question of service roles and missions, complicated by the introduction of new weapons, especially missiles. He noted in his semi-annual report at the end of FY 1956 that the services, which had eight categories of guided missiles available for various tasks, could not agree on their respective roles and missions in relation to these and other planned missile systems.Also at issue were aircraft types for the individual services and Air Force tactical support for the Army. To address those and other nagging questions, <mask> issued two important documents. The former, a memorandum to members of the Armed Forces Policy Council on November 26, 1956, dealt with five points of contention. First, <mask> limited the Army to small aircraft with specifically defined functions within combat zones. On the matter of airlift adequacy, which the Army questioned, the secretary declared current Air Force practices acceptable. As to air defense, the Army received responsibility for point defense of specified geographical areas, vital installations, and cities; the Air Force became responsible for area defense and the interception of enemy attacks away from individual vital installations; and the Navy could maintain ship-based air defense weapon systems. <mask> assigned to the Air Force primary responsibility for tactical support for the Army, although the Army could use surface-to-surface missiles for close support of its field operations.Finally, the secretary gave the Air Force sole authority to operate land-based intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) systems and the Navy the same responsibility for ship-based IRBMs. He enjoined the Army from planning operational employment of missiles with ranges beyond . On March 18, 1957, <mask> issued a directive to clarify his earlier decisions on the Army-Air Force use of aircraft for tactical purposes. He made no major changes from the previous division of responsibility but provided a more detailed and specific listing of those functional areas for which the Army could procure its own aircraft and those for which it would rely on the Air Force. Although <mask> found it necessary to clarify service roles and missions, he did not press for extensive further unification of the armed forces. He established in February 1956 an office of special assistant to the Secretary of Defense for guided missiles but made few other changes after implementation of Reorganization Plan No. 6 in 1953.When asked in 1957 about persistent demands for further unification, <mask> responded, "It's an oversimplification in the false hope that you could thus wash out the problems if you put the people all in the same uniform and that then they wouldn't disagree over what should be done. Of course, they would." <mask>, a folksy, honest, and outspoken man, sometimes got into trouble because of casual remarks. In January 1957, for example, he referred to enlistees in the National Guard during the Korean War as "draft dodgers." That caused a storm of protest and even brought a rebuke from Eisenhower, who said he thought <mask> had made "a very... unwise statement, without stopping to think what it meant." On another occasion, <mask> jokingly referred to the White House as a "dung hill," generating further controversy. <mask> indicated his intention to retire from office shortly after the start of the second Eisenhower term and left on October 8, 1957.Eisenhower noted when <mask> stepped down that under him, "the strength of our security forces has not only been maintained but has been significantly increased" and that he had managed the Defense Department "in a manner consistent with the requirements of a strong, healthy national economy." On October 9, 1957, Eisenhower presented <mask> with the Medal of Freedom. Human experimentation
While serving as Secretary of Defense, <mask> enacted stronger rules against human medical experimentation. The 1953 Wilson Memo led the military to adopt the Nuremberg Code. Patients would have to provide written, informed consent. <mask> wrote, "By reason of the basic medical responsibility in connection with the development of defense of all types against atomic, biological and/or chemical warfare agents, Armed Services personnel and/or civilians on duty at installations engaged in such research shall be permitted to actively participate in all phases of the program." Jonathan Moreno and Susan Lederer wrote in a 1996 issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal that the Wilson Memo remained classified until 1975, limiting its availability to researchers.They found the Air Force and Army tried to implement the rules but found spotty compliance in actual Pentagon research. Later life and death
After he left the Pentagon, <mask> returned to Michigan, where he devoted his time to business and family affairs. He died in Norwood, Louisiana, and was interred at the Acacia Park Cemetery, a Masonic cemetery in Beverly Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Nickname
<mask> <mask> should not be confused with <mask> <mask>, who was the CEO of General Electric and served President Truman as the head of the Office of Defense Mobilization. The two were respectively nicknamed "Engine Charlie" and "Electric Charlie" so that they could be more easily distinguished. References

Biography
<mask><mask> Ohio Historical Marker
The American Presidency Project - Citation Accompanying the Medal of Freedom Presented to Secretary of Defense <mask><mask>. - October 9, 1957

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United States Secretaries of Defense
American chief executives in the automobile industry
General Motors former executives
People from Minerva, Ohio
1890 births
1961 deaths
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Politicians from Anderson, Indiana
Eisenhower administration cabinet members
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title: Charles C. Walcutt

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<mask> (February 12, 1838 – May 2, 1898) was an American surveyor, soldier, and politician, and a maternal cousin to <mask>. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, in which he was wounded twice. After the war, Walcutt was warden of the Ohio State Penitentiary and also was active in civic affairs in Ohio, and his death was attributed to his wounds from the Civil War. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1838 in the city of Columbus. He was a son of John M<mask>, a chair maker, and Mariel Broderick, and had three sisters, one of whom was named Virginia. Walcutt's maternal grandmother was also a first cousin of <mask>. Both his father (War of 1812) and grandfather (American Revolution) had served the United States in combat.Walcutt received his initial education in the Columbus-area schools, and then in 1854 entered the Kentucky Military Institute in Lyndon, Kentucky. He graduated in June 1858, intending to become a civil engineer, and he was elected Franklin County's surveyor the following year. Walcutt married Phebe Neill in 1860. She was born in Belfast, Ireland, and was a daughter of Hugh Neill, who had served as an officer in the British Army. The couple had three children together, sons named J. Macy, Sherman, and <mask> Jr. <mask> Jr. was a career Army officer and attained the rank of brigadier general as head of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. Civil War service
When the American Civil War began in 1861, Walcutt chose to follow his home state and the Union cause. On April 15 he organized a company of soldiers in Columbus, was appointed its captain on April 17, and went into camp with them the next day.However, Ohio's quota had already been met and <mask>'s company was rejected for Federal use. That June he was appointed a major in the state forces and served on the staff of Ohio Militia Brig. Gen. <mask>. Hill in what is now West Virginia. That fall Walcutt helped raise and train the 46th Ohio Infantry. He was appointed to the Union Army as a major in that regiment on October 1, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on January 30, 1862. Walcutt reported to Paducah, Kentucky, for duty that February, and in March he went with the army up the Tennessee River. The 46th Ohio saw its first combat on April 6 during the Battle of Shiloh.In this fight <mask> was hit in his left shoulder, and the bullet remained there for the rest of his life. <mask> was promoted to colonel on October 16, 1862, and given command of the 46th Ohio. He led his regiment in the Vicksburg Campaign in Mississippi from December 1862 until July 1863. During the campaign, <mask> fought in the Union victory at the Battle of Jackson on May 14. He then fought with distinction in the Battle of Missionary Ridge at Chattanooga, Tennessee, on November 23–25. When Brig. Gen. John M<mask> was seriously wounded, command of his brigade fell to <mask>, who led it and held "against repeated charges by superior numbers."After the fight his overall commander, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, praised Walcutt's efforts in his official report and recommended a promotion. In the report Sherman stated:

The entire brigade re-enlisted on January 5, 1864, an action that highly pleased Walcutt. After leaving Chattanooga, he continued to lead the brigade and fought in the Atlanta Campaign that summer. Walcutt participated in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27, and the Battle of Atlanta on July 22. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on July 30. Walcutt's home town newspaper gave this version of his efforts around Atlanta in his obituary:

Walcutt then participated in the March to the Sea in November and December 1864. He again fought with distinction at the Battle of Griswoldville on November 22, and was again wounded.His brigade of about 1,500 men moved to support Union cavalry and held a defensive position at Duncan's Farm against repeated attacks by ill-trained Confederate Georgia Militia. Combined Union losses in the fight were less than 100, including Walcutt, while the Confederates lost about 51 killed, 472 wounded, and around 600 missing or captured. <mask> was wounded early in the action, and command of the brigade fell to Col. Robert F<mask> of the 97th Regiment Indiana Infantry. Sherman again praised him in his report, and Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard said of him "there is not a braver or better officer." He was hit in his right leg by a shell fragment, and was out of action for months. On April 4, 1865, Walcutt was recovered enough to command the 1st division of the XIV Corps, leading it in the grand review in Washington, D.C., until June 12. After hostilities ended he led his command to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was mustered out of the volunteer service that August.Walcutt served in the western department until he was mustered out of the Union Army on January 15, 1866. For his actions at Griswoldville, President of the United States Andrew Johnson appointed Walcutt to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and nominated him for commissioning to that grade on January 18, 1866, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866. Postbellum career

After the war Walcutt went home, where he was warden of the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus in 1866. On July 28 he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 10th U.S. Cavalry, and proceeded to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to report for duty. He resigned on December 1, 1866, "unwilling to endure army life in time of peace." Walcutt returned to Ohio and again worked as a warden until 1869. Walcutt was also active in politics in Ohio, and was one of Ulysses S. Grant's electors in 1868.In May he was appointed the U.S. Internal Revenue Service collector for the 7th district of Ohio by President Grant, which he held until July 1, 1883. In 1872 <mask> was elected to the Columbus board of education, with seven years as its president, until April 1, 1894. Also in 1872 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In April 1883 he was elected mayor of Columbus, elected to a second term, retired in April 1887 and succeeded by Philip H. Bruck. His wife Phebe died the following year. In 1898 <mask> was in Omaha, Nebraska, heading back to Ohio after visiting Mexico with his sister Virginia "for his health." There his condition worsened, and he stayed in Omaha for about six weeks.Ten days before his death doctors amputated one of his limbs. His body was brought back to Ohio and was buried in Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
Eicher(1), David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, . Eicher(2), John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: The Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .
 genealogybug.net History of Franklin & Pickaway Counties biography of Walcutt. genealogybug.net Text of Walcutt's obituaries. External links

<mask><mask> at Political Graveyard
osborneonline.net Image of Walcutt's grave marker

1838 births
1898 deaths
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
American prison wardens
Union Army generals
Ohio Republicans
Mayors of Columbus, Ohio
Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
1868 United States presidential electors
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19th-century American politicians

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