title: K. R. Gouri Amma

texts:
<mask> (14 July 1919 – 11 May 2021) was an Indian politician and the first woman minister and first  revenue minister of Kerala state. She was a Marxist revolutionary, advocate, author and diplomat. She was also one of the founding leaders of the Communist movement in Kerala. She headed the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS), a political party based in Kerala. Prior to the formation of JSS she was a prominent figure in the communist movement in Kerala. She was the first female law student coming from the Ezhava community. She was a minister in the communist-led ministries in Kerala in 1957, 1967, 1980 and 1987.She also became a minister in the Congress-led cabinet from 2001 to 2006. She held the record for the second longest serving MLA in Kerala Legislative Assembly. Early life
<mask> was born in Pattanakkad village, Cherthala in the Alappuzha district of Kerala as the seventh daughter of Arumuriparambil Parvathiamma of Cheruparambil and <mask> <mask>n in an aristocratic Ezhava family,
Kalathiparambil - Arumuriparambil. She attended schools at Thuravoor and Cherthala and completed her college education at Maharaja's and at St. Teresa's College with gold medal both in Ernakulam. She also received a law degree from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. Her father was her inspiration throughout her life, and her family gave 132 acres of land to the Kerala government. Political life
K. R<mask> <mask> was elected to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954.In 1957 she was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly. Since then she has been continuously elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1960, '67, '70, '82, '87, '91 and 2001 and served as minister in various ministries. Gowri <mask> was involved with the Kerala Karshaka Sangham from 1960 to 1984. She was also the leader of the Kerala Mahila Sangham from 1967 to 1976. Early political life
She is one of the longest serving politicians in Kerala politics. Under the influence of elder brother and trade union leader K. R. Sukumaran, she entered the vibrant world of politics at a time when women hardly found themselves in politics. Starting her public life through trade union and peasant movements, <mask> was jailed on a number of occasions for participating in political activities.She was elected to the Travancore Council of Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954 with an overwhelming majority against sitting MLA, P. K<mask>. Minister in the first ministry of Kerala State
She became Revenue Minister in the first communist ministry in 1957, headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad (EMS). In the very same year she married T. V. Thomas, a prominent politician and also a minister in EMS' government. In the first Communist Ministry, K.R<mask> <mask> served as Minister for Revenue, Excise and Devaswom from April 1957 to July 1959. After the split of Communist Party in 1964, K. R<mask> joined the newly formed Communist Party of India (Marxist). But her husband, T. V. Thomas, stood with the Communist Party of India.This created fissures in their relationship and soon they parted owing to the differences in their political views. Land Reforms Bill in Kerala
The Land Reforms in Kerala is one the greatest achievements of Gowri <mask>. It was she who piloted the revolutionary Land Reforms Bill for the Communist Government. One of the first things the Communist Ministry did was to promulgate an Ordinance banning evictions of all tenants and kudikidappukar throughout the state. In due course a comprehensive Agrarian Relations Bill was drafted and piloted by the Minister for Revenue, K.R<mask> <mask>. The Bill sought to confer ownership rights on land to tenants including sharecroppers and fix a ceiling for the land a land owner could possess.It also had provisions for distributing the surplus land taken from the landlords to the landless poor. The vested interests rallied around them all kinds of reactionary, religious and communal forces and launched the so-called 'Liberation Struggle'. The Government was successful in passing the Agrarian Relations Bill in the Assembly before it was dissolved, but the Bill failed to get the President's assent. The 1960–'64 United Front Government (anti-Communist) prepared a new Land Reform Bill giving several concessions to the landlords and taking away many of the benefits conferred upon the peasants in the Agrarian Relations Bill. The people of Kerala and <mask>. Gowri <mask> had to wait for another ten years before a Land Reform Bill abolishing landlordism and giving land to the tillers was passed and fully implemented. Minister in the 2nd E. M. S. Namboodiripad Ministry
In 1967 elections the Left Democratic Front Government under the Chief Minister-ship of E.M.S.Namboodiripad came to power. In it, K.R<mask> <mask> served as Minister for Revenue, Sales Tax, Civil Supplies, Social Welfare and Law from March 1967 to October 1969. She moved a number of progressive and radical amendments to the Land Reforms Bill passed by the previous Government. When it was implemented, landlordism was abolished in Kerala. 3.5 million tenants and about 500,000 Kudikidappukar were made owners of their land. More than one lakh acres of land was declared as surplus land and was distributed among the agro-labourers in rural areas.Minister in the first E. K. Nayanar ministry
From 25 January 1980 till 20 October 1981 K.R<mask> <mask> was made Minister for Agriculture, Social Welfare, Industries, Vigilance and Administration of Justice Minister in the First E. K. Nayanar ministry. Minister in the second E. K. Nayanar ministry
In the Second E. K. Nayanar ministry (1987–1991) also she was made Minister for Industries and Social Welfare, Vigilance and Administration of Justice. After this ministry she had some differences with the party and later ousted from the Communist Party (Marxist) in 1994. Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy
In 1994 she was expelled from the CPI (M). Following this she established a new political outfit named Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS). JSS went on to join the United Democratic Front, the arch-rivals of the Left Democratic Front to which CPI (M) belongs.Minister in the third A. K. Antony ministry
She served as the Minister of Agriculture in the third A. K. Antony ministry (17 May 2001 – 29 August 2004). Minister in the first Oommen Chandy ministry
Oommen Chandy was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala on 31 August 2004 after the controversial resignation of A. K. Antony two days earlier, on 29 August 2004. <mask> <mask> served as the Minister of Agriculture, Soil Conservation, Soil Survey, Warehousing Corporation, Diary Development, Milk Co-operatives, Agricultural University, Animal Husbandry and Coir in the first Oommen Chandy ministry (31 August 2004 – 12 May 2006) also. Later years
Even though <mask> <mask> was engaged in political conflict with the Communist party for many years, she came closer to the party in her last days. She is the last member of First Communist Ministry to remain influential in Kerala politics. KR <mask> <mask> got the most revered adieu for a Communist. She was cremated at the Valiya Chudukad in Alappuzha, where the martyr's memorial of the historic Punnapra-Vayalar agitation is located where Communist stalwart like <mask> Pillai, <mask>, George Chadayammuri and incidentally, <mask> <mask>'s husband and Communist leader TV Thomas, were laid to rest.According to some sources, <mask> <mask> had in the past years expressed her wish to be cremated there. Positions held
K.R<mask> <mask> has been associated with numerous social and political movements:
 President of Kerala Karshaka Sangam from 1960 to 1984. President of Kerala Mahila Sangam from 1967 to 1976. Secretary of Kerala Mahila Sangam from 1976 to 1987. Secretariat Member of the CPI State Committee. Established the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS) in 1994.General Secretary of the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy. Awards

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
She has published an autobiography titled Atmakatha, which won the 2011 Kerala Sahitya Academy Award. Death
<mask> <mask> was admitted to PRS hospital Thiruvananthapuram due to fever, breathing trouble and urinary ailments, and died there from an infection on 11 May 2021, a couple of months before her 102nd birthday. In popular culture
Lal Salam is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language political-drama film directed by Venu Nagavalli and produced under the banner K. R. G. Release. It stars Mohanlal, Murali, Geetha, and Urvashi in the lead roles. This movie was a major blockbuster in India, running in seven centres for more than 150 days. The story revolves around two phases of the lives of three comrades - before and after the imprisonment of Sakhavu Stephen Nettooran (Mohanlal - inspired from Varghese Vaidyan), Sakhavu D.K.Antony (Murali - inspired from T.
V. Thomas) and Sakhavu Sethulakshmi (Geetha - inspired From Smt. K. R. Gowri <mask>) - members of the Communist Party of India (CPI). In 2020, The Wire published a review of the acclaimed film noting that it had received cult status. Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami was a 1994 film based on the life of K.<mask> <mask>. This movie was made in 1994 after K.<mask> was ousted from CPIM. The film stars Geetha, Vijayaraghavan, Devan and Sukumari in the lead roles. References

External links

1919 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala
Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala
Indian centenarians
Women centenarians
Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy politicians
Kerala MLAs 1960–1964
Kerala MLAs 1970–1977
Kerala MLAs 1982–1987
Kerala MLAs 1991–1996
Kerala MLAs 1996–2001
Kerala politicians
Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni
St. Teresa's College alumni
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni
Malayali politicians
People of the Kingdom of Cochin
Politicians from Alappuzha
Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1952–1954
Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1954–1956
Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
Women members of the Travancore–Cochin Legislative Assembly
Women of the Kingdom of Cochin

masks:
Kalathilparambil Raman Gouri Amma
Gouri
Kahiparambil
Rama
. Gouri
Amma
Amma
Gouri
. Raman
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
K R
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
P Krishna
R Sugathan
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Amma
R Gouri
Amma
R Gouri


title: Dorothea Nicolai

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1962) is a German costume designer, stage designer, author and curator. From 2000 to 2007 and from 2012 to 2015 she worked as director for costumes, make-up and wigs of the Salzburg Festival. 2017/18 she was responsible for the costumes at the Bayreuth Festival. Career

Nicolai made an apprenticeship as a tailor in Munich. She gained first experience in the costume department of the  under costume director Antje Lau. In 1986 she there was engaged  as a costume and set design assistant. In 1986 Nicolai began a costume study to become a wardrobe supervisor and costume expert at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences under Dirk von Bodisco and Brigitta Stamm.Professional stations followed as a costume assistant, wardrobe mistress and costume designer in France, Italy, Belgium and Austria. Among others she was a wardrobe mistress at the "Ateliers du Costume" under the direction of Danièle Boutard in Paris. Beginning in 1990 she obtained free engagements as a costume designer at the Bavarian Television for the documentary films Die Geschichte der Post (The History of the Mail) and the French language class Bon Courage. From 1992 to 1995 she worked as a costume assistant at the Salzburg Festival. From 1993 to 1996 she was teaching costume history at the Mozarteum Salzburg. From 1995 to 1999 she was costume supervisor at the Federal State Theatres costume shop for the Vienna State Opera. In this function she was responsible for the costumes of the Vienna State Opera Ballet for the classical ballet productions; furthermore she designed costumes for modern choreographies of Christine Gaigg and Nicolas Musin.From 1999 until 2007 Nicolai was responsible as a head of costumes, make-up and wigs at the Salzburg Festival. In that function she belonged to group of the seven main managers of the festival. She designed costumes for theatre, opera and ballet. In 2006 Nicolai created two costumes according to original designs from the 18th century for the Salzburg Festival for the ballet evening of Ideomeneo Chaconne for the chaconne from Mozart's opera Idomeneo. The costumes were reconstructed by Nicolai following period sketches from the Derra de Moroda dance archive of the University of Salzburg. Her costumes determined the aesthetics of the production and the dialogue of dance and costume. Furthermore she developed in the Mozart Year 2006 for the Salzburg Festival the costumes for the new staging of Mozart's youth works Apollo et Hyacinthus and Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots in the auditorium of the old university of Salzburg.From 2001 to 2007 she taught costume history at the Academy of Applied Arts in Munich. In 2006 she was responsible for the creation of the costumes with the revival of the opera Les Troyens at the Paris Bastille Opera; she realised the costumes according to the original designs of Herbert Wernicke who had produced the opera in 2000 for the Salzburg Festival, for direction, set  and costume design. Nicolai was from 2008 till 2012 the costume director at the  Zürich Opera House. In 2008 she designed the costumes for the creation of the children's opera In the Shade of the Mulberry Tree by ; Her "consistent costumes“ were part of a mediterranean idyll into which the director Aglaja Nicolet put the staging. Nicolai created the costumes for the Zurich Opera season's opening in 2009/10 for the Swiss première of the opera Der Stein der Weisen, oder die Zauberinsel by Emanuel Schikaneder. She also designed costumes for several ballet evenings of the Zurich Ballet. From 2012 to 2015 she was director costumes, make-up and wigs at the Salzburg Festival; she was responsible for artistic management of 80 dressers and tailors as well as about 60 makeup artists.She designed for the Salzburg Festival 2013 the costumes for a staging of the Mozart opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail in a version for children. She designed the debutants' dirndl aprons with Redouté roses for the Salzburg Festival Ball at the end of August 2013. Since 2005 Nicolai has been a member (since 2013 board member) of  the International Council of Museums costume committee and founding member of the  (GTKos) (society of costume artists). Costume design (productions)
 2005: one plus one, choreographer: Christine Gaigg, Tanz Theater Wien
 2005/06: Jedermann, director: Henning Bock, Salzburg Festival
 2006: Ersatzbank by Albert Ostermaier, world premiere, director: Henning Bock, Salzburg Festival
 2006: Idomeneo Chaconne by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, choreographer: Claudia Jeschke, Mozarteum Salzburg
 2006: Les Troyens, director: Herbert Wernicke, revival at Opéra de Bastille Paris
 2007: Über Tiere by Elfriede Jelinek, world premiere, director: Christine Gaigg, Theater am Neumarkt Zürich
 2008: Im Schatten des Maulbeerbaums by , world premiere, director: Aglaja Nicolet, Zürich Opera House
 2008: Sonata by César Franck, choreographer: Filipe Portugal, Zürich Opera House
 2010/11: Der Stein der Weisen, director: Felix Breisach, Theatre Winterthur 2010 / Zürich Opera House 2011
 2013: DeSacre! 2018: Tutu, Tränen und Kapriolen, choreography: Christina Maria Meyer, Villa Meier-Severini, Küsnacht

Costume design (occasions)
 2013, 2016–2018, : Prom dresses of debutantes at the Opera Ball Zurich
 2016:  1916–2016, 100th anniversary celebration

Stage design (selection)
 2016: The Barber of Seville, director: Tristan Braun, Chamber Opera Munich / Nymphenburg Palace 2016

Exhibitions (selection)
 17 April – 1 November 2015: The Paramour's Dresses, curators: Dr. Erika Oehring and Dorothea Nicolai. The exhibit is presented as a cooperation between the Residenzgalerie / DomQuartier and the Salzburg Festival. References

External links

 Dorothea Nicolai Operabase

1962 births
Living people
German costume designers


title: Chandra Wilson

texts:
<mask> (born August 27, 1969) is an American actress and director. She is best known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey's Anatomy since 2005, for which she has been nominated for the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress four times. She also played the character of Bailey on Private Practice and Station 19. She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Houston, Texas. Her mother, a postal worker, wanted to keep her daughter active, so she enrolled <mask> in numerous after-school activities."Starting at age four, my mom decided that she was not going to have an idle child in the house," <mask> recalls. "So I started taking dance lessons on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and then I was in acting classes on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and I was also modeling on Saturdays. And that was my childhood." "My first show was The King and I when I was five" she said in an interview with Broadway.com. By the age of five, <mask> was performing in musicals with Houston's Theatre Under the Stars Company. She attended Houston's High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and continued on to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, graduating with a BFA in drama in 1991. For the next four years, from 1991–95, she studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute while at the same time racking up professional theater credits.She made her New York debut in a 1991 production of The Good Times Are Killing Me and won a Theater World Award for Outstanding Debut Performance. Her other early stage credits include off-Broadway productions of Paper Moon: The Musical and Little Shop of Horrors. While she was making a name for herself on the New York stage, <mask> also began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She appeared on The Cosby Show (1989), Law & Order (1992) and CBS Schoolbreak Special (1992). She made her big-screen debut alongside Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington in the highly acclaimed 1993 film Philadelphia. Despite receiving high praise for nearly all of her performances, however, <mask> struggled for many years to gain more prominent roles. For eight years, while she tried to break into major stardom, <mask> worked part-time as a teller at Deutsche Bank in order to make ends meet.In 2005, <mask> landed her breakthrough role as Dr. Miranda Bailey on the hit ABC show Grey's Anatomy. <mask>'s first regular network TV role was in the short-lived series Bob Patterson (2001), a post-Seinfeld vehicle for Jason Alexander. In a review for USA Today, Robert Bianco called <mask> "the only person in the show you can imagine wanting to see again". Similarly, the Los Angeles Times said, "The only character here that's amusingly written is Bob's new assistant, Claudia (<mask>)". She also appeared on Third Watch (2001), Law & Order SVU, Sex and the City (2002), and The Sopranos (2004), and had a small role in Lone Star (1996). <mask> also had career in theater, where she played Bonna Willis in The Good Times Are Killing Me, and was featured in the Tony-nominated musical Caroline, or Change. <mask> is an accomplished singer and has sung in several productions, including On the Town (1998), Avenue Q (2003) and Caroline, or Change (2004).<mask> worked as a temp at Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown where she made presentations for the investment banking units. She worked at the Banker's Trust location on 130 Liberty Street, right across the street from the South Tower of the World Trade Center through 9/11 when that building was lost to the terrorist attacks. <mask> was still working at a bank when she auditioned for the Grey's Anatomy pilot. She was cast as Miranda Bailey, a role initially envisioned as a blonde-haired white woman. The show became a success. <mask> was nominated in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama.She was nominated and won the Screen Actors Guild Award in 2007 for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series; she also won a SAG Award as part of the Grey's Anatomy cast, which won Best Ensemble in a Drama Series. <mask> made her television directing debut with the episode "Give Peace a Chance", the 7th episode in season 6 of Grey's Anatomy. She also directed episode 17, "Push", of the same season and the fifth episode of season 7, "Almost Grown", the 21st episode of eight season, "Moment of Truth", "Second Opinion", the 6th episode of ninth season and "Transplant Wasteland", the 17th episode of ninth season. The part of Dr. Bailey, supervisor to the hospital interns, had been written for a petite, blonde-haired white woman, but <mask>, a full-figured African-American woman, gave such an impressive audition that the show's producers decided to give her the part. "Besides," she later joked, "I knew the casting director." <mask> earned rave reviews for her performance as the tough-as-nails Dr. Bailey. <mask> was nominated for four consecutive Emmy Awards (2006-2009) and won four consecutive NAACP Image Awards (2007-2010) for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.She also won the 2008 People's Choice Award for Favorite Scene-Stealing Star. In 2009, while still starring on Grey's Anatomy, <mask> took a brief hiatus from the show to go to Broadway as Mama Morton in a revival of Chicago. <mask> explained the only difference between her acting career now and her acting career a decade ago is that people actually recognize her on the street. "The only difference in my career now is the visibility I have," she insisted. "People say I made it now, but I feel like I made it doing summer stock." She is also clear-headed about the fragility of her new-found fame and fortune. Upon finally leaving her job at Deutsche Bank to focus solely on her role in Grey's Anatomy, <mask> was careful not to burn any bridges.She said, "They told me I could come back if acting doesn't work out. I told them, 'Keep my seat warm.'" In 2014, <mask> made a guest starring appearance on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital as patient Tina Estrada. In 2018, she appeared on General Hospital as Dr. Linda Massey. In April 2019, it was announced <mask> will make a third guest star appearance on General Hospital, but this time as Sydney Val Jean in May 2019. Personal life
In Parade May 2007 edition, <mask> described herself as "I'm in a relationship but I'm not married". She has been with her partner for 31 years as of 2019.<mask> and her partner have 3 children; their daughter Sarina was born in 1992, daughter Joylin was born in 1998, and son Michael was born on October 31, 2005. Activism
<mask> is an activist for the cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome and serves as the spokesperson for the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association, as well as, the celebrity ambassador for CureMito! after her teenage daughter, Sarina, developed the disease in 2010. For the ninth season of Grey's Anatomy <mask> met with the producers and pitched the idea of featuring cyclic vomiting syndrome in an upcoming episode. The episode, "Second Opinion", aired on November 15, 2012 and was directed by <mask>. She also is an advocate for people with mental and/or substance use disorders. In 2015, she hosted the 10th Annual Voice Awards event for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

masks:
Chandra Danette Wilson
Wilson
Chandra
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Career Wilson
Wilson
Chandra Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


title: Harry J. W. Belvin

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (1900 -1986) was an educator and served as an Oklahoma State Representative and Senator. He was the first elected principal chief of any of the Five Civilized Tribes in the 20th century, and the longest serving principal chief of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. He saw his tribe through termination, restoration, and a rebirth of Native Pride. He was a polarizing leader, seen by some as a semi-dictator who held onto the office of principal chief and used his power to advocate for complete assimilation into the dominant society, suppressing Choctaw traditions, language and ceremonial practices as undesirable remnants of an unrefined history. To others, he was a well-liked, populist leader, who went door-to-door talking with tribe members, informing them on issues, and trying to develop the means the alleviate the poverty and unemployment they faced. Early life
<mask> was born in Boswell Choctaw County, Indian Territory on December 11, 1900 to <mask>. and <mask>. He was a direct descendant of the original Belvins who were forced over the Trail of Tears from Mississippi to Indian Territory.He attended school in Boswell and graduated from Southeastern Teachers College with a Bachelor of Science degree, going on to earn a Master's of Education at the University of Oklahoma which he completed in 1941. <mask> taught school at Mayhew, Bryan County and in Choctaw County from 1923 until 1939. In 1941 he was elected Bryan County Superintendent of Public Instruction, a position he held until 1952. He then began operating a Hereford cattle ranch in Bryan and Choctaw counties. After his first successful election to the Oklahoma legislature in 1955, <mask> served three terms in the Oklahoma State House of Representatives representing Bryan County. In 1960, he was elected as an Oklahoma State Senator. Coal and Asphalt Lands
As early as 1946, support for Belvin becoming principal chief had been growing.<mask>. Durant had served since 1937, and was seen as having made little headway on selling the asphalt lands of the Choctaw and Chickasaw. At issue were some  of lands that were jointly owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes. Based on a 1902 agreement, the US had agreed to purchase these lands within three years, but had still not done so. In 1946, Chief Durant and Chickasaw Governor Floyd Maytubby were asking for $33.1 million which the US government valued at $2.2 million. <mask> was, on the other hand was seen as an educated, galvanized leader who wanted to revitalize the tribe. Even before he was chief, he wrote long letters to Congressman Carl Albert, Congressman <mask>, Senator Elmer Thomas, Senator Edward H. Moore, the Bureau of Indian Affairs office, and the Superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes criticizing the delays in finalizing the purchase. When a settlement was finally reached of $8.5 million, <mask> again launched a letter-writing campaign questioning why the settlement was reached without allowing representatives of the Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation to attend the negotiations.Considering that the land contained 770 million tons of readily available coal, another 1 billion tons of reserve coal and asphalt, and was near a recent oil strike, Belvin questioned how the coal could be valued at 1 cent per ton and the reserve coal, valued at 0.1 cent per ton. Belvin was also highly critical of the fact that Chief Durant had not attended the negotiations, leaving the decision of "the most momentous meeting affecting the tribe's welfare since the Atoka Agreement of 1897" up to Maytubby and the Choctaw Tribal attorney. Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation was officially created on 9 January 1947, though it had operated for several years, as a means for the tribes to track tribal assets, hold meetings and discussions and disseminate information outside of the "official" BIA structure. After the sale had been negotiated, Belvin wrote letters as president of the Confederation to tribal members and urged them to attend informational meetings and decide whether or not they wanted to accept the offer. He did not give his own opinions, but urged each tribemember to vote according to their own conscience. Though he thought the settlement amount was undervalued, once he became chief, Belvin stopped criticizing the amount and strove to collect the distribution so desperately needed by his poverty stricken tribe members. Choctaw Principal Chief
<mask> was first elected as Principal Chief of the Choctaw Nation in 1948.In fact, he was the first elected chief of any of the Five Civilized Tribes and of the Choctaw Nation in the 20th century. All chiefs of the Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma since the implementation of the Dawes Act had been appointed by the president upon recommendation from the BIA. Until the 1970s, the only two exceptions to presidential appointment were that in 1948 and again in 1954, the Choctaw were allowed to elect their chief. Both times, they elected <mask>, though voting was limited to a fraction of the eligible enrollees. In the lead up to the 1954 election, the Department of the Interior informed Belvin that they did not believe the tribe warranted a full-time chief. Belvin contacted Congressman Carl Albert, also a proponent of tribal democracy, who worked behind the scenes to keep the Choctaw Principal Chief as a full-time position. Belvin believed so strongly in the right of the tribes to elect their own governance, that he persuaded the Chickasaw to press for their own elections.Though the Chickasaw tried for many years to convince the Bureau of Indian Affairs to allow them to vote on their own leadership, their requests were ignored. Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes
There had been several joint relationships among the Five Civilized Tribes throughout their history—the 1842 Inter-Tribal Council of the Deep Fork River, the 1861 United Nations of Indian Territory, and the 1866 Okmulgee Council. Because of their similar histories and situations in Oklahoma, with removal, allotment, and government oversight, there was a recognition that tribal goals for development, education, services for tribe members, health initiatives and poverty alleviation were virtually the same and working together would be of benefit. In fact, informally the tribes had already been working jointly on projects. In March, 1949, <mask> had gone to Washington, DC not only to prod lawmakers regarding the coal and asphalt settlement, but to present a proposal drawn up by representatives of the five tribes as a far-reaching "relief" plan. They proposed more effective administration of Indian affairs, a new land policy, rehabilitation, education, health, conservation, and road building and maintenance as the means to alleviate distress in their nations and had obtained the endorsement from the local agency office. In September and October 1949, the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes met in Muskogee, Oklahoma and formed the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes (ITC).They pledged to work together to attain for themselves and their descendants the rights and benefits which they were entitled to under law, state or federal, and to seek equity for tribal affairs and tribe members by promoting the common welfare of American Indians. The constitution of the organization was approved on February 3, 1950. Inter-Tribal Council membership includes the principal chief and four members from each of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole nations. <mask> served on the ITC from its founding in 1949 through 1975. After obtaining Congressional approval, and pressing for the withdrawal of House Concurrent Resolution 108, the ITC has spent over a half-century of activity focusing on education, health care, housing, and sovereignty to serve the special cultural, economic, and social needs of all tribespeople. Termination
As part of the Indian termination policy pursued by the US government from the 1940s through the 1960s, a series of laws were passed to enable the government to end its trust relationships with native tribes. One of the first of these laws passed on August 13, 1946—the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946, Pub.L. No. 79-726, ch. 959. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches, unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the 5-year deadline in August, 1951. In 1946, the government had appropriated funds for the tribal sale of coal and asphalt resources, but had charged almost 10% of the $8.5 million award in administrative fees. When <mask> became chief in 1948, he realized that only federally recognized tribes were allowed to file a claim with the Commission.If he wanted to get that money back, his tribe needed to reorganize. He created a democratically elected tribal council and a constitution to re-establish a government, but his efforts were opposed by the Area Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Ultimately, the tribe was able to file a claim for around $750,000 with the Commission in 1951 on a  technicality. The suit was classified as a renewal of the 1944 case against the US Court of Claims, but that did not stop the antagonism between Belvin and the area BIA officials. The BIA had had management issues for decades. Poorly trained personnel, inefficiency, corruption, and lack of consistent policy plagued the organization almost from its founding. For Belvin, relief from BIA oversight of policies and funds seemed as if it might pave the way for the Choctaw to maintain their own traditional ways of operating and reform their own governing council.Early on, it may also be that <mask> believed termination was what the tribe wanted. In a 1954 presentation to the Intertribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, he told the chiefs of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole nations that the majority of Choctaw were not interested in tribal affairs and supported discontinuance of the tribe. But he also stated in an interview that same year with the Lubbock Avalanche, that he thought proposing termination was another way for the government to "shirk its responsibility to a people who owned the entire continent of North America when the white man first invaded, not discovered, this country". After eleven years as Choctaw chief, <mask> persuaded Representative Carl Albert of Oklahoma to introduce federal legislation to begin terminating the Choctaw tribe. What Belvin proposed was relief from the paternalistic watch of the BIA, which allowed the tribe to choose their own chiefs and handle tribal business and assets without federal supervision. On 23 April 1959, the BIA confirmed that H.R.2722 had been submitted to Congress at the request of the tribe, and would sell all remaining tribal assets, but would not affect any individual Choctaw earnings. It also provided for retention of half of all mineral rights which could be managed by a tribal corporation.On 25 August 1959, Congress passed a bill to terminate the tribe, which was later called <mask>'s law, as he was the main advocate behind it. Belvin created overwhelming support for termination among tribespeople through his promotion of the bill, describing the process and expected outcomes. What Belvin envisioned was that the high unemployment and poverty which existed in the nation would be offset by the per capita payment that tribe members would receive from liquidation of the tribal assets. Tribal members later interviewed said that Belvin never used the word "termination" for what he was describing, and many people were unaware he was proposing termination. In actuality, the provisions of the bill were intended to be a final disposition of all trust obligations and a final "dissolution of the tribal governments." Belvin claimed that he was misled and that the BIA did not pass the legislation the Choctaw proposed, as it did affect individual Choctaws and the relationships they had with the government and programs. The original Act was to have expired in 1962, but was amended twice to allow more time to sell the tribal assets.As time wore on, <mask> realized that the bill severed the tribe members' access to government loans and other services,

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title: Harry J. W. Belvin

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 including the tribal tax exemption. By 1967, he had asked Oklahoma Congressman Ed Edmondson to try to repeal the termination act. <mask>'s views were not just contained in private letters. In a 1967 newspaper account, he stated that the tribe needed to determine whether to outright repeal the 1959 Choctaw Termination Act or whether they wanted to form a tribal corporation to manage tribal affairs without supervision of the federal government. In addition, both Oklahomans, House Majority Leader Carl Albert and Senator Fred R. Harris, as well as Louis R. Bruce, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, were in support of the Choctaw request to kill the bill. By the late 1960s public sentiment was changing as well. The Choctaw people had seen what termination could do to tribes, since they witnessed the process with four other tribes in Oklahoma: the Wyandotte Nation, Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma, and Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma.In 1969, ten years after passage of the Choctaw termination bill and one year before the Choctaws were to be terminated, word spread throughout the tribe that Belvin's law was a termination bill. The Choctaw Youth Movement fought politically against the termination law and helped create a new sense of tribal pride, especially among younger generations. Congress finally repealed the law on  August 24, 1970. Choctaw Youth Movement

In 1969, one year before the termination bill was scheduled to go into effect (officially 25 August 1970) <mask>, son of Talihina's police chief, told Charles E. Brown, that the government was dissolving the Choctaw tribe. Alarmed, and believing that most Choctaw did not realize "Belvin's law" was a termination bill rather than a per capita payment bill, Brown began organizing other urban Choctaw, primarily in the Oklahoma City area. With a key group of organizers they began using kin networks to contact Choctaw relatives throughout the country and traditional Choctaw Nation to urge them to fight against termination and be proud of their Choctaw heritage. They printed a newsletter called Hello Choctaws and lobbied Congress and the BIA to stop termination.It is clear that the youth activists felt Belvin was in favor of termination and that he was a traitor to tribal objectives. It is equally clear that Belvin felt that activists were personally attacking him and that he scheduled meetings throughout the Choctaw Nation to justify his actions. It is hard to judge the effectiveness of the Choctaw Youth Movement in actually overturning the termination legislation. Public sentiment was changing with the passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, the Supreme Court ruling in the Menominee Tribe v. United States decision and even President Lyndon B<mask> was advocating for policy which "ends the old debate about "termination" of Indian programs and stresses self-determination". <mask> had been speaking publicly and pressing legislators to overturn the legislation for at least 2 years and he was a proponent of tribes having the autonomy to elect their own leadership. In those goals, he and the youth activists were not far apart, as, after stopping termination, one of the activist's primary goals was the ability to elect their own tribal chief. Activists saw the BIA appointment of their leadership as an infringement on their identity as a sovereign people.Where <mask> and youth activists differed was that <mask> seemed to see the tribe as a simple corporate entity whose role was to manage tribal assets. Activists saw the tribe as a multifaceted organization which spurred community development and fostered Choctaw identity. What the movement did in unequivocal terms was foster pride in being Choctaw and brought about a rebirth in Choctaw nationalism. Indian Education
As a teacher and educator, <mask> had on ongoing interest in furthering education for Native Americans. He participated in the 1956 American Indian Institute Conference at the University of Oklahoma and urged that education had to include teaching underprivileged Indians the skills necessary to earn a living. He acknowledged that while education would bring about economic change, for Indians to progress they "could not neglect the culture and heritage" that they had contributed to the country. Belvin agreed to serve on the Institute's planning committee for the following year.In 1959, a dispute among the Mississippi Choctaw found <mask> encouraging support for a Choctaw high school in Mississippi. Victor Kaneubbe, a worker at a Baptist mission in Philadelphia, Mississippi was an Oklahoma Choctaw with a white wife and a mixed-blood daughter, who was unable to attend either the agency schools or white schools in Mississippi. Choctaw administrators refused to allow his daughter admittance and the Neshoba County School Board refused admittance as well. He brought the issue of racism to the fore and urged his missionary network to petition Congress for creation of a Choctaw high school. The adverse publicity enraged the Baptist community, and cost Kaneubbe his job, forcing him to transfer to the Navajo reservation. Kaneubbe left but the problem of inadequate education remained for eastern Choctaw. Appeals to the BIA resulted in responses that students could attend out of state boarding schools, thus squarely putting pressure on the eastern Choctaw to relocate or face lack of educational opportunity.Agitation from the National Congress of American Indians, the Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs, Oklahoma Choctaw Chief <mask>, and other civil rights activists forced Mississippi's congressional delegation to request a high school and dormitory for the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, though it took several more years of negotiation to make the high school become a reality. <mask> was acutely aware that his generation had been urged to learn English and not Choctaw, but claims that his father's  encouragement to speak only English had caused Belvin to advocate for full assimilation and favor eliminating the study of Choctaw, are not born out by his work in education. <mask> remained involved with his alma mater, Southeastern State College (now Southeastern Oklahoma State University) in Durant. Around 1969, with <mask> and other educators' full support and input, the college began a Bilingual Education Program, which was sponsored by a grant from the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare National Institute of Education. The program targeted four elementary schools in the heart of Choctaw country, Battiest, Broken Bow, Smithville and Wright City in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. The program, as designed had 3 principal goals, all aimed at mainstreaming the student without sacrificing his/her native identity:

 Students should have positive image reinforcement both inside and outside of the classroom;
 Choctaw language must be accepted to be the basis for learning as the student develops a facility with English which will supplement learning;
 Teachers and classroom attendants must understand Choctaw language, thought patterns and behavior and accept those as equal to their English counterparts. The program continued until around 1982, when federal funding initiatives were cut.Indian Health
In 1955, the Indian Health Service was transferred from the administration of the BIA to the Public Health Service, which resulted in an almost immediate improvement in funding, training and services. At that time, the Talihina Indian Hospital (now known as the Choctaw Nation Health Care Center) was designated as the Public Health Service Indian Hospital and was the chief facility in Oklahoma providing comprehensive, preventative and other treatment services for the Choctaw. <mask> worked with Floyd Gale Anderson, the first full-blood Indian to hold the position of Service Unit Director, to expand the Choctaw health system. Under their tutelage, to make health care more accessible, satellite clinics were opened in Broken Bow, Hugo and McAlester. Also during <mask>'s term, in 1969. the Choctaw Nation created a Community Health Representative Program to help those Indians residing within the tribal service area of the Choctaw Nation boundaries to maintain health for their families. The program targets people who predominantly reside in rural settings and may not be near medical facilities and assists them with health checks, monitoring health issues, nutritional needs, education, and referral services. Choctaw Nation Housing Authority
In the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty programs introduced by President Lyndon B<mask>, <mask> submitted an application to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to create a tribal housing authority.He realized that Federal programs administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs were aimed primarily at reservation communities, and the unique status of Oklahoma tribes without extensive land bases, meant that  many programs designed for Indians did not benefit the Five Civilized Tribes. He further had become aware that programs which the BIA had offered for loans, had evaporated with the enactment of the termination bill. HUD denied Belvin's application based on various reasons, but included that the Choctaw were not policing tribal lands. In 1966, he then resubmitted the application under the requirements for a state agency, rather than a tribal authority, and designated himself, as chief, with the powers vested in a mayor for the purposes of the Act. According to the state requirements, a 5-person board of commissioners was appointed to oversee the housing authority. By 1971, 364 homes designed for low-income Indian families to purchase or rehabilitate housing and 116 units of low-rent housing had been finished, with an additional 274 homes under construction. By 1973, 885 houses had been completed and were occupied and an additional 331 were under construction.Tribal Election of 1971
On 22 October 1970, the US Congress passed an Act (84 Stat. 1091) authorizing each of the Five Civilized Tribes to popularly elect their Principal Chief. The BIA selected an election committee of eight Choctaws to determine who would be eligible to vote in the first free election since the Dawes Act. The committee decided "to permit all lineal descendants of Choctaw by blood Dawes enrollees to vote," which resulted in about 25% of the ballots being from absentee voters. Though <mask> won the election, it would be his last term as chief. His efforts at rebuilding the tribal structure were seen as insignificant and not aggressive enough, his failure to define membership procedures to admit unenrolled descendants of enrolled
members, and his lack of planning to develop the tribe led to his defeat in 1975. Offices, Recognition and Awards
 1947-1953 State President of the Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation
 1948-1950 President of the Board of Trustees for the Goodland Academy & Indian Orphanage, Hugo, Oklahoma
 1948 Chairman of Oklahoma Presbyterian Educational Campaign
 1949-1975 member of the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes
 1957 Outstanding Indian of Oklahoma, Tulsa Indian Democratic Club
 1959 Outstanding American Indian by the Anadarko Indian Exposition.6 October 1968 was proclaimed by the American Indian Institute of the University of Oklahoma as "<mask> Day" in honor of his service to Indian Education
 1968 - 1972 member Oklahoma City Indian Health Service Advisory Board
 1968 - 1972 member Surgeon General's Advisory Board on Indian Health
 1 June 1975 dedicated Harry J. W. Belvin Indian Health Center in Hugo, OK to honor the Chief
 18 July 1975 honored by the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes as an Outstanding American Indian Citizen

Personal life
On December 21, 1922, in Boswell, Oklahoma, <mask> married Lucille Brightwell (25 June 1903 - 24 August 1991). They had one child, <mask> Frazier. <mask> was an elder in the Presbyterian Church. He died 19 September 1986 in Bryan Memorial Hospital and was buried in Highland Cemetery, Durant, Oklahoma. References

Choctaw people
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1900 births
1986 deaths
People from Durant, Oklahoma
History of Oklahoma
United States federal Indian policy
Native American state legislators in Oklahoma
Members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
Oklahoma state senators
20th-century American politicians
People of Indian Territory
20th-century Native

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title: Jack Coggins

texts:
<mask> (July 10, 1911 – January 30, 2006) was an artist, author, and illustrator. He is known in the United States for his oil paintings, which focused predominantly on marine subjects. He is also known for his books on space travel, which were both authored and illustrated by <mask>. Besides his own works, <mask> also provided illustrations for advertisements and magazine covers and articles. During World War II, he served as an artist and correspondent for YANK magazine, capturing and conveying wartime scenes from the front lines. Over the course of his career, <mask> produced more than 1,000 paintings and taught art classes for 45 years. He retired in May 2001 and died at his home in Pennsylvania in January 2006.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in London, England on July 10, 1911, the only child of Ethel May (née Dobby) and Sydney George <mask>. <mask> was Regimental Corporal Major of the First Regiment of Life Guards, the part of the Household Cavalry responsible for guarding the British Monarch; <mask> was born in his father's barracks. During World War I, <mask> served with, and was commissioned by the regiment. After the war, he was appointed regimental Riding Master, but he was retired when the 1st and 2nd Life Guards were amalgamated into a single regiment under the Geddes Axe. A fellow officer, married to an American steel heiress, offered Sydney work as a secretary to his wife, and the <mask> family emigrated to Long Island, New York in 1923. Education
While his father served with the Life Guards Regiment in France during World War I, <mask> and his mother lived with family in Folkestone, Kent. He attended the Imperial Service College, a public school preferred by army families.After moving to New York, <mask> enrolled at Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights where he found difficulty in adjusting to the difference between military school in England and New York city public school. After graduation from Roslyn in 1928 at age 17, he enrolled in the New York City Grand Central School of Art and studied under Edmund Greacen, George Pearse Ennis, and Wayman Adams. In the early years, he painted advertising signs to support himself. With a grounding in fine art techniques, <mask> graduated to the Art Students League of New York, where he studied from 1933 to 1934 under noted artist Frank DuMond. Marriage and later life

While a member of the faculty of Hunter College in New York, <mask> met Alma Wood, a fashion and photographic model. They married in 1948 and moved to Pike Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where <mask> had purchased an old farm. Alma named their home "Crestfield," which, according to <mask>, meant absolutely nothing.<mask> taught his wife to paint, and she had success as an artist in her own right under the name Alma Woods. The couple would hold annual joint exhibitions for many years. <mask> assisted her husband in the planning, research and typing of many of his books, and he acknowledged her efforts with book dedications to her. He taught art classes at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts from 1957 until 2001, despite being handicapped by the loss of his left eye due to infection after an operation. <mask> was a signature member and Master Pastelist of the Pastel Society of America, a Fellow of the American Society of Marine Artists, a member of the American Ordnance Association, the U.S. Naval Institute, and an adviser to the boards of the Philadelphia Maritime Museum and the Reading Public Museum. He died at his home in Berks County, Pennsylvania at the age of 94 and willed his body to medical science.Alma Wood-<mask> died March 4, 2007. <mask> and <mask> had no children and were survived by several nieces and nephews. Illustrator, author and artist

Military illustrations of World War II

<mask>'s interest in sailing and maritime subjects began in London when he would sail model yachts on Round Pond in Kensington Gardens. This interest developed into a lifelong passion during his teens when he sailed small craft on Hempstead Harbor, near his new home on Long Island. During the early years of World War II, <mask> took a sampling of his war illustrations to Worthen Paxton, the art director of LIFE Magazine, who commissioned <mask> to produce a drawing of an imaginary coastal invasion of England. <mask> was paid $250 for that work, a large sum at the time, which paid his rent for five months. Appearing on July 15, 1940, this was the first of many war time illustrations for LIFE.Some of <mask>'s works are in the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection. During the early 1940s, <mask> obtained more work producing war pictures for other magazines, including a series of double-page spreads for the controversial newspaper PM, and illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post. Throughout the war years, most of the output of many large corporations was reserved for materiel production; however, management were keen to promote their connection to the war effort and keep their name before the buying public until they could resume peacetime sales. <mask> received advertising commissions from such corporations including Elco, Koppers, US Steel, and Westinghouse. He also received commissions from the U.S. War Department for aircraft recognition charts, and he was intrigued to later find these charts used during his army basic training. Because of the quality of his maritime illustrations, <mask> was invited by publisher Doubleday to provide artwork for a children's book about the U.S. Navy; the author being Fletcher Pratt, the well known military historian. <mask> was invited to participate in Pratt's Naval Game, based on a wargame developed by Fred T. Jane involving dozens of tiny wooden ships, built on a scale of one inch to fifty feet.These were spread over the floor of Pratt's apartment and their maneuvers were calculated via a complex mathematical formula. The result of Pratt and <mask>'s first collaboration, published in 1941, was Fighting Ships of the U.S. Navy, a volume that described in text and illustrated in full color every class of ship in the Navy. <mask> was called up for Army service, and enlisted on April 8, 1943. He was pulled from basic training at Fort Eustis, Virginia before he could complete it to work as an illustrator for YANK magazine. He was originally introduced to the Commanding Officer and Editor of YANK, Colonel Franklin Forsberg, by Fletcher Pratt. On May 20, 1943, <mask> commenced work at the head office of YANK in New York, where he worked until his departure for Britain. <mask> became a naturalized citizen of the United States on August 19, 1943.He served as an artist for British YANK in London until August 2, 1945, and was discharged from the U.S. Army on November 3, 1945. After serving as a Private for most of his time abroad, he finally made Corporal, and just before discharge, Sergeant. While in Britain, <mask> spent time on a Royal Navy convoy in the North Sea, witnessed the bombing of Saint-Lô, and flew over Berlin in a Lancaster bomber. He also spent time on a U.S. PT boat patrolling the beaches and made a trip into Brittany with an armored column. Events from all of these sorties were illustrated in YANK magazine in double page spreads. <mask> was "bugged" by the fact that the Liberty Ship to which he had been assigned for the Normandy Landings got to Utah Beach only on D-Day plus one. He saw lively action, but bemoaned missing the big show.During his time in Britain, <mask> also wrote articles on war rockets and the German Navy which were published in YANK. Science and science-fiction illustrations

During the late 1940s and early 1950s <mask>'s marine art was featured on covers of Yachting Magazine and other publications, as well as on advertising material, and his science-fiction art illustrated covers for pulp science fiction magazines. These included Galaxy Science Fiction, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and Thrilling Wonder Stories. Due to reduced interest in his pre-war work, <mask> applied for a position teaching watercolor at Hunter College. He taught watercolor painting there from 1948 to 1952. In New York, as a result of his friendship with Fletcher Pratt, <mask> was introduced to the members of the Hydra Club, where he met Judith Merril and L. Ron Hubbard. <mask> was also invited to join Pratt's Trap Door Spiders club, where he became closely associated with L. Sprague de Camp and Isaac Asimov.The contact with such visionary thinkers complemented his exposure to the German V-2 rockets in Europe and served to strengthen his growing interest in space travel, rockets, and science fiction. In 1951 and 1952, <mask> collaborated again with Fletcher Pratt on two classic books: Rockets, Jets, Guided Missiles & Space Ships, and By Space Ship to the Moon. The books were released amidst the great wave of interest in space travel sweeping the United States and the rest of the world in the 1950s, and they were published in several countries and translated into other languages. These books made the prospect of space exploration seem a practical possibility. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists used the books to demonstrate their ideas to Congressmen when seeking funding for the space program, and there are many NASA scientists today who retain fond memories of the influence the books had on their careers. Books

Between 1941 and 1983, <mask> wrote or illustrated 44 books on a wide range of marine, military, historical and educational themes. Among his more famous works is the 1962 authoring and illustration of Arms and Equipment of the Civil War.Dale E. Biever, registrar at the Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia, described the work as "not about generals or battles but about the things one should know before delving into those areas ... a welcome addition to any Civil War library." It was republished several times, most recently in 2004. In 1966, <mask> wrote and illustrated The Horseman's Bible, which sold over 500,000 copies with a revised edition published in 1984. In this book <mask> acknowledges his father "whose twenty five years in the cavalry and lifetime interest in horses made his advice invaluable." <mask>'s last book was Marine Painter's Guide, which was first published in 1983. After the book was published, he decided to stop writing to concentrate more on painting. A new edition of Marine Painter's Guide was published in 2005 by Dover Publications, the publisher of new editions for several of his books.Other paintings and illustrations

In 1968, <mask> was invited to undertake part of a voyage on the NOAA vessel USC&GS Discoverer (OSS-02) from Barbados and commissioned to paint several images of the ship and crew. Harris B. Stewart was the chief scientist who commissioned and personally paid for the artwork, which remained his personal property; Stewart was the author of the cited report. <mask> relied on a realistic style that was executed in oils, for which he had a preference. However, he also painted works in water colors and other media. The majority of his paintings have a maritime theme, about which he wrote "It seems strange that with so much of the globe covered by water, so few artists know how to paint it." His stated preference in art styles was "a direct splashy type of realistic painting" and he admired the New Hope school of Redfield and Garber, with "no liking for 'modern art. A catalog listing well over 1000 works has been posthumously compiled by his relatives.A retrospective exhibition and sale of artworks found in <mask>'s home after his death was held at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts in late 2006. This consisted of about 300 previously unseen oils, watercolors, and other printed materials. An annual "Jack Coggins Award" to be given to a deserving local artist was financed from part of the proceeds from the sale of these works. , <mask>'s paintings are owned by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum, the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, the U.S. Navy, and the United States Coast Guard, among many other institutions, corporations, and private collectors. His original manuscripts and illustrations are part of The University of Southern Mississippi's Permanent Collection of outstanding authors and artists. Recognition
<mask>'s work has been accepted for show by the American Watercolor Society, the Salmagundi Club, the American Artist Professional League, and the Pastel Society of America. <mask> received a number of awards and accolades during his career, including the American Revolution Round Table Award in 1969, the Daniel Boone National Foundation's Americanism Award in 1985, the Mystic Maritime Gallery's Purchase Award in 1989, the International Maritime Exhibition's Rudolph Shaeffer Award from 1987 to 1990, and Berks Art Council's Pagoda Award in 1995.In 2000, he was inducted to the International Association of Astronomical Artists Hall of Fame as a Living Legend and celebrated master of the genre of Space Art. References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> reference site and tribute – created by his family – includes images of many of his works

 <mask> at Galenet
 <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1911 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century British painters
American male painters
British male painters

American illustrators
American Impressionist painters
American marine artists
United States Army personnel of World War II
American science fiction writers
American war artists
American watercolorists
Art Students League of New York alumni
British emigrants to the United States
British illustrators
British Impressionist painters
British marine artists
Hunter College faculty
People educated at the Imperial Services College
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
People from Folkestone
People from Roslyn Heights, New York
Realist painters
Science fiction artists
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers who illustrated their own writing
World War II artists
United States Army soldiers

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Jack Banham Coggins
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Sydney Coggins
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Jack Coggins


title: Silas Chandler

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<mask> (1838 - September 1919) was an enslaved African American who accompanied his owners, Andrew and <mask>, referred to as a "manservant" in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was also a carpenter and he helped found and build the first black church in his hometown, West Point, Mississippi. Early life
<mask> was born in 1838 on the <mask> plantation in Virginia. He was moved with the family to Mississippi near the towns of Palo Alto, Mississippi and of West Point, Mississippi at about the age of 2. He was trained as a carpenter. Around 1860 he married Lucy Garvin, although marriages between slaves such as this were not recognized by Mississippi law. Lucy was the child of a mulatto house slave named Polly and an unnamed plantation owner.Civil War
At the outset of the American Civil War, the <mask>s had 36 slaves. <mask> was sent to serve Sergeant <mask>, who initially enrolled in a company called the Palo Alto Confederates which later became part of Company F of the 44th Mississippi Infantry. <mask>' descendants believed that <mask> had saved money earned doing odd jobs as a carpenter and attempted to buy his freedom before the war started. However, manumission of <mask> was likely illegal under Mississippi law, and some descendants believe <mask> may have been defrauded of the money he gave to his <mask> masters in an attempted transaction. In 1861, Andrew and <mask> were photographed together armed and wearing Confederate uniforms; both men held a bowie knife and <mask> held a rifle which was laid across both of their laps. A pistol was stuffed into <mask>' shirt, Andrew was holding another pistol and a third pistol was tucked into Andrew's belt. Most of these weapons were probably photographer's props.<mask>'s service to Andrew during the war included transporting messages between Andrew and the <mask> family. When Andrew was captured in the Battle of Shiloh, he feared that <mask> would also be captured and then be sent to the North where he might be freed. <mask> was shot in the leg during the 1863 Battle of Chickamauga in Tennessee. Nearly 30% of his regiment were killed or wounded in the battle. The Army surgeon recommended the leg be amputated. <mask> may have used a gold coin sewn into his jacket for emergencies to buy a crate of whiskey to bribe the surgeon to let him remove Andrew from the military hospital to be treated elsewhere, and he smuggled Andrew onto a boxcar to Atlanta where they met Andrew's uncle, <mask>, who brought them back to their home. Another version of the story has Kyle purchasing the whiskey, which may have been for a hometown doctor and not an Army surgeon.Regardless, <mask> was instrumental in getting Andrew to Atlanta, away from the Army doctors. Andrew's leg was saved but it never returned to full function. <mask> was then sent back to the front to serve as a servant for Andrew's younger brother, <mask>, in the 9th Mississippi Cavalry. <mask> was with <mask> when he was a part of a detached escort of guards for Confederate President Jefferson Davis when Davis fled Richmond, Virginia. On May 7, 1865, <mask> was a part of that escort which was ordered to disband in order for Davis' escort to be less conspicuous as secrecy became paramount due to the collapse of the Confederacy. Some in the <mask> family later claimed that <mask>'s service showed his loyalty to the white members of the family, although, others point to his desire to keep in touch with his wife and the birth of his first son, William Henry, during the war as the cause of his loyalty. After the war
<mask> returned to West Point after the war.<mask> and Lucy had 12 children, of whom 8 survived childhood:  William Henry, Clarence Rufus, Charlie, Robert E., George, Mamie, Willie B., and Sarah. He continued to work as a carpenter and taught the trade to his sons. His family contributed to the building of many homes, churches, banks, and other buildings in the town and throughout the state. In 1868, <mask> and other freedmen founded Mount Hermon Baptist Church on land purchased by <mask> and his wife Lucy adjacent to his home. <mask> purchased and donated the land. <mask> applied for a pension in 1916 which depicts him as a servant rather than a soldier. <mask> appeared as witness in support of the claim for pension.<mask> died in September, 1919, at age 82. His former masters Benjamin and Andrew died in 1909 and 1920 respectively. Legacy
The relationship between <mask> and Andrew and <mask>' role in the Confederate Army has long been of interest. In a 1949 newspaper article in the West Point, Mississippi Daily Times includes the photo and gives <mask> the title of slave, not soldier. However, by the 1990s, a descendant of <mask>'s named Bobbie <mask> believed that <mask> might have been a soldier - possibly having learned this from a write-up in the neo-Confederate publication, the Southern Partisan. In 1994, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy placed a metal cross beside his tomb in West Point, Mississippi to honor his service as a Confederate soldier. One of the catalysts of the 1994 ceremony was the use of the photo in a Washington Times story in the early 1990s.For that story, a copy of the photo was donated by Bobbie <mask>, who was working for the paper. Since the 1994 ceremony, accounts of black Confederate troops surged in popularity, accounts which are held up in defense of the display of Confederate symbols on public land. Also in 1994, an anthology of essays about black Confederate soldiers written by <mask> Battaille Sr., a descendant of <mask>, wrote, "It is not difficult to speculate that as a result of sharing these very trying life experiences that a special bond existed between [Andrew and <mask>]". In a 2007 book, Clint Johnson calls <mask> the most well-recognized black Confederate soldier. As late as 2010, the Corinth Interpretive Center at Shiloh said that during the war, <mask> was Andrew's "former slave" and says that "both boys fought together at Chickamauga" and that <mask> received a "Mississippi Confederate Veteran Pension", while in reality <mask> was a slave during the war and <mask>' pension was under the "Application of Indigent Servants of Soldiers and Sailors of the Late Confederacy" and the center later updated its presentation. In 2010, <mask> Battaile, Jr. had the original tintype of the photo appraised on the TV show, Antiques Roadshow, and later the relationship between Andrew and <mask> was featured in the show History Detectives. In the 2000s and 2010s, pro-Confederate websites sold merchandise depicting the pair.The pair continued to be used as an example of black Confederate soldiers at least up until January 2016, where they were used in a syndicated column of the Richmond Times-Dispatch. Descendants of both Andrew and <mask> have agreed that <mask> was a slave and not a soldier and had the Confederate honors at <mask>'s grave removed. Notes

References

Bibliography

1838 births
1919 deaths
19th-century American slaves
People from West Point, Mississippi
African Americans in the American Civil War
American carpenters
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Silas Chandler
Benjamin Chandler
Silas
Chandler
Chandler
Silas
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Chandler
Silas
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Kyle Chandler
Silas
Silas
Benjamin Chandler
Silas
Benjamin Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas Chandler
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Chandler
Silas
Chandler
Andrew Chandler
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas Chandler
Chandler
Silas


title: Eric Butler

texts:
<mask> (7 May 1916 – 7 June 2006) was an Australian political activist and journalist, who in 1946 founded the far-right Australian League of Rights, which he led until 1992. He was known as a staunch anti-communist and virulent anti-Semite. He died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. Background and early career
<mask> was born in the Victorian country town of Benalla, although he lived most of his life near Melbourne. In the 1930s he became a follower of the British economist C. H. Douglas and his Social Credit theories. From 1938 <mask> wrote for the Australian Social Credit newspaper New Times. <mask> served in the Australian Army during World War II.According to one of his obituarists: "He served as a gun sergeant for twenty months without leave in the Torres Straits, taught troops as an instructor at Canungra Jungle Training School for six months, transferred to the Officers Training School at Seymour, Victoria, and was honourably discharged at the end of the Pacific phase of the war." Political activities and publishing career
By the time <mask> left the army, his political activities were under surveillance by Australian security authorities, as documents in the Australian archives indicate. In July 1940 the Victorian publicity censor, Crayton Burns (father of Creighton Burns, a later editor of The Age), wrote: "I have taken steps to warn the provincial and country press that the activities of this gentleman and his assistants are being closely watched by the authorities. There is no doubt that the general trend of their propaganda is damaging to the financial side of the war effort." In December 1941, the Commonwealth's chief publicity censor, E.G. Bonney, banned a series of Butler's New Times articles, one of which described Soviet Russia as "a Jewish slave state ... controlled by international Jewish financiers in New York." In 1945, Attorney-General, Dr H.V.Evatt, began an inquiry into <mask>'s activities. He told Parliament: "In the opinion of the Director-General of Security, <mask> has written articles constituting an attempt to create adverse public reaction to war loan campaigns and to the war effort generally." <mask> was not charged. In 1946 <mask> published The International Jew, in which he claimed that Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Curtin were covert communists, that the Russian Revolution was a Jewish plot and that the Nazi Holocaust was a myth. <mask>'s eulogist Nigel Jackson described this book as "an essay built around an analysis of the controversial Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In it <mask> challenged the Jewish role in international finance and its connections with communism. Of all <mask>'s publications, this was perhaps the one which roused the greatest fury."This was hardly surprising in the wake of the Nazi Holocaust, particularly since the Protocols were well known in 1947 to be a forgery. <mask> founded the South Australian League of Rights in 1946, centred on the anti-bank nationalisation campaign, and subsequently other state branches were formed, before the national Australian League of Rights was established in 1960. The League was never registered as a political party. <mask> served as the League's National Director until his retirement in 1992. Although <mask> ran for the Australian House of Representatives (as an independent) in 1951, the League was not intended to be a political party. Rather it was a lobby group and "grass roots" organisation, promoting <mask>'s mix of anti-communist, social credit, monarchist and pro-British ideas. Besides the New Times, the League's many publications included the weekly On Target and the monthly Intelligence Survey.In 1949 <mask> began contributing articles on national and international affairs to the Melbourne morning newspaper The Argus, then a conservative paper, but when it was revealed that the articles were based on a League of Rights study course, the series was cancelled. In the 1960s, the League garnered much unfavorable publicity when it was revealed that members were also participating in the Liberal and Country Parties. The Country Party was a mainstream conservative rural party (now the National Party of Australia). A close associate of <mask>'s, Arthur Chresby, was elected to Federal Parliament in Queensland as a Liberal. This tactic achieved some success elsewhere, particularly in areas where small farmers were under economic pressure, such as Gippsland, the Riverina, the Darling Downs, the Yorke Peninsula and the Western Australian wheatbelt. The League pamphlet They Want Your Land alleged that "international financiers" were trying to force Australian farmers off their land by manipulating commodity prices. Successive Country Party and National Party leaders warned against League infiltration and League-controlled branches were occasionally disaffiliated.Queensland Nationals Senator Ron Boswell was particularly outspoken in attacking League infiltration of the Queensland Nationals. A Liberal federal MP, James Killen, was identified as a League supporter in the 1960s, and traveled to Europe with <mask> in 1962, but later severed his connections with the League. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> devoted much time to promoting the anti-communist philosophy of white minority regimes in Southern Africa. He traveled on multiple occasions to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, then governed under apartheid. <mask> also served as a Far East correspondent for American Opinion, a magazine of the John Birch Society. In July 1972 <mask> achieved some public attention when he debated Max Teichmann, senior lecturer in politics at Monash University, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Monday Conference program. Teichmann confronted <mask> with his many explicit anti-Semitic statements from the 1930s and 1940s and challenged him to disavow them, a challenge which <mask> evaded.The program highlighted the issue of League infiltration of the Country Party in the period before the December 1972 federal election, at which the long-serving conservative government was defeated. The League formed a number of front organisations, including the Institute of Economic Democracy and Ladies in Line Against Communism (LILAC). In the 1990s, the League lost its position as the leading extreme right political organisation in Australia. <mask> complained that Pauline Hanson and her One Nation Party had stolen his policies. It also lost support to the Citizens Electoral Council, which had been a League front, but which was taken over by followers of the American politician Lyndon LaRouche, and developed a much higher public profile than the League itself. Personal life
<mask> lived most of his life in rural Victoria, in his later years on a farm at Panton Hill, where his home was used as a meeting place for League and other extreme right activists. In the 1950s he was a member of the Eltham Shire Council for some years and served as Shire President.He retired as League Director in 1992, handing control of the organisation to David Thompson, but remained politically active until shortly before his death. In 1999 he chaired an address by the Holocaust denier David Irving. <mask> died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. See also
 Australian League of Rights
 Far-right politics in Australia

References

External links
Essay on League from Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, 1997. Fascist fruitcake held surprising political sway, The Australian, 13 June 2006

Victoria (Australia) politicians
Australian Army soldiers
People from Adelaide
1916 births
2006 deaths
Australian social crediters
Australian political journalists
Australian anti-communists
Australian Holocaust deniers
Australian Army personnel of World War II

masks:
Eric Dudley Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler


title: Mary Howe (singer)

texts:
<mask> (married names, <mask> and <mask>; 1870–1952) was an American operatic soprano, well known in Germany in the 1880s and 1890s. She inherited her musical talents from her father, a choir leader and chorister, and received early training from a brother, who was a pianist. <mask> retired from the stage in 1905 and died in 1952. Family and education
<mask> was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1870. Of New England ancestry, her father was <mask>, a photographer, and Cynthia (Sherman) <mask>. She had six siblings, N. Sherman, Fred, Alice, Jeanette, John C. and Lucien. She inherited her musical talent from her father, who was a successful choir leader and chorister for many years.Her brother Lucien was an accomplished musician, having attained a reputation as a pianist. <mask>'s childhood was spent at home. She was often told that she could sign a tune before she could walk alone. When a little girl, she wanted to be a "big singer,” and her greatest delight was to put on an old calico apron for a “trail,” make a stage of old boxes and give concerts. Her first public experience on the stage was at the age of four, in a little cantata given by children. Her second, at the age of nine, was in an operetta called “The Quarrel Among the Flowers.” She had the part of “The Dahlia,” and did so well in it that from that time on, unusual things were expected of her. <mask>'s first teacher in singing and instrumental music was her brother, <mask>.At the age of nine or eleven, she took the part of “Josephine” in a children’s performance of H.M.S. Pinafore. . As she had to lead the chorus as well, the effort proved to be somewhat of a strain on her voice, and she was not allowed to sing much during the next year. Her first concert of importance was in 1880, at Newfane, Vermont. In the early 1880s, when <mask> was in her teens and unknown to musical fame outside of her native town, she made her debut in Western Vermont as a concert singer. The occasion was the opening concert of the first festival of the Rutland Music Festival Association. She scored a marked artistic success, and at once established herself in popular favor. The first money <mask> ever earned by singing was paid to her as soprano in a church choir in her home town when she was 14.Her father, at that time 70 years of age, but still retaining a strong, clear, tenor voice, was the choir leader. At the age of 16, she went with her brother to Boston, where he was continuing his musical studies. She had vocal lessons of Charles R. Adams and profited greatly by his training. At home during the next summer, she became acquainted with Aline Osgood, the soprano, whose encouragement and example at this time were invaluable to <mask>. She spent part of the following winter in Philadelphia with Mrs. Osgood, and continued her studies with Prof. Siegfried Behrens, the teacher and conductor. The following year, she went abroad in company with her brother, and for two years studied singing and acting in the school of Auguste Götze in Dresden. Career

Early years
During the second year in Dresden, <mask> sang in concerts in that city and several smaller German cities.In May, 1888, came the opportunity for a first trial in Grand Opera, at Kroll Opera House in Berlin. Her first role was that of “Amina” in La Sonnambula. Having pleased the public and the critics, she was given a three months’ engagement, and sang also the leading soprano part in Lucia and Il Barbier di Sesiglia. One of the foremost critics in Berlin said of her: "At nineteen years of age she shows more signs of being a second Patti than any woman in the world. I do not say now that she is a second Patti, but I do assert that she will be a formidable rival in a few years." At the close of this engagement, <mask> returned home to Brattleboro. The great interest and goodwill of home friends was shown on the occasion of a testimonial concert in August 1888.In September, she sang at two concerts of the Worcester, Massachusetts, music festival. After giving a few concerts in New England cities, she decided to go abroad again for the purpose of continuing her studies for the operatic stage. In company with her brother, she went to Paris, and there had lessons with Mathilde Marchesi. Later, she studied with Luigi Vannuccini in Florence, Italy. <mask>vin
By the  mid 1890s, nearly every large city, and many smaller ones, east of the Mississippi River had heard <mask> in concert, and the chief music festivals of the country had her name at one time or another at the head of the list of artists announced as attractions. After <mask>'s marriage to William Lavin, the tenor, she changed her name to <mask>-Lavin. In 1897, it was reported that during the past year, <mask> had been singing as "guest" in many of the German opera houses.At Stettin, they called her a nightingale, and said it was not merely astonishing but actually incredible that such a tone could come from a human throat. Another journal in the same city said that in the whole compass of the round earth at this time no other such singer was anywhere to be found. This was for her Violetta in "Traviata. At Danzig, her first appearances were in Rossini's Barber of Seville, and they praised her spontaneous and delightful comedy, but returned immediately to the fundamental note of all her critiques, the magical beauty of her voice. She introduced the famous virtuoso piece from Félicien David's Perle de Brazil, and a Frühlingsstimmen, by Strauss. In Augsburg, she began in Lucia di Lammermoor, and they talked about the exquisite purity, agility, and pleasing quality of her tone as well as the unexampled richness of compass and expressive quality. Retirement
Of the many photographs of <mask>, nearly all were taken by her brother, John C<mask>.After marrying Edward Burton of Massachusetts on October 24, 1905, she retired. She died in 1952. References

Attribution

Bibliography

1870 births
1952 deaths
American operatic sopranos
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Singers from Vermont

masks:
Mary Howe
Mary Howe Lavin
Mary Howe Burton
Howe
Mary Howe
Caleb Lysander Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Lucien Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe
Howe La
Howe
Howe
Mary Howe
Howe Lavin
Howe
. Howe


title: Vivian Sobchack

texts:
<mask> is an American cinema and media theorist and cultural critic. <mask>'s work on science fiction films and phenomenology of film is perhaps her most recognized. She is a prolific writer and has authored numerous books and articles across a diverse range of subjects; from historiography to film noir to work on documentary film, new media, and film feminism. Her work has been featured in such publications as Film Comment and Camera Obscura. She is the author and editor of many books on film and media. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in 1940 in Brooklyn and grew up in Long Island. Sobchack attended Barnard College.While at Barnard, Sobchack often frequented the nearby Thalia Theater, which offered up a diverse schedule of classic and foreign films. She received her degree in English Literature in 1961 with aspirations to write fiction. She published some poetry and began work on a novel, but within two years of graduating moved into a career counseling college grads in search of their first jobs. This led her to a new position, sponsored by President Johnson’s Anti-Poverty Program, counseling troubled high school dropouts towards sustainable careers. Career
She remained in New York until 1966 when she relocated to Salt Lake City where her husband Thomas J<mask> had taken an Assistant Professorship in the English Department at the University of Utah. It was there that Sobchack got her first teaching experience. She took part-time work with the University, teaching film courses—some of the first offered in the early 1970s.<mask> stayed with the part-time teaching at the University of Utah while she brought up her son. In Salt Lake City, she also became involved in the establishment of a film club with the intention of bringing hard-to-find films to a city with only one art house theater. The success of this film club eventually led to the inauguration of the Utah Film Festival (which, as it grew, eventually led to the establishment of the US Film Festival and ultimately, the Sundance Film Festival). <mask> earned her master's degree in Critical Studies from UCLA’s Department of Theater Arts/Division of Motion Pictures and Television in 1976. Her Masters Thesis became her first book, The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (In 1987 greatly expanded and retitled Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film). In 1978, she took a position as Visiting Lecturer at the University of Vermont in Burlington, in the Department of Communication. On her trip back to her family in Utah, she visited the University of Southern Illinois-Carbondale, where she ultimately decided to pursue her Ph.D. the following year in the Department of Speech Communication, with an emphasis on Philosophy of Language.In 1984, she was awarded her Ph.D. Her dissertation on the phenomenology of film became the basis for her groundbreaking film theory book The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (1992). <mask> began teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1981. While at Santa Cruz, along with pursuing her own research and writing, she served in a number of administrative capacities including becoming the first Dean of the Arts Division and effectively helping to establish the University’s Film Studies curriculum. In 1992, she moved to the University of California, Los Angeles as a professor in the Critical Studies area of the UCLA Department of Film Television, and Digital Media and Associate Dean of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. She retired from administration and currently teaches classes in Visual Phenomenology, Contemporary Film Theory, Historiography, and Cultural Studies. The Society for Cinema and Media Studies awarded Sobchack the 2005 Distinguished Service Award and the 2012 Distinguished Career Achievement Award.She also won the 1995 Pilgrim Career Award for science fiction scholarship from the Science Fiction Research Association. She has served as a juror on the American Film Institute Awards Motion Picture Committee five times since 2000. She is on numerous editorial and advisory boards for print and electronic publications—Film Quarterly, Cultural Theory and Technology, Signs, Journal of Film and Video, Journal of Popular Film and Television, and Cinema Journal, to name a few. She has been an on-camera participant and voice-over commentator for several DVD features and featurettes. She can be seen delivering commentary, for example, on the bonus features of Dark City, Buffy the Vampire Slayer(Season 7) and Warner Bros. Tough Guys set of DVDs. She did a voice-over commentary on His Kind of Woman for Warner Bros. Film Noir Classic Collection, Vol. 3.Works

Books
Carnal Thoughts: Embodiment and Moving Image Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). Beyond the Gaze: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms [special issue of Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society] Vol. 30: no.1 (Autumn 2004), Co-editor with Kathleen McHugh. Meta-Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick Change, Editor (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2000). The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, Editor (New York: AFI Film Reader Series, Routledge, 1996). New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics, Co-editor with Nick Browne, Paul Pickowicz, and Esther Yau (London: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1992).Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film (New York: Ungar Press,1987, rpt., Rutgers University Press, 1997). The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (South Brunswick, NJ & New York: A.S. Barnes/London: Thomas Yoselloff, Ltd., 1980). An Introduction to Film, Co-author with <mask>, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980). Articles
"Waking Life: <mask> on the experience of Innocence," Film Comment 41, no. 6 (November/December 2005): 46-49. "Nostalgia for a Digital Object: Regrets on the Quickening of QuickTime," Millennium Film Journal 34 (Fall 1999): 4-23. available at:
"Toward a Phenomenology of Non-Fictional Experience," in Collecting Visible Evidence, ed. Michael Renov and Jane Gaines (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 241-254."'Lounge Time': Post-War Crises and the Chronotope of Film Noir," in Refiguring American Film Genres: History and Theory, ed. Nick Browne (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 129-170. "The Scene of the Screen: Envisioning Cinematic and Electronic ‘Presence," in Materialities of Communication, ed. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht and K. Ludwig Pfeiffer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 83-106. "The Active Eye: A Phenomenology of Cinematic Vision," Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 12, no. 3 (1990): 21-36. "Cities on the Edge of Time: The Urban Science Fiction Film," East-West Film Journal, 3, no.1 (December 1988): 4-19. References

External links
Biography at Ryerson
screeningthepast.media.latrobe.edu.au
Online articles at artbrain.org
cinema.ucla.edu
Scholars on Sobchack at film-philosophy.com

1940 births
Living people
American film critics
Barnard College alumni
American film historians
Film theorists
Jewish American writers
Jewish philosophers
Women film critics
Writers from Brooklyn
American women historians
Historians from New York (state)
American women critics

masks:
Vivian Carol Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Vivian Finsmith
. Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Sobchack
Thomas Sobchack
Vivian Sobchack


title: John Gillies (anaesthetist)

texts:
<mask>,  (6 February 1895  18 July 1976) was a Scottish anaesthetist, who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). For gallantry as a serving soldier in WWI he was awarded the Military Cross. He founded the department of anaesthetics in the RIE and became its first director. The Gillies anaesthetic machine which he devised was the first British closed circuit anaesthetic device and was in use until the 1960s. With his colleague HWC ('Griff') Griffiths he pioneered the technique of high spinal anaesthesia to produce hypotension and 'bloodless' operating fields. Gillies anaesthetised King George VI in Buckingham Palace and was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for this service. He was president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950.Early  life
<mask> was born in Edinburgh the son of Archibald  <mask> and his wife Jessie Jane <mask>. He was educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh, going on to study medicine at the  University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1913. At the outbreak of WWI he  volunteered for army service and served in  the  British Expeditionary Force. He was  commissioned in the Highland Light Infantry, was awarded the Military Cross and spent the last seven months of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany. He returned to Edinburgh and completed his medical studies, graduating MB ChB in 1923. Career

<mask> was a house physician in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle before entering general practice in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Much of his work involved giving anaesthetics for operations performed by one of his partners.To gain experience in this field he went to London in 1931 to study anaesthetic technique under Dr <mask> and  Dr (later Sir)  Ivan Magill, a pioneer of  endotracheal tube anaesthesia. The following year he returned to Edinburgh to work as an anaesthetist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. He was then appointed as anaesthetist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). Here he worked in the professorial surgical unit, initially  with  Sir <mask> and subsequently with  Sir James Learmonth and latterly with Sir <mask>. In 1940 <mask> set up the Department of Anaesthetics in the RIE, the first such in Scotland with two junior anaesthetists whose training he supervised. When  the National Health Service was established in 1948 he was appointed  Director of Anaesthesia. He determined to make anaesthetics an academic discipline in Edinburgh and recommended that anaesthetists in the RIE should have university status.He  was appointed lecturer in anaesthetics by the University. and was later promoted to  J Y Simpson Reader in anaesthesia. Among the contributions which he made was the invention of the Gillies anaesthetic machine, thought to be the first British closed circuit apparatus. The first commercial model was made by Charles King Ltd of London from 1941. A second improved version was available from 1948 and from 1951 the Mark III version was produced by the Coxeter–King division of the British Oxygen Company. The machine continued in use in Britain until the 1960s. With his RIE anaesthetic colleague  HWC Griffiths he popularised  the technique of high spinal anaesthesia, which they had introduced  to induce hypotension and to produce a 'bloodless' operating field.<mask>, with RJ Minnitt, jointly wrote the sixth and seventh editions of Textbook of Anaesthetics. in March 1949, <mask> anaesthetised King George VI for the operation of lumbar sympathectomy, performed in Buckingham Palace by his colleague Sir James Learmonth. It is likely that he gave the anaesthetic using his own Gillies machine. He retired in 1960 and died in 1976. Honours and awards

For services in anaesthetising King George VI  he was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). He was elected to numerous presidencies including president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950, president of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists in 1950, President of the  section of anaesthesia of the Royal Society of Medicine the following year and president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh in 1952. He was awarded the Hickman Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine, the <mask> Medal of the Association of Anaesthetists and was H. J. Shields Lecturer at the University of Toronto.He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Canadian Anesthsiologists' Society. Uniquely for an anaesthetist he was awarded the Lister Victoria Jubilee Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Family
<mask> married  Agnes McGilchrist Anderson and they had four children. Legacy
In 1977 the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists established the <mask> Memorial Lecture in his memory. Selected publications

<mask>, J. (1941) Anaesthesia in the shocked patient. The Lancet, 237, 6129, 226-227.<mask>, J. (1942). Modern anæsthesia. Edinburgh Post-Graduate Lectures in Medicine, 2, 1940–41. <mask>, J. (1943). The Time Factor in Surgical Operations.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 36, 9, 457–462. <mask>, J. (1949). Anæsthesia for the Surgical Treatment of Hypertension. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 42, 5, 295–298. <mask>, J. (1952).Physiological Trespass in Anæsthesia: President's Address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45, 1, 1–6. Minnitt, R. J., <mask>, J. (1948). Textbook of Anaesthetics ... With a section on regional analgesia by L.B. Wevill, etc. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.References

1895 births
1976 deaths
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
People educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Scottish anaesthetists
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni
20th-century surgeons

masks:
John Gillies
John Gillies
George Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
John Hunter
John Fraser
John Bruce
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
John Snow
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies