title: Eric Frank Russell

texts:
<mask> (January 6, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was a British author best known for his science fiction novels and short stories. Much of his work was first published in the United States, in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction and other pulp magazines. <mask> also wrote horror fiction for Weird Tales and non-fiction articles on Fortean topics. Up to 1955 several of his stories were published under pseudonyms, at least Duncan H. Munro and Niall(e) Wilde. Biography
<mask> was born in 1905 near Sandhurst in Berkshire, where his father was an instructor at the Royal Military College. <mask> became a fan of science fiction and in 1934, while living near Liverpool, he saw a letter in Amazing Stories from Leslie J. Johnson, another reader from the same area. <mask> met up with Johnson, who encouraged him to embark on a writing career.Together, the two men wrote a novella, "Seeker of Tomorrow", that was published by F. Orlin Tremaine in the July 1937 number of Astounding Stories. Both <mask> and Johnson became members of the British Interplanetary Society. <mask>'s first novel was Sinister Barrier, cover story for the inaugural, May 1939 issue of Unknown—Astoundings sister magazine devoted to fantasy. It is explicitly a Fortean tale, based on Charles Fort's famous speculation "I think we're property", <mask> explains in the foreword. An often-repeated legend has it that Campbell, on receiving the manuscript for Sinister Barrier, created Unknown primarily as a vehicle for the short novel (pp. 9–94). There is no real evidence for it, despite a statement to that effect in the first volume of Isaac Asimov's autobiography, In Memory Yet Green.His second novel, Dreadful Sanctuary (serialized in Astounding during 1948) is an early example of conspiracy fiction, in which a paranoid delusion of global proportions is perpetuated by a small but powerful secret society. There are two different and mutually incompatible accounts of <mask>'s military service during World War II. The official, well-documented version is that he served with the Royal Air Force, with whom he saw active service in Europe as a member of a Mobile Signals Unit. However, in the introduction to the 1986 Del Rey Books edition of <mask>'s novel Wasp, Jack L. Chalker states that <mask> was too old for active service, and instead worked for Military Intelligence in London, where he "spent the war dreaming up nasty tricks to play against the Germans and Japanese", including Operation Mincemeat. <mask>'s biographer John L. Ingham states however that "there is nothing, absolutely nothing, in his R.A.F. record to show that he was anything more than a wireless mechanic and radio operator". <mask> took up writing full-time in the late 1940s.He became an active member of British science fiction fandom and the British representative of the Fortean Society. He won the first annual Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1955 recognizing his humorous "Allamagoosa" as the year's best science fiction. The 1962 novel The Great Explosion won a Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 1985—the third naming of two works to the libertarian science fiction hall of fame. The 1957 novel Wasp has been a finalist for the honor, which is now limited to one work per year. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted <mask> in 2000, its fifth class of two deceased and two living writers. Into Your Tent, a thorough and detailed biography of <mask> by John L. Ingham, was published in 2010 by Plantech (UK). Writings

<mask>'s full-length fiction includes the following:
 Sinister Barrier (1939)
 Dreadful Sanctuary (1948)
 Sentinels From Space (1953), based on the earlier magazine story The Star Watchers (1951)
 Three to Conquer (1956), based on the earlier magazine serial Call Him Dead (1955)
 Men, Martians and Machines (1955), containing four related novellas
 Wasp (1958)
 Next of Kin (1959), published earlier as The Space Willies (1958)
 The Great Explosion (1962)
 With a Strange Device (1964), also published as The Mindwarpers.<mask> also wrote a large number of shorter works, many of which have been reprinted in collections such as Deep Space (1954), Six Worlds Yonder (1958), Far Stars (1961), Dark Tides (1962) and Somewhere a Voice (1965). His short story "Allamagoosa"  (1955), which was essentially a science-fictional retelling of a traditional tall story called "The Shovewood", won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story. <mask> wrote numerous non-fiction essays on Fortean themes, some of which were collected in a compendium of Forteana entitled Great World Mysteries (1957). His second non-fiction book was The Rabble Rousers (1963), a sardonic look at human folly including the Dreyfus affair and the Florida land boom. He also wrote Lern Yerself Scouse: The ABZ of Scouse (1966) under the pseudonym "Linacre Lane". Two omnibus collections of <mask>'s science fiction are available from NESFA Press: Major Ingredients (2000), containing 30 of his short stories, and Entities (2001) containing five novels. John Pelan's Midnight House published Dark Tides, a collection of <mask>'s horror and weird fiction, in 2006.The 1995 novel Design for Great-Day, published as by Alan Dean Foster and <mask> <mask>, is an expansion by Foster of a 1953 short story of the same name by <mask>. Writing style and themes
<mask> had an easy-going, colloquial writing style that was influenced in part by American "hard-boiled" detective fiction of the kind popularized by Black Mask magazine. Although British, <mask> wrote predominantly for an American audience, and was often assumed to be American by readers. Much of <mask>'s science fiction is based on what might be described as Fortean themes, with Sinister Barrier and Dreadful Sanctuary the most notable examples. Another common theme is the single resourceful human pitted against a ponderous alien bureaucracy, as in the novels Wasp and Next of Kin, as well as several shorter works. <mask> is sometimes categorized as a humorous writer, and Brian Aldiss describes him as John W. Campbell's "licensed jester". However, <mask>'s humour generally has a satirical edge, often aimed at authority and bureaucracy in its various forms.On other occasions, for example in the short stories "Somewhere a Voice" and "The Army Comes to Venus", his work has a deeper and more serious tone, in which the spiritual aspects of humanity's endeavours and aspirations shine through. Critical reception
Scott Connors, reviewing <mask>'s book Darker Tides, stated that " <mask>'s prose displays a rare sense of irony and wit...and does the reader the  compliment of presenting the story in an indirect fashion so that he has an  investment in the tale." Carl Sagan wrote that <mask>'s stories were examples of "desperately need[ed] exploration of alternative futures, both experimental and conceptual". Cultural influences

<mask>'s short story "Jay Score" (1941) is unusual amongst the pulp fiction of its time in presenting a black character, the ship's doctor, without any racial stereotyping. Indeed, this story and its sequels (collected in Men, Martians and Machines) may be considered an early example of the science fiction subgenre in which a spaceship is crewed by a multi-ethnic, mixed human/non-human, complement (cf. the much later Star Trek). <mask> also appears to have originated the colloquial initialism "MYOB" for "mind your own business", which appears frequently in the novella "... And Then There Were None" (Astounding, June 1951) and in the novel The Great Explosion based upon it.In 1970, <mask> was paid £4689 by the Beatles's company Apple Corps for the motion picture rights to his novel Wasp, the contract being signed on behalf of Apple by Ringo Starr. The film was never made, but it remained one of the most lucrative deals <mask> ever made. See also

 Study in Still Life - story by <mask>
 Tower of Hanoi - which features in his story "Now Inhale"

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Review of Major Ingredients
 "Shadow Man" fan site by Narrelle Harris
 Past Masters: Let Me Be Frank, or Welcome to the Allamagoosa Russell-Palooza by Bud Webster, at Galactic Central
 And then there were none (1951)—the internet host notes "Anarchy in action—an excellent model of an anarchist or free society"

1905 births
1978 deaths
English short story writers
20th-century English novelists
English horror writers
English science fiction writers
Weird fiction writers
Fortean writers
Forteana
Hugo Award-winning writers
People from Sandhurst, Berkshire
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
English male novelists

masks:
Eric Frank Russell
Russell
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title: Victor Potel

type: original

texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1889 – March 8, 1947) was an American film character actor who began in the silent era and appeared in more than 430 films in his 38-year career. Career
<mask> was born in Lafayette, Indiana in 1889, and his acting career goes back almost to the beginning of the commercial film industry in the United States. He made his first silent film in 1910, a comedy short filmed in Chicago by Essanay Film Manufacturing Company called A Dog on Business. <mask> continued to make films for Essanay, appearing in dozens of films every year, including most of the Broncho Billy series, and played a character called "Slippery Slim" in 80 movies. He also appeared in Universal Pictures' "Snakeville" series. <mask>'s first talking picture was Melody of Love, starring Walter Pidgeon, made for Universal in 1928, and in the sound era he continued to work continuously and constantly, playing small parts and sometimes uncredited bit parts, all primarily comic roles due to his height () and gawkiness. In addition to acting, on several occasions <mask> also wrote and directed.In the 1920s he directed two silent shorts, The Rubber-Neck in 1924 and Action Craver in 1927, and contributed the story for Saxophobia in 1927. In the following decade, in the sound era, he was the dialogue director for The Big Chance (1933), and wrote the story for Inside Information in 1934). In 1935 he provided continuity and dialogue for Million Dollar Haul and the screenplay for Hot Off the Press. In the 1940s, Potel was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors, appearing in nine films written and directed by Sturges. <mask> continued to work right up until his death on March 8, 1947. The final film he worked on, Relentless finished filming on February 28 of that year. Selected filmography
Silent

 A Dog on Business (1910, Short)
 Across the Plains (1911, Short)
 Alkali Ike's Auto (1911, Short)
 The Good-for-Nothing (1914) - Old Clerk
 His Regeneration (1915, Short) - Pawn Shop Clerk (uncredited)
 Baseball Madness (1917, Short)
 Captain Kidd, Jr. (1919) - Constable Sam
 Full of Pep (1919) - Beanpole
 The Amateur Adventuress (1919) - Gregory Charles Sentel
 The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1919)
 The Petal on the Current (1919) - Skinny Flint
 In Mizzoura (1919) - Dave
 Water, Water, Everywhere (1920) - Steve Brainard
 Mary's Ankle (1920) - Johnny Stokes
 The Heart of a Child (1920) - Charley Peastone
 Billions (1920) - Pushkin
 Bob Hampton of Placer (1921) - Willie McNeil
 One a Minute (1921) - Jingo Pitts
 Lavender and Old Lace (1921) - Joe Pendleton
 At the Sign of the Jack O'Lantern (1922) - The Poet
 I Can Explain (1922) - Will Potter
 Don't Write Letters (1922) - The Lover
 Step on It!(1922) - Noisy Johnson
 The Loaded Door (1922) - Slim
 A Tailor-Made Man (1922) - Peter
 Quincy Adams Sawyer (1922) - Hiram Maxwell
 Refuge (1923) - Alphpmse
 Modern Matrimony (1923) - Junior Rutherford
 Penrod and Sam (1923) - Town Drunkard
 Itching Palms (1923) - The Village Dumbbell
 Tea: With a Kick! 1, 10-12]
 Western Frontier (1935) - Slim (uncredited)
 Trails End (1935) - Red
 The Girl Friend (1935) - Small Town Farmer (uncredited)
 Waterfront Lady (1935) - Alex
 She Couldn't Take It (1935) - Farmer (uncredited)
 Shipmates Forever (1935) - Radio Fan (uncredited)
 Barbary Coast (1935) - Wilkins (uncredited)
 Moonlight on the Prairie (1935) - Tall Cowboy (uncredited)
 The Last of the Clintons (1935) - Jed Clinton
 The Fighting Marines (1935, Serial) - Henchman - Fake Native Chief [Ch.

masks:
Victor Potel
Victor Potel
Potel
Potel
Potel
Potel


title: Karel Appel

texts:
<mask> (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter, sculptor, and poet. He started painting at the age of fourteen and studied at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam in the 1940s. He was one of the founders of the avant-garde movement CoBrA in 1948. He was also an avid sculptor and has had works featured in MoMA and other museums worldwide. Childhood
<mask> was born on 25 April 1921 in his parents' house at Dapperstraat 7 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. As a child he was often called 'Kik'. On the ground floor his father, <mask>, had a barbershop.His mother, born Johanna Chevalier, was a descendant of French Huguenots. <mask> <mask> had three brothers. At fourteen, <mask> produced his first real painting on canvas, a still life of a fruit basket. For his fifteenth birthday, his wealthy uncle <mask> Chevalier gave him a paint set and an easel. An avid amateur painter himself, Chevalier gave his namesake some lessons in painting. Career
From 1940 to 1943, during the German occupation, <mask> studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam, and it was there he met the young painter Corneille and, some years later, Constant; they became close friends for years. His parents opposed his choice to become an artist, leading him to leave home; this was also necessary because he needed to hide from the German police so that he would not be picked up and sent to Germany to work in the weapons industry.<mask> had his first show in Groningen in 1946. In 1949 he participated with the other CoBrA artists in the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam; this generated a huge scandal and many objections in the press and public. He was influenced by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and the French brute-art artist Jean Dubuffet. In 1947 he started sculpting with all kinds of used materials (in the technique of assemblage) and painted them in bright colors: white, red, yellow, blue, and black. He joined the  together with the young Dutch painters  Anton Rooskens, Theo Wolvecamp, and Jan Nieuwenhuys. Later the Belgian writer Hugo Claus joined the group. In 1948 <mask> joined CoBrA (coined by the Belgian poet Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home countries' capital cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, Amsterdam) together with the Dutch artists Corneille, Constant, and Jan Nieuwenhuys (see also Aart Kemink).The new art of the CoBrA group was not popular in the Netherlands, but it found a warm and broad welcome in Denmark. By 1939, Danish  artists had already started to make spontaneous art and one of their sources of inspiration was Danish and Nordic mythology. It was also in Denmark that the CoBrA artists started cooperating by collectively painting the insides of houses, which encouraged and intensified the exchange of the typical 'childish' and spontaneous picture language used by the CoBrA group. <mask> used this very intensively; his 1949 fresco 'Questioning Children' in Amsterdam City Hall caused controversy and was covered up for ten years. As a result of this controversy and other negative Dutch reactions to CoBrA, <mask> moved to Paris in 1950 and developed his international reputation by travelling to Mexico, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Brazil. He also lived in New York City and Florence. His first American gallery exhibition took place in 1954 at the Martha Jackson Gallery.The following year his painting Child and Beast II (1951) was included in the influential exhibition, The New Decade at the Museum of Modern Art which featured the work of twenty-two European painters and sculptors including newcomers like Francis Bacon, Jean Dubuffet, and Pierre Soulages. He is particularly noted for his mural work. After 1990 he became much more popular in the Netherlands; he had several big shows in Amsterdam and Bruxelles, organized by director Rudy Fuchs. Also, the CoBrA-museum in Amstelveen organized several shows featuring his work. He became the most famous Dutch CoBrA artist. <mask>'s work has been exhibited in a number of galleries, including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City, Galerie Lelong in Paris, Galerie Ulysses in Vienna, and Gallery LL in Amsterdam. Death

<mask> died on 3 May 2006 in his home in Zürich, Switzerland.He suffered from a heart ailment. He was buried on 16 May 2006 at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France. Years before his death, <mask> established the Karel Appel Foundation, whose purpose is "to preserve [<mask>'s] artworks, to promote public awareness and knowledge of <mask> <mask>'s oeuvre, and to supervise publication of the Oeuvre Catalogue of the paintings, the works on paper, and the sculptures." In 2002 a number of <mask>'s works went missing on the way to his foundation, an event that was not to be resolved before his death. However, in 2012 the works were found in a disused UK warehouse and returned to the foundation. In the wake of his death, the Foundation (based in Amsterdam) functions as his official estate in addition to its primary service as an image archive. The U.S. copyright representative for the Karel Appel Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.Gallery

Public collections

Among the public collections holding works by <mask> <mask>  are:
 Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle, The Netherlands
 Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova, Turku, Finland
 Art Gallery of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands
 The Phillips Collection, Washington DC, USA
 Gallery Delaive, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
 Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, Texas

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>: Psychopathological Notebook. Drawings and Gouaches 1948–1950. Bern – Berlin: Verlag Gachnang & Springer, 1999. References

Further reading
 Kuspit, Donald (2010). "Titanic Power: <mask> Appel in the Tradition of the New". Psychodrama: Modern Art as Group Therapy. London: Ziggurat.pp. 13–45. .
Tapié, Michel; Amsterdam (Netherlands). Stedelijk Museum. <mask> <mask> (Publisher: Amsterdam, author, 1955) OCLC 11554905 (Worldcat link)

External links

Karel Appel Foundation

<mask> <mask>, Dutch Expressionist Painter, Dies at 85 in the New York Times (obituary)
<mask> <mask> in The Guardian (obituary)
images of painting art of <mask> <mask>

Art Signature Dictionary – See <mask> <mask>'s signature

Art Informel and Tachisme painters
1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch male sculptors
Modern painters
Modern sculptors
Painters from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Abstract painters
School of Paris
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
20th-century Dutch sculptors
Dutch contemporary artists

masks:
Christiaan Karel Appel
Christiaan Karel Appel
Jan Appel
Karel
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title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
<mask>i () (born July 1960) is a Sudanese citizen and paymaster for al-Qaeda. Qosi was held since January 2002 in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 54. <mask>i was held at Guantanamo for approximately ten years and six months; he was charged with low-level support of al-Qaeda. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain in 2010, in the first trial under the military commissions, and serving a short sentence, <mask> was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration in July 2012. He was to be held in custody and participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees before being allowed to return to his hometown. Some years after his release, <mask> moved to Yemen and joined Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), appearing in video releases by the group and reportedly taking a leadership role in it.In November 2019, the Rewards for Justice Program offered $4 million for information leading to the identification or location of Al Qosi. Background

<mask> <mask> was born in 1960 in Atbara, Sudan. He has a brother named Abdullah. He is married to one of Abdullah Tabarak's daughters, and has two daughters. In 1990, <mask> was recruited by Sudanese jihadists and later traveled to Afghanistan via UAE and Pakistan, where he trained at a training camp outside of Khost. Two years later, he returned to Khartoum and worked in currency trading. In 1995, he went to Chechnya via Syria, Azerbaijan and Dagestan, where he fought in the First Chechen War as a mortar operator.A year later, he went back to Afghanistan where he aided in the fight against the Northern Alliance from 1998 to 2001. However, he was captured by the Pakistani authorities while trying to cross the Afghan-Pakistani borders on 15 December 2001 near Parachinar, Pakistan. Then he was detained in a prison in Peshawar until 27 December, before being held in US custody at a Kandahar detention facility. Later on, he was transferred to Guantanamo on 13 January 2002. <mask> was the first captive to face charges before a Guantanamo military commission. He was not accused of being a member of al Qaeda's leadership, only of simple support tasks, like cooking. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain, he was sentenced in July 2010.He was transferred to Sudan in July 2012 after completing a shortened sentence, and was to participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees. Official status reviews

Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the "war on terror" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. A summary of evidence memo listing allegations justifying his detention was prepared for his Combatant Status Review Tribunal on September 4, 2004. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still
held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain
common allegations:

 <mask> Mahmoud <mask> was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission. <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... are members of Al Qaeda."<mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... traveled to Afghanistan for jihad." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... were at Tora Bora." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who was an "al Qaeda operative". <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives "who have been charged before military commissions and are alleged Al Qaeda operatives." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the "82 detainees [who] made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military's allegations against them."Habeas petition
A petition of habeas corpus was filed on Al Qosi's behalf. Following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Rasul v. Bush (2004) that detainees had the right under habeas corpus to an impartial tribunal to challenge their detention, more than 200 captives had habeas corpus petitions filed on their behalf. Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 (DTA) and the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) at the request of the Bush administration, which suspend their access to the US civilian justice system and shift all responsibility to military tribunals. In September 2007, the Department of Defense published the unclassified dossiers arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives. The Department of Defense withheld the unclassified documents from Al Qosi's Tribunal without explanation. On June 12, 2008, in its landmark ruling in the Boumediene v. Bush habeas corpus petition, the United States Supreme Court determined that the MCA was unconstitutional for attempting to deprive the captives' of their constitutional right to habeas corpus. It ruled that detainees could access the US federal courts directly.Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts. Al-Qosi's assessment was eleven pages long, and was drafted on November 15, 2007. It was signed by camp commandant Mark H. Buzby. The report noted that <mask>i had been "compliant and non-hostile to the guard force and staff." Charged before military commissions

On February 24, 2004, <mask>i was named in documents for the first military commissions to be held for detainees. The U.S. alleged that he joined al-Qaeda in 1989 and worked as a driver and bodyguard for Osama bin Laden, as well as working as a quartermaster for al-Qaeda. He was also alleged to have been the treasurer of a business which was an al-Qaida front.He was indicted along with Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman <mask>. The indictment allowed the detainees to consult with military defense lawyers assigned by the government to prepare their defenses. <mask> was charged with conspiracy to commit war crimes, including attacking civilians, murder, destruction of property, and terrorism. Lieutenant Colonel Sharon Shaffer USAF (Judge Advocates Group) was appointed as <mask>i's defense lawyer on February 6, 2004. On August 27, 2004 Shaffer complained that the Prosecution was not providing her with the information she needed for her defense of <mask>i. She said that <mask>i had informed her that the quality of translation at his military commission was insufficient for him to understand what was happening. She told the Tribunal that she had to resign as <mask>i's attorney.According to the Voice of America, Chief Prosecutor Colonel Robert L. Swann assured the commission that: "...all resources will be devoted to obtaining the most accurate translations possible." On November 9, 2004, legal action against Qosi was suspended, The US District Court Justice James Robertson had ruled, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, that the military commissions violated international agreements to which the United States was a signatory, including part of the Geneva Conventions. This ruling applied to all four of the detainees who had been charged by the military commission. In 2005, a three-judge appeals panel overturned Robertson's ruling, setting the commissions back in motion. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006),  the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the president lacked the constitutional authority to establish military the military commissions, and that only Congress could do so. Congress subsequently passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which included provisions to suspend the access of detainees to habeas corpus in the US courts. On February 9, 2008, <mask> and Ali Hamza Suleiman Al Bahlul were charged before the Congressionally authorized Guantanamo military commissions authorized by the Military Commissions Act of 2006.Phoning home
 <mask> Qosi was among those who was granted access to telephone privileges. On May 22, 2008, Lieutenant Colonel Nancy Paul, the Presiding Officer of his Commission ordered that <mask> Qosi be permitted his first phone call home. While it was reported that the phone call was made, this was in error. Qosi had declined to leave his cell to meet with Commander Suzanne Lachelier, his assigned legal counsel, and the Camp's security rules do not permit her going to his cell to talk to him—so they have never discussed his case. During a preliminary hearing, <mask> <mask> told Paul he does not want to be represented by an American lawyer. He said that he had been unable to hire the lawyer of his choice because he had been isolated in Guantanamo, and had been unable to contact his family since his detention. Later that day, Commander Pauline Storum, a Guantanamo spokesman, reported that the call had been completed, and that he had spoken with his family for an hour.On May 23, 2008, Storum sent an apology by e-mail to reporters to retract her claim the phone call had been completed. I misspoke when I confirmed that <mask>i's call was complete. In clarifying the current status of the detainee phone program, I misunderstood the information I was given, and inaccurately conveyed that <mask>i's call was completed. I apologize for the error. <mask>-Qosi's appointed counsel, Suzanne Lachelier, told Carol Rosenberg, of the Miami Herald, that she was surprised to learn, through press reports, that the call had been completed. She said she had only begun to initiate the co-ordination with the Red Cross to arrange for his family to be set up to receive the call when she learned the call had already been completed. According to Rosenberg:

The original statement Thursday struck some observers as extraordinary -- for both its speed and the coordination between the separate bureaucracies of the prison camp and the war court.The Department of Defense had until July 1, 2008, to arrange the phone call. The US Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush (2008) that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was unconstitutional, as it suspended the right of habeas corpus of detainees. Military commissions were suspended. July 2009 hearing

On July 15, 2009, <mask>i had his first hearing that year. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Lakeland Ledger, the electronic audio management equipment the court had been supplied with in 2008 initially failed to function properly. Rosenberg reported that <mask>i's defense team was concerned that the Prosecution was imposing improper delays, and noted they had told the Presiding Officer. Continuance
The Barack Obama Presidency was granted a continuance on October 21, 2009.Congress had amended the MCA, passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009, and the Department of Defense needed to create regulations to implement it. The military commissions for five other captives were granted continuances, until November 16, 2009. <mask> Qosi did not attend this hearing. New charges rejected, status determination scheduled
On December 3, 2009, Paul ruled that the charges against Al Qosi should be limited to crimes he was alleged to have committed in Afghanistan. She ruled that crimes he was alleged to have committed when al Qaeda was based in Sudan were beyond the mandate of the military commission system. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that Paul scheduled hearings for January 6, 2010, to determine whether Al Qosi met the eligibility criteria as an illegal enemy combatant as laid out in the Military Commissions Act of 2006. Only if he was classified under that status would the military commission have jurisdiction to try him.Rosenberg described Paul as the first Presiding Officer of a Military Commission to address the changes that US Congress set in place when passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009. Andrea Prasow, a senior counsel with Human Rights Watch, was critical of Paul for proceeding with the Commission, although the government had not completed drafting the rules of procedure under the act. Guilty Plea
On July 7, 2010, <mask>i entered a guilty plea under a plea bargain deal, the details of which have not been publicly released. His sentencing was set for August 9, 2010. On August 11, 2010, a military jury at Guantanamo recommended that <mask>i serve 14 years in prison. Appeal dismissed
Other individuals who, like <mask>i, had pleaded guilty to "providing material support for terrorism", had their convictions overturned on appeal. Appeals courts ruled that the charge was not a crime at the time the acts were committed.In 2014, Al-<mask>'s military-appointed lawyer, Mary McCormick, attempted to have <mask>i's conviction overturned, following the precedent of the over-turning the convictions of other men convicted of the same charge. The United States Court of Military Commission Review first declined to provide funds for McCormick to travel to Sudan to consult with <mask>i, and then ruled that she could not prove she had an attorney-client relationship, on his behalf. Finally, the USCMCR ruled that since McCormick couldn't prove she had an attorney-client relationship she wasn't authorized to file motions on <mask>i's behalf. On May 1, 2015, three Judges of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed that McCormick couldn't prove she had an attorney-client relationship. Steve Vladeck, a professor of Law who specializes in security matters, described the decision by the USCMCR to withhold funds from McCormick so she could renew contact with <mask>i because she could not document that she remained in contact with him as "somewhat circular". Repatriation
When <mask>i was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration on July 11, 2012, his lawyer Paul Reichler said <mask>i will enter a Sudan government "re-integration program:"

<mask>i was held in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, during the initial period of his re-integration. He was eventually transferred to his home town of Afbara.Nine other former Guantanamo detainees went through the reintegration program with no sign of recidivism. Recidivism
In December 2015, <mask> (as Sheikh Khubayb <mask>) was featured in a video released by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which he reportedly joined in 2014. The footage showed him and other al-Qaeda veterans encouraging "individual jihad". He gave a 12-page interview on the life and legacy of Osama bin Laden in the AQAP magazine "Inspire" Spring 2016 issue (#15). In October 2021, Qosi threatened the United States with attacks and praised <mask> Hasan. See also
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links
 "Bin Laden’s cook is moved to isolation in Gitmo", Al Arabiya, 10 October 2010
 "Military Commissions", Human Rights First blog
Human Rights First; The Case of <mask> Mahmoud <mask>, Sudan, Human Rights First
"Former bin Laden cook reaches secret sentencing deal with U.S. government", Washington Post, 9 August 2010
"Bin Laden Cook Accepts Plea Deal at Guantánamo Trial" Andy Worthington, 8 July 2010
"Sentencing of detainee stalls at Guantanamo", Washington Post'', August 2010

1960 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda leaders
Sudanese al-Qaeda members
People from Khartoum
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Fugitives
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
Sudanese expatriates in Pakistan

masks:
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Qosi
Al Qosi
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
Qosi
Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Bahlul
Al Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qosi
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
Ibrahim al
al Qos
al Qos
Ibrahim al
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qosi
al Sudani
Nidal
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
<mask> (李藩) (754 – November 20, 811), courtesy name Shuhan (叔翰), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. Background
<mask> was born in 754, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was part of the prominent Li clan of Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) — not part of the same clan as the Tang dynasty's imperial <mask> clan, but which is considered one of the five most prominent Han clans of Northern Wei. It traces its ancestry to the prominent Warring States period State of Zhao general <mask> whilst the line includes officials of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty, Cao Wei (a country of the Three Kingdoms period), the Jin dynasty (266–420), the Former Yan or Later Yan, the Northern Wei, the Northern Qi, the Sui dynasty, and the Tang dynasty. <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> (李至遠) served as a deputy minister and prefect during the reign of Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), whilst his grandfather <mask> (李畬) served as a supervisorial official at the Ministry of Rites during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Both <mask> and <mask> were known for their virtuosity. During Emperor Dezong's reign
Young and first fame
<mask>'s father <mask> (李承) served as a circuit governor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandson Emperor Dezong.<mask> himself was said to be quiet, careful, attentive to his appearance, and studious in his youth. When <mask> died in 783, he left <mask> substantial wealth. When relatives arrived to mourn <mask>, he allowed to take things as they wished, and thereafter continued to be charitable with the wealth; within several years, the wealth that <mask> left was spent, and the household was poor. When <mask> was in his 40s, he was not yet serving as an official, and he was studying at Yang Prefecture (揚州, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). He did not even have enough money for his household's use. He was much resented by his wife as a result, but he did not mind this. When Du Ya (杜亞) served as the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang, as he had been friendly with <mask>, he invited <mask> to serve as a secretary under him.While <mask> served under Du, there was an occasion when there was a major robbery at Luoyang. False accusations were laid against Du's officer <mask> Yun (令狐運), and Du believed the accusations, tortured <mask>, and extracted a confession. <mask> knew that <mask> was innocent and argued on his behalf; when his arguments were rejected, he resigned. When the real robber, Song Jutan (宋瞿曇), was eventually captured, <mask> became famous. Zhang succession crisis, consenquencies, and minor issues
Later, Zhang Jianfeng the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xusihao Circuit (徐泗濠, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) invited <mask> to serve on his staff. In or before 800, when Zhang grew ill, one of his subordinates, Du Jian (杜兼) the prefect of one of Xusihao's prefectures, Hao Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), was plotting to succeed Zhang, and therefore, without Zhang's orders, arrived at Xusihao's capital Xu Prefecture (徐州). <mask> rebuked him and stated that if Du did not return to Hao Prefecture immediately, he would report this to the imperial government; Du, in fear, did so.When Zhang died in spring 800, the imperial government initially was set to commission Wei Xiaqing (韋夏卿) to succeed him, but the Xu Prefecture forces rebelled and supported Zhang's son Zhang Yin (張愔) as his successor. After forces commanded by Du You the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered at Yang Prefecture) and Zhang Pi (張伾) the prefect of Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) were both defeated by Xu Prefecture troops, the imperial government capitulated and allowed Zhang Yin to become military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture but took the other two prefectures and merged them into Huainan Circuit. Thereafter, <mask> left Xu Prefecture and returned to Yang Prefecture. Du Jian, angry at how he felt <mask> took away his chance to control Xusihao, submitted an accusation to Emperor Dezong accusing <mask> of having encouraged the rebellion of the Xu Prefecture troops. Emperor Dezong, in anger, issued an edict to Du You ordering him to execute <mask>. Du You, however, did not have the heart to do so. He showed the edict to <mask>, who indicated that he did not fear death.Du You, however, submitted a petition defending <mask>. Emperor Dezong, still not believing <mask>'s faithfulness, summoned him to the capital Chang'an to meet him personally. After meeting <mask>, due to <mask>'s relaxed attitude and elegance, concluded that <mask> was not guilty of treason, made him Mishu Lang (秘書郎), an official at the Palace Library. At that time, the official Wang Chun (王純) was powerful, and he tried to invite <mask> to a meeting, intending to promote <mask> if <mask> showed submission, but <mask> refused to meet him. Meanwhile, <mask>'s fellow junior officials Wang Zhongshu (王仲舒), Wei Chengji (韋成季), and Lü Dong (呂洞) were then having many associates and often met to drink. They knew of <mask>'s reputation and invited him to join them. He joined them once but, disliking how they gamed and used frivolous language, refused to join them again.<mask> later became Zhuke Yuanwailang (主客員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Lǐbu), and yet later became Yousi Yuanwailang (右司員外郎), a low-level official under one of the secretaries general at the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). During Emperor Shunzong's reign
In 805, Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Shunzong. When Emperor Shunzong, in turn, created his son <mask> crown prince. While <mask> was not yet emperor, Wang Chun nevertheless changed his name to Wang Shao (王紹) to observe naming taboo, and the popular sentiment at the time believed that it was inappropriate for him to have done so — as <mask> was not emperor. <mask>, however, opined, "Every dynasty in history was undermined by those officials who did not understand what is important. What Wang Shao did was not unusual." During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Offices in the capital
Later in 805, Emperor Shunzong, who was severely ill, passed the throne to <mask> (as Emperor Xianzong).<mask> was soon made <mask> Yuanwailang (吏部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites), and then promoted to <mask> Langzhong (吏部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs. He was in charge of commissioning low-level officials, but on one occasion, he, after being misled by his messengers, was said to have made inappropriate commissions. He was thereafter demoted to be Zhuzuo Lang (著作郎), a supervisorial official at the archival bureau. He later was made the deputy principal of the imperial university (國子從業, Guozi Congye), and then imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong). As part of his duties, he reviewed drafts of imperial edicts. Whenever he saw what he believed to be improprieties in the edicts, he would write his comments on the yellow paper used for edict itself. When the officials in charge requested that, instead of doing so, he wrote on white paper and attached it to the draft edict, he responded, "Then I would be writing a petition, not correcting the edict."The chancellor Pei Ji often recommended <mask> as having the abilities to be a chancellor. A frank Chancellor
In 809, as Emperor Xianzong believed that Zheng Yin was too silent to be chancellor, he removed Zheng and made <mask>xia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). It was said that <mask> was open in his talks, hiding nothing from what he knew, and was much respected by Emperor Xianzong. Later in 809, based on the recommendations of <mask> and Pei, Emperor Xianzong entered into a peace treaty with Tufan. In 810, there was an occasion when Emperor Xianzong and the chancellors talked about gods and pondered whether they existed. <mask>, guessing that Emperor Xianzong was beginning to ponder to follow alchemists' suggestions to take various medications to seek immortality, pointed out that Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of Han both failed in their efforts to achieve immortality, and that Emperor Xianzong's ancestor Emperor Taizong had fallen ill from such medicines. <mask> advised Emperor Xianzong to seek peace in the realm and refuse the alchemists' overtures, stating to Emperor Xianzong that he would achieve the lifespan of the mythical Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun if he did so.<mask> also advocated frugality. Opposition to regional governor's pretensions
Also in 810, Wang E (王鍔) was set to be commissioned as the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), and wanted an honorary chancellor title, so he bribed many of Emperor Xianzong's close associates. Emperor Xianzong thus issued a secret edict to <mask> and fellow chancellor Quan Deyu ordering that Wang E be given the honorary chancellor title. <mask> drafted such an edict and then crossed out the words "and chancellor" in Wang's commission to show his opposition. Quan, who also opposed Wang's commission, was nevertheless dismayed and stated, "You can oppose it, but how is crossing out the words on the edict appropriate?" <mask> responded, "This is urgent. If the edict were issued, then it cannot be retracted.The sun is setting. How can we have enough time to oppose it?" After <mask>'s and Quan's oppositions were heard by Emperor Xianzong, the matter of giving Wang the honorary chancellor title was dropped. Fall and death in honors
Late in 810, Pei resigned on account of illness, and in spring 811, <mask> was made chancellor to replace Pei, over <mask>'s opposition. <mask> thus resented <mask>. After he arrived at Chang'an, while meeting Emperor Xianzong, he argued that, during the time that <mask> was chancellor and following the death of Wu Shaocheng,  it was inappropriate that the warlord Wu Shaoyang was allowed to inherit the military governorship of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). It was said that <mask>'s argument caused Emperor Xianzong to be displeased, and, several days later, <mask> was removed as chancellor and made the head of the household of Emperor Xianzong's son and crown prince, <mask>ng.Several months later, Emperor Xianzong began to miss <mask> and summoned him to have discussions with him. In 811, <mask> was made the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), but before he could depart Chang'an, he died and was given posthumous honors. The popular comment at the time was that he was not as capable as Pei and not as stern as Wei Guanzhi, but that he was nevertheless admired for his integrity. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 148. New Book of Tang, vol. 169.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 237, 238. 754 births
811 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang

masks:
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li
Li Mu
Li Fan
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Fan
Linghu
Linghu
Li Fan
Linghu
Li Fan
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Fan
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Chun
Li Chun
Li Chun
Li Fan
Li Chun
Li Fan
Libu
Libu
Li
Li Men
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Ni
Li Fan
Li Fan


title: Ignacy Hryniewiecki

texts:
<mask> or Ignaty Ioakhimovich Grinevitsky (, , ;  — March 13, 1881) was a Polish member of the Russian revolutionary society Narodnaya Volya. He gained notoriety for participating in the bombing attack to which Tsar Alexander II of Russia succumbed. Hryniewiecki threw the bomb that fatally wounded the Tsar and himself. Having outlived his victim by a few hours, he died the same day. <mask> and his accomplices believed that the assassination of Alexander II could provoke a political or social revolution to overthrow the tsarist autocracy. Many historians consider the assassination a Pyrrhic victory, since instead of ushering in a revolution, it strengthened the resolve of the state to crush the revolutionary movement, leading to the movement's decline in the 1880s. <mask>'s role in the assassination has sometimes been cited as the earliest occurrence of suicide terrorism.Life

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1855–6, in Bobruysky Uyezd of Minsk Governorate (present-day Klichaw District, Mogilev Region), to a large family which hailed from Grodno Governorate. He was the son of a Catholic landowner who was of the Polish gentry. According to his former comrade Lev Tikhomirov, "He (scil. Hryniewiecki) called himself a Litvin, and not a Pole." Tikhomirov considered him a Russified Pole, and further added that he was equally fluent in Russian and Polish. At one point when Hryniewiecki was reproached for not participating in the Polish movements,  he replied: "When you start partisan fighting, I will be with you. But for the moment, when you do nothing, I shall work for Russia's freedom."In 1875, Hryniewiecki graduated from a gymnasium in Byelostok with the highest academic rank, and in autumn he left for Saint Petersburg to enroll in mechanical engineering at the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology. In 1879 he became involved with Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), an underground Russian revolutionary movement to which he had contributed financial support  and within which he established a Belarusian faction. He was dismissed from the institute on June 1, 1880, for not attending lectures. In that year, working under the pseudonyms Kotik (Russian for "Kitten") and Mikhail Ivanovich, Hryniewiecki was engaged in anti-Government activities and disseminated revolutionary propaganda among students and workers. He was also an organizer of the underground literature Rabochaya Gazeta at a clandestine printing establishment. According to contemporary descriptions, Hryniewiecki was of medium height, lightly bearded, possessed curly hair, and was good-natured and taciturn. Assassination of the Tsar

In the fall of 1880, Hryniewiecki and five others were tasked with monitoring the various departure routes of the Tsar following his regular Sunday review of the troops at Mikhailovskii Riding School.On February 26, 1881, their observations were discussed in a meeting held at Hryniewiecki's apartment at 59 Simbirskaya street, where he had been living under the surname Elnikov. They had observed that the Tsar frequently traveled through Malaya Sadovaya Street, so the executive committee decided to lay a mine there beneath the pavement. They however realized that he could also take a different route by turning into Italyanskaya Street and following the Catherine Canal, thus avoiding the underground mine. It was therefore necessary to have bomb-throwers that manned the canal. Hryniewiecki volunteered and was designated a bomb-thrower (metal'shchik, in the parlance of revolutionary terrorism). The bombs, prepared by the chemist Nikolai Kibalchich, were specifically designed so that they could be hurled at moving objects. The bombs reportedly weighed 5–6 pounds and the explosive consisted of a mixture of nitroglycerine and pyroxylin.At a clandestine meeting, Hryniewiecki joined Kibalchich, Nikolai Rysakov and Timofei Mikhailov to test half-loaded bombs in an unfrequented suburban park beyond the Neva around Pargolovo. The night before the assassination, Hryniewiecki wrote a letter to posterity, part of which reads:

On Sunday morning, 13 March [1 March, Old Style] 1881, Hryniewiecki and the three other bomb-throwers gathered at the group's flat on Telezhnaya Street. At 9–10 AM, Sophia Perovskaya and Kibalchich each brought two missiles; the men would have one apiece. Perovskaya would later relate that, before heading to the Catherine Canal, she, Rysakov and Hryniewiecki sat in a confectionery store located opposite of the Gostiny Dvor, impatiently waiting for the right time to intercept Alexander II's cavalcade. Only Hryniewiecki could calmly eat a portion served to him. From there they parted ways and converged on the canal. There, as he passed Perovskaya to take up his position on the quay, Hryniewiecki smiled at her and gave her a barely perceptible wink.He showed no signs of fear or anxiety and went to his death with an unflinching spirit. At about 2:15 PM, the conspirators intercepted the imperial carriage as it approached a street corner near the Catherine Canal. Perovskaya waved her handkerchief as a predetermined signal to the bomb-throwers to proceed with the attack. Rysakov then hurled his bomb at the carriage, wounding several bystanders and members of Tsar's equipage. Disregarding pleas for his own safety, Alexander insisted upon leaving his carriage to see his captured assailant. After inspecting Rysakov, instead of returning to the palace posthaste, the Tsar decided to survey the spot where the explosion had occurred. He said "Thank God, I escaped injury," in answer to the anxious inquires of his entourage.As his curiosity was satisfied, he decided to drive away and proceeded to walk back towards the carriage. At this point, Tsar had come to less 1.5 meters from Hryniewiecki, who was leaning against the railing by the canal fence and carrying a bomb wrapped in a handkerchief. Hearing the Tsar's expression of gratitude, according to some sources <mask> shouted: "It is too soon to thank God yet". He turned to face the Tsar and raised both arms and threw a bomb at his feet. Alexander suffered severe wounds and died at 3:30 PM on that day. Reportedly, <mask>'s bomb claimed many more casualties than the first, with one bystander being fatally wounded. Following the explosion, the third bomber Ivan Emelyanov rushed to the scene to see if Hryniewiecki could still be spirited away in the chaos, but found him lying gravely wounded and unconscious from the blast.Hryniewiecki was taken to the nearby infirmary attached to the Winter Palace. At 9 PM he regained consciousness before he drew his last breath. According to the medical examiner's report he only once abruptly said "I don't know" to the police at his bedside who had been questioning him about his name and rank. Refusing to disclose any information, he died from his wounds at 10:30 PM. Aftermath

<mask>'s identity was established only posthumously in April 1881. During the trial of the tsaricides, he was simply referred to as "the person who died on March 1, and lived under the false name of Elnikov." During his post-arrest confession, Andrei Zhelyabov refused to identify his body.Rysakov, the first bomb-thrower and turncoat, had only known Hryniewiecki by his party pseudonyms, and was thus unable to reveal his true name. His surname was first revealed by the arrested member of People's Will, Kolodkevich. This was further corroborated and supplemented by members of St. Petersburg Technological Institute, as well as by his relations in his hometown. <mask> and his fellow conspirators had hoped that the assassination would precipitate a political or social revolution. However, it instead impelled Alexander III to step up state repression and abrogate many of his predecessor's reforms. Numerous arrests depleted the executive committee, which together with the intensified police surveillance dealt serious blows to the movement. Many historians have therefore regarded the assassination as a Pyrrhic victory and a prelude to the decline of the revolutionary movement in the 1880s.The role of a bomb-thrower was known to carry with it the likelihood of death, and the designated bomb-throwers such as Hryniewiecki took that role knowingly, and accepted a suicide mission. Hryniewiecki is therefore sometimes considered to be the first suicide bomber. A chapel and later the Resurrection Cathedral (in popular parlance, "the Savior on the Blood") was erected on the spot of Alexander's assassination on Catherine Canal. In May 1975, the bridge near the scene of the incident was named after Hryniewiecki as the Grinevitsky Bridge, until it was renamed Novo-Konyushenny Bridge in 1998. References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

1850s births
1881 deaths
People from Klichaw District
People from Bobruysky Uyezd
People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Revolutionaries of the Russian Empire
Criminals of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire regicides
Suicide bombers
Suicides in Russia

masks:
Ignacy Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Ignacy
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki


title: Katie Cannon

texts:
<mask> (1950–2018) was an American Christian theologian and ethicist associated with womanist theology and black theology. In 1974 she became the first African-American woman ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). She is credited with founding womanist theology and ethics as a field. Early life
Born on January 3, 1950, <mask> spent her childhood in Kannapolis, North Carolina, a racially segregated community where she could not use local facilities such as the YMCA, swimming pool or library. She was the daughter of the late <mask> and Corine L<mask>, the first woman to work at the Cannon Mills in Kannapolis. Both her parents were elders in the Presbyterian Church. She had six brothers and sisters.Education and career
<mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Barber–Scotia College, followed by a Master of Divinity from Johnson C. Smith Theological Seminary, and master's and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Union Theological Seminary in New York. <mask> was ordained on April 24, 1974, in Shelby, North Carolina, by the Catawba Presbytery, in the Synod of Catawba, becoming the first African-American woman to be ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). <mask> worked at Ascension Presbyterian Church in East Harlem, New York. <mask> began teaching at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond in 2001. She held the position of the Annie Scales Rogers Professor of Christian Social Ethics. Prior to joining the faculty at Union Presbyterian Seminary, <mask> was on the faculties of Temple University, Episcopal Divinity School, and Harvard Divinity School. She was also the Lilly Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion at Davidson College and the Sterling Brown Visiting Professor in Religion and African American Studies at Williams College.In 2012, <mask> began serving as executive director of the Squaring the Womanist Circle Project at Union Presbyterian Seminary. Following from the research results produced by the project, <mask> worked with the administration of Union Presbyterian Seminary and several foundations to establish The Center For Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary. The center is the first of its kind at any theological academic institution in the United States. From 2004 to 2008, she served as president of the Society for the Study of Black Religion. <mask> received the distinguished professor award from Spelman College, the Lucy Craft Laney Award at the Black Presbyterian Bicentennial Celebration, and was a professor-scholar honoree at the National Black Church Summit at Emory University. She received the  Beautiful Are The Feet Award from the Samuel DeWitt Proctor Conference. The American Academy of Religion honored <mask> with its 2011 Excellence in Teaching Award.In 2018, <mask> was honored at the Presbyterian Church (USA)'s General Assembly, receiving the Excellence in Theological Education Award. As her last living testament, <mask> founded and organized the Center for Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary in April 2018, which was later endowed and renamed The Katie Geneva Cannon Center for Womanist Leadership. <mask> died on August 8, 2018. Influence on Womanist Theology and Ethics
<mask> is widely regarded as one of the founders of womanist theology and ethics. In reflecting on her legacy, scholar Traci C. West notes <mask>'s emphasis on using black women's embodied knowledge as a source for ethical reflection. In her analytical approach, one finds a sharp conceptualization of both the strength and vulnerability of black women especially evident in their collisions with white supremacy. <mask>'s scholarship reveals the ugliness of white racism and how it preys on black women's human vulnerabilities.To reveal the ugliness demands courage because it is so painful. The reflective process of unravelling the impact of racist patterns, as well as the commitment to remaining focused on them and inviting others to do so too, requires scholarly and spiritual stamina. <mask>'s work provides us with historically rooted, geopolitically situated, and intimate examples of black women's epistemological strength. She depicts black women's embodied knowledge as a creative force. The task of the womanist ethicist, she insisted, is to uncover and comprehend it.<mask>'s first full-length book, Black Womanist Ethics, published in 1988, was a groundbreaking text, and is considered to have launched the field of womanist ethics. Publications
God's Fierce Whimsy: The Implications of Feminism for Theological Education. Pilgrim Press, 1985
Inheriting Our Mothers' Gardens: Feminist Theology in Third World Perspective.Letty M. Russell,  Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz, Kwok Pui-lan, and <mask> <mask>, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 1988. .
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community. Continuum, 1998. . Published in 1998 by the Continuum International Publishing Group, <mask> argues the importance of womanism from a religious, literary and political perspective. Through a series of essays, <mask> continually reviews the role that gender, race and class have held in the formation of black feminist consciousness. Through looking at the intersection between African American women's lived experience of oppression, and faith, <mask> explains  how African American women  how found themselves in a position of moral guides not just in the African American tradition but also America. Black Womanist Ethics, Oxford University Press, 1988
Teaching Preaching: Isaac Rufus Clark and Black Sacred Rhetoric.Continuum, 2007. .
 Womanist Theological Ethics: A Reader. <mask> <mask>, Emilie M. Townes, and Angela D. Sims, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. . The Oxford Handbook of African American Theology, Oxford University Press, 2014
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community, 25th Anniversary Revised and Expanded Edition. Fortress, 2021. .

References

External links

1950 births
2018 deaths
African-American theologians
African-American Christians
American women academics
American Christian theologians
Presbyterian Church (USA) teaching elders
Barber–Scotia College alumni
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
Union Presbyterian Seminary faculty
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Womanist theologians
Womanist writers
People from Kannapolis, North Carolina
Temple University faculty
Episcopal Divinity School faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
African-American women writers

masks:
Katie Geneva Cannon
Cannon
Esau Cannon
. Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Katie Cannon
Katie Cannon
Cannon
Katie Geneva
Cannon
Katie
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Katie Geneva
Cannon
Katie


title: Edward T. Hall

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (May 16, 1914 – July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of proxemics and exploring cultural and social cohesion, and describing how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. <mask> was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller. Biography
<mask> was born in Webster Groves, Missouri and taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines. From 1933 through 1937, <mask> lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on Native American reservations in northeastern Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of "high context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study. Throughout his career, <mask> introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, monochronic time, polychronic time, and high-context and low-context cultures. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension (1966), he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different contexts. In The Silent Language (1959), <mask> coined the term "polychronic" to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to "monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially. In the 1960s, <mask> published his theory of proxemics, the study of the human use of space, creating a new field of research investigating the nature of personal and public space, and how it may differ between cultures. In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; by an extension, he simply means any technological item, from clothes to laptops.He brings to our attention the fact that these 'extensions' only help us perform certain functions, but they as extensions will never quite be able to carry out these functions by themselves (for example, think about computers, airplanes, etc. We can fly with airplanes, but we can't on our own and nor can airplanes fly 'on their own'). His biggest claim is that culture itself is an extension of man. Extensions also exist in their own evolutionary realm, as well. That is, they evolve on their own and do not directly influence human evolution. The 'transference' of 'extension transference' is a term he coined to describe when people regard a symbol to actually be its referent. The clearest example of this would be language; like when people do not realize that words are merely symbolic to their referents.For example, there is nothing inherently watery about the physical object water, at least in terms of the symbolic acoustic properties that are produced when someone utters water. Evidence for this would be the fact that across languages there are thousands of unique words that all refer to water. Culture, as an extension, is also a good example; extension transference of culture happens naturally when people are unaware of the extent to which culture shapes how they perceive time and space, or that culture shapes their perception of them at all. Time and space are the two prominent aspects that <mask> in particular focuses on in many of his works. He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009. Influence
According to Nina Brown, the work of <mask> was so groundbreaking that it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by <mask>: Anthropology of Space.Brown goes on to mention that the Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics. Along with influencing the Anthropology of Space, <mask>'s research had a substantial influence on the development of intercultural communication as a research topic. Since at least 1990, he has been acknowledged frequently for his role in introducing nonverbal aspects of communication, specifically proxemics, the study of the social uses of space, the investigation of communication between members of different cultures. For example, Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural communication researcher, commented: "<mask>'s research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods... The challenge for intercultural communication... is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in <mask>'s early research." What was particularly innovative about <mask>'s early work is that instead of focusing on a single culture at a time, or cross-cultural comparison, as was typical in 1950s’ anthropology, he responded to the needs of his students at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State to help them understand interactions between members of different cultures. <mask> points out that the only environment in which classroom dialogue is encountered is simply in the classroom, ergo it served the students little use when actually in the foreign country of interest.At the same time, and in response to the same students, he narrowed his focus from an entire culture, as was then standard within anthropology, to smaller moments of interaction. Colleagues working with him at FSI at the time included Henry Lee Smith, George L<mask>r, Charles F. Hockett, and Ray Birdwhistell. Between them, they used descriptive linguistics as a model for not only proxemics but also kinesics and paralanguage. See also
Symbolic interactionism

Books

 The Silent Language (1959)
 The Hidden Dimension (1966)
 The Fourth Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred <mask>)
 Beyond Culture (1976)
 The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)
 Handbook for Proxemic Research
 Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese
 An Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York)
 Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans (1990, Yarmouth, Maine)
 West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.) References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask><mask>: Proxemic Theory, 1966 by Nina Brown
 <mask>. <mask> and the History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan by Everett M. Rogers, William B. Hart and Yoshitaka Miike
 Ariane Laroux : Portraits Parlés, Entretiens et portraits d'<mask>. <mask> aux éditions de l'Age d'Homme (2006)

Obituary, NYTimes

1914 births
2009 deaths
People from Webster Groves, Missouri
American anthropologists
American sociologists
University of Denver faculty
Bennington College faculty
Harvard Business School faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Columbia University alumni
Cultural anthropologists
Environmental psychologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Edward Twitchell Hall
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Edward Hall
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Edward Hall
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. Trage
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Edward T
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title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts:
Major <mask>Hoppy<mask>, MC with Bar, (10 June 1894 – 30 May 1958) was a British Army officer famed in Britain for his courage on the battlefield and repeated escapes from German prisoner of war camps during the First World War. Between 1920 and 1922 he served in Dublin as part of the British counter-insurgency against republican forces during the Irish War of Independence and is considered one of the most ruthless and effective British intelligence officers combating the IRA who subsequently accused him of brutality. He retired from the army to become a successful writer. His nickname, "Hoppy", stemmed from the loss of a leg in combat during the final months of World War One. Fitted with a prosthesis, he trained himself to disguise the fact, by walking at a very quick pace, almost completely disguising the notion that he had a wooden leg. Early life
<mask> was born 10 June 1894 in Kensington, London to Howard and <mask>. His father was a wool merchant from County Down.<mask> later joined the Connaught Rangers, gaining his commission and joining the 2nd battalion at Aldershot in January 1914. First World War

Capture
<mask> first saw action on 24 August 1914 when his unit served as a rearguard to cover the retirement of the 5th Infantry Brigade in action at Le Grand Fayt, France. By 26 August, <mask> and a group of 19 men led by a Captain Roche found themselves cut off and took shelter in a house being used as a makeshift hospital in the village of Maroilles. During the night, a large force of Germans entered the town, and the next day <mask>'s group were discovered and taken prisoner, among 286 men listed as missing in the action. Prisoner of war
On 21 September 1914, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant whilst a prisoner of war. He made twelve escape attempts from POW camps succeeding in actually escaping on five separate occasions. In early 1915, he attempted to escape from Halle Camp, near Leipzig, by breaking through a brick wall into an adjacent ammunition factory.After five months' work, the project proved impracticable. In the summer of 1915, he was transferred to Augustabad Camp, near Neu Brandenburg, and 10 days later managed to slip away from a bathing party outside the camp, together with a Russian officer. In what was a difficult journey, they covered the  to the Baltic coast. They swam a river, were nearly recaptured once, but eventually reached Stralsund. Once there, they nearly managed to get the crew of a Swedish schooner to give them passage, but were arrested at the last moment. <mask> was returned to Halle, and joined an unsuccessful attempt with a group of Russian officers to break down a wall. He then made a solo escape attempt by picking locks and breaking through a skylight before sliding down a rope onto the street.From here he slipped into the rain and darkness. He spoke enough German to make his way by train to Bremen. Here, broken down by cold and hunger, he was recaptured by the Germans. He was then transferred to Magdeburg, where he escaped with a Belgian officer using "subterfuge, audacity and good fortune". They reached Berlin by train and went on to Stralsund. From there, they crossed to the island of Rugen, but were arrested before they could find a fishing boat to take them to Sweden. His next prisoner of war camp was Fort Zorndorf, from where escape was virtually impossible.Nevertheless, he made several attempts, and one nearly succeeded when, with two others, he almost got out disguised as a German soldier. And on another occasion he managed to break away from his guards while being marched to the kommandatura, and got as far as the train before being recaptured. On 1 January 1917, <mask> was promoted to the rank of captain. He spent another nine months in this camp, before he was transferred to Schweidnitz in Silesia. Within a short period of his arrival, he broke out with Captain Willie Loder-Symonds, Wiltshire Regiment. Carrying forged police passes, they climbed a wire fence, scaled a glass topped wall, and caught a train. They were able to travel across Germany via Dresden, Leipzig, Cologne and Aachen.Then by tram to Richterich, and reached the safety of the Netherlands within 2 days of getting out of Schweidnitz. A fellow prisoner wrote of this escape:<mask>, had, together with another officer, just escaped over the frontier. They were in a camp in Silicia, [sic] and had travelled over five hundred miles through Germany. After escaping, in some civilian clothes, which they had managed to get into the camp, they walked to a nearby railway station, and <mask>, having learned to speak German fluently since his captivity, bought a ticket at the railway station for Berlin. The first part of their journey was uneventful, but after leaving Berlin, they were asked for their passports, and <mask>, who had helped us to make the passports at Fort Zorndorff, and had made for himself and his comrade passports, had an anxious moment while the official was examining it. But after turning the passport over several times, the official was satisfied, and gave it back, and they were safe again for the time being. A little later, however, <mask>'s comrade was taken very ill, no doubt from the effects of his long imprisonment, and for some time it looked as if the people in the carriage would notice something wrong, as unfortunately he could not speak any German.At several other places along the line they had to leave the carriage, and in some cases had to change trains to get away from one or other who had become too inquisitive. In the end they arrived at Aachen, when again their passport was examined, and as before, the officials were evidently satisfied that it was bona fide, and let them pass. After leaving the station at Aachen, they boldly walked through the town, and hiding themselves in a forest near the frontier, they managed to crawl into Holland during the night. Nobody was more pleased than myself to hear of <mask>'s escape, as he had made many attempts, and certainly deserved to succeed. On 5 March 1918, <mask> boarded at boat at Rotterdam after  years as a prisoner of war. The boat sailed a week later and <mask> returned to England, where he was received by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 18 March. Captain Loder-Symonds of the Wiltshire Regiment was killed in a flying accident a short time later as he joined the RFC on his return to England.Later war service
In April 1918, <mask> transferred to the 2nd Battalion Inniskilling Fusiliers. On 1 August 1918, he was awarded the Military Cross on the Ypres front for leading a fighting patrol which engaged a group of enemy soldiers, killing one and causing the rest to flee. <mask> then used rapid fire to silence one of two German machine guns firing on the patrol before he was wounded by a grenade. <mask> ordered the rest of the patrol to retreat back to their lines whilst he remained to drag his badly wounded sergeant back  to safety. The wording for his decoration declared, "Throughout the operation he set a splendid example to his men, and also obtained valuable information as to the enemy's dispositions". On 2 October 1918, <mask> led a counter-attack near Dadizeele, during which he was shot in the stomach and received such severe wounds to his leg that it had to be amputated. He was evacuated back to England and was still in hospital when the war ended a short time later.He was fitted with an artificial limb and his resulting rapid manner of walking to disguise this earned him the nickname "Hoppy". Marriage
On 1 November 1919, <mask> married Kathleen Isabel Hutton-Potts in London. On 30 January 1920, <mask> was awarded a bar to his Military Cross, and the Distinguished Service Order "in recognition of gallant conduct and determination displayed in escaping or attempting to escape from captivity". Irish War of Independence
From April 1920, <mask> ceased to be employed by the Military Intelligence Directorate due to "ill health caused by wounds". He was posted to F Company of the Auxiliary Division, Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), seconded as an intelligence officer based at Dublin Castle, retaining his Connaught Rangers uniform. He later stated that he worked for Scotland Yard, which was the recruiting centre for ADRIC and to whom the information he gathered was relayed for analysis. Despite his wounds, <mask> was to lead raids on various IRA locations, including Vaughn's Hotel in what is now known as Parnell Square.His main role, however, was interrogating prisoners in Dublin Castle who had been captured with weapons or seditious documents of any importance. <mask> had experienced several such interrogations himself as an escaped prisoner of war and he was often aided by his colleague, Captain William Lorraine King, MC. On 10 June 1920, <mask> was awarded a mention in dispatches. <mask> became a hated figure for the IRA, who accused him of brutality in interrogating prisoners, such as tricking suspects into providing information by using a revolver loaded with blanks to stage fake executions or threatening to burn them with a hot poker. The IRA dubbed the cells "The Knocking Shop". In August 2014, TV personality Brendan O'Carroll featured on BBC TV's Who Do You Think You Are investigating the murder of his grandfather, Peter O'Carroll, during the Irish War of Independence. On 16 October 1920, O'Carroll was shot dead at his home in Manor Street, Dublin.The programme uncovered a written testimonial by IRA mole David Neligan in the 1950s stating that IRA spymaster Michael Collins had suspected <mask> was responsible for an almost identical shooting of another Republican, Limerick County Councillor John Lynch in the Exchange Hotel, Dublin. However Neligan had informed Collins that Lynch had actually been killed by Captain G.T. Baggallay after Lynch drew a revolver on him during a raid. Baggallay, who like <mask> had lost a leg in combat, would later be murdered on 'Bloody Sunday'. While the BBC programme claimed that Peter O'Carroll was not active in the rebellion, a statement made by Liam O'Carroll (one of Peter's sons and an uncle of Brendan O'Carroll) states that Peter O'Carroll was indeed a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and was involved in arming the rebels. David Neligan's testimonial is dated 4 May 1950, 30 years after Peter O'Carroll's death. It states that his knowledge that <mask> figured in O'Carroll's murder was based on a description given to members of the Irish Volunteers by O'Carroll family members.However, a newspaper account in the Irish Independent dated 18 October 1920 reported that the deceased's daughter Martha said that her mother, on hearing knocking at the door, opened an upstairs window and saw the forms of two or three men at the door. Martha stated that the night was "densely" dark. It appears from this account that no one else claimed to have seen the murderers and it is unlikely that Mrs O'Carroll could have given a description of any of the men, given that it was very dark at the time and she would have had to have leant out the window to see those at the door. There is no indication that she saw any of the men moving such as would indicate that she might have noticed <mask>'s gait. This newspaper account also states that the investigating police took possession of a piece of paper stating "A Traitor to Ireland: Shot by I.R.A." which had been pinned to the deceased's back. The only suggested similarity between this murder and Mr Lynch's death is that there was apparently little or no sound from the gun.There is therefore no conclusive evidence that <mask> was involved in the murder of Peter O'Carroll. On one occasion, <mask> was shadowed on a visit to England, but evaded his would-be assassin at Euston station by quickly transferring from his train to a waiting taxi before he could be ambushed. On another occasion, a group of assassins was waiting for him on the dockside on his return to Ireland, but aborted their attempt when an armoured car arrived to pick him up. <mask> was on a list of intelligence agents to be assassinated in the morning hours of 21 November 1920. The IRA's attempt to destroy British intelligence in Ireland resulting in 13 deaths. This would come to be known as "Bloody Sunday". <mask> escaped death because he was not at his residence when the would-be assassins arrived.The previous evening, <mask> had taken part in a series of raids that led to the capture of prominent republicans Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy, who had done much of the planning around "Bloody Sunday". <mask> later prevented Clancy from escaping by slipping into a group of prisoners being transferred out of Dublin Castle and both prisoners were later killed in disputed circumstances by the auxiliaries guarding them. Between 13 and 15 February 1921, Captain William L King would be tried by court-martial and cleared of the allegation of the extrajudicial killing of two other IRA members in what would become known as the "Drumcondra Affair". Dublin Castle's Under Secretary Sir Alfred Cope later speculated that <mask> may have influenced other witnesses in the inquiry. Author

In November 1922, <mask> was placed on the army half-pay list. In April 1925, he retired from the army on account of ill-health caused by his wounds. He worked for Lloyds Bank in Pall Mall, London and later went into full-time book writing and farming at Washpit Farm near King's Lynn, Norfolk.His publications were often based on his own true-life adventures and included:

 I Escape!, 1927; the true story of <mask>'s numerous escapes from German prisoner of war camps during the First World War, with a foreword by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Everything is Thunder; the story of an escaped POW aided by a German woman to return to allied lines. The Key, a play written with Robert Gore-Browne set against the background of <mask>'s own experiences with the Auxiliary Division of the RIC during the counter-insurgency in Ireland. Never in Vain, 1936
 Recoil, 1936; the story of an officer in the Abwehr trying to quell a communist uprising in Africa
 The Stroke of Eight, 1938
 Pawn in the Game, 1939

Films
Two of his works were made into films. One of these was The Key, dealing with a love triangle between military officers during the Irish conflict. As a play, it opened at the St Martin's Theatre, London on 6 September 1933, and a film version was made in 1934. It would be re-released in the U.S. in 1960 as High Peril.Everything is Thunder (1936) was about an amorous POW officer's romance with a German woman, and her helping him return to allied lines. It received favourable reviews and well-received in Germany at a time when overtures to the Nazis were acceptable in the UK. The film was withdrawn from circulation at the onset of the Second World War. Fascism
In the 1930s, <mask> became a supporter of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF), as did Sir Ormonde Winter, the head of British Intelligence in Dublin Castle, possibly as an agent provocateur. In March 1934, he addressed the King's Lynn BUF, recounting his wartime experiences. In 1937 he embarked on a world trip on the liner SS Rawalpindi with his wife <mask>, ostensibly as a holiday but including visits to the strategic Japanese ports of Kobe and Yokohama on the eve of the Second World War. World War 2
During World War 2 <mask> joined the Home Guard and became involved in Auxiliary Units, stay behind groups which would wage guerrilla warfare against the Germans in the event of an invasion of Britain, acting as military liaison for the Narford Auxiliary Unit Patrol.As the threat of invasion faded <mask> took command of an anti-aircraft battery, one of 127,000 Home Guardsmen who would combat the Baby Blitz of 1943 and the V1 strikes which followed in the summer of 1944. Later life
In addition to his literary accomplishments, <mask> established a reputation as a polo player and a Rolls-Royce enthusiast. He frequently attended Connaught Ranger reunion dinners. He lived in Kensington, London in the 1950s. Death
<mask> died of natural causes on 30 May 1958 in Hammersmith, London. He was buried on 5 June at Wells Church, Norfolk leaving an estate of £57,000, on which £19,000 death duty taxes were paid. In his obituary <mask> is referred to as 'not only a gallant soldier: he was a rare bird, a writer of good and simple prose.A pity he did not write more. But, above all, <mask> was a man'. In the foreword for <mask>'s autobiography I Escape!, Conan Doyle pays tribute to <mask>, stating that a "more gallant gentleman never lived." References

Sources
The Squad, Dwyer, T. Ryle, Mercier Press, Cork, 2005,
The Secret Societies of Ireland, Pollard H.B.C. On Another Man's Wound, O'Malley Ernie
Royal Irish Constabulary Officers: A Biographical and Genealogical Guide, 1816–1922, Herlihy
Michael Collins, Taylor, Rex
My Fight For Irish Freedom, Breen, Dan
Sword and Sturrups, de Montmorency Hervey
Sword for Hire, Duff Douglas Victor
Ireland for Ever, Crozier, Frank P.
Diary of Pte.JJP Swindlehurst, (Imperial War Museum)
The War Behind the Wire, John Lewis-Stempel

1894 births
1958 deaths
British Combined Intelligence Unit personnel
English amputees
English fascists
British World War I prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Connaught Rangers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Irish Constabulary officers
People of the Irish War of Independence
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
English autobiographers
People from Kensington
English escapees
Escapees from German detention

masks:
Jocelyn Lee "
" Hardy DSO
Jocelyn Lee Hardy
Katherine Hardy
Jocelyn Hardy
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Kathleen Hardy
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title: Mike Lupica

texts:
<mask> (; born May 11, 1952) is an author and former American newspaper columnist, best known for his provocative commentary on sports in the New York Daily News and his appearances on ESPN. Biography
<mask> was born in Oneida, New York, where he spent his pre-adolescent years, having attended St. Patrick's Elementary School through the sixth grade. In 1964, he moved with his family to Nashua, New Hampshire, where he attended middle school and subsequently Bishop Guertin High School, graduating in 1970. In 1974 he graduated from Boston College. He first came to prominence as a sportswriter in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Lupica wrote "The Sporting Life" column at Esquire magazine for ten years beginning in the late 1980s, and currently writes a regular column for Travel + Leisure Golf. He has also written for Golf Digest, Parade, ESPN The Magazine, and Men’s Journal, and has received numerous awards including, in 2003, the Jim Murray Award from the National Football Foundation.Daily News columnist
Lupica wrote several sports columns during the week for the Daily News, as well as a signature Sunday column, "Shooting from the Lip,"  which featured a traditional column followed by a series of short, acerbic observations from the week in sports. Later in his career he began writing a regular political column entitled "Mondays with <mask>," which is strongly liberal in orientation. He left the Daily News in July 2018. Favorite Lupica targets include the New York Yankees, (and will often state their massive payroll in most of his articles) James L. Dolan, Isiah Thomas, Notre Dame football, Rudy Giuliani, Michael Bloomberg, former President George W. Bush, and former Vice President Dick Cheney. Lupica has also been a harsh critic of the new Yankee Stadium and was a vehement opponent of the proposed West Side Stadium. He has likewise been highly critical of the Atlantic Yards project and the attendant construction of the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. Author
Lupica co-wrote autobiographies with Reggie Jackson and Bill Parcells and collaborated with screenwriter William Goldman on Wait Till Next Year and Mad as Hell: How Sports Got Away From the Fans and How We Get It Back.Lupica also wrote Summer of ’98: When Homers Flew, Records Fell, and Baseball Reclaimed America, which detailed how the 1998 and the Mark McGwire/Sammy Sosa home run chase had allowed him to share a love for baseball with his son. Lupica has been listed a vocal critic of the steroid era. <mask> is also a novelist; his work includes mysteries involving fictional NYC television reporter Peter Finley. One of them, Dead Air, was nominated for the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best First Mystery and the 1987 Anthony Award in the same category; and was also adapted into a television movie called Money, Power, Murder. He has written a novel for younger audiences called Travel Team. <mask>’s Bump and Run and Wild Pitch were best sellers. 2003 saw a sequel to Bump and Run, entitled Red Zone.In April 2006, his second children's book, Heat, was published by Philomel.Heat is a fictional story based on the Danny Almonte scandal in the South Bronx Little League. In October 2006, <mask>'s third children's novel, Miracle on 49th Street, was published. Summer Ball, a sequel to Travel Team, was released in 2007. Television and radio work
Since 1988 Lupica has been one of the rotating pundits on The Sports Reporters on ESPN. He also briefly hosted an unsuccessful television chat program, The <mask> Show, on ESPN2, as well as a short-lived radio show on WFAN in New York City in the mid-1990s. He has been a recurring guest on the CBS Morning News, Good Morning America, and The MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour. <mask> has made frequent radio appearances on Imus in the Morning since the early 1980s.Lupica hosted a daily radio show on WEPN-FM from May 9, 2011 until August 21, 2015. Works

Non-series books

Adult books
 Reggie! (with Reggie Jackson, 1984)
 Parcells: An Autobiography of the Biggest Giant of Them All (with Bill Parcells, 1987)
 Wait 'till Next Year: The Story of a Season When What Should've Happened Didn't and What Could've Gone Wrong Did (with William Goldman, 1988)
 Shooting From The Lip: Essays, Columns, Quips, and Gripes in the Grand Tradition of Dyspeptic Sports Writing (1988)
 Jump! (1995)
 Mad as Hell: How Sports Got Away from the Fans and How We Get It Back (1996)
 Summer of '98: When Homers Flew, Records Fell, and Baseball Reclaimed America (1999)
 Yankees '98: Best Ever!

masks:
Michael Lupica
Lupica
Mike
Lupica
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Lupica
Mike Lupica
Lupica