title: Len Johnson (boxer)

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 with Todd being a pronounced favourite, and odds being freely offered against <mask>.Both fighters had alluded to a potential rematch in the future. <mask> returned on 30 March 1925, to secure a draw with Billy Farmer, before knocking out and avenging his loss to Billy Pritchard in the thirteenth-round to in the inaugural Northern Area middleweight title at the Hulme Town Hall. After winning the Northern title, he defeated Joe Bloomfield via points-decision, and then secured a draw with Fred Davies. He then had four more fights in the space of two months, defeating via second-round knockout, Albert Rogers (21-3-0), followed by Ernest Tyncke (33-14-5), and avenging his loss to the light-heavyweight champion of Holland, Herman van 't Hof (42-6-2). Of the van 't Hof fight, <mask> objected to the appointment of referee, Moss Deyong, due to Deyong's controversial judgement in his second encounter with van 't Hof, and the draw against Frank Burns, thus Ted Broadribb took charge. After outpointing van 't Hof, Billy Mack, who defeated <mask>, offered a rematch for £100 a-side. He then rematched and defeated Charlie Ring (24-8-3), whom had beaten many of Britain's finest light-heavyweights, via points-decision.<mask> vs Briscot
On 31 August 1925, <mask> easily outpointed Frank Briscot, the middleweight champion of Belgium, at The Ring. <mask> was described by The Leeds Intelligencer as "[showing] himself a master of boxing skill", and  as a "boxing wizard" by Shields Daily News. At the official weigh-in, a day before the fight, Briscot tipped the scales at 162 lbs, while <mask> weighed a couple of pounds heavier. Briscot made many determined attempts to force the fighting during the opening round. <mask> was wonderfully cool under the rushes of his rival, and left after left flashed out into Briscot's face. Just before the gong sounded, a right hook to the jaw followed immediately, but an upper cut from the same hand had the Belgian shaky on his legs. <mask> scored strongly with his left in the next meeting but he twice missed badly when trying for a knockout to the jaw with his right.Briscot attacked fiercely but with the exception of a few body blows he met with no success. In the third and fourth, <mask> made great play with his right and is rival had to take very severe punishment. Briscot once got him on the side of the head with a fierce right swing. For three rounds, the Belgian fought on doggedly under great difficulties, but although he was bleeding from the nose and lips, he was still strong and full of fight. He proved this in the eighth round, when he drove <mask> with some heavy swings twice or three of which reached the jaw. <mask> was hard pressed for a couple of rounds. Briscot was again severely punished during the eleventh, but remained on his feet to the end of the fight.He had been outclassed, but his courage granted him an ovation as he left the ring. <mask> vs Todd II
On 16 August 1925, The Sunday Mirror announced that <mask> would face Roland Todd at Belle Vue, Manchester at the end of September. Additionally, Hull Daily Mail announced the match as being agreed upon, with the contest will be deprived of championship status, albeit at the middleweight limit; the return match will be on 21 September, with Eugene Corri as referee. On 5 September 1925, The Liverpool Echo reported that <mask> would face former European middleweight champion, Roland Todd in Manchester on 25 September. On 25 September 1925, with a crowd of over 6,000, <mask> defeated Todd, the middleweight champion of Great Britain, on points at Belle Vue, Manchester. Todd, who was strongly fancied, was favoured six to four and had former middleweight champion Gus Platts in his corner. Both <mask> and Todd had successfully passed the scales at the weigh-in earlier that very day.In the initial round, Todd was first to score twice in succession with a flashing straight left. Afterwards, <mask> levelled matters by using both hands to the both. Round two distinctly favoured Todd, who clipped his opponent on the jaw with the right, and scored freely with the left, gaining a nice advantage. Both men exhibited great coolness, and a bout of in-fighting followed in the third, when Todd was twice shaken by a couple of right hooks to the face. Later, champion Todd retaliated with interest by bringing his left nicely into play, and scoring freely in a rally at close quarters. In this round, <mask>, whose work had been exceptionally clever, opened a cut over Todd's left eye with his hard straight hitting with the left glove. The fifth round was exceptionally interesting, Todd's left leads being cleverly stopped by <mask> who, in tern, scored with a stiff blow to the mouth.Subsequently, Todd again rallied strongly, and showing all his old-time cleverness in defence, took the round by a good margin. <mask>'s blows were powerfully delivered for the most part, but try as he would with his heavy right swings, he generally failed to connect owing to the clever defensive work of the champion. Up to round ten, Todd quite monopolised the scoring, with his experience staning him in good stead, and he was rarely at home when <mask> tried to launch an attack. At the end of the tenth, Todd held a nice lead on points, but at this stage the boxing took a wonderful turn. Todd was obviously tiring rapidly, and in the 11th round he was subjected to heavy punishment; <mask> making full use of his longer reach. Todd, however, was cheered for some good work at close range, but his injured eye by now had taken a rather serious turn. <mask> was always on top in the remaining rounds, Todd repeatedly hanging on.The referee, Eugene Corri, had no hesitation in declaring <mask> the winner. However, Corri's decision did not meet with the complete approval of spectators, which resulted in several free-fights taking place in the body of the hall. In the aftermath, Todd claimed that he did not legitimately lose his crown with the loss of the decision, though no British sportsman had supported Todd in this attitude. <mask> vs Rouquet, Kid Lewis
On 12 October 1925, <mask> was scheduled to face Georges Rouquet at The Ring, however, the bout was cancelled due to <mask> contracting the flu, with Charlie Ring taking <mask>'s place. On 8 November, Reynold's News wrote a piece stating the Rouquet's display against Ring was so impressive that may of the best judges felt that <mask>'s illness may have been a fortuitous circumstance. On 9 November 1925, <mask> beat Rouquet on points, after fifteen rounds, at the Blackfriars Ring. <mask> was by far the superior boxer, and possessed physical advantages in height and reach.Rouquet endeavoured to force the close work, but was steadied by a left to the jaw in the first round, with <mask> having the better exchanges. In the eighth round, Rouquet was very aggressive, and sent frequent deliveries to the mouth, causing <mask>'s lower lip to swell badly. Rouquet fought hard for a knock-out punch in the closing rounds, but <mask> was always ready to damage him severely wit a left upper cut. A year prior, on 23 February 1924, The Sportsman reported that <mask> and former middleweight world champion Ted "Kid" Lewis were originally scheduled to meet at the Belle Vue Gardens in Manchester on 3 March. On 7 October 1925, The Westminster Gazette announced that <mask> was matched with Kid Lewis for 26 November. The event was a fifteen-round contest at the 160 pound limit at King's Hall, Manchester. Boxers such as Tommy Burns, Roland Todd, and Jimmy Wilde would all be in attendance.The bout represented a contrast of styles, with the uncanny boxing skill of <mask> up against the experience and in-fighting of Kid Lewis. Opinions on the fight were mixed, although in general more pundits favoured <mask>, as some doubted Kid Lewis would break though <mask>'s "rare defence". The undercard contained Phil Scott and Charlie Ring's three-round exhibition, and Albert Marchant's encounter with featherweight champion Johnny Curley. Even at this stage of his career, <mask> still had his critics, with some doubting his capacity for withstanding heavy punishment, yet defeated Lewis with consummate ease at King's Hall, Manchester; making Lewis appear like a novice. Lewis had every opportunity, more so with referee W J Farrell allowing him to hold and wrestle, pull his man about, and hit with all the curious in-fighting punches he was accustomed to. <mask>'s long-left was applied so deftly that Lewis failed badly in his attempts at in-fighting, and after the first round, <mask> was never outpointed. Lewis opened with a left to the head, followed with two blows to the body, and a short clip to the chin, of which none appeared to carry much weight.<mask> did the better in what little long-range work there was. In the second-round, Lewis dashed in, only to be met with a two-handed attack to the body. Using the ring well, <mask> piled the left with wonderful accuracy, scoring to the head, and Lewis appeared quite powerless to defend himself. A right-hook from Lewis went astray, and <mask> took the opportunity to send his right to the jaw. Lewis missed when he jumped in with both hands at the start of the third-round. <mask> scared with a long-left, and also countered very effectively when Lewis shot his leading land to the chin. <mask> opened the fourth-round with two light-lefts to the head, and again clipped Lewis.Four times in quick succession <mask>'s left reached Lewis' face, but near the end Lewis stabbed with his left and just grazed <mask>'s chin with a right. Lewis tried hard in the sixth-round, but even in close-quarters he could only accomplish very little due to <mask>'s great defence. At the end of the sixth-round, after the bell had sounded and <mask> had turned to his corner, Lewis jumped after him and hit him, and act which caused some uproar. In the seventh, Lewis jumped in to score on the body with both hands, and <mask> soon retaliated with a straight-left and right-cross, and near the end shook Leiws with a left-hook to the jaw. In the eighth-round, Lewis did well in a spell of in-fighting, but often received <mask>'s left on his head. The fight ended in the ninth round, when Lewis complained of a damage hand and ultimately gave up the contest, with Lewis' corner throwing the towel in. The action from Lewis' seconds caused some surprised, although there was no doubt that Lewis was in a bad way, after the continuous prodding he received from <mask>'s left-hand throughout the fight.<mask> vs Hood I
On 18 November 1925, The Westminster Gazette revealed that welterweight Jack Hood had been selected by the National Sporting Club to fight Tommy Milligan for the welterweight title on 21 December, however, due to Miligan deciding to go to America, Hood was to meet <mask> at the Ring on 7 December instead. On 20 November, Birmingham Daily Gazette confirmed articles were in agreement for twenty 3-minute rounds at 154 lbs for £100 a-side and a purse of £400. On 4 December, prior to his encounter with Hood, it was revealed that <mask> would be travelling to Australia in the new year. At the official weigh-in, a day before the fight, <mask> tipped the scales at 159 lbs, while Hood weighed six pounds lighter at 152 lbs. From the inception of the match, <mask> had been prounced the favourite for money, with odds for him at 2 to 1. On 7 December, <mask> lost the fight via close points decision, awarded by referee Joe Palmer, in favour of Hood. Although <mask> did most of the forcing in the earlier rounds, Hood countered well with both hands.In the sixth round, Hood outfought <mask> and a hard right and left hook shook <mask>, and caused damage to his left eye, which had been cut in the previous round; Hood also did most of the attacking in the eighth round. <mask> displayed sound defence, and at the half-way stage there was little to choose between the men. The twelfth was a spirited affair, with Hood getting the better of the exchanges. There was little to choose between the men in the next three rounds, but in the sixteenth, Hood put in some fine two-handed boxing, and continuing to have the best of the latter rounds. Journey to Australia

The Collins fight
The Collins fight is considered to be a turning point in boxing history as it was the first time the British Empire championship was held by a black boxer during the period of Britain's boxing colour bar, which lasted from 1911 until 1948. On 26 September 1911, the colour bar came to provenance when the National Sporting Club imposed a "colour bar" in British boxing after, then Home Secretary, Winston Churchill, who initially remained unmoved, bowed to pressure when Randall Davidson, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Baden-Powell urged him to reconsider, and therefore declared the heavyweight encounter between <mask> and Bombardier Billy Wells an illegal one at that. On 18 January 1926, it was revealed that <mask> had arrived in Australia, under the engagement of Jack Munro, and was scheduled for five fights in Australia.He acknowledged that "[...] a coloured man can't hold the Lonsdale belt", though remarked that he was unsure of whom he had to meet, though expected to be first billed to box Harry Collins. On 4 February 1926, Birmingham Daily Gazette reported that a match was arranged to take place on 13 February at the Sydney Stadium between <mask> and Australian champion Harry Collins, in which is described as the middleweight championship of the British Empire. Birmingham Daily Gazette also revealed that <mask> has stated "down under" that he is the holder of the English title, though the British Boxing Board of Control rendered it vacant by taking it away from Roland Todd, whilst expanding "Owning to his colour, <mask> cannot fight for the English title, and his contest with Collins cannot be for the championship of the British Empire." Additionally, on 4 February, The Daily Mail also pointed out that as <mask> is ineligible for an English boxing title, the contest cannot be sanctioned for the championship of the British Empire. On 9 February, the National Sporting Club were described as being aghast at the suggestion and pointed out that although <mask> had beaten the current middleweight Lonsdale belt-holder, he cannot become English champion on account of his colour, as only full-blooded whites can hold the boxing titles in conservative England. If Collins were to have won the encounter with <mask>, he would have qualified for a meeting with the winner of the Tommy Milligan and Mickey Walker contest for the world welterweight title. On 20 February 1926, in a twenty-round contest, <mask> brilliantly defeated Harry Collins on points to win the vacant British Empire title.The fight was witnessed by 12,000 spectators at the Sydney Stadium, however, Birmingham Daily Gazette stated that, as <mask> was not the champion of England, the bout was incorrectly described as being for the British Empire championship. At the official weigh-in, <mask> tipped the scales at 157 lbs, while Collins weighed seven pounds lighter at 150 lbs. The gate money totalled £2,472, with each man receiving £617. <mask> scored with his left with monotonous regularity, and although he had not been credited with having power behind his punches, he connected with several telling rights. Collins paid most attention to <mask>'s body, but he seldom was allowed to get close enough to do any damage. In the twentieth round, <mask> sent in several powerful blows in quick succession, and had Collins in such a way that it appeared as if he could deliver a knockout blow at any moment. Collins, however, clinched on a couple of occasions, and he was in a bad way when the gong sounded, and <mask> was given the verdict by referee Joe Wallis.Colour bar removed
The colour bar remained in force even under <mask>'s win, which was deemed illegitimate by the National Sporting Club and other authorities in Britain. On 24 February 1926, Hugh D. McIntosh composed in an article for The Referee, wherein he spoke of his disdain for the British attitude in barring <mask>, to which he exclaimed "And because of that, I intend to hold championship contests for championships within the British Empire, for which I shall present special belts emblematic of the rulership of the various divisions of pugilism." He spoke of no colour or creed being barred, and maintained that such an action was prompted by what he classed as "unfair discrimination" against <mask>, who defeated Collins. He concluded by stating <mask> shall not be ruled out

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title: Len Johnson (boxer)

type: original

texts:
 of his rights as a middleweight champion, thus he was going to donate some special belts for various contests; the first of these contests being <mask> v Collins. On 24 March 1926, in protest against the National Sporting Club and other authorities in Britain, McIntosh confirmed to have had belts manufactured for the British Empire Championship battles decided in any state of the Commonwealth. After his defeat of Collins, <mask> met Tiger Jack Payne for twenty-rounds at the Sydney Stadium on 6 March, which resulted in <mask> winning via a points decision. According to The Sunday Timess editor, Solar Plexus, "Though Payne fought gamely and well from the go to stop, his well meat punches were, generally speaking, made to miss whilst <mask>'s blows were crisp and clean.The decision favouring <mask>, though undoubtedly correct, did not meet with general approval." On 12 March, it was announced that Sunny Jim Williams would be <mask>'s next opponent, while Tommy Uren spoke of wishing to fight <mask>. On 16 March, in an interview with Sydney Sportsman, Williams spoke of having his heart set on beating <mask>, to which he stated "I think I can beat <mask>. I have trained for this fight as I have not trained before, and if I am beaten, the boxing public will know what I did my level best." In front of a 4,000 crowd at the Sydney Stadium, in what was referred to as the "surprise of the year", Williams defeated <mask> via a close twenty-round decision. Williams landed good blows now and again, and rapid changes from orthodox to the southpaw stance worried <mask> a good deal. A sensation was caused in the eleventh-round, when <mask> went to the canvas as a result of a heavy right swing to the jaw.Williams was encouraged, and made the pace strong, in which used both hands freely, and had <mask> on the defensive. Of his defeat to Williams, <mask> claimed he tackled the clever American too soon, after his strenuous twenty-round battles against Collins and Payne; <mask> acknowledged that he was keen on avenging the defeat. On 27 March 1926, former Australia middleweight champion, Alf Stewart outpointed Ted Monson at West Melbourne Stadium in an eliminator to secure the position to face <mask> in his first British Empire title defence. After a satisfactory performance, <mask> successfully defended his British Empire middleweight title with a nineteenth-round knockout win. Stewart was severely handicapped by a nasty cut over the left eye, sustained in the seventh round. Up to the fourteenth round, Stewart seemed to have a chance, but in that session he went to pieces as a result of a right to the body, which was followed up by a perfect fusillade of rights to the jaw. Just as the bell went, <mask> shot out another punch to the jaw which nearly put Stewart out.Thirteen seconds before the end of the nineteenth round, <mask> dropped Stewart for the full count at the stadium. It was announced in April that <mask> would be making a second defence of his British Empire title at the Sydney Stadium against Tommy Uren, on 8 May. At the official weigh-in, <mask> tipped the scales at 156.8 lbs, while Uren weighed seven pounds lighter at 154 lbs. There was a crowd of 10,000, and the takings for the fight were £9,587. <mask> throughout the bout bout displayed superlative skill, and Uren, whose in-fighting ability was well known, was not allowed much opportunity to get into close-quarters. <mask> gave him no peace, and shot a few rights to the ribs, and it was not until the eleventh-round that he landed one at Uren's solar plexus, causing him to drop to the floor in intense pain. <mask> vs Payne II, Williams II, McGale
The following week, on 15 May, <mask> would later return to rematch Tiger Jack Payne, of whom he would he granted a twenty-round decision against at the Sydney Stadium.On 29 May, <mask> sought to avenge his loss by rematching Sunny Jim Williams at Brisbane Stadium, though lost via a very controversial points decision. Both <mask> and Williams equally weighed in at 159.6 lbs. The verdict of referee, Major Fred Craig, was met with a mixed reception, with many boxing enthusiasts believing <mask> was entitled to the decision, in which The Brisbane Courier wrote "<mask> and his father were astonished at the decision of [Craig], and there were many who thought <mask> won." Although disappointed with Major Craig's verdict, <mask> decided to remain in Brisbane for the purpose to accepting Frisco McGale's challenge. On 5 June, <mask> outpointed McGale in a match of twenty-rounds, wherein <mask> boxed with great skill and outpointed McGale in virtually every round. Return from Australia

Maintaining the colour bar
On 12 July 1926, <mask>'s recognition as middleweight champion of the British Empire was dropped when Tommy Milligan's victory over George West was officially advertised by promoters in Britain as being for the vacant British Empire title, on the basis that <mask> did not have two white parents. Thereon, after the events at Holland Park Rink, Milligan was referred to as the middleweight champion of the British Empire.By August 1926, <mask> had returned to England, after completing his successful tour of Australia. He fought and outpointed George West on 10 September, however, as the decision was not universally approved, the pair were brought back in November, to a crowd of 6,000 in Manchester, to which <mask> won by a wider margin. On 15 November 1926, <mask> returned to London to defeat former French welterweight champion, Maurice Prunier, at The Ring via points decision. The bout was for fifteen-rounds, and <mask> was able to keep Prunier away with his long straight left, whilst he sent in the right from time to time, and generally had the best of it. Prunier was always trying to make a fight of it, and in the twelfth round his stock went up considerably. In this he was very aggressive, and laid <mask>'s eye open with a left-hook which had a lot of power in it. <mask> was smart enough to keep him at a distance for the balance of the bout, and easily won on points by referee Jim Kenrick's verdict.The following month, on 6 December, <mask> was disqualified in the fifth round for hitting Jack Etienne low with the left hand, though he was cautioned in a previous round for a similar offence by referee Jim Kenrick. <mask> v Harvey I
After the Etienne disqualification, <mask> set his sights on <mask>, and in front of a crowd of 4,000 at The Ring, <mask> went the full twenty-rounds and defeated Harvey via a points decision. At the weigh in, <mask> weighed in at 160 pounds (72.6 kg), while Harvey came in lighter at 156.5 pounds (71 kg). Both boxers had their respective fathers as seconds. <mask>'s victory was beyond dispute, for he was much superior than Harvey, who hardly won a solitary round, and was nearly always out-scored. Harvey had a shade the better of the early rounds, more so the first and sixth, though <mask> appeared to be hitting the harder of the two, which was rather surprising as <mask> had failed to show that he had possessed a really good punch in the majority of his previous contests. From the seventh, <mask> began to wear Harvey down with good two-handed punches both to the body and the face.Harvey was never idle, and continually got home home straight and accurate lefts, but his right was not so much evident as usual. The punishment Harvey took sapped his strength and his face bore evidence of the hard punching <mask>. <mask> was practically unmarked at the close of the contest when referee Sam Russell announced the victor. He was the clear winner on points, and exposed Harvey's offensive and defensive weaknesses. After the fight, many felt <mask> had substantiated his claim to a meeting with Tommy Milligan. During the post-fight interviews, promoter A.W. Shuker confirmed that <mask> would face George West in Cardiff on 31 January.<mask> would later defeat West for the third time via fifteen-round point decision, before knocking out Horace Jackson in the fourth-round at Drill Hall, Middlesbrough on 17 May. After his victory over Jackson, <mask> travelled to Milan, Italy to face Leone Jacovacci at Velodromo Sempione, however, he lost a twelve-round points decision. Jacovacci had won with ease, flooring <mask> three times before winning on points. After the fight, <mask> revealed that the match was taken at short notice, and that he never allowed himself to settle down after his long journey to Italy. In May 1927, it was announced that <mask> and Ted Moore had signed articles to fight a fifteen-round middleweight contest at Olympia London, on 9 June, for a purse and side stakes amounting to £1,500. The top of the bill was shared with Pancho Dencio and Francois Moracchini. <mask> defeated Ted Moore via a points decision, on 9 June.Moore tried hard to win by knockout early on and ultimiately failed. In the second-round, Moore's left ear was badly damaged and the doctor advised that the fight he stopped, although referee Norman Clarke disregarded his advice. <mask> returned to the ring on 25 July at The Ring in London against ex-amateur champion Jack Elliott. At the weigh-in, Elliot's weight was 162 lbs, whereas one and one-quarter lbs less. The whole fight consisted of rushes by Elliot, with <mask> countering with fine skill. Twice in round-eight, Elliot had to be warned for head-butting. Elliot made a big effort in the twelfth round, only to fare badly.Elliot did his best, but did not win a single round. The punishment from Joshua would have put most men down, and due to winning: <mask> was expected to be matched with British, Commonwealth and European middleweight champion Tommy Milligan. Following his defeat of Elliot, <mask> had been touring music-halls and giving boxing exhibitions. On 19 December, <mask> avenged his loss, a loss via disqualification, by defeating Jack Etienne by way of a fifteen-round points decision at The Ring. <mask> returned to the ring on 1 January 1928, to defeat Piet Brand, the middleweight champion of Holland, in a fifteen-round contest at the Ring, wherein Brand retired in the tenth-round. Move to light-heavyweight

<mask> v Daniels
On 23 January 1928, fought former British light-heavyweight champion Gipsy Daniels at The Ring, the latter of which had recently lost to Max Schmeling in Germany. The fight would be <mask>'s at the light-heavyweight limit.At the weigh-in, <mask> weighed it at only 156 lbs for his match with Daniels, who was three-quarters of a pound inside the stipulated 179 lbs limit. Daniels' title was not at stake, as the weight stipulated was 1 lbs above the light-heavyweight limit. The big difference in weight notwithstanding, <mask> gave Daniels a lesson in boxing and ringcraft, and did everything to him except knock him out. He may have knocked Daniels out if he had let himself out to the full at any time during the last five rounds. As it was, <mask> defeated Daniels by a convincing margin of points. It was soon seen that Daniels was bent on mischief, but all he did was to make people laugh when he missed by "miles" with huge left and ring swings. After this, <mask>'s punching powder improved wonderfully, and he punished Daniels with terrific right upper-cuts and swing punches to the bdy and short arm blows to Daniels' jaw.At the result of the fight, there was joy in <mask>'s camp, as the victory of son's was of great importance in England and therefore meant that he would be in greater demand and may eventually go to America. Following <mask>'s win, he challenged British light-heavyweight champion Frank Moody, and a £1,000 purse had been offered. <mask> v Hood II
On 10 February, Leeds Mercury revealed that olympic welterweight champion Jean Delarge was to have met <mask>, though due to being cut out of affair on 8 February, was substituted by Hood because "a certain highly place personage" had expressed a wish to see both Hood and <mask> together. On 28 February, it was announced that <mask> would face Hood on 13 February at catchweight, in a rematch of their 1925 bout which resulted in a loss for <mask>. <mask> lost the fight via fifteen-round points decision. Vast crowds awaited the arrival of the Prince of Wales, as it was his first visit to the Blackfriars Ring, who specially attended to see <mask> fight. Twice the crowds broke through the police cordon, but opened a way for the Prince when he stepped out from his car.The hall was packed, and the audience sang For He's a Jolly Good Fellow, with the crowd outside joining in. After this the Prince chatted with Jimmy Wilde during the preliminary bouts. On taking the ring, it was seen that <mask> was the heavier of the men, though there was little in it regarding their respective heights. Hood was the first to enter the right, and it was noticed that he had a swelling on the left-side of his forehead. It was noticed that Hood fully clothed, and <mask> stripped, were both inside the 175 pound limit, with the actual weights not being taken. After two rounds of sparring, in which neither landed a telling blow, Hood got in several lefts to <mask>'s face. In the second, <mask> was warned for a low hit.The third-round was fought cleverly, both relying chiefly on the left hand, while in the next Hood scored the majority of the points, though <mask> levelled up in the fifth-round with a hard left to the jaw doing Hood no good. <mask> led off in the sixth-round with left and rights to the head, and later received a hard left to the jaw. Both missed well-intentioned aims in the next round, and then Hood landed a heavy left to the mouth. In the eighth round, Hood brought his right-hand into the picture, and smashed it into <mask>'s face, and followed up with a fine left. <mask>'s swinging punches brought him success, but he had difficulty in evading Hood's lead. Near the end of the ninth round, Hood received a hard right to the jaw from <mask>. <mask> became erratic in the eleventh-round, but he was able to score with his left.<mask> forced the pace in the thirteenth and fourteenth rounds. Late in the fourteenth, Hood connected with a left to the jaw. <mask> fought to the last gong, but Hood was always ready with his left hand, and in the fifteenth round he surprised <mask> with a right which shook <mask>. The referee, Sam Russell, awarded Hood with the victory on points. The fight was regarded as one of the best exhibitions of scientific boxing seen in Britain for years. Overall the fight between Hood and <mask> was one in which Hood boxed the battle of his career; his left-hand leads delighted the crowd. <mask>, who was two stones heavier, also gave a characteristic display of defensive work, whilst it being one of his more aggressive performances.Comeback
Prior to the Hood rematch, <mask> had signed to meet Frank Fowler at Leeds on 1 March, over fifteen-rounds. The contest was part of a large tournament at Leeds Town Hall, on behalf of the local Jewish hospital. <mask> avenged his loss and defeated Fowler at Leeds Town Hall, with the referee stopping the fight in the ninth round. Fowler was being badly punished in the ninth-round, but held on very gamely, although his right eye was cut. Fowler was bleeding and obviously puzzled by the defence and speed of his opponent. <mask> played for the head wit half-arm jabs and was practically unmarked when the contest was stopped. He then had two more fights in the space of the given month, defeating George Hetherington by stoppage and Ted Moore on points; which was followed by a fifth-round stoppage of George Schladenhaufen on 23 October.<mask> v Jacovacci II, Ara, Williams III
On 1 November 1928, it was confirmed that European middleweight champion Leone Jacovacci would face <mask>, and that the contest would take place in Manchester on 20 November. Jacovacci was the most feared middleweight in Europe at the time and the contest was claimed to be for the middleweight championship of Europe, which was held by Alexander Ireland, however, the International Boxing Union thought otherwise. The confidence of Georges Carpentier was that Jacovacci was capable of winning decisively under six-rounds. <mask> went the full fifteen-rounds, in front of 7,000 spectators in Manchester, and defeated Jacovacci via a points decision awarded by referee Joe Bowker. The crowd was the largest Manchester had ever seen at a tournament. In the early rounds of the contest, Jacovacci boxed at a hurricane rate, showering blows from all angles. He forced the battle, but <mask>'s calm skill made him miss many times.Jacovacci took a tremendous lot out of himself,

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Bill Johnson
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title: Len Johnson (boxer)

texts:
 but he was unable to land a telling blow, although in the fourth-round he cut open <mask>'s left eyebrow. This however, acted as a tonic on <mask>, and he became far more aggressive, applying to the body as well as to the head. The sustained efforts of Jacovacci tired him, and then it was then when <mask> came into his own. He boxed calmly and with deliberation, carefully scoring at every conceivable opportunity. After the bout, the question of the status of Jacovacci European title came into question, with regards to the I.B.U. On 20 December 1928, <mask> and Ignacio Ara, the middleweight champion of Spain, had signed articles to fight a fifteen-round middleweight contest at The Ring for 31 December. The contest was set at 160 lbs for £100 a-side.<mask> won comfortably via points decision. <mask> dominated the fight with his left-had, and though Ara was badly punished, he was always dangerous and even towards the close of the fight, when his left eye was completely closed. At times, Ara used his right-hand effectively, and more than once steadied <mask> with a punch from said hand. On 22 January 1929, <mask> avenged his two losses by outclassing and outpointing Sunny Jim Williams at King's Hall, Manchester. The bout was billed as an eliminator for the world middleweight title. The contest was one of fifteen three-minute rounds at 160 lbs, which included side-stakes of £2,500. Williams had already beat <mask> twice in Australia, though <mask> was confident of being able to win at the third time of asking.<mask>, albeit having the half-pound weight advantage, had little difficulty in evading Williams' rushes within the early rounds. Williams swung his blows wildly, but generally, <mask> in straight-lefts to the face. Williams was more successful in the eighth round, in which his left swings found the body, and there were times when <mask> was fighting on the defensive. <mask>, however, scored freely to the face in the twelfth round, but he was shaken by some hard rights to the body in the fourteenth, which was Williams' best round. After the fight, <mask> showed little signs of damage against Williams, while a challenge was sent to the New York State Athletic Commission for a world middleweight championship bout against Micky Walker. <mask> stated that he had received a good offer to fight in America, though won't consider it after his next fight. Additionally, Williams spoke of wanting a fourth fight with <mask>.Return to light-heavyweight

Champion of the North of England
On 22 March 1929, The Leeds Mercury reported that <mask>'s next engagement would be with Belgian light-heavyweight Gerard Debarbieux at Liverpool on 1 April, while the newspaper noted that <mask> could be a likely opponent for Harry Crossley. On 6 May, the match arranged for 3 June in Leeds, between <mask> and Crossley, meant that the Northern light-heavyweight title was at stake, with the contract specifying for the men weighing in at 175 pounds. At the weigh in, Debarbieux weighed in at 175 pounds (79.4 kg), while <mask> came in lighter at 168 pounds (76.2 kg). <mask> won the fight with a fusillade of left-hands which continually troubled Debarbieux, who retired in the ninth-round with a damaged hand. In his preparation for Crossley, <mask> had gone to Upwell, near Wisbech, to do his training, as he realised the importance of the fight and that Crossley was a formidable rival, while there were rumours that Fred Shaw would be <mask>'s chief sparring partner. Both <mask> and Crossley at the weigh-in were within the 175 pound limit. Both men were measuring each other in the opening rounds, in which <mask> got the better of with left digs to the body, whilst Crossley landed two blows to the head.In the next two rounds there was some smart feinting and footwork on the part of <mask>, but this did not prevent Crossley from getting in several right-hooks to the head. <mask> then proceeded to attack Crossley's body, but like Crossley, he occasionally delivered a straight left to the face. Crossley was very forceful at the next meeting and shook <mask> with powerful double-handed blows to the head and body, to which <mask> recovered, however, and before the round was over he landed a splendidly-timed straight-left to Crossley's face. The fifth-round was even, both men being short with their leads, while Crossley was rather wild with his attempts to get home a right upper-cut. Hard hitting took place in the next round, in which <mask>'s right eye was swollen and Crossley's left eye was cut. Up to that point, <mask> had displayed the better boxing abilities, but his opponent fought gamely in the middle rounds, after which <mask> led well on points. He continued to do so until the end, and his smarter footwork enabled him to worry Crossley round the ring.Crossley landed two right upper-cuts in the eleventh and twelfth rounds. <mask> proceeded to play on Crossley's damaged eye, but the latter took his punishment well. <mask> went the full fifteen rounds at Fenton Street Drill Hall, Leeds, defeating Crossley via a points decision whilst winning the inaugural Northern Area light-heavyweight title. A few weeks later, on 21 June, at the open-air boxing tournament of Clapton Stadium, <mask> defeated Marcel Moret of France in the fourth-round, with the referee intervening. <mask> scored a very easy win, in which he fought coolly and quickly, obtaining the measure of his opponent, dealt out much punishment with both hands. Morat's face was badly bleeding when in the fourth-round the referee stopped the bout and declared <mask> the winner via points decision. Many spectators at Clapton Stadium had cried out to the referee to stop the fight prior to the stoppage.After defeating Moret, <mask> vacated the Northern Area light-heavyweight title, which was later contested by Harry Crossley and Frank Fowler on 29 June at National Sporting Club in Leeds. <mask> v Bonaglia
After vacating his title, <mask> then had three fights in the space of one month, defeating Emile Egrel and Lode Wuestenraedt by way of stoppage, and Pierre Gandon by a points decision. On 26 November, after defeating Gandon, it was announced that <mask> had been matched with Michele Bonaglia of Italy (38-1-1), the European light-heavyweight champion, who had only lost to future heavyweight champion Max Schmeling. <mask> gained a points victory over Bonaglia in a fifteen-round contest at King's Hall, Manchester, winning the majority of the rounds by a comfortable margin on 17 December. <mask> opened in confident fashion, getting over one right which upset the Italian, but Bonaglia was up immediately. Giving a masterly display of boxing both in attack and defence, <mask> won the first seven rounds in fairly easy fashion, but at times he treated Bonaglia cheaply, and paid forfeit for this failing in the eighth round. Bonaglia dropped <mask> with a right to the side of the head, but <mask> was not down long enough to take the count, although he was obviously upset by the experience.The following round went to the Italian, though Johnsom, from this point, boxed skillfully and gained a very easy points victory. By the end of 1929, supporters of <mask> had failed in another attempt to persuade the Home Office to remove the colour bar in British boxing championship regulations. <mask> v Jacovacci III
On 9 April 1930, Jimmy Johnston, who acted as Phil Scott's American manager when the boxer was in the United States, informed a Reuters' correspondent that <mask> was on his way to the U.S., with Johnston stating that he was arranging a number of matches for the light-heavyweight boxer. <mask> returned to the ring on 12 June 1930 to face Bob Carvill, with whom he beat via a wide points decision at Liverpool Stadium. The fight was <mask>'s first bout since his return from America in May, which was a fruitless errand for <mask> as his colour was raised as an objection, therefore was not given a chance. On 17 June 1930, he returned to face current European and Italian middle-weight champion Leone Jacovacci at St James Hall, Newcastle. <mask> defeated Jacovacci via referee technical decision, which was later revealed to be due to Jacovacci's injured hand.In the seventh-round, a short jolt to the body sent Jacovacci to the canvas for a count of nine. At the end of the round, Jacovacci went to his corner, where he received the usual attention, but when the bell went for the eighth-round he refused to leave his chair. He was cautioned by the referee, who immedtiately commenced to count him out. Jacovacci then rose from his chair and held out his hand to <mask> in token of defeat. Prior to the stoppage, <mask> had outboxed Jacovacci in every department. Retirement and frustration
After his second defeat of Jacovacci, in June, it was revealed that promoter Johnny Best was attempting to match <mask> with Jack Etienne, who was one of the best light-heavyweights in Europe. <mask> had already been defeated by Etienne, though he later avenge such a loss; with a third fight arousing considerable interest.On 24 August, it was announced that <mask>, who was due to meet future Italian heavyweight champion Merlo Prescio on 8 September at The Ring, had asked for his contract to be cancelled. <mask> declared that he is retiring due to the colour bar preventing him obtaining a championship fight, while he is barred from the Royal Albert Hall and the National Sporting Club. During the announcement, <mask> stated "I have been trying for years to get championship fights, but I always find it impossible, because of the prejudice in some sporting circles against men of colour. I don't blame the general sporting public. Followers of boxing want to see me fight." He added "I issue a challenge to any of the well-known fighters - Scott, Harvey, Hood and the rest - for a fight. Winner take all, but I know that they will not take it up."Additionally, Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale was interviewed and stated while he had the greatest admiration for <mask>, both as a fighter and as a man, the colour question debarred him from fighting for a Lonsdale Belt. The Ring management have refused to release <mask> from his contract to meet Prescio, though had offered a gold belt for a fight between him and any other light-heavyweight on <mask>'s terms. According to a Daily Express representative, <mask> had not received contact from the Ring management. Their offer, he said, would make no different to his decision to retire in which he explained "I signed no contract to appear on September 8. My father signed it for me, and they cannot force me to fight. I shall not turn up unless the British Boxing Board of Control will guarantee me a fight for the cruiserweight championship." He also stated that he intends to carry on a bookmaking business, whilst stating "My aim was to become a world's champion, but I am coloured, and that seems to be against me."Of <mask>'s claims, Victor Berliner, head of the Ring Syndicate, stated that <mask> had repudiated his contact and remarked that "We deserve the right to take what action we like in the matter [...] If boxers are allowed to break definite contracts, which involve promoters in heavy loss and their supporters in disappointment, the name might as well be thrown up." By September, the Ring Syndicate maintained that <mask> was still under contract. Comeback
In September 1930, Tommy Richie, boxing promoter, attempted to secure a match with <mask> and Harry Crossley for a gold belt, purse and the light-heavyweight championship of Britain. Lancashire Evening Post stated that "If [Richie] succeeds it will be one of the most important fights of the year in the North", though highlighted the apparent difficulty in obtaining <mask>'s signature. On 1 September, Richie sent a telegram to <mask>, <mask>'s father and manager, inviting <mask> to fight Crossley in Preston, though the reply was met with the fact <mask> shall not be entering into any more boxing contracts. In October 1930, negotiations were confirmed in progress for a fight between <mask> and American Dave Shade at Manchester, with <mask> recently altering his decision to retire, and being eagar to face Shade. On 13 October, <mask> defeated Pierre Gandon, of France, via a narrow fifteen-round points decision at The Ring.<mask> seemed very eagar to set the pace when the fight began. His footwork was exceedingly light and quick, and his left-hand flushed into Gandon's face with fine accuracy. The Frenchman was slow by comparison, not only on his feet but also with his hands. But when he did land there was power in the punch. <mask> was twice compelled to cover up after receiving powerful rights to the body, and during the third round he came off badly from a collision of heads, receiving a cut high up over the temple. As the fight progressed, it became evident that if Gandon was to win it would only be from a single punch. With a battered face, and sometimes bewildered mind, he fought an uphill battle with fine determination.<mask> switched his attack to the body, while Gandon aimed his blows to the head. In an exchange of blows, Gandon connected with a good-right that toppled <mask> to the canvas. The crowd went wild, and Gandon was on his toes eager to set loose. <mask> rose immediately, and boxing warily, stalled till the bell, although he napped another stiff punch from his opponent. <mask> was shaken by a right-swing to the jaw in the eleventh round, though the Frenchman was unable to press the advantage home. <mask>'s left eye was now half-closed and appeared to be bothering him, but he boxed cleverly to the end of round-fourteen and the final round. On 21 October 1930, he returned to face Giuseppe Malerba at Free Trade Hall, Manchester, where he defeated Malerba via referee technical decision in the seventh-round.Inches short in reach than <mask>, Malerba simply couldn't get inside that left-hand. He tried all he knew but <mask>'s left-hand was like a ramrod, as it kept flicking the Italian's nose and straightened him out. <mask> v Crossley II
On 11 October, it was reported that negotiations were still proceeding for a match at catchweight between <mask> and Crossley, providing sanction is not obtained from the British Boxing Board of Control for a match for the light-heavyweight title. On 29 October, both parties had come to terms for a meeting on 18 November, at Manchester. The fight was confirmed not to be at catchweight, and the colour ban still remained, therefore the match wasn't for Crossley's British light-heavyweight championship. At the weigh-in, <mask> was well inside the stipulated weight of 177 pounds (80 kg), while Crossley scaled at 174 pounds (79 kg). In front of a large crowd at the Free Trade Hall on 17 November, <mask> and Crossley fought a 15-round split decision draw, in which a great amount felt that <mask> had won the fight.<mask> surprised the crowd in a number of rounds by throwing defence to the winds and going all out for a knock-out, particularly in the seventh and fifteenth rounds. He carried the fight from Crossley from the second-round onwards. His long left kept finding its way into Crossley's face. The champion took most of his points for his work at close-quarters, but a great many of the blows landed on <mask>'s arms and gloves, whose defence was splendid throughout. <mask> had to hold occasionally due to the heavy blows to the body by Crossley, and was cautioned; Crossley at one point had <mask> weakened, though he neglected to follow up. In the third-round, <mask> opened a wound on Crossley's left eye, and <mask> started to force matters from the fifth-round onwards, and scored heavily. In the seventh-round, <mask> nearly finished the fight when he sent the champion down with three hard-rights to the jaw, but the bell came to the aid of Crossley.Crossley improved in the eighth and ninth rounds, scoring with two-handed punches to <mask>'s body, but did not do any material damage. <mask> had the far better closing rounds, being busy all the time with his left. Crossley adopted the policy of going for <mask>'s body all the way through. Many of the right arm punches at the ribs were taken on <mask>'s left arm and Crossley, ignoring the fact that they weren't point-scoring, continued to punch at that arm. The result was that well before the end of the fight, <mask>'s left was no longer of use as a weapon of offence. The decision of referee, P.J. Morris, was received with mixed reception.In the post-fight interview, Crossley spoke of being satisfied with the verdict, and praised

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title: Len Johnson (boxer)

texts:
 <mask>'s boxing, in which he continued by stating: "[...] <mask> is a very good man. He takes a lot of hitting with that stance of his, and he is very clever on his feet. I was confident enough, but somehow I had a hunch that it would be a draw. He scored a lot with his lefts, but they were only light flips, and I do not think people saw how many I was getting in under his left arm." After the fight, <mask> attended the Manchester Royal Infirmary, as his damaged left-arm was placed under X-rays; it was noted the injury occurred prior to the fight, while causing him considerable pain against Crossley. <mask> v N.S.C., Etienne III & IV
On 2 January 1931, The Leicester Evening Mail exclusively announced that Larry Gains had a scheduled meeting with Sam Russell of the National Sporting Club, with a view of removing the colour bar in British boxing, to which Gains stated, "[...] It will mean that <mask> will be able to fight Harry Crossley for the Londsale cruiserweight belt [...] You can guess what the lifting of the ban would mean to me." As of 5 February, the National Sporting Club had scrapped the rule prohibiting coloured boxers on their programmes, and it was hoped that some amends would be made to <mask>.On 25 February, The Western Morning News announced that <mask> had signed up for three matches in Manchester, with the Belle Vue Syndicate proposing to match him with Harry Crossley and <mask>, light-heavyweight and middleweight champions, respectively. On 27 March, Northampton Chronicle & Echo reported that <mask> would appear at King's Hall, Manchester on 6 April, in a match at light-heavyweight against Jack Etienne, who was regarded as one of the best light-heavyweights in Europe. Leading up to the fight, <mask> was the major betting-line favourite, though on 6 April, Etienne narrowly outpointed him over fifteen-rounds at King's Hall, Manchester. <mask> was particularly keen to win the rubber-match with Etienne in view of the possibilities of a rematch with <mask>. <mask> started off well, and in the earlier rounds had a slight lead, but Etienne was always the stronger of the two. The Belgian fighter launched a fierce two-handed attack from the start and found frequent loopholes in <mask>'s defence. During the post-fight interviews, <mask>, father and manager of <mask>, remarked that his son had won the fight, in which he expanded: "[...] the referee thought otherwise.That is all there is to that. The boys meet again on Monday next, and if Etienne's party think that the Belgian can confirm what the referee thought: I have £100 ready to place on the table to say he can't [...]" The rematch was set for two-weeks later on 21 April, for £50 a-side. On 21 April, <mask> avenged his recent loss by defeating Etienne via points-decision over fifteen-rounds at King's Hall, Manchester. In the fourth meeting of <mask> and Etienne, with a crowd of 5,000, both boxed cautiously at the start, but afterwards indulged in some clever left leading, while Etienne was particularly smart at in-fighting. <mask> was the aggressor in practically every round and gave a fine exhibition of ringcraft, and Etienne countered accurately and compelled his opponent to make some bad misses. Etienne was very worrying to <mask> in the closing rounds, when he sent in some powerful lefts and rights to the body, and at close he had a great reception. After defeating Etienne, <mask> sent out a challenge to the heavyweight division by announcing his interest in competing within the division, to which he openly challenged British heavyweight champion Reggie Meen and Larry Gains.Since his second defeat of Etienne, <mask> hasn't fought except in his own boxing booth, but of moving up in weight he stated "I mean to meet as many good [light-heavyweights] and heavy-weights as I can. I think Mr. Broadribb can get me the fights. In the middleweight class I could find no fights with any money in them, so I am going after the big fellows." Royal Albert Hall's colour bar
As with the Collins fight of 1926, <mask>'s fight with Adolf Pott is considered a turning point in boxing history because <mask> was the first black fighter who fought at the Royal Albert Hall. On 13 January 1932, it was reported that <mask> would return to middleweight and be matched with Marcel Thil, the middleweight champion of France, on 25 January at the Palais des Sports, Paris, however, it was later revealed that <mask> would appear on the undercard of Larry Gains' defense of his British Empire heavyweight title against Don McCorkindale at the Royal Albert Hall, London. By 23 January, the action of the British Boxing Board of Control in lifting the colour bar had given Larry Gains the opportunity to win the British Empire heavyweight title, as well as <mask> to win the Lonsdale belt. It was remarked that members of the British Boxing Board of Control consulted with prominent individuals at the Home Office, and the natural inference being that the authorities are no longer antagonistic to black and white title fights.Of the decision, manager Ted Broadribb stated that "British boxing in the future will have a much better chance in so far as the world's championships are concerned. In such men as [Gains] and [<mask>] we have boxers who, as British champions, could be sent to fight the world's best. Hitherto, they had been victims of an unfair regulation." It was arranged that German heavyweight, Egon Stief, would be <mask>'s opponent, despite <mask> being 28 pounds lighter, and on 27 January, one day before the fight, it was announced that Adolf Pott, of Cologne, would substitute the position of Stief, who was unable to appear at Royal Albert Hall. At the weigh-in, <mask> came in at the weight of 176 pounds (80 kg), one of his heaviest, while, by contrast, heavyweight Pott scaled in at 186 pounds (84 kg). The bout was cut from ten-rounds to eight-rounds in view of the increase in the number of rounds in the Gains v McCorkindale fight from twelve to fifteen-rounds. On 28 January 1932, in an eight-round contest, <mask> outclassed Pott to secure a points-decision at Royal Albert Hall.<mask> never wasted his punches, and he picked out his blows to drive Pott around the ring, though Pott fought strongly at the end. At the same time it was skill against brawn. In the opening round, <mask>'s skilful boxing dominated, for Pott was too slow and clumsy. Towering above his opponent, Pott couldn't connect with his opponent, though <mask> punished him with right-hand punches to the body. For four-rounds, Pott's swinging punches were countered and he began to use his weight and hang on, though <mask> made him pay for it with punishing rights to the body. Pott was bleeding from an injured right-eye in the fifth-round, and <mask>, who was both confident and calm, had the measure of his man, with referee C.B. Thomas awarding <mask> an eight-rounds points decision.By 6 February, the Board of Control in regard to the Gains and McCorkindale encounter by waving the objection of years to black and white title contests, in which they altered the rule governing such bouts to read "British" instead of "born in the British Isles", which made it possible for anyone in the Empire, whether black or white, to win home titles. The ruling had given rise to animated discussion and divergent views. Additionally, the British Boxing Board of Control still adhered to Regulation 31, which confines such contests to legally British subjects, "born of white parents", which quelled any thoughts of <mask> and Harvey fighting the Lonsdale belt. <mask> then had two more fights in March, defeating both Steve McCall and Lode Wuestenraedt via knockout within four-rounds. <mask> v Harvey II
On 27 April, <mask> returned to the Royal Albert Hall to face former French light-heavyweight champion Arthur Vermaut, who was knocked out in half-a-minute into round-one with a perfectly timed left to the body from <mask>. <mask> disregarded the Frenchman's left, and when they went into clinches <mask> hit heavily with both hands. After half a minute of fighting, <mask>, in a breakaway, got in a left and a right and then another left to the side of the body.Vermaut went down in agony, to be counted out. After knocking out Vermaut, on 27 April, it was announced that <mask> would rematch <mask> in a fifteen-round contest at the Royal Albert Hall on 11 May. Additionally, it was also revealed to be taking place under strict championship conditions at the middleweight poundage, and that the contest would be a championship affair, albeit won't be sanctioned by the British Boxing Board of Control, which does not allow coloured boxers to box for British titles. Harvey had campaigned against the colour bar which had prevented black boxers competing for titles, in which he insisted on fighting <mask> and then Larry Gains. On 4 May, Jeff Dickson, promoter of the Royal Albert Hall, was said to be ignoring the British Boxing Board of Control by announcing the contest between <mask> and Harvey as an "unofficial championship". The referee for the bout would be known at the weigh-in, with the names of C.B. Thomas, Jack Bloomfield and Jim Kenrick being put into a hat with the first name drawn being the person who'd officiate, which resulted in C.B.Thomas' selection on 11 May. At the weigh-in, <mask>, 29 at the time of the fight, was inside the stipulated weight limit of 161 pounds; as did Harvey, 24, who was also within the limit. After the weigh-in, <mask> spoke of his confidence "I have never had such a fine preparation in my life, and I shall do even better than the last time [...] I shall stop him". On 11 May, in a fifteen-round contest, <mask> narrowly lost to Harvey via a points-decision for the British middleweight title. The Nottingham Journal stated <mask> was a better stylist and that the rounds were extremely close, with Harvey taking nine of the fifteen rounds "always by a mere shade". It was the opinion of the newspaper that <mask> had difficulty in doing the weight - coming down from light-heavyweight, thus was quite unsure of his strength. He resorted to body blows in his attempt to weaken Harvey, and during the final round he had Harvey clinging on desperately to escape the danger of a knockout.After a short spar, Harvey tried a left swing to the face, but <mask> evaded the blow, with both men clinching. On the break Harvey caught <mask> with a left-hook under the ear and followed with a right to the head. He attempted this again but <mask> was quick to escape while landing a right to the body, in which Harvey followed with a right-swing to the head. In the second-round, Harvey was the first to score with a left, but <mask> was evading; Harvey found it difficult to penetrate <mask>'s guard, though Harvey attacked with a left which resulted in <mask> countering to the head and body, and then connected a fine left to Harvey's chin. In the third-round, Harvey's right-eye showed a slight abrasion. <mask> stopped Harvey's rush and took the initiative, but Harvey's defence was accurate and <mask> had difficulty in scoring. There was too much in-fighting and Harvey missed with a right-swing as the round ended.Harvey, in the fourth-round, scored with two beautifully-timed lefts flush to <mask>'s face and then steered clear of a vicious uppercut from <mask>. <mask> then scored with a hard-left under the heart which caused Harvey to stand still momentarily. He was fighting hard immediately afterwards, but <mask> took the upper hand and got in several well-timed lefts to the face and rights to the body. In the fifth-round, both men rushed to the centre of the ring and fell into a clinch, and it appeared a difficult matter for C.B. Thomas to separate them. Harvey was relying on his left, while <mask> was concentrating upon a short right-arm jolt under the heart, and with this blow he scored several times with terrific force. And then in the sixth, Harvey was the first to score, and he used his left to perfection, but many attempts to bring the right across to <mask>'s jaw were futile.<mask> met his advances with left-uppercuts and blows to the body. Following the sixth, both led simultaneously with lefts and both received a punch to the face. <mask> was boxing in good form, but Harvey landed a hard right which landed at the back of the neck. <mask> drove one punch to the stomach that almost brought Harvey to his knees. <mask> came back with straight lefts; Harvey, in going backwards to his attack, slipped down and <mask> gallantly stepped forward and assisted Harvey to his feet. <mask> got home with three hard left-hooks to the head. Following the seventh-round, Harvey started with several lefts under <mask>'s ear and followed up with a tremendous right to the jaw.<mask> didn't appear any the worse, and was after Harvey with heavy body-blows. Harvey compelled him to break away with a fine uppercut; <mask> then forced Harvey into a corner and scored with several double-handed blows to the head. In the ninth, Harvey started mixing it, and after a left to the body, he brought the right across to <mask>'s jaw, under which <mask> squired and got into close-quarters. Harvey pushed his man away, and after scoring several rights he steadied <mask> with cleverly delivered lefts. Harvey at this stage was having the better of the exchanges. In round-ten, Harvey had had distinctly the better of the fight: he was confident and immediately set to work to outbox <mask>, who did not appear to cope effectively with Harvey's two-handed punches. At the beginning of the eleventh, Harvey rushed out of his corner, and before <mask> had realised what had happened Harvey had made points with straight-lefts to the face and a right to the body.Harvey's left was seldom out of <mask>'s face, and <mask> attempted to close-in but Harvey kept him away. As the twelfth round began, <mask> had shown less of his ability which had brought him great renown. He appeared slow and his blows lacked power, whereas Harvey had little difficulty in getting away from him. In round-thirteen, <mask> came out smartly out of his corner and made an attempt to take the initiative, but Harvey outpointed him by use of the left, though his leads began to miss. <mask> made a great effort, and for a time he looked better, until Harvey eventually forced the pace. In the penultimate round, both men were in-fighting, but after they were parted by referee Thomas, Harvey led with a left to the face and then a left to the body. <mask> then countered with both hands to the face, but his blows lacked power, and it seemed that his getting down to the middleweight limit had cost him much speed and punching power.The last round saw both men fighting viciously, wherein <mask> was the better of the two, but his blows met with some good counters. <mask> concentrated on the body and scored with great effect. Once, after a delivery, Thomas spoke to <mask> about the lowness of the punch. He kept up his body attack, but could not get home an effective blow, whilst Harvey was scoring with round-arm blows about the head. Harvey was palpably in trouble, and two body blows caused him to grunt and wince. He clung desperately, and just escaped the danger of a knockout in the final moments of the round, before Thomas awarded Harvey the decision. After the fight, <mask> wasn't quite so elated by C.B.Thomas' decision: "I certainly thought I did enough to win. It seemed to me I had scored just as many points as Harvey. I agree it was a fine fight, and there might not have been much in it, but it's my opinion that I won." Additionally, <mask> hinted at a third fight, whilst praising Harvey, in which he stated, "I shall try again. I have beaten Harvey once ad I can do it again, I'm sure. But it was a great scrap, and Harvey is a fine fellow." Later career

<mask> v Thil
After the Harvey rematch, <mask> was touring County Durham with his boxing booth, and during this period The Belfast Telegraph reported that <mask>, who for some years has been experiencing eyesight trouble, was likely to give up active participation in boxing.It was revealed that he had to decline a number of fights, to which the newspaper added "<mask> has been fighting resolutely against an increasing disability, but a commonsense view of the danger he runs, should he ignore skilled advice, may lead him to a retirement decision". His father, William, of the predicament remarked "It is a terrible disappointment, but the blessing of sight is, after all, greater than the blessing of a boxing trophy." <mask>'s eyesight issues began in

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title: Len Johnson (boxer)

texts:
 1926, during his visit to Australia, where he was advised to wear glasses for reading and writing. Additionally, since then, <mask> was involved as an acting second to his protégée, bantamweight Andy Byrne, and olympian Don McCorkindale. On 24 September, it was announced that <mask> would make a return to middleweight and be matched with Marcel Thil, the middleweight champion of France, on 3 October, at the opening of the winter season at the Palais des Sports, Paris, though due to Thil spraining his ankle, the fight was postponed to 31 October. In the interim of training for the Thil fight, future British heavyweight champion Jack London had accepted <mask>'s offer to fight him. In preparation for Thil, <mask> was sparring Jim Stanley and Valenzo Pinca.At the weigh-in, <mask> scaled in at 163 and a half-pounds, whereas Thil came in lighter at 161 and a half-pounds. On 31 October, in front of a crowd of 25,000 at the Palais des Sports, <mask> was defeated by Thil via a referee-technical decision. After seven fierce rounds, <mask> was forced to give up. The gong sounded for the eighth-round, but <mask> rose from his corner and said that he was unable to continue. Of the seven rounds fought, Thil won five, and the other two were even rounds. After his defeat to Thil, <mask> was confirmed as an opponent for Seaman Albert Harvey, the middleweight champion of the Eastern Counties, however, as <mask> was unable to fight, <mask> deputised in his stead. On 25 November, it was announced that <mask> had decided to retire from boxing and intended to become a manager, due to a severe attack of rheumatism in his elbows.Return to the ring
By January 1933, <mask> had managed a variety of fighters including welterweight Tommy Kenny and heavyweight Bert Ikin. By April 1933, he challenged Jack Kid Casey, the Northern Area middleweight champion, to a contest. By May 1933, <mask> had decided to return as a boxer, with rumours of his possible opponent being Harry Crossley. On 18 May, it was revealed that <mask> would return to light-heavyweight to face Kid Scott, a protégée of Johnny Cuthbert, while having thoughts at possibly challenging for a light-heavyweight title in the future. In front of a crowd of 10,000 at Hyde Park, Sheffield, <mask> lost a narrow points-decision to Scott. Early in the bout, Scott had difficulty in penetrating <mask>'s defence, and ultimately Scott's youth and strength served him well, and later he used a left hand effectively. <mask> was set to return to the ring to face European light-heavyweight champion John Andersson on 29 May, however, Andersson was substituted for Kid Scott.On 29 May, nine days after losing to Scott, <mask> avenged his loss at the Royal Albert Hall after Scott quit on his stool after round-three. Scott walked to his corner, before blowing his nose and returning to resume the fight; though the referee, Charles Darby, stopped the contest in favour of <mask>. Scott had sustained a severe blow from <mask> over the temple, and was too dazed to continue. Of his defeat, Scott stated that everything went blank: "<mask> was hitting me about the head, and it must have been one of those punches that caught my temple. I have been boxing for three years, and never before experienced such an ordeal." He returned to the Royal Albert hall, on 26 June, to knockout Arthur Vermaut in the first round. Moving to heavyweight
On 3 July, it was announced that the  scheduled fight with Del Fontaine, the light-heavyweight champion of Canada, at Loftus Road was cancelled by doctors in attendance, who pronounced <mask> unfit, as he was suffering from a cataract in his left eye.The master of ceremonies introduced <mask> from the ring, and explained that the doctor who examined the eye announced that if <mask> fought it would be at the risk of permanent blindness. On 22 August, articles were signed for a fifteen-round contest between <mask> and Eddie Pierce, the light-heavyweight champion of South Africa, at the Ring on 24 September. Shortly after, it was announced that <mask> would make his heavyweight debut against future British heavyweight champion Jack London at Liverpool Stadium on 31 August. <mask>, on the advice of his doctor, decided to abandon boxing, for it was thought that his eyesight would be permanently damaged were he to continue. However, a second examination by an eye specialist revealed that he was, at the time, suffering from a strain, and, after his weeks rest, his eyes are completely better again. On 31 August, <mask> defeated heavyweight London via a points-decision at the Liverpool Stadium. The contest was a walk-over for <mask>, and was generally calling the tune, as far as boxing went, although there was always a dangerous of London getting home one of his heavy-rights he continually swung over.In the second-round, London connected a right and <mask> went down, though rising unhurt. London pressed home the advantage in weight by leaning on <mask>, while being warned several times for holding. <mask> opened, in what for him, what was a carefree mood: jumping in to land on the body, but two or three heavy-rights which he only just slipped caused him to pay more attention to his defence. In the fifth, <mask> unleashed a tremendous left-hook to the body, which London claimed to be low, put the heavyweight down for a count of five. London was greatly hurt, and in round-six, <mask>'s punches seemed to take away what little strength London had, and for three rounds he was an easy target for <mask>. Towards the close of the ninth-round, a wild right from London opened a cut over <mask>'s left eye, from which blood oozed freely, handicapping the Manchester man, and his opponent attempted to make a play for the wound, but was denied by the cleverness of <mask>. In the tenth, in trying to repeat his damaging left-hook to the body, <mask> landed low but the punch was only a light one and did no damage, and escaped the referee's attention.Due to London's inability to land on it, <mask>'s damaged eye was not the disadvantage it might have been, and he not only kept going but completely outboxed and outfought London. Just before the end of the final bell, <mask> got home the left-hook to the body, which dropped London, who claimed a foul. He had only reached "two" when the gong signalled the end of the contest. On 9 September, it was revealed that <mask>'s fight with Eddie Pierce had changed to 1 October. Return to light-heavyweight
On 29 September, papers were signed for <mask> to meet Jim Winters, the light-heavyweight champion of Scotland, on 13 October. On 1 October, fighting through five rounds with his left eye completely closed and bruised, <mask> was defeated by Pierce via a technical-knockout in round-twelve at The Ring. <mask> displayed extreme courage and fortitude under a severe handicap, and after he had strenuously protested against the suggestion of his seconds and of the referee to abandon the fight at the end of the tenth-round.However, he had to retire, with the referee intervening in the eleventh-round, when Pierce was hitting <mask> with left and rights almost as he wished. It was later revealed that J. Bloom, Pierce's manager, had advised Pierce to adopt a bobbing and weaving technique due to <mask>'s eyes not being too accurate due to his damaged eyesight. After the Pierce loss, <mask> returned to the ring to face Jim Winters, however, was defeated via a points-decision at the Music Hall, Edinburgh on 12 October. One couldn't say that <mask> was a finished man, as he was still the foxy fighter of old, and in the last three rounds of the bout, Winters tried every move to get through the Mancunian's guard to land a finishing punch, but to no avail. <mask> appeared fresher at the finish than he had been at the end of the third round. Winters had a distinct advantage in weight - as he looked a trifle too big - and he made the most of it. On occasion, <mask> tried to take the initiative with pawing left-leads and short half-arm jolts to the body as he weaved in, but Winters was fast and employed the left well in the opening sessions, while his heavy work to the body soon caused <mask> to cover up.There was too much sparring in the opening-round, but Winters kept poking his left into <mask>'s face. A few heavy body punches were landed in round-two, with Winters doing the leading-out work. Midway through the third-session, the exchanges became keener, and both landed to the body, but <mask>'s judgement was faulty. Winters continued to pile up the points, and in round-four was very aggressive with his left, with which he scored twice. <mask> seemed at sea with Winters' left, and he was told twice or thrice to lay off. Winters opposed the sixth-session with a slash to the jaw, and midway through <mask> was down for a count of three, and then was spoken to for a low hit. In that very round, <mask> came back and caused Winters to wince with a right to the body.The seventh and eight sessions were <mask>'s best. In the former, he was enterprising enough to take a clip on the chin in order to get in a hard half-arm jolt to Winters' ribs, and he mixed matters well right up to the finish. Both missed in the early stages of the eighth-round, but <mask> brought his right into action to Winters' ribs. Winters was on top, and <mask> landed a right to Winters' jaw in a fierce rally, which became <mask>'s best round. Winters opened round-nine with a well timed left, but <mask> retaliated with two-handed punching to the body. The covering-up work of <mask> was smart, and his elusiveness got him out of many tight corners. From the tenth to the end, Winters forced the fight and kept adding to his points tally, but to the credit of <mask> never left an opening for his younger and stronger opponent.Winters opened the eleventh-session with a left-lead and a right-swing before <mask> countered to the body. The last round finished in a hurricane fashion, with Winters using his left well. After he awarded Winters the verdict via points-decision, referee, Ben Green, announced <mask>'s retirement from boxing, wherein the crowded house rose and cheered <mask> to the echo, as <mask> had become a popular figure by reason of his ability and good sportsmanship. Retirement
On 11 October 1933, at the age of 30, <mask> announced that he was retiring from boxing on account to his failing eyesight. He ended his professional career with 96 wins in 135 fights, 37 by knockout, while competing in 6 title fights. Upon retiring, <mask> wrote: "Altogether, I have done not so badly considering that my first fights found me to be useless [...]", while adding that despite the setbacks and frustrations, and if he had his time over again: "[I] wouldn't have changed a thing". Personal life
In 1926, <mask> married Annie Forshaw, a former bookbinder of Irish descent; though sadly, while he was in the United States trying to launch his boxing career, one of their two children became ill and died.<mask> later revealed that they did not make it home in time for the child's burial. Following the tragedy, <mask> travelled back to America and stayed at Grupp's Gym in New York, where he sparred with Ted "Kid" Lewis and Mike McTigue, though an American debut fight fell through when Phil Kaplan turned the fight down. His marriage with Annie eventually fell apart and they divorced. <mask> later remarried, Maria Reid, a sister nurse whose three white children he adopted. Later, when Maria's sister died, the pair would go on to adopt her three children. He was a close friend of Paul Robeson, the American singer and political activist, with both corresponding by letter for 30 years. <mask> was a teetotaller, and a member of the Lancashire section of the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain.While working as a truck driver in later years, <mask> began writing a monthly boxing column for The Daily Worker, and he was instrumental in forming the first Ex-Boxers' Association in Manchester in 1952, where it would eventually become the Ex-Boxers' Association of Great Britain. By the age of 70 he had finally managed to retire from his job as a foreman for Jack Silverman in Oldham, and once remarked that "if I had been a champion things would have been different". <mask> wrote an autobiographical essay of his life, part of his collection of works at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford, which also includes records and documents from the 1945 Congress. Later years

World War II and philanthropy
Although <mask> had given up active boxing, he was still connecting himself to the sport, such as refereeing for Jack McKnight v Jim Hunter at East Hull Baths on 18 December 1933, as well as a boxing trainer and discovering talent such as Matt Moran, Al Binney and Jack Samari. He also turned his hand to writing, producing a series of short stories set in the world of boxing which were published in The Topical Times, while he continued to drive Leyland Trucks since 1935. On 20 February 1939, also briefly tried his hand at professional wrestling, where he defeated Rough House Conroy at Ulster Hall. <mask> devoted himself to his boxing booth, which had already been touring for a number of years, appearing at fairs up and down the country.He sold his booth when World War II began and worked in the Civil Defence Rescue Squad in Manchester, where he entered air raid damaged buildings to retrieve the injured or dead. <mask> later joined the unit in Cumbria as a specialist in first aid and physical training, to which his group officer, A.C. Rowell remarked that boxing was "the one subject he never talked about [and] he never encouraged any young person to become interested in this subject", a point which author Michael Herbert attributed to <mask>'s wealth of experience of the injuries he sustained in the ring. He served with distinction in the National Fire Service, in which he received promotion. After the war he worked as a bus driver, only for tragedy to strike when a child stepped out into the road and was killed by the bus he was driving. He also worked as a bookie and had driven fire engines in Moss Side from 1939 as part of his role in the Transport and General Workers' Union. He later worked as a lorry driver for Jack Silverman in Oldham, while also being involved in matchmaking boxing shows during 1947 and 1948 at Ardwick Stadium. On 11 March 1949, <mask> announced that he was offering free tuition to aspiring young boxers at his club in Ducie-street, Oxford Road, to which he stated, "This is no catch.No scheme to find and exploit potential champions. I just feel I can help along youngsters who fancy the game and teach them things they ought to know." In 1949, he assisted members of the Unity Theatre, Manchester in their production of Clifford Odets' Golden Boy (1937). Humanitarianism and politics
<mask>'s encounters with racism and his observation of the poverty of most of his class in Britain, lead him to radical politics. He was also aware that The Daily Worker had waged a ground-breaking campaign against the colour bar in boxing. These factors, in addition to the great popularity of the Soviet Union in the struggle against fascism during the Second World War, lead him joining the Communist Party of Great Britain by the end of the war. Additionally, in 1932, <mask> had come to know closely Paul Robeson, the American singer, actor and political activist, who encouraged <mask> in his long-running battle with the British boxing colour bar.In The Topical Times, in January 1933, <mask> wrote: "[Robeson] is a great man. [He] put new life in me with a few words. He drew me a picture of his fight for recognition. He pointed out that my job was fighting, and that if I could fight in the ring I ought to be able to fight outside it. I took his words to heart and made every effort to show the British public that the colour bar is just so much nonsense." According to Mike Luft, whose father fought for <mask>, <mask>'s campaign on behalf of his fellow boxers was to ensure "they didn't get battered like he suffered", and his battling against discrimination and for civil rights made him an important example of "how there are different ways to fight, both in the ring and outside it". He began speaking across Manchester from 1945, in discussions pertaining to Pan Africanism, sports and the colour bar, as well as the subject labour-communist unity alongside both Arthur Horner and J.B. S. Haldane. On 15 October 1945, and an additional five days, <mask> was one of the eighty-seven to ninety delegates who attended the 5th Pan-African

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