title: Victor Cousin

texts:
 Provisional government. He published a pamphlet entitled Justice et charité, the purport of which showed the moderation of his political views. It was markedly anti-socialistic.But from this period he passed almost entirely from public life, and ceased to wield the personal influence which he had done during the preceding years. After the coup d'état of 2 December, he was deprived of his position as permanent member of the superior council of public instruction. From Napoleon and the Empire he stood aloof. A decree of 1852 placed him along with Guizot and Villemain in the rank of honorary professors. His sympathies were apparently with the monarchy, under certain constitutional safeguards. Speaking in 1853 of the political issues of the spiritual philosophy which he had taught during his lifetime, he says: "It conducts human societies to the true republic, that dream of all generous souls, which in our time can be realized in Europe only by constitutional monarchy." Death

During the last years of his life he occupied a suite of rooms in the Sorbonne, where he lived simply and unostentatiously.The chief feature of the rooms was his noble library, the cherished collection of a lifetime. He died in Cannes on 14 January 1867, in his seventy-fifth year. In the front of the Sorbonne, below the lecture rooms of the faculty of letters, a tablet records an extract from his will, in which he bequeaths his noble and cherished library to the halls of his professorial work and triumphs. Philosophy

Three distinctive points

There are three distinctive points in Cousin's philosophy. These are his method, the results of his method, and the application of the method and its results to history, especially to the history of philosophy. It is usual to speak of his philosophy as eclecticism. It is eclectic only in a secondary and subordinate sense.All eclecticism that is not self-condemned and inoperative implies a system of doctrine as its basis, in fact, a criterion of truth. Otherwise, as <mask> himself remarks, it is simply a blind and useless syncretism. And Cousin saw and proclaimed from an early period in his philosophical teaching the necessity of a system on which to base his eclecticism. This is indeed advanced as an illustration or confirmation of the truth of his system, as a proof that the facts of history correspond to his analysis of consciousness. These three points, the method, the results, and the philosophy of history, are with him intimately connected. They are developments in a natural order of sequence. They become in practice Psychology, Ontology and Eclecticism in history.<mask> strongly insisted on the importance of method in philosophy. That which he adopts is the ordinary one of observation, analysis and induction. This observational method <mask> regards as that of the 18th century, the method which Descartes began and abandoned, and which Locke and Condillac applied, though imperfectly, and which Thomas Reid and Kant used with more success. He insists that this is the true method of philosophy as applied to consciousness, in which alone the facts of experience appear. But the proper condition of the application of the method is that it shall not, through prejudice of system, omit a single fact of consciousness. If the authority of consciousness is good in one instance, it is good in all. If not to be trusted in one, it is not to be trusted in any.Previous systems have erred in not presenting the facts of consciousness. Observational method

The observational method applied to consciousness gives us the science of psychology. This is the basis and the only proper basis of ontology or metaphysics, the science of being, and of the philosophy of history. To the observation of consciousness Cousin adds induction as the complement of his method, by which he means inference as to reality necessitated by the data of consciousness, and regulated by certain laws found in consciousness, those of reason. By his method of observation and induction as thus explained, his philosophy will be found to be marked off very clearly, on the one hand from the deductive construction of notions of an absolute system, as represented either by Schelling or Hegel, which Cousin regards as based simply on hypothesis and abstraction, illegitimately obtained; and on the other, from that of Kant, and in a sense, of Sir W. Hamilton, both of which in the view of Cousin are limited to psychology, and merely relative or phenomenal knowledge, and issue in scepticism so far as the great realities of ontology are concerned. What Cousin finds psychologically in the individual consciousness, he finds also spontaneously expressed in the common sense or universal experience of humanity. In fact, it is with him the function of philosophy to classify and explain universal convictions and beliefs; but common-sense is not with him philosophy, nor is it the instrument of philosophy; it is simply the material on which the philosophical method works, and in harmony with which its results must ultimately be found.Three results of psychological observation

The three great results of psychological observation are Sensibility, Activity or Liberty, and Reason. These three facts are different in character, but are not found apart in consciousness. Sensations, or the facts of the sensibility, are necessary. The facts of reason are also necessary, and reason is no less independent of the will than the sensibility. Voluntary facts alone have the characters of imputability and personality. The will alone is the person or Me. The me is the centre of the intellectual sphere without which consciousness is impossible.We find ourselves in a strange world, between two orders of phenomena which do not belong to us, which we apprehend only on the condition of our distinguishing ourselves from them. Further, we apprehend by means of a light which does not come from ourselves. All light comes from the reason, and it is the reason which apprehends both itself and the sensibility which envelops it, and the will which it obliges but does not constrain. Consciousness, then, is composed of these three integrant and inseparable elements. But Reason is the immediate ground of knowledge and of consciousness itself. But there is a peculiarity in Cousin's doctrine of activity or freedom, and in his doctrine of reason, which enters deeply into his system. This is the element of spontaneity in volition and in reason.This is the heart of what is new alike in his doctrine of knowledge and being. Liberty or freedom is a generic term which means a cause or being endowed with self-activity. This is to itself and its own development its own ultimate cause. Free-will is so, although it is preceded by deliberation and determination, i.e. reflection, for we are always conscious that even after determination we are free to will or not to will. But there is a primary kind of volition which has not reflection for its condition, which is yet free and spontaneous. We must have willed thus spontaneously first, otherwise we could not know, before our reflective volition, that we could will and act.Spontaneous volition is free as reflective, but it is the prior act of the two. This view of liberty of will is the only one in accordance with the facts of humanity; it excludes reflective volition, and explains the enthusiasm of the poet and the artist in the act of creation; it explains also the ordinary actions of mankind, which are done as a rule spontaneously and not after reflective deliberation. Doctrine of the reason

But it is in his doctrine of the Reason that the distinctive principle of the philosophy of Cousin lies. The reason given to us by psychological observation, the reason of our consciousness, is impersonal in its nature. We do not make it; its character is precisely the opposite of individuality; it is universal and necessary. The recognition of universal and necessary principles in knowledge is the essential point in psychology; it ought to be put first and emphasized to the last that these exist and that they are wholly impersonal or absolute. The number of these principles, their enumeration and classification, is an important point, but it is secondary to that of the recognition of their true nature.This was the point which Kant missed in his analysis, and this is the fundamental truth which <mask> thinks he has restored to the integrity of philosophy by the method of the observation of consciousness. And how is this impersonality or absoluteness of the conditions of knowledge to be established ? The answer is in substance that Kant went wrong in putting necessity first as the criterion of those laws. This brought them within the sphere of reflection, and gave as their guarantee the impossibility of thinking them reversed; and led to their being regarded as wholly relative to human intelligence, restricted to the sphere of the phenomenal, incapable of revealing to us substantial reality—necessary, yet subjective. But this test of necessity is a wholly secondary one; these laws are not thus guaranteed to us; they are each and all given to us, given to our consciousness, in an act of spontaneous apperception or' apprehension, immediately, instantaneously, in a sphere above the reflective consciousness, yet within the reach of knowledge. And " all subjectivity with all reflection expires in the spontaneity of apperception. The reason becomes subjective by relation to the voluntary and free self; but in itself it is impersonal; it belongs not to this or to that self inhumanity; it belongs not even to humanity.We may say with truth that nature and humanity belong to it, for without its laws both would perish." But what is the number of those laws? Kant reviewing the enterprise of Aristotle in modern times has given a complete list of the laws of thought, but it is arbitrary in classification and may be legitimately reduced. According to Cousin, there are but two primary laws of thought, that of causality and that of substance. From these flow naturally all the others. In the order of nature, that of substance is the first and causality second. In the order of acquisition of our knowledge, causality precedes substance, or rather both are given us in each other, and are contemporaneous in consciousness.These principles of reason, cause and substance, given thus psychologically, enable us to pass beyond the limits of the relative and subjective to objective and absolute reality, they enable us, in a word, to pass from psychology, or the science of knowledge, to ontology or the science of being. These laws are inextricably mixed in consciousness with the data of volition and sensation, with free activity and fatal action or impression, and they guide us in rising to a personal being, a self or free cause, and to an impersonal reality, a not-me—nature, the world of force—lying out of us, and modifying us. As I refer to myself the act of attention and volition, so I cannot but refer the sensation to some cause, necessarily other than myself, that is, to an external cause, whose existence is as certain for me as my own existence, since the phenomenon which suggests it to me is as certain as the phenomenon which had suggested my reality, and both are given in each other. I thus reach an objective impersonal world of forces which corresponds to the variety of my sensations. The relation of these forces or causes to each other is the order of the universe. But these two forces, the me and the not-me, are reciprocally limitative. As reason has apprehended these two simultaneous phenomena, attention and sensation, and led us immediately to conceive the two sorts of distinct absolute, causes, correlative and reciprocally finite, to which they are related, so, from the notion of this limitation, we find it impossible under the same guide not to conceive a supreme cause, absolute and infinite, itself the first and last cause of all.This is relatively to self and not-self what these are to their proper effects. This cause is self-sufficient, and is sufficient for the reason. This is God; he must be conceived under the notion of cause, related to humanity and the world. He is absolute substance only insofar as he is absolute cause, of philosophy and his essence lies precisely in his creative power. He thus creates, and he creates necessarily. This theodicy of Cousin laid him open obviously enough to the charge of pantheism. This he repels, and his answer may be summed up as follows.Pantheism is properly the deification of the law of phenomena, the universe God. But I distinguish the two finite causes self and not-self from each other and from the infinite cause. They are not mere modifications of this cause or properties, as with Spinoza,they are free forces having" their power or spring of action in themselves, and this is sufficient for our idea of independent finite reality. I hold this, and I hold the relation of these as effects to the one supreme cause. The God I plead for is neither the deity of Pantheism, nor the absolute unity of the Eleatics, a being divorced from all possibility of creation or plurality, a mere metaphysical abstraction. The deity I maintain is creative, and necessarily creative. The deity of Spinoza and the Eleatics is a mere substance, not a cause in any sense.As to the necessity under which Deity exists of acting or creating, this is the highest form of liberty, it is the freedom of spontaneity, activity without deliberation. His action is not the result of a struggle between passion and virtue. He is free in an unlimited manner the purest spontaneity in man is but the shadow of the freedom of God. He acts freely but not arbitrarily, and with the consciousness of being able to choose the opposite part. He cannot deliberate or will as we do. His spontaneous action excludes at once the efforts and the miseries of will and the mechanical operation of necessity. The elements found in consciousness are also to be found in the history of humanity and in the history of philosophy.In external nature there are expansion and contraction which correspond to spontaneity and reflection. External nature again in contrast with humanity expresses spontaneity; humanity expresses reflection. In human history the East represents the spontaneous stage; the Pagan and Christian world represent stages of reflection. This was afterwards modified, expanded and more fully expressed by saying that humanity in its universal development has three principal moments. First, in the spontaneous stage, where reflection is not yet developed, and art is imperfect, humanity has thought only of the immensity around it. It is preoccupied by the infinite. Secondly, in the reflective stage, mind has become an object to itself.It thus knows itself explicitly or reflectively. Its own individuality is now the only or at least the supreme thing. This is the moment of the finite. Thirdly, there comes an epoch in which the self or me is subordinated. Mind realizes another power in the universe. The finite and the infinite become two real correlatives in the relation of cause and product. This is the third and highest stage of development, the relation of the finite and the infinite.As philosophy is but the highest expression of humanity, these three moments will be represented in its history. The East typifies the infinite, Greece the finite or reflective epoch, the modern era the stage of relation or correlation of infinite and finite. In theology, the dominant philosophical idea of each of these epochs results in pantheism, polytheism, theism. In politics we have a correspondence also with the ideas of monarchy, democracy, and constitutional polity. Eclecticism thus means the application of the psychological method to the history of philosophy. Confronting the various systems co-ordinated as sensualism, idealism, skepticism, mysticism, with the facts of consciousness, the chasm result was reached " that each system expresses an order of phenomena and ideas, which is in truth very real, but which is not alone in

masks: Cousin Cousin Cousin Cousin


title: Victor Cousin

type: original

texts:
 consciousness, and which at the same time holds an almost exclusive place in the system; whence it follows that each system is not false but incomplete, and that in re-uniting all incomplete systems, we should have a complete philosophy, adequate to the totality of consciousness." Philosophy, as thus perfected, would not be a mere aggregation of systems, as is ignorantly supposed, but an integration of the truth in each system after the false or incomplete is discarded.Comparison to Kant, Schelling and Hegel

Such is the system in outline. The historical position of the system lies in its relations to Kant, Schelling and Hegel. <mask> was opposed to Kant in asserting that the unconditioned in the form of infinite or absolute cause is but a mere unrealizable tentative or effort on the part of and something different from a mere negation, yet not equivalent to a positive thought. With Cousin the absolute as the ground of being is grasped positively by the intelligence, and it renders all else intelligible; it is not as with Kant a certain hypothetical or regulative need. With Schelling again <mask> agrees in regarding this supreme ground of all as positively apprehended, and as a source of development, but he utterly repudiates Schelling's method. The intellectual intuition either falls under the eye of consciousness, or it does not. If not, how do you know it and its object which are identical?If it does, it comes within the sphere of psychology; and the objections to it as thus a relative, made by Schelling himself, are to be dealt with. Schelling's intellectual intuition is the mere negation of knowledge. Again the pure being of Hegel is a mere abstraction, a hypothesis illegitimately assumed, which he has nowhere sought to vindicate. The very point to be established is the possibility of reaching being per se or pure being; yet in the Hegelian system this is the very thing assumed as a starting-point. Besides this, of course, objections might be made to the method of development, as not only subverting the principle of contradiction, but as galvanizing negation into a means of advancing or developing the whole body of human knowledge and reality. The intellectual intuition of Schelling, as above consciousness, the pure being of Hegel, as an empty abstraction, unvindicated, illegitimately assumed, and arbitrarily'developed, are equally useless as bases of metaphysics. This led Cousin, still holding by essential knowledge of being, to ground it in an analysis of consciousness, in psychology.The absolute or infinite

The absolute or infinitethe unconditioned ground and source of all realityis yet apprehended by us as an immediate datum or reality; and it is apprehended in consciousnessunder its condition, that, to wit, of distinguishing subject and object, knower and known. The doctrine of Cousin was criticized by Sir W Hamilton in the Edinburgh Review of 1829, and it was animadverted upon about the same time by Schelling. Hamilton's objections are as follows. The correlation of the ideas of infinite and finite does not necessarily imply their correality, as Cousin supposes; on the contrary, it is a presumption that finite is simply positive and infinite negative of the same—that the finite and infinite are simply contradictory relatives. Of these " the positive alone is real, the negative is only an abstraction of the other, and in the highest generality even an abstraction of thought itself." A study of the few sentences under this head might have obviated the trifling criticism of Hamilton's objection which has been set afloat recently, that the denial of a knowledge of the absolute or infinite implies a foregone knowledge of it. How can you deny the reality of that which you do not know?The answer to this is that in the case of contradictory statements—A and not A—the latter is a mere negation of the former, and posits nothing; and the negation of a notion with positive attributes, as the finite, does not extend beyond abolishing the given attributes as an object of thought. The infinite or non-finite is not necessarily known, ere the finite is negated, or in order to negate it; all that needs be known is the finite itself; and the contradictory negation of it implies no positive. Non-organized may or may not correspond to a positive—i.e. an object or notion with qualities contradictory of the organized; but the mere sublation of the organized does not posit it, or suppose that it is known beforehand, or that anything exists corresponding to it. This is one among many flaws in the Hegelian dialectic, and it paralyzes the whole of the Logic. Secondly, the conditions of intelligence, which Cousin allows, necessarily exclude the possibility of knowledge of the absolute—they are held to be incompatible with its unity. Here Schelling and Hamilton argue that Cousin's absolute is a mere relative.Thirdly, it is objected that in order to deduce the conditioned, Cousin makes his absolute a relative; for he makes it an absolute cause, i.e. a cause existing absolutely under relation. As such it is necessarily inferior to the sum total of its effects, and dependent for reality on these—in a word, a mere potence or becoming. Further, as a theory of creation, it makes creation a necessity, and destroys the notion of the divine. <mask> made no reply to Hamilton's criticism beyond alleging that Hamilton's doctrine necessarily restricted human knowledge and certainty to psychology and logic, and destroyed metaphysics by introducing nescience and uncertainty into its highest sphere, theodicy. The attempt to render the laws of reason or thought impersonal by professing to find them in the sphere of spontaneous apperception, and above reflective necessity, is unsuccessful. Cause, substance, time, space, are given us as realized in a particular form.In no single act of affirmation of cause or substance, much less in such a primitive act, do we affirm the universality of their application. There may be particular instances or cases of these laws, but we could never get the laws themselves in their universality, far less absolute impersonality. No amount of individual instances of the application of any of them by us would give it a true universality. The only sure test we have of their universality in our experience is the test of their reflective necessity. We thus after all fall back on reflection as our ground for their universal application; mere spontaneity of apprehension is futile; their universality is grounded in their necessity, not their necessity in their universality. How far and in what sense this ground of necessity renders them personal are of course questions still to be solved. But if these three correlative facts are immediately given, it seems to be thought possible by Cousin to vindicate them in reflective consciousness.He seeks to trace the steps which the reason has spontaneously and consciously, but irreflectively, followed. And here the question arises—Can we vindicate in a reflective or mediate process this spontaneous apprehension of reality? The self
The self is found to be a cause of force, free in its action, on the ground that we are obliged to relate the volition of consciousness to the self as its cause, and its ultimate cause. It is not clear from the analysis whether the self is immediately observed as an acting or originating cause, or whether reflection working on the principle of causality is compelled to infer its existence and character. If self is actually so given, we do not need the principle of causality to infer it; if it is not so given, causality could never give us either the notion or the fact of self as a cause or force, far less as an ultimate one. All that it could do would be to warrant a cause of some sort, but not this or that reality as the cause. And further, the principle of causality, if fairly carried out, as universal and necessary, would not allow us to stop at personality or will as the ultimate cause of its effect—volition.Once applied to the facts at all, it would drive us beyond the first antecedent or term of antecedents of volition to a still further cause or ground—in fact, land us in an infinite regress of causes. The same criticism is even more emphatically applicable to the influence of a not-self, or world of forces, corresponding to our sensations, and the cause of them. Starting from sensation as our basis, causality could never give us this, even though it be allowed that sensation is impersonal to the extent of being independent of our volition. Causality might tell us that a cause there is of sensation somewhere and of some sort; but that this cause is a force or sum of forces, existing in space, independently of us, and corresponding to our sensations, it could never tell us, for the simple reason that such a notion is not supposed to exist in our consciousness. Causality cannot add to the number of our notions, and cannot add to the number of realities we know. All it can do is to necessitate us to think that a cause there is of a given change, but what that cause is it cannot of itself inform us, or even suggest to us, beyond implying that it must be to the effect. Sensation might arise, for aught we know, so far as causality leads us, not from a world of forces at all, but from a will like our own, though infinitely more powerful, acting upon us, partly furthering and partly thwarting us.And indeed such a supposition is, with the principle of causality at work, within the limits of probability, as we are already supposed to know such a reality—a will—in our own consciousness. When Cousin thus set himself to vindicate those points by reflection, he gave up the obvious advantage of his other position that the realities in question are given us in immediate and spontaneous apprehension. The same criticism applies equally to the inference of an absolute cause from the two limited forces which he names self and not-self. Immediate spontaneous apperception may seize this supreme reality; but to vindicate it by reflection as an inference on the principle of causality is impossible. This is a mere paralogism; we can never infer either absolute or infinite from relative or finite. The truth is that Cousin's doctrine of the spontaneous apperception of impersonal truth amounts to little more than a presentment in philosophical language of the ordinary convictions and beliefs of mankind. This is important as a preliminary stage, but philosophy properly begins when it attempts to coordinate or systematize those convictions in harmony, to conciliate apparent contradiction and opposition, as between the correlative notions of finite and infinite, the apparently conflicting notions of personality and infinitude, self and not-self; in a word, to reconcile the various sides of consciousness with each other.And whether the laws of our reason are the laws of all intelligence and being—whether and how we are to relate our fundamental, intellectual and moral conceptions to what is beyond our experience, or to an infinite being—are problems which Cousin cannot be regarded as having solved. These are in truth the outstanding problems of modern philosophy. Cousin's doctrine of spontaneity in volition can hardly be said to be more successful than his impersonality of the reason through Volition  spontaneous apperception. Sudden, unpremeditated volition may be the earliest and the most artistic, but it is not the best. Volition is essentially a free choice between alternatives, and that is best which is most deliberate, because it is most rational. Aristotle touched this point in his distinction between $oi~X~-ns and srpoatpecric. The sudden and unpremeditated wish represented by the former is wholly inferior in character to the free choice of the latter, guided and illumined by intelligence.In this we can deliberately resolve upon what is in our power; in that we are subject to the vain impulse of wishing the impossible. Spontaneity is pleasing, sometimes beautiful, but it is not in this instance the highest quality of the thing to be obtained. That is to be found in a guiding and illumining reflective activity. Eclecticism is not open to the superficial objection of proceeding without a system or test in determining the complete or incomplete. But it is open to objection, assuming that a particular analysis of consciousness has reached all the possible elements in humanity and in history, and all their combinations. It may be asked, Can history have that which is not in the individual consciousness? In a sense not; but our analysis may not give all that is there, and we ought not at once to impose that analysis or any formula on history.History is as likely to reveal to us in the first place true and original elements, and combinations of elements in man, as a study of consciousness. Besides, the tendency of applying a formula of this sort to history is to assume that the elements are developed in a certain regular or necessary order, whereas this may not at all be the case; but we may find at any epoch the whole mixed, either crossing or co-operative, as in the consciousness of the individual himself. Further, the question as to how these elements may possibly have grown up in the general consciousness of mankind is assumed to be nonexistent or impossible. It was the tendency of the philosophy of Cousin to outline things and to fill up the details in an artistic and imaginative interest. He was observational and generalizing rather than analytic and discriminating. His search into principles was not profound, and his power of rigorous consecutive development was limited. He left no distinctive permanent principle of philosophy, but he left very interesting psychological analyses, and several new, just, and true expositions of philosophical systems, especially that of Locke and the philosophers of Scotland.He was at the same time a man of impressive power, of rare and wide culture, and of lofty aim, far above priestly conception and Philistine narrowness. He was familiar with the broad lines of most systems of philosophy. His eclecticism was proof of a reverential sympathy with the struggles of human thought to attain to certainty in the highest problems of speculation. It was a doctrine of comprehension and toleration, forming a marked and valuable contrast to the arrogance of absolutism, to the dogmatism of sensationalism, and to the doctrine of church authority, preached by the theological school of his day. His spirit saved the youth of France from these other influences. As an educational reformer and a man of learning, who greatly influenced others, Cousin stands out among the memorable Frenchmen of the 19th century. Sir W. Hamilton (Discussions, p. 541), one of his most resolute opponents, described Cousin as "A profound and original thinker, a lucid and eloquent writer, a scholar equally at home in ancient and in modern learning, a philosopher superior to all prejudices of age or country, party or profession, and whose lofty eclecticism, seeking truth under every form of opinion, traces its unity even through the most hostile systems."See also
 Neo-Kantianism

Notes

References
J. Barthélemy-St-Hilaire,  (3 vols., Paris, 1895)
H Høffding, Hist. of Mod. Phil. ii. 311 (Eng. trans., 1900)
CE Fuchs, Die Philosophie Victor Cousins (Berlin, 1847)
Jules Émile Alaux, La Philosophie de M. Cousin (Paris, 1864)
P Janet, <mask>usin et son œuvre (Paris, 1885)
Jules Simon, V. Cousin (1887)
Adolphe Franck, Moralistes et philosophes (1872)
JP Damiron, Souvenirs de vingt ans d'enseignement (Paris, 1859)
H. Taine, in Les Philosophes (Paris, 1868), pp. 79–202.Hamilton, Discussions on Philosophy, Literature, Education, and University Reform (London, 1852)

External links

1792 births
1867 deaths
Writers from Paris
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French philosophers
University of Paris faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Académie Française
École Normale Supérieure alumni
École Normale Supérieure faculty
French male non-fiction writers
Spinoza

masks:
Cousin
Cousin
Cousin
Victor Co


title: Miles Fisher

texts:
<mask> (born June 23, 1983) is an American actor, comedian, entrepreneur and musician. He made his debut in the CBS adaptation of the book True Women and had a starring role in the 2000 film Lone Star Struck. In 2001, for his role in his short film Head Shot, <mask> won Best Actor at the International Teen Movie Festival and earned him praise from an article in Newsday. <mask> appeared as a member of the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers in the 2003 Civil War film Gods and Generals and parodied actor Tom Cruise in the 2008 film Superhero Movie. He had a recurring role as a rookie police officer in 2008 on the television series The Cleaner, and appeared on Gossip Girl in 2009. On the third season of the television series Mad Men, <mask> portrayed a friend of character Paul Kinsey. In 2011, he played Peter Friedkin in Final Destination 5.Early and personal life
<mask> is the son of Richard W<mask>, who was formerly the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. His mother, Nancy, served on the national board of the American Film Institute (AFI). His maternal grandfather was Representative James Collins. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, where he attended the St. Mark's School of Texas. After his family moved to Washington, D.C., he attended the St. Albans School. <mask> graduated from Harvard University, where he was an English major. At Harvard, he was a member of the Porcellian Club, the Hasty Pudding Club and the a cappella singing group the Krokodiloes.<mask> served as the Krokodiloes tour manager, and planned events for the group in 24 countries. He was one of the two students chosen to deliver a Harvard Oration at the 2006 Harvard graduation ceremony. His undergraduate thesis, which won the LeBaron Russell Briggs prize at Harvard, was a "screenplay about a Harvard graduate who avoided the Vietnam draft by teaching in a military prep school". In 2014, <mask> married Lucette Blodgett, daughter of late actor and writer, Michael Blodgett. They were introduced by broadcaster Willow Bay. They welcomed their first child, daughter Lily, in October 2017. <mask> appeared in the 1997 CBS television movie adaptation of the book True Women as "Travis", and had a starring role in the 2000 film Lone Star Struck.He received the Best Actor award at the 2001 International Teen Movie Festival (ITMF) in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, for his own short film titled: Head Shot, which was among 10,000 other entries at the festival. 2000s
In a 2001 article in Newsday titled: "<mask> Fisher, 'It' Boy", columnist Liz Smith referred to <mask> as "wunderkind" and "the next Tom Cruise". Smith's comparison of <mask> to Tom Cruise led to meetings with influential managers and agents, and he signed with the talent agency Endeavor Talent Agency in 2002. <mask> appeared in the 2003 Civil War film Gods and Generals with Robert Duvall. Director Ron Maxwell picked <mask> to portray a heroic member of the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers in the film; Duvall played Robert E. Lee. He parodied actor Tom Cruise in the 2008 film Superhero Movie. <mask>'s role in the film was popularized on the Internet on sites including Defamer, as well as on television on Entertainment Tonight and the CNN program Showbiz Tonight.The clip of <mask> was viewed on the Internet over 10 million times. A critic for The Baltimore Sun commented that <mask>'s appearance in Superhero Movie was the highlight of the film, and wrote: "Actor <mask> replicates Tom Cruise's 'I am the Way, the Thetan, the Light' Scientology recruiting video of last year to hilarious effect." He had a recurring role on A&E Network's television series The Cleaner, portraying a rookie police officer named Kenneth Herman. <mask> wrote and produced a short film called Heatshot in 2009 with Evan Nichols; the film was selected to be screened at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival. Alan Peppard of The Dallas Morning News reported in March 2009 that <mask> had been cast in the pilot of a television show set in 1983 in Southern California; a spinoff of Gossip Girl. He portrayed a "sleazy" coke dealer on the television series of the same name. In July 2009, <mask> released an independently produced self-titled EP, <mask>, as well as a music video for his cover of the Talking Heads song "This Must Be The Place."The video is an homage to the 2000 film American Psycho, with <mask> imitating Christian Bale's performance as Patrick Bateman. Students from the American Film Institute helped film the video, which was shot in Los Angeles. The video was posted on YouTube and various other web sites, and received 200,000 hits on Break.com alone within the first 24 hours. Darrell Hartman of Interview called the usage of the Talking Heads song with the American Psycho theme "a brilliant combo", and noted that <mask> "created a viral hit". 2010s
On the third season of the television series Mad Men, <mask> portrayed Geoff Graves, a friend of character Paul Kinsey. Jessica Gelt of the Los Angeles Times described his character as a "preppy drug dealer". In 2010, <mask> was cast in the film Final Destination 5.In an interview with Collider.com, <mask> revealed that the film was set in a workplace environment, and was a 3-D film. <mask> appeared in Clint Eastwood's J. Edgar Hoover biopic, J. Edgar, playing Agent Garrison, an FBI employee who interviews Leonardo DiCaprio's Hoover throughout the film. <mask> released the song "New Romance" in video and MP3 form on iTunes and on his personal website on July 19, 2011. The video parodies the Final Destination series and Saved By the Bell. Additionally, he appeared in the fifth film of the Final Destination franchise, playing Peter Friedkin. On May 22, 2013, a music video for "Finish What We Started" through AboveAverageNetwork on YouTube was posted. The music video featuring Lance Bass has yet to release a single for the song, and a subsequent album has been released, dubbed "Video Music."The music video has been posted to <mask>'s personal website. <mask> founded Bixby Roasting Co. in 2016. Bixby Coffee is a specialty coffee roaster that services households and businesses across the country. Bixby Coffee Co started with selling premium K-Cups and has grown into a coffee subscription that delivers the single origin coffees in multiple formats, such as whole bean, freshly ground, and K-Cups. Filmography

Films

Television

Discography

Albums
 Video Music (2013)

EPs
 <mask> (2009)

Singles
 "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)" (2009) (cover of the Talking Heads song)
 "New Romance" (2011)
 "Don't Let Go" (2011)
 "Finish What We Started" (2013) (written by <mask>, Robert Schwartzman, Joe Jonas, John Lloyd Taylor)
 "Finish What We Started (Andrew Maury Remix)" (feat. Joe Jonas) (2013) (written by <mask>, Robert Schwartzman, Joe Jonas and John Lloyd Taylor)

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
Notable alumni of St. Mark's School of Texas

References

External links

<mask>'s official website
<mask>'s official YouTube site

<mask> at Yahoo! TV

1983 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Dallas
Harvard College alumni
Hasty Pudding alumni
Male actors from Washington, D.C.Musicians from Dallas
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
American people of Australian descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of South African descent

masks:
James Leslie Miles Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
. Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Miles
Career Fisher
Miles
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Miles Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Miles Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher
Miles Fisher


title: Carl Weathers

texts:
<mask> (born January 14, 1948) is an American actor, television director and former American football linebacker. He is known for his roles as boxer Apollo Creed in the first four Rocky films (1976–85), George Dillon in Predator (1987), Action Jackson in Action Jackson (1988), and Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore (1996) and in Little Nicky (2000), and <mask> in the Toy Story franchise. He also portrayed Det. Beaudreaux in the television series Street Justice (1991–93) and a fictionalized version of himself in the comedy series Arrested Development (2003–19), and voiced Omnitraxus Prime in Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2017–19). He has a recurring role as Greef Karga in the Star Wars series The Mandalorian (2019–). <mask> played college football at San Diego State University. After going undrafted in the 1970 NFL Draft, he signed with the Oakland Raiders.He would sign with the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League after being released by the Raiders. Early life
<mask> was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father was a day laborer. As an eighth-grade student, he earned an athletic scholarship to St. Augustine High School, a private school. He was an all-around athlete, involved in boxing, football, gymnastics, judo, soccer, and wrestling. He graduated in 1966.College football career
<mask> played football as a defensive end in college. He started his college career in 1966 at Long Beach City College, where he did not play in 1966 due to an ankle injury suffered when he tripped over a curb surrounding the running track while warming up for practice with another linebacker, Paul Snow. He then transferred and played for San Diego State University, becoming a letterman for the San Diego State Aztecs in 1968 and 1969, helping the Aztecs win the 1969 Pasadena Bowl, finishing with an 11–0 record, and a No. 18 ranking in the Final UPI Poll, playing for head coach Don Coryell. Professional football career

Oakland Raiders
After he went undrafted, <mask> signed with the Oakland Raiders as a free agent in 1970. Now playing as a linebacker, Weathers played in seven games for the Raiders in 1970, helping them win the  AFC West Division title, on their way to the first-ever AFC Championship Game. Weathers only played in one game in 1971, before the Raiders released him.BC Lions
He then signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1971 and played until 1973, playing 18 games in total. During the off-seasons, Weathers attended San Francisco State University and earned a bachelor's degree in drama in 1974. Retirement
He retired from football in 1974, and began pursuing an acting career. In his NFL career he appeared in 8 games in two seasons, but didn't record any stats. The only stat he recorded in his CFL career was a single fumble recovery. Other contributions to the NFL
Weathers narrated NFL Films' season recap of the 1999, 2000 and 2001 seasons. During the 2017 NFL Draft, he appeared on NFL Network's pre-draft coverage.Acting career
<mask> began working as an extra while still playing football. He had his first significant roles in two blaxploitation films directed by his longtime friend Arthur Marks: Bucktown (1975) and Friday Foster (1975). <mask> also appeared in an episode of the 1970s sitcom Good Times titled "The Nude", portraying an angry husband who suspected his wife of cheating on him with J.J. In 1975, he guest-starred in an episode of Kung Fu titled "The Brothers Caine", and also appeared in an episode of Cannon titled "The Hero" in 1975. In 1976, he appeared as a loan shark in an episode of the crime-drama Starsky and Hutch, and in the Barnaby Jones episode "The Bounty Hunter" as escaped convict Jack Hopper. While auditioning for the role of Apollo Creed alongside Sylvester Stallone in Rocky, <mask> criticized Stallone's acting, which led to him getting the role. He reprised the role of Apollo Creed in the next three Rocky films: Rocky II (1979), Rocky III (1982), and Rocky IV (1985).<mask> is briefly seen as an Army MP in one of the three released versions of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (originally released in 1977). In 1978, <mask> portrayed Vince Sullivan in a TV movie, Not This Time. In the late 1970s and 1980s, <mask> starred in a number of action films for the small and big screen, including Force 10 from Navarone (1978), Predator (1987), Action Jackson (1988), and Hurricane Smith (1992). As a member of the cast of Predator, <mask> worked with future California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and future Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura. Many years later he appeared in a spoof segment on Saturday Night Live,  announcing that he was running for political office and urging viewers to vote for him on the basis that "he was the black guy in Predator. He also appeared in Michael Jackson's "Liberian Girl" music video and co-starred in the Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore, as Chubbs, a golf legend teaching Happy how to play golf. He reprised the role nearly four years later in the Sandler comedy Little Nicky.During the final two seasons of In the Heat of the Night, his character, Hampton Forbes, replaced Bill Gillespie as the chief of police. Another noted TV role was Sgt. Adam Beaudreaux on the cop show Street Justice. He also played as MACV-SOG Colonel Brewster in the CBS series Tour of Duty. In 2004, Weathers received a career revival as a comedic actor beginning with appearances in three episodes of the comedy series Arrested Development as a cheapskate caricature of himself, who serves as Tobias Fünke's acting coach. He was then cast in the comedies The Sasquatch Gang and The Comebacks. Weathers had a guest role in two episodes of The Shield as the former training officer of main character Vic Mackey.<mask> provided the voice for Colonel Samuel Garrett in the Pandemic Studios video game Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction. In 2005, he was a narrator on Conquest! The Price Of Victory - Witness The Journey of the Trojans!, an 18-part television show about USC athletics. <mask> is a principal of Red Tight Media, a film and video production company that specializes in tactical training films made for the United States armed forces. He also appeared in one episode of ER as the father of an injured boxer during their 2008 finale season. For the sixth film in the Rocky series, Rocky Balboa (2006), Stallone asked <mask>, Mr. T, and Dolph Lundgren for permission to use footage from their appearances in the earlier Rocky films. Mr. T and Lundgren agreed, but Weathers wanted an actual part in the movie, even though his character had died in Rocky IV.Stallone refused, and <mask> decided not to allow Stallone to use his image for flashbacks from the previous films. They instead used footage of a fighter who looks similar to Weathers. <mask> and Stallone patched up their differences and Weathers agreed to allow footage of him from previous films to be used throughout Creed. <mask> portrayed the father of Michael Strahan and Daryl "Chill" Mitchell's characters on the short-lived 2009 Fox sitcom Brothers. <mask> acted as Brian "Gebo" Fitzgerald in advertising for Old Spice's sponsorship of NASCAR driver Tony Stewart. He also appears in an ongoing series of web-only advertisements for Credit Union of Washington, dispensing flowers and the advice that "change is beautiful" to puzzled-looking bystanders. He is also starring in a series of commercials for Bud Light, in which he introduces plays from the "Bud Light Playbook."At the conclusion of each commercial, Weathers can be seen bursting through the Bud Light Playbook and shouting "Here we go!" In 2019, <mask> appeared as Greef Karga in several episodes of the first season of the Star Wars series, The Mandalorian. He returned for the second season and also directed the episode "Chapter 12: The Siege". His performance earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor. Personal life
<mask> and his ex-wife, Mary Ann, have two sons. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
St. Augustine High School (New Orleans) alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Long Beach, California
African-American players of American football
American male voice actors
Oakland Raiders players
American players of Canadian football
BC Lions players
Canadian football linebackers
Long Beach City Vikings football players
Male actors from New Orleans
Players of American football from New Orleans
Players of American football from Long Beach, California
Players of Canadian football from New Orleans
Players of Canadian football from Long Beach, California
San Diego State Aztecs football players
San Diego State University alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American television directors
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Carl Weathers
Combat Carl
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers
Weathers


title: Joseph Sitt

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1964) is an American real estate investor, founder of the retail chain Ashley Stewart, and founder of global real estate company Thor Equities. Early life and education
Sitt was born in 1964 near Coney Island, Brooklyn and is of Spanish and Jewish descent. He began working at a young age in flea market booths at the Aqueduct and Roosevelt racetrack parking lots in the New York City area. At age 11, Sitt became interested in real estate when his only choice was to go to Manhattan to buy an Atari computer because he couldn't get one in Brooklyn. This eventually led Sitt to study business at New York University's Stern School of Business, and in 1986 he founded Thor Equities before graduating. Career
Sitt picked the name Thor for the company because he was an avid Thor comic book fan and thought it would fit his "concept of being the protector of the cities." His first investment was a property sold at tax auction on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx, a chronically underserved retail area, where he built a one-story retail structure with money from "family, friends, roommates, parents of roommates."He proceeded to secure national retailers Rite Aid Pharmacy, Payless Shoes, and Rainbow Shops. In 1989, partnering with <mask> of the family that owned Rainbow Shops, he purchased for $30 million the 161-store Children’s Place retail chain and the 41-store Accessory Place retail chain from the Campeau Corporation. As part of the transaction, they then sold Accessory Place to Tribeca Corporation. From Sitt’s early realization of the retail gap that left broad swathes of inner city consumers largely underserved by major retailers, in 1991 he founded Ashley Stewart (a name inspired by Laura Ashley and Martha Stewart), which sold modern and fashionable plus-size clothing to urban women. Each Ashley Stewart store hired from within the community, and the company was recognized by President Clinton for its large contribution to the nation’s innovative Welfare to Work program. After acquiring 98 stores for $61.25 million in 1998 from the bankrupt Petrie Retail Inc. (founded by Milton Petrie), Ashley Stewart grew to over 380 stores in more than 100 cities, which prompted many national retailers to follow suit and helped change the urban retail landscape. As part of the transaction with Petrie Retail, Sitt acquired Marianne Stores, a retail outlet specializing in clothing for Latina women.As business boomed, Sitt sold his interest in 2000 to concentrate on urban real estate through his company Thor Equities. In 2004, Sitt was profiled by Crains in its annual "40 Under 40" article, which reported that he had a 6 million square-foot portfolio worth nearly $750 million. In 2010, he started a brokerage business called Thor High Street (Thor Retail Advisors) that focuses on retail leasing. Today, Thor Equities is a real estate development, leasing and management firm, with headquarters in New York City, London and Mexico City. The company owns property in the United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, India and Latin America, with portfolio transactions and a development pipeline in excess of $10 billion and totaling more than 20 million square feet. Non Profit Activities and Honors

Global Gateway Alliance
<mask> is the chairman and founder of the not-for-profit Global Gateway Alliance (GGA), which was created in 2012 to address the infrastructure challenges that New York metropolitan area airports face. Sitt made an initial $1 million donation to start the group, which seeks to make New York’s airports among the best in the world.On July 27, 2015, Vice President <mask> and Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced plans to modernize JFK and LaGuardia airports, which included many of the features Sitt and GGA long called for, including new terminals, greater passenger amenities, and increased transportation access. Accordingly, GGA Chairman <mask> stated this was "an important step in bringing New York’s airports into the 21st century, and a win for the more than 117 million annual passengers that use our airports and for a regional economy that relies on the airports for more than $50 billion in activity." Coney Art Walls
In May 2015, Thor Equities Group Chairman <mask> provided a $4 million donation to establish Coney Art Walls, an outdoor museum of street art curated by Mr. Sitt and Jeffrey Deitch. Located at 3050 Stillwell Avenue in Coney Island, the public art wall project features renowned local and international artists including Crash, Daze, Lee Quiñones, Ron English and Miss Van. Coney Art Walls returned in 2016 with 21 new murals, and again in 2017 and 2018. Additional philanthropy and awards
<mask> is an active board member of the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, one of the most respected community development organizations in the United States.He was instrumental in helping restore Restoration Plaza, the neighborhood’s Town Square and the BSRC’s main asset, and bringing to the area more retail options including its first family sit-down restaurant and supermarket. In 2007, Harvard professor Michael Porter and the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City (ICIC) honored him for his commitment to fostering healthy competitive business conditions and new opportunities in inner city neighborhoods. Sitt is a managing director of Venetian Heritage, a not-for-profit organization that supports cultural projects through the conservation of Venice’s historical and cultural institutions, and is Chairman of the Sephardic Heritage Museum. Sitt is also a frequent speaker and lecturer at various universities including Columbia University, New York University, Baruch, and Notre Dame. He serves on the board of the Real Estate Roundtable in Washington D.C., the Department of Real Estate at Baruch College, and is a member of the Partnership for New York City. Sitt has served on the boards of the Downtown Brooklyn Council economic development advocacy group, REBNY’s Board of Governors, and as co-chairman of the Brooklyn Business Improvement District. He has spent much of his career in youth development and education, serving on the Boards of Brooklyn’s TAB High School and Flatbush High School, leading a teen program and acting as an ongoing mentor and guidance counselor to Brooklyn youth.Sitt was awarded the 2014 Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award, and has been named by New York Observer in its annual list as one of the Most Powerful People in New York Real Estate. Joe Sitt also successfully turned downtown Manhattan into a sprawling retail mall filled with chain stores, forcing out small, independent businesses. He positions himself as a community servant while grossly benefiting from the gentrification of neighborhood after neighborhood. Coney Island, Williamsburg and SoHo, three neighborhoods of New York City once filled with character and uniqueness being prime examples. As of August 2020, many of his properties on Broadway on Manhattan remain shuttered with retail giants refusing to pay rent due to the corona virus. References

1964 births
American Sephardic Jews
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City
Living people

masks:
Joseph J
. Sitt
Joseph Chehabar
Joseph Sitt
Joseph Biden
Joseph Sitt
Joseph Sitt
Joseph Sitt


title: Jacques Kallis

texts:
<mask> (born 16 October 1975) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest cricketers of all time and as South Africa's greatest batsman ever, he is a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler. he is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket; he also took 131 ODI catches. He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches. <mask> played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs per innings. From October to December 2007, he scored five centuries in four Test matches. With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011, his 40th in all, he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries, behind only Sachin Tendulkar's 51.<mask> was named Leading Cricketer in the World in 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the "ICC Test Player of the Year" and ICC Player of the Year in 2005. He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game, and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more. He was declared the Player of the Tournament in South Africa's victorious 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy (now referred to as ICC Champions Trophy) campaign, which till date is South Africa's only ICC tournament win in their history. He finished as the 2nd highest run-scorer and was the leading wicket taker with 'Man of the Match' awards in both the semi-final and the final. <mask> became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs on the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013. He was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2013. He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013; <mask> scored his 45th Test hundred in this match, making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test.He retired from all forms of international cricket on 30 July 2014. In December 2019, it was announced that <mask> would rejoin the South African national cricket team, The Proteas, as the team's batting consultant for the duration of the summer. In August 2020, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Early career and 1996 Cricket World Cup
<mask> attended and played cricket for Wynberg Boys' High School. In 2009 Wynberg honoured <mask> by naming their main cricket oval after him. As a teenager, <mask> had a brief spell with Netherfield CC in England where he established himself in Northern England – <mask> was only 19 when he spent a summer at Parkside Road back in 1995, returning 791 runs at an average of 98.87 from 14 matches before making his Test debut against England later that year. <mask> also played for Old Edwardians for a spell as a teenager, where coaching staff saw the potential for him to become a first-class all-rounder; in July 1993 he was picked for South Africa U-17's against Scotland's U-19 team.He made his first-class debut in 1993/94 as an 18-year-old, playing for Western Province B. His first Test appearance was on 14–18 December 1995 against England in Durban, but he struggled with the bat in his first few matches. <mask> made his World Cup debut in 1996 in Pakistan but did not have much opportunity to excel. His breakthrough came in 1997, with 61 against Pakistan, and then two matches later, he salvaged a draw for South Africa with a fighting century against Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. 1998–2002
Between 1998 and 2002, <mask> was one of the world's leading all-rounders, as seen in the ICC's cricket ratings. In 1998, he led South Africa to the ICC Champions Trophy title with two "Man of the Match" and the "Player of the Series" performances. The youngster was solid, without being spectacular, in the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup, before a "Player of the Series" performance led South Africa to a stunning Test series victory against India in India in 2000.By late 2001 he was the world's number one ranked Test all-rounder, having held the same ranking in ODIs for the best part of 3 years. During this time, "<mask> blossomed into arguably the world's leading batsman, with a defensive technique second to none, and the adhesive qualities of a Cape Point limpet. Generally a placid and undemonstrative man, he nailed down the crucial No. 3 positions in the South African batting order after several players had been tried and discarded, and his stock rose exponentially from that moment." 2003–2014

<mask> is one of only four players in Test history (after Sir Donald Bradman and before Mohammad Yousuf and Gautam Gambhir) to make a century in five consecutive matches, which he achieved in the 2003/04 season. For his performances in 2004, 2005, and 2008, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC. He was also named in the World ODI XI by the ICC for the year 2004 and 12th man for XI in 2005.He was also selected for the ODI XI in 2007 as well. In 2005, he set the record for the fastest half-century in Test cricket history, scoring 50 against Zimbabwe off only 24 balls. In 2007, <mask> scored five centuries in four Tests, making him just the fourth man after Bradman, Ken Barrington and Matthew Hayden to score four centuries in four Tests on two different occasions. <mask> has a remarkable batting average in the mid-50s, and was consistently rated as one of the best batsmen in the world. Although a very capable bowler with 292 Test wickets, he impressed mostly with the bat between 2005 and 2007. As a result, he evolved into more of a batting all-rounder, a role in which he continued because of the emergence of Dale Steyn, Morné Morkel, and Vernon Philander. <mask> is the only man to score over 10,000 runs and to take over 200 wickets in Test cricket.Sir Garfield Sobers managed over 8,000 runs and 200 wickets by comparison, at very similar averages. In 2005, <mask> was selected for the World XI team to play an Asian XI in a benefit match for those affected by the tsunami of 2004, along with countryman Shaun Pollock. In the same year, he was awarded the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC player of the year. The award was shared with Andrew Flintoff of England, his only serious competitor as the world's leading all-rounder, after the votes of the academy were tied. <mask> also won the "ICC Test Player of the Year" award that year. In 2006, <mask> was awarded the captaincy of South Africa for the third and final Test match against Australia when Graeme Smith withdrew with an injury. In the 2007 World Cup, <mask> was South Africa's leading run-scorer with 485 runs at 80.83.He was, however, criticized in the press for scoring slowly, which cost South Africa momentum at key stages in the tournament. In August 2007, he was omitted from the 15-man South Africa squad for 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and consequently resigned as vice-captain. He was restored to the team for the Test series against Pakistan, where he scored three centuries in four innings and was awarded "Man of the Match" twice and "Player of the Series". Following his successful tour of Pakistan, <mask> scored two aggressive centuries in matches against New Zealand at Johannesburg's Wanderer's Stadium and Centurion Park in Pretoria, taking his total century count to five in four matches. Following this purple patch of form, <mask> endured three tours without success in the form of hundreds, although the Proteas secured historic series victories in England and Australia, and won a two-match series against Bangladesh at home. <mask> returned to form after an indifferent 2008 and averaged over 50 in his next six series. During this time, the Proteas won one series (against West Indies), drew four (two against India, one against England, and one against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates), and lost one series to a resilient Australia.<mask> scored 173 in Nagpur in 2010. In the Centurion Test against India later in the year, he scored his maiden double-century in Test match cricket. His 201 not out came in a landslide victory for South Africa, as two of the team's future batting stars contributed significant hundreds of their own (AB de Villiers and future captain Hashim Amla). For the second time in his career, <mask> scored twin centuries in a match, during the third Test of the series at his home ground, Newlands in Cape Town. In January 2012, <mask> scored his highest score in Tests – 224 against Sri Lanka at Newlands. The last eight series that <mask> played in for South Africa were all victories for the Proteas, except for one series draw against Pakistan in the UAE. <mask> became one of the few players in world cricket to have won two series each in England and Australia.The Proteas also won two series against New Zealand and one against each of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, England, and Australia. Throughout this period of his career, <mask> was still valued for his bowling. He contributed valuable economic overs and had a knack for taking important wickets. In September 2014, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Sydney Thunders in the Big Bash League. In his first appearance for the Thunders, he scored important innings of 97* and picked up a wicket. The senior all-rounder (2008–2013)
In 2008 more responsibility was placed on <mask> as an all-rounder due to the retirement of Shaun Pollock. Despite the pressure, an all-rounder began to emerge in Wayne Parnell who did some good lower-order batting.<mask> endured an uncharacteristically poor 2008 with the bat, averaging well under thirty for much of it. Against the ninth-ranked Bangladesh, he averaged just 25.75 in four Test outings. He also played for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League, where he averaged 16.85 runs per innings with the bat and 55.5 runs per wicket with the ball at an economy rate of 9.65 in the 7 matches he played before he was dropped. Home and away series against Australia (2008–09)

South Africa toured Australia for a three-match Test series and five-match ODI series starting in December 2008. The tourists had a successful 9–2 Test win-loss ratio in 2008; however, Australia had just come off a 2–0 away series defeat against India and had a 5–3 ratio for the calendar year. Before the series, <mask> had a batting average of 38.32 in 18 Tests against the number one ranked team, substantially

masks:
Jacques Henry Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Jacques Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Jacques Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis
Kallis


title: Jacques Kallis

texts:
 lower than his overall average of 55.06. Despite an average of 124.50 in 12 Tests against lowly ranked Zimbabwe and Bangladesh, former Australia fast-bowler Rodney Hogg labeled the all-rounder "a flat-track bully, who dishes it out to the minnows like Bangladesh and Zimbabwe but goes missing against the Australians."In the first Test starting on 17 December, <mask> scored 63 in South Africa's first innings, before he was dismissed by Mitchell Johnson, in the midst of a bowling spell consisting of 5/2 in 20 balls. After failing to make a breakthrough in Australia's first innings, <mask> took 3/24 in their second, while completing four catches in the match. He then scored 57, while being involved in a 124-run partnership with AB de Villiers, as South Africa chased down 414, the second-highest fourth-innings run-chase in Test history. In the second Test in Melbourne starting on Boxing Day, <mask> struggled to be potent in Australia's first innings, taking 1/55. While making a start in his team's first dig, he managed only 26, before taking 2/57 when the home-side batted again. Chasing just 183, <mask> was not required to bat, as South Africa completed their first Test series victory in Australia. In Australia's 103 run Third Test victory in Sydney, <mask> struggled, taking 1/54 and 0/13 with the ball, while scoring 37 and four with the bat.The win was South Africa's 11th in a year in which they drew with India in India, defeated England in England, Australia in Australia, and also recorded series wins over West Indies and Bangladesh. <mask> was featured in all of those matches and remains an integral part of the champion side's set-up. For his performances in 2010, 2011 and 2012, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC. On 10 April 2013 he was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2013. Injuries continued achievement and records
<mask> participated in the tour of the West Indies, in which he scored his 35th test cricket century. <mask> injured his neck during the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 playing for the Royal Challengers Bangalore and missed the Twenty20 and ODI series against Zimbabwe. He returned for the ODI series against Pakistan, scoring 66 before having to retire hurt with a cramp.He did, however, manage to lay the foundations for an eight-wicket victory. For his performances in 2010 and 2012, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI.. In the same ODI <mask> scored his 129th ODI six, a record for a South African in the format. However, he picked up an injury and was a doubtful starter for the second ODI. In December 2010, on the 3rd day of the first test against India, <mask> scored his maiden double century, scoring 201* (not out). <mask> was selected by South Africa for the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. In the 2011–12 season, <mask> scored his second double century in Test cricket, reaching 224 in South Africa's first innings of the third Test of the home series against Sri Lanka.The Test was <mask>'s 150th; he became the sixth player in history and the first South African to reach this milestone. After the series, former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly said that he considered <mask> to be the "most-effective player" in Test cricket. Brett Lee named <mask> as the best player in the world in an interview after their victory for Kolkata Knight Riders for his performance in IPL 2012 final against Chennai Super Kings. He played a crucial role in the qualification of the Royal Challengers Bangalore for the Champions League T20 during IPL-3 and later on played a crucial role in the triumph of Kolkata Knight Riders in IPL-5, scoring a total of 407 runs and taking 15 wickets. Coaching career

<mask> was appointed head coach of Kolkata Knight Riders in October 2015 when head coach Trevor Bayliss resigned to take over as head coach of England cricket team in June 2015. <mask> was also batting consultant of KKR for 2015 Indian Premier League season. In December 2019, <mask> was appointed as batting consultant for South Africa national cricket team.As of late 2020 he is a batting consultant for the England national cricket team. Playing style and comparisons
<mask> has earned high praise for his orthodox batting technique. In an article for the Telegraph in July 2012, former England batsman and captain Michael Vaughan wrote that <mask>, "as a batsman, is the best player in the world.". He described <mask>' batting in more detail:
Whether on the front or back foot, he plays well on the on- and off-side. He’s not Brian Lara or Ricky Ponting in terms of aggression or flair but he is rock solid and, added to that, has every shot in the book. Also, his cover drive and flick off the hip are right up there in terms of execution and attractiveness. ...He can score quickly at times but it is his way of being able to read situations that sets him apart. ... He knows when to grind it out or move up through the gears. Some people think he could move through the gears quicker when batting, and that is probably a fair argument on occasions, but the majority of the time he knows what he can do at the crease and believes South Africa has a better chance of winning if he stays there. Given his impressive all-around record, <mask> has also been compared with Sir Garfield Sobers. In November 2012, noted journalist Gideon Haigh wrote in The Australian that statistically, they were almost inseparable; Sobers scored 8032 at an average of 58 and took 235 wickets at an average of 34, while <mask> at the time of writing averaged 57 with the bat and 33 with the ball. Haigh also analysed how <mask> and Sobers were also polar opposites in certain ways:
Sobers [was] all prowling grace and feline elasticity, with his 360-degree batswing and three-in-one bowling; [whereas] <mask> [is] all looming bulk and latent power, constructed like a work of neo-brutalist architecture.... Yet what they are just as many opposites of are their respective eras. Sobers was the most explosive cricketer of a more staid age, the more mercurial because of the orthodoxy and rigidity around him; <mask> is the most stoic and remorseless cricketer of an era more ostentatious and histrionic. ... Sobers was a cavalier among roundheads; <mask> has steadily become a roundhead among cavaliers. Personal life
<mask> shared a close relationship with his father, Henry, whom Kallis cited as his primary influence. His sister Janine <mask>, five years his junior, was a cheerleader in Indian Premier League 2009 and is also a physiotherapist based in East London. When it was discovered that his father had terminal cancer, <mask> took time out of cricket to be with his father:

We heard something was wrong with my dad during the [2003] World Cup.He started feeling unwell and then, out of the blue, we were told he only had a few months to live. It was a huge shock because we've always been a very close family. I missed the first couple of Tests in England that year so I could be at home with him. It was obviously the saddest time of my life but those last weeks were maybe some of the most beautiful. It gave me a chance to say thank you and goodbye. After a while, I realized how lucky I was to do that. It's far harder if a parent is taken away before you have that time together.So his death put cricket in perspective for me. It's just a game – and a very simple game if you keep your mind straight. In January 2019, <mask> married Charlene Engels. The couple had a son, Joshua Henry <mask>, on 11 March 2020. Jacques Kallis Scholarship Foundation
The Jacques Kallis Scholarship Foundation was established in <mask>' benefit year to combine the academic and life skills programs of existing school structures with funding and mentoring support from <mask>. The Foundation with its partners hopes to provide talented youngsters the opportunity to reach their full sporting and academic potential. Currently, the Foundation sponsors 2 boys from Wynberg Boys', 2 boys from Pretoria Boys High School, 2 from Maritzburg College, and 2 from Selborne College.<mask> participates in annual fundraising events for his Foundation, to which he invites fellow South African celebrities and cricketers like Mark Boucher and André Nel. Achievements and records

<mask> has achieved the following career-best rankings in the cricket ratings as determined by the International Cricket Council 3:

Test Batting: career-best 1st; career-high points 935
Test Bowling: career-best 6th; career-high points 742
Test All-rounders: career-best 1st; career-high points 616
ODI Batting: career-best 1st; career-high points 817
ODI Bowling: career-best 15th; career-high points 641
ODI All-rounders: career-best 1st; career-high points 506
 1st & only player in cricket history to achieve the mark of 10,000 runs in Tests & ODI each and more than 200 wickets in the Tests and ODIs each
 He was also the first bowler to take a fifer in ICC Champions Trophy history. He was also the only bowler to take a 5 wicket haul in the finals of the ICC Champions Trophy (in the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy tournament)
 <mask> was also the first player to bag the Player of the final, as well as the Player of the Tournament awards in ICC Champions Trophy. He along with Graeme Smith set the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket as debutants in T20 Internationals (84 for the 1st wicket)
 He holds the record for a most man of the matches in Test Cricket – 23. References

External links

 <mask> at Cricket South Africa

1975 births
ACA African XI One Day International cricketers
Cape Cobras cricketers
Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
ICC World XI One Day International cricketers
International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year
Glamorgan cricketers
Living people
Middlesex cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
South Africa One Day International cricketers
South Africa Test cricketers
South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers
South African cricketers
South Africa Test cricket captains
Sportspeople from Cape Town
Western Province cricketers
White South African people
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
World XI Test cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
Alumni of Wynberg Boys' High School
Indian Premier League coaches
South African cricket coaches
Trinbago Knight Riders cricketers
Commonwealth Games medallists in

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title: Kezia Purick

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<mask> (born 12 May 1958) is an Australian politician. She is an independent member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, having held her seat of Goyder since the 2008 election. Prior to entering Parliament, <mask> was the CEO of the NT Minerals Council for 16 years. Originally elected as a member of the Country Liberal Party, she became an independent in 2015. She served as Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly since the CLP's victory in the 2012 Territory election, a post she retained after leaving the CLP. Following Territory Labor's landslide victory at the 2016 Territory election, the new Labor government retained Purick as Speaker. She resigned as speaker on 23 June 2020.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She was educated initially in Darwin for Primary School then in Western Australia at Methodist Ladies' College, Perth. She graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Western Australia. She worked for St John Ambulance Australia from 1985 until 1991, when she became CEO of the NT Minerals Council. Political career

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Purick was preselected as CLP candidate for Goyder at the 2008 Territory election. The seat, long a CLP stronghold, had been taken by Labor's Ted Warren in Labor's 2005 landslide and due to the splitting of the conservative vote by two conservatives standing along with the CLP candidate. A redistribution made the once vast rural seat slightly more compact, adding some conservative-leaning territory on Darwin's outer fringe.This was enough to erase Warren's already slim majority and make the seat a notional CLP seat. <mask> defeated Warren on a swing of over seven percent, enough to revert Goyder to its traditional status as a safe CLP seat. She served as shadow minister for Major Projects, Trade and Economic Development, Planning and Lands, Housing, Statehood and Women's Policy in the Territory opposition from 2008 to 2012. In addition, she was deputy leader of the CLP, and therefore deputy leader of the opposition. Prior to the 2012 election, party leader Terry Mills indicated that should the party win government, Purick would remain as his deputy, and hence become Deputy Chief Minister. The parliamentary wing of the party overrode Mills' preference; Robyn Lambley was elected as deputy leader, and Purick was left out of cabinet. When the parliament resumed on 23 October 2012, <mask> was elected unopposed as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.As Speaker, Purick is chairman of the House Committee, a member of the Standing Orders and Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committees and was the chairman of the select committee enquiring into foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. As speaker, Purick was well known for criticising the federal government of Malcolm Turnbull, even though the CLP was part of the Liberal/National Coalition. When the federal Minister for Social Services Kevin Andrews, suggested de facto couples don't stay together as long as married couples, Purick took to Facebook to denounce him as a "pooncy, pasty faced person from some pissant place that no one cares about," and pointed out most of her constituents are in de facto relationships. She also threatened him with a "green rubber ring"—a castration device for young bulls—if he dared to tell her constituents how they should live. On 20 July 2015, Purick announced that she was quitting the CLP because of her annoyance at the lack of integrity within the government and government's lack of communication with elected CLP members. She said she would continue to sit in parliament as an independent and wanted to remain as Speaker; both major parties supported keeping Purick in the speaker's chair. Purick's move to the crossbench reduced the CLP to a minority government; earlier in the year, three indigenous CLP MPs had also left the CLP to become independents.However, she undertook not to support any motion of no-confidence against the government for the remainder of the term, saying, "Territorians voted this government into office and have the ultimate right and responsibility to unelect it." On 17 November 2015, Attorney-General John Elferink moved a motion to suspend standing orders to debate removing Purick from the Speaker's role, citing what he claimed were partial comments she had posted on Facebook regarding government-funded advertising about anti-ice legislation. On the morning of 18 November, the CLP and independent Larisa Lee passed Elferink's motion to spill the speakership role. The CLP nominated Matt Conlan to replace Purick. However, when the ballot to elect a new speaker was held, Labor and Delia Lawrie re-nominated Purick to stand against Conlan, and an unknown CLP member "crossed the floor" to vote for Purick, allowing her to regain her old post by 13 votes to 12. Labor won a massive majority at the 2016 Territory election, reducing the CLP to only two seats—fewer than the five independents in the chamber. Although Labor had more than enough numbers to elect one of its own members as Speaker, the incoming government of Michael Gunner re-appointed Purick as Speaker.Corruption findings
In June 2020, the Northern Territory's Independent Commissioner Against Corruption (ICAC) found that Purick had engaged in "corrupt conduct" by attempting to interfere in the registration of a political party by the previous chief minister Terry Mills. She resigned as Speaker shortly afterwards. At the 2020 election, her popularity was undiminished and she won the seat of Goyder comfortably despite having 8 candidates run against her. Personal life
Purick is one of six children and the daughter of former politician Noel Padgham, who was a member of the assembly from 1977 to 1997. Her father, Phillip Purich, was an appointed member for the Legislative Council in the 1960s. Born in Amsterdam, his family was originally from the Dalmatia region of Croatia. References

1958 births
Living people
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Speakers of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Independent members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Country Liberal Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Women members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian chief executives
People educated at Methodist Ladies' College, Perth
University of Western Australia alumni
Australian people of Croatian descent
Australian people of Dutch descent
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians

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title: Carlos Gamarra

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<mask> () (born 17 February 1971) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He captained the Paraguay national team at international level and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history, having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals. Throughout his career, <mask> was known for his leadership, physical strength, ability in the air, heading accuracy, and outstanding tackling skills, which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America. <mask> appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times, scoring 12 goals, from 1993 to 2006, representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career. He is the second most capped player of the national team, his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013. <mask> appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments (1998, 2002 and 2006), five Copa América tournaments (1993, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2004), and twice at the Summer Olympic Games (1992 and 2004, with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter). <mask> was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998, and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament.Club career
Born in Ypacarai, <mask> began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991, and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992. He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina, but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño. In 1995, Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil, where his profile grew, eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color (an achievement which <mask> repeated in 1998). He moved to S.L. Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season, before returning to Brazil, this time with SC Corinthians, where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998. After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians, he moved to the Spanish league, playing for Atlético Madrid. Atlético were relegated in 2000, and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil, this time joining CR Flamengo.The 2001–2002 season was more successful for <mask>, as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club. There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup. He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans. On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002, he joined Internazionale in Italy's Serie A for the 2002–2003 season. In his first pre-season, he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S. Roma. Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league, with <mask> making 14 appearances. His next season at the club was less successful, as Inter finished fourth in the league, and Gamarra made only 10 appearances.He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season, but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005. In 2007, <mask> decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia. <mask> decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club

International career
His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993, a game which Paraguay lost 2–1. He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995. <mask> made his first big impact in international football during Paraguay's campaign at World Cup France 1998, in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France (the eventual winners). <mask> played in all four of Paraguay's games, garnering great respect for his defensive skills, and did not concede a single foul in any of his side's matches. FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup.At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan, Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round. <mask> played every single minute of Paraguay's campaign, and again completed his side's participation without conceding a foul. <mask> captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games, losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final. On 4 August, before the Summer Olympics began, he played in a preparation game against the Portugal of Cristiano Ronaldo in the city of Algarve, resulting in a 5–0 defeat. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, <mask> was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal, from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his team's opening match against England, which eventually led to England's 1-0 win. (Scored after just three minutes, this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history, until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages.) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, <mask> announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team.Career statistics

Club

International
Scores and results list Paraguay U23's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gamarra goal. Benfica footballers
Primeira Liga players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Club Olimpia footballers
Cerro Porteño players
Paraguayan Primera División players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1993 Copa América players
1995 Copa América players
1997 Copa América players
1999 Copa América players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2004 Copa América players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Association football central defenders
Paraguay international footballers
Paraguayan expatriate footballers
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Brazil
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
FIFA Century Club
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics

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Carlos Alberto Gamarra Paón
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