title: H. Vinson Synan

texts:
<mask>, (December 1, 1934 - March 15, 2020), was a historian, author, and alliance leader within the Pentecostal movement. Synan published a total of 25 books, a majority related to Holiness, Pentecostal, and Charismatic movements. He served as General Secretary of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church and later as Chair of the North American Renewal Service Committee from 1985 to 2001. From 1994 - 2006 he served as Dean of the School of Divinity at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 2016, Synan moved back to Tulsa, Oklahoma to re-join the faculty of Oral Roberts University as Interim Dean of the College of Theology and Ministry, where he served for two years. Following that he served as Scholar in Residence at Oral Roberts University where he worked closely with Dr. William M. Wilson, the president of ORU, the World Pentecostal Fellowship, and Empowered21. Biography
Synan, along with his twin brother Vernon, was born on December 1, 1934 in Hopewell, Virginia to Joseph Alexander and Minnis (Purdue) Synan.He was one of seven siblings. Education and career
His father, a sixteen-year-old Methodist was converted at a Pentecostal Holiness tent meeting near Fredericksburg, Virginia. He later planted five Pentecostal Holiness congregations in the Tidewater area of Virginia before serving as a bishop of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, a position he held for 24 years. Synan's formative years revolved around his Pentecostal Holiness church. His call to ministry came shortly after his conversion in 1951, while living in Memphis, Tennessee, during the time he was seeking his experience of the "second blessing" of entire sanctification. Nine months later, at the age of seventeen, he received the baptism in the <mask> Spirit. He began his preaching ministry the same year, and in 1954 was ordained in the Pentecostal Holiness Church.Synan then completed a two-year liberal arts degree from Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs, Georgia. In 1955 and after a one-year pastoral apprenticeship, he became an evangelist in the Eastern Virginia PHC Conference. Synan graduated from the University of Richmond with a B.A. in American history in 1958, and in the fall of the same year began his teaching career. From 1956 to 1962, he helped plant three churches in Virginia and from 1967 to 1974 he planted one in Georgia. From 1963 to 1975, he also taught history at his alma mater, Emmanuel College. As Synan was making preparation for his academic career, Oral Roberts, a friend of the family, offered him a full scholarship to earn a Ph.D. in theology at Harvard, Yale, or Princeton if he would return and teach at Oral Roberts University.Synan, however, declined the offer since he had already received a full scholarship with a stipend from the State of Georgia to prepare for his calling as a historian. In 1965, he completed his M.A. and in 1967 his Ph.D. from the University of Georgia in American Social and Intellectual History. In order to prepare his dissertation for publication, Synan spent the summer of 1968 reading through major Pentecostal journals. His travels took him to the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) where he met with several leaders. Significant among them was <mask> who was serving as the dean of students at Lee University. Together they discussed the possibility of a future colloquium where Pentecostal scholars could share ideas.He later met with William Menzies while reviewing the Assemblies of God archives in Springfield, MO. Following a similar conversation regarding the organization of Pentecostal scholars, Ward, Menzies, and Synan proposed their idea at the Pentecostal World Conference held in Dallas, Texas in 1970. The outcome was the birth of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. Synan was elected as the first General Secretary and served as the editor of their newsletters for several years. From 1973 to 1977, Synan served as the General Secretary for the Pentecostal Holiness Church while also teaching at Oklahoma City Southwestern College and served as the acting president in 1980. He was elected as Assistant General Superintendent of his denomination in 1977 and served until 1981 when he became the Director of Evangelism, a position which he held for the next four years. In 1977, Synan was the chairman of the Pentecostal track for the General Conference on Charismatic Renewal held in Arrow Head Stadium in Kansas City.This event packed the stadium with 50,000 charismatic worshipers and attracted attention from around the world. It also opened up many doors of ministry for Synan and he became a frequently invited guest on such television programs as The PTL Club, Trinity Broadcasting Network, and The 700 Club to discuss the Renewal that was occurring among Catholics and the exploding growth of Pentecostalism around the world. During the years of 1990 and 1994, Synan was a professor of Pentecostal and Charismatic History and served as the Director of the Holy Spirit Research Center at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. For twelve years, from 1994 to 2006, he served as the Dean of the Regent University School of Divinity. Under his leadership the School of Divinity implemented both a Doctorate of Ministry and a non-residential and on-line Ph.D. program in Renewal Studies, which was the first of its kind in the world. In 2006, Synan stepped down as Dean to serve part-time as Professor of Pentecostal and Charismatic History and Dean Emeritus of Regent University. In 2016, Synan moved back to Oklahoma to re-join the faculty at Oral Roberts University as a Scholar in Residence at Oral Roberts University where he worked closely with Dr. William M. Wilson, the president of ORU and global co-chair of Empowered21.Personal life
On August 13, 1960, he married Carol Lee Fuqua from Richmond, Virginia. Reflecting on the day he met her as a young evangelist preaching at a summer youth camp, he described her as "a dark-haired beauty whose smile seemed to light up the entire room." Together they had four children: Mary Carol (1961), Virginia Lee (1963), <mask> Jr. (1966), and Joseph Alexander III (1968). Synan died March 15, 2020. Writing
In 1963, Synan began his teaching career in history at Emmanuel College. It was at this time the school also asked him to write the school's official history. Synan had known G. F. Taylor, the widow of the founder of the college, when he was a student in the 1950s, and since he was a faculty member, research of the school's history was readily accessible.In 1969, the school published his research as a fundraiser for the school's 50th anniversary under the title Emmanuel College: The First Fifty Years. Synan's entire life was shaped by his involvement in the Pentecostal Holiness Church. His father became a preacher twelve years before Synan was born, served in several pastorates during Synan's early years and later served as chairman, presiding bishop and general superintendent of the church. His father was also one of the founding fathers of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1943. As a son of the denomination and a professionally trained historian, Synan was commissioned to write the official history of his PHC. The Old Time Power was published in 1973, the same year Synan assumed the position as General Secretary for his denomination. Two revisions of the book were published in 1986 and 1998 respectively.In 1972 Synan was invited by Kilian McDonnell to speak at the third annual Catholic Charismatic Conference at Notre Dame University. This was a life changing experience that marked the beginning of many years of leadership in the ecumenical movement. Because of Synan's involvement in the Charismatic movement, in 1974 he wrote Charismatic Bridges which is an overview of the history of the Pentecostal movement and served as an introduction to those outside the Pentecostal tradition. The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States published by Eerdsmans in 1971 was a result of Synan's Ph.D. dissertation. It was later revised and published under the title Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition in 1997. His central thesis was that Pentecostalism was rooted in the Holiness movement in the late 19th century. While this is a commonly held belief by many Pentecostal historians today, it was a fresh concept at that time.Prior to publishing his monograph, Synan added three chapters beyond his dissertation to include the Catholic Charismatic Movement which was at this time in full swing. Synan was concerned that including the Catholic's in his book would jeopardize his standing in the Pentecostal world since his position validated the Catholic Renewal as a genuinely Pentecostal experience. To his surprise, more Catholics purchased the book than any other group as they attempted to discover the history behind their charismatic experience. Copies were sent to the Vatican and all over Europe, and as a result, Synan became a frequent speaker at Catholic Charismatic events and was invited to participate in the Catholic-Pentecostal dialogue with David du Plessis and Kilian McDonnell. After thirty-seven years The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition, revised in 1997 under its present title, is still a popular text. Synan's book Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins which he edited in 1975 is a compilation of articles presented at the Society for Pentecostal Studies in 1973. The

masks:
Harold Vinson Synan
Holy
Horace Ward
Harold Vinson


title: H. Vinson Synan

type: original

texts:
 book offers a variety of themes related to the history of the Pentecostal-Charismatic movement.While serving as the Director of Evangelism for the Pentecostal Holiness Church, he published his seventh book In the Latter Days: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the Twentieth Century in 1984. Originally written in 1974 as a series of lectures presented for the King Memorial Lectureship at Emmanuel College, Synan used the motif first described by David Wesley Myland in his book The Latter Rain Covenant and Pentecostal Power in which the Pentecostal outpouring around the start of the 20th century was recognized as the fulfillment of the Joel 2 prophecy for early and latter rain. In this book, Synan depicts the antecedents of the Pentecostal outpouring of the 20th century as the "Gathering Clouds." The chapter on the early history with Charles Parham and the Azusa Street Revival the author titles "The Rain Falls in America." The chapter "The Rain Falls Around the World" is a description of the movement's growth into Europe, Chile, Latin America, Russia, and Brazil. The two chapters "The Rain Rejected" and "The Rain Reconsidered" discusses the troubled years when Pentecostalism came under harsh criticism and then with the rise of the healing Evangelists and the Charismatic movement which began with Dennis Bennett, a more positive attitude evolved. The history of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and the Jesus People was described as "Rain Fall" and "Cloudburst."The book closed with the three streams of Renewal coming together into one "River". He gives this opening statement in the book: "There is only one outpouring of the <mask> Spirit in the latter days, although the streams flow through channels known as 'classical Pentecostalism,' Protestant 'neo-Pentecostalism,' and the 'Catholic charismatic renewal.' In the end, it adds up to one great historical phenomenon which has had a profound effect on Christianity around the world." According to Synan, In the Latter Days has been published in more languages than any of his other books. In 1985, Synan was the founder and chairman of the North American Renewal Service Committee which resulted in the New Orleans Leaders Conference that hosted over 7,500 leaders from Pentecostal denominations and mainline churches involved in the renewal movement. In 1987, 40,000 people attended the following General Congress hosted in the New Orleans Superdome. In preparation for the conference, Synan had the opportunity to interview many of the pioneer leaders of the various charismatic renewal groups and obtain a firsthand account of their story.These conversations led him to realize there was "a great deal that remain[ed] to be told about this movement." The results of his findings were published in 1987 under the title The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal Explosion: The Exciting Growth of Pentecostal Churches and Charismatic Renewal Movements. While serving as the Director of the Holy Spirit Research Center and Professor of Pentecostal and Charismatic History at Oral Roberts University, Synan co-authored with Ralph Rath his ninth book titled Launching the Decade of Evangelization in 1990. It was during this same year he chaired the Holy Spirit Congress in Indianapolis where 25,000 gathered in the Hoosier Dome. Part three of Launching the Decade of Evangelism provided a historical background of the events which led up to the Indianapolis Renewal gathering. After this, there were two more Congresses on the Holy Spirit and World Evangelism—one in Orlando in 1995 and one in St. Louis in 2000. At the Indianapolis Congress in 1990, Demos Shakarian commissioned Synan to write Under His Banner to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International which began in 1951.By the time this book was published in 1992, this ecumenical forerunner movement had grown to over 3,000 chapters in 117 nations. His book, The Spirit Said "Grow" was the fourth in a series of books published by MARC Innovations on mission. The material for this book was originally presented as a series of lectures on "Evangelization and the Charismatic Renewal" in 1990 at the Church Growth Lectureship at the School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary under the leadership of C. Peter Wagner. In this sixty-two page book, Synan cites David Barrett's statistics to provide a historical sketch of the explosive growth of Pentecostal-Charismatic Renewal around the world, employing the "Third Wave" analogy first expressed by Wagner in 1983. In a book review by <mask>, Synan's book The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal was described as "a lasting contribution to the recording of Pentecostalism," and a book that is "poised to become the standard work of reference for the historical development of the various Pentecostal and Charismatic awakenings of the twentieth century." This book, which Lederle calls Synan's "magnum opus," contains 15 chapters, seven of which were written by Synan and the remaining eight chapters by contributing authors. While the primary focus of the book is the 21st century, it also provides a brief history of the Wesleyan Holiness antecedents which begin in the early 18th century.Written at the invitation of Bert Ghezzi, a Catholic Charismatic and editor of Servant Publications, Voices of Pentecost: Testimonies of Lives Touched by the Holy Spirit is a devotional book, presenting short personal testimonies of 61 individuals throughout history, especially Pentecostals and Charismatics who, as the title suggests, have been touched and transformed by the power of the Holy Spirit. In 2003, Synan, along with three of his family members, produced The Synans of Virginia: The Story of an Irish Family in America. This two hundred forty-four page book traces the Synan bloodline back through William Synan, the Immigrant, from County Cork in southern Ireland to Virginia. Synan's 2007 publication, A Seminary to Change the World Regent University School of Divinity at 25 Years was written in honor of the 25th Anniversary of the Regent University School of Divinity. Filled with pictures, this text provides the history of a school, founded by Dr. M. G. 'Pat' Robertson, which began with 23 students on September 8, 1982 as CBN University School of Biblical Studies and has grown to become a fully accredited university recognized around the world. Throughout 2019, Synan worked on the history of the contemporary Spirit-Empowered movement, represented by Empowered21, for the Jerusalem 2020 Congress. Bibliography
Bartleman, Frank.Azusa Street: An Eyewitness Account, ed. <mask> Synan. Gainesville, FL: Bridge-Logos, 1980. Synan, Vinson. Emmanuel College: The First Fifty Years 1919-1969. Franklin Springs, GA: North Washington Press, 1968. Synan, <mask>.The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States. Grand Rapids, MI:
Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1971. Synan, <mask>. The Old Time Power: A History of the Pentecostal Holiness Church. Franklin Springs, GA: Advocate Press, 1973. Synan, <mask>.Charismatic Bridges. Ann Arbor, MI: Word of Life, 1974. Synan, Vinson. ed., Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International, 1975. Synan, <mask>. In the Latter Days: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the Twentieth Century.Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Books, 1984. Synan, <mask>. Voices of Pentecost: Testimonies of Lives Touched by the <mask> Spirit. Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Publications, 2003. Synan, <mask>. The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal Explosion. Altamonte Springs, FL: Creation House, 1987.<mask> <mask> and Ralph Rath, Launching the Decade of Evangelization. South Bend, IN: North American Renewal Services Committee, 1990. <mask>, <mask>. Under His Banner: History of Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International. Costa Mesa, CA: Gift Publications, 1992. <mask>, <mask>. The Spirit Said 'Grow''', Series editor Bryant L Myers.Monrovia, CA: MARC, 1992. Synan, <mask>. The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm B. Eerdmans, 1997. Synan, <mask>. The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2001.Synan, <mask>. Voices of Pentecost: Testimonies of Lives Touched by the Holy Spirit. Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Publications, 2003. Synan, <mask>. The Synans of Virginia: The Story of an Irish Family in America. United States: Xulon Press, 2003. Synan, <mask>.A Seminary to Change the World: 25th Anniversary History, Virginia Beach: Regent University, 2007. Synan, Vinson. An Eyewitness Remembers the Century of the Holy Spirit, Grand Rapids, MI: Chosen Books, 2010. Synan, <mask>. Spirit-Empowered Christianity in the 21st Century, Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2011. Synan, <mask>. Where He Leads Me: The <mask> Story, Franklin Springs, GA: LifeSprings Resources, 2019.Synan, Vinson & Wilson, William. As the Waters Cover the Sea: The story of Empowered21 and the movement it serves'', Tulsa, OK: ORU Press, 2020. Reference

1934 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Twin people from the United States
University of Georgia alumni
Oral Roberts University faculty
Regent University faculty
Southwestern Christian University faculty
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
Pentecostal theologians
Historians from Virginia
American male non-fiction

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Holy
Henry Lederle
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
Vinson
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Vinson
Holy
Vinson
Synan
Vinson
Synan
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Vinsonn


title: William France Jr. (cabinetmaker)

texts:
<mask>. was a cabinetmaker and upholsterer in 18th century London and a member of the well known France family who held the Royal Warrant for over half a century. He was the nephew of <mask>. and younger brother of <mask>, the former being cabinetmaker to the Royal Household. He was born in 1759 and died in 1838 in Boulogne, France. He was made a Freeman of Lancaster in 1785–86. Early life

<mask>. was the second son of <mask>, cabinetmaker, and nephew of <mask>. He was christened at St Martin-in-the-Fields on 14 January 1759. His elder brother <mask> was formally apprenticed to his uncle <mask>., and when he died in 1773, his younger nephew <mask>. was not left a share in the business as he was only 14 at the time.However, the business was divided between his father and brother, John and Edward and by the time they had both died in 1775 and 1777 respectively he had inherited the whole business. As he was not of full legal age trustees were appointed and Samuel Beckwith, (who had worked for Thomas Chippendale), joined the partnership which traded initially as Beckwith and France at 101 St Martins Lane. France & Beckwith

Samuel Beckwith was married to Jane Donowell, whose father was a surveyor and managed Lord Salisbury's London Estate. It was through this contact that in 1780 the partnership was appointed to supply furnishings to Hatfield House, much of which is still in the house. Lord Salisbury was appointed Lord Chamberlain in 1783 and in 1784 Beckwith and France received the Royal Warrant as cabinetmakers and upholsterers to the king, an appointment which <mask> held for the remainder of his working life. The partnership supplied a vast number of items to the royal household, not only for the use of George III but for his children, court officials and increasingly government departments. Much of this furniture, after over 200 years, has been dispersed but some items remain in the Royal Collection.In 1787 <mask> married Phillis Beckwith a cousin of Samuel Beckwith, they had seven children the eldest son <mask> <mask> was later destined to join the business. Other than the items which were supplied to the Royal Family and are recorded in the Lord Chamberlain's Bill Books, held in the National Archives, we know little of the partnership's other customers. It is known that they supplied a table to Lord Verulam and continued to work for Lord Mansfield at Kenwood and Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort acquired a set of magnificent steps for his library at Badminton House, Gloucestershire from them in 1782, but otherwise little can be attributed to them as a partnership. Samuel Beckwith died in 1804 and the business was split between <mask> and Beckwith's son Samuel who continued to trade from St Martins Lane. Whilst France, who continued to hold the Royal Warrant, moved to premises at 31 Pall Mall, convenient for St James's Palace where the Lord Chamberlain's offices were located. One of France's account books survives in the National Archives covering the years from 1804 to 1811 and gives the details of items he supplied to over 200 customers. These included The Duke of Bedford, Lord Packenham, Sir <mask>, Sir Jacob Ashley for Melton Constable, Norfolk and Lord Rivers for his house at Stratfield Saye, Hampshire.Lord Rivers later sold the property to the Duke of Wellington and some of France's furniture is still in the house. Royal funerals

Apart from being Cabinet makers and Upholsterers the France family were also the Royal undertakers and France and his successors (Bantings) organized the funerals of members of the Royal Family until the 1920s including those of George III and George IV. A list of these Royal family funerals follows. Prince Henry Duke of Cumberland (4th son of Frederick Prince of Wales) 1790
<mask> Duke of Gloucester (3rd son of Frederick Prince of Wales) 1805
Princess Amelia (daughter of George III) 1811
Princess Augusta Frederica of Great Britain the Duchess of Brunswick (sister of George III) 1813
Princess Charlotte of Wales (daughter of the then future George IV) 1817
Queen Charlotte – Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Wife of George III) 1818
King George III – 1820
King George IV – 1830 (conducted by Bantings, France & co)

An interesting note is that in the list of funeral expenses submitted to the Lord Chamberlain's office in 1820 the Royal undertakers Messrs. Banting and France submitted a bill for £49 10s 0d for ‘police officers attending at....   manufactory to keep the peace.’ Such an item became a regular feature of their expense accounts. In 1830, at the time of George IV's funeral, when they were asked to clarify this item they made it clear that.....

‘The moment it became known to the public that the works of the coffin etc. were in progress at the manufactory, the premises were beset by thousands. The preparations were all at a standstill and could not have been completed without assistance to keep them off, so great was the interest excited that it was a matter of necessity to employ persons night and day until the coffin was sent off to Windsor.What Messrs. Banting and France did not indicate to the Lord Chamberlain was that they had taken full advantage of this public interest by providing a special viewing area where a curious public (presumably future clients) might view the coffin when finished, as well as offering for sale a print of the coffin as shown in their viewing window.Lord Nelson's funeral

<mask> was also involved with the state funerals of Lord NelsonThe Sunday Reporter 5 Jan in 1806 as well as <mask> the Younger in 1807. The State Funeral of Lord Nelson was particularly notable as it was one of only a few State Funerals given to a commoner (i.e. not a member of the Royal Family) but also because of the esteem in which he was held as a National Hero by the Nation. This was a major event and as such was too large for one Funeral Director to arrange and so the duties were shared. <mask> Jr. was responsible for the construction of the Coffin and the arrangements for the lying in state in the Painted Chamber at the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich. The coffin was a spectacular construction containing 10,000 Gilt Brass Nails costing the magnificent sum of 10 Guineas. Some of the accounts at the time are detailed below.Adam Collingwood – Anecdotes on the Late Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson with the Funeral Ceremonies 1806The painted chamber (now Painted Hall) having been fitted up for this melancholy spectacle with particular taste and elegance by Mr France a platform was erected along the chamber, with two divisions, one for the ingress and the other for egress of the spectators.Naval Chronicle vol 15 1806This coffin which is considered as the most elegant and superb ever seen in Europe, is the production of Mr France, undertaker of Pall Mall.Richard Clarke – The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson 1813This coffin was made by Mr Chittenden under the direction of Mr France of Pall Mall.... the coffin, after being exhibited at the house of Mr France, the undertaker in Pall Mall, was conveyed to Greenwich,Sunday Reporter, 5 January 1806'''Mr France, Upholder to the King, in Pall Mall, was on Thursday so obliging to the Public that he permitted all ranks of people, without distinction, to go into his house for the purpose of having a complete and close view of the magnificent State Coffin that is prepared, as the surcoat for the remains of our most illustrious Naval Hero.''The National Archive document LC 2/38/2 'Detailed Account of Funeral Expenses Viscount Nelson 1806'. Details Mr France's expenses including:
2.5 yards black silk velvet for the lid (£3.18.3)
Covering outside coffin with office black velvet and above addition, finished with office nails ornaments and plate (£10.10.0)
Covering with Office black baize 6 trestles to support the corpse at the Painted Hall Greenwich and at the Admiralty
Making a large pall of office black velvet 7 breadths wide and 7 yards long lined with office black velvet (£2.12.6)
Covering a state canopy frame with office fine black cloth within and outside valens fringed & covering the covers and cornices over the Body in the Painted Hall (£3.15.0)
Use of 11 black ostrich plumes for the Canopy at Greenwich.5 days. (£10.10.0)
Making covers to 10 high candlesticks of office cloth

France & Banting

In 1807 <mask> <mask> joined the firm and in 1809 they started trading as <mask> and Son, however in 1812 <mask> <mask> left the business and his father replaced him with Thomas Banting and the firm's name changed to France and Banting. The business continued working for the Lord Chamberlain's office, although its style changed as new family members joined. An interesting commission was to supply furniture for Napoleon's use on St Helena, but the Emperor died before the items could be delivered and in May 1822 50 lots were sold by Christie's. Then in 1825 in consideration of a pension of £500 per annum and a partnership for his youngest son John Hale <mask>, <mask> retired and the firm traded as Banting, France and Banting. However John Hale <mask> claimed that the Bantings were excluding him from his rights under the partnership and he brought an action against them.This matter was settled but the firm traded thereafter as Banting and Son thus ending the France connection with the business. <mask> Jr. died, intestate and a widower, in 1838 in Boulogne, France aged 79, leaving an estate of under £50.

masks:
William France Jr
William France Sr
Edward France
William France Jr
John France
William France Sr
Edward France
William France Sr
William Jr
William France
William France
William Beckwith
France
William France
William Oglander
Prince William
William France
William Pitt
William France
William Beckwith
France
William France
William Beckwith
France
France
William
France
William France


title: Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann

texts:
<mask> (21 December 1810 – 20 December 1877) was a Lutheran professor of systematic and historical theology. Biography
He was born on 21 December 1810 at Nuremberg, and studied theology and history at the University of Erlangen. In 1829 he went to Berlin, where he heard lectures by Schleiermacher, Hegel, Hengstenberg, Neander, and Ranke. The latter almost persuaded Hofmann to focus entirely upon secular history rather than Christian theology. Other figures who had an influence on his faith and thinking included <mask>, a Reformed pastor and associate professor of theology at Erlangen, and <mask>, a professor of natural history and pedagogics there. In 1833 Hofmann received an appointment to teach Hebrew and history in the gymnasium of Erlangen. In 1835 he became Repetent, in 1838 Privatdozent, and in 1841 professor extraordinarius in the theological faculty at Erlangen.In 1842 he became professor ordinarius at the University of Rostock, but in 1845 he returned to Erlangen as the successor to Gottlieb Christoph Adolf <mask>rless, founder of the journal Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche. Between 1846 and 1852 <mask> served as co-editor of this journal, along with J. F. Höfling (1802–1853) and Gottfried Thomasius (1802–1875). (Between 1853 and 1858 he and Thomasius were co-editors. From 1859 until his death, <mask> was the principal editor.) He died in Erlangen, on 20 December 1877. While he operated with a conservative biblical hermeneutic, he was a member of a progressive political party, and served as its representative (for Erlangen and Fürth) in the Bavarian parliament between 1863 and 1868. <mask> stood out among his Erlangen colleagues for many reasons, not least because he was the most prolific among them but also because of his progressive political views.Beyond several dozen smaller essays and editorials (that dealt with both theological and political issues), Hofmann wrote the two-volume Prophecy and Fulfillment in the Old and New Testaments, the two-volume Scriptural Proof, and an unfinished eleven-volume commentary on the whole of the New Testament. He also delivered important lectures on biblical hermeneutics, theological ethics, and theological encyclopedia, which were published posthumously by some of his students. Hofmann's contribution to the history of Christian theology resides in four main areas: his reflections on biblical hermeneutics, his understanding of the Bible as "Heilsgeschichte" or "salvation history", his understanding of the atonement, and his renewal of trinitarian theology in the wake of Schleiermacher's dogmatics. According to Matthew Becker, whose study of Hofmann's life and theology is the only comprehensive overview and analysis of this theologian's ideas in the English language, "Hofmann's Trinitarian view of God is grounded in the divine love, which is the cause of God's free decision to self-differentiate God’s self in history and give God’s self (divine kenosis or 'divine self-emptying') in history in order to realize in the human Jesus a new humanity. The focal point of Hofmann's conception of 'salvation history' (Heilsgeschichte) is his understanding of Trinitarian kenosis, that the eternal God has become historical by 'emptying' God's self into Jesus in order to reconcile the whole world to God. According to Hofmann, world history can only be understood properly within the historical self-giving of the triune God who is love. Salvation history, therefore, is not separate from history but ultimately embraces and fulfills all history within itself.Thus salvation history (Heilsgeschichte) is not a part of world-history, but rather world-history is a part of salvation history". <mask>'s Trinitarian theology of history is properly eschatological: History is given its unity and meaning by viewing it from its end—not from its beginning—though its end appears in the midst of history  and is discernible only in faith. Hofmann believed, in light of his baptismal regeneration and by faith, that God has already revealed the end or goal of history (its unity) in the event of Jesus, who is "the center of all history". In Jesus the eternal God has become temporal to give the eternal Self in love in order to restore and unite the temporal to God. <mask>'s historical perspective was tempered by his concern to take seriously the inescapable pre-understanding that every interpreter of the Bible brings to the biblical text and to reckon with the hermeneutical implications that a particular religious perspective creates for biblical interpretation. Hofmann acknowledged that the interpreter’s personal participation in his knowledge and understanding, in both its discovery and its validation, is an indispensable part of interpretation itself. According to Becker, Hofmann's hermeneutical reflections thus form an important development between the hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and later thinkers such as Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Rudolf Bultmann, and Paul Ricoeur, who have also analyzed the historicity of language and the historicality of the biblical interpreter.Works
Hofmann wrote:
De bellis ab Antiocho Epiphane adversus Ptolemaeos, Ph.D. diss., (1835)
Die siebzig Jahre des Jeremias u. die siebzig Jahrwochen des Daniel (1836)
Geschichte des Aufruhrs in den Cevennen (1837)
De argumento psalmi centesimi decimi, Th.D., diss., (1838)
Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte fur Gymnasien (1839), which became a text-book in the Protestant gymnasia of Bavaria
Weissagung u. Erfullung im allen u. neuen Testamente (1841–1844; 2nd ed., 1857–1860)
Der Schriftbeweis (1852–1855; 2nd ed., 1857–1860)
Die heilige Schrift des neuen Testaments zusanimenhangend untersucht (1862–1878, 2nd ed., 1896)
Schutzschriften (1856–1859), in which he defends himself against the charge of teaching an unorthodox understanding of the Atonement. Die Augsburger Rechtfertigung der Augsburger Adresse (1874)
Theologische Ethik (1878)
Vermischte Aufsaetze (1878)
Encyklopaedie der Theologie (1879)
Biblische Hermeneutik (1880)
Die Offenbarung St. Johannis (1896)
In theology, as in ecclesiastical polity, Hofmann was a conservative, confessional Lutheran, although the strongly marked individuality of some of his opinions laid him open to repeated accusations of heterodoxy. He was the principal figure in what has been called the Erlangen School, although his unique theological positions frequently put him at odds with his fellow colleagues and set him apart. Elected provost of Erlangen University more times than any other professor there in the nineteenth century, he was unquestionably the leading figure on that faculty during his years of service. Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

German Lutheran theologians
1810 births
1877 deaths
People from Erlangen
University of Rostock faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
19th-century German Protestant theologians
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
Members of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies
19th-century Lutherans

masks:
Johannes Christian Konrad von Hofmann
Christian Krafft
Friedrich Ludwig Georg von Raumer
von Ha
Hofmann
Hofmann
Hofmann
Hofmann
Hofmann


title: Giovanni Angelo Becciu

texts:
<mask> (born 2 June 1948) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 28 June 2018. On 24 September 2020, he resigned the rights associated with the cardinalate. An archbishop since 2001, he held several appointments in the diplomatic service of the Holy See between 1984 and 2011, including those of Apostolic Nuncio to Angola and to Cuba. From 2011 to 2018 he was Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State, a key position in the Roman Curia. He was head of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 2018 to 2020, when he resigned from that office and from the rights and privileges of a cardinal, including the right to participate in a papal conclave, after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal; he retains the title of cardinal. In July 2021, a Vatican judge ordered Becciu and nine others to stand trial on charges of embezzlement, abuse of office and subornation.The charges are in connection with an investment in London real estate. Becciu said he was innocent and "the victim of a conspiracy". <mask>'s trial will be the first criminal trial of a cardinal in a Vatican court. Early years

<mask> was born in 1948 in Pattada (Sassari),  Sardinia, Italy. After completing his studies in theology and philosophy he was ordained to the priesthood on 27 August 1972. He attended the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, where he earned a doctoral degree in canon law. In diplomatic service

He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 May 1984.He worked at the missions in Central African Republic, Sudan, New Zealand, Liberia, Great Britain, France, and the United States. Becciu knows French, English, Spanish, Sardinian, and Portuguese. Nuncio to Angola

On 15 October 2001, Pope John Paul II appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Angola and Titular Archbishop of Rusellae. On 15 November he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to São Tomé and Principe as well. He received his episcopal consecration on 1 December 2001 from Cardinal <mask> with co-consecrators Archbishop Paolo Romeo, a Vatican diplomat, and Bishop Sebastiano Sanguinetti, who hailed from Becciu's native diocese in Sardinia. Becciu "played a crucial rôle" in the controversial 2005 appointment of Filomeno do Nascimento Vieira Dias, then auxiliary bishop of Luanda, as bishop of Cabinda. Because he was not from Cabinda and because of his family links to the regime of José Eduardo dos Santos, Vieira Dias's appointment was met with massive protests by Cabindan Catholics, and his installation was delayed for well over a year.The controversy around Vieira Dias's nomination resulted in the beating of Apostolic Administrator Eugenio Dal Corso while he was preparing to celebrate mass, the suspension of a number of priests, and a protracted strike in which many Cabindan clergy refused to celebrate mass for several months. In response, <mask> emphasized that Vieira Dias's nomination was a matter of papal prerogative and would not be revoked. <mask> went to Cabinda in order to meet with Dal Corso and with local clergy and laypeople. His meeting with laypeople was "hostile" and his car was stoned by a crowd. Vieira Dias's installation ultimately took place in June 2006. In advance of Benedict XVI's 2009 visit to Angola, Becciu defended the pope's rejection of condoms as a means of preventing the spread of AIDS, saying "It's too easy and it's very cheap to say the solution of AIDS is the condom, you don't have the solution there.... So what the Pope is saying is that we must surpass this, because AIDS means there is a lack of understanding of the concept of true love between men and women.... Because of that, many times we are not of the same thinking as NGOs."As he left Angola for his next assignment, <mask> denounced popular belief in witchcraft that led to children being accused as sorcerers and abused: "the charges are a frequent practice on the African continent and they must be eliminated". Nuncio to Cuba

On 23 July 2009 Pope Benedict named him Apostolic Nuncio to Cuba. Becciù's selection for this challenging role was seen by observers as a sign of his high reputation in Rome. Cuban President Raul Castro praised his work on behalf of improved relations between Cuba and the Holy See. In January 2015, after Cuba and the United States announced efforts to improve their relationship, Becciù, now the Substitute of the Secretariat of State, expressed his support for an end to the U.S. embargo, citing "the right of peoples not to be deprived of daily economic and social subsistence". He credited the thaw in relations to Pope Francis and said that he expected the Cuban government to introduce a less centralized economic system. Secretariat of State

On 10 May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> to the office of Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State, replacing Fernando Filoni.The Substitute for General Affairs reports to the Cardinal Secretary of State. He usually met with the Pope each day to handle the business of the Roman Curia; his position was comparable to chief of staff. It had been described as "the most complex job in the Roman Curia" and a key to "the administrative success or failure of a papacy". Though <mask> was viewed as "a genial and effective diplomat", his appointment was unusual in that he lacked experience in the Curia. 2013 conclave

During the conclave that followed the resignation of Benedict XVI, <mask> was responsible for directing the Vatican personnel who ensured the security and secrecy of its proceedings. A few months after his election as pope, Francis named a new Secretary of State and confirmed <mask>'s appointment as Substitute. Public statements

In his role as substitute, Becciu periodically spoke on behalf of the Vatican, addressing specific events in the news while allowing the Pope to avoid becoming involved in public debates.On scandals in the Curia

When stolen documents about Vatican finances were leaked to the press, Becciu downplayed the sharp disagreements between Curial officials that they documented. He wrote in 2012 that some "criticize the monarchic and absolutist nature of the church's central government" but then pretend to be "scandalized because someone writing to the Pope expresses ideas or even complaints about how that government is organized. Many of the published documents do not reveal power struggles or vendettas, but the freedom of thought which the church is criticized for not allowing." In January 2014, when retired Commander of the Swiss Guard Elmar Mäder told the Swiss weekly Sonntag that a gay network existed in the Roman Curia, Becciu condemned "generic accusations" and challenged Mäder to provide specifics: "When he was in service, did he have any suspects? Are these suspects still present? Come here and tell us exactly to whom it relates." In January 2016, discussing books that charged the Vatican with financial mismanagement, Becciu defended Vatican employees: "The Vatican is not a den of thieves.To represent it as such constitutes an absolute falsehood. I find it extremely unjust that our employees, proudly carrying out a service for the Pope and the church, have gotten to the point, for some time now, of being ashamed to tell people they work here." On Amoris laetitia

In December 2016, Becciu addressed reactions to Pope Francis' comments in his apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia on the pastoral care of Catholics in irregular marriages: "I will not go into the controversies but I do wish to reiterate the principles I have always been taught by the healthy tradition of the Church: as the Pope's humble collaborator, I feel I have a duty to loyally tell him what I think when a decision is being taken. Once it is taken, I obey the Holy Father fully." On same-sex unions

When a Catholic radio station broadcast a Dominican friar's statement that the enactment of same-sex civil unions had caused recent earthquakes, Becciu said, "They are offensive statements for believers and scandalous for those who do not believe." On immigration

Asked about U.S. President Donald Trump's order restricting immigration in January 2017, Becciu stated: "Certainly there is concern because we are messengers of another culture, that of openness. The pope insists on the capacity for integration [of] those who arrive in our society and culture.We are builders of bridges, not of walls. Christians must be strong in reaffirming this message." McCarrick scandal

In his August 2018 "Testimony," Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò alleged that Becciu, as substitute, "knew in every detail the situation" regarding former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick's sexual abuse of adult priests and seminarians, reports of which had reached Rome. In his capacity as substitute, Becciu had direct contact with McCarrick on numerous occasions. In his book Il Giorno del Giudizio, Andrea Tornielli states that after each of the international trips McCarrick undertook in and around the year 2012—unauthorized trips that he was not supposed to undertake—McCarrick would send detailed reports that he addressed to the Pope, Vatican Secretary of State Bertone, and Substitute <mask>, even receiving responses of thanks from the Secretariat of State. Further, according to emails leaked by Msgr. Anthony Figueiredo, a former aide to McCarrick, McCarrick had plans to meet with <mask> in person on 14 February 2013, immediately before the 2013 conclave; he was also involved in helping arrange a 2016 meeting between Pope Francis and McCarrick.Financial dealings

IDI

During his time as substitute, <mask> was reportedly involved in repeated attempts to secure loans to support the Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI), a struggling hospital in Rome originally owned by the Italian province of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception (PICFIC). In July 2011, Fr. Franco Decaminada,

masks:
Giovanni Angelo Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Angelo Sodano
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu


title: Giovanni Angelo Becciu

texts:
 the president of the IDI, approached Becciu with a proposal that the Vatican supply the IDI with 200 million euros to take over Milan's San Raffaele Hospital. In September 2011, Decaminada hired <mask>'s niece Maria Piera <mask> as his personal secretary. The proposal to buy San Raffaele ultimately came to nothing. In October 2019, Becciu professed not to remember the proposal and stated that he "never dealt with this question." The IDI eventually went bankrupt in 2012 with debts of more than 800 million euros.PICFIC was declared insolvent by an Italian court in 2013, and Decaminada was arrested in 2013 and, along with 40 other figures in the IDI's administration, was charged with using the hospital for embezzlement and money laundering, including the diversion of hundreds of thousands of euros of IDI money into an oil exploration company. Decaminada was sent to prison and laicized. In February 2013, Benedict XVI appointed Cardinal Giuseppe Versaldi to govern the Congregation of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception, PICFIC's parent order, as his pontifical delegate and to be commissioner of the IDI. Late in 2014, Cardinals Versaldi and Becciu reportedly requested that the Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), the Vatican's commercial bank, grant a 50 million euro loan to IDI in order to keep it afloat. Determining that the IDI would never be able to repay the loan, the IOR board in 2015 rejected the proposal, with Cardinal George Pell, the prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy, reportedly "vocally opposed" to it. <mask> and Versaldi subsequently requested that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (APSA) grant a similar 50 million euro loan to the Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), a for-profit partnership of the Vatican Secretariat of State and the Congregation of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception that had been created to take over the IDI and nominally replace PICFIC as the owner the hospital. The FLMM shared some of the same leadership personnel as PICFIC and has been described as "nothing other than the friars under a different name."APSA granted the loan to the FLMM, possibly in contravention of international regulatory agreements not to provide commercial loans, and in April 2015 the FLMM acquired the IDI for a reported 131 million euros. Reportedly influenced by the lobbying of Becciu, Pope Francis subsequently withdrew oversight over APSA's investment decisions from Pell's office. In order to remove the loan from APSA's books, officials from the Secretariat of State sought a $25 million grant in June 2017 from the U.S.-based Papal Foundation. Lay board members were reportedly initially led to believe that the loan would go to fund the IDI; in fact, the recipient of the grant was the Holy See. The grant request created internal turmoil inside the Papal Foundation and the disbursement of funds was repeatedly stalled; in the end, the $13 million already disbursed to the Holy See was reclassified as a "loan" against future foundation grants. In October 2019, APSA's head conceded that it had had to write off 30 million euros of the loan after the Papal Foundation grant was stopped. While some sources in APSA told reporters that Becciu was behind the grant request to the Papal Foundation, Becciu denied this, stating that after Pietro Parolin's assumption of the office of Secretary of State in 2013, he "no longer concerned [him]self with IDI."In November 2019, Cardinal Parolin claimed that he was personally responsible for the APSA loan to the FLMM and the request to the Papal Foundation. Falcon Oil

In 2012, Angolan businessman Antonio "Mosquito" Mbakassi, an "oligarch" with close ties to the family of president José Eduardo dos Santos, who had met Becciu during the latter's time as nuncio to Angola, directly approached the Vatican secretariat of state to propose that the Holy See invest US$200 million in an oil exploration project to be carried out by his company Falcon Oil Holdings SA. Credit Suisse, which served as the banker and financial adviser to the secretariat, asked WRM, the family office and investment fund of London-based Italian financier Raffaele Mincione, to perform due diligence on the potential loan. WRM advised against the loan, and the money was instead invested in a property deal through Mincione. On 7 October 2020, Becciu's lawyer stated that Becciu had been accused of, but denied, using Holy See money to invest in Mosquito's business activities. London investment

Unnamed sources within the Vatican alleged in 2015 that Becciu attempted to conceal a $200 million London real estate purchase in violation of accounting rules regulating creative accounting. According to statements made to a UK court by businessman Gianluigi Torzi, a broker involved in the London property deal, a lay Secretariat of State employee named Fabrizio Tirabassi "openly admitted" blackmailing Becciu.In July 2021 a judge ordered Becciu and others to stand trial, charged with financial crimes relating to the London investment. Becciu said he was "the victim of a conspiracy" and protested his "absolute innocence". The BBC commented that the Pope's sanctioning the indictment and trial of a cardinal who was a senior member of the Vatican hierarchy and reported to be a friend of Francis indicated his intention to take unprecedented action to clean up the Church's reputation regarding financial misdeeds, at the risk of publicly revealing the possible mismanagement of the Holy See's finances. Special Delegate to the Knights of Malta

On 2 February 2017, Pope Francis named him his Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, following a public dispute between the Pope and the Grand Master of the Order, Matthew Festing. In a letter dated 15 April, Becciu instructed Festing not to travel to Rome for the election of his successor at the end of April. He wrote that many members of the Order felt his presence would "reopen wounds" and prevent a return to harmony. Festing disregarded this injunction, came to Rome and participated in the election of his successor.Becciu withdrew his letter. <mask>'s original mandate was to expire upon the election of a new Grand Master. When Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto was elected Grand Master on 2 May 2018, Pope Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely. On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis replaced Becciu as Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of  Malta with  Silvano Tomasi. Cardinal and prefect

On 20 May 2018, Pope Francis announced he would make Becciu a cardinal on 28 June, and on 26 May the Holy See announced he would end his term as Substitute on 29 June and become Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the end of August. At the 28 June consistory, he was assigned the deaconry of San Lino. He was the seventh cardinal from Sardinia.<mask> became Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints on 31 August 2018, succeeding Cardinal <mask>. Financial scandal, resignation as Prefect, and renunciation of Cardinal privileges

On 24 September 2020, Pope Francis requested <mask>'s resignation as Prefect and his renunciation of his prerogatives as a cardinal, after Becciu was accused of embezzlement and nepotism. While Becciu retained his cardinal's title, he lost his right to participate in a future papal conclave or consistory, and his right to be tried by the pope alone. The Order of Malta later announced that his role as Special Delegate to the Knights of Malta ended in October 2020 and he was replaced in that office on 1 November. On 14 October 2020, Cecilia Marogna, a business associate of Becciu, was arrested in Milan, Italy, after she was implicated for receiving 500,000 euros (US$587,350) from funds that had been intended to finance a "parallel diplomacy" program to help African conflict zones. These funds were embezzled while Becciu was still serving as the Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State in 2018. The arrest warrant, which had been issued by the Vatican, involves embezzlement and aggravated misappropriation in complicity with others.On 18 November 2020, Becciu sued the weekly magazine L'Espresso in civil court in Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, for ten million euros to be given to charity, claiming it had damaged his reputation and prospects of becoming pope by making unsourced claims of embezzling Vatican funds to enrich his family. Vatican court indictment

On 3 July 2021, a Vatican judge indicted Becciu on multiple charges, including embezzlement, money laundering, fraud, extortion and abuse of office. Pope Francis personally approved his indictment. Also indicted were ten other people,  four of whom were former Vatican officials and five of whom were outsiders. The other churchmen charged were a former head and deputy head of the Vatican's internal financial monitor and two former employees of the Secretariat of State, including a priest who formerly served as secretary to Becciu. The outsiders charged included two Italian brokers and an Italian woman who worked for Becciu. After he was charged, Becciu said that he was "the victim of a plot hatched against me" and was innocent.Trial

On 27 July 2021, the trial against him at a Holy See court opened. Becciu appeared in person in court and denied any wrongdoing. He asked the court not to order his arrest and the trial was adjourned. See also

 Cardinals created by Francis

Notes

References

External links

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Living people
1948 births
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
21st-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to Cuba
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Apostolic Nuncios to Angola
Apostolic Nuncios to São Tomé and Príncipe
People from the Province of Sassari
Members of the Congregation for the Causes of

masks:
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Angelo Amato
Becciu


title: Johnny Vander Meer

texts:
<mask> (November 2, 1914 – October 6, 1997) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher, most notably for the Cincinnati Reds. <mask> is most notable for being the only pitcher in Major League Baseball history to throw two consecutive no-hitters. After the impressive start to his major league career, he experienced problems controlling the accuracy of his pitching, and his later career was marked by inconsistent performances. Baseball career
Born in Prospect Park, New Jersey, he moved with his family to Midland Park, New Jersey in 1918. He had an inauspicious start to his professional baseball career. He was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1933 and assigned to the Dayton Ducks.Dayton then sold his contract to a Boston Bees minor league affiliate, the Scranton Miners of the New York–Pennsylvania League. The Miners found his playing ability to be lacking and sent him to the Cincinnati Reds affiliate, the Nashville Volunteers, in a trade for Tiny Chaplin. From Nashville, he was sent to the Durham Bulls, where the Bulls manager and catcher, <mask>, was credited with helping control the wildness of <mask> <mask>'s pitching. In 1936, he posted a record of 19 wins against six losses for Durham. <mask> <mask> made his major league debut with the Cincinnati Reds on April 22, 1937 at the age of 22. He went 3–4 before being sent back to the minor leagues with the Syracuse Chiefs for most of the season when the Reds recalled him in September. The following year on June 11, 1938, <mask> <mask> pitched a no-hitter against the Boston Bees.Four days later against the Brooklyn Dodgers in what was the first night game ever held at Ebbets Field, he threw another no-hitter, becoming the only player in major league history to throw two straight no-hitters. <mask> <mask>'s performance earned him the role as the starting pitcher for the National League team in the 1938 All-Star game held at Cincinnati's Crosley Field. The American League team – having won four of the previous five All-Star games – was favored to win the game, but <mask> <mask> pitched three scoreless innings and allowed only one hit, as the National League went on to win 4–1. He ended the season with a 15–10 record and a 3.12 earned run average for the fourth place Reds. He might have won more games, but spent nearly a month in the hospital being treated for boils late in the season. After his impressive rookie season, <mask> <mask> had a disappointing 1939 season, when he fell ill during spring training, and then suffered an injury when he slipped on a wet pitching mound in Pittsburgh. He posted a 5–9 record and an earned run average of 4.67.Early in the 1940 season, he began to experience problems controlling the accuracy of his pitches. In June, the Reds released him back to the minor leagues where he played for the Indianapolis Indians and went 6–4. He returned to the major leagues in September and posted a 3–1 record, including a win for pitching 12 innings against Philadelphia on September 18; a win that clinched the National League pennant for the Reds. Leading off the 13th inning, <mask> <mask> hit a double, advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt, stayed at third on an infield hit, then scored the winning run on a sacrifice fly. [Note: the Sacrifice Fly was not an official statistic in 1940, so the At Bat by Ival Goodman counted, as did his RBI]. In the 1940 World Series against the Detroit Tigers, <mask> <mask> made only one appearance when he entered Game 5 in the fifth inning with the Reds trailing 7–0. He pitched three scoreless innings as the Reds lost 8–0.The Reds went on to win the series in seven games. It would be the only post-season appearance of <mask> <mask>'s career. In 1941, <mask> <mask>'s performance improved somewhat with a 16–12 record and six shutouts while leading the league with 202 strikeouts. On June 6, 1941, in a game against Philadelphia, he allowed only one hit. <mask> <mask> later recalled that the only hit in the game could have been ruled an error, as shortstop Eddie Joost fielded the ground ball, then dropped it before throwing to first base. He earned his third All-Star selection in the 1942 All-Star Game, and once again threw three scoreless innings in a 3–1 loss to the American League. He finished the 1942 season with a career-high 18 wins against 12 losses and once again led the league in strikeouts.He posted a 15–16 record in 1943 for the second place Reds and led the league in strikeouts for a third consecutive year. On March 3, 1944, <mask> <mask> joined the United States Navy and was stationed at Sampson Naval Training Station in New York where he would play for the Navy baseball team. He was discharged from the Navy in December 1945, having lost two years of his major league career to his military service, but <mask> <mask> claimed that his extensive military play made him less wild as a pitcher, which his record partially supports. The 31-year-old pitcher returned to play for the Reds in 1946 although he was not able to recapture his previous form. <mask> <mask> was an incidental witness when his Cincinnati teammate Ewell Blackwell almost duplicated his consecutive no-hit feat in 1947, by pitching a no-hitter against the Braves, then in his next appearance held the Dodgers without a hit until the ninth inning when he gave up two hits. He produced one more notable season in 1948 when he went 17–14, before his contract was sold to the Chicago Cubs in February 1950. After an ineffective year with the Cubs, he was released in March 1951 and was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Indians.He appeared in only one game for the Indians on May 7, 1951, before being released on June 30, 1951, at the age of 36. <mask> <mask> returned to the minor leagues where he played for five more seasons until the age of 40. In 1952, 14 years after his consecutive no-hitters, <mask> <mask> pitched a no-hitter for the Tulsa Oilers against the Beaumont Roughnecks in the Texas League. Career statistics
A four-time All-Star, <mask> <mask> compiled a 119–121 record with 1,294 strikeouts and a 3.44 ERA in  innings over a 13-year Major League career. He had 29 career shutouts, ranking third on the Reds franchise list. His 1,251 strikeouts with the Reds were the team record at the time of his retirement in 1951. Along with Dizzy Dean (1932–1935), Warren Spahn (1949–1952), Randy Johnson  (1999–2002), Tim Lincecum (2008–2010), and Max Scherzer (2016–2018), <mask> <mask> is one of only six NL pitchers since 1930 to lead the league in strikeouts in three straight seasons (1941–1943).Later life
After retiring as a player at the age of 40, <mask> <mask> became a minor league manager in the Cincinnati Reds organization for ten seasons before retiring in 1962. After his retirement from baseball, he worked for a brewing company. He was inducted as part of the inaugural class into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1958. He died of an abdominal aneurysm at his home in Tampa, Florida, on October 6, 1997, at the age of 82. References

External links

1914 births
1997 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
Baseball players from New Jersey
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Dayton Ducks players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Durham Bulls players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Vols players
National League All-Stars
National League strikeout champions
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
People from Midland Park, New Jersey
People from Prospect Park, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey
Syracuse Chiefs managers
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players

masks:
John Samuel Vander Meer
Vander Meer
Johnny Gooch
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
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Vander
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Vander
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Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer


title: Lola Baldwin

texts:
Aurora "<mask><mask> (1860 – June 22, 1957) was an American woman who became one of the first policewomen in the United States. In 1908, she was sworn in by the City of Portland as Superintendent of the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for the Protection of Girls (later renamed the Women's Protective Division), with the rank of detective. <mask> grew up in Rochester, New York, and taught in nearby public schools. She relocated to Lincoln, Nebraska, where she taught, then married. She, her husband, and their two sons later lived in several U.S. cities, where <mask> engaged in volunteer social work related to unwed mothers and other young women in trouble. In 1904, when <mask> was 44, the family moved to Portland, where her husband continued his dry goods career. Women's groups such as the Travelers Aid Society, concerned that the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, scheduled for 1905 in Portland, posed a danger to single women working at the fair, hired <mask> to supervise a project to protect girls and women.Success at the fair led to similar work thereafter, and eventually to her hiring in 1908 as a police officer. Throughout her policing career, <mask> stressed crime prevention and favored reform over incarceration. She promoted laws to protect women, advised other jurisdictions about women's law-enforcement issues, and demonstrated by example that women could be effective police officers. After her retirement from the police in 1922, she gave public lectures for the Oregon Social Hygiene Society and served on the board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon, the Oregon Parole Board, and the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. <mask>, sometimes referred to as a "municipal mother", died in Portland on June 22, 1957 at the age of 97. Early life
Born Aurora "<mask>" Greene in 1860, in Elmira, New York, <mask> grew up largely in Rochester, where her family moved when she was quite young. Her parents, of Irish Protestant heritage, enrolled her in the city's Christ Church Episcopal School for Girls, and she later attended Rochester High School.When her father died in 1877, she was forced to withdraw from school and seek work, finishing her high school studies on her own. She passed the New York State qualifying exam for teachers, and taught near Rochester until 1880 when she moved alone to Lincoln, Nebraska, a city that was seeking teachers. After passing the Nebraska qualifying exam, she taught for three years at Lincoln Preparatory High School. By 1884, she had met and married LeGrand M<mask>, a dry goods merchant originally from Vermont. As was expected then of single women teachers who married, <mask> resigned her job at the high school. During her remaining years in Lincoln, she found paid clerical work, and volunteered as a social worker focused on helping "wayward" girls. She also gave birth to two sons, Myron and Pierre.After they left Lincoln in 1893, over the next 10 years the <mask>s lived variously in Boston, Yonkers, Norfolk, and Providence, Rhode Island as LeGrand pursued his dry goods career. He eventually joined E. P. Charlton & Company, which had a chain of more than 50 stores across the United States. In each city the family moved to, <mask> continued her volunteer work, including serving on the boards of two Florence Crittenton Homes. They were part of a national network of rescue homes for "unfortunate lost girls", which at the time meant rescued prostitutes and unwed mothers. In 1904, the Charlton Company sent LeGrand to Portland to open its first store in the Pacific Northwest. <mask> worked in the store's business office and joined the board of the city's Florence Crittenton Home. Lewis and Clark Exposition
In 1904, Portland officials were preparing for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.Among their concerns was a possible influx of non-resident criminals to the city. Officials feared some would target young women and girls, and lure or coerce them into sexual activity, including prostitution. As part of the exposition preparations, women's groups, including the Travelers Aid Society, the YWCA, and many local secular and religious organizations, made plans to prevent the sexual exploitation of young women during the fair. The Portland YWCA hired <mask> as project supervisor with funds provided partly by the national Travelers Aid committee. She and her associates compiled lists of local lodging and working places they deemed safe for young women. When the exposition opened on June 1, 1905, volunteers met young women at Union Station and other entry points to the city and offered advice about lodging and employment, and in some cases other aid such as meal vouchers. Volunteers patrolled the exposition, especially venues such as risque sideshows, dimly lit structures, the beer garden, and the shooting gallery (carnival game), all of which they considered sexually dangerous.In her final report on the exposition, <mask> reported that Travelers Aid had helped 1,640 women and girls in various ways, including finding safe jobs for more than 500. After the fair ended, <mask> retained a position with the local Travelers Aid branch, based at the YWCA. Over the next three years, she continued the kinds of work she had done during the exposition, often helping runaways and young women with legal troubles. Supported by Mayor Harry Lane and the Portland police, she eventually convinced the City Council to create and fund what was formally named the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for the Protection of Girls, later renamed the Women's Protective Division (WPD). On April 1, 1908, she was sworn in as superintendent of the auxiliary with the rank of detective. Depending on the definition of "policewoman", <mask> was the first except for Marie Owens, thought to have begun her policing career in Chicago in 1891. Another candidate for the title of "first" is Alice Stebbins Wells, who joined the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910.All three specialized in law enforcement related to women and children. Louise Bryant, writing about <mask> for Sunset magazine in 1912, described her as a "municipal mother". Women's Protective Division superintendent: 1908–22
<mask>'s police work, centering on the protection of women, continued through 1922. It took various forms, such as lobbying for laws to protect women, urging state officials to open a home for troubled women, and advising other states and cities on women's law-enforcement issues. Through her accomplishments, she demonstrated that women could be effective police officers. The social hygiene movement as well as the social purity movement, which sought to maintain traditional 19th-century Victorian morality through the Progressive Era, were major influences on <mask>'s work. At the turn of the century Portland was "rampant with vice and corruption".An elaborate system supported the business of prostitution, which flourished in brothels, hotels, rooming houses, saloons, and other places, especially in the red-light district north of Burnside Street in the central city. <mask> was one of 15 commissioners appointed to the Portland Vice Commission in 1911 to study the problem of venereal disease (VD) and its relation to the commercial sex trade. The commission estimated that nearly 25 percent of the cases being seen by the city's physicians involved VD. A commission review of 547 Portland establishments thought to harbor prostitutes confirmed that 431 supported acts that were "immoral". Another commission study conducted between mid-1911 and late 1912 found that police had raided 216 vice establishments and made 1,900 prostitution arrests during the prior 18 months. <mask> and other city officials worked in many ways to reduce the personal and social dangers related to commercial sex:

The goal was to cleanse and uplift the evil city, and make it morally and physically safe for families, single working women, and children. Advocates believed that the police power should be utilized to attack a broad range of concerns.Under pressure from social hygienists, many of whom were physicians, municipalities initiated sanitation and public health programs, venereal disease control, vice and prostitution abatement, commercial amusement reform, and other correctives for situations perceived as dangerous to the public welfare. Targets for elimination from the city included "any business that exploited young women". During the years that <mask> led the WPD, this included not only brothels but also fortune-telling establishments, massage parlors, shooting galleries, and dance halls. Preferring prevention to jail time for young women, <mask> helped single mothers connect to social services, persuaded city officials to keep women out of saloons, and established an after-care system for delinquent girls. Later life
Troubled by changing cultural norms after World War I, <mask> retired from the police force in 1922. In her 1921 annual report, she expressed dismay at what she viewed as a general lowering of moral standards. She said this was evidenced by such things as tobacco smoking by women, increased juvenile delinquency, and the rise of the flapper "bad girl" mode of dress and behavior.After her official retirement at age 62, <mask> continued to lecture on venereal disease and vice for the Oregon Social Hygiene Society, served on the board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon, traveled to other cities to encourage formation of women's police divisions, served on the Oregon Parole Board as well as the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, and continued to support the Women's Protective Division of the Portland police. During her retirement, she also assisted her husband and sons in running a bakery. LeGrand <mask> died in 1941; <mask> died in 1957, at the age of 97. One hundred years after <mask> became a policewoman, Portland Mayor Tom Potter proclaimed April 1, 2008, to be <mask> <mask> Centennial Day in honor of her achievements. See also
 Penny Harrington, first female chief of the Portland Police Bureau
 Sybil Plumlee, police officer who served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967

Notes

References

Further reading

Works cited

External links

 Women Police Officers – Lloyd Sealy Library at John Jay College of Criminal Justice

1860 births
1957 deaths
American women educators
American women police officers
American people of Irish descent
Burials at River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)
People from Elmira, New York
People from Rochester, New York
Portland Police Bureau officers
Schoolteachers from Nebraska

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title: Elizabeth Fox-Genovese

texts:
<mask>ovese (May 28, 1941 – January 2, 2007) was an American historian best known for her works on women and society in the Antebellum South. A Marxist early on in her career, she later converted to Roman Catholicism and became a primary voice of the conservative women's movement. She was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2003. Biography
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Cornell professor Edward Whiting Fox, a specialist in the history of modern Europe, and <mask>née Simon) Fox, whose brother was real estate mogul Robert Simon. Her father was Protestant, of English, Scottish and Irish descent; her mother was Jewish, from a family that immigrated from Germany. <mask> studied at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris in France and attended Bryn Mawr College.In 1963 she received a BA in French and history. At Harvard University, she earned a Master's degree in history in 1966 and a PhD in 1974. In 1969 she married fellow historian Eugene D. Genovese and changed her surname to Fox-Genovese. They collaborated on some historical works in the course of their careers and had a professional partnership. In the 1970s they founded the journal Marxist Perspectives, publishing the first issue in Spring 1978. Described as "brilliant but short-lived", it was published into the early 1980s. In 2012, in a partnership with the Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, Dissent magazine
announced plans to digitize issues of the journal and make them available online.After completing her PhD, Fox first taught at Binghamton University and The University of Rochester. In 1986 she was recruited as founding director for the Institute for Women's Studies at Emory University. At the Institute, she served as director and began the first doctoral program in Women's Studies in the US; she personally directed thirty-two doctoral dissertations. She also taught history as the Eleonore Raoul Professor of the Humanities. In 1993 L. Virginia Gould, one of her former graduate students, named Fox-Genovese and Emory University as co-defendants in a sexual discrimination and harassment lawsuit. Emory settled the lawsuit out of court. Financial details were not released.Fox-Genovese grew up in a household of secular intellectuals who were respectful of Christianity, but nonbelieving. For most of her adult life, she considered herself Christian only "in the amorphous cultural sense of the word." Having "thoroughly imbibed materialist philosophy," she inhabited "a world that took it as a matter of faith that 'God is dead'." In 1995, however, Fox-Genovese publicly converted to Roman Catholicism, due in part to her deep unease about "moral relativism" (since she found "a world in which each followed his or her moral compass" neither rational nor viable). She said she was also reacting to the pride and self-centeredness that she had witnessed in the secular academy. Some observers regarded her reputation as a feminist as being at odds with her conversion, but she found it to be "wholly consistent." She wrote, "Sad as it may seem, my experience with radical, upscale feminism only reinforced my growing mistrust of individual pride."Fox-Genovese died in 2007, aged 65, in Atlanta. She had lived with Multiple sclerosis for 15 years. The following year, Eugene Genovese published a tribute to his wife, Miss Betsey: A Memoir of Marriage. Scholarship
Fox-Genovese's academic interests changed from French history to the history of women in the United States before the American Civil War. Virginia Shadron, assistant dean at Emory, later said that Fox-Genovese's Within the Plantation Household (1988) cemented her reputation as a scholar of women in the Old South. Contemporary reviews praised it; one described her work as bridging "the gap between the study of individual identity and the economic and social milieu." Mechal Sobel of The New York Times wrote, "<mask>-Genovese undertakes the enormous tasks of telling the life stories of the last generation of black and white women of the Old South, and of analyzing the meanings of these connected stories as a way of illuminating both Southern and women's history—tasks at which she succeeds brilliantly."This book received the following awards:
 1988 C. Hugh Holman Award, Society for the Study of Southern Literature
 1989 Julia Cherry Spruill Prize, Southern Association for Women Historians
 1989 Outstanding Book Award, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America

Fox-Genovese also wrote scholarly and popular works on feminism. Through her writings, she alienated many feminists but attracted many women who may have considered themselves conservative feminists. Princeton University history professor Sean Wilentz said, "She probably did more for the conservative women's movement than anyone... [Her] voice came from inside the academy and updated the ideas of the conservative women's movement. She was one of their most influential intellectual forces." Fox-Genovese reportedly had no patience with the cultural feminist trend of viewing women and men as possessing completely different values, and she criticized the idea that women's natural instincts and experience of oppression gave them a superior capacity for justice and mercy. For this, she had been labeled by Cathy Young as an "antifeminist". Honors
 2003, National Humanities Medal
 Cardinal Wright Award from the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars
 Doctor of Letters from Millsaps College
 C. Hugh Holman Prize from the Society for Southern Literature
 ACLS & Ford Foundation Fellowship

Selected writings
 .Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism,  New York/ York: Oxford University Press, 1983. (with Eugene D. Genovese)
 Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South, series on Gender and American Culture, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Feminism Without Illusions: A Critique of Individualism, University of North Carolina Press, 1991. "Feminism Is Not the Story of My Life": How Today's Feminist Elite Has Lost Touch with the Real Concerns of Women, Anchor reprint, 1996
 The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview Cambridge University Press, 2005. (with Eugene D. Genovese)
 Posthumous publications
 Marriage: The Dream that Refuses to Die, Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2008. Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders' New World Order,  Cambridge University Press, 2008. (with Eugene D. Genovese
  (5 vols.)References

Further reading
  (traduction from English original.) .
 . External links
 . .
 .

1941 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers
American feminist writers
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American women historians
Binghamton University faculty
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Catholics from Massachusetts
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Emory University faculty
Female critics of feminism
Feminist historians
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Historians of slavery
Historians of the Southern United States
Individualist feminists
National Humanities Medal recipients
Roman Catholic writers
University of Rochester faculty
Women's historians
Writers from Boston
Historians from Massachusetts
Catholic feminists

masks:
Elizabeth Ann Fox Gen
Elizabeth Ann Fox
Elizabeth Mary (
Elizabeth Fox
Elizabeth Fox


title: Pere Puig Subinyà

texts:
<mask> (Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà, Spain 1914 – La Paz, Bolivia 1999) was a Catalan politician and businessman. He was a member of Unió de Rabassaires and Republican Left of Catalonia (Catalan: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya)

Biography

Second Republic and Spanish Civil War

He was mayor of the municipality of Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà from 4 September 1936 until 17 February 1937 for the Unió de Rabassaires of Catalunya. He was a councillor of the municipality of Barcelona in the consistory of Carles Pi i Sunyer, and soon after he took charge of the supplies council of that municipality. He actively participated in the events of October 1934 (the 1934 revolution in Spain - in Barcelona, the government of the Generalitat of Catalonia, chaired by Lluís Companys from Republican Left of Catalonia, proclaimed the Catalan State within a non existent Federal Spanish Republic in the night of 6 October), for which he was subjected to martial court. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, he joined the army and asked to be sent to the front as a soldier. He enrolled in the column of Macias-Companys and he was the political commissar from the Catalan Republican parties that reached the highest rank, finally ascending to colonel. His ideological fervor created him bitter enemies amongst communist elements, which largely dominated the army.In December 1938 he issued a report to the standing committee of his party, Republican Left of Catalonia, as Deputy Commissioner Brigadier, occupying the position of commissioner of the 62nd division, part of the XXIV corps. This report sought to picture the political composition of the authorities of the Spanish Republican Army. The predominant complaint on it was that the percentage of chiefs, officers and commissioners who had communist sympathies, or were members of the Communist Party of Spain, was very high: up to 50 percent, and this high percentage could negatively affect the morale of Republican soldiers of the Spanish Republican Army. Following this report, which was distributed among Communists and others, he was accused in 1939 of high treason against the Republic, being detained for 12 days and released after in Arenys de Munt. Exile

For that reason, with the support of his party he went to France, where he stayed as a refugee in the internment camps, first in Argelès and after in Agde. From his time in these camps Anna Murià (wife of Agustí Bartra) wrote in her biographical notes on Bartra: "<mask> <mask> was a leader, mentor and protector, brother and father of the Catalans in the concentration camps. He understood everyone and cared about everyone".During this stage he maintained frequent communication with Carles Pi i Sunyer. Thereafter he went to Montpellier and stayed in the residence of his party. In the early years of the exile in France he was one of the most important leaders of Republican Left of Catalonia. On 20 August 1944 he entered Barcelona clandestinely with his wife (Montserrat <mask> Torrents- “a modern young woman with very clear ideas”), as the first representative of the leadership of Republican Left of Catalonia in exile in Paris, under the chairmanship of Josep Irla. His mission was to reorganize the internal leadership of the party and to form a unity government of the Generalitat. He adopted the clandestine names of Esteve Serra or Esteve Serrallonga Mono. During this period he was also in charge of the organization and propaganda of Republican Left of Catalonia, and of the publication of the clandestine journal "La Humanitat".Furthermore, he was responsible for and director of the internal party newsletters "Butlletí" and "Butlletí d´Informació", in the edition of which his wife also actively participated. On 24 January 1947 he was arrested by Francisco Franco´s police and escaped. Some characters of the time consider this escape was facilitated by the police due to the pressure they were receiving from the civil governor, the consuls of the foreign democratic powers (which kept conversations and relationships with Republican Left of Catalonia) and other Catalan personalities such as Jose Maria Pi i Sunyer, Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Barcelona. He entered again clandestinely in Barcelona several times in 1947, to take over the party’s crisis and to connect with Pous i Pages and the National Council of Catalan Democracy (in Catalan: Consell Nacional de la Democràcia Catalana). His task was to redirect the existing difficult relationship between the Council and the government in exile, and between the Council and Republican Left of Catalonia. Moreover, he represented President Josep Irla to see the possibilities of creation of a unity organism of the inside Catalan political forces, contrary to Francisco Franco´s regime, and to connect them with the government of Catalonia. To this end he held several meetings and interviews.He was in charge of the information service of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile (1947–49). In 1949 he left to Bolivia, where he held various management positions in private companies, founding also his own. In this country he was president of the Association of Spanish (1953-1959) an apolitical institution of Cochabamba, and member of social and economic institutions such as the House of Spain and the Spanish Chamber of Commerce in Bolivia, of this last one for a period of eighteen years of which six (1978-1984) he was president. During his exile he wrote several articles in the Catalan newspaper Avui. In 1983 he was appointed Commander of the Order of Civil Merit by His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain for his full support for the work of rapprochement between Spain and Bolivia. The character Puig of the book "Xabola" of Agustí Bartra is <mask> Puig. Bibliography

 La humanitat.Number 626. November 14, 1933
 Molas i Batllori, Isidre, Diccionari dels partits politics de Catalunya segle XX (Spain, Enciclopedia Catalana, 2000) Page 78. Pi i Sunyer, Carles, 1939: Memories Del Primer Exili (Spain, Fundacio Carles Pi i Sunyer d'Estudis Autonomics i Locals, 2000)
 Pi i Sunyer, Carles, Memories De L'Exili, El Govern De La Generalitat Paris 1945-1948 (Spain, Curial, 1979). <mask>, <mask>, Informe sobre el ejercito. December 1938. Biblioteca Pavelló de la Republica, Universidad de Barcelona. Quaderns de l´Arxiu Pi i Sunyer.Number 3: Des dels camps. Cartes de rufiagts i internats al migdia francés l´any 1939. ( Fundación Carles Pi I Sunyer, 1998). http://pisunyer.org/arxiu-historic/publicacions/quaderns-de-larxiu-pi-i-sunyer/3-des-dels-camps-cartes-de-refugiats-i-internats-al-migdia
 Subirats Piñana, Josep, Entre vivencias. (Spain, Viena, 2010). Viladot i Presas, Albert. Nacionalisme i prensa clandestina (1939-1951) (Spain, Curial, 1987).Vilanova i Vila-Abadal, Francesc, Als dos costats de la frontera. Relacions politiques entre exili i interior a la postguerra, 1939-1948. (Spain, Publicacions de l´Abadia de Montserrat, 2001)

References

1914 births
1999 deaths
Politicians from Catalonia
Mayors of places in Catalonia

masks:
Pere Puig Subinyà
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