title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
<mask> (born March 30, 1992) is a former American football fullback. He played college football at Kent State University, and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. As a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> made the 2018 Pro Bowl. <mask> has also played for the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL), and his father also played in the NFL. High school career
<mask> attended Reynoldsburg High School. He was named OCC player of the year while earning second team all-state, first team All-district, All-metro, and OCC honors his senior year. He played for Ohio in the 2010 Big 33 Classic and was also selected to play in the Ohio North-South All-Star game.<mask> recorded 84 tackles and eight sacks as a junior, garnering second team All-state, All-conference, first-team All-district, Super 25, and first team OCC recognition. He also lettered in wrestling. College career

Freshman season (2010)
After graduating from high school, <mask> began attending Kent State University. He joined the Golden Flashes football team as a defensive lineman and played his freshman season under head coach Doug Martin. In his first two career games against Murray State and Boston College, he would force a fumble and record a sack. In Week 5, in a game against Miami University, he ended the game with three tackles-for-loss, a sack, and a forced fumble making it four forced fumbles in his first five career games. The next game, he recorded 3.5 sacks and force another fumble against Akron.He continued in Week 8 with five tackles, two sacks, 3.5 tackles-for-loss, and blocked an extra point in a win over Bowling Green. In a Week 10 game against Temple, he recorded a career-high five tackles in the 28-10 loss. He finished his first season at Kent State with 43 tackles (19 solo), 10 sacks, four forced fumbled, and led the MAC conference with 20 tackles for a loss. Following the season he was voted first-team All-MAC and MAC Freshman Player of the Year. Additionally, he became Kent State's first freshman to ever win the MAC Defensive Player of the Year award. Sophomore season (2011)
With a 5–7 finish in <mask>'s freshman year, Kent State chose to hire Darrell Hazell to replace Martin as Kent State's head coach for 2011. In the season opener, <mask> recorded six tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a sack against #2 Alabama.On September 29, he forced a fumble that led to the game-winning touchdown in a victory against FCS South Alabama. While playing Northern Illinois, he finished the game with four tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a forced fumble. In a week 11 contest against Akron, he had a career-high six tackles, 1.5 tackles-for-loss, and two pass break ups in a performance that won him MAC East Defensive Player of the Week. He ended his first season under Hazell, being voted to first-team All-MAC for the second consecutive year and finishing with 39 tackles (25 solo), 4.5 sacks, three forced fumbles, and led Kent State with 17 tackles for a loss. Junior season (2012)
<mask> was voted as a team captain by his coaches and teammates and opened his junior season with eight tackles, four tackles-for-loss, and a sack against #7 FCS Towson. In Week 4, he recorded five solo tackles, two tackles-for-loss, a sack, and a forced fumble in a 45–43 victory over Ball State. On October 13, in a victory over Army, he recorded five tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a sack.On November 30, he finished with a total of five tackles and a sack in an overtime loss to Northern Illinois. The Golden Flashes finished their season with a loss to Arkansas State in the 2013 GoDaddy.com Bowl and with a record of 11–3. <mask> ended his junior season with 59 tackles (36 solo), 15 tackles for loss, six sacks, and three forced fumbles while also being voted first-team All-MAC by Phil Steele in recognition of his successful season. Senior season (2013)
Following their success the previous year, head coach Hazell resigned and took a job with Purdue. Paul Haynes was then named head coach, being <mask>'s third during his time at Kent State. In a Week 2 contest, he finished with four tackles-for-loss in a 41-22 loss to Bowling Green. In Week 5, he recorded a career-high eight tackles against Western Michigan.For his last collegiate game, he recorded six tackles, a tackle-for-loss, and a forced fumble in a victory over Ohio. For his last season at Kent State, he finished with a total of 41 tackles (22 solo), 13 tackles-for-loss, 3.5 sacks, and two forced fumbles. He was also voted defensive captain by his teammates and first-team All-MAC by Sports Illustrated. <mask> ended his collegiate career leading Kent State with 65 tackles for a loss and second in school history with 25 sacks. He also accumulated 182 tackles (102 solo) and 12 forced fumbles. He also was the first player in school history to receive first-team all conference honors all four seasons of his career. His 65 tackles-for-loss ranks him fourth of all-time in NCAA History.Professional career

Pre-draft
Even though he had a productive career as a defensive end at Kent State, <mask> was projected to go undrafted due to his small stature for his position and was not invited to work out at the NFL Combine. He decided to switch to linebacker before Kent State's Pro Day and shed 19 lbs. Representatives from eight NFL teams showed up to Kent State's Pro Day to watch 11 prospects including Dri Archer. Atlanta Falcons
On May 10, 2014, the Atlanta Falcons signed <mask> to a three-year, $1.54 million contract after he went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He appeared on Hard Knocks with the Falcons. To have a better opportunity to make the 53-man roster, <mask> switched positions from linebacker to fullback but was eventually released by the Falcons on August 3, 2014. Cleveland Gladiators
<mask> was assigned to the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL) on October 9, 2014.He was placed on Other League Exempt by the team on January 5, 2015. Pittsburgh Steelers
On January 9, 2015, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> to a one-year, $435,000 reserve/futures contract, reuniting him with former Kent State teammate Dri Archer. He originally was signed as an inside linebacker but with too much depth at the position he was again switched to fullback. With the Steelers' history of not typically using fullbacks under offensive coordinator Todd Haley and former coordinator Bruce Arians, <mask>'s best chance of keeping a position was a roster was to excel on special teams. During the pre-season, he made notable plays on special teams, including a blocked kick. 2015
On September 5, 2015, <mask> made the regular season roster and was slated to be the backup to veteran Will Johnson. On October 18, 2015, he made his first career start during the Steelers' 25-14 victory over the Arizona Cardinals.He finished his first season appearing in 15 games with four starts. His first forced fumble was during Week 9 of the 2015 NFL season, on special teams, when the Steelers hosted the Oakland Raiders. For the season, he recorded two receptions for 11 yards, and seven special teams tackles. <mask> was unfortunately unable to finish the season due to a foot injury. 2016
On January 19, 2016, he was signed to a one-year, $525,000 contract extension. During the 2015-2016 offseason, former starting fullback Will Johnson left via free agency to join the New York Giants. The Steelers named <mask> the de facto starter at fullback going into the 2016 regular season.<mask> was unable to appear in the first five games due to a back injury he suffered prior to the season-opener. On October 16, 2016, he appeared in his first game of the season during the Steelers' 30-15 loss to the Miami Dolphins. <mask> made his first start of the season during a Week 11 victory over the Cleveland Browns. On January 1, 2017, he made his first two receptions for five receiving yards in a 27-24 overtime win over the Cleveland Browns. He finished his second season with two starts in ten games recording two catches for five yards. 2017
On January 26, 2017, the Steelers re-signed <mask> to a one-year, $615,000 contract. He was the only fullback on the roster throughout training camp, making him their de facto starter to begin the regular season.On December 10, 2017, <mask> scored his first career touchdown on a one-yard pass by Ben Roethlisberger in the fourth quarter of a 39-38 comeback victory over the Baltimore Ravens. On December 25, 2017, <mask> scored his first career rushing touchdown with a one-yard run against the Houston Texans in the second quarter. On January 22, 2018, he was named to his first Pro Bowl as a replacement for the Super Bowl-bound James Develin. 2018
On February 10, 2018, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension with the Steelers. On December 23, 2018, <mask> briefly became the subject of ridicule for celebrating what he thought was a fourth down conversion on a fake punt against the New Orleans Saints when in actuality he was stopped a yard short. 2019
On September 2, 2019, <mask> was voted as a first-time Steelers' Special Teams Captain by his teammates. He was placed on injured reserve on November 14, 2019.He was designated for return from injured reserve on December 26, 2019, and began practicing with the team again, but was not activated as the Steelers failed to make the playoffs. <mask> was released by the Steelers on March 18, 2020. Indianapolis Colts
<mask> signed with the Indianapolis Colts on April 11, 2020. He was released on August 31, 2020. <mask> announced his retirement from football on July 13, 2021. Personal life
<mask> was born on March 30, 1992 in Reynoldsburg, Ohio to Lisa and <mask>. His stepfather's name is Johnny Jones.He has two younger siblings, Keela and Jalen Jones. During her time in college, his mother, Lisa, was a standout softball player at Bowling Green. References

External links
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 Pittsburgh Steelers bio
 Kent State Golden Flashes bio
 Arena Football.com bio

1992 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football defensive linemen
American football fullbacks
Atlanta Falcons players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Indianapolis Colts players
Kent State Golden Flashes football players
People from Reynoldsburg, Ohio
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Ohio
American Conference Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Roosevelt Delbert Nix Jones
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix Jones
Roosevelt Nix


title: Max Lowenthal

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1888–1971) was a Washington, DC, political figure in all three branches of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time he was closely associated with the rising career of Harry S. Truman; he served under Oscar R. Ewing on an "unofficial policy group" within the Truman administration (1947–1952). Background

<mask> was born on February 26, 1888, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In the 1870s, his parents Nathan (Naphtali<mask> and Gertrude (Nahamah) Gitel,  Orthodox Jewish, emigrated from Kovno (now Kaunas), Lithuania, to Minnesota. At a young age, he started using the more "American" name of <mask>. He had two older siblings, of whom only one survived childhood. He graduated from North High School in 1905, first in his class. He also attended Talmud Torah, where he learned Hebrew.He received a BA in 1909 from the University of Minnesota and graduated in 1912 from Harvard Law School, where he began a lifelong friendship with Felix Frankfurter. Career

Many of Lowenthal's accomplishments are presumed unknown as some are being discovered through historical research. Lowenthal had an incredibly discreet personality and often refused to take credit for his accomplishments. A memo in Lowenthal's FBI file reveals the following chronology (supplemented):
 1907–1909:  Reporter at Minneapolis Journal
 1912–1913:  Law clerk for Judge Julian Mack at $1,800 per annum
 1913–1914:  Law clerk for Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft (AKA Strong & Cadwalader) at $1,800 per annum
 1915:  Starts own law firm in New York City
 1917:  Clerk or assistant at U.S. Department of State
 1917–1918:  Assistant secretary to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Mediation Commission (Morgenthau Mission, recommended by Felix Frankfurter))
 1918:  Informal aid at U.S. Department of War
 1918–1919:  Assistant chairman for War Labor Policies Board to Felix Frankfurter
 1919–1920:  Returns to private practice; defends Sidney Hillman and Amalgamated Clothing Workers in "landmark injunction case"
 1920–1921:  Assistant secretary to Second President's Industrial Congress
 1920–1929:  Partners in Szold Branwen [sic] law firm and becomes a "very wealthy New York lawyer" in Lowenthal, Szold and Brandwen of 43 Exchange Place, New York City. (FTC commissioner John J. Carson later mistakenly recalled one partner as "<mask>" of "Lowenthal & Bramblin")

Lowenthal knew Walter Weyl (father of Ware Group member Nathaniel Weyl), who recommended Adelaide Hasse as a researcher for the War Labor Policies Board. Private law practice

Lowenthal ran a private law practice from 1912 to 1932. Cases involved  workers rights, defense of right-to-strike legislation and shareholder rights in receivership cases.In the early 1920s, <mask> seems to have had a law office in New York City. While Ann Fagan Ginger does not mention him as a mentor of Carol Weiss King in her biography of King, Ginger does say that King formed a "loose partnership" with radical attorneys, who included Joseph Brodsky, Swinburne Hale, Walter Nelles, and Isaac Shorr as well as a long-term association with Walter Pollak (once partner of Benjamin Cardozo, whom she met through her brother-in-law Carl Stern. Nevertheless, newspaper accounts of King (in the 1950s) mention Lowenthal as not only an associate but her employer. The Saturday Evening Post went even further in 1951 in a long article on Carol Weiss King:  Lowenthal is of special interest. A product of Harvard Law, he has been described by a New Deal associate as "self-effacing and ubiquitous." Shuttling between New York and Washington, he has maintained a New York office while holding a variety of Government posts dating back to World War I. On one hand, he has been an assiduous cultivator of high-level friendships, including Presidents Roosevelt and Truman and Supreme Court Justices Felix Frankfurter and Louis Brandeis.On the other, he has been an equally assiduous collector of proteges for whom he has found many Government jobs. Alger Hiss and Lee Pressman benefited by his friendship, and, for a time, did one George Shaw Wheeler, a young lawyer who became so carried away by communism that he denounced his United States citizenship to make a new career bebind the Iron Curtain. Back in 1920, at the time of her admission to the New York bar, Carol also was a Lowenthal protégée, and it was in his office that she served her first and only legal clerkship. Another important protege of Lowenthal's (and his partner Robert Szold) was Benjamin V. Cohen, later known as one of Felix Frankfurter's Hotdogs in the New Deal. Lowenthal and Cohen both knew Judge Julian W. Mack, who was one of Cohen's professor at Harvard (and was uncle of Lowenthal's wife). In October 1920, Cohen first worked for Lowenthal on a bankruptcy case involving E.F. Drew & Company. In 1923, Lowenthal was general counsel for the Russian-American Industrial Corporation (RAIC) of 31 Union Square, New York City, launched by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers union in 1922, following a 1921 visit to the Soviet Union by union president Sidney Hillman.He was also one of the original directors of the Amalgamated Bank of New York, as advertised in the Liberator magazine. The ad mentions that the bank is owned and operated by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. It lists chairman Hyman Blumberg, president R. L. Redheffer, vice president Jacob S. Potofsky, cashier Leroy Peterson, and other directors:  Hillman, August Bellanca, Joseph Gold, Fiorello H. La Guardia, Abraham Miller, Joseph Schlossberg, Murray Weinstein, <mask>, and Peter Monat. The Amalgamated relationship seems to have started with Lowenthal defended Hillman in 1920 in a labor dispute in Rocherester, New York. As late as 1929, Lowenthal still had a close relationship with Amalgamated, as after Wall Street Crash of 1929 he recommended that the bank sell its securities for cash; throughout the Great Deparession, the bank held its assets in cash or cash-equivalents. "It was the advice of <mask> that helped more than anything else to keep our banks open during the Hoover banking collapse," Hillman later noted. Advising Lowenthal in this period was Benjamin V. Cohen.Government service

During his early days in politics, Lowenthal served as advisor to several United States senators. In 1929, he served as pro bono secretary on U.S. President Herbert Hoover's National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (later called the Wickersham Commission) to investigate gang-related crimes and Prohibition enforcement through July 1930, when he resigned. He assisted Ferdinand Pecora with Senate committee hearings investigating the causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The hearings launched a major reform of the American financial system. Around 1930, "another job that I was given in connection with the charge that in the Government that men were taking positions in the Government who had private investments," connected (unclearly recounted later by Lowenthal) to his Harvard Law School friend, U.S. Solicitor General Charles Hughes, Jr. (1929–1930), son of 11th Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. In 1933–1934, he consulted to the U.S. Senate Banking and Currency Committee."I can't remember that I had worked for any congressional committee before that, but this I would not want to affirm categorically." Railroad reorganization

In 1933, Lowenthal began advocating railroad reform by republishing his original Harvard Law Review argument The Railroad Reorganization Act in book form along with a second book, The Investor Pays (1933) (Felix Frankfurter attributed much of the work on The Investor Pays to Benjamin V. Cohen.) Abuses he cited included: control of receivership and of reorganization by owners prior to acknowledgement of insolvency, inadequate administration of properties prior to reorganization, inadequate regulatory supervision, and conflicts of interest. While making rounds "as agents of the President" with Tommy Corcoran (one of Felix Frankfurter's "Happy Hotdogs"), Lowenthal told any and all that nothing would happen "without the help of railway labor." On July 5, 1935 Federal Coordinator Joseph Bartlett Eastman wrote to Senator Wheeler (committee chair), with Lowenthal as committee counsel, to recommend 18 railroads (including Van Sweringen Lines, Pennsylvania Railroad, Wabash Railway, and Delaware & Hudson Company) plus financiers (J.P. Morgan & Company, and Kuhn, Loeb & Company) for investigation, as reported in the New York Times and Railway Age. Only in December 1936 did Lowenthal manage to obtain enough subpoenaed documentation to begin actual investigation, according to Railway Age.By 1939, the Senate had introduced a "Lowenthal Bi|ll" to create a special "Railroad Reorganization Court" for bankrupt railroads and downsizing of capitalization and reduction of fixed charges. In April 1939, ICC commissioner Walter M. W. Splawn and committee counsel Lowenthal testified. <mask> explained changes in the new Reorganization Act of 1939 (passed and signed into law on April 3, 1939). Its special court would make for "sounder reorganizations" thanks to judges trained in railroads. Truman

In 1935, Lowenthal met Harry S. Truman, after Truman joined a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, investigating railroads and holding companies (which resulted in U.S. Senate Resolution 71 on February 4, 1935. Senator Robert F. Wagner had to withdraw from the subcommittee, and Senator Burton K. Wheeler filled his place with Truman. Senators on that subcommittee included: Wheeler (chair), Truman, Alben Barkley, Victor Donahey, Wallace White, and Henrik Shipstead.Heading the legal counselors for that subcommittee was Telford Taylor, assisted by <mask> and Sidney J. Kaplan (who later headed the Claims Division in the Solicitor General's office of the U.S. Department of Justice during World War II, George Rosier, Lucien Hilmer, and John Davis. According to close Truman's Appointments Secretary Matthew J. Connelly, "Lowenthal served as counsel for Senator Truman during the hearings on the setting up of the Civil Aeronautics Board." According to daughter Margaret Truman, Truman relied on Lowenthal to keep up pressure on the Missouri Pacific Railroad and Alleghany Corporation over the "Alleghany-Missouri Pacific matter." Lowenthal later recollected, "Until we went into World War II, I may have been doing some work for the Interstate Commerce Committee. I was for a number of years, in that category which was referred to as dollar-a-year men, but, when we went into the war, I had a talk with Senator Wheeler and suggested that probably I ought to be available on some wartime work, and Chairman Wheeler thought that was right." Thus, Lowenthal did not serve with Truman on the so-called "Truman Committee" (1941-1944) (formally, the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, 1941-1948, from 1948 the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations or "PSI," and current the "United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations"). "I attended one or two hearings out of interest, but I was completing work for the Interstate Commerce Committee at that time and then I was involved in some work in the war effort which was pretty absorbing -- it was day and night work," he later recalled.From 1944 to 1946, Lowenthal left official government service. In 1944, Lowenthal attended the 1944 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. In 1944, Truman wrote to his daughter that Lowenthal, William M. Boyle, and Leslie Biffle "were on my trail... Yes, they are plotting against your dad" along with many others "trying to make him VP against his will." Truman told Lowenthal that FDR had included him on his shortlist of candidates for vice president. Lowenthal went with Truman to meet with Philip Murray, head of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) union for support. "I think that someone in his organization had been urging another name on Phil Murray, but I believe in time he swung behind Mr.Truman." In Fall 1946, Lowenthal had lunch with Bob Patterson, newly promoted from Assistant Secretary of War to Secretary of War, whom he had known "for many years": Patterson told Lowenthal he was sending him to Berlin for a "war job, or a wartime-produced task... I think that was the last official position I held in government." The job was restitution of property stolen by Nazis. Lowenthal reported to the U.S. High Commissioner of Germany, General Lucius D. Clay. Specifically, Lowenthal spent six weeks in Germany to collect evidence so he could draw up a report. Upon his return to the States, Lowenthal "had a good deal of work" on Nazi-related cases of "heirless" property.In that period, the U.S. Attorney General (Tom C. Clark at that time) made recommendations that included "relaxing the universal ban on wire tapping"–at which time, <mask> "noticed that that was in the list." In 1948, Truman felt (according to Lowenthal in 1967) that the Mundt-Nixon Bill that year was "to punish sedition." FBI and HUAC investigations

During 1947-1948, the FBI investigated Lowenthal. They used wiretaps, as evidenced in later-FOIA-ed FBI files. FBI files on <mask> also include draft versions of his 1948 book on the FBI. In 1950, Lowenthal published a book critical of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (see Works, below), which led to testimony denying he had "aided and abetted" Communist in government service before the House Un-American Activities Committee. The book and negative press helped end a 38-year career in public service.On August 28, 1950, Lee Pressman testified that he had not recommended Lowenthal for a job at the War Production Board. On September 1, 1950, Charles Kramer refused to answer questions as to whether he was acquainted with Lowenthal. That same day, U.S. Representative George A. Dondero called Lowenthal "menace to the best interests of America." Dondero said that his government career was "replete with incidents where he aided and abetted Communists" starting in 1917. On September 15, 1950, Lowenthal appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee AKA "HUAC" (two of whose members were Mundt and Nixon–of the Mundt-Nixon Bill). Already in August 1950, HUAC had re-subpoenaed four witness who had been part of

masks:
Max Lowenthal
Mordechai Lowenthal
) Lowenthal
Max
Max Bramblin
Lowenthal
Max Zaritzky
Max Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 Whittaker Chambers's Ware Group:  Lee Pressman, Nathan Witt, Charles Kramer and John Abt. The committee had asked both Pressman and Kramer whether they knew Lowenthal; both confirmed.Lowenthal brought former U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler as counsel. After reviewing his curriculum vitae, the committee tried to link him with known Communist Party members and organizations, some of which he confirmed, others not, all without admitting any wrongdoing. Names mentioned included:  Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, David Wahl, Bartley Crum, Martin Popper, Allan Rosenberg, Lee Pressman, the Russian-American Industrial Corporation, the Twentieth Century Fund, and the International Juridical Association. On November 19, 1950, the government published <mask>'s closed-session testimony from September 15, 1950. During testimony, Lowenthal had denied aiding or abetting Communists in government service. Specifically, he denied any involvement in the employment or sponsoring of George Shaw Wheeler, a former US government employee who had defected to Czechoslovakia in 1947 and publicly requested political asylum there in 1950.He noted that Wheeler had been transferred to his division on the Board of Economic Warfare from the War Production Board "toward the end of my service with the board" He also said that Wheeler had not worked with him in Germany." He also claimed to have advised Lee Pressman in 1944 against naming Henry A. Wallace as Democratic candidate for vice president. On November 27, 1950, Senator Bourke B. Hickenlooper noted, "In the Washington Post of November 26, 1950, there are published two reviews of a recent book entitled The Federal Bureau of Investigation, by <mask>, New Deal mystery man of Washington." The first ("A Lawyer's Indictment in Mood of Prosecutor") was by Rev. Edmund A. Walsh S.J., of Georgetown University, which Hickenlooper read into the record. The second by Joseph L. Rauh Jr., a former civil servant, whom Hickenlooper denounced for criticizing the FBI, for chairing the National Committee for Democratic Action, and for affiliations with Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Felix Frankfurter, William Remington, and James L. Fly of Americans for Democratic Action. Hickenlooper stated "I have the greatest admiration and respect for the integrity of the director, Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, and his staff personnel" at the FBI.Unofficial policy group member

During the 1950s, Lowenthal supervised "an operation... conducted... to prepare answers to the charges that Senator McCarthy was making." This followed McCarthy's to the State Department of "a list." Lowenthal was later unable to recall clearly the names of anyone who helped him:  Truman Library oral historian Jerry N. Hess suggested that they might have included Herbert N. Maletz, Lowell Mellett, and Franklin N. Parks. The White House was supportive:  when Lowenthal came to Washington to work, sometimes he would get office space there. In May 1951, White House Appointments Secretary Matthew J. Connelly asked Lowenthal to help General Harry H. Vaughan in "setting up testimony", after Vaughan admitted repeated episodes of trading access to the White House for expensive gifts. Later, he also helped Connelly himself (who was convicted of bribery charges in 1956). (When asked whether Lowenthal served on that counter-McCarthy committee, Connelly, however, said, "Not that I recall.He had nothing to do with the White House.") In mid-summer 1951, Truman wrote Lowenthal to thank him for a letter and respond regarding Senator Joseph McCarthy's speech of Jun 14, 1951, attacking George Marshall. They discussed the need for the U.S. government to support international security. "I certainly did appreciate your good letter," Truman ended. In 1952, when Truman announced he would not seek re-election, Vice President Alben Barkley could not secure the presidential nomination from the Democratic Party due to a lack of endorsement from labor leaders. Connelly later recalled:       Hess:  Do you recall the difficulty that Mr. Barkley had at the 1952 convention with the labor delegates? Connelly: I remember it very well because I had <mask>–I believe you know <mask>–I had him out there and <mask> was very close to the labor boys.I had a room at the Mayflower Hotel with two TV sets watching the convention, and I used to get calls from <mask>, from Chicago, and the day Barkley arrived–unfortunately he had very bad eyes–and he walked through the lobby of the hotel and he didn't recognize the labor boys who were there. So they thought they were snubbed. So I then got Les Biffle on the phone and Les had always been very close to Barkley and he was out there at the convention, as a matter of fact, he was sergeant at arms of the convention, and I told Les what happened. So then they made a strategic mistake, because labor leaders are all prima donnas, and I suggested to Les that Barkley set up a meeting with these fellows and talk to them individually. So instead of that they set up a breakfast the next morning and invited all the labor leaders. Well, they are very jealous of each other. So, all that achieved was one more snubbing for the prima donnas, so they sat on their hands as far as Barkley was concerned.Lowenthal introduced Truman to U.S. Supreme Justice Louis Brandeis. In 1953, Lowenthal was "member" of the Truman Administration, according to the papers of American evangelist Billy James Hargis (who also lists him among "Alleged Reds" 1950–1954). Lowenthal's best known accomplishment occurred during his term as the chief adviser on Palestine to Clark Clifford, an advisor to President Truman, from 1947-1952. President Truman credited Lowenthal as being the primary force behind the United States recognition of Israel. (Apparently in contrast, Matthew J. Connelly pointed to David Niles, an associate of Harry Hopkins from the WPA), as "very effective in the problems we had in connection with the recognition of Israel" because of his contacts in the Jewish community:   "David Dubinsky, Abraham Feinberg. You name any leader in the Jewish faction, and he had intimate contacts with him." Connelly denoted Lowenthal as one of contacts–"oh, very much so, very much so."When Niles died in 1951, Connelly chose Feinberg to succeed him in that liaison role.)) Historian Michael J. Cohen argues that Clark Clifford relied on Lowenthal for advice on Israel, and Lowenthal in turn on Benjamin V. Cohen. In the late 1950s, Norman Thomas criticized Bertrand Russell for citing <mask> and Cedric Belfrage as authorities on wrongdoings by the FBI. Russell responded in "The State of Civil Liberties" in The New Leader, published on February 18, 1957. Russell retorted, "You seem to imply that criticisms of the FBI can be ignored if they come from Communists or Fellow-travellers. In particular, you point out that Mr. Lowenthal had a grievance against the FBI. It is, however, an almost invariable fact that protests against injustice originate with those who suffer from them."In which case, Russell recommended that Thomas go buy and read <mask>'s book. As late as 1967, Lowenthal denied ever even discussing Israel with President Truman and claimed to have only heard of the partition of Palestine through a secondhand source in the White House. Personal life and death

Lowenthal was married to Eleanor Mack, niece of Judge Julian Mack. They had three children:  David (1923), John (1925) and Elizabeth (Betty). His sons were <mask> and <mask>. On September 15, 1950, Lowenthal told HUAC that he kept homes at 467 West Central Park in Manhattan and in New Milford, Connecticut. During World War II, he resided at 1 West Irving Street, Chevy Chase, Maryland.Regarding Truman overall, late in life <mask> told Truman Library oral historian Jerry N. Hess:

 I was deeply sold on Mr. Truman's usefulness to America. I haven't been a hero worshipper but I have had deep affection for some men in public affairs whom I got to know, and that was certainly true in the case of Mr. Truman. During the same interview, however, Lowenthal remembered Truman only one staff by name (Victor Messall). Regarding Truman's views on red scares in the United States, Lowenthal commented:

He died age 83 on May 18, 1971, at home (444 Central Park West) of heart ailment. Lowenthal was a trustee of the Twentieth Century Fund from 1924 to 1933. Recollections about him

Recollections of Lowenthal from Truman Library oral histories are mixed. Some are favorable:
 "Disciple of Louis Brandeis":  Margaret Truman
 "A famous investigator" in 1935:  Roswell L. Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense (1961–64)

Others are less favorable:
 "(Truman said)...I have two Jewish assistants on my staff, Dave Niles and <mask>. Whenever I try to talk to them about Palestine they soon burst into tears because they are so emotionally involved in the subject" in 1948:  :  Oscar R. Ewing, organizer and member of unofficial political policy group during Truman administration (1947–52)
 " I know they thought he was a Communist. And I never could figure that out. They came around to me about it. <mask> was a far-out liberal. He was a very good investigator on the railroads. ":  Raymond P. Brandt, St. Louis Post-Dispatch Washington Bureau Chief (1934–1961)

Stephen J. Spingarn, Federal Trade Commission Commissioner (1950–1953), recalled,

<mask> was a good friend of the President's from the days in the '30s...They became friends at that time, and he had total access to the White House. During the McCarthy period he was there all the time, almost daily; he used to hang out in Matt Connelly's rear office. I had had an encounter early in my White House career with <mask>. Clark Clifford told me that <mask> was worried about an Internal Security bill (of 1950). However, Spingarn also suspected that Lowenthal (and Connelly) "stuck the knife in me." Phileo Nash told Spingarn it was Connelly, influenced by Lowenthal:

I mentioned that <mask> had once told Niles, and possibly others that I was a Facist, that was in 1949, because I told Lowenthal I favored wiretapping under proper controls...  Nash said it was quite possible that <mask> was very vindictive, and he mentioned that <mask> is currently spending much time in Matt's office with L's son. Spingarn further recalled:

After the FBI book came out, Westbrook Pegler, a right‐wing columnist, called Lowenthal "the mysterious New York lawyer, who now appears to have picked Harry Truman for President."In the early 1930s, claimed Whittaker Chambers in his 1952 memoir Witness, <mask> (<mask>Loewenthal" in Witness) was a member of the International Juridical Association (IJA), along with Carol Weiss King, Abraham Isserman, and Lee Pressman. In the inaugural issue of the Monthly Bulletin of the International Juridical Association (May 1932), "<mask>, member of the New York bar" appears in an article called "Protest Meeting." During his 1950 HUAC testimony, Lowenthal admitted that he had helped organize the "National Lawyers Guild" in the 1930s. He was also a member of the American Bar Association and the New York Bar Association. Works

In 1950 he wrote a book about the FBI, in which he dealt with issues he felt were still unresolved "although they were brought to light and discussed by statesmen in 1908 and 1909 when the police force now known as the FBI was created." The New York Times announced the book a day in advance of its publication on November 21, 1947, with a subtitle that read "Lawyer Says Hoover Policies Set Up Secret Police." In New York Times Sunday Book Review, Cabell Phillips said the book showed "immense research and careful documentation" and "almost for the first time... it pulled aside the self‐righteous cloak in which the FBI has wrapped itself."Writing for the University of Chicago Law Review in 1952, however, T. Henry Walnut (member of the Pennsylvania Bar) noted "From Mr. <mask>'s review of the FBI's political activities they would appear negligible between the years 1924 and 1946, when the Bureau picked up the trail of the Communist. This period, however, was not a political vacuum. It was filled with differences as bitter as any the country has ever known... If Mr. Lowenthal is still looking for evidence as to what can be done through the FBI, under its present centralized direction from Washington, to oppress dissenting individuals and groups, it would be well for him to study the period from December 8, 1941 to the end of 1945. George M. Elsey, Administrative Assistant to the President (1949–1951) felt that "Lowenthal had a passionate dislike of the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover in particular." Asked to read galley proofs for his book on the FBI, he later commented, "The book was so unfair, so grossly biased, so sloppily done in every respect that it couldn't possibly influence anybody about the FBI. Any serious reader would just lay the thing aside in disgust...The President was just tolerant, shrugged his shoulder, tended to laugh it off and say, 'Oh, <mask> is that way'." Books:
 The Investor Pays (1933) (1936)
 The Railroad Reorganization Act (1933)
 Uncredited speeches for Harry S. Truman
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (1950) (1971)
 Police methods in crime detection and counter-espionage (1951) (paper)

See also

 Felix Frankfurter
 Julian W. Mack
 Carol Weiss King
 Benjamin V. Cohen
 Sidney Hillman
 Harry S. Truman
 Oscar R. Ewing
 Robert Szold
 John Lowenthal
 David Lowenthal

References

External sources

 Truman Library - <mask>hal Papers
 Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, (Berkeley, CA:  University of California Press, 1990.) Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (HarperCollins, 2009)
 Library of Congress:  Donald S Dawson papers, 1944-1993
  Library of Congress:  Felix Frankfurter papers, 1846–1966
 Library of Congress: Photo of Truman and Lowenthal (October 20, 1937)
 Yad Vashem: <mask>nthal Collection
 EHRI Collection of <mask>nthal
 Duke University - <mask>hal box

1888 births
1971 deaths
Lawyers from Minneapolis
Writers from Minneapolis
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American attorneys
People associated with Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Jewish socialists
20th-century American lawyers
University of Minnesota alumni
The Century

masks:
Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max
Lowenthal
Lowenthal
David Lowenthal
John Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Max "
Max Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Max
Max Lowent
Max Lowe
Max Lowe
Max Lowent


title: Tanguy Ndombele

texts:
<mask> (born 28 December 1996) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Lyon, on loan from Tottenham Hotspur, and the France national team. Early life
Ndombele was born in Longjumeau, Essonne. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in France to parents from DR Congo. As a child, he played at FC Épinay Athlético, a club based in Épinay-sous-Sénart, about 20 kilometres south-east of Paris, in Essone. He then moved to Brittany when he was 14, in order to play for Guingamp, where he spent three seasons. He was not offered a professional contract at the end of his development. At 16, he made his senior debut, on 11 January 2014 with the reserves, by replacing Vital N'Simba near the final whistle.He then signed for SC Amiens, who'd just been relegated from French Ligue 2 in June 2014; he took this as an opportunity to trial at numerous clubs (Auxerre, Caen, and Angers) but wasn't signed. The issue was that Ndombele was criticised for being "overweight"; this was the main reason that he wasn't signed by clubs,  even though trialists were aware that he was a good playmaker. Ndombele played 2 seasons in Championnat National 3 with the Amiens reserve team. He only played one game during the 2014–15 season, 8 November 2014, once again, coming on late in the match. He became a regular during the 2015–16 season, taking part in 18 matches. He started for the first time on 5 September 2015 at the age of 18 years and 9 months. Lyon
On 31 August 2017, Ndombele moved to Lyon on a one-year loan.According to L'Équipe, Lyon paid €2 million for the loan. Lyon also secured an option to sign him permanently for €8 million, plus a possible €250,000 in bonuses and 20% of any profit made should he be transferred from Lyon to another club. Ndombele made his competitive debut for Lyon's first team in the 2–0 Ligue 1 away loss to Paris Saint-Germain on 17 September 2017; he started the match and was replaced by Christopher Martins in the 72nd minute. On 15 February 2018, Ndombele scored a goal (his first career competitive goal for Lyon's first team) in the 46th minute of their 3–1 home win over Villarreal CF in the round of 32 first leg of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League. His first season at Lyon was very successful as he provided great energy to the team while helping them get back to Champions League football for the next season as Lyon finished third behind PSG and Monaco. He became an indisputable starter for the team and was, alongside Ferland Mendy and Houssem Aouar, one of the great young players of his team. Few teams also showed interest for the French prodigy but Lyon made it clear that he won't be sold and won't return to his former club Amiens as Lyon paid the €8 million release clause to buy him.The next season, Lyon signed him permanently as it was previously stated in the loan deal and his contract was extended until 2022 with the Gones. He started off the season well and for his first match in the UEFA Champions League against Manchester City at the Etihad Stadium, he played brilliantly against world-class players while helping his team upset the English giants (2–1 away win, goals from Cornet and Fekir). This 5-star performance helped him gain a lot of attention from big European teams such as Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain and even Real Madrid. He then scored his first Champions League goal against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim on 11 November 2018 (2–2 draw). As the season progressed, he played consistently and it appeared inevitable that he was going to leave that summer. He scored his first Ligue 1 goal against Nîmes on 24 May 2019 and Lyon eventually finished 3rd in Ligue 1, behind Lille and PSG. His team was also eliminated by FC Barcelona in Champions League Round-of-16 (5–1 loss over the two legs) and finished the season trophyless despite giving out great performances against superior teams (2–1 win against PSG, 2–1 win and 2–2 draw against Manchester City, 0–0 draw against Barcelona).Lyon's president Jean-Michel Aulas announced that he had received offers for Ndombele and that he might leave that summer. Tottenham Hotspur
On 2 July 2019, Ndombele signed for Tottenham Hotspur in a deal worth €62 million (£55.45 million) plus up to €10 million (£8.97 million) in add-ons. Ndombele made his debut in the 2019 International Champions Cup against Juventus. Within a minute of being substituted on and with his first touch in a Tottenham shirt, Ndombele assisted Lucas Moura. Tottenham won the game 3–2. On 10 August 2019, Ndombele made his Premier League debut for Tottenham and scored the first league goal for the club in the 2019–20 season, helping the team to come from behind to win 3–1 against Aston Villa. Due to his poor form,  after a 1–1 draw with Burnley on 7 March 2020 Tottenham manager José Mourinho criticised Ndombele's performance and his perceived unprofessionalism saying "He's a player with great talent.He has to know he has to do much better and know I cannot keep giving him opportunities to play because the team is much more important." He only played two further games that season, and his poor relationship with the manager led to widespread expectation he would leave in the summer, but he stayed and the rift eventually healed. In the 2020–21 season, on 17 September 2020, Ndombele scored the late winner against Lokomotiv Plovdiv in the second qualifying round of the Europa League, sealing a 2–1 win that sent Tottenham to the next qualifying round. In the Premier League game against Manchester United on 4 October, he scored his first Premier League goal of the season, starting a rout that ended in a 6–1 win, which is the biggest win for Tottenham at Old Trafford, and the best result against United since 1932. His string of strong performances, in particular a 0-0 draw against Chelsea, in which he performed a skill move to get away from N'Golo Kanté and Thiago Silva, led him to be considered by fans to be one of the most polarising midfielders in the Premier League that season. These strong showings helped his team to stand at the top of the league in December. On 17 January 2021, Ndombele scored when he flicked the ball while facing away from the goal, and scored from a tight angle with the ball landing at the far corner of Sheffield United's goal, capping a 3–1 win for Tottenham.On 25 January 2021, Ndombele scored his first FA Cup goal in a 4–1 away win over Championship side Wycombe Wanderers in the Fourth Round, eventually scoring a second in stoppage time to secure the victory. In the final rounds of the season, due to poor fitness condition and injury, Ndombele was left out of the squad by interim manager Ryan Mason. Return to Lyon
On 31 January 2022, Lyon announced the return of Ndombele on a loan deal until the end of the season, with an option to buy the player for €65 million. International career
On 11 October 2018, Ndombele made his senior France debut by coming on as a substitute for Paul Pogba in the 67th minute of the friendly match against Iceland at the Stade du Roudourou in Guingamp that ended in a 2–2 draw. Style of play
A quick, powerful and versatile player, Ndombele generally plays as a box-to-box midfielder but can also play in various other positions like an attacking midfielder or a defensive midfielder. He is known for his dribbling ability, body balance and passing ability. Personal life
On 27 August 2020, Ndombele tested positive for COVID-19.As a result, he missed out on two matches for the France national team. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
EFL Cup runner-up: 2020–21

Individual
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2018–19
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2018–19

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
People from Longjumeau
Sportspeople from Essonne
French footballers
France under-21 international footballers
France international footballers
Association football midfielders
ESA Linas-Montlhéry players
En Avant Guingamp players
Amiens SC players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Ligue 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Black French sportspeople
French people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent

masks:
Tanguy Ndombele Alvaro
Ndombele


title: Terence Otway

texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, (15 June 1914 – 23 July 2006) was an officer in the British Army, best known for his role as commander of the paratroop assault on the Merville Battery on D-Day. Early life
<mask> was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 15 June 1914 at the American Hospital, he returned with the family to England in 1915, where he stayed while his father served in France. From December 1918 to autumn 1921, he lived in Rushbrooke, County Cork, Ireland. The family returned to England, where <mask> attended the local Council school at Thame, Buckinghamshire, followed by Watford Grammar School. In the last 6 months of 1923, he became severely ill with whooping cough. As a result, on medical advice he was sent to Dover College, where the sea air would help lungs that were in a poor state. He was at the Junior school until 1928 and the senior school until 1932.Early military career
In January 1933, <mask> entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst reaching the rank of cadet sergeant and passing out 18th of 200. Although this gave him eligibility to join the Indian Army, he chose the British and, in August 1934, was commissioned into the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Ulster Rifles, based at Gravesend. In the summer of 1935, <mask> required a serious middle ear operation at The Royal Naval Hospital, Chatham. During convalescence his pub-crawling companion was the Crown Prince of Spain, who was in the next room. In autumn 1935, <mask> was posted to 1st Battalion, based in Hong Kong. He travelled by P & O liner to take up his post as Intelligence Officer. In May 1937, he was posted to Hong Kong HQ Cipher staff.In August 1937 he was promoted to lieutenant and rejoined the battalion who were posted to Shanghai as part of the international force sent to protect the settlement from the Japanese who had invaded China. The battalion suffered four months of constant bombing, shelling and machine-gun fire from the Japanese, losing twenty killed. In December 1937, the battalion was posted to Rawalpindi, then part of India. On return from six weeks leave the battalion was posted to Razani, North West Frontier. <mask> was appointed signals officer. Early wartime service
In August 1939, during three months leave, <mask> married Stella Whitehead, daughter of Basil Whitehead of Bovey Tracey, Devon, a retired Colonial Police Officer, who had been Chief of Police in Penang, Malaya. <mask> and Stella returned to Rawalpindi, but Stella flew home in April 1940, while the battalion returned by sea to Oxford for conversion to mechanised infantry (from the camels, mules and horses they had been using in India.)In December 1940, <mask> was promoted to Major. He went to Staff College in June 1941, passing out 4th of 200 in December 1941. During 1942 he served as a Staff Officer in London, responsible for briefings and briefing papers for the War Cabinet. In July 1943 he returned to the Royal Ulster Rifles as a Company Commander. The battalion was part of the 6th Airborne Division. Normandy
In August 1943, <mask> transferred to the Parachute Regiment to become Second-in-Command of the 9th Battalion. In March 1944, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and took over as Commanding Officer.The Normandy landings - the invasion of Europe took place in June 1944. The 9th were dropped in the night before to secure vital objectives, particularly to neutralise the Merville Gun Battery. In spite of severe problems in the landing, his battalion took the Merville Battery. Otway started with about 750 men, few of whom had seen action before; of the 150 who took part in the attack, 65 had been either killed or wounded by the end of the action, which saved a great many Allied lives. His numerically weak and all but exhausted battalion then pushed into Le Plein, where they encountered stiffening resistance and, despite their depleted numbers, took Château St Come on the ridge, and succeeded in beating off two enemy attacks, each of several hours duration, by a regiment of 21st Panzer Division. Two days later during a routine tour of his positions, a stray shell landed close to Otway. He was diagnosed with severe concussion and on 19 July 1944 was subsequently evacuated to hospital in Cardiff, then graded unfit for a return to active service, and was posted as a Staff Officer to the War Office.<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in October 1944 for his outstanding leadership in the actions at Merville and Le Plein. The citation for his DSO stated that his utter disregard for personal danger had been an inspiration to all his men. Service in Asia
He was regraded category 'A' in May 1945 and posted as Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion King's Regiment (Liverpool) (Wingate's Burma Force) in Rawalpindi with instructions to turn them into the 15th (King's) Parachute Battalion, part of 77th Indian Parachute Brigade attached to the 2nd Indian Airborne Division. In September 1945, <mask> was appointed GSO1 at Division which was posted to Karachi, where in December Stella and his son, Michael joined him. After one year <mask> was posted to the War Office as a GSO1 and the family returned home. His task was to write the official history of "Airborne Forces". Originally restricted, it finally became available to the public in 1990 as Army Airborne Forces in the Second World War  to mark their 50th anniversary.Post-war career
Disillusioned with the post-war Army, <mask> resigned his commission in January 1948. He joined the Colonial Development Corporation as Assistant General Manager, The Gambia, transferring a year later as a General Manager to Nyasaland. In June 1949 he was invalided back to the UK and banned from further service in the East. Between 1949 and 1965 <mask> worked in the area of sales and management, starting by selling life insurance as a learning experience and culminating as General Manager for Kemsley Newspapers (later Thomson Newspapers) and then as managing director of the Empire News, a Sunday paper with a circulation of 5.5 million. After the Thomson take-over <mask> resigned over financing requirements of the papers. He started an import/export business specialising in toys and gifts with a shop in Knightsbridge. The business prospered until, in 1965, a change in Value Added Tax law effectively killed it.After a brief period with Outward Bound, <mask> joined Scotia Investments Ltd., a public company in the Leisure field, as Administrative Controller in 1966. In 1975, he sensed an impending scandal over misuse of funds and resigned, joining the London Chamber of Commerce with responsibility for membership. He retired in 1979, but retained various connections with business in non-executive directorships. Retirement
During retirement, he continued to remain active particularly in areas relating to the welfare of soldiers and their widows, as well as historical aspects of The Parachute Regiment, especially in respect of monuments in Normandy, France. He became known as 'Colonel X' when fighting for the rights of serviceman's' widows and their pensions. He was instrumental in persuading the Government to change their miserly attitude. In 1991, aged 76, he still had the energy to take up the cases of three guardsmen seriously injured during a training exercise in Canada, publicising the issue and successfully putting pressure on the Government for adequate compensation for the men.In 1995, his health and energy undiminished, he was still pruning branches, perched on a ladder, from a tree in the garden of his home in Tadworth, Surrey, to some consternation of his third wife Jeannie. He was also involved on the fringes in the case for the release of Lee Clegg, a paratrooper imprisoned for murder after a shooting in Northern Ireland at the time of the troubles. Honours and awards
When he met the German commander of the battery in 1993 he admitted that he did not have the guts to refuse the proferred hand, but said afterwards that he could not forget his men, shot by the Germans as they hung helpless in trees. He shooed away picknickers from the battery, which is now a memorial and museum, declaring: "I don't like people eating and drinking where my men died." The citizens of Merville-Franceville-Plage in Normandy, France, decided to honour <mask> by the placing of a bust depicting him at the age of 29 at the time of D-Day and the assault on the battery. This was unveiled in the grounds of the Merville Battery Museum on 7 June 1997 by himself, Raymond Triboulet, a leader of the French Resistance during the war, and Olivier Paz, the Mayor. The bust was sculpted by Vivienne Mallock who had also created busts of John Howard, Bernard Law Montgomery and Richard Nelson Gale.There was a large family gathering to witness the ceremony and twenty-one people sat down to dinner that night at the Moulin du Pre, a local restaurant, converted from a farmhouse, coincidentally the same farmhouse against which <mask> landed on the night before D-Day. In 2001, he was awarded the Légion d'Honneur, and more recently had a new road near the battery named after him (Rue Colonel Otway). In 2007 his medals and beret were donated to the Merville Battery Museum by his wife, Jean. Visitors can now see the DSO and Légion d'honneur, along with a description of the battle by <mask> taken from a BBC documentary. Film and media
For the 50th anniversary, Mark Fielder produced a documentary called 'D-Day: Turning the Tide' in which Charles Wheeler, a D-Day landings veteran, visited the area of the Merville Battery and interviewed some of the protagonists, including Lt. Col. <mask>, and Raimund Steiner - the commander of the battery at the time of the assault. The documentary also features Maj John Howard who led the glider-borne attack on Pegasus Bridge. In 2004, for the D-Day 60th Anniversary programming, the BBC commissioned a drama-documentary entitled D-Day 6 June 1944 which included interviews with members of both the Allied and German armed forces, along with dramatisations of some of the key scenes.<mask> described the battle, and his character was played by Philip Rham. The film was later released on DVD. Notes
Citations

External links
 The 6th Airborne Division in Normandy
 The Merville Battery museum
 Obituary in the Telegraph
 Obituary in the Times
 Otway Family Tree maintained by <mask>
 Roll call: Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1989
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1991
 9th Parachute Battalion Reunion Club Website

1914 births
2006 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
British Parachute Regiment officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
People educated at Dover College
Royal Ulster Rifles officers
Operation Overlord people
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British expatriates in Egypt

masks:
Terence Brandram Hastings Otway DSO
Otway
Terence
Otway
Otway
Otway
Otway
Otway
Terence
Otway
Otway
Otway
Terence
Terence
Otway
Otway
Terence
Otway
Otway
Otway
Terence
Terence Otway
Terence
Mark Otway
Terence B
H Otway


title: Ollie Shepard (blues pianist)

texts:
<mask> (né <mask>; born July 1909, Oberlin, Louisiana, United States – 1960) was an American blues pianist, vocalist, and songwriter. Career
From about 1954 to about 1963, <mask> performed at Jerry's Restaurant & Cocktail Lounge in Oneonta, New York, at 15 Dietz Street, in the Walnut Street Historic District. The restaurant was owned by Joseph G. ("Jerry") Monser (1926–1975), who opened it on August 5, 1954. The building was demolished in July 1970 to make way for a parking lot. Mark Bresee, et. al, purchased the property from Robert W. Melmer, his father, John J. Melmer, and his brother, John E. Melmer. Poet and academician Richard George Frost (born 1929) who, for a stint, had played drums with <mask> in a lounge in Oneonta described him as follows:
 <mask>, who had once been a house pianist for Decca Records, was a tyrant.The arrogant cuss seemed determined to derange me. He played in a fast, galloping blues-based format that often threw me. When he believed I had lagged or faltered, he would make unpleasant faces and groan loudly at his honky drummer. Selected discography
 Original releases
 <mask> <mask> and His Kentucky Boys, Decca Records
 <mask> <mask> (vocalist), Chu Berry (tenor sax), Sammy Price (piano), (unknown) (drums)

Decca 7400
Side X – C91348: "Honey Bee" (1937)
Side X – C91350: "Sweetheart Land" (1937)

Decca 7408
Side X – C91349: "No One To Call You Dear" (1937)
Side X – C91347: "She Walks Like A Kangaroo" (1937)

Decca 7463
Side X – 63514-A: "What's Your Guess?" (1938)
Side X – 63510-A: "Good Woman"  (1938)

Decca 7665
Side X – 65975-A: "Baby It's My Time Now" (1939)
Side X – 65973-A: "King of All Evil"

Decca 7480
Side X – 63513-A: "Biscuit Rolling Time" (1938)
Side X – 63515-B: "Hope You Haven't Forgotten Me" (1938)

Decca 7508
Side X – 63796-A: "Frankenstein Blues" (1938)
Side X – 63795-A: "Little Pigmeat" (1938)

Decca 7435
Side X – 63512-A: "Drunk Again" (1938)
Side X – 63507-A: "One Woman Blues" (1938)

Decca 7651
Side X – 65971-A: "Don't You Know?" 1; 28 October 1937 to 18 April 1939;
 Vol. 2; 18 April 1939 to 2 May 1941;

Selected compositions

 "It's A Low Down Dirty Shame" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub.Co.

 "Sweetheart Land" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub. Co.
 "I'm Going Back To Kokomo" (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Exactly What I Need" (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Good Old Tennessee" (1944)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Take Everything There Is" ("But Leave Me You") (1944)
 <mask> <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Tee Nay" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> Shepard & Sammy Gallop (w&m)
 Charles K. Harris Music Pub. Co., Inc.
 "Stepping Out" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "That's What True Love Can Do" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "I'll Never Make You Blue" (1957)

 "Hot Dawg" (1957)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Desired Music, Inc.
 "Now I Know" (1959)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Cincinnati: Jay & Cee Music Corp.

 "If You Want Me To" (1960)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Sweetheart" (1960)
 "You Care" (1960)

 "Jitterbugs Broke It Down" (1967)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "My Babe Is Gone" (1957)
 "Sweetie Pie" (1957)
 "Regardless" (1957)
 "You Better Believe It" (1957)

References

1909 births
American blues pianists
American male pianists
People from Oberlin, Louisiana
African-American jazz pianists
20th-century American pianists
1960 deaths
Jazz musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

masks:
Ollie Shepard
Oliver Shepard
Shepard
Shepard
Ollie
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Ollie
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepardllie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepardllie
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie
Shepard


title: Jim Haslam

texts:
<mask> (born December 13, 1930) is an American businessman and philanthropist, best known as the founder of Pilot Corporation, which operates a chain of convenience stores and travel centers throughout the United States and Canada, and is one of the largest privately owned companies in the United States. <mask> is also a donor for the University of Tennessee, having provided tens of millions of dollars to the school over several decades. <mask>'s son <mask> is the current owner of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns and Major League Soccer's Columbus Crew, and his other son Bill is a former Governor of Tennessee. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in 1930 in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Melitta (Fry) and <mask>. His father was a World War I veteran who was, at the time, working for the Studebaker Corporation. The family lived for a time in Pennsylvania before moving to St. Petersburg, Florida. <mask> was a star football player at St. Petersburg High School, and had offers to play at several colleges.He eventually chose the University of Tennessee, following a recruiting visit from legendary U.T. coach Robert Neyland. <mask> enrolled at the University of Tennessee in 1948. During the Volunteers' 1951 national championship season, he was a starter on an offensive line that helped his Sigma Chi fraternity brother, Hank Lauricella, to an All American season and a second-place finish in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. <mask> was a captain on the 1952 team, but missed the last few games of the season due to eligibility issues. Following graduation, <mask> joined the United States Army, with the commission of Second Lieutenant. He spent several months in Korea following the 1953 armistice that ended combat operations in the Korean War.After returning to Tennessee, he turned down an offer to coach the South Pittsburg High School football team, and instead joined LaFollette, Tennessee-based Fleet Oil. After about a year, Fleet president Sam Claiborne appointed <mask> head of the company's new Sail Oil chain of stations. Pilot
In 1958, <mask> left Sail Oil to start his own company, having made an agreement with Claiborne that he would not compete in East Tennessee for three years. On October 9, 1958, <mask> and his first wife, Cynthia, incorporated Pilot Oil Corporation, the name of which was inspired by an insurance ad <mask> had seen while traveling in North Carolina. One month later, the company purchased its first filling station in Gate City, Virginia, for $6,000. This first station had four fuel pumps, and sold cigarettes and soft drinks. While waiting for his non-compete agreement with Fleet Oil to expire, <mask> focused on the Virginia and Kentucky areas.A former Pilot board member and early associate of <mask>, <mask>, later recalled that Haslam would sometimes spend days driving around a city, analyzing its traffic patterns, before deciding on a new location for a filling station. By 1965, Pilot had grown to a dozen stations, but was struggling with debt, and thus sold a 50% stake in the company to Marathon Oil. Marathon provided Pilot with a consistent supply of source oil and a $4 million loan, which allowed the company to further expand. In 1974, <mask>'s wife, Cynthia, died suddenly, and his eldest son, <mask>, then a student at U.T., took her place on the company's board of directors. Shortly afterward, Pilot expanded into the convenience store market. In 1981, Pilot opened its first travel center in Corbin, Kentucky, a move inspired by a visit to fellow U.T. alum Ken Pritchard, who was operating a travel center in Slidell, Louisiana.As Marathon began to complain about Pilot's expansion efforts, <mask> bought out Marathon's share of the company in 1988. In 1994, Pilot acquired 11 Pro Stop stations, making it the nation's second-largest truck stop chain. By 1995, Pilot was operating over 80 travel centers in 33 states and 51 convenience stores in Tennessee and Virginia, and employed over 4,000 people. That year, <mask>'s son, <mask>, moved up to CEO, while his other son, Bill, moved up to president. <mask> became the company's chairman. In 2001, Pilot partnered with Marathon-Ashland to form Pilot Travel Centers, LLC. In 2003, Pilot bought 60 locations from Williams' Travel Centers for $189 million.By 2008, Pilot was the nation's largest operator of travel centers, with locations in 40 states and Canada, and was the nation's largest seller of over-the-road diesel fuel. That year, Pilot bought out Marathon's share of Pilot Travel Centers for $700 million, and in turn, sold a 47.5% stake to CVC Investments. In 2010, Pilot Travel Centers merged with the bankrupt truck stop chain, Flying J, to form Pilot Flying J. This new company operates over 550 locations in 23 states and Canada, and employs over 23,000 people. <mask> has been involved in politics in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Pilot is headquartered, both in an active role, and as a Republican Party fundraiser. He was a fundraiser for both Senator Howard Baker in the 1960s and President Gerald Ford in the 1970s. He was also appointed chairman of the Knox County Public Building Authority in the early 1970s.As chairman of this group, <mask>, a long-time proponent of metropolitan government, spearheaded the initiative to build the Knoxville City-County Building. In 1999, Knox County declined to reappoint <mask> to the Public Building Authority, which some interpreted as revenge for his support of a failed metropolitan government initiative the previous year. In 2002, <mask>'s son, Bill, ran for mayor of Knoxville, bringing greater public scrutiny to the <mask> family. His opponent in the race, Madeline Rogero, consistently tried to portray Bill as a puppet of his father and the region's oil interests, which Bill staunchly denied. She also blamed <mask> for UT's hiring of controversial president, John Shumaker, in 2002. During Bill's 2010 gubernatorial campaign, his opponents consistently brought up price-gouging allegations levied against Pilot in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. In 2006, Chattanooga mayor Bob Corker, a former college roommate of <mask> and long-time family friend, was elected to the United States Senate.<mask> was the financial manager for his campaign. <mask> was the Tennessee state co-chairman for the 2012 presidential campaign of Republican candidate Mitt Romney. Philanthropy
<mask> serves on the University of Tennessee's board of trustees and has donated tens of millions of dollars to the school and its athletic programs over the years. In 2002, the football team's new practice field was named "<mask> Field" in his honor. The <mask> family's gift of $32.5 million in 2006 represents the school's largest gift ever. Part of this money was used to construct the new College of Business building, the James A. Haslam II Business Building, and part will be used to construct a new building for the School of Music, which will be named for <mask>. The money will also support construction of the Baker Center and renovations to Neyland Stadium.The <mask>s are also major donors to numerous Knoxville-area institutions, including the Knoxville Museum of Art, the Knox-Area Rescue Ministries, the East Tennessee Historical Society, the Foothills Land Conservancy, the Boys and Girls Club, United Way, St. John's Episcopal Church, and the Knoxville Zoo. In 2006, three of the zoo's newborn lion cubs were named Ann, Bill, and <mask>, in honor of <mask>'s children. The Knoxville alternative newspaper, Metro Pulse, has dubbed <mask> "Knoxville's most conspicuous philanthropist." In 2014, the University of Tennessee announced that its College of Business would be renamed honor of Haslam after the family donated $50 million to the university. <mask> married Cynthia Allen in 1953. They have three children: James "<mask>" <mask> III (born 1954); <mask> Bailey (born 1956); and <mask> (born 1958). After his first wife died, <mask> married his long-time friend, Natalie Leach Tucker, in 1976.Through her, he has three stepchildren, Jennie McCabe, Susan Robie, and Carol Pattison. Bill is a former governor of Tennessee, sworn on January 15, 2011, and previously served as the mayor of Knoxville, 2003–2011. <mask>'s son, James III (<mask>), resigned as CEO of Pilot in September 2012 but resumed his role as CEO in February 2013. He also owned a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers, but made preparations to sell it in order to accommodate his purchase of the Cleveland Browns franchise in August 2012. References

External links
 Video of the James II and <mask> speaking about their donation to UT
 Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame

1930 births
Living people
American businesspeople in the oil industry
American retail chief executives
American philanthropists
American transportation businesspeople
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Businesspeople from Detroit
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
St. Petersburg High School alumni
Tennessee Volunteers football players
University of Tennessee alumni
University of Tennessee people
Haslam family

masks:
James Arthur Haslam II
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
James Arthur Haslam
Jim
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy Smith
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Politics Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Jim
Jim
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Natalie Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Haslam
Family Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Ann Haslam
Bill Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Natalie Haslam


title: Louis B. Seltzer

texts:
<mask> (September 19, 1897 – April 2, 1980) was an American journalist who was editor-in-chief of the Cleveland Press, a now-defunct daily newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1928 until his retirement in 1966. As editor of the Press, Seltzer became one of the most powerful and most well-known citizens of Cleveland, earning the nickname "Mr. Cleveland". Under Seltzer's leadership, the Press gained the largest circulation of any newspaper in Ohio and cultivated a reputation as a "fighting paper" that "fought like hell for the people". As editor of the Press, Seltzer emphasized the public service aspect of the paper and "vigorously developed the notion that his reporters were watchdogs for the public over political and governmental affairs". He also gained a reputation as a "kingmaker" for his successful sponsorship of numerous local politicians, including Cleveland mayors Anthony Celebrezze and Frank J. Lausche, who later became governor of Ohio and a U.S. senator. Seltzer was the subject of both glowing praise and harsh criticism, particularly for his extensive coverage of the trial of Sam Sheppard. Early life and career
<mask> was born on September 19, 1897, in Cleveland, Ohio, on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River.Seltzer's father, Charles Alden <mask>, was "a frequently unemployed carpenter and a totally unsuccessful writer of romantic short stories". The family lived in poverty during Seltzer's early years; when Seltzer was 12 and in the sixth grade, he dropped out of school to work as an office boy at The Cleveland Leader. Although his father started to earn money as a writer about a year later, by then Seltzer was successful enough at his own job that he refused to quit and return to school. At the age of 14, Seltzer met Marion Elizabeth Champlan, and the pair were married when they were both 18. Shortly after getting married, Seltzer moved to the Cleveland News to work as a reporter, but was fired shortly thereafter. After a short enlistment in the Army, Seltzer was hired by the Cleveland Press as a police reporter, and became a city editor in 1916. However, Seltzer felt he lacked the experience for the position and resigned after three months, switching to the role of political editor.Editorship of the Cleveland Press

Seltzer became editor of the Cleveland Press in 1928. During his editorship of the Press, Seltzer became one of the most well-known and most powerful people in the city, earning the nickname "Mr. Cleveland". Under his leadership the Press gained the largest circulation of any newspaper in Ohio, and cultivated a reputation as an advocate for its readers. Seltzer described the Press under his leadership as a "fighting paper" that "fought like hell for the people". During his editorship, Seltzer was the subject of "glowing" profiles in the national media, which emphasized his civic mindedness, his flamboyant public persona, and the freewheeling atmosphere of the Press newsroom. More recently, Seltzer has received both unfettered praise, and some criticism for his handling of certain stories, particularly the Sheppard trial. Community involvement and advocacy

Seltzer emphasized the public service aspect of the Press and was personally involved in numerous civic and charitable endeavors.According to <mask>'s obituary in The Wall Street Journal, "With Mr. Seltzer at the helm, the Cleveland Press played an important part in bringing the city such things as downtown redevelopment, a municipal zoo, bridges, highways and parks along what was once a dilapidated Lake Erie waterfront". "Kingmaker": Political activities
As editor of the Cleveland Press, "Seltzer vigorously developed the notion that his reporters were watchdogs for the public over political and governmental affairs". According to a 1950 profile of him in LIFE magazine, "No crook in public office has slept well in <mask>'s regime, although many a crook in private pursuits has doubtless slept like a baby". According to later writer James Neff, "When local government did not function, the Press struck with editorial might, even if it meant using a sledgehammer to crush a gnat. Overkill could be rationalized because the cause was just, for the little guy. Anyone who tried to play outside these rules or who was perceived as looking down on his mostly blue-collar readers, Seltzer enjoyed taking down a peg". Seltzer also gained a reputation as a "kingmaker" for his use of the paper's influence to help the careers of numerous local politicians, including "Frank J. Lausche, who served as mayor of Cleveland, governor of Ohio and a U.S. senator, Cleveland mayor Anthony Celebrezze, Thomas A<mask>, also mayor and then a U.S. senator, and Supreme Court Justice Harold H<mask>".According to a 1950 LIFE profile of Seltzer, "No civic campaign can get off the ground without his support, although no worthy cause... ever lacks it. For more than a decade nobody has been elected mayor or carried Cuyahoga County for governor without the backing of the Press". Coverage of Sheppard murder

In July 1954, when Sam Sheppard, a Bay Village doctor, was accused of murdering his wife, the Cleveland Press published a series of front-page editorials, some written by Seltzer himself, alleging Sheppard's guilt and pushing for swift, punitive action from the local authorities. The stream of editorials began with the July 20 article "Somebody Is Getting Away With Murder", written by Seltzer himself. The following day, the Press published another front-page editorial, addressed directly to County Coroner Sam Gerber: "Why No Inquest? Do It Now, Dr. Gerber". A few hours after the editorial was published, Gerber ordered an inquest.And on July 30, the Press published an editorial entitled "Quit Stalling – Bring Him In". Sheppard was arrested on a murder charge that evening. <mask> and the Press later received harsh criticism for their handling of the case. Federal district judge Carl A. Weinmann, in his 1964 ruling that Sheppard did not receive a fair trial, partially blamed the media, particularly the Press: "If ever there was a trial by newspaper, this is a perfect example. And the most insidious example was the Cleveland Press. For some reason that newspaper took upon itself the role of accuser, judge and jury". The United States Supreme Court ruled on June 6, 1966 in Sheppard v. Maxwell that Sheppard did not receive a fair trial because of the negative publicity he received in the press.F. Lee <mask>, one of Sheppard's lawyers, later wrote that "Seltzer used his newspaper like a club, ordering politicians around like minions and intimidating everyone who disagreed with him. If Seltzer was roused, he would spread a personally penned editorial across eight columns of his newspaper, seeking to grind some unfortunate dissident under his heel". Seltzer defended the Cleveland Press and his own personal involvement in the case in his 1956 memoir The Years Were Good. Seltzer argued that he was convinced the Sheppard family was involved in a conspiracy to get away with murder and that he personally wrote the editorials, instead of passing them off to one of his employees, out of concern for the safety of his staff. Later life and death
Seltzer published his memoir, The Years Were Good, in 1956. The memoir, which Seltzer published himself, is written in the "rags to riches" mold of Horatio Alger in that it emphasizes Seltzer's rise from relative poverty to professional success via persistent hard work. After retiring as editor of the Press in 1966, Seltzer occasionally wrote columns for suburban newspapers and also published a collection of character sketches, Six and God (1966).He continued to associate with more than 50 organizations and was on the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board from 1956 to 1968. When <mask>'s wife died in 1965 he moved in with his daughter, Shirley Cooper, in Rocky River, Ohio. When Cooper and her husband moved to Spencer in Medina County in 1973, Seltzer moved with them. Seltzer died in his daughter's house on April 2, 1980 at the age of 82. Seltzer's living relatives at the time of his death included his daughter, two siblings, four grandchildren and one great-grandchild. His son, Chester E<mask>, who was also a journalist and writer, had died in 1971. References

External links
The Years Were Good, Seltzer's 1956 memoir, archived on The Cleveland Memory Project
Seltzer, Louis B, entry in The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History

1897 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Cleveland
Journalists from Ohio
People from Medina County, Ohio
People from Rocky River, Ohio
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

masks:
Louis Benson Seltzer
Seltzer
Seltzer
Seltzer
Louis Seltzer
. Burke
. Burton
Seltzer
Bailey
Seltzer
. Seltzer


title: Cleve Backster

texts:
<mask><mask><mask>. (February 27, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an interrogation specialist for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), best known for his experiments with plants using a polygraph instrument in the 1960s which led to his theory of primary perception where he claimed that plants feel pain and have extrasensory perception (ESP), which was widely reported in the media. These claims have been rejected by the scientific community. Biography
He was born in Lafayette Township, New Jersey on February 27, 1924. <mask> began his career as an Interrogation Specialist with the CIA, and went on to become Chairman of the Research and Instrument Committee of the Academy for Scientific Interrogation. He is the former director of the Backster School of Lie Detection in San Diego, California and was a polygraph instructor before his experiments on plants. He got a D.Sc. in Complementary Medicine from Medicina Alternativa in 1996 and was on the faculty of the California Institute for Human Science Graduate School and Research Center founded by Hiroshi Motoyama which is unaccredited.He wrote the book Primary Perception — Biocommunication with Plants, Foods, and Human Cells which describes 36 years of his work and was published in 2003. He died on June 24, 2013, after a prolonged illness. <mask> founded the CIA's polygraph unit shortly after World War II. The Backster School of Lie Detection is located in San Diego, California. The school was founded in New York City in 1960, shortly after <mask> left his position with the Central Intelligence Agency. It trains policemen to use the polygraph or "lie detector" test. Primary perception

Findings
<mask>'s study of plants began in the 1960s, and he reported observing that a polygraph instrument attached to a plant leaf registered a change in electrical resistance when the plant was harmed or even threatened with harm.His work was inspired by the research of physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose, who claimed to have discovered that playing certain kinds of music in the area where plants grew caused them to grow faster. Bose used a crescograph to measure plant response to various stimuli and demonstrated feeling in plants. From the analysis of the variation of the cell membrane potential of plants under different circumstances, he hypothesized that plants can "feel pain, understand affection etc" and wrote two books about it in 1902 and 1926. In February 1966, <mask> attached polygraph electrodes to a Dracaena cane plant, to measure at first the time taken for water to reach the leaves. The electrodes are used to measure galvanic skin response and the plant showed readings which resembled that of a human. This made <mask> try different scenarios, and the readings went off the chart when he pictured burning the leaf, because according to him, the plant registered a stress response to his thoughts of harming it. He conducted another similar experiment where he observed a plant's response to the death of a brine shrimp in another room; his results convinced him that plants demonstrated telepathic awareness.He argued that plants perceived human intentions, and as he began to investigate further, he also reported finding that other human thoughts and emotions caused reactions in plants, which could be recorded by a polygraph instrument. He termed the plants' sensitivity to thoughts "Primary Perception", and published his findings from the experiments in the International Journal of Parapsychology in 1968. Soviet scientists invited <mask> to the first Psychotronic Association conference in Prague in 1973 and his paper was entitled "Evidence of Primary Perception at a Cellular Level in Plant and Animal Life". After 1973, he further experimented on yoghurt bacteria, eggs and human sperm and he claimed his results showed "primary perception" could be measured in all living things. Reactions by the scientific community

Controlled experiments that have attempted to replicate <mask>'s findings have failed, and the theory was not accepted since it did not follow the scientific method. At the 141st annual meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science, the panel of biologists found the claim unsupportable. The results seemed to be spontaneous; repeatability is still a problem, for him and the people who tried to perform his experiment.His lack of control experiments were criticized and explanations, such as that the polygraphs were responding to static electricity build-up and humidity changes, were put forward. The reliability of the polygraph test itself has been questioned. Plants have cellulose cell walls but do not possess sensory organs, which rules out the possibility of plants having ESP. Biologist Arthur Galston told St. Petersburg Times, "We know plants don't have nervous systems. But they do have little electrical currents flowing through them and are subject to outside manipulation." He further said that plants can show altered electrical responses to light, chemical agents and disease but he "draws the line" to the claim of them "responding to human thoughts and events, including life elimination." Scientists at the Cornell University and the Science Unlimited Research Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, could not find results that supported <mask>'s findings in the experiment, where the death of brine shrimp caused electrical voltage changes in the leaves of a plant in another room.<mask> explained that they did not follow the exact laboratory techniques which he had used to perform the original experiments and he has not attempted to repeat them himself. In 2005 Kari Byron, Grant Imahara and Tory Belleci from the science based program Mythbusters also tried to replicate the results of primary perception. They used the same polygraph (Stoelting 22500) and took it a step further by using an EEG machine, but all tests failed. Popular culture and influence
<mask>'s work became popular and drew public attention, and his findings were similar to the beliefs of Hindus, Buddhists and New Age followers. Some parapsychologists criticized his work, suggesting the results were due to "his own telekinetic abilities". His theory is in books like Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird's The Secret Life of Plants and Robert Stone's The Secret Life of Your Cells. He was a guest on June 27, 2007, on the evening radio show, "Coast To Coast AM", during which he discussed with host George Noory and with callers to the program his experiments with primary perception and findings of an interconnection between all living cells.He had been a guest several times before on Art Bell's Coast to Coast, as well as on Jeff Rense's radio shows, and has presented papers at many international conferences and meetings as well as those in the US. Marcel Vogel claimed to be able to duplicate this effect "using plants as transducers for bio-energetic fields from the human mind". <mask>'s work caught the attention of the Church of Scientology founder, Ron Hubbard. Hubbard officially used the polygraph as an "E-meter" and he too, published plant communication experiments on tomato plants. <mask>'s "Primary Perception" theory was a subject of the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters. After all human and environmental stimuli that could alter the results were removed, the Mythbusters team reproduced <mask>'s experiments with the dracaena plant, yoghurt, saliva and eggs. They performed some of these experiments using a model of polygraph machine identical to the one used by <mask> in his original research, while other experiments were performed with an EEG instrument, which is based on a different technology than the polygraph.Experiments where the team employed the same model of polygraph machine used by <mask> showed positive results with the plant reacting both to actual harm, as well as thoughts of harm. In another segment of the episode, the team tested with an EEG by connecting it to a plant to check whether it would "see" eggs being catapulted randomly into boiling water. The EEG instrument registered no change in the plant and the myth was considered as "busted" in that particular segment of the episode. The differences between the two
technologies likely played a key role in the differing results. In an episode of Adam Ruins Everything that discussed the pitfalls of forensic science, there was a cutaway during the segment which criticized polygraphs and also referenced <mask>'s Primary Perception experiment. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s website
 Backster School of Lie Detection Website
 "Coast To Coast AM" show with <mask> <mask>
 "The Intelligent Plant: Scientists debate a new way of understanding flora." Michael Pollan

1924 births
2013 deaths
Polygraphy
People from Lafayette Township, New Jersey
Parapsychologists

masks:
Grover Cleveland "
Cleve
" Backster Jr
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster
Cleve
Backster
Cleve
Backster


title: Jean-Baptiste de Valbelle

texts:
Jean-<mask> (1627 – 17 April 1681) was a French naval officer, descended from a prominent naval family of Marseille. He is known for his role as commander of a squadron of French ships during the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78. Family

Several genealogists trace the origin of the Valbelle family to the old viscounts of Marseille. However, a Sieur Garcinière wrote to <mask>, author of the Nobiliaire de Provence, that the <mask> family went back no further than to Honoré I, an apothecary, who made a fortune from his profession and was then elected second consul of Marseille in 1528. Another genealogist states that this proves the nobility of the family, since no second consul of Marseille was ever taken from a mechanical trade. The genealogist Pierre d'Hozier noted on one of these contradictory letters that despite the warning the late Sieur <mask> did not refrain from drawing up the genealogy of the Valbelle family as requested in exchange for a payment of 1,000 pistoles. <mask>e twice participated in the defense of Marseille, first against the constable of Bourbon who raised the siege in 1524, and then against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1536.Honoré left handwritten memoirs on these two defenses. His son, Cosme <mask>, was captain of 50 men in the army of Francis I of France and fought in the Battle of Ceresole (1544). Under Henry II of France, he commanded three galleys sent to the Kingdom of Naples in 1552 to help the prince of Salerno, and in 1553 he helped take the Isle of Corfu. His son Antoine commanded Marseille in 1579 and 1584 against the Huguenots. Antoine's son Cosme II was a captain of 100 men and commander of a galley under Louis XIII of France. Life

Early years (1627–47)

Côme <mask> <mask> married Anne-Marguerite <mask> in 1606, daughter of Francois <mask> and <mask> Puget. They had two sons, Jean-Philippe and Jean-<mask> Valbelle.Jean-Baptiste was born in Marseille in 1627. His family home in Marseille was a house built towards the end of the 16th century adorned with delicate sculptures. It had a porch with columns that supported a stone into which the family coat of arms had been engraved. Côme II died on 15 August 1638 at the age of 70 in a clash with Spanish galleys outside Genoa. Jean-Philippe, the older son, was lieutenant on the galley Valbelle and was badly wounded in this action. In recognition of his role in the fight he was made capitaine de galère on 15 December 1638 in command of the Valbelle. The parish church of Marseille was given the flags of the Spanish galleys that Côme <mask> Valbelle had defeated before Genoa in 1638, which were hung above the high altar.At the age of fourteen Valbelle served in the forces of the <mask> Sourdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux in the Battle of Tarragona (August 1641), where he was wounded. He fought in the Battle of Barcelona in 1642 under Jean Armand <mask>-Brézé, and was the first to board one of the enemy ships. As a reward he was given a small boat that he named Le Persée. Soon after he encountered a Spanish ship stronger than his own, approached without firing a single shot, grappled it, boarded it with all his volunteers and soldiers, gained its surrender after a fierce battle and took it to Toulon. This was one of several valuable prizes he took around this time, which contributed to his large fortune. The Order of Saint John accepted his membership as an officer despite his young age. He fought in many engagements against the Muslims.Galley captain (1647–66)

Valbelle became a galley captain during the regency of Anne of Austria (r. 1643–1651).. He was made galley captain in 1647 after rising through the ranks of ensign and lieutenant. During the Fronde rebellion (1648–53) he remained faithful to the crown. On 8 October 1649 at the Siege of Candia he personally made a Turkish pasha prisoner, whom he was going to take to the city alive, but being surrounded by attackers was forced to kill his prisoner to save himself. He alternated between the service of religion and of his country. In October 1654 he served on one of the ships of the Chevalier Paul and gave remarkable service in the taking of Castellammare di Stabia. In 1655, when the navy of  Louis XIV  was very weak, he armed two galleys at his own expense to fight the Spanish and the Turks, and distinguished himself in several fights.In 1655 he commanded a single vessel that fought four English ships, dismasted two of the enemy ships and obtained an honourable surrender. Ship captain (1666–74)

In 1666 Valbelle was promoted to capitaine de vaisseau. In 1669 he commanded a squadron that tried to relieve the Siege of Candia, and then commanded another squadron on the coasts of Tunisia and Algeria. He fought with distinction in the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78. Antoine Lefèbvre <mask> Barre, the future governor of New France, commanded the Maure in 1674 in the Valbelle's Mediterranean fleet. At that time Valbelle was about 51 years old, a man of medium height, swarthy, nervous and agile. As an adventurous young man he had been attractive to women and had various affairs.His secret correspondence with the king and his ministers Colbert and Seignelay shows he had an original turn of mind, was witty, bold and familiar. Sicily (1674–76)

Valbelle is best known for his expedition to Messina, Sicily, in 1674–75. At this time Messina was divided between two factions, the Merli who supported Spain and the Malvizzi who sought the protection of France. In the 1674 Messina revolt the people of the city drove out the Spanish garrison, gained control of almost all of the city and its forts and requested protection from Louis XIV. Valbelle was with the fleet of Louis Victor <mask>rt <mask>, Compte de Vivonne, at anchor off the coast of Catalonia, when the news arrived. On 27 September 1674 Vivonne sent Valbelle with a small squadron to help the rebels. Valbelle helped the Messinese expel the Spanish from the last fort, the Faro at the harbour entrance.Lacking sufficient provisions and land forces to act against the Spanish, he left to ask for more effective assistance. On 1 January 1675 <mask>'s squadron returned, bringing a small corps of land forces under Lieutenant-General Vallavoire(fr). The Spanish army was camped outside the city, had retaken some of the forts and seemed to be about to take the city. The Spanish had a fleet of 22 ships and 19 galleys cruising at the entrance to the Strait of Messina. Valbelle had six warships and three fire ships, boldly attempted the passage on 8 January 1675 and entered the harbour unharmed. He was helped by a favorable tide and a stern wind. Although the Spanish troops withdrew some distance from the city, Valavoire did no have the resources to advance inland, and provisions soon ran low again.Vivonne sent another squadron under Capitaine <mask>. He joined Valbelle, but together they were still not strong enough to attack the Spanish Admiral Melchor <mask> Cueva's force of 15 sailing warships and 15 galleys. Vivonne himself arrived on 11 February 1675 with eight warships and three fireships. The French fleet now had 20 sailing warships, of which nine were ships of the line. The French easily defeated the Spanish in the Battle of the Lipari Islands, and captured the 44-gun frigate Nuestra Señora del Pueblo. Vivonne was now able to sail into Messina, delivering large quantities of food. In the remainder of 1675 the French increased their strength in Sicily and along the southern coast of Italy.Vivonne took Augusta, Sicily, on 17 August 1675. The States General of the Dutch Republic sent a fleet under Admiral Michiel <mask>ter to the aid of Spain. Abraham Duquesne opposed it and engaged in a furious battle on 8 January 1676 in the Battle of Stromboli off the coast of Calabria. After reinforcements joined Ruyter he wanted to retake Augusta. Vivonne and Valballe went to its aid, and on 22 April 1676 fought the Battle of Augusta. Valbelle commanded the vanguard after vice admiral d'Almeras(fr) was killed at the start of the battle. Ruyter had his right leg smashed and half of his left foot swept away by a cannonball from Valbelle's ship.The siege of Augusta was raised, and Ruyter died of his wounds in the port of Syracuse. On 3 June 1676 a third engagement was decisive, when Vivonne and Valbelle destroyed the remainder of the combined fleet of Spain and Holland in the Battle of Palermo. Last years (1676–81)

In 1679 Valbelle was charged with punishing the corsairs of Tripoli. He forced them to surrender and freed a great many slaves. On return from this expedition Pope Innocent XI named Valbelle bailli and Grand Cross of the Order of Malta. Valbelle died in Toulon, Var, on 17 April 1681. Notes

Sources

Further reading

1627 births
1681 deaths
17th-century French military personnel
French Navy officers
Knights Hospitaller

masks:
Baptiste de Valbelle
Robin de Briancon
Valbelle
Robert de Briançon
Honoré de Valbell
de Valbelle
II de
Valbelle
de Paule
de Paul
Jeanne de
Baptiste de
II de
Henri de
de Maillé
de La
de Rochechoua
de Momart
Valbelle
de Tourville
de la
de Ruy