title: John Kenneth Galbraith

texts:
 Switzerland and had originally titled it Why The Poor Are Poor, but changed it to The Affluent Society at his wife's suggestion. The Affluent Society contributed (likely to a significant degree, given that <mask> had the ear of President Kennedy) to the "war on poverty", the government spending policy introduced by the administrations of Kennedy and <mask>. New industrial state
In 1966, <mask> was invited by the BBC to present the Reith Lectures, a series of radio broadcasts, which he titled The New Industrial State. Across six broadcasts, he explored the economics of production and the effect large corporations could have over the state. In the print edition of The New Industrial State (1967), Galbraith expanded his analysis of the role of power in economic life, arguing that very few industries in the United States fit the model of perfect competition. A central concept of the book is the revised sequence. The 'conventional wisdom' in economic thought portrays economic life as a set of competitive markets governed, ultimately, by the decisions of sovereign consumers.In this original sequence, the control of the production process flows from consumers of commodities to the organizations that produce those commodities. In the revised sequence, this flow is reversed and businesses exercise control over consumers by advertising and related salesmanship activities. The revised sequence concept applies only to the industrial system—that is, the manufacturing core of the economy in which each industry contains only a handful of very powerful corporations. It does not apply to the market system in the Galbraithian dual economy. In the market system, composed of the vast majority of business organizations, price competition remains the dominant form of social control. In the industrial system, however, composed of the 1,000 or so large corporations, competitive price theory obscures the relation to the price system of these large and powerful corporations. In <mask>'s view, the principal function of market relations in this industrial system is, not to constrain the power of the corporate behemoths, but to serve as an instrument for the implementation of their power.Moreover, the power of these corporations extends into commercial culture and politics, allowing them to exercise considerable influence upon popular social attitudes and value judgments. That this power is exercised in the shortsighted interest of expanding commodity production and the status of the few is both inconsistent with democracy and a barrier to achieving the quality of life that the new industrial state with its affluence could provide. The New Industrial State not only provided Galbraith with another best-selling book, it also extended once again, the currency of institutionalist economic thought. The book also filled a very pressing need in the late 1960s. The conventional theory of monopoly power in economic life maintains that the monopolist will attempt to restrict supply in order to maintain price above its competitive level. The social cost of this monopoly power is a decrease in both allocative efficiency and the equity of income distribution. This conventional economic analysis of the role of monopoly power did not adequately address popular concern about the large corporation in the late 1960s.The growing concern focused on the role of the corporation in politics, the damage done to the natural environment by an unmitigated commitment to economic growth, and the perversion of advertising and other pecuniary aspects of culture. The New Industrial State gave a plausible explanation of the power structure involved in generating these problems and found a very receptive audience among the rising American counterculture and political activists. A third related work was Economics and the Public Purpose (1973), in which he expanded on these themes by discussing, among other issues, the subservient role of women in the unrewarded management of ever-greater consumption, and the role of the technostructure in the large firm in influencing perceptions of sound economic policy aims. Financial bubbles
In A Short History of Financial Euphoria (1990), he traces speculative bubbles through several centuries, and argues that they are inherent in the free market system because of "mass psychology" and the "vested interest in error that accompanies speculative euphoria." Also, financial memory is "notoriously short": what currently seems to be a "new financial instrument" is inevitably nothing of the sort. Galbraith cautions: "The world of finance hails the invention of the wheel over and over again, often in a slightly more unstable version." Crucial to his analysis is the assertion that the common factor in boom-and-bust is the creation of debt to finance speculation, which "becomes dangerously out of scale in relation to the underlying means of payment."Legacy
Galbraith's main ideas focused around the influence of the market power of large corporations. He believed that this market power weakened the widely accepted principle of consumer sovereignty, allowing corporations to be price makers, rather than price takers, allowing corporations with the strongest market power to increase the production of their goods beyond an efficient amount. He further believed that market power played a major role in inflation. He argued that corporations and trade unions could only increase prices to the extent that their market power allowed. He argued that in situations of excessive market power, price controls effectively controlled inflation, but cautioned against using them in markets that were basically efficient such as agricultural goods and housing. He noted that price controls were much easier to enforce in industries with relatively few buyers and sellers. <mask>'s view of market power was not entirely negative; he also noted that the power of US firms played a part in the success of the US economy.In The Affluent Society <mask> asserts that classical economic theory was true for the eras before the present, which were times of "poverty"; now, however, we have moved from an age of poverty to an age of "affluence", and for such an age, a completely new economic theory is needed. <mask>'s main argument is that as society becomes relatively more affluent, private business must create consumer demand through advertising, and while this generates artificial affluence through the production of commercial goods and services, the public sector becomes neglected. He points out that while many Americans were able to purchase luxury items, their parks were polluted and their children attended poorly maintained schools. He argues that markets alone will under-provide (or fail to provide at all) for many public goods, whereas private goods are typically "over-provided" due to the process of advertising creating an artificial demand above the individual's basic needs. This emphasis on the power of advertising and consequent over-consumption may have anticipated the drop in savings rates in the US and elsewhere in the developing world. <mask> proposed curbing the consumption of certain products through greater use of pigovian taxes and land value taxes,  arguing that this could be more efficient than other forms of taxation, such as labor taxes. <mask>'s major proposal was a program he called "investment in men"—a large-scale, publicly funded education program aimed at empowering ordinary citizens.An International Symposium to honor <mask> <mask>, sponsored by the l'Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque and the Institut de Gestion Sociale, Paris, France, was held in September 2004 in Paris. A special issue Commemorating <mask> <mask>'s Centenary of the Review of Political Economy was dedicated in 2008 to <mask>'s contribution to economics. Three days before his death, <mask> urged his son, economist James K<mask>, to "write a short book on corporate predation"; the younger <mask> completed The Predator State in 2008. Criticism of <mask>'s work
<mask>'s work in general, and The Affluent Society in particular, have drawn sharp criticism from laissez-faire supporters since the time of their publications. Neoliberal and Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman in "Friedman on Galbraith, and on curing the British disease" views Galbraith as a 20th-century version of the early-19th-century Tory radical of Great Britain. He asserts that Galbraith believes in the superiority of aristocracy and in its paternalistic authority, that consumers should not be allowed choice, and that all should be determined by those with "higher minds", commenting: "Many reformers—Galbraith is not alone in this—have as their basic objection to a free market that it frustrates them in achieving their reforms, because it enables people to have what they want, not what the reformers want. Hence every reformer has a strong tendency to be averse to a free market."Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert Solow, in a review of The New Industrial State, points at <mask>'s lack of empiricism and selectiveness in his use of evidence. He points out that "It may be unjust and pointless to consider the degree of literal truth of each of the assertions that make up this argument. One would hardly discuss Gulliver's Travels by debating whether there really are any little people, or criticize the Grande Jatte because objects aren't made up of tiny dots. Nevertheless, it may help to judge the truth of Galbraith's." Richard Parker, in his biography, <mask> <mask>: His Life, His Economics, His Politics, characterizes <mask> as a more complex thinker. Galbraith's primary purpose in Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (1952) was, ironically, to show that big business was now necessary to the American economy to maintain the technological progress that drives economic growth. Galbraith knew that the "countervailing power", which included government regulation and collective bargaining, was necessary to balanced and efficient markets.In The New Industrial State (1967), <mask> argued that the dominant American corporations had created a technostructure that closely controlled both consumer demand and market growth through advertising and marketing. While Galbraith defended government intervention, Parker notes that he also believed that government and big business worked together to maintain stability. Paul Krugman downplayed <mask>'s stature as an academic economist in 1994. In Peddling Prosperity, he places Galbraith as one among many "policy entrepreneurs"—either economists, or think tank writers, left and right—who write solely for the public, as opposed to those who write for other academics, and who are, therefore, liable to make unwarranted diagnoses and offer over-simplistic answers to complex economic problems. Krugman asserts that Galbraith was never taken seriously by fellow academics, who instead viewed him as more of a "media personality". For example, Krugman believes that <mask>'s work, The New Industrial State, is not considered to be "real economic theory", and that Economics in Perspective is "remarkably ill-informed". Thomas Sowell wrote in his 1995 book The Vision of the Anointed that <mask> was a notable "teflon prophet" alongside American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich, and institutes like the Club of Rome and Worldwatch Institute; they were utterly certain in their predictions, yet completely disproven empirically, though their reputations remained perfectly undamaged.Sowell first noted that in The Affluent Society, <mask> argued that discussions of income inequality in the United States appeared to be declining in urgency. However, Sowell contended that since 1958, the year <mask>'s book was written, preoccupation with income distribution had been at an all-time high. Next, Sowell criticized <mask>'s claims in The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State that large corporations are invincible to competition. Sowell refuted this claim by citing Toyota and Honda's takeover of the United States' automobile market at the expense of General Motors, the previously dominant and allegedly infallible car company. Sowell also pointed out the decline of Life magazine, the disappearances of W.T. Grant and Graflex, the folding of Pan American, the collapse of newspaper companies in cities all across the country, the near extinction of Chrysler, and overall, the displacement of almost half of the firms in 1980's Fortune 500 in the 1990 edition. Sowell's third point of refutation was against Galbraith's assertion in The New Industrial State that successful corporate management was immune to corporate shake-ups, Sowell penned that, in reality, heads were "rolling in corporate suites across the land".The fourth of <mask>'s claims that Sowell believed to not have stood up to the test of time is <mask>'s contemptuousness towards the idea of a lone entrepreneur starting up a new, powerful company; Sowell used multibillionaires Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as counterexamples. Memoirs

The first edition of The Scotch was published in the UK under two alternative titles: as Made to Last and The Non-potable Scotch: A Memoir of the Clansmen in Canada. It was illustrated by Samuel H. Bryant. <mask>'s account of his boyhood environment in Elgin County in southern Ontario was added in 1963. He considered it his finest piece of writing. Galbraith memoir, A Life in Our Times was published in 1981. It contains discussion of his thoughts, his life, and his times.In 2004, the publication of an authorized biography, <mask> Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics by a friend and fellow progressive economist Richard Parker renewed interest in <mask>'s life journey and legacy. Honors
<mask> <mask> was one of the few people to receive both the World War II Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President Bill Clinton. He was a recipient of Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1997 and, in 2001, awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties between India and the United States. Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1993
 Order of Canada (Officer) in 1997
 Padma Vibhushan (India) in 2001

In 2010, he became the first economist to have his works included in the Library of America series. On, 1999
 The Essential Galbraith, 2001
 The Economics of Innocent Fraud, 2004

See also

 List of liberal theorists
 Modern liberalism in the United States
 The Best and the Brightest

Notes

References

Works cited

Obituaries

Further reading

  (Papers from the International Symposium Honoring <mask> <mask> Held in Paris in September 2004)

 Thacker, Innes (1980), Ideological Control and the Depoliticisation of Language, in Bold, Christine (ed. ), Cencrastus No.2, Spring 1980, pp. 30 – 33,

Primary sources

External links

 In May 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute program on <mask> <mask>. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at <mask> <mask>, 1908–2006: He Influenced Economic Thought for Many Years
 Speech by <mask> <mask> on March 22, 1968, discussing the impact of Vietnam on American life. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues

1908 births
2006 deaths
Agricultural economists
Burials at Indian Hill Cemetery
Canadian economists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Harvard University faculty
Institutional economists
Keynesians
Anti-consumerists
Massachusetts Democrats
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Officers of the Order of Canada
Writers from Boston
People from Elgin County
Princeton University faculty
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Ambassadors of the United States to India
Ontario Agricultural College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century American economists
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
The Century Foundation
Economists from Massachusetts
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Harvard Extension School faculty
People with acquired American citizenship
Presidents of the American Academy of

masks:
Galbraith
Johnson
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
. Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith
John Kenneth
Galbraith


title: Jeff Carter (photographer)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (5 August 1928 – 25 October 2010) was an Australian photographer, filmmaker and author. His work was widely published and contributed iconic representation of the working population of the Australian bush as self-sufficient rugged and laconic. Early life
<mask> was born to Percy and <mask> in August 1928 in Melbourne. <mask>'s parents were successful merchants and <mask> attended Melbourne Boys High School. By the time he matriculated in 1946, his three major passions were clear – photography, writing and travel. He began taking photographs while still at high school. His first photos were taken with a Kodak Box Brownie, given to him as a 13th birthday present.Career
In 1946, <mask> set off to travel around Australia with his camera and typewriter and made a living selling his stories and photographs to a wide range of Australian and international newspapers and magazines including Paris Match, People, Pix, Walkabout and The Australian Women's Weekly. He was later also commissioned by National Geographic. The curator of the 2011 retrospective of <mask>'s work, Sandra Byron, said his photographs were "deceptively simple because they were extremely well crafted, wonderful images", and that he was an important figure in Australian documentary photography. From 1949–54, <mask> was editor of Outdoors and Fishing magazine; he then resigned to travel in rural and outback Australia as a freelance photo-journalist. He wrote and illustrated 17 books based on his experiences. His most widely held book outside Australia is People of the Inland. [Adelaide]: Rigby, 1966.OCLC 901968. <mask>'s other books include: The Life and Land of Central Australia (1967); Outback in Focus (1968); Stout Hearts and Leathery Hands (1968); Surf Beaches of Australia's East Coast (1968); Four-Wheel Drive Swagman (1969); Wild Country (1974); <mask>'s Great Book Of The Australian Outdoors (1976); All Things Wild (1977); and <mask>'s Guided Tours Of The Outback (1979). At the time of his death in 2010 he was in the final stages of compiling a book of photographic works produced in collaboration with his granddaughter. <mask> also produced a three-volume series of semi-autobiographical novels, Snowmaidens, which remained unpublished at the time of his death. <mask> is quoted as saying that he was influenced by writers such as Upton Sinclair, John Steinbeck and Edgar Snow. Television
From 1972–74, <mask> directed and filmed the television series Wild Country for the Seven Network. The series was edited by Roger Whittaker and <mask>'s daughter Karen, and was screened internationally, including at the annual television festival MIP in Cannes, France.An episode won awards for Best Documentary, Best Director and Best Editing at the 1974 Australian Film Institute Awards, and another episode won several awards at the annual television festival MIP in Cannes, France. From 1981–85, he was head teacher of photography at the Wollongong campus of the National Art School. Collections and exhibitions
His photographs are in the collections of the Art Gallery of NSW, the National Gallery of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Library of Australia (over 450 photographs), the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and the Powerhouse Museum. They have been exhibited at the National Library of Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, the Art Gallery of NSW, the Art Gallery of South Australia and overseas galleries in Osaka, Japan, Lisbon, Portugal, New York and Paris. The Monash Gallery of Art in Melbourne, held a major retrospective exhibition of his images in May–June 2003, which was seen by a record number of over 9,000 visitors. Part of this exhibition was then shown at the Christine Abrahams Gallery, and the National Trust Gallery in Melbourne. <mask> received the Australia Council's Visual Arts/Craft Board 2004 Emeritus award.Senator Rod Kemp, then Minister for the Arts and Sport, commented:
The annual Visual Arts/Craft Emeritus Award and Medal honour the achievements of artists and advocates who have made outstanding and lifelong contributions to the arts in Australia. The career of itinerant, self-taught photographer <mask> spans half a century. It has been estimated that he has produced some 55,000 negatives since he took to the road in 1946 as a young man inspired by his heroes Steinbeck and Hemingway. Armed with a typewriter and a 1A folding Kodak camera, he set about on a journey across the country that would see him document the people, places and life of a changing Australia. In doing so, he has produced one of this country's most remarkable and historically significant photographic archives. As his self-titled calling as photographer to the 'poor and unknown' suggests, <mask> is a humanist whose early articles and iconic black and white images, like Tobacco Road and The Drover's Wife, exposed an appreciation of the difficulties Australians outside major cities faced everyday. The National Library compendium of its image collection [Helen Ennis (2004),Intersections: Photography, History and the National Library of Australia, National Library of Australia, Canberra] uses <mask>'s iconic 1955 image Tobacco Road for its cover illustration.A collection of his black and white studies was published as <mask>: Retrospective Sydney: New Holland, 2005,

Filmmaker Catherine Hunter joined <mask> on a road trip in June 2010 to western New South Wales, revisiting bush characters he had first photographed back in the 1950s. The result was a half-hour documentary, Inland Heart: The Photography of <mask>. Themes
As a photographer, <mask> concentrated on the unglamorous and unprivileged aspects of Australia, with a focus on the working lives and conditions of ordinary Australians. During his early travels, his experiences as an itinerant bush worker, fruit picker, side show "urger" for a travelling boxing troupe, drover, road worker, and mill hand, brought him in contact with the people who would be the subjects of his photographs. These early years of his career filled him with admiration for those making their livings in some of the toughest environments in Australia. Throughout his career, <mask> has produced series that show the progression of events over time. Concentrating on rituals and process, they comprise evocative images.Personal life

In 1947 at the age of 19, <mask> married Frances Oscar, a motorcycle rider in a circus sideshow and had two children, daughter, Karen Siobhan <mask>, and son Thor. In 1952 he began a de facto relationship with Mary Thompson-Read-Young (known as 'Mare'). They settled in 1962 on a 45-hectare farm at Foxground near the south coast town of Berry, NSW and turned it into a wildlife sanctuary. They had two boys, Goth and Vandal. Obituary
<mask>'s obituary, written by Robert McFarlane, appeared in The Sydney Morning Herald on 6 November 2010. Books by <mask>
 <mask>, Jeff & Mossgreen Gallery (2010). Final works from the darkroom.Mossgreen Gallery, South Yarra
 Carter, <mask> & Davies, Alan, 1946– & Byron, Sandra & Willsteed, Theresa & State Library of New South Wales (2010). Beach, bush + battlers : photographs by <mask>. State Library of New South Wales, [Sydney, N.S.W.] <mask>, <mask> & Gollings, John, 1944– & Parke, Trent, 1971– & Gold Coast City Art Gallery (2008). Streets of gold : photographs from Gold Coast Streets 1957–2008. Gold Coast City Art Gallery, Surfers Paradise [Qld.] <mask>, Mare & Carter, <mask>, 1928–2010 (2007).Landmarks : in a travelling life. Glenrock Books, Foxground, N.S.W
 <mask>, <mask> (2005). <mask> : retrospective. New Holland, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W
 <mask>, <mask> (1995). <mask>'s Bush Battlers. People of the inland. Seal Books, Sydney
 <mask>, Jeff & Primavera Press (1994).<mask>, 1995 : Primavera black & white datebook. Leichhardt [N.S.W.] Primavera Press
 <mask>, <mask> & <mask>, Mare, 1930– & <mask>, <mask>, 1928–2010. (1993). Carters' Central Australia (Rev. ed). Hodder and Stoughton, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> (1989).From the Alice to the Arctic : 40 years of motoring with <mask>. Hodder & Stoughton, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> & <mask>, Mare, 1930– (1989). The complete guide to central Australia. Hodder & Stoughton, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> (1987). The Australian explorer's handbook : travel, survival and bush cookery. Hodder and Stoughton, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> (1981). <mask>'s Guide to the outdoors.Rigby, Adelaide
 <mask>, <mask> (1979). <mask>'s guided tours of the outback. Rigby, Adelaide
 <mask>, <mask>hold, 1892–1971 & Van Dusen, Henry P. (Henry Pitney), 1897–1975 (1977). All things wild : more yarns about wild people, places and animals. Rigby, [Adelaide, Sydney, etc.] <mask>, <mask> (1977). <mask>'s bush battlers.Rigby, Adelaide
 <mask>, <mask> (1977). <mask>'s new guide to Central Australia. Rigby, Adelaide
 <mask>, <mask> (1976). <mask>'s great book of the Australian outdoors. Rigby, Adelaide
 <mask>, <mask> & <mask>, <mask> (1973). Wild animal farm. Hale, London
 <mask>, <mask> (1972).A guide to Central Australia. Sun Books, Melbourne
 <mask>, <mask> (1972). Wild country. Hale, London
 <mask>, <mask> (1971). Ungezähmtes land ('Unfinished Land'). Engelbert, Sauerland, Germany
 <mask>, <mask> (1971). The new frontier : Australia's rising northwest.Angus and Robertson, [Sydney]
 <mask>, <mask> (1970). Four-wheel drive swagman. Hale, London
 <mask>, <mask> (1969). In the steps of the explorers. Angus and Robertson, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> (1968). Surf beaches of Australia's east coast. Angus and Robertson, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask> (1968).In the tracks of the cattle : story of the great migration from 11 head at Farm Cove in 1788 to 19 million throughout the cattle lands today. Angus and Robertson, [Sydney]
 <mask>, <mask> (1968). Outback in focus. Angus & Robertson, London
 <mask>, <mask> (1968). Stout hearts and leathery hands. Angus & Robertson, London
 <mask>, <mask> (1967). The life and land of Central Australia.Angus and Robertson, Sydney
 <mask>, <mask>by, [Adelaide]
 Brodsky, Isadore & Carter, <mask>, 1928–2010 & Hunter's Hill (N.S.W. : Municipality). Council (1961). Hunters Hill, New South Wales, 1861–1961. Jukes, Sydney

Exhibitions of work by <mask>
Focus Oz, 1991-2 – Berry NSW
Untitled, 1992 – Christine Abrahams Gallery, Melbourne
Saturday Arvo, 1993 – Stills Gallery, Sydney
Untitled, 1994 – Christine Abrahams Gallery
Concerned Viewer, 1995 – Photographers Gallery, Sydney
Beach, Bush & Battlers, 1995 – Byron-Mapp Gallery, Sydney
Battlers,1996 – Christine Abrahams Gallery, 1998 – Byron-Mapp Gallery, 1999 Penrith Regional Gallery, 1999 Brisbane City Art Gallery, 2000 Gippsland Regional Art Gallery, 2002 – Myrtleford, Victoria
Sydney Images, 1996 – Byron-Mapp Gallery
A Hungry Eye, 1999 – Dick Bett Gallery, Hobart
8 Seconds High!, 1999 – Christine Abrahams Gallery, 2003 – Museum of the Riverina, Wagga, 2003 – Shear Outback, Hay, NSW,
Selected Images, 1999 – Paris Photo Show
The Way We Were, 2000 – Byron-Mapp Gallery
Combined Artists, 2000 – Byron-Mapp Gallery
Selected Images, 2000 – Paris Photo Show
Charles Kerry/<mask> Carter, 2001 – Mosman Art Gallery
Images 1950–2000, 2001 – Christine Abrahams Gallery
Federation (Contrib.Artist), 2001 – National Gallery of Australia
Images 1950–2000, 2001 – Byron-Mapp Gallery
Big River Show (Contrib. Artist), 2002 – Wagga Regional Art Gallery
Retrospective, 2003 – Monash Gallery of Art, Victoria
Images 1950–2001 – National Trust Parliament Place Gallery, Melbourne
Icon Images, 2003 – Christine Abrahams Gallery
Vintage Images, 2006 – Sandra Byron Gallery, Sydney
Retrospective Images, 2006 – Christine Abrahams Gallery, Melbourne
'La Nieta', 2006 – The Australian Photographers Gallery, Sydney
Queen Victoria Market Series: 1956, 2008 Queen Victoria Market
Beach, Bush + Battlers: Photographs by <mask>  2011 – State Library of NSW from 4 January – 20 February

See also
 Photography in Australia
 Cinema of Australia
 John Watt Beattie
 William Bland
 Maggie Diaz
 Ken G. Hall
 Frank Hurley
 Charles Kerry
 Henry King (photographer)
 David Perry (Australian filmmaker)
 Ruby Spowart
 Mark Strizic

References

External links
Pictures Collection, National Library of Australia, Canberra

Australian photographers
1928 births
2010 deaths
Australian photojournalists
Australian journalists
Working-class culture
20th-century Australian photographers

masks:
Jeff Carter
Carter
Doris Carter
Jeff
Jeff
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeffin
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeff
Carter
Jeffig
Jeff
Jeff Carter
Jeff
Jeff Carter


title: Kau Kobayashi

texts:
<mask> (October 20, 1908 – June 11, 1970) was a Japanese serial killer who, together with accomplice Mitsuyoshi Onuki, was responsible for murders of hotel owners Kamasuke and Ume Ikukata, called the Hotel Nihonkaku Incident. After her arrest, she confessed to fatally poisoning her husband in 1952, and was later sentenced to death and executed for her crimes. Early life
<mask> was born on October 20, 1908 in Tamagoi, Saitama Prefecture (present-day Kumagaya), the second daughter of seven children born into an impoverished farmer couple's home. After finishing elementary school, she helped with housework until the age of 16, when she went to work as a housekeeper in Hongō, Tokyo. When she returned in 1930, she married 27-year-old Hidenosuke Hayashi, a sickly man suffering from gastroenteritis and gonorrhea who ran a store in Kumagaya. The couple would eventually have two children: a baby boy who died in infancy, and later a girl. When the Second World War broke out, Hidenosuke was called to serve, but was wounded in combat and returned to Japan.After his return, the couple built themselves a house, from where they would sell bicycle tries and contraband items such as rubber, rice and sugar. On the side, <mask> herself sold gokabou, which provided additional income for the family. At one point, a 25-year-old police officer, Mataichiro Nakamura, was sent in to investigate the alleged contraband of illegal goods in the Hayashi household, but he was moved by their hospitality, and started occasionally visiting the family. Over time, <mask>, who was left sexually unsatisfied by her husband, began an affair with Nakamura. Despite being receptive of her advances, Nakamura told her that wanted to spend more time with her, and if that were to happen, she'd have to leave her husband. Murders
On October 2, 1952, Hayashi died from a sudden and mysterious illness, which the coroner labeled as the result of a cerebral hemorrhage. While there were suspicions that his wife was responsible for his death, the police ceased the investigation.Shortly thereafter, Nakamura moved in to live with <mask>, but was then fired from his job due to his behavior. Wanting to keep her new lover, <mask> began working even harder to run her business, eventually moving into Nakamura's house. However, this proved to be short-lived, as he eventually kicked her out and married a younger woman. A distressed <mask> was later observed banging at his front door and screaming for him to take her back, and even allegedly tried to poison his new wife, but still continued to provide him with money. Despite her troubled personal life, <mask>'s business began to flourish when she began a joint venture with her sister's family, where she was hired as a saleswoman. She would travel around the various prefectures, looking for onsen-centered businesses to promote the company's services. As a result, in 1954, she found herself in Shiobara, where her most infamous crime would take place.The Hotel Nihonkaku Incident

Soon after her arrival in Shiobara, <mask> began familiarizing herself with the locals, and in the spring of 1956, she bought a small store in front of the Hotel Myogaya. Soon after, she began buying other stores and land in the area, eventually planning to build an onsen and work as a hostess. However, a majority of the townsfolk were unwilling to sell their properties, especially to a newcomer. In the fall of 1958, <mask> learned about the Hotel Nihonkaku, a small inn which was about to be closed due to poor management. The proprietor, 53-year-old Kamasuke Ikukata, desperately in need of funds to keep the inn open, he offered <mask> to pay a 500,000 yen loan to his wife, Ume (49). However, when the two women met, Kau attempted to heckle the price down to 300,000 yen, which was rejected by Mrs. Ikukata. Angered by her refusal, in mid-January 1960, <mask> enlisted the help of 36-year-old Mitsuyoshi Onuki, offering him 20,000 yen and sexual services if she killed Ume Ikukata.Reluctantly agreeing, on the night of February 8, 1960, Onuki strangled Mrs. Ikukata with a linen string while she was sleeping. He later moved the body to the boiler room, where he dug up the floor and hid the body there, pouring concrete over it so it couldn't be located. After her disappearance, rumors starting floating around the area that she had been killed. Later in November, <mask> approached Onuki again, asking him to kill Kamasuke as well, but with poison this time. In mid-December, Onuki poured hydrochloric acid into Ikukata's meal and sake, but the strong taste put him off from finishing his meal. After their initial failure, on New Year's Even, while the trio were watching TV, <mask> went to prepare dinner. When she was done, she snuck up behind Ikukata and started strangling him, after which Onuki joined in to help her by fatally stabbing him in the neck.The pair hid the body, and when customers came around to ask what had happened to Mr. Ikukata, they replied by saying that "he had gone to Tokyo for some money." Arrest, confession and trial
The disappearance of the inn owners fueled the rumors of their untimely deaths even further, eventually resulting in newspapers covering the case. As a result, both <mask> and Onuki were arrested on February 20, 1961 on suspicion of murder. Shortly after her arrest, <mask> admitted her guilt in the case, additionally confessing to poisoning her husband with potassium cyanide in 1952, claiming that she had been aided by her lover Nakamura. Following these confessions, the three were put on trial, and on July 14, 1966, <mask> and Onuki were sentenced to death by the Supreme Court after being found guilty of the murders. Nakamura, who asserted his innocence from the beginning of the case, was acquitted due to lack of evidence. Execution
On June 11, 1970, the 61-year-old <mask> <mask> and her accomplice were hanged at the Tokyo Detention House.She was the first woman to be executed in the country after the Second World War. See also
 List of serial killers by country
 List of executions in Japan

References

In films and culture
 The Japanese film Deviations and Passions, released in 1969, covered the Hotel Nihonkaku case, among other prominent cases in the country
 The 1984 film Station to Heaven, directed by Masanobu Deme, is heavily inspired by the case

Bibliography

External links
 Yabusaka article with additional information

1908 births
1970 deaths
20th-century criminals
Female criminals
Japanese female serial killers
Japanese serial killers
Poisoners
Japanese people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Japan
Executed Japanese serial killers
Executed Japanese women
Prisoners sentenced to death by Japan
People executed by Japan by hanging
People executed for murder
Mariticides
People from Saitama Prefecture

masks:
Kau Kobayashi
Kau Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kobayashi
Kau
Kobayashi


title: Bill Wray

texts:
<mask> (born Shreveport, Louisiana) is an American musician, composer and producer. His performing career spanned the mid 1970s through the early 1980s. Since then he has written and produced a variety of artists from glam metal to cajun. He is the brother of fellow musician/composer <mask>. Music career
<mask> has written the songs "Fool for Your Love" and "So Close" for Diana Ross. <mask> and his brother Jim wrote most of the hits ("One in a Million", "Surrender") on Trixter's debut album. <mask> was the producer of EFX at MGM Grand Casino, at the time the most expensive and largest-scaled theater installation in the world.Stars rotated through every two years were Michael Crawford, David Cassidy, Tommy Tune and Rick Springfield. The last three were during <mask>'s tenure. <mask> used to play at the old Dynasty Club and Common Ground in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. There was also the <mask> Band which included Greg Worley. As an artist, <mask> opened for such artists as Foreigner, Toto, Rick Springfield, The Kinks, BTO, Peter Frampton and Joe Cocker. <mask> produced Driven2Rock at the MGM Grand which gave custom inlaid Melancon Guitars to stars such as Dale Earnhardt Jr., Britney Spears and Michael Waltrip on March 5 and 6th 2004. Credits

Composed songs for
 Lisa Hartman
 Little Feat
 God Street Wine
 EFX (show)
 Flame
 Diana Ross
 Loverboy
 Zachary Richard
 Trixter
 Emerson, Lake & Palmer
 Ace Frehley - Courtesy AMG

Songs composed by (officially credited)
 Song - Artist
 'Till My Heart Stops Beating - Lisa Hartman
 Angeline - God Street Wine
 Apotheosis (Final Dance) - 1999 Las Vegas Cast EFX
 Back to the Future - Diana Ross
 Better Day - Eric Martin
 Big Bang Theory - Little Feat
 Borderline Blues - Little Feat
 Bullet in the Chamber - Loverboy
 Burning - Zachary Richard
 Cadillac Hotel - Little Feat
 Cajun Rage - Little Feat
 Change - Emerson, Lake & Palmer
 Dancing at Double d's - Zachary Richard
 Destination Heartbreak - Loverboy
 Down in Congo Square - Zachary Richard
 Drivin' Blind - Little Feat
 Eclipse - 1999 Las Vegas Cast EFX
 EFX (Bring On The Dream) - 1999 Las Vegas Cast EFX
 Friday Night - Loverboy
 Gone Too Soon - Emerson, Lake & Palmer
 Heart of Steel - Trixter
 How Many Rivers?Made Billboard top 100 (hit 96 for two weeks starting 5/19/1979 ABC 12449) Other songs for film: My Music, Where Were You, Don't Stop the Music, Rock and Roll Rodeo, Melody Man, Friends, Mercedes Morning, Koala Shuffle. Unknown Album 1979 - Don't Stop the Music, Friends, Long Road to Texas, Melody Man, My Music, Pinball That's All, Rock N Roll Rodeo, Where Were You
 Goin' Down/(You're A) Heartbreaker (1983 Liberty 1491 or SP225) - single
 River City (1976 7" single MCA 40576
 Takin' My Time/Same (1976 single MCA 40611)
 Louisiana Rain (????

masks:
Bill Wray
Jim Wray
Bill Wray
Wray
Wray
Wray
Bill Wray
Bill Wray
Wray
Wray


title: Tom Skinner

texts:
<mask>  (18 April 1909 – 11 November 1991) was a New Zealand politician and Trades Union leader. Sir <mask> served as President of the Auckland Trades Council from 1954 to 1976, and President of the New Zealand Federation of Labour from 1959 until 1979. <mask> was known as a conciliatory and accommodating political leader, and in the 1970s he was seen as the voice of unionism in New Zealand. He served on several international union forums, including a spell as a member of the body controlling the International Labour Organization. He was instrumental in founding the Shipping Corporation of New Zealand, and was knighted in 1976. Early life
<mask> was born in Mangaweka in 1909, the third child and eldest son in a family of five. His father was a South African-born plumber (also <mask>); his mother was Australian-born Alice (née Chalk).The family moved to Auckland when <mask> was five, and he attended Bayfield school in Herne Bay. After leaving school he became an apprentice plumber, and established a plumbing business after finishing his apprenticeship. An accident on a motor-cycle left him unable to continue this work, and he had several other jobs until his health enabled him to return to plumbing. It was during the course of one of these jobs, as a milkman, that <mask> was first exposed to industrial action and union politics. <mask> married Martha May Wangford in December 1931. In December 1937, the <mask> family became the first tenants of a state house in Coates Avenue, Orakei. Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage helped carry furniture in through the front door (as he had with the first state house in Miramar, Wellington in September).This marriage was to produce one son but end in divorce. His second marriage to Mary Ethel "Molly" Yardley on 17 October 1942 resulted in a daughter and another son. Union involvement

<mask> became secretary of the Auckland branch of the New Zealand Plumbers Union in 1940, and soon became involved in other smaller unions such as the Auckland Musicians Union, and also with  the New Zealand Labour Party. In 1944 he stood unsuccessfully for the Auckland City Council on a Labour Party ticket. In 1946 he was Labour candidate for the Tamaki electorate, winning the marginal seat by a slender margin. Labour was defeated in the following election in 1949, and his seat was lost to Eric Halstead. He stood for the seat again at the next election but was again unsuccessful.<mask> had initially hoped to win nomination for the safe seat of  but was instead allocated the more marginal seat of Tamaki and was resentful towards Ritchie Macdonald who won the nomination for the Ponsonby seat. <mask> returned to his union career, becoming one of the new leaders of the movement after the disastrous 1951 Waterfront dispute. In 1952 he was elected vice president of the Auckland Trades Council and became president two years later, a position he retained for over 20 years. In 1959 <mask> was elected vice president of the New Zealand Federation of Labour and became president on the death of Fintan Patrick Walsh in 1963. As a leader, he was more conciliatory than his firebrand predecessor and encouraged several disaffected unions to rejoin the national body. <mask>'s conciliatory style served him well during the following years, as the late 1960s saw a rise in union restlessness with a government-controlled wage-fixing system. While he lost the vote on some key union policies, his strategy of directly approaching employers and individual unions to get them to work towards compromise solutions was frequently far more effective than his opponents' calls for the widespread use of direct action.By the late 1960s, collective bargaining was a well-established part of industrial relations. <mask>'s 16-year leadership of the FoL was marked by his attempts to find consensus and avoid division wherever possible — traits possibly born out of the aftermath of the 1951 dispute. By the 1970s, <mask> was seen as the voice of unionism in New Zealand, and served on several international union forums, including a spell as a member of the body controlling the International Labour Organization. With the election of Norman Kirk's Labour government in 1972, <mask> was able to have more say, indirectly, on policy. He was instrumental in founding the Shipping Corporation of New Zealand, and was its deputy chairman. A new Industrial Relations Act passed by the government was negotiated with the FOL and the Employers' Federation. The 1975 general election saw a return to power of Robert Muldoon and the National Party, which was elected on a strong anti-union platform.The introduction of a wage freeze in 1976 and amendments to the Industrial Relations Act which changed the definition of strikes and lockouts and increased penalties against striking workers led to demands for union action. Although many unions went on strike, a serious crisis was averted. <mask> was criticised by several unions for his moderate stance, but a vote on his leadership at the FoL's 1976 conference showed he still had overwhelming support. <mask>'s more moderate stance had the additional benefit that – while publicly opposed, <mask> and Muldoon (coincidentally the Member of Parliament for <mask>'s old Tamaki seat) established a working relationship that allowed progress to be made on government industrial policy to both sides' benefit. Like Muldoon he had made his way by "hard work and brains. Now they lived round the street from each other in plush Tamaki. Both liked whisky and would happily conspire and connive over a weekend evening, amidst the fumes of Scotch."<mask> retired in 1979 and was replaced by the more militant Jim Knox. Knox's style led to a sidelining of <mask>, though he retained an involvement with the NZ Shipping Corporation until the 1980s. After his wife died in 1985, he spent his time largely out of the public spotlight. Sir <mask> died on 11 November 1991 in Auckland. Activities outside the union movement
<mask> was heavily involved in many community organisations, most notably the St John Ambulance Association, but also among them the Royal New Zealand Coastguard and the New Zealand Institute for the Blind. He was also a director of private radio station Radio Pacific. <mask> was deputy chairman of the St John Ambulance Association's Auckland branch from 1958 to 1973 and chairman from 1973 to 1989.His sporting interests included yachting, cricket, and considerable involvement as a rugby league referee and administrator, and he managed the Kiwis' tour to Britain in 1960. A member of the Priory of St John in New Zealand, <mask> was made a Knight of the Order of St John in 1970 for his contribution to the St John's Ambulance Association. In the 1976 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the trade union movement and the community. <mask>'s autobiography, Man to Man (co-written by John Berry), was published by Whitcoulls in 1980. Notes

References

1909 births
1991 deaths
People from Mangaweka
New Zealand trade unionists
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
People from Auckland
New Zealand rugby league administrators
New Zealand rugby league referees
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1951 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1949 New Zealand general election

masks:
Sir Thomas Edward Skinner
Tom
Skinner
Skinner
Thomas Edward Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Tom
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner
Skinner


title: John Hughes (archbishop)

texts:
<mask> (June 24, 1797 – January 3, 1864) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He was the fourth Bishop and first Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York, serving between 1842 and his death in 1864. In 1841, he founded St. John's College, which would later become Fordham University. A native of Ireland, <mask> was born and raised in the south of County Tyrone. He emigrated to the United States in 1817, and became a priest in 1826 and a bishop in 1838. A figure of national prominence, he exercised great moral and social influence, and presided over a period of explosive growth for Catholicism in New York. He was regarded as "the best known, if not exactly the best loved, Catholic bishop in the country."He became known as "Dagger <mask>," both for his following the Catholic practice wherein a bishop precedes his signature with a cross, as well as for his aggressive personality. Early life
<mask> was born in the hamlet of Annaloghan, near Augher, in County Tyrone, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland. He was the third of seven children of Patrick and Margaret (née McKenna) <mask>. In reference to the anti-Catholic penal laws of Ireland, he later observed that, prior to his baptism, he had lived the first five days of his life on terms of "social and civil equality with the most favored subjects of the British Empire." He and his family suffered religious persecution in their native land; his late sister was denied a Catholic burial conducted by a priest, and <mask> himself was nearly attacked by a group of Orangemen when he was about 15. He was sent with his elder brothers to a day school in the nearby village of Augher, and afterwards attended a grammar school in Aughnacloy. <mask>, a poor but respectable tenant farmer, was forced to withdraw <mask> from school and sent him to work one of his farms.However, being disinclined to farm life, he was placed as an apprentice to Roger Toland, the gardener at Favour Royal Manor, to study horticulture. His family emigrated to the United States in 1816 and settled in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> joined them there the following year. He made several unsuccessful applications to Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland, where he was eventually hired by its Rector, the Abbé <mask>, S.S., as a gardener. During this time he befriended Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, who was favorably impressed by <mask> and persuaded Dubois to reconsider his admission. <mask> was subsequently admitted as a regular student of Mount St. Mary's in September 1820. In addition to his studies, he continued to supervise the garden, and served as a tutor in Latin and mathematics as well as prefect over the other students.At that time, the president of Mount St. Mary's was the brilliant Simon Bruté, who also lectured on Sacred Scripture and taught Theology and Moral Philosophy. (Bruté would later become the first bishop of the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana.) <mask> would on numerous occasions consult with his former teacher for advice long after he had left Emmitsburg. Priesthood
As a seminarian, <mask> resolved to serve his home Diocese of Philadelphia, then governed by Bishop Henry Conwell. The bishop, while performing a canonical visitation of his diocese, met <mask> at his parents' home in Chambersburg and invited him to accompany him on the remainder of his visitation. On October 15, 1826, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Conwell at Old St. Joseph's Church in Philadelphia. <mask>' first assignment was as a curate at St. Augustine's Church in Philadelphia, where he assisted its pastor, the Rev.Father Michael Hurley, O.E.S.A., by celebrating Mass, hearing confessions, preaching sermons, and other duties in the parish. Later that year he was sent to serve as a missionary in Bedford, where he secured the conversions of several Protestants. In January 1827, he was recalled to Philadelphia and named pastor of St. Joseph's Church. He laboured afterwards at St. Mary's Church, whose trustees were in open revolt against the bishop, and were subdued by <mask> only when he built St. John the Evangelist Church in 1832, then considered one of the finest in the country. Previous to this, in 1829, he founded St. John's Orphan Asylum. About this time <mask> became engaged in a public controversy over Catholic beliefs with the Rev. <mask>. Breckinridge, a distinguished Presbyterian clergyman and son of the former Attorney General in the Jefferson Administration.Several debates ensued between the two concerning whether Catholicism was compatible with American republicanism and liberty. Though it was predicted that the Irish immigrant would be outclassed by his better educated Protestant adversary, <mask> acquitted himself very well against his opponent's attacks on his religion. The debates resulted in the pugnacious <mask>' emergence as a vigorous defender of Catholicism in America. His name was mentioned for the vacant see of Cincinnati and as a coadjutor for Philadelphia. Episcopacy

Coadjutor bishop
<mask> was chosen by Pope Gregory XVI as the coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of New York on August 7, 1837. He was consecrated bishop at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral on January 7, 1838, with the title of the titular see of Basilinopolis, by the Bishop of New York, <mask>, S.S., his former Rector. Although wishing <mask> no ill, many of the priests in the diocese had favored the popular Rev <mask>, Vicar-General.Power had been overlooked for the position in 1826 when Dubois won the appointment as bishop. The clergy demonstrated their disappointment by not attending the consecration. Trusteeism
One challenge <mask> took on upon arriving in New York was the dispute between the trustees of various parishes in the city, who held the control of these institutions. This practice was known as trusteeism, and the bishop challenged both the practicality and the legitimacy of it. <mask> drew upon his experience with this situation in Philadelphia and was able to get a referendum passed by the Catholics of the city in 1841 supporting the authority of the bishop. Education
<mask> also campaigned actively on behalf of Irish immigrants, and attempted to secure state support for parochial schools; the effort failed. He protested against the standard use of the King James Bible in public schools by the Public School Society, a private organization which operated the schools of New York City.He claimed that it was an attack on Catholic constitutional rights of double taxation, because Catholics would need to pay taxes for public school and also pay for the parochial school to send their children, to avoid having their children indoctrinated by teachers following the Protestant teachings footnoted in that translation of the Bible. However, there are no footnotes in the King James Bible; nonetheless the translation itself favoured a Protestant doctrine over a Catholic one, in addition to being a translation from the Textus Receptus rather than the Catholic Latin Vulgate. When he failed to secure state support, he founded an independent Catholic school system in New York, as did other Catholic centers. The resulting parochial school systems which became an integral part of the Catholic Church's structure two decades after <mask> died, at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884). It mandated that all parishes nationwide have a school and that all Catholic children be sent to those schools. Bishop of New York
<mask> was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the diocese the following year, due to Dubois' failing health. As coadjutor, he automatically succeeded Dubois upon the bishop's death on December 20, 1842.He took over a diocese which covered the entire State of New York and northern New Jersey, having only some 40 priests to serve a Catholic population estimated to be about 200,000 at the time. In 1844 anti-Catholic riots instigated by Nativist agitators threatened to spread to New York from Philadelphia, where two churches had been burned and twelve people had died. <mask> put armed guards at Catholic churches and, after learning a Nativist rally was scheduled to take place in New York, famously told the Nativist sympathizing mayor that "if a single Catholic Church were burned in New York, the city would become a second Moscow" – a reference to the Fire of Moscow. City leaders took him at his word, and the anti-Catholic faction was not allowed to conduct its rally. <mask> founded the Ultramontane newspaper the New York Freeman to express his ideas. In 1850 he delivered an address entitled "The Decline of Protestantism and Its Causes," in which he announced as the ambition of Catholicism "to convert all Pagan nations, and all Protestant nations. . . . Our mission [is] to convert the world –including the inhabitants of the United States – the people of the cities, and the people of the country, . . . the Legislatures, the Senate, the Cabinet, the President, and all!"<mask> held a "strong commitment to the cause of Irish freedom" but also felt that immigrants, particularly his fellow Irish immigrants, "should demonstrate their unswerving loyalty to their adopted land." Archbishop
<mask> became an archbishop on July 19, 1850, when the diocese was elevated to the status of archdiocese by Pope Pius IX. As archbishop, <mask> became the metropolitan for the Catholic bishops serving all the dioceses established in the entire Northeastern United States. He convened the first meeting of the Ecclesiastical Province of New York in September 1854. After this he traveled to Rome, where he was present at the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception as a dogma of the Catholic Church by Pope Pius. <mask> served as President Lincoln's semiofficial envoy to the Vatican and to France in later 1861 and early 1862. Lincoln also sought <mask>' advice on the appointment of hospital chaplains.In an address in March 1852, <mask> lionized what he referred to as the "spirit of the constitution," expressed hope that the "parties" of the republic would be completely "penetrated" by that spirit, and stated that the founders' achievements in the realm of religious freedom were "original" in history and that the constitution's "negation of all power to legislate" on "rights of conscience" made American law on that topic superior to that of other countries which had secured these rights "by some positive statute." In the same address, <mask> also expressed sentiments of religious toleration, stating that "we are indebted" to the "liberality of Protestantism," in light of the fact that the framers of the Constitution "were almost, if not altogether, exclusively Protestants," while averring that the strong leadership of Washington and the variety of opposing Protestant views were likely more influential to the framers' stance on religious freedom than Protestantism itself. <mask> also stated that "the great men who framed the Constitution saw, with keen and delicate perception, that the right to tolerate implied the equal right to refuse toleration, and on behalf of the United States, as a civil government, they denied all right to legislate in the premises, one way or the other." He affirmed the role of Catholic soldiers in American wars, declaring, "I think I shall be safe in saying that there has not been one important campaign or engagement in which Catholics have not bivouacked, fought, and fallen by the side of Protestants, in maintaining the rights and honor of their common country." <mask> also said that "It is... out of place, and altogether untrue, to assert or assume that this is a Protestant country or a Catholic country. It is neither. It is a land of religious freedom and equality; and I hope that, in this respect, it shall remain just what it now is to the latest posterity," and also that "Catholics, as such, are by no means strangers and foreigners in this land....The Catholics have been here from the earliest dawn of the morning." Slavery, and <mask>el
While <mask> did not endorse slavery, he suggested that the conditions of the "starving laborers" in the Northern states were often worse than that of those held in bondage in the South. He believed the Abolitionist movement veered towards ideological excess. In 1842 <mask> had cautioned his flock against signing O'Connell's abolitionist petition ("An Address of the People of Ireland to their Countrymen and Countrywomen in America") which he regarded as unnecessarily provocative. Against what he saw as the Protestant republican agenda promoted by the Young Irelander exile <mask> and his journal the Citizen, <mask>, nonetheless, took a stand on the issue. Mitchel was uncompromising in defence of slavery, denying it was a crime, "or even a peccadillo to hold slaves, to buy slaves, to keep slaves to their work by flogging or other needful correction". He, himself, might wish for "a good plantation well-stocked with healthy negroes in Alabama."At Mitchel saw it, <mask> copied the abolition press "to cast an Alabama plantation" in his "teeth”. Death

<mask> served as archbishop until his death. He was originally buried in the old St. Patrick's Cathedral, but his remains were exhumed in 1882 and reinterred in the crypt under the altar of the new St. Patrick's Cathedral which he had undertaken to build. Character
Monsignor Thomas Shelley in his study on <mask> described him as a very "complex character," with one side that was "impetuous and authoritarian, a poor administrator and worse financial manager, indifferent to the non-Irish members of his flock, and prone to invent reality when it suited the purposes of his rhetoric." But Shelley finds this did not detract from the effectiveness of <mask>, who established 61 new parishes along with many other institutions. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that <mask> "labored to bring a largely working-class Irish community into a meaningful relationship with Catholic Christianity" while at the same time working "to conciliate middle-class Catholics and Protestant well-wishers whose financial support he needed for his amazingly ambitious program of building." Howe continues, "Although no theologian, <mask> ranks high for political judgment and in the significance of his accomplishments among nineteenth century American statesmen, civil as well as ecclesiastical.He successfully coped with fierce party competition in New York, bitter battles over the public school system, revolutions in Europe, the rise of nativism across the United States, and soaring rates of immigration after the Great Famine of Ireland. He encouraged his people to hard work, personal discipline, and upward social mobility." "Crucially, he combined his staunch American patriotism with staunch devotion to a nineteenth-century papacy deeply suspicious of all liberalism, especially American." <mask> "succeeded in fostering a strong Irish American identity, one centered on the Catholic faith rather than on the secular radicalism of the Irish nationalists who competed with him for community leadership." This achievement, however, came "at the cost of losing to the Irish-American community the Irish Protestant immigrants." According to his later successor, Patrick Cardinal Hayes, named archbishop of New York in 1919, Archbishop <mask> was severe of manner, and kindly of heart, but was not aggressive until assailed. Legacy
In New York, <mask> founded St. John's College (now Fordham University) and, under his administration, invited many religious congregations to staff and administrate schools in New York, among them members of the Society of Jesus (to whom he entrusted the care of St. John's), who also established Fordham Prep and Xavier High School; the Brothers of the Christian Schools who founded Manhattan College; and he established as an autonomous congregation the Sisters of Charity of New York, in which his sister Angela was a member, who founded the Academy of Mount St. Vincent (now College of Mount Saint Vincent).All of these institutions remain active to this day. "<mask> Hall," the first purpose-built home of Fordham Prep, was named for the archbishop in 1935. The building currently houses Fordham University's Gabelli School of Business on its Rose Hill campus. There is also a dining space on the Rose Hill campus named  "Dagger John's" in honor of <mask>. In addition, each year, Fordham recognizes a graduating senior who has demonstrated achievement in the study of philosophy with an award named in honor of <mask>. To the dismay of many in New York's Protestant upper-class, <mask> foresaw the uptown expansion of the city and began construction of the current St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Street, laying its cornerstone on August 15, 1858. It was not completed until after his death.At the time, due to its remote location in a still-rural part of Manhattan, the new cathedral was initially dubbed "<mask>' Folly" by the press for many years. Ultimately, <mask>' foresight proved providential, as the rapid urban growth uptown would soon place the new cathedral in the emerging urban center of midtown Manhattan. References

External links

1797 births
1864 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of New York
Fordham University faculty
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Burials at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
Burials at St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)
University and college founders

masks:
John Joseph Hughes
Hughes
John
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Patrick Hughes
John
Hughes
John Dubois
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
John A
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
John Dubois
Hughes
John Power
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
John Mitch
Hughes
Hughes
John Mitchel
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
John Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


title: Zimri (king)

texts:
Zimri (Hebrew: , Zīmrī, lit. "praiseworthy", also transliterated as Zambri due to a Greek corruption of Omri), was the fifth king of Israel. His reign lasted only seven days. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876 BCE, while E. R. Thiele offers the date 885 BCE. His story is told in 1 Kings, Chapter 16. Ancestry

According to Louis Ginzberg, Zimri was the only monarch born from the Tribe of Simeon. Reportedly, this Tribe never received a blessing from Moses,  and did not have an impact in the royal successions of Israel.In Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright (1902), J. H. Allen suggested that <mask> was a descendant of Zerah. Zerah is a character in the Book of Genesis, one of the twin sons of Judah and Tamar. Zerah was the twin brother Perez, and one of the founding members of the Tribe of Judah. Allen's speculation was based on the Books of Chronicles. In 1 Chronicles 2:6, another character called "<mask>" is listed among the five sons of Zerah:

Allen thought it likely that <mask>, son of Zerah was a namesake ancestor of King <mask>. Tomoo Ishida suggested instead that the narrative of dynastic instability in the Kingdom of Israel suggests an underlying rivalry among tribes for its throne. In the biblical narrative, the House of Jeroboam was from the Tribe of Ephraim, while the House of Baasha was from the Tribe of Issachar.The Omrides are connected in this narrative with the city of Jezreel, where they maintained a second palace. According to the Book of Joshua, Jezreel was controlled by the Tribe of Issachar. Ishida views the narrative as suggesting that the Omrides themselves were members of the Tribe of Issachar. The assassinated king Elah and Omri thus shared a "common tribal origin", and were possibly kinsmen. Omri and the Tribe of Issachar's opposition to <mask> indicates that Zimri was not a member of their tribe. Ishida views both <mask> and his successor Tibni as likely members of the Tribe of Ephraim, its candidates in an attempt to reclaim the throne. But he also suggests another hypothesis, that Tibni originated from the city of Gina (also known as Beth-haggan) mentioned in the Amarna letters (14th century BC).In the Biblical narrative, this city was under the control of the Tribe of Manasseh. So Tibni could instead be the Tribe of Manasseh's candidate for the throne. Similarly, genealogist David Hughes speculated that <mask> and Tibni were members of the Tribe of Ephraim, and siblings to each other. He further speculated that they were descendants of Hoshea, son of Azaziah, one of the rulers of the Tribe of Ephraim. Hoshea and Azaziah are characters briefly mentioned in the Books of Chronicles (I Chronicles 27:20), where Hoshea is a contemporary of David:

Reign

He was the chariot commander who murdered king Elah and all his family members at Tirzah, as Elah was drinking in the house of Arza, his steward. <mask> succeeded Elah as king. However, <mask> reigned only seven days, because the army elected Omri as king.With their support, Omri laid siege to Tirzah. Finding his position untenable, <mask> set fire to the palace, killing himself. Omri solidified his reign only after four years of war with Tibni, another claimant to the throne. Analysis

In the biblical text, <mask> is introduced as the military commander who leads half of the chariotry in the army of Elah, King of Israel. The text offers no background information on <mask>, focusing entirely on the assassination of Elah by <mask>, and the subsequent extermination of the House of Baasha which <mask> orchestrated. According to Marvin A. Sweeney, this lack of detail is a consequence of the ephemerality of <mask>a, Zimri apparently had no historical impact.The motivation behind <mask>'s coup d'état is not stated in the biblical text, though it is "readily intelligible" from its context in the narrative. in the late years of his reign, Baasha of Israel had faced a military alliance against him, formed by the Kingdom of Judah and the Arameans. The northernmost areas of the Kingdom of Israel were under the threat of an Aramean invasion, and Baasha had been forced to abandon his control over the city of Ramah in Benjamin. In other words, Israel was facing a military and political disaster, which likely undermined the political support for the reigning House of Baasha. According to the biblical text, Elah was assassinated in the city of Tirzah. <mask> attacked him within the residence of Arza, who was apparently the royal steward. The sparse narrative offers no other information on Arza.The narrative does mention that Elah was suffering from alcohol intoxication at the time of the assassination. During his short reign, <mask> reportedly managed to exterminate the entire House of Baasha, along with their kinspeople and their supporters. The narrative claims that <mask> was following an oracle, given by a diviner called Jehu. Zimri reportedly left the corpses of his victims, the members of the House of Baasha, unburied. The corpses were used as food by the local dogs and birds. The biblical text then mentions that the army of Israel was far from Tirzah at the time of the assassination. The army was besieging Gibbethon, a city controlled by the Philistines.The implication here is that <mask> was free to act, because the absent army could not defend king Elah. Presumably <mask> hoped that he could secure his place on the throne before the army could react to his coup. In the Biblical narrative, the army of Israel refuses to accept <mask> as a legitimate king, and instead elects its commander Omri as a rival candidate for the throne, an anti-king. The text implies that <mask> used to be subordinate to Omri in the command hierarchy of the army, and still had more influence on the troops than <mask>. The narrative continues with Omri and his army rapidly marching towards Tirzah, and besieging the city. <mask> apparently did not expect such a rapid response to his coup, and did not have enough time to organize the defense of the city. The city fell after a brief siege.<mask> set the royal palace on fire and died in the flames, choosing suicide by self-immolation over surrendering to Omri. Following <mask>'s death, the narrative continues with a civil war between the rival kings Omri and Tibni. The sparse text leaves it unclear whether Tibni was a supporter of <mask> who took over the leadership of <mask>'s political faction, or whether he was an opportunist who was merely attempting to take advantage of the power vacuum created by <mask>. William H. Barnes interprets the phrase "half the king's chariot" to mean that there were two chariot military formations in the army of Israel. <mask> apparently led a chariot formation stationed at the city of Tirzah itself, from where it could easily respond to military attacks by the Kingdom of Judah. The other formation, which is not mentioned in the text, was likely stationed at the city of Megiddo. Barnes suggests that Elah was attending a private party at the time of his assassination.The writers of the Books of Kings used this occasion to express their disapproval of political or military leaders drinking to excess. Not directly stated is that <mask> took advantage of the party, to strike at Elah while his guard was down. The host of the party, Arza, was the supervisor of the palace. Making his position equivalent to that of a majordomo or prime minister. Zimri's elimination of all members of the previous reigning family was a then-"typical procedure", in order to avoid reprisals from Elah's heirs. Despite holding a high-ranking position in the military, <mask> never receives a patronymic in the biblical narrative. This likely indicates that this monarch's ancestry was humble or obscure.The name 'Zimri" has been suggested to derive from the Aramaic language. Another possible explanation is that it was a theophoric name, a shortening of the phrase "strength of Yahweh". If so, Yahweh was Zimri's tutelary deity. Barnes calls attention to the siege of Gibbethon in the narrative of <mask>'s reign. A previous siege of Gibbethon is mentioned in the First Books of Kings, taking place in the last year of the reign of Nadab of Israel, 24 years before <mask>'s rise to the throne. Several writers have suggested that the implication in the text is the army of Israel had been intermittently besieging this city for 24 years, without ever managing to capture it. A testament to the military weakness of Israel under the rule of the House of Baasha.The biblical narrative views <mask>'s death in the flames as a "tragically heroic" manner of dying, indicating that suicide was not seen as a cowardly way to die. <mask>'s suicide has similarities to Samson's suicide in the Book of Judges. The text describing the fire is vague enough to allow the possibility that Omri's army had set the palace on fire, instead of <mask> himself. However, the text otherwise indicates that <mask> chose the manner of his death. The writers of the Books of Kings accuse <mask> of repeating the sins of his distant predecessor, Jeroboam. This is a standard condemnation, used in the narrative to vilify every king of Israel. <mask> did not reign long enough to emulate Jeroboam's policies, or to commit the other sins typically indicated.While a reign of seven days is usually attributed to <mask>, there is a divergent account in the Greek-language text of the Codex Vaticanus. This variant attributes a reign of seven years to <mask>. The difference likely derives from the Hebrew term "Yamim" and how it was interpreted. It is variously translated as "days" or "years", and specifically translates to "years" in passages from the Books of Samuel. Barnes notes that there is a discrepancy in the way the narrative depicts <mask>. He is castigated as a usurper and a traitor in nearly every passage of the narrative, yet treated as a tragic hero in the narrative of his death. <mask>'s suicide by self-immolation is not unique in ancient narratives.The legendary king Sardanapalus of Assyria supposedly died in this manner, and there are similar accounts on the deaths of the historical kings Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon (reigned 667-648 BC) and Sinsharishkun of Assyria (reigned c. 627-612 BC). Barnes notes that <mask> was the last king of Israel to use Tirzah as his capital city. His successor Omri transferred the capital to the city of Samaria. Hillel I. Millgram draws a number of inferences, based on the available information in the sparse text. First, <mask>'s coup was probably the result of "meticulous planning", and prepared in advance. Within a few days, <mask> and his unnamed supporters managed to hunt down and execute the extended royal family, along with its friends and its supporters. This suggests that the entire ruling circle of the Kingdom was swiftly executed.In Millgram's views, this suggests that <mask> had prepared a hit list which identified the intended victims. The executions were likely carried out by death squads employed by <mask>. <mask>'s swift executions seem to have had a clear purpose, to prevent the formation of a counter-revolution which would oppose his regime. He probably expected the rest of the kingdom to accept the regime change as fait accompli, miscalculating his own influence over the royal army. The news of the assassinations may have caught Omri by surprise, but likely inspired the ambitious general to claim the throne for himself. <mask>'s purge likely inspired resentment among the troops, which Omri managed to use for his own purposes. Millgram estimates a distance of  between Zimri's headquarters in Tirzah, and Omri's headquarters outside the walls of Gibbethon.A distance which an army could cover within two days of loaded marching. The fall of Tirzah after a surprisingly short siege, allows insight into the flaws of Zimri's planning. The capital city lacked the provisions to endure a longer siege. <mask> may have found preparations for a siege unnecessary, or he devoted most of his attention to the purge instead of the defensive measures needed. The general population of the city would be unlikely to take risk in defense of the new regime, as this regime had been dedicated to killing part of the city's residents. The city probably fell with minimal resistance, and <mask>'s suicide indicates that <mask> himself accepted the defeat of his forces. His main concern was to escape captivity at the hands of his enemies.The narrative of his brief reign suggests that <mask> never left Tirzah. Consequently, he did not have the time to make a pilgrimage to the holy site of Bethel, which was a religious duty for the kings of Israel. Millgram makes the observation that the narrative in the Books of Kings presents <mask> as more ruthless and bloodthirsty than the previous usurpers of the king. Jeroboam had usurped the throne from the legitimate king Rehoboam, but did not actually kill Rehoboam. Jeroboam's supporters merely killed Adoniram, one of Rehoboam's subordinate officials. Baasha had usurped the throne from the legitimate king Nadab, by killing both Nadab and the extended royal family of the House of Jeroboam. But Baasha is not mentioned killing Nadab's other supporters.<mask> killed Elah the extended royal family of the House of Baasha, and their supporters. In this narrative of successive usurpations, <mask>'s reign thus represents an event of conflict escalation. The suicide of <mask> plays a role in the narrative concerning the succession. It absolves Omri from accusations of regicide. Following Jeroboam and Nadab, Omri becomes the third king of Israel who has neither committed regicide (unlike Baasha and <mask>), nor is the son of a regicide (unlike Elah). According to Edward F. Campbell, there is one distinctive feature of the biblical narrative concerning the kings <mask> and Omri. The military of Israel itself is the instigator of the action in this narrative, assisting in the elevation of both kings in power.No prophet is depicted in this narrative, there is neither divine intervention, nor any hint of divine approval or disapproval for any action in this narrative. The narrative does not depict any deity, and any representative of a deity. The transition in government is thus not explained through an appeal to divine authority, unlike other narratives in the Books of Kings. Robin Gallaher Branch has observed that the Biblical text uses the term "'ebed" (slave, servant) in reference to <mask>'s social position before rising to the throne, rather than the term "mesharet" (free servant) which was often used for military officials serving the Hebrew monarchs. In his view, this suggests that <mask> may have been a literal slave who was entrusted with a military position. <mask>'s relatively high-ranking military position suggests that he had sufficient "brawn, brute force, and technical skill" to serve in this position. In the biblical narrative, Elah behaves similarly to his distant predecessor David.David remained in his capital Jerusalem during wartime operations, choosing to stay away from the front lines. David entrusted the leadership of his army to Joab and devoted his own time to committing adultery with a married woman, Bathsheba. Following David's precedent, Elah entrusted the leadership of his army to Omri, and stayed away from the front lines. He devoted his own time to alcohol drinking and attending parties. The behavior seems intended to prevent the kings from risking their own lives in war, and to use their soldiers to handle life-threatening situations. Yet, this behavior gave <mask> the opportunity to assassinate Elah, in the absence of most of the royal army. <mask> was not the only Biblical character to commit suicide.The group of other Biblical suicide victims includes Saul, Ahitophel, and Judas Iscariot. While the Biblical narrative depicts <mask>'s boldness and willingness to take decisive action, his short reign exhibits only one outstanding skill of this monarch: <mask> was a "proficient killer". Branch observes that the narrative implies that <mask> lacked administrative skills. He connects Zimri to a passage of the Book of Proverbs (30:21–22) which disparages servants who become kings, apparently because their powerful position makes them "excessively pretentious, arrogant, and disagreeable". Such behaviour by Zimri could explain why he lacked sufficient popular support in his conflict with Omri. Legacy
The name <mask> became a byword for a traitor who murdered his master. When Jehu led a bloody military revolt to seize the throne of Israel, killed both Jehoram king of Israel and Ahaziah king of Judah, and entered the citadel of Jezreel to execute Queen Jezebel, she greeted him with the words: "Is it peace, Zimri, you murderer of your master?"(). In John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, the character of <mask> stands for the Duke of Buckingham. References

Further reading

9th-century BC Kings of Israel
880s BC deaths
Regicides
Biblical murderers
Suicides by self-immolation
Ancient people who committed suicide
House of Zimri
Tribe of Simeon
Dethroned monarchs

masks: Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimriash Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri


title: Blas Ople

texts:
<mask> (February 3, 1927 – December 14, 2003) was a Filipino journalist and politician who held several high-ranking positions in the executive and legislative branches of the Philippine government, including as Senate President from 1999 to 2000, and as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 2002 until his death. Perceived as a leftist-nationalist at the onset of his career in public service, <mask> was, in his final years, a vocal supporter for allowing a limited United States military presence in the Philippines, and for American initiatives in the War on Terror including the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq. <mask>'s most enduring role was his nineteen years as Secretary (later Minister) of Labor and Employment during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, when Philippine labor laws were overhauled through the enactment of the Labor Code of the Philippines that he had helped author. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Hagonoy, Bulacan on February 3, 1927, to <mask>, a craftsman who repaired boats, and his wife Segundina Fajardo. He graduated valedictorian of his grade school class at the Hagonoy Elementary School in 1941. Upon the invasion of the Philippines by Japan during World War II, he also had been to Hagonoy Institute during his secondary schooling, the teenage <mask> joined the guerilla movement and fought under the Del Pilar Regiment and the Buenavista Regiment of the Bulacan Military Area founded by Alejo Santos. In 1948, he finished his high school studies at the Far Eastern University High School in Manila.He worked towards a degree in liberal arts at the Educational Center of Asia (formerly Quezon College) in Manila. After graduation, <mask> pursued a career in journalism. He became a desk editor at the Daily Mirror and the author of its Jeepney Tales column. Still in his twenties, <mask> was one of the youngest newspaper columnists of that era. <mask> also established a public relations consulting firm. He soon became known for his nationalist views. He co-founded the Kilusang Makabansa (National Progress Movement), an organization which frequently spoke out on issues of nationalism and social justice in the 1950s.In 1953, he joined the Magsaysay-for-President Movement, a volunteer group supporting the presidential campaign of Ramon Magsaysay, heading its Executive Planning Committee and working as a speechwriter for candidates of the Nacionalista Party. After Magsaysay's election, he joined the government as special assistant to the Secretary of Labor and technical assistant on labor and agrarian affairs. Secretary of Labor
In 1965, <mask> was appointed as Social Security Commissioner by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. In 1967, he was appointed Secretary of Labor and Employment (in 1978 the position was renamed Minister of Labor and Employment). He resigned briefly in 1971 to run an unsuccessful campaign for election to the Philippine Senate, but was re-appointed to his post in 1972, retaining the position until 1986. At the time of his appointment, <mask> was perceived as a "leftist Nationalist". His leftist credentials were enhanced when he co-founded, in 1972, the Philippine-Soviet Friendship Society.As Labor Secretary <mask> was instrumental in the framing of the Labor Code of the Philippines, which codified the labor laws of the country and introduced innovations such as prohibiting the termination of workers without legal cause. <mask> instituted labor policies institutionalizing the technical education of workers. In 1976, <mask> initiated a program for the overseas employment of Filipino workers. It was during his tenure at Labor that the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration and the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration were created. <mask> obtained recognition from the International Labour Organization during his stint as Labor Minister. In 1975, he was elected president of the 60th International Labour Conference of the ILO, the first Filipino to hold that post. In 1983, that organization awarded <mask> a Gold Medal of Appreciation.He was a close adviser of President Marcos, though he was not later to be associated with the corruption of the Marcos' government and was  perceived as "not corrupt". He created international headlines in December 1984 when he admitted to the press that the lupus-stricken Marcos was incapacitated to the point of being unable "to take major initiatives", and that the President's illness had placed the Philippines in "a kind of interregnum". Marcos responded a few days later by baring his chest to his Cabinet before television cameras to dispel rumors that he was seriously ill or had undergone surgery. In 1978, <mask> was elected an Assemblyman of the Interim Batasang Pambansa representing Central Luzon, and  reelected in 1984. During the 1986 presidential elections, <mask> served as a political campaign manager of President Marcos, who was running against Corazon Aquino. Shortly before the outbreak of the 1986 People Power Revolution, Marcos dispatched <mask> to Washington, D.C. to lobby the American government on behalf of the President. <mask> was in Washington D.C. upon the outbreak of the revolt, and was advised  by U.S. Secretary of State, George P. Shultz, to call on Marcos to resign.<mask> publicly reiterated his support for Marcos in the American media in such fora as on This Week with David Brinkley. 1986 Constitutional Commission Member
Following the success of the People Power Revolution and the installation to the presidency of Corazon Aquino, <mask> was relieved of his Cabinet post. <mask> returned to the Philippines and immediately attempted to position himself as the leader of the political opposition against Aquino. Nonetheless in May 1986, <mask> accepted an offer by President Aquino to serve in the Constitutional Commission that drafted a new Philippine Constitution. In the 1987 congressional elections, <mask> ran a second time for the Philippine Senate, under the banner of the nationalist-led Grand Alliance for Democracy coalition. He was defeated in this attempt, and returned to private life, serving as chairman of the Institute for Public Policy (IPP), a policy research institute. Senator of the Philippines

In 1992, he ran again for the Senate under the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino.He was elected to a six-year term. In the Senate, <mask> served as Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee and on the Commission of Appointments. He became Senate President Pro-Tempore in 1998. <mask> won a re-election for the senate in 1998, under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino. In 1999, upon the resignation of the terminally-ill Marcelo Fernan, <mask> became the President of the Senate. In that capacity, he was a key proponent of the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement between the Philippines and the United States, which allowed American forces to enter the Philippines for short-term training exercises. He yielded the Senate presidency in 2000 to Franklin Drilon.Later that year, he sat as one of the senator-judges in the impeachment trial of his ally, President Joseph Estrada. He was one of the eleven votes during the trial that successfully voted to block the opening of an envelope that was believed to contain proof of the corruption charges against Estrada. Public anger over the Senate vote triggered the EDSA Revolution of 2001, leading to the ouster of Estrada and the accession of Vice-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to the presidency. Secretary of Foreign Affairs
In July 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo appointed <mask>, a member of the political opposition in the Senate, as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in her cabinet. The appointment was with some controversy. Weeks earlier, Arroyo's hand-picked Vice-President Teofisto Guingona had resigned as Foreign Affairs Secretary after voicing disagreement with the plan of the Philippine and United States governments to allow American troops to help combat Islamic terrorist groups such as the Abu Sayyaf as part of the post-9/11 "War on Terror". <mask>, who had earlier been a vocal supporter of the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement, was perceived to be more amenable to the plan.In addition, left-wing labor activists denounced the appointment of <mask>, citing his Marcos-era role in promoting overseas employment of Filipino workers which, they said, had resulted in abuses inflicted on Filipino workers abroad. During his stint as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, <mask> was at the forefront of the negotiations that led to the deployment of American military forces inside the Philippines, though he insisted that the American troops would not participate in combat missions. Under his watch, the American and Filipino governments signed an agreement that provided immunity to each other's citizens facing charges before international tribunals such as the International Criminal Court. <mask> was also a vocal supporter of the Iraq War, and pushed for the deployment of a small Filipino contingent in Iraq. He predicted in November 2003, "Baghdad will be transformed from a symbol of brutal despotism to a new, shining symbol of human freedom. The sacrifices invested in the liberation of Iraq, to which Filipinos made a significant contribution, will be fully vindicated and cherished for all time." Death and legacy

In the months prior to his death, <mask>, a longtime chain smoker, had suffered from ill health and often attended international conferences in a wheelchair.On the night of December 13, 2003, <mask> had difficulty breathing and lost consciousness while aboard a Japan Asia Airways flight from Bangkok to Tokyo. The flight was diverted to Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taoyuan County, Taiwan (now Taoyuan City), and <mask> was rushed to a nearby hospital where he was initially pronounced dead on arrival, but given medical treatment nonetheless. Efforts to revive him were futile, and his death on Sunday, December 14, 2003, was announced by his family. President Arroyo mourned <mask> as "an architect of Philippine foreign policy in the finest tradition of enlightened and pragmatic diplomacy", while U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell hailed him as "one of the pivotal figures of the late Twentieth Century for Philippine history". More critical of <mask>, Teddy Casiño, secretary-general of the leftist coalition BAYAN, called him a "political chameleon" who "tried to pass himself off as a nationalist but [was] most pro-American". Nonetheless, Casiño acknowledged that <mask> was "a consistent, brilliant and very astute politician". <mask> was eulogized in Time magazine, which recalled his erudition, his skill at political survival, and his trademark "extraordinary baritone".The eulogy also said that at the height of the People Power Revolution, <mask> in Washington, D.C. had reported to Marcos in Manila that the President's support within the Reagan administration was falling. Marcos responded by asking <mask> to reach out to his contacts in the Soviet government. Ople rebuffed Marcos, and as Time noted, declined "to help make the Philippines a Soviet colony three years before the Berlin Wall fell". <mask> is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. In 2004, President Arroyo named <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, as Undersecretary of the Department of Labor and Employment. The building housing the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration at the corner of EDSA and Ortigas Avenue was renamed Blas F. Ople Building in his honor on February 4, 2004. References

External links

Senate of the Philippines – Biography of Blas Ople
Blas F. Ople Policy Center and Training Institute

1927 births
2003 deaths
20th-century journalists
Arroyo Administration cabinet members
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
Filipino columnists
Filipino diplomats
Filipino journalists
Filipino Roman Catholics
Grand Crosses of the Order of Lakandula
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan politicians
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino politicians
Manuel L. Quezon University alumni
Marcos Administration cabinet members
Members of the Batasang Pambansa
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Bulacan
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Bulacan
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Secretaries of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines
Secretaries of Labor and Employment of the Philippines
Senators of the 9th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 10th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 11th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 12th Congress of the Philippines

masks:
Blas Fajardo Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Felix Antonio Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Susan Ople