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 was seen as "a truthful, and on the whole, reliable witness". Bribery
In 2008, The Times reported that court papers showed Abramovich admitting that he paid billions of dollars for political favours and protection fees for shares of Russia's oil and aluminium assets. Allegations of loan fraud
An allegation emerging from a Swiss investigation links <mask>, through a former company, and numerous other Russian politicians, industrialists and bankers to using a US$4.8 billion (€3.4 billion) loan from the IMF as personal slush fund; an audit sponsored by the IMF itself determined that all of the IMF funds had been used appropriately. In January 2005, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) indicated that it would be suing Abramovich over a £9 million (US$14.9 million/€10.6 million) loan. The EBRD said that it is owed US$17.5 million (€12.45 million/£10.6 million) by Runicom, a Switzerland-based oil trading business which had been controlled by <mask> and Eugene Shvidler. <mask>'s spokesman indicated that the loan had previously been repaid. Antitrust law violation in Russia
Russia's antitrust body, the Federal Antimonopoly Service, claimed that Evraz Holding, owned in part by <mask>, had breached Russian competition law by offering unfavourable terms for contractors and discriminating against domestic consumers for coking coal, a key material used in steel production.Dispute with Kolomoyskyi
According to Putin, Abramovich has been cheated by Ukrainian-Cypriot-Israeli oligarch Igor Kolomoyskyi. Putin claimed in 2014 that Kolomoyskyi had reneged on a contract with <mask>, saying that the pair signed a multibillion-dollar deal on which Kolomoyskyi never delivered. Pollution and Climate Change
According to The Guardian, in 2015 his $766m stake in Evraz, the steel and mining company, gave him ownership of about a quarter of Russia’s largest coal mine, the Raspadskaya coal complex in Siberia, whose reserves represented 1.5GT of carbon emissions, comparable to the annual output of Russia itself. According to The Conversation, "<mask>, who made most of his $19 billion fortune trading oil and gas, was the biggest polluter on our list" of most polluting billionaires, estimating "that he was responsible for at least 33,859 metric tons of CO2 emissions in 2018 – more than two-thirds from his yacht." Funding of Israeli Settlement
An investigation by BBC News Arabic has found that Abramovich controls companies that have donated $100m to an Israeli settler organisation. Elad operates in occupied East Jerusalem. By allowing settlement activity in the area Israel is considered to be in breach of international law.Israel disputes this view. Analysis of bank documents indicate <mask> is the largest single donor to the organisation. The bank documents - known as the FinCEN Files - were leaked to BuzzFeed News, then shared with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the BBC. Elad also runs the City of David and other archaeological sites, visited by a million tourists each year in Jerusalem. There are arguments that Israel is breaking international law by allowing exploratory archaeological digs to be carried out in occupied land. A spokesman for <mask> told the BBC, that he "is a committed and generous supporter of Israeli and Jewish civil society, and over the past 20 years he had donated over five hundred million dollars to support healthcare, science, education and Jewish communities in Israel and around the world." European football

Chelsea F.C.In June 2003, <mask> became the owner of the companies that control Chelsea Football Club in West London. The previous owner of the club was Ken Bates, who later bought rivals Leeds United. Chelsea immediately embarked on an ambitious programme of commercial development, with the aim of making it a worldwide brand on a par with footballing dynasties such as Manchester United and Real Madrid, and also announced plans to build a new state-of-the-art training complex in Cobham, Surrey. Since the takeover, the club has won 18 major trophies – the UEFA Champions League twice, the UEFA Europa League twice, the UEFA Supercup twice, the Premier League five times, the FA Cup five times (with 2010 providing the club's first ever league and FA Cup double), and the League Cup three times, making Chelsea the most successful English trophy winning team during <mask>'s ownership, equal with Manchester United (who have also won 16 major trophies in the same time span). His tenure has also been marked by rapid turnover in managers. Detractors have used the term "Chelski" to refer to the new Chelsea under <mask>, to highlight the modern phenomena of billionaires buying football clubs and "purchasing trophies", by using their personal wealth to snap up marquee players at will, distorting the transfer market, citing the acquisition of Andriy Shevchenko for a then-British record transfer fee of around £30 million (€35.3 million). In the year ending June 2005, Chelsea posted record losses of £140 million (€165 million) and the club was not expected to record a trading profit before 2010, although this decreased to reported losses of £80.2 million (€94.3 million) in the year ending June 2006.In a December 2006 interview, <mask> stated that he expected Chelsea's transfer spending to fall in years to come. UEFA responded to the precarious profit/loss landscape of clubs, some owned by billionaires, but others simply financial juggernauts like Real Madrid, with Financial Fair Play regulations. Chelsea finished their first season after the takeover in second place in the Premier League, up from fourth the previous year. They also reached the semi-finals of the Champions League, which was eventually won by surprise contender Porto, managed by José Mourinho. For <mask>'s second season at Stamford Bridge, Mourinho was recruited as the new manager, replacing the incumbent Claudio Ranieri. Chelsea ended the 2004–05 season as league champions for the first time in 50 years and only the second time in their history. Also high were <mask>'s spending on purchases from Portuguese football players.According to record newspaper accounts, he spent 165.1 million euros in Portugal: 90.9 with Benfica players, and 74.2 with FC Porto players. <mask> is present at nearly every Chelsea game and shows visible emotion during matches, a sign taken by supporters to indicate a genuine love for the sport, and usually visits the players in the dressing room following each match. This stopped for a time in early 2007, when press reports appeared of a feud between <mask> and manager Mourinho regarding the performance of certain players such as Andriy Shevchenko. On 1 July 2013, Chelsea celebrated ten years under <mask>'s ownership. Before the first game of the 2013–14 season against Hull City on 18 August 2013, the Russian thanked Chelsea supporters for ten years of support in a short message on the front cover of the match programme, saying, "We have had a great decade together and the club could not have achieved it all without you. Thanks for your support and here's to many more years of success." In March 2017, Chelsea announced it had received approval to for a revamped £500m stadium at Stamford Bridge with a capacity of up to 60,000.On 15 July 2018, the renewal of <mask>'s British visa by the Home Office, and his subsequent withdrawal of the application, in May 2018 Chelsea halted plans to build a £500m stadium in south-west London due to the "unfavourable investment climate" and the lack of assurances about Abramovich's immigration status. <mask> was set to invest hundreds of millions of pounds for the construction of the stadium. Abramovich has been accused of purchasing Chelsea at the behest of Vladimir Putin, but he has denied the claim. Putin's People, a book by journalist Catherine Belton, a former Financial Times Moscow correspondent, formerly made such an assertion, but after libel action by <mask> against Belton and the book's British publisher HarperCollins, the claims were agreed in December 2021 to be stated as having no factual basis in future editions. In 2021, Abramovich was criticized for trying to enter Chelsea into unpopular European Super League. The competition has been widely scrutinized for encouraging greediness among the richer, larger football clubs, which undermines the significance of existing football competitions, however, just 2 days later, Abramovich decided to pull the club out of the new competition, with other English clubs following suit. In 2022, it was reported that <mask> was owed $2 billion from Chelsea F.C.According to Forbes, <mask>'s loan is insurance in case the British government considers sanctioning him due to his close relationship with the Putin regime in Russia. On 26 February 2022, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, <mask> handed over "stewardship and care" of Chelsea FC to the Chelsea Charitable Foundation. CSKA Moscow
In March 2004, Sibneft agreed to a three-year sponsorship deal worth €41.3 million (US$58 million) with the Russian team CSKA Moscow. Although the company explained that the decision was made at management level, some viewed the deal as an attempt by <mask> to counter accusations of being "unpatriotic" which were made at the time of the Chelsea purchase. UEFA rules prevent one person owning more than one team participating in UEFA competitions, so <mask> has no equity interest in CSKA. A lawyer, Alexandre Garese, is one of his partners in CSKA. Following an investigation, <mask> was cleared by UEFA of having a conflict of interest.Nevertheless, he was named "most influential person in Russian football" in the Russian magazine Pro Sport at the end of June 2004. In May 2005, CSKA won the UEFA Cup, becoming the first Russian club ever to win a major European football competition. In October 2005, however, <mask> sold his interest in Sibneft and the company's new owner Gazprom, which sponsors Zenit Saint Petersburg, cancelled the sponsorship deal. Russian national team

<mask> also played a large role in bringing Guus Hiddink to Russia to coach the Russia national football team. Piet de Visser, a former head scout of Hiddink's club PSV Eindhoven and now a personal assistant to <mask> at Chelsea, recommended Hiddink to the Chelsea owner. National Academy of Football
In addition to his involvement in professional football, <mask> sponsors a foundation in Russia called the National Academy of Football. The organization sponsors youth sports programs throughout the country and has constructed more than fifty football pitches in various cities and towns.It also funds training programs for coaches, prints instruction materials, renovates sports facilities and takes top coaches and students on trips to visit professional football clubs in England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 2006 the Academy of Football took over the administration of the Konoplyov football academy at Primorsky, near Togliatti, Samara Oblast, where over 1,000 youths are in residence, following the death at 38 of its founder, Yuri Konoplev. Wealth
According to Forbes, as of March 2016, <mask> had a net worth of 7.6 billion, ranking him as the 155th richest person in the world. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, he was considered to be the second richest person living within the United Kingdom. Early in 2009, The Times estimated that due to the global economic crisis he had lost £3 billion from his £11.7 billion wealth. In the summer of 2020, Abramovich sold the gold miner Highland Gold to Vladislav Sviblov. On 5 March 2021, Forbes listed his net worth at US$14.5 billion, ranking him 113 on the Billionaires 2020 Forbes list.Wealth rankings

Charitable donations
<mask> has reportedly donated more money to charity than any other living Russian. Between 2009 and 2013, Abramovich donated more than 2.5 billion to build schools, hospitals and infrastructure in Chukotka. <mask> has reportedly spent approximately 1.5 bn on the Pole of Hope, his charity set up to help those in the Arctic region of Chukotka, where he was governor. In addition, Evraz Plc (EVR), the steelmaker partly owned by <mask>, donated 164 million for social projects between 2010 through 2012, an amount that is excluded in <mask>'s 310 million donations during this period. <mask> was recognized by the Forum for Jewish Culture and Religion for his contribution of more than $500 million to Jewish causes in Russia, the US, Britain, Portugal, Lithuania, Israel and elsewhere over the past 20 years. In June 2019, <mask> donated $5 million to the Jewish Agency for Israel, to support efforts to combat anti-Semitism globally. Abramovich decided to establish a forest of some 25,000 trees, in memory of Lithuania’s Jews who perished in the Holocaust, plus a virtual memorial and tribute to Lithuanian Jewry.He also gave a

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title: Roman Abramovich

type: original

texts:
 substantial donation for the rehabilitation of the Jewish cemetery of Altona, now a neighborhood in the city of Hamburg. The project is carried out by B'nai B'rith International Portugal in partnership with Hamburg's Chabad. <mask> donates money to the Chabad movement and along with Michael Kadoorie and Jacob Safra, is one of the main benefactors of the Portuguese Jewish community and of B'nai B'rith International Portugal. Abramovich funds an extended programme in Israel that brings Jewish and Arab children together in football coaching sessions. More than 1,000 Arab and Jewish children each year will be brought together through football, with Chelsea funding the expanded set-up and club staff training local coaches. The expanded Playing Fair, Leading Peace programme will break down barriers and combat discrimination by mixing communities in Israel. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Abramovich paid for NHS staff to stay at the Stamford Bridge Millennium Hotel.Opposition to anti-semitism and hatred
During <mask>'s ownership of the club, Chelsea agreed to a three-year partnership with the Anti-Defamation League to expand their Center on Extremism. <mask> faced antisemitic messages during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Kick It Out chief executive Tony Burnett hailed Chelsea's stance on fighting anti-Semitism, pledging the anti-discrimination organisation will now look to follow the lead of the club. "Historically it's been alleged that Kick It Out was formed to fight racism against black players and coaches. We looked at our strategy and realised we weren't doing enough on anti-Semitism and we brought together a group of stakeholders with vast experience in this area." The Chelsea Foundation has launched a new program in partnership with the Peres Center for Peace and Innovation and the Israeli Football Association, introducing football sessions for Arab and Jewish children across Israel, a partnership that was developed following Chelsea Women’s visit to Israel in 2019, during which the team took part in football and education workshops with Arab and Jewish girls, benefiting 1,000 children in the first year alone. Other interests and activities

Art

<mask> sponsored an exhibition of photographs of Uzbekistan by renowned Soviet photographer Max Penson (1893–1959) which opened on 29 November 2006 at the Gilbert Collection at Somerset House in London.He previously funded the exhibition "Quiet Resistance: Russian Pictorial Photography 1900s–1930s" at the same gallery in 2005. Both exhibits were organized by the Moscow House of Photography. In May 2008, <mask> emerged as a major buyer in the international art auction market. He purchased Francis Bacon's Triptych 1976 for €61.4 million (US$86.3 million) (a record price for a post-war work of art) and Lucian Freud's Benefits Supervisor Sleeping for €23.9 million (US$33.6 million) (a record price for a work by a living artist). His partner Dasha Zhukova is managing a Garage Center for Contemporary Culture - gallery of contemporary art in Moscow that was initially housed in the historical Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage building by Konstantin Melnikov. The building, neglected for decades and partially taken apart by previous tenants, was restored in 2007–2008 and reopened to the public in September 2008. Speed and expense of restoration is credited to sponsorship by <mask>.Yachts
<mask> has become the world's greatest spender on luxury yachts, and always maintains a fleet of yachts which the media have called "<mask>'s Navy":

Current boats:
 Eclipse  – Built in Germany by Blohm + Voss, she was launched in September 2009. <mask> was due to take delivery of the yacht in December 2009, but was delayed for almost a year after extensive sea trials. The yacht's interior and exterior were designed by Terence Disdale. Eclipse is believed to have cost <mask> around US$400 million and was the world's largest privately owned yacht until it was eclipsed in 2013 by the  Azzam. The specification includes at least two swimming pools, a cinema, two helicopter landing-pads, several on-board tenders and a submarine that can be launched and dive to a depth of 160 ft. It is also equipped with armour plating surrounding the bridge and <mask>'s master suite, as well as bullet proof windows. Solaris

Former boats:
 Pelorus  – Built by Lurssen for Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Abdulmalik Al-Sheikh in 2003, original owner of M/Y Coral Island and M/Y Sussurro, who received six offers to sell her before she was even completed.The Sheikh accepted the highest bid which was <mask>. The interior was designed by Terence Disdale. The exterior was designed by Tim Heywood. Pelorus was refitted by Blohm + Voss in 2005 adding a new forward helipad and zero speed stabilizers. Given to Irina in 2009 as part of the divorce settlement; she was approached on David Geffen's behalf by broker Merle Wood, with Geffen paying US$300 million to take ownership in 2011. Sussurro  – Built by Feadship in 1998 for Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Abdulmalik Al-Sheikh. Ecstasea  – Largest Feadship built at launch in 2004 for <mask>.She has a gas turbine alongside the conventional diesels which gives her high cruising speed. <mask> sold the boat to the Al Nayhan family in 2009. Le Grand Bleu  – Formerly owned by John McCaw; Abramovich bought the expedition yacht in 2003 and had her completely refitted by Blohm + Voss, including a  swim platform and sports dock. He presented her as a gift to his associate and friend Eugene Shvidler in June 2006. Luna  – Built by Lloyd Werft and delivered to <mask> in 2009 as an upgraded replacement for his Le Grand Bleu expedition yacht. Sold to close friend, Azerbaijani-born billionaire Farkhad Akhmedov, in April 2014 for US$360m. Boasts a 1 million litre fuel tank, 7 engines outputting 15,000 hp propelling Luna to a maximum speed of 25 knots, 8 tenders, 15 cm ice-class steel hull and 10 VIP Cabins.Aircraft

Abramovich owns a private Boeing 767-33A/ER, registered in Aruba as P4-MES. It is known as The Bandit due to its livery. Originally the aircraft was ordered by Hawaiian Airlines but the order was cancelled and <mask> bought it from Boeing. Abramovish had it refitted it to his own requirements by Andrew Winch, who designed the interior and exterior. The aircraft was estimated in 2016 to cost 300 million and its interior is reported to include a 30-seat dining room, a boardroom, master bedrooms, luxury bathrooms with showers, and a spacious living room. The aircraft has the same air missile avoidance system as Air Force One. St. Barth New Year's Eve celebrations
In 2011, <mask> hired the Red Hot Chili Peppers to perform at his estate in Baie de Gouverneur in St. Barth.The performance included a special appearance from Toots Hibbert. He reportedly spent £5 million on 300 guests, including George Lucas, Martha Stewart, Marc Jacobs, and Jimmy Buffett. In 2014, he hired English singer Robbie Williams to headline a New Year's dinner for Vladimir Putin's "inner circle". The party took place in Moscow and appears to have been the inspiration for Williams' song "Party Like a Russian". In December 2015, American musician Prince played a New Year's Eve party on <mask>'s boat. Upon his arrival by helicopter, Prince tweeted, "STRICTLY BUSINESS." Israeli citizenship
In May 2018, Abramovich became an Israeli citizen a month after the UK delayed renewing his visa.Following the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, British authorities delayed the renewal of his visa, as tensions rose between the UK and Russia. <mask> had been travelling in and out of the UK for years on a Tier-1 investor visa, designed for wealthy foreigners who invest at least £2 million in Britain. <mask>, who is Russian Jewish, exercised his right under Israel's Law of Return, which states that Jews from anywhere in the world can become citizens of Israel. As an Israeli, <mask> can now visit Britain visa-free but is not permitted to work or conduct business transactions. <mask> owns the Varsano boutique hotel in Tel Aviv's Neve Tzedek neighborhood, which he bought for 100 million NIS in 2015 from Gal Gadot's husband Yaron Varsano and Varsano's brother Guy. In January 2020, Abramovich purchased a property in Herzliya Pituah for a record 226 million NIS. In 2015, Abramovich donated approximately $30m to Tel Aviv University to establish an innovative Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, which aspires to become one of the leading facilities in the Middle East.Among <mask>’s other beneficiaries is the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer to which he has donated in excess of $60m. for various advanced medicine ventures. These include the establishment of a new nuclear medicine center spanning 2,000 sq.m., the Sheba Cancer and Cancer Research centers, the Pediatric Middle East Congenital Heart Center and the Sheba Heart Center. A donation that <mask> made to Keren Kayemet LeIsrael-Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF) for a comprehensive forest rehabilitation program in the southern Negev desert, helps to combat the area’s rising desertification and promotes increasing nature tourism to the area. Alongside his philanthropic activity, <mask> has invested some $120m. in 20 Israeli start-ups ranging from medicine and renewable energy, to social media. Recently, due to the alarming increase in COVID-19 cases in Israel, <mask> gave Sheba another donation for a new subterranean Intensive Care Unit, spanning 5,400 sq.m., to provide Israel with vital crisis response in times of national emergencies.<mask> continuously contributes to Jewish art and culture initiatives, such as the M.ART contemporary culture festival in Tel Aviv. Application for a residence permit in Switzerland
Abramovich filed an application for a residence permit in the canton of Valais in July 2016, a tax-friendly home to successful businessmen, and planned to transfer his tax residency to the Swiss municipality. Valais authorities readily agreed to the request and transferred the application to the Swiss State Secretariat for Migration for approval. Once there, FedPol investigators expressed suspicions and opposed the request. As a result, Abramovich withdrew his application in June 2017. After a three-year legal saga, in 2021 Swiss authorities cleared Abramovich of any suspicion. Megamansion in New York City
For $74 million, Abramovich purchased four Upper East Side townhouses in Manhattan in New York City; 9, 11, 13, and 15 East 75th Street.These townhouses are planned to be combined into a megamansion that will measure 19,400 square feet, and it is estimated that renovation costs will be an additional $100 million. Portuguese citizenship
In April 2021, Abramovich became a Portuguese citizen as part of their Nationality Act; his genealogy was vetted by experts who look for "evidence of interest in Sephardic culture". Though Reuters noted that there is little known history of Sephardic Jews in Russia, Abramovich has donated money to projects honouring the legacy of Portuguese Sephardic Jews in Hamburg, Germany. See also

List of Jews in sports (non-players)
 List of Russian billionaires
 Russian oligarchs
 List of Jews born in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

References

Bibliography

External links

 Summarized biography – <mask>vich: Not Your Everyday Owner
 Pravda: Chelsea's owner <mask>vich tops Russia's richest men list
 Forbes: <mask>vich
 Roman-Abramovich.com
 BBC Profile: <mask>vich (31 August 2012)
 The Main People in the Russian Art 2010

1966 births
Living people
Russian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Russian people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Portuguese people of Russian descent
Portuguese people of Jewish descent
Russian football chairmen and investors
Chelsea F.C. chairmen and investors
Governors of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Jewish Russian politicians
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
People from Saratov
Russian billionaires
Russian expatriates in Israel
Russian businesspeople in the oil industry
Russian businesspeople
Russian chief executives
Russian emigrants to Israel
Russian investors
Russian Jews
Israeli investors
Israeli billionaires
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli chief executives
Israeli Jews
Portuguese billionaires
Portuguese expatriates in Israel
Portuguese businesspeople
Portuguese chief executives
Portuguese emigrants to Israel
Portuguese expatriates in Israel
Portuguese Jews
Yukos
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Naturalised citizens of Portugal
Portuguese billionaires
Russian businesspeople in the United Kingdom
Israeli expatriates in the United Kingdom
Portuguese expatriates in the United Kingdom
People named in the Paradise Papers
Kutafin Moscow State Law

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title: Yuuki Kondo

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, née , is a retired Japanese female mixed martial artist and judoka. She is nicknamed  in reference to her calm appearance when fighting. <mask> was born on  in Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Martial arts training

<mask> practiced judo in high school where she was a decorated judoka. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> made her professional debut at Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling (LLPW) event L-1 2000 The Strongest Lady, being defeated by Dutch fighter Marloes Coenen via submission (armbar) in the first round on . In her second fight, <mask> defeated Dutch fighter Yuta Dum by TKO after Dum injured her ankle and was unable to come out for the second round on  at ReMix Golden Gate 2001. At Smackgirl: Starting Over on , <mask> defeated Mika Harigai in 49 seconds with an armbar submission.Continuing her winning streak, <mask> defeated Aya Koyama by unanimous decision on  at Smackgirl: Fighting Chance. At Smackgirl: Burning Night on , <mask> got her fourth straight victory against Megumi Sato, whom Kondo defeated with an armbar submission in the first round. On , <mask> had a rematch against Mika Harigai, whom kondo defeated once again with an armbar submission in the first round at Smackgirl: Alive!. <mask>'s second professional loss came on  at the event Ax Vol. 1: we do the justice, where <mask> lost against then undefeated Japanese women's MMA star Ikuma Hoshino via unanimous decision. Rebounding with a victory, <mask> submitted Hiromi Kanai in 34 seconds with an armbar on  at Smackgirl: Pioneering Spirit. <mask> next drew against Yoko Takahashi after three rounds at the event Zero-One: True Century Creation '02 held on .At Ax Vol. 3 on , <mask> defeated Yuki Morimatsu via submission (armbar) in the first round. At Ax Vol. 4 on , American Angela Reestad gave <mask> her third professional loss by submitting her with an armbar that made <mask> scream in pain and forced her to tap in the first round. <mask> got back on the winning track by defeating Keiko Tamai via unanimous decision at Smackgirl: Japan Cup 2002 Grand Final on . On  at Smackgirl: Third Season I, <mask> defeated Guatemalan Mayra Conde by armbar submission in the first round. At Smackgirl: Third Season III celebrated on , <mask> defeated Dutch fighter Fatiha Abalhaja with an armbar submission in the third round.Earning her fourth consecutive win, <mask> submitted American fighter Sarah Boyd with an americana in the third round at Smackgirl 2004: Go West on . It was the first time that she fought with her married name and as a member of Purebred Kyoto. On  <mask> announced her intentions to retire to dedicate herself to her personal life and possibly give birth. Her retirement match was supposed to be at Smackgirl 2004: <mask> Kondo Retirement Celebration on  in a bout that she lost against American Amanda Buckner via submission (kneebar) in the second round. <mask> had her final professional fight at Smackgirl 2005: Cool Fighter Last Stand on  in a rematch against Marloes Coenen, who once again defeated <mask>, this time knocking her out in the second round. <mask> had one more grappling match against Marloes Coenen in the +60 kg category of the 2005 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship held in California, United States, where Coenen submitted <mask> with a kneebar in the quarterfinals. On  in her blog, <mask> announced her intentions to return to MMA.Personal life
In 2004, <mask> (then Kubota) married Purebreed Kyoto owner and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu instructor Tetsuya <mask>. They have one daughter who was born in 2006. Together they operated the Red Shark Jiu Jitsu Academy in Numazu. They got divorced on , closing the academy located in Numazu before Tetsuya moved out to Tokyo. 4
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title: Yves Klein

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<mask> (; 28 April 1928 – 6 June 1962) was a French artist and an important figure in post-war European art. He was a leading member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau réalisme founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany. <mask> was a pioneer in the development of performance art, and is seen as an inspiration to and as a forerunner of minimal art, as well as pop art. Biography
<mask> was born in Nice, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France. His parents, <mask> and Marie Raymond, were both painters. His father painted in a loose post-impressionist style, while his mother was a leading figure in Art informel, and held regular soirées with other leading practitioners of this Parisian abstract movement. <mask> received no formal training in art, but his parents exposed him to different styles.His father was a figurative style painter, while his mother had an interest in abstract expressionism. From 1942 to 1946, <mask> studied at the École Nationale de la Marine Marchande and the École Nationale des Langues Orientales. At this time, he became friends with Arman (Armand Fernandez) and Claude Pascal and started to paint. At the age of nineteen, <mask> and his friends lay on a beach in the south of France, and divided the world between themselves; Arman chose the earth, Pascal, words, while <mask> chose the ethereal space surrounding the planet, which he then proceeded to sign:

In early 1948, <mask> was exposed to Max Heindel's 1909 text The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception and pursued a membership with an American society dedicated to Rosicrucianism. Judo

While attending the École Nationale des Langues Orientales <mask> began practicing judo. During the years 1948 to 1952, he travelled to Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan. He travelled to Japan in 1953 where he became, at the age of 25, a master at judo receiving the rank of yodan (4th dan/degree black-belt) from the Kodokan, becoming the first European to rise to that rank.Later that year, he became the technical director of the Spanish judo team. In 1954 <mask> wrote a book on judo called Les Fondements du judo. The same year, he settled permanently in Paris and began in earnest to establish himself in the art world. Music
Between 1947 and 1948, <mask> conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally Monotone Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence – a precedent to <mask>'s later monochrome paintings and to the work of minimal musicians, particularly La Monte Young's drone music and John Cage's 4′33″. Artwork

Monochrome works: The Blue Epoch

Although <mask> had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950, his first public showing was the publication of the artist's book Yves Peintures in November 1954. Parodying a traditional catalogue raisonné, the book featured a series of intense monochromes linked to various cities he had lived in during the previous years. <mask> anticipated his first two shows of oil paintings, at the Club des Solitaires, Paris, October 1955 and Yves: Proposition monochromes at Gallery Colette Allendy, February 1956.Public responses to these shows, which displayed orange, yellow, red, pink and blue monochromes, deeply disappointed <mask>, as people went from painting to painting, linking them together as a sort of mosaic. The next exhibition, 'Proposte Monocrome, Epoca Blu' (Proposition Monochrome; Blue Epoch) at the Gallery Apollinaire, Milan, (January 1957), featured 11 identical blue canvases, using ultramarine pigment suspended in a synthetic resin 'Rhodopas', described by <mask> as "The Medium". Discovered with the help of Edouard Adam, a Parisian paint dealer, the optical effect retained the brilliance of the pigment which, when suspended in linseed oil, tended to become dull. <mask> later deposited a Soleau envelope for this recipe to maintain the "authenticity of the pure idea." This colour, reminiscent of the lapis lazuli used to paint the Madonna's robes in medieval paintings, was to become known as International Klein Blue (IKB). The paintings were attached to poles placed 20 cm away from the walls to increase their spatial ambiguities. All 11 of the canvases were priced differently.The buyers would go through the gallery, observing each canvas and purchase the one that was deemed best in their own eyes specifically. <mask>'s idea was that each buyer would see something unique in the canvas that they bought that other buyers may not have seen. So while each painting visually looked the same, the impact each had on the buyer was completely unique. The show was a critical and commercial success, traveling to Paris, Düsseldorf and London. The Parisian exhibition, at the Iris Clert Gallery in May 1957, became a seminal happening. To mark the opening, 1001 blue balloons were released and blue postcards were sent out using IKB stamps that <mask> had bribed the postal service to accept as legitimate. Concurrently, an exhibition of tubs of blue pigment and fire paintings was held at Galerie Collette Allendy.The Void

For his next exhibition at the Iris Clert Gallery (April 1958), <mask> chose to show nothing whatsoever, called La spécialisation de la sensibilité à l’état matière première en sensibilité picturale stabilisée, Le Vide (The Specialization of Sensibility in the Raw Material State into Stabilized Pictorial Sensibility, The Void): he removed everything in the gallery space except a large cabinet, painted every surface white, and then staged an elaborate entrance procedure for the opening night: the gallery's window was painted blue, and a blue curtain was hung in the entrance lobby, accompanied by republican guards and blue cocktails. Thanks to an enormous publicity drive, 3,000 people queued up, waiting to be let into an empty room. The art historian Olivier Berggruen situates <mask> "as one who strove for total liberation," forming connections between perverse ritual and a disdain of convention. <mask> had studied judo in Japan between 1952 and 1954, and also displayed an interest in Zen Buddhism. According to Berggruen, he used ritual as a means not to attain belief, but rather as a forum through which to reach abstraction—transcending worldly vestiges temporarily, and returning to earth as a new being. Later in the year, he was invited to decorate the Gelsenkirchen Opera House, Germany, with a series of vast blue murals, the largest of which were 20 metres by 7 metres. The Opera House was inaugurated in December 1959.<mask> celebrated the commission by travelling to Cascia, Italy, to place an ex-voto offering at the Saint Rita Monastery. "May all that emerges from me be beautiful," he prayed. The offering took the form of a small transparent plastic box containing three compartments; one filled with IKB pigment, one filled with pink pigment, and one with gold leaf inside. The container was only rediscovered in 1980. <mask>'s last two exhibitions at Iris Clert's were Vitesse Pure et Stabilité Monochrome (Sheer Speed and Monochrome Stability), November 1958, a collaboration with Jean Tinguely, of kinetic sculptures, and Bas-Reliefs dans une Forêt d’Éponges (Bas-Reliefs in a Sponge Forest), June 1959, a collection of sponges that <mask> had used to paint IKB canvases, mounted on steel rods and set in rocks that he'd found in his parents' garden. Anthropométries
Despite the IKB paintings being uniformly coloured, <mask> experimented with various methods of applying the paint; firstly different rollers and then later sponges, created a series of varied surfaces. This experimentalism would lead to a number of works <mask> made using naked female models covered in blue paint and dragged across or laid upon canvases to make the image, using the models as "living brushes".This type of work he called Anthropometry. Other paintings in this method of production include "recordings" of rain that <mask> made by driving around in the rain at 70 miles per hour with a canvas tied to the roof of his car, and canvases with patterns of soot created by scorching the canvas with gas burners. <mask> and Arman were continually involved with each other creatively, both as Nouveaux Réalistes and as friends. Both from Nice, the two worked together for many years and Arman even named his son, <mask>, after <mask>, who was his godfather. Sometimes the creation of these paintings was turned into a kind of performance art—an event in 1960, for example, had an audience dressed in formal evening wear watching the models go about their task while an instrumental ensemble played <mask>'s 1949 The Monotone Symphony. In the performance piece, Zone de Sensibilité Picturale Immatérielle (Zones of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility) 1959–62, he offered empty spaces in the city in exchange for gold. He wanted his buyers to experience The Void by selling them empty space.In his view this experience could only be paid for in the purest material: gold. In exchange, he gave a certificate of ownership to the buyer. As the second part of the piece, performed on the Seine with an art critic in attendance, if the buyer agreed to set fire to the certificate, <mask> would throw half the gold into the river, in order to restore the "natural order" that he had unbalanced by selling the empty space (that was now not "empty" anymore). He used the other half of the gold to create a series of gold-leafed works, which, along with a series of pink monochromes, began to augment his blue monochromes toward the end of his life. Leap into the Void

<mask> is also well known for a composite photograph, Saut dans le vide (Leap into the Void), originally published in the artist's book Dimanche, which apparently shows him jumping off a wall, arms outstretched, towards the pavement. <mask> used the photograph as evidence of his ability to undertake unaided lunar travel. In fact, "Saut dans le vide", published as part of a broadside on the part of <mask> (the "artist of space") denouncing NASA's own lunar expeditions as hubris and folly, was a photomontage in which the large tarpaulin, held by artist friends, <mask> leaped onto was removed from the final image.<mask>'s work revolved around a Zen-influenced concept he came to describe as "le Vide" (the Void). <mask>'s Void is a nirvana-like state that is void of worldly influences; a neutral zone where one is inspired to pay attention to one's own sensibilities, and to "reality" as opposed to "representation". <mask> presented his work in forms that were recognized as art—paintings, a book, a musical composition—but then would take away the expected content of that form (paintings without pictures, a book without words, a musical composition without in fact composition) leaving only a shell, as it were. In this way he tried to create for the audience his "Zones of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility". Instead of representing objects in a subjective, artistic way, <mask> wanted his subjects to be represented by their imprint: the image of their absence. He tried to make his audience experience a state where an idea could simultaneously be "felt" as well as "understood". Multiples
As well as painting flat canvases, <mask> produced a series of works throughout his career that blurred the edges between painting and sculpture.He appropriated plaster casts of famous sculptures, such as the Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo, by painting them International Klein Blue; he painted a globe, 3D reliefs of areas of France and dowels which he hung from the ceiling as rain. He also stuck sponges to canvases and painted dinner plates. Many of these works were later manufactured as editioned multiples after his death. In Blue Obelisk, a project that he had failed to realise in 1958, but that finally happened in 1983, he appropriated the Place de la Concorde by shining blue spotlights onto the central obelisk. Last years
The art critic Pierre Restany, who spoke of how his first meeting with <mask> had been fundamental to them both, went on to found the Nouveau Réalisme group with <mask> in <mask>'s studio/apartment on 27 October 1960. Founding members were Arman, Francois Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, <mask>, Martial Raysse, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, and Jacques Villeglé, with Niki de Saint Phalle, Christo and Gérard Deschamps joining later. Normally seen as a French version of Pop Art, the aim of the group was stated as 'Nouveau Réalisme—new ways of perceiving the real' [Nouveau Réalisme nouvelles approches perceptives du réel].A large retrospective was held at Krefeld, Germany, January 1961, followed by an unsuccessful opening at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, in which <mask> failed to sell a single painting. He stayed with Rotraut at the Chelsea Hotel for the duration of the exhibition; and, while there, he wrote the "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto", a proclamation of the "multiplicity of new possibilities." In part, the manifesto declared:

He moved on to exhibit at the Dwan Gallery, Los Angeles, and traveled extensively in the Western U.S., visiting Death Valley in the Mojave Desert. In 1962, he married Rotraut Uecker, sister of German artist Günther Uecker. He suffered a heart attack while watching the film Mondo cane (in which he is featured) at the Cannes Film Festival on 11 May 1962. Two more heart attacks followed, the second of which killed him on 6 June 1962. His son, , was born on 6 August in Nice.<mask> studied architecture, design, cybernetics theory of systems, and fine arts sculpture. He went on to create robotized sculptures. Rotraut <mask> married the photographer and designer Daniel Moquay, and has homes in Paris; Phoenix, Arizona; and Sydney, Australia. Legacy

Thomas McEvilley, in an essay submitted to Artforum in 1982, classified <mask> as an early, though enigmatic, postmodernist artist. A sort of parody of <mask>'s Anthropometry performance is featured in the film Wise Guys (original title: Les Godelureaux) directed by Claude Chabrol released in 1961. The <mask> archive is housed in Phoenix, Arizona, where his widow Rotraut <mask>y has a home. On 8 December 2017, Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers released the lead single from their thirteenth studio album Resistance is Futile, International Blue.The song was inspired by <mask>, particularly the titular International Klein Blue. The Manics' bassist & lyricist Nicky Wire told the Quietus ""There was a joy to 'International Blue' that we weren't sure we could convey any more, the feeling of being in love with something like <mask>, to pass on the joy of that colour and that vividness – we weren't sure if we still had it in us. It sounds quite young." In 2017, the MoMA- and WNYC-produced contemporary art podcast A Piece of Work hosted by Abbi Jacobson had an episode focused on <mask>'s blue monochromes. In 2018, the podcast This is Love released an episode, "Blue," about <mask> and his work. In 2021 a short novel called 'Blue Postcards' by Douglas Bruton was published. The book is built around the life and art of <mask>.Art market
Alongside works by Andy Warhol and Willem de Kooning, <mask>'s painting RE 46 (1960) was among the top-five sellers at Christie's Post-War and Contemporary Art sale in May 2006. His monochromatic blue sponge painting sold for $4,720,000. Previously, his painting RE I (1958) had sold for $6,716,000 at Christie's New York in November 2000. In 2008, MG 9 (1962), a monochromatic gold painting, sold for $21 million at Christie's. FC1 (Fire Color 1) (1962), a nearly -long panel created with a blowtorch, water and two models, sold for $36.4 million at Christie's in 2012. In 2013, <mask>'s Sculpture Éponge Bleue Sans Titre, SE 168, a 1959 sculpture made with natural sea sponges drenched in blue pigment fetched $22 million, the highest price paid for a sculpture by the artist. References

External links

 Yves Klein Archives.org – official website
 <mask>: MoMA
Real Immaterial: Superstudio and <mask> Review of "<mask>: Air Architecture" in X-TRA Contemporary Art Quarterly
 Marc de Verneuil and Mélanie Marbach, Zone de sensibilité picturale immatérielle (1962–2012), 26 January 2012, Paris (double hommage to <mask> and Dino Buzzatti on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of their collaborative work)

 The Life and Work of <mask> Told by Rotraut.An interview with Rotraut Video by Louisiana Channel

Abstract painters
French contemporary painters
People from Nice
1928 births
1962 deaths
Nouveau réalisme artists
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
French contemporary artists
French male judoka
French abstract artists

masks:
Yves Klein
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Fred Klein
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Yves Peintures
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title: Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)

texts:
Colonel <mask> (Russian: Сергей Олегович Третьяков; 5 October 1956 – 13 June 2010) was a Russian SVR (foreign intelligence) officer, who defected to the United States in October 2000. Intelligence career
Born 5 October 1956 in Moscow, <mask> was a career KGB/SVR officer. Before being posted in New York, he worked in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Starting in 1995, he worked in New York in the position of SVR deputy rezident (station chief) under the diplomatic cover of first secretary at Russia's mission at the United Nations. It was later revealed that Tretyakov was a double agent, passing secrets to Washington, from around 1997. He was reported to have been close to Sergey Lavrov, Russia's UN mission head. Defection
In October 2000, Tretyakov disappeared with his wife, daughter, and cat.He told the SVR, in a statement, "My resignation will not harm the interests of the country." It was not until the end of January 2001 that his defection was first reported by the Associated Press. The news was then broken in the Russian media, which reported that Russia's Foreign Ministry was insisting on having a consular meeting with him to make sure he was not being forcibly kept by the US side. On 10 February 2001, it was revealed, with reference to "several American officials familiar with the case," that the defector "was in fact an officer in the S.V.R., Russia's foreign intelligence service, successor to the Soviet-era K.G.B." The timing of his decision was reportedly partly affected by the death of his mother in 1997, the last close family member still living in Russia the state could threaten. Upon defection, <mask> was debriefed by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was given one of the largest US financial packages ever for a foreign defector, over US$2 million, and was resettled, along with his family, with a new name in an unknown location.Later life
His location has since become known to Russian journalists. Alexey Veselovsky, a TV reporter, interviewed <mask> in his house in Florida before he died. In 2007, <mask> and his family were granted US citizenship. In his interviews published in early 2008, Tretyakov maintained that he had never had any sort of problems when he was in the KGB/SVR service, and he never requested any money from the US government; everything that he had received upon his defection was provided by the US government, on its own initiative. He also claimed then that the chief motivation for his defection had been his "growing disgust with and contempt for, what was happening in Russia," he said: "I saw with my own eyes what kind of people were governing the country. I arrived at the irrevocable conclusion that to serve those people is immoral, I wanted nothing to do with them." A second motive he mentioned was to provide a better future for his daughter "in a country that has a future."Book release
In January 2008, <mask> gave several interviews to publicize a book of his experiences, Comrade J.: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America after the End of the Cold War, written by journalist Pete Earley. Earley first met <mask> through an FBI contact at the Ritz-Carlton in Tysons Corner, Virginia; two FBI agents and two CIA were assigned to <mask> as an escort. The SVR responded to the book's release by calling it "self-publicity based on treachery." The book's release in Canada was delayed by the publisher because of legal considerations, namely Tretyakov's accusation that former Progressive Conservative MP Alex Kindy was recruited by an SVR officer at the Russian embassy in Ottawa and paid several times between 1992 and 1993. When promoting his book, Tretyakov said that Russian intelligence was just as active now as in Cold War times, adding that he hoped his book would act as a "wake-up call" to Americans. Claims
 Azerbaijan's UN ambassador Eldar Kouliev (1994–2000, previously a Soviet diplomat) was "a deep-cover SVR intelligence officer." United States Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott was "an extremely valuable intelligence source" who was manipulated by SVR agents to disclose useful information but not a spy.Canadian MP Alex Kindy was recruited as a Russian spy. KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov sent US$50 billion worth of funds of the Communist Party to an unknown location in the lead-up to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Raúl Castro was a long-term "special unofficial contact" for SVR. "The KGB was responsible for creating the entire nuclear winter story to stop the Pershing II missiles." <mask> says that two fraudulent papers about global cooling were commissioned by the KGB but never published, one supposedly by physicist Kirill Kondratyev about dust storms in the Karakum Desert, the other supposedly by climatologist Georgii Golitsyn and mathematicians Nikita Moiseyev and Vladimir Alexandrov about dust storms after a nuclear war. Tretyakov says that the KGB distributed fake findings to "their contacts in peace, anti-nuclear, disarmament, and environmental organisations in an effort to get these groups to publicize the propagandists' script." and "targeted" the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences journal, Ambio, which carried a key article on the topic, "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon," in 1982.Tretyakov says that from 1979, the KGB wanted to prevent the US from deploying Pershing missiles in Western Europe and, directed by Yuri Andropov, they used the Soviet Peace Committee, a government organization, to organize and finance  demonstrations in Europe against US bases. Two chiefs of Vladimir Putin's Federal Protection Service (FSO), Viktor Zolotov and General Murov, discussed how to kill the former director of Yeltsin's administration Alexander Voloshin. They also made "a list of politicians and other influential Muscovites whom they would need to assassinate to give Putin unchecked power." However, since the list was very long, Zolotov allegedly announced, "There are too many. It's too many to kill – even for us." An SVR officer who told about that story felt "uneasy" because FSO includes 20,000 troops and controls the "black box" that can be used in the event of nuclear war. A claim about privately owned nuclear weapons.<mask> described a meeting with two Russian businessman representing a state-created Chetek corporation in 1991. They came up with a fantastic project of destroying large quantities of chemical wastes collected from Western countries at the island of Novaya Zemlya (a test place for Soviet nuclear weapons) using an underground nuclear blast. The project was rejected by Canadian representatives, but one of the businessmen told <mask> that he keeps his own nuclear bomb at his dacha outside Moscow. <mask> thought that man was insane, but the "businessman" (Vladimir K. Dmitriev) replied, "Do not be so naive. With economic conditions the way they are in Russia today, anyone with enough money can buy a nuclear bomb. It's no big deal really." Disinformation over the Internet.He often sent SVR officers to branches of New York Public Library where they got access to the Internet without anyone knowing their identity. They placed propaganda and disinformation to various web sites and sent it in e-mails to US broadcasters. Death and allegations of foul play
Although Tretyakov died on June 13, 2010, his death was not announced until July 9, 2010. Tretyakov's wife cited cardiac arrest  as the probable cause of death and strongly denied the foul play speculations voiced in the media but called his death quite unexpected. According to the Florida medical examiner's report, Tretyakov died after choking to death on a piece of meat; a cancerous tumor was also found in his colon. Some Russian commentators construed Russia's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's comments about the ultimate fate that is bound to befall "traitors" made on July 24, 2010, while he was talking to reporters about the members of the 'Illegals Program', as a thinly veiled allusion to Tretyakov's death. See also
 Mitrokhin Archive

References

External links
 Comrade J Epilogue
 After Words with Pete Earley and <mask>kov
 Former Russian Spy Tells All - The Leonard Lopate Show
 SVR Col. <mask>kov
 Russia denounces allegations by spy defector in U.S. book

1956 births
2010 deaths
KGB officers
Russian defectors
Double agents
People from Moscow
People with acquired American citizenship
Russian emigrants to the United States

masks:
Sergei Olegovich Tretyakov
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Sergei Tretya
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title: Noor Jehan

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<mask> (born Allah Rakhi Wasai; 21 September 1926 – 23 December 2000; sometimes spelled <mask>), also known by her honorific title Malika-e-Tarannum (the queen of melody), was a Pakistani playback singer and actress who worked first in British India and then in the cinema of Pakistan. Her career spanned more than six decades (the 1930s–1990s). Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential singers of all time especially in South Asia, she was given the honorific title of Malika-e-Tarannum in Pakistan. She had a command of Hindustani classical music as well as other music genres. Along with Ahmed Rushdi, she holds the record for having given voice to the largest number of film songs in the history of Pakistani cinema. She is estimated to have made more than 40 films and sung around 20,000 numbers during a career which lasted more than half a century. She is thought to be one of the most prolific singers of all time.She is also considered to be the first female Pakistani film director. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born as Allah Rakhi Wasai into a Punjabi Muslim family in Kasur, Punjab, British India and was one of the eleven children of Imdad Ali and Fateh Bibi. Career

Career in British India

Jehan began to sing at the age of six and showed a keen interest in a range of styles, including traditional folk and popular theatre. Realising her potential for singing, her father sent her to receive early training in classical singing under Ustad Ghulam Mohammad. He started her training at age of 11 at Calcutta and instructed her in the traditions of the Patiala Gharana of Hindustani classical music and the classical forms of thumri, dhrupad, and khyal. At the age of nine, <mask> <mask> drew the attention of Punjabi musician Ghulam Ahmed Chishti, who would later introduce her to the stage in Lahore. He composed some ghazals, na`ats and folk songs for her to perform, although she was keener on breaking into acting or playback singing.Once her vocational training finished, Jehan pursued a career in singing alongside her sister in Lahore, and would usually take part in the live song and dance performances prior to screenings of films in cinemas. Theatre owner Diwan Sardari Lal took the small girl to Calcutta in the early 1930s and the entire family moved to Calcutta in hopes of developing the movie careers of Allah Wasai and her older sisters, Eiden Bai and Haider Bandi. Mukhtar Begum (not to be confused with actress Sabiha Khanum) encouraged the sisters to join film companies and recommended them to various producers. She also recommended them to her husband, Agha Hashar Kashmiri, who owned a maidan theatre (a tented theatre to accommodate large audiences). It was here that Wasai received the stage name, <mask> <mask>. Her older sisters were offered jobs with one of the Seth Sukh Karnani companies, Indira Movietone and they went on to be known as the Punjab Mail. In 1935, K.D.Mehra directed the Punjabi movie Pind di Kuri in which <mask> <mask> acted along with her sisters and sang the Punjabi song "Langh aja patan chanaan da o yaar", which became her earliest hit. She then acted in a film called Missar Ka Sitara (1936) by the same company and sang in it for music composer Damodar Sharma. Jehan also played the child role of Heer in the film Heer-Sayyal (1937). One of her popular songs from that period "Shala jawaniyan maney" is from Dalsukh Pancholi's Punjabi film Gul Bakawli (1939). All these Punjabi movies were made in Calcutta. After a few years in Calcutta, Jehan returned to Lahore in 1938. In 1939, renowned music director Ghulam Haider composed songs for Jehan which led to her early popularity, and he thus became her early mentor.In 1942, she played the main lead opposite Pran in Khandaan (1942). It was her first role as an adult, and the film was a major success. The success of Khandaan saw her shifting to Bombay, with the director Syed Shaukat Hussain Rizvi. She shared melodies with Shanta Apte in Duhai (1943). It was in this film that Jehan lent her voice for the second time, to another actress named Husn Bano. She married Rizvi later the same year. From 1945 to 1947 and her subsequent move to Pakistan, <mask> <mask> was one of the biggest film actresses of the Indian Film Industry.Her films: Badi Maa, Zeenat, Gaon Ki Gori (all 1945), Anmol Ghadi (1946), Mirza Sahiban (1947) and Jugnu (1947) were the top-grossing films of the years 1945 to 1947. Mirza Sahiban was her last film released in India in which she was paired opposite Trilok Kapoor, brother of Prithviraj Kapoor

Acting career in Pakistan
In 1947, Rizvi and Jehan decided to move to Pakistan. They left Bombay and settled in Karachi with their family. Three years after settling in Pakistan, Jehan starred in her first Pakistani film Chan Wey (1951), opposite Santosh Kumar, which was also her first Pakistani film as a heroine and playback singer. Shaukat Hussain Rizvi and <mask> <mask> directed this film together, making Jehan Pakistan's first female director. It became the highest-grossing film in Pakistan in 1951. Jehan's second film in Pakistan was Dupatta (1952) which was produced by Aslam Lodhi, directed by Sibtain Fazli and assisted by A. H. Rana as production manager.Dupatta turned out to be an even bigger success than Chan Wey (1951). During 1953 and 1954, <mask> and Rizvi had problems and got divorced due to personal differences. She kept custody of the three children from their marriage. In 1959, she married another film actor, Ejaz Durrani, nine years her junior. Durrani pressured her to give up acting, and her last film as an actress/singer was Ghalib (1961). This contributed to the strengthening of her iconic stature. She gained another audience for herself.Her rendition of Faiz Ahmed Faiz's "Mujhse Pehli Si Mohabbat Mere Mehboob Na Maang" is a unique example of tarranum, reciting poetry as a song with music of Rasheed Attre in the Pakistani film Qaidi (1962). Jehan last acted in Baaji in 1963, though not in a leading role. Jehan bade farewell to film acting in 1963 after a career of 33 years (1930–1963). The pressure of being a mother of six children and the demands of being a wife to another fellow film actor, forced her to give up her career. Jehan made 14 films in Pakistan, ten in Urdu and four in Punjabi as a film actress. As playback singer
After quitting acting she took up playback singing. She made her debut exclusively as a playback singer in 1960 with the film Salma.Her first initial playback singing for a Pakistani film was for the 1951 film Chann Wey, for which she was the film director herself. She received many awards, including the Pride of Performance in 1965 by the Pakistani Government. She sang a large number of duets with Ahmed Rushdi, Mehdi Hassan, Masood Rana, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Mujeeb Aalam. She had an understanding and friendship with many singers of Asia, for example with Alam Lohar and many more. Jehan made great efforts to attend the "Mehfils" (live concerts) of Ustad Salamat Ali Khan, Ustad Fateh Ali Khan, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Roshan Ara Begum. Lata Mangeshkar commented on Jehan's vocal range, that Jehan could sing as low and as high as she wanted, and that the quality of her voice always remained the same. Singing was, for Jehan, not effortless but an emotionally and physically draining exercise.In the 1990s, Jehan also sang for then débutante actresses Neeli and Reema. For this very reason, Sabiha Khanum affectionately called her Sadabahar (evergreen). Her popularity was further boosted with her patriotic songs during the 1965 war between Pakistan and India. In 1971 Madam <mask> <mask> visited Tokyo for the World Song Festival as a representative from Pakistan. Jehan visited India in 1982 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of the Indian talkie movies, where she met Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in New Delhi and was received by Dilip Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar in Bombay. She met all her erstwhile heroes and costars, including Surendra, Pran, Suraiya, composer Naushad and others. The website  Women on Record  stated: "<mask> <mask> injected a degree of passion into her singing unmatched by anyone else.But she left for Pakistan". In 1991, Vanessa Redgrave invited her to perform at a fundraising event to benefit the children of the Middle East held at Royal Albert Hall London. Lionel Richie, Bob Geldof, Madonna, Boy George, and Duran Duran were some of the performers at the star-studded event which was attended, amongst many others, by thespian John Gielgud, Nobel Prize-winning playwright Harold Pinter, and Oscar-winning actor Dame Peggy Ashcroft. She has also sung "Saiyan Saadey Naal", a song of well-known Pakistani folk singer, songwriter and composer Akram Rahi for the film Dam Mast Kalander/Aalmi Gunday. Personal life
In 1944, <mask> <mask> married Shaukat Hussain Rizvi of Azamgarh, UP, India. In 1948, Shaukat Rizvi decided to migrate to Pakistan, and <mask> <mask> moved too, ending her career in India. She next visited India only in 1982.Her marriage to Rizvi ended in 1953 with divorce; the couple had three children, including their singer daughter Zil-e-Huma. <mask> <mask> was also in a relationship with cricketer Nazar Mohammad. She married Ejaz Durrani in 1959. The second marriage also produced three children but also ended in divorce in 1970. She was also married to actor Yousuf Khan. Last years and death

<mask> suffered from chest pains in 1986 on a tour of North America and was diagnosed with angina pectoris after which she underwent bypass surgery. According to her Daughter, Shazia Hassan, she was suffering from Chronic Kidney disease in her last years and was on dialysis.In 2000, <mask> was hospitalised in Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi and suffered a heart attack. On 23 December 2000 (night of 27 Ramadan), <mask> died as a result of heart failure. Her funeral took place at Jamia Masjid Sultan, Karachi and was attended by over 400,000 people. She was buried at the Gizri Graveyard in Karachi. When she died, then President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf said that "She deserves a state funeral". He ordered her funeral be taken to Lahore from Karachi but her daughters insisted on burying her in Karachi on the night she died. At her death, a famous Indian writer and poet Javed Akhtar in an interview at Mumbai said that "In the worst conditions of our relations with Pakistan in 53 years in a very hostile atmosphere our cultural heritage has been a common bridge.<mask> <mask> was one such durable bridge, my fear is that her death may have shaken it". Awards And Honours
<mask> <mask> received more than 15 Nigar Awards for Best Female Playback Singer, eight for best Urdu Singer Female and the rest for Punjabi playback. She has also been given the award for the Singer Of Millennum. In 1945, for the film Zeenat she was awarded by a gold medal by Z.A Bukhari. <mask> <mask> was ranked at eighth position in a list of Most Influential Pakistanis after Mohammad Ali Jinnah. She was a melodious singer of the subcontinent. Mohammad Rafi always wished to make duets with her.Bollywood playback singer Asha Bhosle in an interview said that;
<mask> <mask> was one of my favourite singers and when I listened to her Ghazals, I realized how unusual compositions were those, so I decided to take them to a larger audience which they deserve. She added that;
The world will never see a singer like her. Just as people have not seen another Mohammad Rafi and Kishore Kumar there would never be another <mask> Jehan. Eastern Eye ranked <mask> <mask> at 16th in a list of 20 Bollywood singers of all time although she had a very short career there before the Partition. The entertainment editor of Eastern Eye said that;
<mask> <mask> was the first female singing star of the Indian cinema and helped to lay the foundation of playback singing as we know it. She inspired a generation of singers including Lata Mangeshkar before single-handedly kick-starting music In Pakistan and inspired subsequent generations there. In 1945, she became the first Asian woman to sing Qawali in the film Zeenat.American Queen of Pop Madonna Louise Ciccone said that, "I can copy every singer but not <mask> Jehan". In 1957, she received President's Award for her acting and singing in film Intezar. It was the same film for which Khwaja Khurshid Anwar also received President's Award for Best Music Director. In 1965, she received Special Nigar Award for her wartime songs. In 1965, she was awarded Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan for her singing and acting capabilities. She became the Second Pakistani Female Vocalist after Roshan Ara Begum to receive Pride of Performance. In 1965, she received Tamgha-e-Imtiaz from the army for her moral support in the Indo-Pak war.She was the only Pakistani singer to sing with the Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum. In 1981, she received Special Nigar Award for her excellence in 30 years of her career in Pakistan. In 1987, she received NTM Life Time Achievement Award. In 1991, she became the first Pakistani singer to sing at the Royal Albert Hall London. In 1996,she received Sitara-e-Imtiaz. In 1998, she received PTV Life Time Achievement Award. In 1999, she received Millennium Award for her services to Pakistani Cinema.In January 2000, Pakistan Television PTV gave her the title of Voice of Century. In 2002, she received First Lux Life Time Achievement Award. In August 2014, she was declared as the Greatest Female Singer Of Pakistan of all times. In August 2017, she was ranked at the top of Female Pakistani Singers. She also retained the designation Cultural Ambassador of Pakistan. On 21 September 2017, Google Doodle commemorated her 91st birthday. Filmography

Films

References

External links
 , Retrieved 16 November 2017

Pakistani film actresses
Pakistani film directors
Pakistani playback singers
Punjabi women
1926 births
2000 deaths
Pakistani ghazal singers
Punjabi-language singers
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Nigar Award winners
Women ghazal singers
People of British India
People from Kasur District
Actresses in Hindi cinema
20th-century Pakistani actresses
20th-century Pakistani women singers

masks:
Noor Jehan
Noorjehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Baby Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Jehan
Jehan
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Noor
Jehan
Noor
Jehan
Noor


title: Tania Libertad

texts:
<mask> (born October 24, 1952) known professionally as <mask>, is a Peruvian-Mexican singer in the World Music genre. <mask> was named an Ambassador for Peace by UNESCO, Comendadora by the Peruvian government, a member of the Order of Rio Branco by the Brazilian government, among other honors. In 2009, she received the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for musical excellence. With more than 44 albums and sales of over 12 million copies, her work is widely known throughout the Americas, Europe and Africa. She has performed concerts in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, England, Morocco, Angola, Senegal, the United States, Peru, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Uruguay, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, El Salvador, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The year 2012 marked 50 years as a performer with two sold-out performances at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, launching a tour throughout Latin America. Early life

Libertad was born in Zaña, a small town in the Lambayeque Region on the coast of northern Peru and was raised in the regional capital of Chiclayo.Her mother was a nurse of indigenous descent, and her father was a policeman of Portuguese descent with very traditional views on gender roles. She grew up with eight older brothers. She found growing up in such a male-dominated environment difficult. She first sang on stage at the age of five in Chiclayo. Because her parents worked long hours, her family didn't know she was singing. In early performances, she sang traditional Peruvian and Mexican songs, including waltzes and boleros. When her father discovered her musical talent, he had her sing songs he had written to his mistresses; she found these songs were of poor quality and helped her distinguish between good and bad music.She further developed her repertoire with traditional and rock music on the radio, and recalls singing in competitions at age seven, knowing 300 boleros by eight, and making records by nine. Career
As a teenager, <mask> moved to the Peruvian capital of Lima. She sang in nightclubs there, and her father worked as her manager. She was soon offered a contract with RCA Victor and had her first national hit in Peru, "La Contamanina." While <mask> pursued her musical career she convinced her father to let her study engineering in the university. Because her father wanted to study what one of her brothers did, she studied science and engineering in fisheries. She never used this education later in life, but she credits her university experience with exposing her to other people who were interested in art and left-wing politics, especially anti-war movements.During this time, Libertad's interest in Afro-Peruvian music, which flourished in her native north, grew. The nationalist Peruvian government wanted to encourage expressions of Peruvian culture, going so far as to establish an Afro-Peruvian ballet company. She also became uncomfortable singing in nightclubs due to the sexism and racism prevalent there, which motivated her to begin singing socially conscious music in universities and union halls. But as her father became more protective of her as a teenager, he wanted her to give up her musical career, so at the age of 20, she ran away from home and lived with friends for two weeks until her father accepted her desire to sing full-time. In 1976, <mask> began to travel abroad, and was inspired by the musical traditions and political consciousness she encountered in the places she visited, such as Cuba. Unsuccessful in Peru with her new brand of music, she decided to emigrate to Mexico. She arrived there penniless and bonded with Latin American artists who fled their home countries for political reasons.Soon, she found her first job at the Blanquita Theatre in Mexico City. There, Libertad was given a contract by PolyGram singing trova, Afro-Peruvian music, salsa, and bolero. In 1985, she released her first album of boleros. She has lived in Mexico since, and has sung in over 20 countries on every inhabited continent. During her career, Libertad shared the stage with other international artists such as Mercedes Sosa, Joan Manuel Serrat, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, Alberto Cortez, León Gieco, Juan Carlos Baglietto, Guadalupe Pineda, Chico Buarque, Gal Costa, Alfredo Zitarrosa, Cesária Évora, Vicente Fernández, Eugenia León, Juan Gabriel, Miguel Bosé, Plácido Domingo, Armando Manzanero, Simón Díaz, Willie Colón, Tito Puente, Oscar Chávez, Iván Lins, Ricardo Cocciante, Soledad Pastorutti, Marco Antonio Muñiz, Soledad Bravo,  Amália Rodrigues, Susana Rinaldi, Phil Manzanera, Lucha Villa and the group Inti Illimani, among others. The Nobel Prize winning Portuguese author Jose Saramago writes of her work:

"The first time I heard Tania <mask> sing, it was a revelation from on high - from a place where only a naked voice might go, alone in the world, unaccompanied by any instrument. Tania was singing the Rafael Alberti composition "La Paloma" a capella, and each note touched a string in my soul until I was completely dazzled."- José Saramago

Influences
Despite not being of African descent, Libertad is inspired by the Afro-Peruvian music indigenous to the area of Peru in which she was born, an area primarily populated by descendants of African slaves. Her albums Costa Negra and Color Negro, from 2003 and 2004 respectively, are recordings of Afro-Peruvian songs. Her appreciation of Afro-Antillan music has been reflected on works which reference Trova and Nueva canción, and have included arranged renditions to compositions by Silvio Rodriguez. Additionally, she has collaborated with Armando Manzanero. Personal life
<mask> is married to a businessman and has a son; they live in Mexico City. She considers herself a citizen of the world, and ascribes to the ideas of Simón Bolívar, especially that Latin America should be a unified body without borders. She identifies as anti-war, but does not like to be labeled a protest singer.Discography
Libertad has recorded 44 albums with more than 12 million copies sold. Tania Libertad
Soy Peruana
La Contamanina
Mejor que nunca
La dulce voz de Tania Libertad
El mismo Puerto
Concierto en la voz de Tania Libertad
Hits
Hits Vol. II
Alfonsina y el mar
Lo inolvidable de Chabuca Granda
Como una campana de cristal
Boleros
Nuevamente Boleros
Me voy pa'la pachanga
Trovadicción
Mucho corazón
Razón de Vivir (duet with Djavan)
Tania canta a José Alfredo Jiménez (duet with Vicente Fernandez)
Boleros hoy (duet Armando Manzanero, Miguel Bose, Ivan Lins and Azucar Moreno)
México Lindo y Querido
África en América
La Libertad de Manzanero
Amar Amando
Tania y su sabrosa Libertad
Himno al amor
Mujeres apasionadas
Tomate esta botella conmigo
Armando la Libertad
Blue Note, Live in New York
La vida, ese paréntesis (duet with Joan Manuel Serrat and Willie Colon)
Arias de Ópera, ¿Y... por que no? Alfonsina Y El Mar XX Años
Costa Negra
20 De Colección
Negro Color
Tania 50 años de Libertad
Manzanero a Tres Pistas
Desarmando a Tania
Por Ti y Por Mi
Las Tres Grandes: Primera Fila with Guadalupe Pineda and Eugenia León
Jose Alfredo y Yo

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
20th-century Mexican women singers
Mexican people of indigenous peoples descent
Peruvian people of Portuguese descent
People from Lambayeque Region
Peruvian emigrants to Mexico
Naturalized citizens of Mexico
20th-century Peruvian women singers
Peruvian people of indigenous peoples descent
Singers from Mexico City
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
People from Chiclayo
21st-century Mexican women singers
Women in Latin music

masks:
Tania Libertad de Souza Zúñiga
Tania Libertad
Libertad
Libertad
Libertad
Libertad
Libertad
Libertad


title: Steven Hassan

texts:
<mask> (pronounced ) is an American author, educator, PhD, and mental health counselor specializing in destructive cults. He has been described by media as "one of the world's foremost experts on mind control, cults and similar destructive organizations," though social scientists are divided on his work. He is a former member of the Unification Church, founded Ex-Moon Inc. in 1979, and in 1999 founded the Freedom of Mind Resource Center. He has written on the subject of mind control and how to help people who have been harmed by the experience. Personal life
<mask> was born circa 1953 and raised as a conservative Jew. He is a native of Queens, New York, and as of late 2020, lived in Newton, Massachusetts. <mask> reported that, at age 19 while pursuing a poetry degree at Queens College, he was deceptively recruited into the Unification Church, and spent 27 months as a member.<mask> was involved in recruiting, fundraising, and political campaigning for the Unification Church. He also claimed to have risen to the rank of assistant director of the Church at their National Headquarters, and personally met with Sun Myung Moon during numerous leadership sessions. During his time in the Unification Church, <mask> reported living in communal housing and sleeping less than four hours a night. Part of his duties included selling carnations on street corners in New York. In an interview, <mask> reported that he believed Richard Nixon was an archangel, and during the Watergate scandal, he and other members of the Unification Church were involved in prayer and fasting to "prove their loyalty to the president". He also reported surrendering his bank account to the Unification Church, and quitting college and his job to work for the church. <mask> reported that "he was ready to kill or die for" Sun Myung Moon.In 1976, after working two full days without sleep and driving a van for fundraisers, <mask> became fatigued and fell asleep while driving which resulted in a serious automobile accident that required him to seek medical care; his parents hired counselors to work with him and convinced him to leave the organization through a process that <mask> called "deprogramming". <mask> later married his first wife but divorced in 1989, and she died in an accident in 1991. He returned to his Jewish faith tradition after leaving the Unification church; He is an active member of a temple in Brookline, Massachusetts. He married a second time, with whom he has a son. Cult expertise
<mask> is described as "one of the world's foremost experts on mind control, cults and similar destructive organizations" by Salon, and as a cult expert and mind control expert by numerous other media sources. In 1979, following the Jonestown mass suicide and murders, <mask> founded a non-profit organization called "Ex-Moon Inc.". The organization consisted of over four hundred former members of the Unification Church.<mask> studied the thought reform theories of Robert Jay Lifton, and concluded that he was "able to see clearly that the Moon organization uses all eight" characteristics of thought reform as described by Lifton. <mask> studied the work of Richard Bandler and John Grinder who developed neuro-linguistic programming, the works of Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir, and Gregory Bateson, and used their works as a basis to develop his own theories on mind control, counseling, and intervention. <mask> has been assisting people exit destructive cults since 1976. <mask>'s methods have changed over time, and <mask> has been outspoken against involuntary deprogramming since 1980. In Combatting Cult Mind Control, he stated that "the non-coercive approach will not work in every case, it has proved to be the option most families prefer. Forcible intervention can be kept as a last resort if all other attempts fail." In 1995, Michael Langone questioned <mask>'s "humanistic counseling approach."Langone suggested that <mask>'s intervention method still "runs the risk of imposing clarity, however subtly" and "thereby manipulating the client." <mask> graduated from Cambridge College in 1985 where he earned a Master’s degree in counseling psychology. <mask> studied hypnosis and is a member of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis and the International Society of Hypnosis. <mask> is a member of the Program in Psychiatry and the Law, a Harvard think tank of forensic experts. He was an instructor in  Psychiatry Grand Rounds at Harvard Medical School's Psychiatry Residency Training Program during October 2017, and was a teacher of 4th-year psychiatry at Brigham and Women’s Hospital for 17 years. <mask> wrote his first book, Combatting Cult Mind Control in 1988, where he described his own recruitment as the result of the unethical use of powerful psychological influence techniques by members of the Church. <mask>'s books have been described as "somewhere at the literary crossroads of memoir, self-help guide, and mind-control theory primer."In 1999, <mask> founded the Freedom of Mind Resource Center. The center is registered as a domestic profit corporation in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and <mask> is president and treasurer. The Institute has investigated and published research on various groups including Hare Krishnas, Al Qaeda, and Opus Dei. <mask> has spent several years developing and promoting the adoption of a model to evaluate cult and cult-like groups. In his third book, Freedom of Mind: Helping Loved Ones Leave Controlling People, Cults, and Beliefs (2012), <mask> presents Lifton's and Margaret Singer's models of evaluation alongside his own BITE model. <mask> received his doctorate from Fielding Graduate University and published a dissertation in January 2021. His dissertation focused on the Bite Model and was titled, "The BITE Model of Authoritarian Control: Undue Influence, Thought Reform, Brainwashing, Mind Control, Trafficking and the Law".In it, <mask> explains that he developed the model in an effort to measure degrees of exploitative control or undue influence. The model is an attempt to evaluate behavior, information, thought and emotional controls. Describing the model, <mask> told reporters that "I talk about cults being on the continuum, from OK cults that are benign and where you have informed consent, to the unhealthy, destructive, authoritarian types." Some mainline social scientists believe that <mask>'s work lacks academic rigor and is used to fuel hysteria. American sociologists Anson D. Shupe and David G. Bromley are skeptical of the existence of brainwashing and mind control. Sociologists Benjamin Zablocki and Thomas Robbins state that <mask>'s brainwashing theories have long been proven false. <mask> has appeared on Nightline, 60 Minutes, CNN, Fox News, CBC News, and in many other media outlets as a commentator on cults.After the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, <mask> was interviewed by some reporters to explain his view of the bombers' state of mind and how he believed mind control was involved. In August 2018, <mask> delivered a TEDx talk on technology and mind control at TEDxBeaconStreet Salon. In October 2020, <mask> delivered a TEDx MidAtlantic talk on Dismantling QAnon with David Troy, Jim Stewartson, and Desiree Kane. In October 2019, The Cult of Trump: A Leading Cult Expert Explains How the President Uses Mind Control, was published, which represents a broadening of <mask>'s focus from New religious movements into application of his approach into political culture  <mask> stated that he hoped the book would lessen political division. <mask> has been criticized and accused of sensationalism and self-promotion for applying his cult diagnosis framework to politics. "Mainstream social scientists are divided on <mask> and his fellow cult-busters, with many sociologists of religion believing that what they do is nothing more than stoke hysteria, reminiscent of the witch hunts of the colonial era." Books
Combatting Cult Mind Control, 1988.— reissued 1990 () and 2015 (Combating ..., ). Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, 2000. .
Freedom of Mind: Helping Loved Ones Leave Controlling People, Cults, and Beliefs, 2012. . The Cult of Trump: A Leading Cult Expert Explains How the President Uses Mind Control, October 2019. .

See also
Anti-cult movement

References

External links
Official website

1954 births
Living people
American psychology writers
Jewish American social scientists
American psychotherapists
American social sciences writers
Brainwashing theory proponents
Critics of Falun Gong
Critics of the Unification Church
Critics of Scientology
Deprogrammers
Exit counselors
Mind control theorists
Researchers of new religious movements and cults
Cambridge College alumni
Former members of new religious movements
American male non-fiction writers
Former Unificationists

masks:
Steven Alan Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan
Hassan


title: Elizabeth Murray Campbell Smith Inman

texts:
<mask> (July 7, 1726 – May 25, 1785) was a shopkeeper, teacher, and philanthropist in Boston, Massachusetts before, during, and after the American Revolution. <mask> spent much of her adult life teaching her nieces and female friends the importance of personal financial autonomy through shopkeeping and other traditionally female domestic duties. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in and spent the first twelve years of her life in Unthank, Scotland, until her older brother James, an up-and-coming merchant, brought her to his new North Carolina home to be his housekeeper. In this capacity, <mask> learned the attendant responsibilities, such as "keeping accounts with local merchants and vendors, selecting and purchasing the items needed for household consumption, overseeing the work of any servants, and performing numerous chores associated with housecleaning and preparing food and clothing"

At seventeen, she moved with James and his new bride to London, where <mask> saw the city bustling with shop-owning women who sold wide arrays of cloth and other popular goods from all over the world. Also, London, offered her a chance to see the latest fashions in ladies' clothing that were so popular both in Great Britain and in its colonies. Sailing back to America, the <mask>s stopped in Boston, and <mask>, now twenty-three, decided to stay in the bustling commercial hub to open her own shop. Because many urban women were running taverns and small schools, it was considered an appropriate extension of women's acceptable domestic duties to support themselves through businesses they ran out of their homes.Career
Backed by her brother's mercantile connections in Great Britain, <mask> established credit in the commercial world and was able to sell the latest fashions from London in her Boston shop. She advertised in local newspapers, such as the Boston Gazette and the Boston Evening-Post, showcasing both her world-class ladies' apparel and her talents as a teacher of "Needle Works". Additionally, <mask> allowed her female students to board with her, to supplement her income. After a trip to London to make more business connections, <mask> returned to Boston and sent for James' daughter Dolly, wanting to give her the chance to pursue the "superior educational opportunities" in the northern city. Dolly worked under both <mask> and other local women to gain an education in arithmetic, shopkeeping, reading, and sewing. In 1755, <mask> married <mask>, a trader and ship's captain, thereby trading in her status as an independent single woman for the protection (and legal limitations) of couverture. Their union signified a business partnership, in which Thomas handled the larger commercial transactions, while <mask> ran the shop.Additionally, she became part of a female network of shop-owners and teachers in Boston with whom she interacted and traded services with daily. However, by the age of thirty-two, <mask> became widowed when Thomas died of the measles in 1759. By 1760, <mask> married for a second time to a wealthy old widower named <mask>, who would change her financial status for the rest of her life. Under their prenuptial agreement, James stipulated that she would not be rendered personally, legally, or financial dependent under couverture; instead, <mask> would be allowed to keep all of her own money that she had earned as a shopkeeper, and would be entitled to one-third of his considerable estate if he died before her. Because of their wealth, both <mask> and James stopped working and enjoyed a leisurely life in Brush Hill, outside of Boston. She did, however, continue to teach women the ways of shopkeeping and other business ventures, financially helping out young women like her nieces Dolly, Betsy, and Anne, as well as local up-and-coming merchants like Ame and <mask>s. Additionally, <mask>'s single, independent friend and protégé Jannette Day enjoyed the financial and emotional support of her friend.By 1763, <mask>'s ventures in helping her female friends and family were stymied by the violence in the Boston streets, when colonists became enraged at the taxes imposed on them by the British government. Growing out of the resentment of the Sugar Acts of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 were boycotts on British goods and attacks on loyalists like Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson. Because <mask>'s brother James and her husband were involved in housing British soldiers in <mask>'s sugar factory when the British landed in Boston in 1768, she and her family became vulnerable to the rioters' hostilities. When her second husband died, <mask> became a woman of great wealth, further solidifying her status as an independent, wealthy widow. She decided to leave for London to escape the violence running rampant in Boston; but before she left on a dangerous journey across the Atlantic, <mask> wrote her will, leaving much money to her family and female friends like Jannette Day and her daughter Jackie. When <mask> visited her brother John's family in Norwich, England, she decided to take his daughter <mask> (nicknamed Polly) under her wing, teaching her all that she herself had learned as a shopkeeper in Boston. She immediately set upon sending Polly to Boston to make connections in the commercial world and boarding with her merchant friends, the Cumings sisters.They would teach her all she needed to know about shopkeeping and running a business for herself. Additionally, <mask> sent her young nephew Jack to voyage with his sister across the Atlantic to Boston, in hopes of his becoming an apprentice for a successful merchant cousin in Rhode Island. Despite the unrest growing in Boston and many of her friends becoming attacked for importing British goods, <mask> decided to send Polly and Jack to Boston, anyway. To <mask>'s surprise,  when the Cumings sisters were publicly reviled in the press, their business turned even more successful, because of their insistence on " 'Striving in an honest way to Git there Bread'." Thus, women were finding themselves thrust into a world in which their decisions to purchase goods had become fraught with political meaning. Returning to Boston in April 1771 with her new charge Jackie, <mask> found Boston much calmer than when she had left a year and a half earlier. She decided to remarry for a third time to fellow shopkeeper <mask>, who would help improve her finances, which she realized were not in good order upon her return to Boston.She and Ralph signed a prenuptial agreement that allowed her to keep her wealth and continue to help young women get started in business. Unfortunately, she quickly learned that this marriage was not a good match, emotionally. Boston's turmoil with the British began to flare up again, and she removed to Cambridge with her niece Dolly to oversee her and her husband's estate, despite the fact that most women were leaving the area altogether. Her husband and her brother remained in Boston, now occupied and closed off by the British, under General Thomas Gage. <mask> wrote her husband repeatedly, even after rebel troops had kept her prisoner in her own house, but Ralph did not respond to her entreaties for him to join her in Cambridge. She stayed on in Cambridge, without her husband's protection, "overseeing crops, financial matters, and business decisions," all the while feeling abandoned by Ralph. When Ralph did contact his wife that he needed money, he urged her to come to Boston to join him, something she refused to do.When she insisted on defying her husband's wishes, Ralph made plans to sail to Great Britain without her, thereby separating from her indefinitely. <mask> decided that her brother James' daughter Betsy should stay with her and learn more shopkeeping, despite the Revolution taking place in Boston. She finally went to Boston to assist her niece <mask>, who was working in a Boston shop. When she realized Anne was unhappy with shopkeeping and wished to get married and leave America, <mask> did all she could to help solidify the union. Ralph was arrested before he could leave Boston and his property was seized by rebel forces in 1776. She was later castigated in the press for befriending a Scottish officer taken prisoner in Boston named <mask>, perhaps related to her first husband. She sent him various items in prison to assuage the pain of his imprisonment, such as books, rum, coffee, and sugar.She continued this relationship, despite smears on her name that associated her with political activity and prostitution. When the war drew to a close and her brother James died, many of <mask>'s nieces and nephews came to live with her and Ralph in Cambridge or nearby. The war had destroyed her and her husband's finances, but they decided to stay with one another. <mask> continued to urge her kin to come to Boston to take up shopkeeping, until she fell ill in the spring of 1785. Prior to her death, she drew up a new will that bequeathed much of what was left of her estate to her family, particularly her nieces and family friends. Death and afterward
<mask> <mask> <mask> died on May 25, 1785, with Polly and Betsy at her side. She was buried in a tomb alongside her second husband, <mask>, at the cemetery in King's Chapel in Boston.Her husband, <mask>, received relatively little of her fortune, causing a great deal of stress for <mask>'s nieces and the rest of her family in disputing her will. External links
 <mask> Project

References

1726 births
1785 deaths
18th-century American women
American women philanthropists
18th century in Boston
People from Boston
18th-century philanthropists

masks:
Elizabeth Murray Campbell Smith Inman
Murray
Elizabeth Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Elizabeth Murray
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Thomas Campbell
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
James Smith
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Cuming
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
James Smith
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Mary Murray
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Ralph Inman
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Anne Murray
Elizabeth
Archibald Campbell
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Murray
Campbell Smith
Inman
James Smith
Ralph Inman
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Murray