title: Jeanine Áñez

texts:
 activation of the presidential succession […]. Consequently, here we are facing a presidential succession originated in the vacancy of the presidency […], which means that […], as president of the Chamber of Senators, I assume immediately the presidency of the State". As her assumption to office was brought about by an act of succession, Morales' resignation was therefore never readout, and no vote was taken. From the first attempt to install the session to <mask> becoming president, the entire process lasted eleven minutes and twenty seconds. The Bible returns to the Palace
Having secured the presidency, <mask>, together with other opposition legislators and civic leaders, including Camacho and Marco Pumari, made their way to the historic Palacio Quemado, the president's former residence prior to the construction of the Casa Grande del Pueblo in 2018. Greeting a crowd of supporters, <mask> emerged onto the balcony dressed in the traditional presidential regalia, including the sash and historic presidential medal.Flanked by her two children on either side, as well as senators and civic leaders, she delivered a short speech pledging to "restore democracy to the country": "I am going to work this short time because Bolivians deserve to live in freedom, they deserve to live in democracy, and never again will their vote be stolen", she said. Notably, <mask>, a Catholic, also brandished a small pink Bible, declaring that "God has allowed the Bible to enter the Palace again". Before Morales' presidency, and until 2009, Bolivia was not a secular state, and the former president's relationship with the Church was controversial. At age fifty-two, <mask> was Bolivia's sixty-sixth president and is the second woman to have ever held the post, after Lidia Gueiler, who herself was a transitional president between 1979 and 1980. The following day, Salvatierra contended her resignation, arguing that, while she had publicly announced her intent to resign, Senate regulations establish that her letter of resignation had to be presented before a plenary session of the chamber in order for it to be approved or rejected by its members. Since such a vote had not occurred, some of her fellow assemblymen considered that Salvatierra was still president of the Senate and, therefore, the presidency of the State corresponded to her. Security personnel did not accept this justification and blocked Salvatierra and other MAS legislators from entering the Legislative Assembly, resulting in a scuffle between the opposing sides.This prompted a further Senate session on 14 November —this time with the required quorum— in which Salvatierra's resignation was approved, and Eva Copa was elected to replace her as president of the Senate. As part of the bill regulating the convocation of new elections, the majority MAS caucus formally recognized that <mask>'s investiture had arisen through constitutional succession. Domestic reactions
<mask>'s arrival to office was met with praise by Bolivian opposition and civic leaders. The first to congratulate her was former president Carlos Mesa —runner-up in the disputed presidential election— who wished Áñez success in carrying out the transition process. Among members of her party, Governor Rubén Costas conveyed his hope that Áñez find "success in her crucial mission of leading the nation" while Senator Óscar Ortiz stated: "God bless and enlighten the new president of Bolivia". Former vice president Víctor Hugo Cárdenas expressed his hope that the new president "never forget the indigenous peoples, the Wiphala, the youth, and women" while politician and pastor Chi Hyun Chung asked that "God give her wisdom and strength". On the other hand, members of the deposed MAS expressed their discontent with <mask>'s arrival to power and denounced what they viewed as a coup d'état.From Mexico, Morales tweeted that "the most cunning and disastrous coup in history has been carried out. A right-wing putschist senator proclaims herself president […] surrounded by a group of accomplices and managed by the Armed Forces". García Linera similarly echoed Morales' coup rhetoric, blaming "racist backlash" for Morales' removal. Constitutional and legal analysis
Minutes after the conclusion of the session that declared <mask> president, the Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (TCP) released an official statement endorsing her succession as constitutional. Citing a 2001 Constitutional Declaration, the TCP affirmed that "the functioning of the executive body in an integral manner should not be suspended". Thus, constitutional succession to the presidency applied ipso facto to the next in line to take office; president of the Senate, in <mask>'s case. However, in a separate, unrelated ruling issued on 15 October 2021, the TCP clarified that automatic succession only applied to cases of vacancy in the presidency or vice presidency, not in cases of vacancies in the legislative chambers, due to the fact that the regulations of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies specify that all resignations must be first dealt with and accepted.MAS Deputy Anyelo Céspedes pointed out that, under this criteria, <mask>'s succession to the presidency was unconstitutional because, as second vice president of the Senate, she could not have automatically assumed the presidency of the Senate. Mesa rejected that reasoning, stating that Morales' flight to Mexico left the presidency vacant, thus triggering an automatic succession to whoever was next in line for the presidency, which would have been <mask> regardless of whether she was president or vice president of the Senate. Constitutional expert and jurist Williams Bascopé recalled that "Evo Morales' mistake was to ask for asylum and leave [the country], he left his post definitively, and that is why the constitutional succession has to operate without the need for parliament […]. The Bolivian State cannot be left without command for a minute […]". Nonetheless, Minister of Justice Iván Lima assured that the TCP's ruling definitively proved that <mask>'s actions in assuming the presidency constituted a coup d'état. For this reason, her lawyer, Luis Guillén, characterized the Court's decision as "tailored" to the interests of the MAS government to legitimize its political persecution against her. Domestic policy

Pacification of the country
<mask>'s assumption to the presidency opened a new phase in the deep social unrest engulfing the country.Having succeeded in ousting Morales, civic leaders like Camacho and Pumari announced an end to mobilizations in Santa Cruz and Potosí in order to lift pressure on the government. On the other hand, social sectors related to MAS declared their own series of mobilizations with the aim of reversing the "coup d'état" and returning Morales to power. The brunt of these demonstrations were centered on the Chapare and El Alto —two historic centers of MAS support— where MAS-affiliated cocalero groups and trade unions threatened to impose blockades and cut off basic services to Cochabamba and La Paz if their demands were not met. In response, on 14 November, <mask> issued Supreme Decree N° 4078 regulating the intervention of the Armed Forces in the pacification process by exempting them "from criminal responsibility when, in compliance with their constitutional functions, they acted in legitimate defense or state of necessity". While the president assured that this did not constitute a "license to kill", international human rights organizations expressed their  deep concern over its possible lethal implications and called for its immediate repeal. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) stated that the decree "encourages violent repression" while Amnesty International described it as a "carte blanche" for human rights abuses. The MAS, meanwhile, moved to file a motion with the TCP to declare the decree unconstitutional.Within hours of the decree's promulgation, reports arose that security personnel in Sacaba had fired on cocalero protesters marching to Cochabamba, leaving multiple dead and dozens wounded. Four days later, on 19 November, clashes between police and demonstrators attempting to seize a YPFB plant in the Senkata barrio of El Alto resulted in further deaths. In both cases, the government denied that either the police or armed forces had been ordered to shoot. Áñez lamented the loss of life, stating that "it hurts us because we are a government of peace". Amid increasing pressure to reverse course, she abrogated the decree on 28 November, justifying that the government had "achieved the long-awaited pacification". At the government's invitation, the IACHR conducted an investigation into the incidents of violence that occurred during the pacification process. On 10 December, it released its preliminary observations in which it characterized the events in Sacaba and Senkata as massacres and condemned "serious human rights violations".The Commission reminded the Bolivian State that lethal force could not be used as a means of maintaining or restoring order and called on the government to implement measures to prohibit the use of force as a means of controlling public demonstrations. At the same time, the IACHR considered that the government did not have the conditions to conduct an impartial, internal inquiry and requested an international investigation by carried out. Legislative investigation

Seeking an oral report from the government regarding the Sacaba and Senkata massacres, the Legislative Assembly issued an interpellation against <mask>'s ministers of government, Arturo Murillo, and defense, Luis Fernando López. Both failed to attend their hearings, citing their official duties as reasons why they could not appear, leading the legislature to approve a formal request demanding that <mask> "instruct the Ministers of State to comply with their constitutional duties". After failing to present himself three separate times, the Legislative Assembly voted to censure López, an action that entailed the minister's dismissal. In compliance with the Constitution, <mask> replaced López on 9 March 2020, only to reappoint him the following day, arguing that the Constitution does not specify that a minister who has been censured and removed cannot return to their post. On 6 March —the same day as López's censure— the Legislative Assembly convened a multi-party mixed commission composed of six deputies and three senators of both the MAS and opposition to investigate the massacres.On 29 October, meeting in a joint session of the outgoing Senate and Chamber of Deputies, the legislators approved the commission's report on the massacres of Senkata, Sacaba, and Yapacaní, which recommended a trial of responsibilities against <mask> for the crimes of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and the law, breach of duty, genocide, murder, serious injury, injury followed by death, criminal association, deprivation of liberty, and forced disappearance of persons. Additionally, it suggested an ordinary trial for eleven of her ministers as well as for certain members of the military and police. Copa announced that the commission's report would be submitted to the Prosecutor's Office in order to open proceedings. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this date was pushed forward multiple times, finally set for 18 October. Electoral policy

Convocation of new elections

Immediately on 14 November 2019, <mask>, in compliance with her earlier commitment, outlined the government's intent to call for fresh elections as soon as possible and by "any mechanisms necessary". To achieve this, she requested the cooperation of legislators from the Movement for Socialism, whose participation was essential in order to carry out the transitory process as they still maintained a parliamentary majority in both chambers of the assembly. In particular, the MAS' two-thirds vote was necessary to elect six of the seven members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal to replace the previous officials —prosecuted for electoral crimes due to the disputed presidential elections.<mask> stipulated that these new authorities must be "honest, transparent professionals", though she accepted that the MAS "will have the opportunity to elect the authorities they want, that they decide, because that is their right". Due to the initial inability of the assembly to reach an agreement, the government evaluated the possibility of calling elections via supreme decree, an action that had precedent in the transitional government of Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé in 2005. Morales, however, claimed that doing so would contravene the 2009 Constitution. Copa also regarded the idea as unconstitutional: "we cannot allow an election to be held by decree when the Legislative Assembly is operating legally and legitimately". She called on the president to avoid "manag[ing] everything by decree […] because Congress is the maximum expression of the Bolivian people". For his part, Rodríguez Veltzé pointed out that his ability to manage the transition was only possible "via dialogue and political consensus". On 18 November, Jorge Quiroga presented two draft bills that he claimed would allow Áñez to call elections and designate members of the Supreme and Departmental Electoral Tribunals by way of decree, though he also stated that the ideal would be to solve the issue through the Legislative Assembly.On 20 November, <mask> delivered a bill to advance the convocation of new elections and gave the assembly two days to reach a consensus; otherwise, she would issue the call by supreme decree. On 23 November, the Senate unanimously approved the Law on the Exceptional and Transitory Regime for General Elections, consisting of twenty-four articles and five provisions that were subsequently passed by the Chamber of Deputies and promulgated by Áñez on 24 November. Under its provisions, the general elections of 2019 were declared null and void, and new elections were to be convened, though no concrete date was set. Additionally, new members of the TSE were to be elected within three weeks, who would then issue the call for general elections. Notably, the rule mandated that individuals who had been re-elected to the same office for the two previous constitutional periods were barred from seeking the same position, thus prohibiting Morales from contesting the presidency. <mask> appointed Salvador Romero as the first member of the new TSE, who took office on 28 November. The assembly elected six authorities to fill the remaining vacancies three weeks later, thus reconstituting the electoral body.Though the TSE was initially mandated to set a date for new elections within forty-eight hours of taking office, it was later extended to ten days in order to grant its members the proper amount of preparatory time to organize the electoral calendar. On 3 January 2020, TSE Vice President Óscar Hassenteufel announced that 3 May had been set as the date for the new general elections. Presidential campaign

Announcement
As early as 15 November 2019, in an interview with Will Grant for BBC Mundo, Áñez assured that she had no intentions of presenting herself as a presidential candidate. "I do not have that desire. My objective in this transitional government is to carry out transparent elections", she stated. This sentiment was later reiterated by Minister of the Presidency Yerko Núñez and confirmed by the Agencia Boliviana de Información —the government press agency— which released an official statement claiming that "there are no political calculations behind [Áñez's] administration". In a poll conducted between 9 and 13 January 2020 by Mercados y Muestras, the results found that, while forty-three percent of those surveyed rated Áñez's management as very good or good compared to twenty-seven percent who said it had been bad or very bad, only twenty-four percent agreed that she should present her candidacy for the presidency.In contrast, sixty-seven percent of respondents agreed with the statement that she must "not take advantage of her power to be a presidential candidate". Nonetheless, discussions regarding her possible candidacy permeated, and her party, the Democrats, began to promote it following its failure to reach an agreement with Camacho, who launched his own campaign. Finally, at a rally in La Paz held on 24 January 2020, Áñez launched her presidential campaign on behalf of the right-wing, Democrat-led Juntos alliance, justifying that the opposition's failure to consolidate had forced her to present herself as a unifying consensus candidate. Though she admitted that running for the presidency "was not in my plans" and that "some will find the measure difficult to understand", she argued that, in confronting the MAS, "we no longer have room to make mistakes". Both the opposition and the MAS decried <mask>'s announcement. Her candidacy split the right into two fronts between Juntos and Creemos —the alliance of Camacho— who called on the president to "keep her word". For Mesa, whose centrist Civic Community (CC) coalition saw two of its major components split off to join Juntos, <mask>'s decision to run was "a big mistake" that affected her ability to manage the transition "with neutrality".Former president Jaime Paz Zamora was harsher, stating on Twitter that "the moral argument against a coup falls. They will say that what was sought was the seizure of power". Morales affirmed that <mask>'s candidacy was proof that she had carried out a coup against him. In an opinion piece for The New York Times, journalist Sylvia Colombo stated that, in announcing her candidacy, Áñez "not only broke a promise but also took

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez


title: Jeanine Áñez

type: original

texts:
 away from her interim government the best argument to convince skeptics that the departure of Evo Morales […] was not a coup". On the other hand, Costas claimed that "it's women's time" and assured that "Bolivia asked for [<mask>'s candidacy] because she gave us peace back". In an opinion column published by Correo del Sur, Samuel Doria Medina, leader of the National Unity Front, was initially critical of <mask>'s for using "the resources of state institutions […, to] benefit [herself]". However, he quickly backtracked on that sentiment and, a week later, <mask> announced that Doria Medina would accompany her as her running mate."I trust [her promise] to avoid taking advantage of state resources [to benefit her campaign]", he said. In that regard, it was pointed out that <mask>'s campaign announcement had been broadcast on Bolivia TV, the State channel, causing an investigation to be opened within the Ministry of Communication. Campaign and withdrawal

For most of the campaign season, <mask> came in at a distant third in polling data, behind Carlos Mesa and MAS candidate Luis Arce. However, on 16 September, a new poll moved her down to fourth place, behind Camacho. The same survey found that Arce would take forty percent of the vote, allowing him to win in the first round. As a result, the following day, <mask> disseminated a video message through her social networks announcing that she had chosen to withdraw her presidential candidacy in order to avoid a dispersion of the vote among the opposition. She characterized her decision as "not a sacrifice, [but] an honor", and stated that "if we [the opposition] don't unite, Morales will return, the dictatorship will return".Though analysts observed that <mask>'s withdrawal could potentially boost Mesa's campaign enough to achieve a runoff —in which he was overwhelmingly favored to win— the results of 18 October ultimately indicated that Arce had won a surprise victory in the first round, reaching fifty-five percent of the vote. Among the factors in the MAS' return to power, analysts cited <mask>'s candidacy as a compounding reason for the opposition's inability to achieve victory. According to journalist Pablo Ortiz, the controversial <mask> administration broke one of the "first foundational myths of anti-Evismo: they were capable of committing the same acts of corruption and abuse of power as the MAS". In addition, the repressions of Sacaba and Senkata and instances of racism in her government had a tremendous negative impact on the entire opposition's ability to gain support from Bolivia's indigenous population. COVID-19 pandemic
At the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> announced various biosecurity measures to combat the disease. Starting on 17 March 2020, Bolivia's international borders were closed to foreigners —but not Bolivian citizens— for forty-eight hours. Within seventy-two hours of her announcement, all international and national flights and interdepartmental and interprovincial land transport were suspended, save for an exemption for the transfer of goods to maintain supply chains.Domestically, from 18 March, the public and private working day was shortened to five hours between 8:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m., while local markets and supermarkets were allowed to remain open until 3:00 p.m. In addition, a curfew on traffic between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. was set, except in cases where people needed to travel for work or urgent health-related reasons. Citing a lack of compliance with quarantine measures, Áñez declared a health emergency on 26 March. A strict, mandatory quarantine was imposed on the population: "No one leaves, nor does anyone enter the country", Áñez remarked. It was established that one person per family would be allowed to leave their homes between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. to purchase groceries and other essentials, and all exits were prohibited on weekends. Those found not to be in compliance were to be charged a fine of Bs1,000 ($145), while drivers violating the prohibition of vehicles faced a fine of Bs2,000 ($289) and could be arrested for eight hours. To enforce these measures, the president stated that the "active participation of the Armed Forces and the National Police in the fight against the coronavirus" would be promoted by the government.On 26 June, <mask> implemented the so-called "dynamic quarantine" until 31 July. Most preexisting regulations were kept in place at the national level, though sub-national governments were allowed to regulate aspects such as circulation of people, commerce, food delivery services, minimal social distancing, and transport within their jurisdiction. At the beginning of August, this was extended until the end of the month, after which measures were significantly relaxed from September onward. Controversially, Áñez promulgated Supreme Decree N° 4231 on 7 May 2020, which intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 misinformation. Under its provisions, any individual or media outlet found to have disseminated what was deemed as misinformation, be it through written, printed, or artistic form, could be subject to a criminal complaint by the Prosecutor's Office. In response, on 14 May, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) deemed the decree excessive and requested that the <mask> administration modify it in order to "not to criminalize freedom of expression". Áñez complied, and repealed the controversial decree within hours, a decision celebrated by both the MAS and the opposition.To combat the increase in economic instability, <mask> and her cabinet pledged to donate fifty percent of their monthly salary a fund to help those affected by the pandemic. The president's monthly salary is Bs24,251 ($3,520); that of a minister of State totals Bs 21,556 ($3,130); and that of a vice minister is Bs20,210 ($2,930). The initial sum was Bs250,000 ($36,290) per month, which the government hoped to increase with the support of parliamentarians, business people, and the rest of the population. The government also pledged to pay domestic electricity and water tariffs from April through June 2020 to ease families' economic burdens. Eight in ten households received a 100 percent discount in May. These bonds were claimed by all households in extreme poverty and ninety to ninety-six percent of those in moderate poverty. Cultural policy

Since the passage of the 2009 Constitution, the Wiphala —flag of the indigenous peoples of the Andes— has been the dual flag of Bolivia, alongside the national tricolor.Upon taking the reins of government, <mask> instructed that the Wiphala be maintained as a national symbol of the State. Additionally, her government incorporated the flag of the Patujú flower —emblem of the indigenous peoples of eastern Bolivia— as a co-official flag in all official acts at the national level. While the Patujú flower was made a national symbol by the Constitution, prior to <mask>'s presidency, the flag only served as a departmental symbol in Beni and Santa Cruz. In January 2020, <mask> implemented a new government logo for usage by all ministries and vice ministries of the State. It featured the coat of arms in black and white, and below it, a line of colors representing the tricolor and Wiphala flanked on either side by two Patujú flowers. To increase funds to combat the pandemic, <mask> abolished three ministries on 4 June. Among these were the Ministry of Cultures and Tourism and the Ministry of Sports, which were merged with the Ministry of Education, a move that provoked backlash from indigenous groups and members of both the MAS and opposition.<mask> responded to their criticism by assuring that "art and culture will be promoted from the Ministry of Education". Foreign policy

Israel
Just over two weeks into <mask>'s mandate, on 28 November 2019, Foreign Minister Karen Longaric announced that the transitional government would seek to re-establish diplomatic relations with the State of Israel for the first time in over a decade. In 2009, President Morales cut off relations and labeled Israel a terrorist nation after it launched an offensive into the Gaza Strip that resulted in the deaths of over a thousand Palestinians. Longaric called his decision "a measure of a political nature without consideration [for, …] economic and commercial [ramifications]". Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz hailed the new government's decision as a step forward for the country's international status. Visa requirements for Israeli nationals entering the country were waived on 11 December, in conjunction with the elimination of the same restrictions on U.S. citizens. On 4 February 2020, Áñez received Asaf Ichilevich, Israeli ambassador to Peru, and Shmulik Bass, director of Israel's department for South America, at the Palacio Quemado.Their meeting covered various forms of cooperation between the two states on issues related to agriculture, education, and health. At a press conference held shortly after, the government announced that officials from both countries had agreed on the formal resumption of relations between Bolivia and Israel. United States
Prior to <mask>'s presidency, diplomatic relations between Bolivia and the United States had been suspended for the previous twelve years since the Morales administration expelled Ambassador Philip Goldberg in 2008 on accusations of espionage. With the arrival of her government, Áñez moved to rekindle the country's ties with the U.S., and, on 26 November 2019, Óscar Serrate was appointed as an ambassador on special mission to the U.S. government. Various media outlets reported that this constituted a resumption of diplomatic relations between the two states, though <mask>'s government clarified that Serrate was only on a temporary special mission and that the president chosen in the next elections would be allowed to decide whether or not to formally appoint an ambassador. In December, Beatriz Revollo —who served as consul in Washington, D.C. from 1997 to 2001— was reappointed and received credentials from the U.S. In the same month, Áñez lifted visa requirements for American nationals entering the country.On 21 January 2020, she and her foreign minister received U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale, with whom an intent to exchange ambassadors for the first time in over a decade was agreed to. Venezuela
Within two days of assuming office, the <mask> administration announced that it had decided to recognize opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela. The following day, <mask>, through Foreign Minister Longaric, reported that diplomats representing the government of Nicolás Maduro had been asked to return to Venezuela. Additionally, the country's disassociation from the Bolivarian Alliance —led by Venezuela and Cuba— and its withdrawal from the Union of South American Nations were also announced, though the latter organization had already effectively ceased functioning. On 22 December 2019, Bolivia formally entered the Lima Group, a regional bloc established to discuss diplomatic solutions to the crisis in Venezuela. Post-presidency (2020–2021)
<mask> was not present for the inauguration of her successor.On 7 November 2020, a day before Arce was sworn in, she announced that she had already departed La Paz and settled at her residence in Trinidad, Beni. From there, she pledged to continue to "defend […] democracy" and denounced possible judicial processes against her as political harassment. She went on to deny anonymous reports that she intended to flee the country for Brazil and pointed to the MAS as the instigators of such rumors. Beni gubernatorial campaign

Shortly before the new year, on 27 December 2020, <mask> released a short video through her social networks communicating her resignation from the Social Democratic Movement. She criticized "old politicians" from both the left and the right whom she regarded as having impeded her ability to govern and stated that "a change is needed" in the country's political system. One day later, spokesman Jorge Ribera revealed that Áñez had agreed to run as a candidate for governor of the Beni Department on behalf of Ahora!, an alliance between the National Unity Front and Let's do it for Trinidad. He stated that the decision to nominate her stemmed from a recently conducted poll that indicated favorable results if she ran.The following day, <mask> officially launched her gubernatorial candidacy. At a press conference, she recalled that she had been debating whether to assume that "former president's role" and withdraw from politics or accept UN's invitation to be its nominee and that she opted for the latter in order to fulfill her commitment "to work for my department". <mask>'s electoral program focused on developing the department's agriculture industry and implementing a "Beni Bonus" to help families struggling in the pandemic. Early polling indicated relatively even support between <mask> and Alejandro Unzueta of the Third System Movement, with each receiving twenty-one and twenty-seven percent of the voting intention; such an outcome would result in a runoff between the two. However, her campaign was disrupted by mounting judicial processes, which forced her to suspend electoral activities on some occasions. Shortly after election day, Unzueta was declared the winner in the first round, with MAS candidate Alex Ferrier reaching second place. <mask> came in a distant third, receiving just thirteen percent of the vote.Arrest and prosecution (2021–present)

Apprehension
On the afternoon of 12 March 2021, the Prosecutor's Office issued an arrest warrant against <mask>, five of her former ministers, and multiple former members of the high command of the armed forces. The news was broken by <mask> herself, who published a photo of the document through her social networks, where she also denounced that "the political persecution has begun". The charges against her for conspiracy, sedition, and terrorism stemmed from the coup d'état case, filed by former MAS deputy Lidia Patty in December of the previous year. The move came as a surprise as that case was initially designed to prosecute members of the military and police for requesting Morales' resignation. At around 1:00 p.m., police surrounded <mask>'s residence in Trinidad, but she was not found in her home, and a citywide search was carried out. <mask>'s nephews —Juan Carlos and Carlos Hugo, who were at her house at the time— were apprehended during the operation, accused by the Prosecutor's Office of hindering police work. After thirty-six hours in police custody, the Beni Fourth Criminal Investigation Court returned their freedom under alternative measures.Upon being released, Juan Carlos denounced that he had been forced through torture to disclose Áñez's location: "The policemen grabbed me and put me in the van without asking me anything, they took me to a room […] where they put a bag over my head and beat me. They wanted me to tell them where my aunt was, if I didn't, they were going to keep hitting me". At dawn the following day, officers discovered Áñez hidden at a relative's home —presumed to be her mother— and she was placed under arrest. Reactions
The Associated Press described <mask>'s apprehension as a "crackdown on opposition". Jim Shultz, founder of the Bolivia-focused Democracy Center, warned that the incident represented a "cycle of retribution" in the country's justice system: "[This] feels less like a legal process and more like they are taking turns trying to destroy one another". He noted that while Áñez faced valid accusations of human rights violations and political persecution, the charges levied against her were not related to that. He considered the coup allegations for which she is prosecuted to be "a stretch".After reviewing her case file, Human Rights Watch found the evidence against <mask> to be "unclear". In an op-ed published by El País, the organization stated that "victims will not be served by one-sided investigations that violate due process […]. During the <mask> administration, we called on prosecutors to drop abusive charges and uphold human rights. We ask the same now". According to political analyst Marcelo Arequipa: "the Bolivian political crisis was supposed to have been resolved with the general elections last year […, but <mask>'s arrest] has brought us back to […] a scenario of social polarization". Protests against her incarceration were observed in Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, and Trinidad, constituting the largest mobilizations since the 2019 crisis. Meanwhile, opposition leaders denounced the processes against <mask> as "arbitrary" and accused the government of political persecution."This is not justice", said Mesa, "they are seeking to decapitate [the] opposition". Doria Medina called her arrest a "dictatorial act", with similar statements being released by Camacho, Quiroga, and other major leaders. Criminal processes

Preventative dentation
After being apprehended, <mask> was subsequently transferred to the Special Crime Fighting Force (FELCC) facilities in La Paz. Around 9:00 a.m., she was referred to the Prosecutor's Office to take her statement but appealed to her right to silence because she did not have a lawyer. With that, she was returned to her cell at FELCC. The Prosecutor's Office initially requested six months of preventative detention for <mask>, arguing that she presented a flight risk. Judge Regina Santa Cruz of the Ninth Criminal Investigation Court of La Paz agreed with that assessment on the grounds that the former

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title: Jeanine Áñez

texts:
 president had attempted to evade capture, was arrested at an address different than her own, and was discovered with packed suitcases.However, the judge determined to shorten the mandated pre-trial detention from six to four months while the investigation was underway. Attorney General Wilfredo Chávez appealed the decision, stating that four months did not grant prosecutors sufficient time to investigate the coup d'état case. On 20 March, the criminal chamber of the Departmental Court of Justice accepted the appeal and extended Áñez's detention to the requested six months. On 3 August, a further six months were added, with the court again basing its decision on the potential flight risk that Áñez presented. On 2 October, the main case against her was split into two separate processes, leading a judge to order that another five months of preventative detention be imposed on Áñez, totaling a year and five months in prison without trial. After two days of detention in a FELCC cell, Áñez was transferred to the Obrajes Women's Orientation Center (COF) on 15 March, where she was set to carry out a mandatory period of fifteen days in isolation to comply with COVID-19 safety protocols. However, at around 1:10 a.m. on 20 March, she was transferred from Obrajes prison to the Miraflores Women's Penitentiary.The government assured that the Miraflores prison met "more optimal conditions" because it provided her a space separate from other prisoners, adequate access to healthcare, and the ability to receive visits from her family, as well as national and international delegations. Mental and physical health
A marked decline in Áñez's mental and physical well-being was observed during her detention. On 17 March, Áñez was examined by a prison doctor, who recorded that she was suffering from hypertension and that her arterial blood pressure registered at 190 mm Mercury, putting her at risk of stroke. Due to her state of health, Áñez's defense and family requested that she be transferred to the Clinica del Sur —located two blocks from the prison— for examination. Her lawyer, Luis Guillén, stated that the request had initially been authorized, but, "at the last minute", the Departmental Director of the Penitentiary Regime changed course and rejected it, instead bringing its own specialists to treat her. A freedom action filed by Áñez's lawyers in order to transfer her to a public clinic was accepted by the Tenth Sentencing Court, but the decision was reversed upon appeal by the Prosecutor's Office, which requested that she be treated by personnel from the Institute of Forensic Investigations (IDIF) —dependent on the Prosecutor's Office— or by doctors from public hospitals transferred to the prison. After visiting her in her cell, Amparo Carvajal, president of the Permanent Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia (APDHB), reported that Áñez was experiencing severe depression and suicidal thoughts."She doesn't want to fight. […] No one could visit her, not even her family, only her lawyer", she said. On 19 April, after some delays, a personal doctor was admitted into the Miraflores prison to examine Áñez's state of health. It was recorded that Áñez was suffering from hyperventilation and fever syndrome and was undergoing stomach pains. According to the doctor, such ailments could result in a probable kidney complication if left untreated. A later medical report determined that she had a urinary tract infection that necessitated urgent hospitalization. For this reason, her defense submitted an evacuation request for medical and humanitarian reasons, but the prison, citing staffing issues, refused to accept it.Under pressure from the OHCHR, a judge ruled that Áñez would be allowed to be treated by a private doctor, but they would have to do so in the prison and not in a clinic. Shortly after her period of preventative detention was extended by six months, <mask> was briefly transferred to the Thorax Institute to undergo a cardiological check-up on 11 August. An official medical report determined that she continued to suffer from hypertension and had depressive anxiety syndrome. As a result, two days later, the Second Anticorruption Court ordered that Áñez be allowed to leave prison in order to be transferred to the German Clinic to undergo a medical evaluation. Instead, she was once again taken to the Thorax Institute, where a cardiological evaluation recommended by IDIF was carried out instead of the Doppler echocardiography that her family had requested. On 18 August, <mask> was once again transferred to a hospital —the third time in two weeks— to undergo a thorax exam. Her lawyers decried that the trip had not been coordinated with her family.Suffering from increasingly severe depression, <mask> attempted to commit suicide on 21 August, slashing her lower arms. She has likened the processes against her to the military dictatorship of Luis García Meza: "These are very dark times […], jail has been imposed on anyone who raises their head, protests, or demands compliance with the law". She argued that instead of employing force of arms, "the MAS political elite" had co-opted the judiciary in order to persecute its opponents. Hunger strike
Viewing her sentence to have already been decided, <mask> declared a hunger strike on 9 February 2021. After eight days, her lawyers reported that she was suffering from paresthesia in the mouth, legs, and feet due to a lack of magnesium and potassium, and a decrease in sugar. On 17 February, a virtual hearing for the cessation of her preventative detention was forced to be suspended until the twenty-first after Áñez began to decompensate. Her private doctor, Karim Hamdan, reported that the former president's health was "delicate".He explained that Áñez was in the initial stages of emaciation and dehydration. Due to her critical state of health, <mask>'s defense filed a freedom action to secure her release for urgent medical treatment. This was accepted by a judge, who arranged her transfer to a hospital. The news of Áñez's possible release provoked a mobilization of MAS-related groups, who gathered outside the Miraflores prison to prevent her exit. The protest devolved into violence when a vigil in support of Áñez was attacked, leading to multiple injuries, including Áñez's daughter, Carolina, who was left with a bruised eye and scratches on her face. Within hours, the judge who authorized Áñez's release reversed his decision at the request of the prison's warden, who argued that the protests outside made it impossible to comply with the transfer request. Instead, the judge ordered that Áñez receive treatment from inside the prison.Coup I and coup II cases
The primary process against <mask> is the coup d'état case, in which she is accused of conspiracy, sedition, and terrorism. In May 2021, the Prosecutor's Office admitted a lawsuit by President of the Senate Andrónico Rodríguez, which expanded the case to include new processes against her for allegedly illegally assuming the presidency of the Senate in 2019. Her lawyers affirmed that Rodríguez's lawsuit covered the same crimes as the original case and thus should not have been included because it is illegal to judge an individual twice for the same action. The singular coup d'état case was split into two separate processes —labeled coup I and coup II— on 31 July. The coup I case —covering the conspiracy, sedition, and terrorism charges— was mired by difficulties due to the inability of prosecutors to gather the necessary testimonies. To date, only Mesa responded, only to affirm his right not to testify. The coup II case covers Rodríguez's complaint surrounding <mask>'s succession to the presidency, for which she stands accused of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws and breach of duties.Coup II trial
On 12 January 2022, Minister of Government Eduardo del Castillo announced that the first oral trial against <mask> for the "Coup II" case would commence "in the next days". Guillén criticized that her defense had not been officially notified of this by the court prior to the announcement and pointed out that the Ministry of Government, as part of the executive branch, was not authorized to release official communications on behalf of the judiciary. He alleged that this "irregular, anomalous" action was a sign of government pressure on the courts to expedite the judicial process. On 21 January, the official date of the trial was set for 9:00 a.m. on 10 February in a virtual courtroom using the Cisco Webex system. The Prosecutor's Office has stated that it will seek a sentence of twelve years for Áñez. Her defense denounced the trial as "illegal", citing sixteen irregularities in the procedure leading up to it. In particular, the lawyers accused the judges of "prevarication", noting that the judge who ordered the opening of the trial had been irregularly appointed, it was installed with the signature of just one of the three judges that made up the court, and the set date was not in line with the twenty to forty-five days that should have been allotted to formulate her defense.Additionally, they denounced interference by executive authorities within the Ministry of Government, Ministry of Justice, and Attorney General's Office into the investigation of the Prosecutor's Office, who they also regarded as "inquisitive". Within hours of its opening, the First Anti-Corruption Sentencing Court of La Paz annulled the order to initiate that process. The decision was made unanimously given technical difficulties and the defense's request that the trial be held in person. Other processes
Two days after <mask>'s arrest, the Ministry of Justice announced that it would present four additional liability trials separate from the coup d'état case to the Attorney General's Office. On 24 March 2021, it accepted all four accusations. In the first case, <mask> —in conjunction with her minister of government, José Luis Parada, and the former president of the Central Bank of Bolivia, Guillermo Aponte— stands accused of having accepted a loan of $360 million from the International Monetary Fund that generated $5 million in interest. The fact was made effective through Supreme Decree N° 4277, which is considered unconstitutional because it circumvented the authorization of the Legislative Assembly, whose consent is necessary to approve such a loan according to Article 158 of the Constitution.For this, she is charged with resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws, uneconomic conduct, and breach of duties. On 14 April, <mask> refrained from testifying in this case. In the second case, <mask> is prosecuted for promulgating Supreme Decree N° 4231 during the COVID-19 pandemic, for which she is again charged with resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws, as well as failure to comply with duties, crimes against freedom of the press, and attacks against the freedom to work. The third case relates to an incident in the first months of the <mask> administration, in which Bolivian nationals residing in Chile were not authorized to reenter their country for some weeks. For that, she faces a third count of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws, a second count of breach of duties, and is additionally charged with crimes against public health and discrimination. For the fourth and final case, <mask> is accused of granting illegal concessions to the Fundempresa company and is charged with a fourth count of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws. On 14 April, she also refused to testify or provide a statement regarding the Fundempresa concessions.On 12 June, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice delivered formal indictments to the Legislative Assembly requesting liability trials for the first, second, and fourth cases. Senator Rodríguez conveyed his hope that a two-thirds majority of legislators would approve the processes. Potential trial of responsibilities
With the installation of the new legislature on 3 November 2020, the MAS lost the two-thirds supermajority it had enjoyed in the two previous legislative terms. As a result, its ability to proceed with a trial of responsibilities against <mask> would necessitate the cooperation of the opposition. Both CC and Creemos expressed their willingness to approve such a motion, but only if Morales was also prosecuted. They argued that according to a report issued by the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts for Bolivia (GIEI-Bolivia) —appointed by the IACHR— human rights violations occurred between September and December 2019, a period that includes the mandates of both Morales and Áñez. In this context, the MAS assured that it would not "negotiate" a trial and accused the opposition of seeking "impunity" for Áñez.For this reason, <mask> has not yet been prosecuted for the events at Sacaba and Senkata. Nonetheless, on 26 August 2021, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice accepted a petition from the Prosecutor's Office to send an indictment against her to the Legislative Assembly in order to open a trial of responsibilities on charges of genocide, serious and minor injuries, and injury followed by death. In terms of the processes Áñez faces for the alleged coup d'état, Minister of Justice Iván Lima assured that she was being prosecuted as a former senator and not as a former president and, as such, she had no constitutional privilege to a trial of responsibilities. In response, former deputy Rafael Quispe pointed out that the Constitution grants legislators immunity from being criminally prosecuted for actions carried out in the performance of their functions. Ideology and personal life

Personal life
In Santa Cruz, at age twenty-three, <mask> married the lawyer Tadeo Ribera, with whom she had two children: Carolina and José Armando. In 1995, Ribera stood as a candidate on behalf of the political party Solidarity Civic Unity for mayor of Trinidad, the capital of Beni, and was elected in a surprise upset victory. He served as mayor of that city from 1996 to 1999.Since divorced from <mask>, Ribera died in Santa Cruz on 29 January 2020, three months into her presidency, causing her to reschedule some official presidential activities to attend his funeral with her children two days later. <mask>'s second husband is Héctor Hernando Hincapié, a Colombian politician from Chaparral, Tolima. Hincapié was a frequent candidate in multiple Colombian elections, running for senator for the Conservative Party in 2018, where he won just 1,066 votes. Prior to that, he stood as a candidate for Departmental Assembly of Tolima in 2010, also with the conservatives, and for the Colombian Chamber of Representatives in 2014 for the Party of the U. Known for her passion for animals, <mask> adopted at least eight street dogs that wandered near her official residence during her time as president, including one that she named "Pitita", in reference to the popular mobilizations that culminated in the downfall of Morales and her arrival to office; La Paz records indicate that there are around two million stray dogs in the city. To celebrate Saint Roch's day on 16 August 2020, <mask> had intended to introduce all of the puppies that accompanied her during her presidency, but she canceled the event due to the death of her family's longtime dog, Vicente. Racial views
Around forty-one percent of Bolivia's population are indigenous, and this population often encounters discrimination, mainly related to poverty and ethnicity.After Morales —Bolivia's first indigenous president— assumed office in 2006, polarization increased between the indigenous peoples and others. Shortly after <mask> was sworn in, her opponents circulated numerous tweets directed at indigenous peoples dating back to 2013. In one dated 20 June 2013, <mask> refers to the Willkakuti —the Aymara New Year— calling it "satanic" and stating that "no one replaces God!". In another from 5 October 2019, she described Morales as a "poor Indian" who was "clinging to power". Agence France-Presse verified most of the circulated tweets to be genuine, though it could not verify the authenticity of an especially egregious comment in which Áñez allegedly stated that she "dream[s] of a Bolivia free of satanic indigenous rites". <mask> denied writing any of the "ill-intentioned" tweets. Electoral history

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Official
 Constituent profile Constituent Assembly .Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Senate profile (2010) Vice Presidency . Senate profile (2015) Vice Presidency . Senate profile Chamber of Senators . Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Other
 . 1967 births
Living people
21st-century Bolivian lawyers
21st-century Bolivian politicians
21st-century Bolivian women politicians
Bolivian lawyers
Bolivian feminists
Bolivian prisoners and detainees
Bolivian radio journalists
Bolivian Roman Catholics
Bolivian senators from Beni
Bolivian television directors
Bolivian television journalists
Bolivian television presenters
Bolivian women journalists
Bolivian women's rights activists
Bolivian women television presenters
Candidates in the 2020 Bolivian presidential election
Female heads of government
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Hunger strikers
Members of the Bolivian Constituent Assembly
Members of the Senate of Bolivia
People from Mamoré Province
Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence politicians
Political prisoners
Presidents of Bolivia
Presidents of the Senate of Bolivia
Prisoners and detainees of Bolivia
Social Democratic Movement politicians
Social Democratic Power politicians
Women members of the Senate of

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez


title: Saiful Apek

texts:
<mask> bin Mohamed Yusoff (born 12 May 1969) or better known as <mask> is a legendary comedian of Malaysia. He was once called the "Malaysia's No.1 Comedian" during his heyday and also the title of "Sifu" by comedians today. Until today, his aura and credibility as a comedian are unparalleled and unmatched. He is known as an intellectual comedian who is knowledgeable in every word and manners while entertaining. Apart from comedy, he is also known as a Malaysian actor, director, singer, host and performer. He is also an actor who has starred in the most films in Malaysia from the past to the present until he broke the tradition as the comedian who holds the most main characters in each of his acting films. Earlier, he was a former member of the group Senario and left the group a few years later.However, he is now back with the group with the original members and rebranding themselves as Senariounion. He was once named the Most Popular Star, Berita Harian Most Popular Star Award (ABPBH) 2003 and then carved his name in history as the first comedian to win the award. Most recently, he was named the recipient of the 2021 Comedy Icon Award at the 2021 Malaysian Industry & Entrepreneur Personality Awards. At the end of 2021, he was invited to enter the Astro-produced singing program, Gegar Vaganza Season 8 as a duo with Yassin Yahya/Anye and was known as the group Sa.Ya. Early life
He was born as Mohd <mask> bin Mohd Yusoff in Gombak, Selangor. On his birth certificate and identity card, it says 15 August 1969 but the fact is, <mask>'s date of birth is 12 May 1969. The confusion was due to the events of 13 May 1969 when he had to be handed over to another family for unavoidable reasons and then only registered.<mask> was initially raised by the late Jahindun binti Haji Sahin and her mother's second husband, the late Haji Mohammad Jaafar Ali until the death of his mother when <mask> was 21 years old. On the day of his mother's funeral, <mask> only found out that he was an adopted child after not being allowed to kiss the forehead of his adoptive mother's corpse. Around 1991, after migrating to Singapore, he was moved to find a biological parent who had long been separated. After obtaining information from various sources, he was finally found with 6 siblings along with his two biological parents, namely Rahmah binti Uyub and Husin bin Hashim. In 1994, while at the Subang Parade shopping mall, he accidentally met his best friend who at the time was managing the registration of a television audition, Sinaran Pasport Kegemilangan had registered him as a participant. That was the starting point of <mask> <mask>'s career as an industry player in Malaysia. Career
<mask>'s talent (who was then 25 years old) was discovered through the first season of Sinaran Pasport Kegemilangan competition in 1994 organized by TV3, thus becoming popular through the sitcom Senario which aired until 2013.He was also the host of TV3's most popular entertainment show, Melodi with Fauziah Ahmad David by using the name Apek. <mask> owns his own production company, Gitu-Gitu Productions Sdn Bhd and was named the Most Popular Star at the Berita Harian Popular Star Award 2003 (ABPBH03). <mask> made his first film appearance through a special guest character in the film Puteri Impian 2 directed by Aziz M. Osman and starring Amy Mastura. <mask> and his group, Senario appeared together in their acting debut film, Senario The Movie which premiered in 1999. In this film, <mask> played the role of the party boss, Apek later appeared in four more Senario acting films. He also appeared in the telefilm Neon (2003) directed by Mohd Feroz Abdul Kader starring the late Faizal Yusup and Erik Fuzi with many actors including Azhar Sulaiman, Aziz M. Osman, Rashidi Ishak, Sofi Jikan, Aziz Sattar, Kuswadinata, Abby Abadi, Serina Redzuawan , Zila Bakarin, Rita Rudaini, Kartina Aziz and many more. <mask> appeared with Faizal Hussein and Zul Yahya in the investigative comedy action film MX3 directed by Yusof Kelana which premiered on November 25, 2003.Apart from that, his famous acting films are Jutawan Fakir, KL Menjerit, Gangster, Laila Isabella, Cinta Luar Biasa, Biar Betul, Gila-Gila Pengantin Popular, Kuliah Cinta, Man Laksa, Duyung, Anak Mami Kembali, Nana Tanjung, Otai, Bujang Senang, Ladyboss, Cicakman and many more. On November 1, 2004, <mask> launched his fan club Apek's F.C (A.F.C) to strengthen the relationship between him and the fans. <mask>'s most successful acting film for 2006 was Cicak-Man directed by Yusry Abdul Halim. This is the first superhero film in Malaysia. He played the main character, along with the actors involved including Fasha Sandha, Aznil Nawawi, Yasmin Hani, Yusry KRU, Jalaluddin Hassan, AC Mizal and Adlin Aman Ramlie. <mask> plays the character of Hairi, a young man who accidentally swallows a lizard that is in the process of being tested in the laboratory. He and his close friend, Danny, worked at a company owned by Professor Klon, in Metrofulus City.In the same year, he appeared in the casual comedy show Gitu-Gitu Apek which aired on Astro Ria. <mask> plays the role of Jimmy in the fictional comedy film, Duyung directed by Assoc Prof A. Razak Mohaideen who paired him with Maya Karin who plays the role of Puteri. The film premiered on March 6, 2008 to commercial success. He also contributed his voice to the soundtrack of the film by singing a song entitled "Aspalela". <mask> returned to his role as Hairi/Cicakman in the film Cicakman 2 - Black Planet which premiered on December 11, 2008. His character Cicakman also made a special appearance in the film The Wedding Game. He was offered to join Maharaja Lawak Mega 2015, but refused to maintain his position as a senior comedian.For him, there is nothing else he has to prove on the comedy stage. However, he accepted the offer to join the Gegar Vaganza Season 8 singing program at the end of 2021 on the grounds of 'keep learning' because he is aware that in the field of singing, there is still a lot of knowledge that he needs to learn and overlooked during his youth. Personal Life
He married Roslina Abu Hassan on 11 June 1994. They were blessed with two sons, Mohd Riyadh Aslam (born 1996) and Mohd Radzin Aiman (born 1998). He also owns the Gitu-Gitu Char Koey Tiaw restaurant which operates in Penang. In 2013, <mask> decided to quit smoking because he was concerned about his health. Controversy
<mask> <mask> was found guilty of injecting cannabis into his body on June 12, 2010.On 22 May 2013, the Shah Alam High Court ordered him to defend himself after allowing the prosecution's appeal against the Magistrate's Court's decision to acquit them of the charges on 25 June of the same year. Apek and his employees were released after finding that the prosecution had failed to prove a prima facie case. On April 25, 2014, Apek and three of his employees were each fined RM2,500 by the High Court here on Friday after being found guilty of injecting cannabis into the body. Filmography

Film

Television

Television series

Telemovie

Discography

Single
 Saiful Apek & Famili - Kalakian - (2009; featuring. Diarra)
 Saiful Apek & Famili - Hua Hua Hua - (2009)
 Pak Pung - (2013; Isma AF7 & featuring. Altimet)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Malaysian comedians
Malaysian male actors
Malaysian people of Malay descent

masks:
Muhammad Saiful Azam
Saiful Apek
Saifulazam
Saiful
Saiful
Saiful
Saiful
Saiful
Apek
Saiful
Saiful
Apek
Apek
Apek
Apek
Apek
Saiful
Apek
Apek
Apek
Apek
Saiful
Apek


title: Rene Cloke

texts:
<mask>eighbor Cloke (4 October 1904 – 1 October 1995) was a British illustrator and watercolorist best known for her prolific output of artwork for children's books and greeting cards. Her work often displayed a whimsical quality, with frequent subjects being flora and fauna, pixies, fairies, sprites, and elves. Life and career
Born in Plymouth, England in 1904, Cloke never trained formally as an artist and was largely self taught. She was the older sister of concert pianist Olive Cloke. Their father was a bank manager. She began her career as an illustrator in the 1920s with W. R. Chambers Publishers. Her first work of note for that publisher was as the artist for The Radiant Way children's book series.She continued to illustrate children's books for the next seven decades, working for most major publishers in the United Kingdom. Some of the books she illustrated include, Alice in Wonderland, Red Riding Hood Goes to the Teddy-Bear's Picnic, Joy Bells, Little Boy Blues Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales, Little Folk’s First Book, Enid Blyton’s Everyday Book series, My Best Book of Enid Blyton Stories and Woodland Tales among many others. She also illustrated several religious books for children. She worked for many years as an artist for Medici Cards, designing more than a 100 greeting cards for that company. Her work was also featured in the magazine Playhour. During World War II, Cloke worked as a tracer, producing maps of enemy camps and installations from photographs made by the Royal Air Force for the War Office. After the war, she settled in Wimbledon VIllage where she resided with her sister.A shy person, she avoided being the center of attention or engaging with the public, preferring to remain anonymous and unacknowledged in her work. She never married and died in Wimbledon on 1 October 1995. In 2013–2014 Cloke's work was included in the exhibition "Grimm Girls: Picturing the Princess" at The Otter Gallery at the University of Chichester. Partial list of publications with Cloke’s artwork

Books
Mr Podge of Oaktree Lodge. Bognor Regis & London, John Crowther, 1943. Chickweed. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947.Joy Bells Picture and Story Book. London, Juvenile Productions, 1949. Before We Go To Bed. London, Juvenile Productions, 1953. The Little Roundabout Horse. London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son, 1954. Tippety is Snowed Up.London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son, 1954. Barnaby's Cuckoo Clock. Exeter, Wheaton, 1958. Merry's New Hat. Exeter, Wheaton, 1958. Paul Piglet Keeps Shop. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1960.Popkyn the Pedlar. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1960. Snowy For Sale. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1961. Adventure in Acorn Wood. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1962. Little Darling Book series.London, Sandle Bros., 4 vols., 1964. Dragonfly Story Books series:
The Big Race. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. Filbert Builds a Boat. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Letter. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966.Roddy in the Rain. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Sleepy Visitors. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Twins Go to Market. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Walking Holiday.Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Wishing Well. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. A Posy of Little Verses, illus. Adolf Zabransky. London, Hamlyn, 1967. No Dogs Please!.Exeter, Haldon Books, Sep 1967. The Happy Seasons. Poems for the young, illus. by Adolf Zabransky. London, Hamlyn, 1968. Music in the Meadow, and other verses, illus. by Adolf Zabransky.London, Hamlyn, 1968. The Brave Tin Soldier by Hans Andersen, retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1969. Woodland Stories. London, Award Publications, 1975. I Can Read a Rainbow. London, Award Publications, 1976.ABC Counting Book. London, Award Publications, 1977? <mask>'s Bedtime Book of Fairytales and Rhymes. London, Award Publications, 1978. Brer Rabbit's Colour Book. London, Award Publications, 1988. Brer Rabbit's Puzzle Book.London, Award Publications, 1988. Tales of Hopping Wood series:
Tufty's Pot of Paint. London, Award, 1988. Flipperty's Aeroplane. London, Award, 1988. Larry's Caravan. London, Award, 1988.Tales of Oaktree Wood series:
Rusty's House. London, Award, 1989. Mandy's Umbrella. London, Award, 1990. Spindle's Picnic. London, Award, 1990. Vicky's New Hat.London, Award, 1990. Woodland Tales, London, Award Publications, 2003. Illustrated books
The Children's Hour. Stories, jigsaws & painting, illus. with others. London, Daily *Express Publications, 1935. Bible Painting Books no.1–4. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1941. Bible Painting Books no. 5–8, ed. E. H. Hayes. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1942. Bible Story Picture Books: Jesus Our Friend, ed.Bertha C. Krall. Wallington, Carwal Publications, 1943. Red Riding Hood Goes to the Teddy Bears' Picnic by Bey Royle. Bognor Regis & London, John Crowther, 1943. The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1943. Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1944. The Nightingale by Hans Andersen. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1945. Amelia Jane Again! by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1946. The Balloon in the Tree; and, The Very Strange Pool by Enid Blyton.London, Sampson Low, 1946. Favourite Stories from Hans Andersen, with an introduction by Roger Lancelyn Green. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947. Grimms' Fairy Tales. London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1947. The Sleeping Beauty and other tales, retold by Roger Lacelyn Green, Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947. Beauty and the Beast, and other tales, retold by Roger Lancelyn Green.Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1948. Little Boy Blue Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales. London, Juvenile Productions, 1949. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1949
Favourite Hymn Painting Book, ed. Ernest H. Hayes. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1950.Gospel Stories Painting Book. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1950. Three Little Nursery Rhymes. London, Juvenile Productions, 1950. Through the Looking-Glass and what Alice found by Lewis Carroll. London, 1951. Punch and Judy Annual.London, Juvenile Productions, c.1951. Three Little Kittens. Nursery rhymes. London, Juvenile Productions, 1952. Pantomime Stories. London & Melbourne, Ward, Lock & Co., 1953. Birds of the River by Mary Kerr.Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1959. A Play at Pebblings Village by Modwena Sedgwick. London, Burke, 1960. My First Reading Book of Fairy Stories. London, Kingfisher Colour Books, 1960. My First Reading Book of Fairy Tales. London, Kingfisher Colour Books, 1960.Bible Stories from the Old Testament and the Life of Jesus. London, Ward Lock (All Colour Picture Book 8), 1961. The Lord Jesus. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Good News. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Jesus, Friend of All.Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Stories From the Bible. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Pat-a-Cake Nursery Rhymes. Paulton, Purnell, 1961. Little Folks' Book of Nursery Rhymes. London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1962.Little Folk's Book of Nursery Tales. London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1963. Little Folk's First Book, ed. Kate Burchell. London, 1964. The Wild Swans. London & Melbourne, Ward Lock & Co. (Kingfisher Colour Book 14), 1965.Little Folk's Second Book, ed. Kate Burchell. London, 1966. Crossword Painting Books. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1966– . Fairies and Giants. Three favourite stories for children.London, Collins, 1967. My Bumper Book of Colour Fairy Stories. London, Warwick Press, 1968. The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen; retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1968. The Adventures of Mr Pink-Whistle by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1969.Fairyland Tales (includes Canterbury Bells by <mask>). London, Collins, 1969. My Favourite Book of Fairy Stories. London, Ward Lock, 1969. Naughty Amelia Jane by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1969. Puss in Boots, retold by <mask>.London, Dean, 1969. The Three Golliwogs by Enid Blyton. London, Dean & Son, 1969. Weather in Britain by L. G. Humphrys. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1969. Jack and the Beanstalk, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers (Tulip-Colour Books 1), 1969?Babes in the Wood. London, Sandle Brothers (Tulip-Colour Books 2), 1969? Red Riding Hood, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co., 1969
Aladdin, and other stories, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co., 1969. Dick Whittington, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co. (Tulip-Colour Books 7), 1969.Jack and the Beanstalk, retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1970. Mister Meddle's Mischief by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1970. Mister Meddle's Muddles by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1970. Mr Pink-Whistle Interferes by Enid Blyton.London, Dean, 1970. My Picture Book of Rhymes. London, Dean, 1970. Sleeping Beauty. London, Dean, 1970. Nursery Rhymes. London, Dean, 1972.Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Goodnight Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Playtime Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Sleepytime Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Twilight Stories by Enid Blyton.London, Dean, 1975. Hans Andersen Stories. London, Award, 1975. My First Picture Book of Tales of Hans Christian Andersen. 1975; as Hans Andersen Fairy Tales, London, Award, 1996. Nursery Stories. London, Award, 1975.Toddler's Picture Book. London, Award, 1975. My First Picture Book of Fairy Tales. 1976; as Favourite Fairy Tales, London, Award, 1996. My First Picture Book of Nursery Rhymes. London, Award Publications, 1976. My First Picture Book of Telling the Time.London, Award Publications, 1976. Enid Blyton's Gift Book of Bedtime Stories (some illus. from Enid Blyton's Everyday Book series). London, Dean, 1978. Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris. London, Award, 1982. More Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris.London, Award, 1982. The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. London, Award, 1982. My Big Book of Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris. London, Award, 1983. Bible Stories for Children. London, Award, 1984.The Greedy Rabbit and other stories by Enid Blyton. London, Award Publications, 1985. Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Michael Bishop. London, Award, 1985; later reissued as a series of sticker books, The Wind in the Willows: The River Bank, The Wind in the Willows: The Wild Wood, London, Award, 1997. The Little Match Girl and other stories. London, Award, 1985; as Storyland Classics, London, Award, 1998. Storyland.Classic tales for children, retold by Howard Hall. London, Award, 1985. What No Cheese! ; and, The Lambikin by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1985? Classic Fairy Tales. Manchester, Cliveden Press, 1986.Brer Rabbit Again by Joel Chandler Harris, retold by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1987. More Bible Stories, retold by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1987; revised as More Bible Stories for Children, London, Award, 1995. Little Treasury of The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, retold by Tina Rose. Worksop, Award, 1988. Pipes for Old Puff; and, The Little Down Cushion by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1988. Cathy Dresses Up (Dressing Book). London, Award Publications, 1989. Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award Publications, 1990. Mr Twiddle Stories (contains Hello, Mr Twiddle! and Well, Really, Mr Twiddle!).London, Red Fox, 1990. Pinocchio. London, Award Publications, 1990. Cinderella. London, Award Publications, 1991. Little Red Riding Hood. London, Award Publications, 1991.Mr Toad Comes Home, from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1993. The Conjuring Wizard; and, Snippitty's Shears by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Lucky Green Pea by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Pixies and the Primroses; and, Upadee and the Dragon by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1994. The Rude Little Rabbit by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Squirrel and the Pixie; and, Dame Thimble and Her Matches by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Tale of Scissors the Gnome; and, How Derry the Dormouse Lost His Secret by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994.Three Bold Pixies and other stories by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Adventures of Mr Toad from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1995. Little Otter is Missing from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1995. The Crown of Gold by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1995. The Sailor Doll Goes to Sea; and, The Meddlesome Butterfly by Enid Blyton. London, Award Publications, 1996. Big-Eyes the Enchanter; and, The Squirrel and the Pixie. London, Award, 1998. Fairyland Classics, retold by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1998.References

External links
<mask> at bearalley

1904 births
1995 deaths
British illustrators
British watercolourists
People from Plymouth
War Office personnel in World War II

masks:
Rene Mable N
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke


title: Michèle Lalonde

texts:
<mask> (July 28, 1937 – July 22, 2021) was a Canadian dramatist, essayist, playwright and poet for print and radio. She began her career as a writer and publisher while studying for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Université de Montréal. Throughout her career, Lalonde worked at the editorial boards of the magazine Situations, the journal Liberte and Maintenant. She authored historical plays and collections of poems and won the 1980 Prix Duvernay from the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. Lalonde was professor of the history of civilizations at the National Theatre School of Canada, served as president of both the Fédération internationale des écrivains de langue française and the Quebec Writers' Union, and was a member of the Order of Francophones of America. Her works from 1957 to 1977 are stored in the Montreal collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Early life and education
On July 28, 1937, <mask> was born in Montreal, Canada, to <mask> and Clairette Senecal.She graduated from the Université de Montréal with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1959. In 1960, Lalonde conducted research at Harvard University, then at the University of Baltimore from 1963 to 1964 and at the University of London between 1963 and 1964. She also worked on an uncompleted doctorate at the Université de Montréal in 1965. Career
Lalonde began her career as a writer and publisher while studying at university. In March 1957, she authored the historical play Ankrania ou celui qui crie that was produced at Montreal's Le Proscenium at the Festival d'Art Dramatique de l'Ouest du Quebec. Also that same year, Lalonde helped to organize annual gatherings of Canadian writers referred to as "recontres" now known as Rencontre Quebecoise Internationale des Ecrivains. Her first book of poetry, Songe de la fiancée détruite published in 1958, focuses on solitude and people's inability to communicate.The following year, Lalonde authored another collection of poetry, Geôles. In the same year, she joined the editorial board of the magazine Situations as cultural and literary reviewer. From 1963 to 1964, Lalonde served as a member of the board of the journal Liberte, writing articles and news stories. At the journal, she got more immersed in the Canadian literary scene composed of authors and intellectuals. In 1967, Lalonde authored the poem collection Terre des hommes. Poeme pour deux recitants. The poem was performed at Expo 67's inauguration ceremonies with André Prévost providing backup music.She wrote the poem, Speak White, hurriedly for the actress Michelle Rossignol to read in May 1968 at the height of the 1960s Quiet Revolution in Quebec, became her most famous work and denounces "the inferior cultural, social and economic conditions of French Canadians, while calling for the solidarity of oppressed peoples against all forms of colonialism and imperialism." Lalonde recited Speak White in essays, lectures, manifestos and statements concerning politics, intellectual and authors' rules, and Quebec women's status. In 1973 and 1974, she was part of the editorial team of Maintenant, writing a series of essays about Quebec nationalism and the debate on linguistics. She experimented with the 1977 historical play known as Dernier recours de Baptiste à Catherine that was first produced at Montreal's Theatre d'Aujourd'hui. Lalonde compiled her best works between 1965 to 1975 into the collection Défense et illustration de la langue québécoise and Portee disparue in 1979. The following year, she won the Prix Duvernay from the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society for her work, and worked on the film concerning La Nuit de poesie, where she read Speak White. In 1981, she co-wrote Cause commune: manifeste pour une internationale des petites cultures with Denis Moniere and Petit testament: Outremont on her own.<mask> was made president of the International Federation of French-language writers three years later. In 1989, she wrote with Jean Dozois and Jean Poupart Construction sociale de la dangerosite: pratique criminologique et systeme penal for the Conseil quebecois de la recherche sociale of the Government of Quebec. Lalonde served as professor of the history of civilizations at the National Theatre School of Canada from 1976 to 1980. Between 1982 and 1986, she served as the Fédération internationale des écrivains de langue française's president. Lalonde was president of the Quebec Writers' Union from November 1984 to November 1986. She received the Prix du poète from the Francophone Poetry Market in 2004. Lalonde has been a member of the Order of Francophones of America since 1985.Manuscripts of some of her works are kept in the Montreal collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, and her works were broadcast on Radio-Canada. She died on July 22, 2021 in Montreal. Personal life
<mask> was married to neurologist Yves-Jules Duchastel de Montrouge. They had three children. Analysis
According to Ian Lockerbie in Lalonde's entry in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French, she was "prominent among the many Quebec writers in the 1960s who committed themselves publicly to the nationalist cause through public performances, poster poems, marches, and manifestos." Mary Jean Green noted the poet described her works as "very intimist poems ... where I speak in a personal voice." But, in the mid-1960s, Lalonde's works had become "‘committed’: no longer addressed to a limited readership, they sought a wider audience and adherence to the socio-political concerns of the people.In addition, the borders between poetry and the essay began to disappear for her, ‘commitment’ becoming the major concern in her work." She had, according to Green, "become conscious of her role in the struggle for Quebec's autonomy" and that "a significant shift occurred in her poetic voice." References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Baltimore alumni
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian poets in French
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
French Quebecers
Canadian women poets
Canadian women essayists
Canadian women dramatists and playwrights

masks:
Michle Lalonde
Lalonde
Hector Lalonde
Lalonde
Lalonde


title: Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire

texts:
<mask>, Duchess of Devonshire,  (born <mask> and latterly <mask>, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire; 31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014) was an English aristocrat, writer, memoirist, and socialite. She was the youngest and last-surviving of the six Mitford sisters, who were prominent members of English society in the 1930s and 1940s. Life
Known to her family as "Debo", <mask> was born in Asthall Manor, Oxfordshire, England. Her parents were David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958), son of Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, and his wife, Sydney (1880–1963), daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles, MP. She married Lord Andrew Cavendish, younger son of the 10th Duke of Devonshire, in 1941. When Cavendish's older brother, William, Marquess of Hartington, was killed in action in 1944, Cavendish became heir to the dukedom and began to use the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. In 1950, on the death of his father, the Marquess of Hartington became the 11th Duke of Devonshire.The Duchess was the main public face of Chatsworth for many decades. She wrote several books about Chatsworth, and played a key role in the restoration of the house, the enhancement of the garden and the development of commercial activities such as Chatsworth Farm Shop (which is on a quite different scale from most farm shops, as it employs a hundred people); Chatsworth's other retail and catering operations; and assorted offshoots such as Chatsworth Food, which sells luxury foodstuffs carrying her signature; and Chatsworth Design, which sells image rights to items and designs from the Chatsworth collections. Recognising the commercial imperatives of running a stately home, she took a very active role and was known to man the Chatsworth House ticket office herself. She also supervised the development of the Cavendish Hotel at Baslow, near Chatsworth, and the Devonshire Arms Hotel at Bolton Abbey. In 1999, the Duchess was appointed a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) by Queen Elizabeth II, for her service to the Royal Collection Trust. Upon the death of her husband in 2004, her son Peregrine Cavendish became the 12th Duke of Devonshire. She became the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire at this time, and moved into a smaller house on the Chatsworth estate.She and the duke had seven children, four of whom died shortly after birth:
 Mark Cavendish (born and died 14 November 1941)
 Lady Emma Cavendish (born 26 March 1943), married Hon Tobias William Tennant, son of the 2nd Lord Glenconner, in 1963 and has issue. Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 27 April 1944)
 An unnamed child (miscarried December 1946; the child was a twin of Victor Cavendish, born in 1947)
 Lord Victor Cavendish (born and died 22 May 1947)
 Lady Mary Cavendish (born and died 5 April 1953)
 Lady Sophia Louise Sydney Cavendish (born 18 March 1957), married, firstly, Anthony William Lindsay Murphy in 1979, divorced 1987. In 1988 she married secondly Alastair Morrison, 3rd Baron Margadale, son of James Morrison, 2nd Baron Margadale, with whom she had two children. Following divorce she married, thirdly, William Topley in 1999. She was a maternal aunt of Max Mosley, former president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as well as the grandmother of fashion model Stella Tennant (1970–2020). Politics
In 1981, the Duchess became politically active when she and her husband, Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, joined the new Social Democratic Party. Death
The Duchess died on 24 September 2014, at the age of 94.Her funeral was held on 2 October 2014 at St Peter's Church, Edensor. Guests included The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. At the time of her death, journalist Michael Crick speculated that she was the last living Briton who had met Hitler. Titles
 1920–1941 – The Honourable <mask>-Mitford
 1941–1944 – Lady Andrew Cavendish
 1944–1950 – Marchioness of Hartington
 1950–1999 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire
 1999–2004 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO
 2004–2014 – Her Grace The Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO

Selected interviews
Cavendish was interviewed on her experience of sitting for a portrait for painter Lucian Freud in the BBC series Imagine in 2004. In an interview with John Preston of The Daily Telegraph, published in September 2007, she recounted having tea with Adolf Hitler during a visit to Munich in June 1937, when she was visiting Germany with her mother and her sister Unity, the latter being the only one of the three who spoke German and, therefore the one who carried on the entire conversation with Hitler. Shortly before ending the interview, Preston asked her to choose with whom she would have preferred to have tea: American singer Elvis Presley or Hitler. Looking at the interviewer with astonishment, she answered: "Well, Elvis of course!What an extraordinary question." In 2010, the BBC journalist Kirsty Wark interviewed the Duchess for Newsnight. In it, the Duchess talked about life in the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler, the Chatsworth estate, and the marginalisation of the upper classes. She was also interviewed on 23 December by Charlie Rose for PBS. On 10 November 2010, she was interviewed as part of "The Artists, Poets, and Writers Lecture Series" sponsored by the Frick Collection, an interview which focused on her memoir and her published correspondence with Patrick Leigh Fermor. Ancestry

Publications

Books
Chatsworth: The House (1980; revised edition 2002)
The Estate: A View from Chatsworth (1990)
The Farmyard at Chatsworth (1991) – for children
Treasures of Chatsworth: A Private View (1991)
The Garden at Chatsworth (1999)
Counting My Chickens and Other Home Thoughts (2002) – essays
The Chatsworth Cookery Book (2003)
Round About Chatsworth (2005)
Memories of <mask> (2007)
The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters (2007), edited by Charlotte Mosley,
In Tearing Haste: Letters Between <mask> and Patrick Leigh Fermor (2008), edited by Charlotte Mosley
Home to Roost . . . and Other Peckings (2009)
Wait for Me!...Memoirs of the Youngest Mitford Sister (2010)
All in One Basket (2011)
Mitford, Diana, The Pursuit of Laughter (2008) – introduction

Magazines
 The Spectator

Bibliography

Documentary
 Chatsworth (TV series)

References

External links
<mask>: Beauty Icon on style.com; accessed 28 September 2014. 1920 births
2014 deaths
English duchesses by marriage
Cavendish family
British cookbook writers
Daughters of barons
English socialites
English memoirists
English non-fiction writers
Dames Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Mitford family
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Women cookbook writers
People from West Oxfordshire District
British women memoirists

masks:
Deborah Vivien Cavendish
Deborah Vivien Freeman Mitford
Deborah
Deborah Mitford
Deborah Freeman
Andrew Devonshire
Deborah Devonshire
Deborah Mitford


title: Swami Vipulananda

texts:
<mask> () (1892 – July 20, 1947), also known as <mask>, was a Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu social reformer, literary critic, author, poet, teacher and ascetic from the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Vipulanada was an early pioneer associated with the Indian-based Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka. Along with other reformers, Vipulanada was instrumental in the revival of the Hindu religion and native traditions in Sri Lanka after a long period of dormancy and decline during the previous 500 years of colonial rule by various European powers. Biography
Vipulanada was born in the village of Karativu, in the south of Batticaloa in Sri Lanka. His father's name was Samiththamby and mother's name was Kannamma. His birth name was Mylvaganam. Vipulanada had his early education in St. Michael's College National School in Batticaloa city.After completing his high school education at the age of 16, Vipulanada became a teacher in various cities across the island nation. During his tenure as a teacher he completed his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of London, and also became the first Sri Lankan Tamil Pandithar, a degree awarded by the Tamil Nadu-based Madurai Tamil Sangam, a linguistics academy created to promote the study of Tamil language. Vipulanada eventually became the head of operations of the Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka as well as a professor of Tamil language in two universities. Literary contributions

Apart from Vipulanada's knowledge of Tamil he also knew English, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Sinhala. After researching Tamil music and other Indian musical forms and musical instruments for many years, Vipulanada produced the seminal book of scientific research in Tamil called the Yazh Nool, or Book of Stringed Musical Instruments, which was published just before he died in 1947. The book was an effort by the author to understand and explain the intricacies and technicalities of genre of Tamil music in general, and the stringed musical instruments in particular, using modern techniques and tools of research and calculations based on mathematics and physics. Yal Nool is recognized as a unique work of its kind.Using the literary traditions in Sanskrit, Greek and English he wrote Mathangaculamani, a translation of twelve of Shakespeare's plays, as a treatise on drama with commentaries focusing on various aspects of drama such as the plot, structure, sequence of action, characterization, subjective experience and gestures. Professor Chelva Kanaganayagam, in a critical review of Mathangaculamani, concludes that

Vipulanada also served as editor of several publications including Ramakrishna Vijayam (Tamil), Vivekananda (Tamil) and Prabuddha Bharata (English). He also edited and helped publish literary works of several well-known scholars. His translations from English to Tamil include selected writings of <mask>, Bengali Nobel Laureate Rabindra Nath Tagore and historian Kathiresan Chettiar. He also translated from Tamil to English selected poems from the Sangam literature period, devotional songs from the Bhakti movement period, and poems of Subramanya Bharathi and Navaneetha Krishna Bharathi. Vipulanada authored six major Tamil publications: a collection of four Prabanthangal, Mathangaculamani, The Great Dance of Thillai, Umamageswaram (all related to Saiva traditions of the Hindu religion), Dictionary of Technical Terms on Chemistry and Yal Nool. A collection of 170 essays, written from 1914 to 1947, were published posthumously in four parts in 1995.He also wrote many poems, and a collection of 32 of his poems was published in 1995. He was a good public speaker and most of his speeches, focusing mainly on history of the Tamils, Tamil literature, Tamil music and musical instruments, and Vedanta philosophy, were published in international journals and magazines. Ramakrishna Mission

Founded in 1897 by <mask>, the disciple of Ramakrishna, the Ramakrishna Mission is a unique order of ascetics and volunteers dedicated to service to community, irrespective of religious, caste, creed or language differences. The mission, while promoting spiritual development, does not believe in religious conversion. The mission's charitable and philanthropic activities focus mainly on the provision of educational and medical services to the weaker segment of the population through schools, hospitals and orphanages run by the mission. It became a counter weight to Christian missionary-run charitable  organizations throughout South Asia. Vipulananda initially met the head of the Mylapore Ramakrishna Mission, <mask>da, in Colombo in 1916.This was followed up with another visit in Jaffna in 1917. He entered the Mylapore Ramakrishna Math in 1922 for his monastic training. On completion of the training in 1924, he was given the name Vipulananda. After his ordination he dedicated his life to educational and spiritual pursuits and service to the community in Sri Lanka and India. In 1925 Vipulanada became an administrator of Ramakrishna Mission (RKM) schools in Sri Lanka. He was instrumental in founding new RKM schools in Jaffna, Batticalao, Trincomalee  and in many villages. He also founded orphanages – two for boys at Vaitheeswara Vidyalayam, Jaffna and Sivananda Vidyalayam in Batticaloa, and one for girls in Karativu.Thereafter, a number of RKM schools were opened in several remote villages in the North and East of Sri Lanka. This provided an alternative to the natives to go to schools and orphanages that were not associated with western Christian missionaries. He also helped his lifelong friend A. M. A. Azeez, a pioneering Sri Lankan Muslim educator and civil servant, to establish charitable organizations to help poor Muslims in the east of the country. Professional career

As a noted educationist, scholar and community worker, Vipulanada was invited by the University of Madras to present its case for the establishment of a Tamil University to the special commission set up to investigate the proposal. On the recommendation of the commission, the Annamalai University was opened in 1927. In 1931 he became its first Professor of Tamil language. Professor <mask> also received a second invitation to become the first Professor of Tamil soon after the University of Ceylon was established in 1943, which he held until his death in 1947.Thus Professor Vipulananda enjoys the unique distinction of being the first scholar to be appointed the first professor of Tamil in two Universities in two different countries. Vipulanada was a strong advocate of the mother tongue as the medium of education, but stressed the importance of learning other languages. At Sivananda Vidyalayam, in addition to Tamil, Vipulanada facilitated the teaching of English, Sinhala and Latin. He also recognized and promoted the importance of learning sciences such as biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics, as well as job-related technical subjects. He facilitated the efforts of other Tamil scholars to translate science and technology publications into Tamil by providing suitable technical terms. Based on his critical studies of some of Professor Vipulananda's writings, Mr. K.S. Sivakumaran, one of the notable literary critics from Sri Lanka, has called him a pioneer of Tamil literary criticism and the first Sri Lankan Tamil literary critic.As a social reformer, Vipulanada led the movement to recognize Subramanya Bharathi, a Brahmin by birth, as the Maha Kavi (National Poet), and succeeded despite strong opposition from socially and politically powerful elites due to Bharathi's anti-castist views and his opposition to the perpetuation of the caste system and the superstitious Hindu practices and rituals. As a nationalist, he hoisted the Indian flag on the occasion of the visit of Sir George Fredrick Stanley to the Annamalai University for the 1937 convocation, while India was still a British possession. There are number of institutions named after him in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka and Germany have issued stamps honoring him. He died after a brief illness on July 19, 1947. <mask>da is buried close to the Sivananda Vidyalayam in Kalladi, near Batticaloa city. (see picture here).See also
Other social reformers from Sri Lanka of the same period
Anagarika Dharmapala
Arumuga Navalar
Kumaraswamy Pulavar

References

External links
<mask>ulananda children’s home
Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies
One hundred Tamils- <mask>ulananda
A website from Sawmi's Birth Place

1892 births
1947 deaths
Advaitin philosophers
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Hindu revivalists
Hindu missionaries
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil poets
Tamil scholars
Annamalai University faculty
Indian social reformers
20th-century poets
Sri Lankan missionaries
Sri Lankan poets
Alumni of St. Michael's College National School

masks:
Swami Vipulananda
Vipulananda Adigal
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Sarvanan
Vipulananda
Swami Vipulana
Swami Vip
Swami Vip