title: Fernando Verdasco

texts:
 Fabio Fognini. After losing in the quarterfinals in Båstad, <mask> then travelled to the US to begin his preparations for the US Open. At the Legg Mason Classic in Washington, <mask> lost to Marcos Baghdatis in the second round.At the 2010 US Open, <mask> came back from two sets down in the round of 16 to defeat compatriot David Ferrer in five sets. However he lost to top seed and eventual champion Rafael Nadal in the next round, increasing Nadal's lead over the career head-to-head 11–0. He next played at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open, losing to Benjamin Becker in the second round after receiving a first-round bye. He then traveled to China for the 2010 China Open in Beijing, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber of Germany there, and to Thiemo de Bakker of the Netherlands at the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters. In the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters in Paris, he lost to Gaël Monfils in three sets despite holding two match points at 5–4 in the decider. <mask> finished the year with the same ranking he ended with in 2009, which was No. 9.2011: Sixteenth ATP singles final
<mask> started the year losing in the first round of the Brisbane International to Benjamin Becker. He then failed to defend his title at the exhibition tournament, the 2011 Kooyong Classic, losing to Gaël Monfils in the first round. Seeded 9th at the 2011 Australian Open, <mask> lost in the fourth round to sixth seed Tomáš Berdych, saying after the match he had a long-time injury in his foot. He had MRI scans on his foot and is confirmed that he had a fractured foot (where a broken bone was detected). He has claimed he has sustained this since late 2009. His next tournament was the SAP Open in San Jose, California where was defending champion and top seed. He advanced to the final without losing a set against Rajeev Ram, Ivo Karlović, Denis Istomin and Juan Martín del Potro.His opponent in the final was young Canadian first-time finalist Milos Raonic. <mask> held four set points in a first-set tiebreak but lost the next six points and the set. He eventually lost the match. <mask> faced off against Raonic in the first round of Memphis. For the second time in two weeks, he lost to Raonic, this time in a third set tiebreak. He then travelled to Mexico, where he was seeded second. Again, he lost in the first round, this time to Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci.<mask> and his Spanish teammates next played Davis Cup against Belgium. <mask> won both of his rubbers in singles and doubles and helped Spain to a 4–1 victory. At Indian Wells, <mask> snapped his losing streak in ATP tour events when his second round opponent Ričardas Berankis had to retire after <mask> was leading. But he then lost to Sam Querrey in the third round. At Miami, he again received a first-round bye but lost to Pablo Andújar, committing three double faults in his service game at 4–4 in the third. At the Monte-Carlo Masters, he lost to Tommy Robredo in the second round, after a first-round bye. At the Estoril Open <mask> reached his fifteenth singles final, defeating Frederico Gil, Kevin Anderson and was aided by the retirement of Milos Raonic in the semifinals.In the final, he lost to Juan Martín del Potro. Then at the Madrid Masters, his home-town, <mask> lost in the second round after a first round bye to Lu Yen-hsun, which was only Lu's second victory on clay courts in his decade-long career. <mask> reached the third round of the French Open as the 16 seed where he lost to Ivan Ljubičić. Beginning his grass season at the 2011 Aegon Championships as the 7th seed, he defeated Nicolas Mahut and David Nalbandian in straight sets before losing to Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, as the 21st seed, he defeated Radek Štěpánek in the first round in a long five set match, before succumbing to Dutchman Robin Haase in the second round. <mask> reached his sixteenth singles final at the 2011 Crédit Agricole Suisse Open Gstaad where he lost to compatriot Marcel Granollers. 2012: Four doubles titles
<mask> started the year with a first-time participation at the Hopman Cup partnering Anabel Medina Garrigues representing Spain.He reached the quarterfinals in Auckland, where he lost to David Ferrer in straight sets. <mask> lost in the first round of the 2012 Australian Open to Australian Bernard Tomic in five sets. <mask> then traveled to Brazil, where he reached the quarterfinals, only to be defeated by compatriot Albert Ramos. He reached the final in Acapulco, but was defeated again by David Ferrer. In Barcelona, he was defeated in the semifinals by eventual champion Rafael Nadal. At the Masters 1000 event in Madrid, <mask> defeated Nadal in three sets after Nadal served for the match at 5–2 in the decider. This was Nadal's only defeat on clay that season.Verdasco lost to eventual runner-up Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals. He then reached the third round of the 2012 French Open, but was defeated in five sets by Andreas Seppi, who had earlier defeated Nikolay Davydenko in the first round and went on to take Novak Djokovic to five sets in the very next round. <mask> then played in Prostějov and lost in the first round. He was defeated by no. 1166 Marek Semjan from Slovakia in three sets. At Wimbledon, he reached the third round, losing to Xavier Malisse in five sets. <mask> was ousted by Marcel Granollers of Spain in the semifinals of the Croatia Open.At the 2012 US Open, he lost in the third round to Roger Federer. <mask> reached the quarterfinals in Bangkok, losing to Janko Tipsarević in straight sets. 2013: World tour finals doubles title
<mask> was playing with significant pain in 2012, starting before the US Open. In 2013, he was healthy again and achieved significantly better results. He reached the third round of the 2013 Australian Open, falling to Kevin Anderson, and of the Masters 1000 in Madrid, succumbing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Unseeded at the French Open, he lost in the second round to Janko Tipsarević in five sets. Also unseeded at Wimbledon, <mask> progressed to the quarterfinals where he met tournament favourite Andy Murray.<mask> exceeded expectations by winning the first two sets, and had multiple break points against Murray's serve in the third and fourth sets, but <mask> eventually lost the match in five sets. Murray eventually went on to capture the championship. <mask> reached his first final of the year at the Swedish Open where he was defeated by Carlos Berlocq. The following week <mask> reached the quarterfinals of the 2013 International German Open, where he was ousted in three tight sets by Argentine qualifier Federico Delbonis. Vedasco was beaten in the first round of the US Open by Ivan Dodig of Croatia, in 5 sets. In November 2013, <mask> along with doubles partner David Marrero, beat the Bryan brothers to win the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals. 2014: 400 career wins & thirteenth ATP title
At the 2014 Indian Wells Masters, <mask> defeated eight-seeded Richard Gasquet to reach quarterfinals, where he lost to John Isner.The Spaniard won his sixth career singles title at the 2014 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships by beating Nicolás Almagro in straight sets. <mask> lost to Almargro in quarterfinals of the 2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell. He again reached the fourth round of the 2014 French Open by defeating Richard Gasquet in straight sets, after which he lost to Andy Murray. 2015: Return to top 30
<mask> began the year at the 2015 Qatar ExxonMobil Open defeating Teymuraz Gabashvili in the first round before losing to eventual champion David Ferrer in straight sets. <mask> then participated in the 2015 AAMI Classic exhibition tournament where he defeated Gilles Simon in straight sets. He then won the title for the second time by defeating Aleksandr Dolgopolov Jr. in the final after Dolgopolov retired citing a knee injury. At the Australian Open, <mask> defeated James Ward and Go Soeda and then lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets despite serving for the first set during the tiebreaker.At the Dubai Championships, he reached the second round to face the eventual champion Roger Federer and while he was a break above Federer in the first set, he lost twenty successive points and soon lost the match in straight sets. He defeated Rafael Nadal in Miami for only his second win against Nadal, but second in succession. At the French Open, he beat Taro Daniel in the first round, before losing in the second round, to Benjamin Becker in 5 sets. <mask> then competed at the Aegon Championships at Queen's Club. He beat Roberto Bautista Agut in the first round, before losing to eventual champion Andy Murray in straight sets. At Wimbledon, <mask> won his first two matches in five sets against Dudi Sela and Dominic Thiem but lost in the third round to Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. He then faced Nadal again in the first round of the Hamburg Open but was unable to record a third successive win against him and lost the match in three sets.At the US Open, he lost in the second round to Milos Raonic 6–2, 6–4, 6–7(5), 7–6(1). 2016: Fourteenth ATP title
At the Australian Open, <mask> defeated world No. 5, 2009 champion and compatriot Rafael Nadal in the first round in five sets, thus marking just his third win against Nadal in his career; additionally, he became just the second player to beat Nadal in the first round of a Grand Slam. He subsequently lost his second round match to Dudi Sela in four sets. 2017–2019: French Open Men's Doubles semifinal, Fifteenth ATP title, 500th career win
In singles, <mask> began the year in 42nd place, played in 25 tournaments, won 29 matches and lost 25. Among these wins, 11 were against players ranked higher than him, including 2 wins against top 10 players Dominic Thiem (6th) and Alexander Zverev (10th) while 9 of his losses were against lower ranked players. He ended his year in 34th place, having reached as high as 29th in March and as low as 43rd in August.He reached 1 final in Dubai, an ATP 500 event, where he lost to first seeded Andy Murray in straight sets. He reached 3 semifinals in Doha, Stockholm, and Båstad: In the semifinal of Doha, against second seeded and defending champion Novak Djokovic, <mask> won the first set 6–4, and at 4–4 in the second set had 3 break points but failed to convert any. In the tie-break he led 6–2 but failed to win 5 match points and lost the tiebreak 7–9, and ultimately the match. Djokovic went on to win the tournament and defend his title. At Stockholm, he lost to defending champion del Potro in the semis; del Potro went on to win the tournament and defend his title. At Båstad, <mask> avenged his last year loss in the final to Albert Ramos Viñolas, by defeating him in the quarterfinal; this was his 4th semifinals in 5 years, but lost to the eventual champion David Ferrer in the semis. <mask> reached 4 quarterfinals in 2017: Paris Masters ATP 1000 event, and in Houston, Budapest, and Antalya.In doubles, partnering Nicolás Almagro, <mask> reached the semifinal of Qatar ExxonMobil after defeating second seeded M. Pavić–A. Peya in the first round, and F. Bagnis–J. Veselý in the quarterfinal. However, they didn't play the semifinal against V. Pospisil–R. Štěpánek who walked over to the final. At the 2017 French Open Men's Doubles, and for the first time in his Grand Slam doubles career, <mask> (partnering Nenad Zimonjić) reached the semifinal stage where they lost to González–Young in three sets. In 2018, seeded 8th <mask> reached the final of the 2018 Rio Open where he was defeated by 6th seed Diego Schwartzman but he won the doubles final with his fellow Spaniard David Marrero entering the draw as lucky losers.He reached his 500th career win at the 2018 Mutua Madrid Open making him the sixth Spaniard to join the elite club, and also the ninth active player to achieve the milestone. The 34-year-old, became the 45th player in ATP World Tour history to claim 500 match wins and also recorded 120 triumphs at the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 level. He also reached the fourth round of the 2018 French Open for the seventh time in his career where he lost to Novak Djokovic and the same round at the 2019 Wimbledon for the fifth time in his career where he lost to David Goffin. As of December 2018, he appointed a new coach Quino Muñoz Hernandez to his team. Diego Dinomo, who worked with Andrea Hlaváčková and Guillermo García-López in the past, and the physio Chema Castillo were also included as part of the new coaching team for 2019. 2020–2021: 67th consecutive Grand Slam, 550th win; Struggles with form, out of the top 150
He competed in his 67th consecutive Grand Slam at the 2020 Australian Open. His streak of 67 straight Grand Slam appearances was the second longest of all time behind Feliciano López's streak of 72 consecutive Grand Slam appearances.He made 5th place on the list of Grand Slam appearances overall. He also recorded his 550th win and became only the fifth active player on the list. <mask> struggled with form the rest of the season as he was recovering from a nine months leg injury and also due to a difficult time post COVID break as he tested positive before the 2020 French Open. As a result of his continuous struggles, on 17 May 2021 he dropped out of the top 100 for the first time since 2004 to No. 105, his lowest singles ranking in 17 years. At the 2021 Belgrade Open he recorded two consecutive victories over Frenchmen Lucas Pouille and Adrian Mannarino but lost to eventual finalist, Slovak qualifier Alex Molcan. He did not win another ATP-level match and dropped out of the top 150 at year-end finishing 2021 at World No.154. 2022: Out of top 200, first ATP win in nearly a year
Ranked No. 201, <mask> returned to the ATP tour at the 2022 Argentina Open in Buenos Aires where he reached the second round using his protected ranking and recorded his first ATP win over Hugo Dellien in nearly a year. He went one step further with a win over Thiago Monteiro. Playing style and equipment
<mask> is an offensive baseliner who is comfortable on all surfaces, with fast hard courts being his best. <mask> is good at backhand but considers his best shot to be his forehand, a shot that commentator Brad Gilbert often refers to as his "Fearhand". His serve is characteristic of a left-handed player predominantly using slice to create a lot of spin, and is capable of speeds exceeding 230 km/h.<mask> is known for rivaling compatriot Rafael Nadal with the amount of topspin he can put on a ball. which partly explains his improved results since 2009, but still struggles with his nerves when facing the best players in the world. He is endorsed by Adidas (he wears the Adizero group and the Adizero Feather II) and is currently using the Head series for racquets, after having played with Tecnifibre for the majority of his career (with Yonex for a very short time in 2010), Dunlop from 2011 to 2013 and the Babolat Aeropro series in 2014. He is currently using the Head Graphene Touch Speed Pro. Personal life
<mask> began playing tennis when he was four years old, practicing with his father on the two hard courts in the backyard of their family home. He stopped school at the age of 11, and his father took over his son's academic training. His parents own a restaurant in Madrid.He has two younger sisters. <mask> was diagnosed with ADHD when he was a child, but did not receive treatment in order not to have problems with doping. <mask> supports Real Madrid. <mask> has often spoken of his love for the English rock band Oasis and once proposed that he would play a tennis match wearing headphones listening to their 1994 album, Definitely Maybe. He is known to use mindfulness techniques during his tennis matches, often visualizing soothing and romantic scenes to help dampen the stress of professional tennis. He owns a dog named Bono Bono. After 5 years of dating, <mask> married Ana Boyer, on 7 December 2017.The wedding took place on the private island of Mustique in the Caribbean. Boyer is the daughter of former Spanish politician Miguel Boyer, and Spanish Filipina socialite, Isabel Preysler. Boyer's half-brother is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias. The couple have two sons, Miguel and Mateo. Verdasco was named after the ABBA song <mask>, as his mother was a fan of the Swedish band. <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 in August 2020, and again the following month. Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Singles
Current through the 2022 Mexican Open.Doubles

ATP Masters 1000 finals

Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)

Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)

Year-end championships finals

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

References

Notes

External links

1983 births
Living people
Tennis players from Madrid
Spanish male tennis players
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of

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title: John Gregorson Campbell

type: original

texts:
<mask> (1836 – 22 November 1891) was a Scottish folklorist and Free Church minister at the Tiree and Coll parishes in Argyll, Scotland. An avid collector of traditional stories, he became Secretary to the Ossianic Society of Glasgow University in the mid-1850s. Ill health had prevented him taking up employment as a Minister when he was initially approved to preach by the Presbytery of Glasgow in 1858 and later after he was appointed to Tiree by the Duke of Argyll in 1861, parishioners objected to his manner of preaching. Several of the anecdotes he amassed were published in magazines and, just before his death, work began on collating the first of four compendiums of the tales; three were published a few years after his death. He was fluent in several languages, including Scottish Gaelic, and transcribed the legends precisely as dictated by the narrators. Early life and education
<mask> was born near Loch Linnhe at Kingairloch, Argyll in 1836, the fourth child and second son of Helen MacGregor and <mask>, an officer for the ship Cygnet. A short memoir, published in 1895 and based on information from <mask>'s sister, states a Bean Shìth, or fairy washerwoman as <mask> defined it, had cast a spell on his father's ancestors proclaiming "they shall grow like the rush and wither like the fern".The family moved to Appin in about 1839, where the local parochial school provided <mask> <mask>'s education until he was ten years old. He then attended a higher school in Glasgow before moving on to the University of Glasgow. Career
Law was the subject <mask> <mask> chose to study after completing his education but his primary interest was folklore, a topic that fascinated him from his college days. In the mid-1850s he was appointed Secretary to the Glasgow University Ossianic Society. He secured a licence to preach from the Presbytery of Glasgow in 1858 but was unable to commence work as a clergyman at that time owing to ill health. His recuperation was spent beginning his collection of folklore stories. When appointed as clergyman at the Free Church united parishes of Tiree and Coll by the Duke of Argyll in early 1861, objections were initially raised by some members of the Tiree congregation who found <mask> <mask>'s sermons boring, uninspiring and "devoid of fervour".The Presbytery upheld two of the three main complaints, but an appeal was made to the Synod. Concerns had also been expressed that his health was insufficiently robust to serve the needs and challenges of the Tiree parish. The appeal was heard by the General Assembly on 31 May 1861 with <mask> <mask>'s defence arguing that the main thrust of the complaints was actually founded on the congregation's desire to have their own preferred minister appointed. The motion was not upheld and <mask> <mask> became the minister of both parishes, a position he held for thirty years. Folklore collections
Interest in mythology and folklore gained momentum in the last quarter of the 19th century, probably fuelled by the contentious debates surrounding the authenticity of the Ossian poems published by James Macpherson during the 1760s. <mask> <mask> continued to build on the collection he started during his period of recuperation around 1858, preserving the traditional tales as quoted at the time. The folklorist <mask> <mask> (1822–85), also known as <mask> of Islay, had his first mythology books published in 1860 and he corresponded with <mask> <mask>.Both men were fluent in several languages, including Scottish Gaelic, and their letters discuss the variations in the folk tales, with <mask> of Islay stating: "I have about 16 versions of one story in Gaelic, and no two have the same name." <mask> <mask> had his own style of collating legends, meticulously transcribing the stories as dictated by the individual storytellers, and only rarely interspersing tales with his own comments. Christian ministers in Scotland differed in their attitudes towards the traditional beliefs and myths perpetuated by their parishioners, and were often dismissive of what they considered to be superstition and paganism, but <mask> <mask> persisted in enthusiastically adding to his collection throughout the late 1800s. He was concerned that the intolerance shown by some of his fellow collectors towards the illiterate Gaelic-speaking storytellers and those who believed in the myths would result in the loss of a valuable resource, as he regarded the narrators as having "powers of mind of a highest order". Published work

Traditional tales collected by <mask> <mask> were first published in the inaugural edition of the quarterly periodical the Scottish Celtic Review in March 1881. Reproduced in Gaelic and translated on the following pages in English, it was entitled "How the great Tuairisgeul was put to death" and told how the son of the King of Ireland went to a hunting hill and sought the answer to the death of the Great Tuairisgeul. Further legends from his collection were included in the next three volumes of the review.The Gaelic Society of Inverness published some of the tales, also given in Gaelic with an English translation, from 1888 until 1892. The first of these in 1888, "Sir Olave O'Corn", also involved a King of Ireland and included some explanatory notes from <mask> <mask>. Celtic Magazine and Highland Monthly were two other journals that published some of his folklore. Some of these were reprinted in the first compendium of <mask> <mask>'s collection, The Fians, a set of traditional tales and verses about combat printed as part of the Argyllshire series of books in 1891. Death and legacy
<mask> <mask>'s health deteriorated in the last years of his life, especially after the death of his mother Helen at the Tiree manse in 1890; he died on 22 November 1891 before seeing the final printed edition of The Fians. Alfred Nutt, fellow folklorist and publisher, chronicled details of <mask> <mask>'s life as an introduction to the second compilation of <mask> <mask>'s collection of myths, Clan Traditions and Popular Tales of the Western Highlands and Islands, published in 1895. Two other books were published posthumously: Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland in 1900, and Witchcraft and Second Sight in the West Highlands the following year.Richard Dorson, American author and director of the Folklore Institute at Indiana University, describes <mask> <mask> as worthy of a "front rank among Celtic folklorists" and Sophia Kingshill, author and folklorist, felt his writing was "vivid and engaging". Contemporary praise was not entirely universal; an anonymous review of Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland included in The Scottish Antiquary, Or, Northern Notes & Queries (now The Scottish Historical Review) in 1901 described the work as "a book of considerable pretension" and stated it was in need of proofreading, citing several printing errors. References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External References

 Works by <mask> <mask> at Project Gutenberg

1836 births
1891 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Collectors of fairy tales
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
People from Lochaber
People from Tiree
Scottish folklorists
Translators from Scottish Gaelic
19th-century British translators

masks:
John Gregorson Campbell
John Gregorson Campbell
Captain Campbell
Gregorson Campbell
Gregorson Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
John Francis
Campbell
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
Gregorson
Campbell
John Gregorson
Campbell


title: Cachao

texts:
Israel López Valdés (September 14, 1918 – March 22, 2008), better known as <mask> ( ), was a Cuban double bassist and composer. <mask> is widely known as the co-creator of the mambo and a master of the descarga (improvised jam sessions). Throughout his career he also performed and recorded in a variety of music styles ranging from classical music to salsa. An exile in the United States since the 1960s, he only achieved international fame following a career revival in the 1990s. Born into a family of musicians in Havana, <mask> and his older brother Orestes were the driving force behind one of Cuba's most prolific charangas, Arcaño y sus Maravillas. As members of the Maravillas, <mask> and Orestes pioneered a new form of ballroom music derived from the danzón, the danzón-mambo, which subsequently developed into an international genre, mambo. In the 1950s, Cachao became famous for popularizing improvised jam sessions known as descargas.He emigrated to Spain in 1962, and moved to the United States in 1963, starting a career as a session and live musician for a variety of bands in New York during the rise of boogaloo, and later, salsa. In the 1970s, <mask> fell into obscurity after moving to Las Vegas and later Miami, releasing albums sporadically as a leader. In the 1990s, he was re-discovered by actor Andy García, who brought him back to the forefront of the Latin music scene with the release of a documentary and several albums. Before his death in 2008, <mask> had earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and several Grammy Awards. He is ranked number 24 on Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time". Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born on September 14, 1918, in Belén, a neighbourhood in Old Havana, into a family of musicians, many of them bassists—around 40 or more in his extended family. He was born and raised in the same house in which José Martí was born.His nickname and stage name <mask> was given to him by his grandfather Aurelio López, from the Spanish word "cachondeo" (banter). <mask> began his musical career in 1926, taught by his father, Pedro López, and his older brother, multi-instrumentalist Orestes López, nicknamed "Macho". As an 8-year-old bongo player, he joined a children's son cubano septet directed by a 14-year old Roberto Faz. A year later, already on double bass, he provided music for silent movies in his neighborhood theater, in the company of a pianist who would become a true superstar, cabaret performer Ignacio Villa, known as Bola de Nieve. Work at the cinema ended in 1930 when talkies began to be shown in Cuba. His parents made sure he was classically trained, first at home and then at a conservatory. In his early teens he was already playing contrabass with the Orquesta Filarmónica de La Habana (of which Orestes was a founding member), under the baton of guest conductors such as Herbert von Karajan, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.He played with the orchestra from 1930 to 1960. Las Maravillas and the origin of mambo
<mask>'s and Orestes' rise to fame came with the charanga Arcaño y sus Maravillas, founded by flautist Antonio Arcaño. As members of the group they composed literally thousands of danzones together and were a major influence on Cuban music from the 1930s to the 1950s. They introduced the nuevo ritmo ("new rhythm") in the late 1930s, which transformed the danzón by introducing a syncopated final section open to the improvisation of the players and dancers. This section, known as the mambo, was named after the danzón "Mambo", co-written by <mask> and Orestes, which—according to Cachao—referred to the word for "story or tale" used by Kongos and Lucumís in Cuba. In the words of Cuban writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante, it was the "mother of all mambos". In their vast repertoire were also compositions by other songwriters such as "Isora Club", written by their sister Coralia López, as well as arrangements of standards such as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" and songs by George Gershwin and Jelly Roll Morton.The Maravillas, or La Radiofónica as they were popularly known, became a radio sensation in the mid-1940s, having their own program and expanding their lineup to 14 musicians in 1944. The need to constantly write music sheets for each member of the band was one of the reasons why <mask> left the group in 1949. He then joined Blanquita Theater orchestra, whose fifty members played in Broadway-style revues. The Maravillas went on for another ten years. Their swan song, released in 1957, was "Chanchullo", composed by <mask> himself, who organized the session. The song became a hit in the United States as the basis for Tito Puente's "Oye cómo va", although Puente denied copying <mask>'s composition. Descargas at Panart studios

One day in 1957, <mask> gathered a group of musicians in the early hours of the morning (from 4 to 9 AM), energized from playing gigs at Havana's popular nightclubs, to jam in front of the mics of a recording studio.The resulting descargas, known to music aficionados worldwide as Cuban jam sessions, revolutionized Afro-Cuban popular music. Under <mask>'s direction, these masters improvised freely in the manner of jazz, but their vocabulary was Cuba's popular music. These descargas were released in 1957 by the Panart label under the title Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature, which followed the longer descargas by Julio Gutiérrez (Cuban Jam Sessions Vol. 1 and 2), released also by Panart. They have been named by many critics as one of the most essential Cuban records of the 1950s, including being cited by the book 1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. Between 1957 and 1959 he recorded many more descargas at Panart studios. These recordings were released in the following years by Kubaney and Maype, and re-released by EGREM.He also recorded descargas with Tojo's orchestra and Chico O'Farrill's All-Stars Cubano amongst other ensembles. He worked alongside Peruchín, Tata Güines and Alejandro "El Negro" Vivar. Exile
In 1958, at the height of the Cuban Revolution, <mask>'s wife left Cuba for New Jersey, and in 1962, three years into Fidel Castro's communist regime, Cachao crossed the Atlantic on a ship along with 13 other musicians. After 21 days, they reached the Canary Islands. <mask> settled in Madrid, where he joined Ernesto Duarte as a member of his orchestra, Orquesta Sabor Cubano. In Madrid, <mask> also performed with other artists such as Pérez Prado. One year later, in 1963, <mask> reunited with his wife in New York, where he played with Charlie Palmieri, José Fajardo, Tito Rodríguez, Tito Puente and Machito, among others.<mask> was one of the most in-demand bassists in New York, along with Alfonso "El Panameño" Joseph and Bobby "Big Daddy" Rodríguez. Joseph and <mask> substituted for each other over a span of five years, performing at nightclubs and venues such as the Palladium Ballroom, the Roseland, the Birdland, Havana San Juan and Havana Madrid. While <mask> was performing with Machito's orchestra in New York, Joseph was recording and performing with Cuban conga player Cándido Camero. When Joseph left Cándido's band to work with Charlie Rodríguez and Johnny Pacheco, it was <mask> who took his place in Cándido's band. After a decade in New York, <mask> moved to Las Vegas, where he played in Pupi Campo's band at the casinos and as a pianist at a piano bar. In 1977, <mask> recorded with drummers Louis Bellson and Walfredo de los Reyes the experimental album Ecué, where he played piano on the title track. Most significantly, he was brought back into the recording studio by musicologist René López to record two albums as a leader (Cachao y su Descarga 77 and Dos), his first in 15 years.These LPs constituted a sort of "rediscovery" of Cachao for the incipient salsa scene in New York. Nonetheless, <mask> returned to Las Vegas and in 1980 moved to Miami, where he played at events such as baptisms, comuniones, quinceañeras and weddings. Despite his lower profile, <mask> recorded several albums with pianist Paquito Hechevarría for the Tania record label, including one as a leader in 1986, Maestro de Maestros: Cachao y su Descarga '86. Late career

In 1989, actor Andy García contacted <mask> at the San Francisco Jazz Festival, where he was playing with John Santos and Carlos Santana. García asked

masks: Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao Cachao


title: Cachao

texts:
 him if he would be interested in a tribute concert and documentary film being made in his honor, which Cachao proudly accepted. The concert took place in Miami on July 31, 1992, and it was the centerpiece of the four-day 16 mm shoot that yielded Cachao... como su ritmo no hay dos, García's film, released the following year. The success of the concert and film spurred the recording of two new albums, Master Sessions Vol.1 (1994) and Vol. 2 (1995), as well as international tours. This led to a second "rediscovery" of <mask>, as well as numerous accolades, including several Grammy and Hall of Fame awards. As a leader, <mask> recorded two more albums to critical acclaim, Cuba linda (2000) and Ahora sí (2004). In 2000, he recorded with Bebo Valdés for Fernando Trueba's concert film Calle 54 and for the album El arte del sabor. He made his last studio recordings as a sideman for Gloria Estefan on 90 Millas (2007). His last concert took place in Miami in September 2007 and was released as a posthumous live album, The Last Mambo, by Sony Music in 2011.In February 2008, <mask> signed a contract with Penguin Books to write a book about his life, which never materialized due to his passing one month later. At the time, <mask> was preparing to record another album and had eight concerts in Europe scheduled for 2008. <mask> died on the morning of March 22, 2008, in Coral Gables, Florida, at the age of 89. He died from complications resulting from kidney failure. On March 26 and 27, a public open-casket funeral, led by Alberto Cutié, was held at St. Michael the Archangel Catholic Church in Miami. On March 27, he was buried at Vista Memorial Gardens in Miami Lakes. Family
<mask> was part of a large musical family which at one time had "35 bassists" across multiple generations, although many played other instruments as well.<mask>'s older brother, Orestes, played 12 instruments, including bass, cello, harp and piano, and <mask> himself played bass, piano, bongos, tres and trumpet. His sister Coralia was also a bassist and bandleader, but is perhaps best known as a songwriter for her danzón "Isora Club", a standard of the genre. Orestes' son, Orlando, was nicknamed Cachaíto after his uncle <mask>. He was a prolific bassist as well and one of the mainstays of the famed Buena Vista Social Club group, named after one of Cachao's danzones, "Social Club Buenavista". In 2001, Cachaíto recorded his only album as a leader, featuring two songs composed by Cachao. <mask> was married to Ester Buenaventura from 1946 until her death in May 2005. They were survived by their only daughter, María Elena.Awards and recognition

Honors
In 1994, <mask> was inducted into [[Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame|Billboards Latin Music Hall of Fame]]. He was a recipient of a 1995 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the United States. In 1999, <mask> was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. He also received a Lifetime Achievement Award a year later. In 2003, <mask> was awarded the 2,219th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On June 11, 2006, he was honored by Union City, New Jersey with a star on the Walk of Fame at Union City's Celia Cruz Park. On November 7, 2006, <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during Berklee's Latin Culture Celebration.At the time of his death, the University of New Haven had also decided to award an Honorary Doctorate to <mask>. Grammy Awards
<mask> has won several Grammy Awards for both his own work and his contributions on albums by Latin music stars, including Gloria Estefan. In 1994, he won a Grammy for Master Sessions Volume 1. In 2003, he won a Latin Grammy for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album together with Bebo Valdés and Carlos "Patato" Valdés for El arte del sabor. <mask> won a further Grammy in 2005 for his album ¡Ahora Sí!. In 2012, his posthumous live album The Last Mambo won the Grammy Award in the Best Tropical Latin album category. Tributes
<mask> has received numerous tributes in the form of dedicated concerts, compositions and recordings from other musicians.The first notable tribute concert to <mask> was organized by musicologist René López and held at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City in 1976. Although the event gathered many of the major exponents of Afro-Cuban music in the country, it received little attention from the press. In 1987, a tribute concert was held at the Hunter College auditorium in New York City in honor of <mask>. The ensemble was directed by pianist Charlie Palmieri and featured Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, Orlando "Puntilla" Ríos, Pupi Legarreta, Tito Puente, as well as <mask> himself. In 1993, the Puerto Rican salsa supergroup Descarga Boricua recorded the track "Homenaje a Cachao" for the album ¡Esta sí va!, while pianist Hilario Durán recorded a different piece with the same name for his 2001 album Havana Remembered. Bebo Valdés composed and recorded the piece "Cachao, creador del mambo" in 2004, and re-recorded a segment of the song for the film Chico & Rita in 2010. In November 2005, a tribute performance dedicated to Cachao took place during the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards.It was presented by Andy García and featured Bebo Valdés, Generoso Jiménez, Arturo Sandoval, Johnny Pacheco, as well <mask> himself. In February 2008, Paquito D'Rivera premiered Conversaciones con Cachao, a symphonic suite dedicated to Cachao, during the Festival de Música de Canarias (Canary Islands Music Festival). The orchestra was directed by Pablo Zinger. A month after <mask>'s death, a second documentary film by Andy García was released; Cachao: Uno más premiered in April 2008 at the San Francisco International Film Festival. The inspiration for Cachao: Uno más, made by San Francisco State University's DOC Film Institute, came largely from a concert Cachao played at Bimbo's 365 Club in San Francisco in 2005. The film's premiere was followed by a tribute concert with the John Santos Band at Yoshi's Jazz Club SF. After <mask>'s death, his backing band continued to perform as <mask>'s Mambo All-Stars and they recorded an album in his honour, Como siempre.On March 15, 2019, a concert titled Mambo: 100 Years of the Master - Cachao was held in Miami, 100 years after <mask>'s birth. It featured 97-year-old Cándido Camero and 89-year-old Juanito Márquez, among others. The latter arranged some of the songs <mask> was preparing to record in 2008 at the time of his passing, which were performed for the first time 11 years later at the concert. Discography

As leader

1957: Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature "Descargas" (Panart)
1958: Con el ritmo de Cachao (Duarte/Kubaney), reissued as Camina Juan Pescao (Duher, 1974)
1959: El gran Cachao (Duarte/Kubaney), reissued as Cachao y su Típica Vol. 1 / Cachao en España Pt. 2 (Duque)

As sidemanWith All-Stars CubanoDescarga número uno / Descarga número dos (Gema, 1957)With Arcaño y sus MaravillasEl que sabe, sabe / Chanchullo (Gema, 1957)With Joe CainLatin Explosion (Time, 1964)With Charanga CaribeVol. II (Caney, 1980)With Conjunto YumuríLa paella (Caney, 1980)
Estampas de mi tierra (Caney, 1981)With KakoTributo a Noro (Alegre, 1964)With Chano Montes y su ConjuntoRecuerdan a Chappottín (Caney, 1982)With Carlos MontielDistinto y diferente (Discos Suyo)With Orquesta OrientalCon sasón!(Caney, 1980)With Patato & ToticoPatato y Totico (Verve, 1967)With Eddie PalmieriChampagne (Tico, 1968)With Tito RodríguezTito Tito Tito (Westside, 1964)With The Salsa All StarsThe Salsa All Stars (Salsa, 1968)With Bebo Valdés'''El arte del sabor (Blue Note, 2001)

FilmographyCachao... como su ritmo no hay dos (1993)Cachao: Uno más (2008)

References

 External links

<mask>, Rate Your Music. Cachao, Discogs''. Interview from The Miami Herald
Cuba's Cachao is king of Tumbao
Cachao gets star on Walk of Fame
"Cachao: Uno Más"

Cuban bassists
Cuban composers
Cuban bandleaders
Cuban charanga musicians
Danzón musicians
Danzón composers
Mambo musicians
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
1918 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
People from Havana
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Musicians from Miami
20th-century American musicians
Latin music composers
National Heritage Fellowship

masks:
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Death Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
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Cachao
Cachao
Cachao
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title: Grace Thorpe

texts:
<mask> (10 December 1921 – 1 April 2008) was a World War II veteran, environmentalist, and Native rights activist. She served with the Women's Army Corps and received a Bronze Star Medal for her service as a Corporal in the New Guinea campaign. She attended the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and the Antioch School of Law, and went on to become a tribal district court judge. In 1999, she received a Nuclear-Free Future Award for her opposition to storing toxic and radioactive waste on indigenous land. Her father was well-known American football player and Olympic athlete <mask>. The <mask><mask> Collection is held by the National Museum of the American Indian Archives Center. Personal life
<mask> was born on December 10, 1921, to parents James (Jim<mask> (Sac and Fox) and Iva Margaret Miller.Her tribal heritage included Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Sac and Fox, and Menominee ancestry, and she was a direct descendant of Sac and Fox chief Black Hawk. She was born in Yale, Oklahoma in the only house her father ever owned. Now a museum, it is fondly known as the “<mask> House” and can be visited by tourists year round. <mask> was the youngest of four; her oldest sister Gail Margaret was born in 1917, her brother James in 1918, and her sister Charlotte Marie in 1919. Her brother James died from polio before reaching adolescence. By the time of <mask>'s birth, her father, <mask>, was already an Olympic medalist. When Iva and Jim divorced in 1923, Jim moved to California to pursue film, while Iva took Charlotte, Gail, and <mask> to Chicago.<mask> lived with both parents for several years before finishing high school. Jim married two more times in his lifetime, giving <mask> four half-brothers, with whom she had little interaction. <mask> remained close with her father, however, and visited him frequently as he moved around the country. <mask> wanted to travel and serve her country during World War II. Though she had envisioned herself in places like Paris or Athens, she was assigned to serve as a corporal in the Philippines, Japan, and New Guinea from 1944-1945. Following an Honorable Discharge in 1945, she remained in Japan. She began work in Japan at General MacArthur Headquarters as Chief of the Recruitment Section, Department of Army Civilians, Tokyo.In June 1946, she married Lieutenant Fred W. Seely (1918-2008). Together they had two children, Dagmar <mask> (1946) and <mask> (1948-1964), both born in Japan. In 1950, <mask> and her children left Japan and returned to the United States to live in Pearl River, New York, near her father's home. In 1967, <mask> moved to Arizona and began to focus on her activism. <mask> <mask> died on April 1, 2008 from complications following a heart attack. She is remembered for her military, legal, and activist legacy. Military career
In 1943, <mask> enlisted in the military and joined the Women's Army Corps (WAC).After attending training and graduating from the WAAC Training Center in Ft. Oglethorpe, Georgia, <mask> was elevated to the rank of Corporal. She served as a Recruiter for the Women's Army Corps in Tucson and Camp White in Oregon until she was assigned to the New Guinea campaign. She was subsequently stationed in the Philippines and Japan. She was later awarded a Bronze Star for her service in the battle of New Guinea. Native Rights Activism

Alcatraz Occupation
In late 1969 and 1970, <mask> joined a group of Native activists in their occupation of Alcatraz Island off the coast of San Francisco. This occupation called national attention to a long history of Native grievances that the activists felt the federal government was too slow in addressing. This occupation represented a watershed moment for Native activism.<mask> recalled in a radio interview, “Alcatraz was the catalyst and the most important event in the Indian movement to date. It made me put my furniture into storage and spend my life savings.” During the occupation she managed publicity for the group and acted as a negotiator between the activists and the federal government. She successfully secured a generator, water barge, and ambulance service for the group. After Alcatraz, <mask> remained involved in agitation for Native rights, participating in further occupations of Fort Lawton, Washington in March 1970 and Nike Missile Base near Davis, California in November 1970. National Congress of American Indians
After her participation in the occupations of 1969 and 1970, <mask> went on to be a lobbyist on behalf of the National Congress of American Indians, working especially to further economic opportunities for Native families on reservations by pushing factories to locate on Native land. She had a special focus on training Native workers for factory jobs, saying in 1971 that there was “no reason we can’t train our own people where some factories have training schools for the Indians. Let Indians train Indians.”

National Indian Women's Action Corps
In 1971 <mask> cofounded the National Indian Women's Action Corps, a group that focused on empowering Native women and strengthening indigenous family units.She told a journalist in March 1971, “We Indian women decided to start beating the drum for ourselves… We want all Indian women who want to be active to join us in finding solutions to our problems.” The group's focus on family units derived in part from the history of the American government removing Native children from their families and sending them to live in white households or in boarding schools. Work in United States Congress
During the mid-1970s <mask> represented Native interests in her interactions with the United States Congress. In 1974 she worked as a legislative assistant in the Senate Subcommittee for Indian Affairs. She then became a member of the American Indian Policy Review Board, working in Communications and Public Information. The Policy Review Board was created to improve congressional policy creation and implementation regarding indigenous groups and existed from 1975 to 1977. Legal career
<mask> earned a paralegal degree from Antioch School of Law in 1974 and earned her bachelor's degree in American Indian Law at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 1980. She also worked as a part-time district court judge for the Five Tribes of Oklahoma.Environmental Activism
<mask>'s environmental activism began in 1992 when she learned from a Daily Oklahoman article that her Sac and Fox tribe had accepted a federal grant to study the placement of radioactive waste on tribal land. The Department of Energy’s Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) program was offering $100,000 to study the possibility of temporarily storing used nuclear rods on tribal land before moving them to permanent storage on government land. The Sac and Fox, as well as sixteen other Native American tribes, accepted the grant, believing that the money would come without strings attached and would help alleviate their high unemployment. <mask> researched nuclear waste and its hazards, as well as the details of the funding, most of which in fact went to lawyers and consultants. She started working to convince her tribe to withdraw from the program, and went through the process outlined in the Sac and Fox constitution to reverse the decision of the elected tribal leaders; she gathered signatures of 50 tribe members on a petition calling for a special meeting, and at that meeting on February 29, 1992, 70 out of 75 members present voted to withdraw from the MRS program. The only five in favor were the five elected officials. The Sac and Fox were the first tribe to withdraw from the MRS program.<mask> continued her fight against what she called "environmental racism." She helped found the National Environmental Coalition of Native Americans (NECONA) in 1993 and served as its president, traveling around the country and working to educate tribes about the dangers of storing nuclear waste and persuade them to refuse the MRS. Part of this work also involved persuading tribe leaders to rewrite their constitutions and revert their government to democracy rather than elected tribal councils, which were established under the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1934 and were more susceptible to government pressure. Also in 1993, NECONA joined forces with Nuclear Free America, an international clearinghouse for information about Nuclear Free Zones. Together they created the Nuclear Free Indian Lands Project, which urged tribal governments to pass Nuclear Free Zone laws banning the dumping of nuclear waste and transportation of nuclear residue through tribal lands. Within three years of learning of the MRS, <mask> had persuaded 15 out of the 17 tribes that had initially accepted the grant to withdraw, including all 11 tribes in her home state of Oklahoma. In 1999, she received a Nuclear-Free Future Award for this work. See also
 Private Fuel Storage

References

American environmentalists
American women environmentalists
Women's Army Corps soldiers
Native American activists
Native American environmentalists
Native American women in warfare
1921 births
2008 deaths
University of Tennessee alumni
20th-century American people
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native American women

masks:
Grace Thorpe
Jim Thorpe
Grace F
. Thorpe
Grace Frances Thorpe
) Francis Thorpe
Jim Thorpe
Grace
Grace
Jim Thorpe
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace
Thorpe
Paul Thorpe
Grace
Grace
Grace Frances
Thorpe
Thorpe
Thorpe
Grace Thorpe
Thorpe
Thorpe
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Thorpe
Grace Thorpe
Thorpe
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Thorpe
Thorpe


title: Ray Kassar

texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1928 – December 10, 2017) was president, and later CEO, of Atari Inc. from 1978 to 1983. He had previously been executive vice-president of Burlington Industries, the world's largest  textile company at the time, and president of its Burlington House division. Career
<mask> began working for Burlington Industries in 1948. He later became the executive vice-president of Burlington Industries, the world's largest textile company at the time, and president of its Burlington House division. A member of the Board of Directors, Kassar had spent 26 years at Burlington. He left the company to start his own textile company that manufactured cotton shirts in Egypt and marketed them under the "Kassar" label. <mask>r was hired in February 1978 as president of Atari's consumer division by Warner Communications, who at the time owned Atari.By this time, rifts had begun to develop between the original Atari Inc. staff (most of whom had engineering backgrounds) and the new hires brought in by Warner (who, like Kassar, mostly had business backgrounds). In November 1978, when Atari Inc. co-founder Nolan Bushnell was fired after a dispute with Warner over the future of Atari Inc., Kassar became CEO. Kassar's twenty-five years at Burlington Industries had given him a taste for order, organization, and efficiency and his efforts to revamp Atari along similar lines provoked substantial animosity. Atari Inc. began to promote games all year around instead of just at the Christmas season. Kassar became unaffectionately known to many at Atari Inc. as the "sock king" and the "towel czar" (due to his previous years in the textile industry) after he once referred to Atari programmers as "high-strung prima donnas" in an interview with the San Jose Mercury News in 1979. During the Kassar years, Atari Inc.'s sales grew from $75 million in 1977 to over $2.2 billion just three years later. Though Atari enjoyed some of its greatest success during this period, the stifling atmosphere and lack of royalties or recognition to the individual game designers angered employees, many of whom quit.During this period, nearly all members of the original Atari Inc. staff, including Al Alcorn, quit or were fired. Atari Inc.'s upper management also suffered severe turnover rates. Many blamed <mask>r's autocratic management style, but Kassar was not held accountable. One of the most notable turnovers was when four programmers were unsatisfied with their paychecks. They felt they were making a very paltry salary for someone who actually designed the games that made the company millions of dollars. They wanted a small commission, but when they asked Kassar about that, David Crane recalls that Kassar responded, "You are no more important to that game than the guy on the assembly line who puts it together." Crane and three others resigned from Atari and formed their own company: Activision, which became the first ever third party developer.In 1981, the highly popular and successful game Yars' Revenge was released for the Atari 2600. Howard Scott Warshaw, the game's designer, got the names "Yar" and "Razak" by jokingly spelling "<mask>r" backwards. Warshaw claimed that the game was "<mask>'s revenge on Activision". In 1982, Kassar donated a sum of money to Brown University, his alma mater. In recognition, the university named a university building the "Edward W. Kassar House" after his father. The Kassar House is currently home to the university's mathematics department. Contrary to popular belief, Kassar was not responsible for the deal to make the E.T.the Extra-Terrestrial game from the blockbuster movie. Steve Ross, CEO of Atari's parent company Warner Communications, was the one who was in talks with Steven Spielberg and Universal Pictures. Kassar's response to Ross' query of how he liked the idea of making an E.T. based video game was, "I think it's a dumb idea. We've never really made an action game out of a movie." Ultimately though, the decision was not Kassar's to make and it went through, and it was reported that Atari Inc. had paid US$20–25 million for the rights—an abnormally high figure for video game licensing at the time. The game was not only poorly received and sold poorly, but demand had been widely overestimated.In July 1983, Kassar was fired due to continuing massive losses at Atari. In December 1982, Kassar had sold 5,000 shares of stock in Warner Communications only 23 minutes before a much lower than expected fourth quarter earnings report would cause Warner stock to drop nearly 40% in value in the following days. The Securities and Exchange Commission accused Kassar and then Atari Inc. vice-president Dennis Groth of trading stock with illegal insider knowledge. Kassar settled, returning his profits without acknowledging guilt or innocence. The shares that Kassar sold actually constituted only a small amount of his total holdings in the company, and the SEC later cleared him of any wrongdoing. Upon <mask>'s resignation, James J. Morgan, formerly of Philip Morris, replaced him as CEO of Atari Inc. in September 1983. He was a collector and private investor and sat on the Board of the American Hospital of Paris Foundation.From December 2, 2000 until February 11, 2001 a series of photographs culled from Kassar's significant personal collection were on display at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art. The exhibition, entitled "Painterly Photographs: The <mask> E. Kassar Collection", presented 33 works made for exhibition from 1900 to 1910, featuring some of the most important camera artists of the time, including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Heinrich Kuehn, George Seeley and Clarence H. White. Portions of the collection have been lent on only two other occasions, in 1994 to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and in 2012 to the Neue Galerie New York. References

 The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokémon--The story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, by Steven L. Kent (2001)
 High Score! : The Illustrated History of Electronic Games, by Rusel DeMaria, Johnny L. Wilson (2003)

External links
 Book about the Lucasfilm Computer Division (DROIDMAKER: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution) has a detailed chapter on Atari and Kassar. Ray Kassar and Space Invaders
 Info on the Kassar House
 Painterly Photographs: The <mask> E. Kassar Collection

1928 births
2017 deaths
Atari people
American technology chief executives
Brown University alumni

masks:
Raymond Edward Kassar
Ray Kassar
Ray Kassa
Ray Kassa
Ray Kassa
Ray
Ray Kassar
Raymond
Raymond


title: Deane Winthrop

texts:
<mask> (23 March 1623 – 16 March 1704) was the sixth son (the third son by his father's third marriage) of the English Puritan colonist <mask>, a founder and the 2nd, 6th, 9th and 12th Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His mother was Margaret Tyndal. He was named after his mother's half-brother, Sir <mask>. He outlived all of his full and half-siblings. There is no known portrait of him. <mask> was born in the village of Groton in Suffolk, England. At the age of 12, he departed London, England with his older brother <mask> the Younger, age 29, on the ship the Abigail in July 1635.He later settled and farmed in an area of the Town of Boston known as Pullen Point (Pulling Point), part of the area known to the native Massachusett tribe as Winnisimmet, which is today the Town of Winthrop, Massachusetts. Plantation of Groton

In the 1650s, he was involved in the project of settlement in the Nashoba Valley that became known as the Plantation of Groton (1655), named in honor of his birthplace where his father, <mask>, was Lord of the Manor. The area of the Plantation today comprises the Massachusetts towns of Groton, Ayer, almost all of Pepperell and Shirley, large parts of Dunstable, Littleton, and Tyngsborough plus smaller parts of Harvard and Westford, as well as Nashua, New Hampshire and Hollis, New Hampshire. Deane served as one of the original selectmen of the settlement, but his permanent residence was always Pullen Point. Deane Winthrop House

The Deane Winthrop House located in what is now Winthrop, Massachusetts is the site of Deane's first house. The land of the site was first granted in 1637 to Captain William Pierce (1595–1641), a renowned mariner and slave trader. Pierce (also spelled Peirce, Pearce, Pearse, etc.in various records) built a house on his land sometime after 1638. Deane acquired the house with its farm in 1647. He later rebuilt most of the house in 1675. This house is still intact and is maintained as a both a single family home and a museum. It is one of the oldest extent wood frame houses in the country. It is also the oldest continuously inhabited house in the United States. Personal life

Like most settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Deane was a Puritan Christian who dissented from certain practices retained by the Church of England.At the age of 25, he married Sarah Glover (1629–1684), daughter of the Rev. Jose Glover, and sister of his brother <mask>'s wife in 1648. They had nine children together: <mask> (b. 15 June 1651, died in infancy); <mask>, again, (b. 6 Sept. 1653, died young); John (b. 1655, died young); Sarah (b. 11 February 1657); Margaret (b.25 July 1660) who married Jotham Grover and had children; Elizabeth (b. 9 July  1663) who married Captain Samuel Kent and had children; Jose (b. 3 May 1666., d. 15 November 1702, aged 36, no children); Priscilla (b. 1 May 1669) who married Eliab Adams and had children; Mercy (b. 18 January 1673) who married Atherton Hough on 11 January 1700 and had children. Deane's first wife, Sarah, died in 1684 at the age of about 55. In the same year, at the age of 61, he married Martha Mellows (1625–1716), aged 59.She was the widow of Captain John Mellows (or Mellhouse) of Boston. Deane also owned three slaves of African origin. They are mentioned by name in his will of 1702 as: Marrear, Primas, and a child named Robbin. Deane died on 16 March 1704 just a week before his 81st birthday in Pullen Point. He was buried on 20 March in the Rumney Marsh Burying Ground which is located in what is today Revere, Massachusetts and is still maintained. Samuel Sewall (1652–1730) attended the funeral. Sewall was a prominent judge, businessman, and printer in Massachusetts Bay Colony.He is notorious for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692–1693 (for which he later apologized). He provides this account of <mask> <mask>'s burial in his diary:

"March 16, 1703/4 Mr <mask> <mask>, of Pulling Point, dies upon his Birthday, just about the Breaking of it. He was Taken at eight aclock the evening before, as he sat in his chair, sunk first, being set up, he vomited, complained of his head, which were almost his last words. Hardly spake anything after his being in bed. 81 years old. He is the last of Govr <mask>'s children... statione novissimus exit. March 20. is buried at Pulling Point by his son and three Daughters.[Pall] Bearers [were] Russel, Cooke; Hutchinson, Sewall; Townsend, Paige. From the House of Hasey. Scutcheons on the Pall. I help'd lower the Corps into the Grave. Madam Paige went in her Coach. Majr. Genl.and Capt. <mask> had Scarvs, and led the widow. Very pleasant day; went by Winnisimmet." Sewall quotes a Latin phrase from Ovid in his Metamorphoses 2.115 " ...statione novissimus exit." This translates as "he, last of all, leaves his station." The "he" in Ovid's poem refers to the Morning Star (Venus) disappearing at dawn. This is an allusion to Deane as the last child of <mask> to die.There were six pall bearers (in pairs on either side of the casket) mentioned by surname. The "scutcheons" mentioned on the funeral pall over the casket refer to his coat of arms inherited from his father (see entry below). <mask>'s "son" that Sewall refers to may have been <mask>'s stepson, a son of Martha and her first husband, as none of Deane's biological sons survived childhood except Jose. Jose however died two years before Dean not having fathered children. <mask>'s descendants survive only in the female line. His widow and second wife, Martha, died just under 12 years later in Boston on 22 January 1716, aged 90. Coat of arms

<mask> <mask> used the same coat of arms as his father <mask> as displayed here.These arms appear today on the Deane Winthrop House and are also used as the coat of arms for Winthrop House at Harvard University. The heraldic blazon of arms is: Argent three chevronels Gules overall a lion rampant Sable. Name of the Town of Winthrop

The Town of Winthrop, Massachusetts was incorporated in 1852 after separating from what was then known as North Chelsea and is today known as  Revere, Massachusetts. It is a long-standing and understandable myth that the town was named in honor of <mask> <mask>, who resided in what is now the town for his entire adult life. However, while his presence in what is now the Town of Winthrop may have influenced its naming when it incorporated, the town is in fact named after his far more famous father, <mask>, as the town's website also confirms. References

1623 births
1704 deaths
People from colonial Boston
People from Babergh
Winthrop, Massachusetts
Winthrop family

masks:
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John Winthrop
John Deane
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title: Karl Adam (theologian)

texts:
<mask> (22 October 1876 – 1 April 1966) was a German Catholic theologian, known for his work in the fields of ecclesiology and Christology. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Tübingen, where he published work influenced by Lebensphilosophie and German Romanticism including The Spirit of Catholicism (1924), which argued for an understanding of the church as a community and for a revitalisation of Christian faith. Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, <mask> sought rapprochement between the Nazi regime and the German Catholic Church. In pursuit of this aim, he published work during the Nazi era that sought to reconcile aspects of Catholic and nationalist thought, defended Nazi anti-Jewish legislation and expressed anti-Semitic sentiments. His later work included The Christ of Faith (1954), a collection of lectures on Christology. Life and career

Early life and education
<mask> was born in , near Regensburg in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, on 22 October 1876. He had a brother, <mask>, who would also become a priest and would later in life become a critic of the Nazi regime.Soon after being ordained a priest of the Diocese of Regensburg in 1900, he matriculated at the University of Munich, studying historical and systematic theology. He worked on the Latin Fathers in Munich and received his doctorate in 1904, submitting a thesis on the ecclesiology of Tertullian, and received his habilitation in 1908, completing a Habilitationsschrift on the Eucharistic theology of Augustine. In this period <mask>'s thought was influenced by Ignaz von Dollinger, Albert Ehrhard and Joseph Schnitzer. Early career
<mask> taught from 1908 until 1917 at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Munich and was a tutor to the sons of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria. In 1910 he published an article critical of Pius X's requirement that priests take the oath against modernism, which he described as "the official death notice regarding all Catholic scholarship" in Germany. This led to an investigation by the Holy Office, which ended when Crown Prince Rupprecht intervened on <mask>'s behalf. In 1917 he completed monographs on Pope Callixtus I's instruction on penance and on Augustine's account of forgiveness of sins.In the same year he began teaching at the University of Strasbourg, but was required to leave Strasbourg the following year due to a provision of the Treaty of Versailles which prohibited Germans from holding positions in the French civil service. He then moved to the University of Tübingen, where he took up a professorship in systematic theology. His work in the years from 1900 to 1918 focused on historical theology. From 1919 <mask>'s work dealt predominantly with systematic theology. In these years he advocated ecumenism and criticised structures and hierarchies in the church that he saw as outmoded. Upon taking the position at Tübingen in 1919 he publicly declared his intention to continue the tradition of the Tübingen school, which emphasised scholarly dialogue between Catholic and Protestant theologians. He would remain at Tübingen for three decades, where his work focused on the critique of the church, the critique of modernity, and the development of a contemporary theology.In this period he also drew on the tradition of Lebensphilosophie, a school of thought rooted in German Romanticism that emphasised the interconnectedness of life. This aspect of his work, along with his use of the German language rather than Latin and his emphasis on the humanity of Jesus, once again drew scrutiny from the Holy Office, and his book The Spirit of Catholicism (1924) was threatened with placement on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1932. Eventually, however, he was informed that neither The Spirit of Catholicism nor Christ Our Brother (1927) or The Son of God (1933) would be condemned provided he made certain revisions to the texts, which he did in 1933. Nazi era
<mask> was one of several German Catholic theologians who sought rapprochement between the church and Nazi Germany after Adolf Hitler's rise to power. He saw his role as that of a mediator between the church and the Nazi regime, and envisioned a new relationship between the church and state in which the church would exert a greater influence as part of a corporatist or communitarian system. While other Catholic theologians at Tübingen did not publicly oppose the Nazi regime, <mask> was unusual in publicly seeking to mediate between the church and the regime. Nonetheless, he never became a member of the Nazi Party.Early 1930s
In his 1933 essay "German Nationality and Catholic Christianity" ("Deutsches Volkstum und katholisches Christentum") <mask> argued that the German nation should be primarily the domain of Christians of German heritage, rather than being a pluralistic, secular society. The essay examined the relationship between Catholicism and the "German race" in terms of the relationship between nature and grace. Building on an argument made by <mask>, <mask> argued that Protestantism demands the separation of church and state because it sees nature and grace as opposed, whereas in Catholicism nature and grace are intertwined, and thus so must be the church and state. In this model the state would oversee the natural order while the church would have primacy in matters supernatural. The essay argued that the church is capable of observing "the blood-given determinations of a race or people", such that Catholicism takes different forms in different countries. <mask> described the church as "the true mother of all ethnic-racial identity" and declared that nationalism and Catholicism could complement one another. In the same essay, <mask> argued that Nazi anti-Jewish legislation was justified by Germans' obligation to strengthen their own racial identity, an obligation he argued originated in the Old Testament, and implicitly endorsed the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service.Nonetheless, <mask> also argued that Christians were obliged to treat Jews justly and lovingly, and that it was wrong to deny the Jewishness of Jesus. Whereas <mask>'s ecclesiological work in the 1920s had emphasised the universality of the church and its relationship to peoples' common humanity, in 1933 he began to see the unity between Christ and humans in the church as resting on racial and ethnic distinctions. He argued that the church could only flourish among a group of people to the extent that it took on the traits of those people, and that the German-speaking church must encourage the solidification of a German racial and ethnic identity. In a 1934 speech <mask> criticised the Nazi state's support for the German Faith Movement, a neopagan religious movement that called for Germans to reject Christianity. <mask> argued that the strength of the German nation depended on the continuing dominance of Christianity, and that the neopagans failed to acknowledge the positive influence of Christianity on German culture over the course of centuries. Immediately following the speech he was denounced in a Nazi newspaper and harassed by the Sturmabteilung. Days later his licence to teach was revoked and his courses cancelled.The following week he was reinstated, having pledged to no longer criticise Nazism. "The Spiritual Situation of German Catholicism" (1939)
<mask> re-entered the political sphere following the invasion of Poland in 1939. He delivered a lecture entitled "The Spiritual Situation of German Catholicism" ("Die geistige Lage des deutschen Katholizismus"), in which he proposed three ways to foster Christian faith in Germany that he thought would also strengthen the nation and contribute to the blending of Catholicism and German culture: that the church should permit priests to be conscripted into the Wehrmacht, that the church should permit the use of the German language in the Catholic Mass, and that the Pope should canonise more Germans. His aim was to encourage Catholicism to modernise by responding to the "positive" elements of Nazism, and to limit the influence of the German Faith Movement in order to prevent the disintegration of Christianity in the Nazi state. Without naming the German Faith Movement or any other neopagan group, he described "a new Weltanschauung, a non-Christian and anti-Christian faith movement" filling the vacuum left by Christianity's decline. The lecture pleased pro-Nazi Catholics while angering Catholic opponents of Nazism. Joseph Joos accused <mask> of watering down Catholic doctrine and failing to emphasise the divergences between Catholicism and Nazism, while Bishop  told <mask> the lecture had harmed the church and ordered him to cease speaking publicly about the war.Bernhard Lichtenberg wrote to <mask> upon reading the transcript of the lecture, accusing him of offering a "fatal vagueness" under the pretence of a clear delineation of the status of German Catholicism. Lichtenberg criticised <mask>'s argument that German Catholics ought to obey the Nazi authorities, argued that <mask> accepted Nazi efforts to make Catholic doctrine secondary to other Weltanschauungen, and accused <mask> of confusing the concept of Weltanschauung itself by treating it as solely a secular phenomenon then later using the term with regard to theological matters. He argued that <mask> overlooked Nazism's anti-Christian and anti-Catholic themes, and objected to <mask>'s formulation of the concepts of original sin and "German nature". In concluding, Lichtenberg observed that the practical proposals <mask> made had already, to a large extent, been implemented. Lichtenberg was later arrested, convicted of violating the Pulpit Law and the Treachery Act of 1934 and imprisoned, and died while being taken to the Dachau concentration camp. "Jesus, the Christ, and We Germans" (1943)
In 1943 <mask> wrote "Jesus, the Christ, and We Germans" ("Jesus, der Christus, und wir Deutsche"), which expressed anti-Semitic sentiments while defending Christianity from neopagan critiques. The essay argued that although Jesus was Jewish, he was not purely so, because he came from Galilee, a region where interracial marriage was common, and because the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary meant he lacked the "ugly dispositions and forces which we condemn in full blooded Jews."The essay also reiterated the strong connection <mask> perceived between the spirit of Christianity and that of Nazism. It was <mask>'s final effort to connect Catholicism and Nazism. <mask>'s reasons for accommodating Nazism
Krieg has argued that <mask>'s pursuit of accommodation between the church and the Nazi government was due to his belief that the church should play a central and fundamental role in society and the state. Krieg also argues that <mask>'s political naivety was in large part the result of his dependence on the ideas and categories of German Romanticism, which led him to envision a national community in harmonious relation to the church, and thus to misjudge political realities and fail to realise the incompatibility of Nazi ideology with Christian faith. In addition to his Romanticism, Krieg argues that <mask>'s political stance was also informed by the view that Germany was threatened by modernity and the tendencies toward democracy, individualism, secularisation and a modern notion of freedom that promoted diversity. These tendencies, <mask> thought, required new social and political formations that would restore order and encourage community, tradition and Christian faith. The

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Karl Adam
Adam
Karl Adam
August Adam
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Karl Eschweiler
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title: Karl Adam (theologian)

texts:
 theologian  argued that <mask>'s "predilection for the 'vital' and 'organic'" and his rejection of rationalism and liberalism contributed to his willingness to accommodate Nazism.Robert Spicer argues that <mask>'s expression of common themes uniting Catholicism and Nazism can be seen as in keeping with the themes of Tübingen school theology. Whereas his precursors at Tübingen had attempted to situate Christianity within the culture of the day, the specific culture in which <mask> operated was one influenced to a great extent by Nazi ideology. Spicer argues that, while <mask>'s overtures to Nazism were understandable in the early 1930s, by 1939, after Kristallnacht and the Nazis' persecution of the Catholic Church, they became incomprehensible. Spicer claims <mask> "allowed himself to be so influenced by the National Socialist milieu that he could not properly discern between what he should accept and reject from the movement's ideology." John Connelly argues that <mask> saw Hitler as a figure capable of bridging the divide between German Catholics and Protestants, in keeping with his earlier support for ecumenism. Post-war career and death
The University of Tübingen was occupied by the French Army in 1945 as part of the denazification process. Neither <mask> nor any of Tübingen's other Catholic theologians were among those imprisoned or banned from teaching for promoting Nazism or the Nazi regime's human rights violations.No work was published in postwar Germany questioning or censuring <mask>'s support for Nazism. Krieg writes that "it is not clear ... that <mask> ... ever acknowledged his own misjudgment about and complicity with the Third Reich." In the postwar years <mask> became involved in the ecumenical movement and stressed the need for co-operation between German Catholics and Protestants. As one of the first German Catholic theologians to contribute to ecumenism, he argued that Protestants and Catholics were united by belief in certain Christian truths, and was motivated in part by his continued belief that Christianity ought to form the foundation of German government and society. <mask> retired in 1949, becoming a professor emeritus at Tübingen. He withdrew from public life in the 1950s, and was nominated to be part of a preparatory commission for the Second Vatican Council in 1959, but declined for health reasons. <mask> died in Tübingen on 1 April 1966.Works
<mask>'s best-known works include The Spirit of Catholicism (1924), The Son of God (1934), Christ Our Brother (1929) and The Christ of Faith (1954). Krieg names four central concepts in <mask>'s theology: first, the view of Christ as the sole mediator between God and creation and as the only figure to unite the divine and human worlds; second, the conception of the church as the Body of Christ, existing to make Christ present in the world; third, an account of Christianity as faith specifically within the context of the community of the church; and fourth, a pessimistic evaluation of Western civilisation, which he thought was experiencing a long decline. <mask>'s books were directed at the general reader, rather than appealing solely to theologians. The Spirit of Catholicism (1924)
In The Spirit of Catholicism (1924), <mask> critiqued rationalism, which he argued had distanced people from themselves, from their communities and from God; the Enlightenment, which he claimed prioritised intellect over feelings and relationships; and modernity itself. In mounting this critique he drew on the thought of Max Scheler. Arguing along similar lines to Joseph Lortz and Oswald Spengler, <mask> diagnosed a centuries-long spiritual and cultural decline in Western civilisation, which he argued had begun in the Late Middle Ages and culminated in the Enlightenment. He argued this decline could be arrested, however, by a revitalisation of belief in Christ and the church.The account of the church in The Spirit of Catholicism differed from neo-scholastic conceptions of the church as an institution and from Protestant understandings of the church as an assembly of individuals. <mask> rejected both the First Vatican Council's juridical account of the church and accounts such as that of Friedrich Heiler, who saw the church as "a complex of opposites" united by papal authority. In their place <mask> drew on the work of <mask> Möhler in describing the church as first and foremost a community, and on Paul the Apostle's description of the church as the Body of Christ. The book also rejects Adolf von Harnack's emphasis on the historical Jesus, emphasising a kerygmatic Christology akin to that of Johannes von Kuhn. <mask>, a Protestant colleague of <mask>'s at Tübingen, responded to The Spirit of Catholicism with a series of lectures that were published under the title The Nature of Protestantism in 1925. George Orwell reviewed The Spirit of Catholicism in The New English Weekly in 1932. Orwell differentiated the book from works of "Catholic propaganda", which focus on the basis of Catholic faith and criticisms of its opponents; Orwell praised <mask>, by contrast, for his focus on "what goes on inside the Catholic soul".The book's main significance for non-Catholics, Orwell argued, was as an example of the "Hebrew-like pride and exclusiveness of the Catholic mind". The Spirit of Catholicism has been translated into 13 languages, and was an influence on thinkers including Robert McAfee Brown, Dorothy Day, Thomas Merton, Flannery O'Connor, Alec Vidler, Evelyn Underhill and Pope Paul VI, who drew on it in his papal encyclical Ecclesiam suam. It was one of the most widely read works of German Catholic thought in the first part of the 20th century. Krieg has described The Spirit of Catholicism as "one of the most important studies in Catholic theology during the period between the First Vatican Council (1869–70) and the Second Vatican Council (1962–65)." The Christ of Faith (1954)
The Christ of Faith (1954), a collection of lectures, is a comprehensive history of Christology and <mask>'s final major work. The lectures discuss the sources of Christology and recount the history of controversies in the field, then examine the doctrine of salvation. Here <mask> defines Christology as the study of images of Christ, of which he identifies three: the "dogmatic image" found in doctrine, the "reflected image" found in the Bible, and the "living image", formed through the meeting of the other two images and the church.Juniper Cummings, reviewing the English translation of The Christ of Faith, declined to endorse the book "without reservation", noting that certain statements may lend themselves to misrepresentation, while others suffer from inexactitude, but noted that many of its apparent flaws may in fact be "legitimate differences of theological opinions", while others may stem from insufficient attention to updating the lectures when compiling them. Flannery O'Connor, in her review published in 1958, identified The Christ of Faith as containing an implicit argument against efforts to reconstruct Christianity as a syncretic religion, praised the book's critique of "the errors of liberal theology", and described it as "a master work by one of the Church's greatest living theologians." Other works
In the essay "Faith and the Scholarly Study of Faith in Catholicism" ("Glauben und Glaubenswissenschaft im Katholizismus", 1920) <mask> developed an account of faith that differed from neo-scholastic and rationalist approaches, in which faith is essentially private, and argued that faith has a communal character, relating to encounters with Christ that occur in the church. In Christ Our Brother (1927) <mask> focuses on the Gospels' accounts of Jesus' life and teachings and argues, again in opposition to neo-scholasticism, for the humanity of Christ: rather than seeing him as passive or weak, <mask> describes Christ as embodying humanity's best qualities and achieving its fullest potential. In this reading the incarnation of Christ is seen as the central event in human history, and as representing the meeting of the human and divine not through the ascent of the former but rather through the descent of the latter. Christ and the Western Mind (1928) again drew on Scheler in critiquing modernity, rationalism and the Enlightenment. Here <mask> described a process of secularisation, beginning in the Late Middle Ages and incorporating the Reformation and the Enlightenment.He argued again for the necessity of a return to Christ and the church, which would require a clear presentation of Christian doctrine. The Son of God (1933) similarly considers the Gospels' accounts of Jesus, and argues for Christ's humanity and the centrality of the incarnation of Christ. The Son of God was also influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche's Lebensphilosophie and was widely translated. One and Holy (1948), a collection of essays, expressed support for ecumenism. Evaluation
Krieg describes <mask> as both "one of the most creative theologians of the early twentieth century" and, due to his support for Nazism, "one of the most naive". Krieg argues that <mask> played a significant role in the renewal of Catholic theology in the first half of the 20th century, but weakened Christian resistance to Hitler by stressing the perceived common ground uniting Nazism and Catholicism. Krieg identifies <mask>'s pessimistic evaluation of Western civilisation as the fatal flaw in his thought, which led him to seek accommodation with Nazism.<mask>'s theory of history, Krieg argues, was insufficiently complex and failed to consider the capacity of the church and tradition to adapt. Krieg argues that, although <mask> anticipated insights of the Second Vatican Council in his account of Christ's humanity and the church as a community, he remained within the horizon of the First Vatican Council in his rejection of modern ideas of freedom. Krieg suggests that <mask>'s life and work provides a lesson in the impossibility of "turn[ing] back the clock in order to restore the relationship that existed between the Church and the state in an earlier epoch." <mask>'s theology also provides a positive lesson, however, in Krieg's view, insofar as <mask> in The Spirit of Catholicism acknowledged that the church would have to adapt to non-European cultures and to diversify. James Carroll described <mask> as "perhaps the most notable Catholic theologian of his generation" and identified this eminence as the reason why <mask>'s position on Nazism is significant. Writing in Commonweal in 2008, John Connelly argued that <mask>'s engagement with Nazism indicates "the dangers of speculation, of making judgments about the fulfillment of God's will in history." Connelly also described <mask> as "the rare theologian who made the presence of God seem tangible", identifying this as a reason why <mask> ought not to be forgotten.List of works
 "Faith and the Scholarly Study of Faith in Catholicism" (1920)
 The Spirit of Catholicism (1924)
 Christ our Brother (1927)
 Christ and the Western Mind (1928)
 The Son of God (1933)
 "Jesus, the Christ, and We Germans" (1943)
 One and Holy (1948)
 The Christ of Faith (1954)

See also
 Religion in Nazi Germany

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

1876 births
1966 deaths
20th-century German Catholic theologians
20th-century German Roman Catholic priests
German male non-fiction writers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Nazis
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
People from the Upper Palatinate
University of Strasbourg faculty
University of Tübingen

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Johann Adam
Karl Heim
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title: Louis P. Peck

texts:
<mask><mask> (December 24, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was a Vermont attorney and public official. He is notable for his service as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1981 to 1990. Early life
<mask> was born in Montpelier, Vermont on December 24, 1918, the son of <mask> (1886-1956) and W<mask> (1884-1958). His father owned and operated the Peck Brothers Hardware Store, and <mask> had a twin brother, John W<mask>. <mask> graduated from Montpelier's St. Michael’s High School in 1937. He intended to begin studies at the University of Notre Dame, but had to delay starting college because he contracted polio. After his recovery, he began attendance at Notre Dame, but left school to serve in the military during World War II.Military service
<mask> enlisted in the United States Army in 1941. He completed officer training, and was qualified in the field artillery branch. He then volunteered for paratrooper training, and was assigned to the 17th Airborne Division. <mask> served in combat in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and during March 1945's Operation Varsity, he was wounded when his glider came under enemy fire. Unable to move because his legs had been shattered by shrapnel and bullets, <mask> was injured again when another glider crashed into him as it was landing. He spent more than two years recuperating in hospitals overseas and in the United States, and was discharged as a captain in 1947. <mask>'s awards included the Purple Heart.Post-war
After his recuperation, <mask> returned to the University of Notre Dame; he received his B.A. degree in 1950, and his LL.B. in 1951. (His LL.B. was later amended to J.D.) <mask> had received his varsity letter in fencing before the war. Before leaving college for the army, he had been elected captain of the 1942 team.When he returned to Notre Dame after the war, he served as the coach of the freshman fencing team. <mask> was admitted to the bar in 1951, and practiced in Montpelier. A Republican, in 1952 he served as chairman of the organizing committee for Montpelier's Eisenhower for President organization. He served as city grand juror (prosecutor in Montpelier's municipal court) from 1952 to 1957, and was also a member of the city's board of listers. During the 1950s, he also served as chairman of the Washington County Republican committee, and vice chairman of Montpelier's Republican party. He also served as deputy state's attorney of Washington County; in late 1954 and early 1955, he served as acting state's attorney while the incumbent was traveling out of state. A civic activist, <mask>'s volunteer efforts included a term as president of Montpelier's chamber of commerce.In 1956 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for the Vermont House of Representatives; during the 1957 session of the Vermont General Assembly, he was a draftsman on the legislature's staff. Later in 1957 <mask> joined the office of the Vermont Attorney General as the attorney general's chief legal assistant, and he served until 1965. Among his major responsibilities in this position was serving as chief counsel for the Vermont Agency of Transportation, ensuring that the planning and construction of Interstate Highways 89 and 91 complied with both state and federal laws. Continued career
In 1965, Attorney General John P. Connarn appointed <mask> as his deputy. <mask> served as deputy attorney general until January 1967, and then returned to his post as chief legal assistant and counsel for the Vermont Agency of Transportation. He was later appointed as assistant attorney general for governmental affairs, and then chief assistant attorney general in charge of advisory opinions and appeals. From 1969 to 1981, <mask> was a member of the Vermont National Bank board of directors.Judicial career
In September 1981, Governor Richard A. Snelling appointed <mask> as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, filling the vacancy created by the retirement of Robert W. Larrow. <mask>'s appointment marked a break with Vermont's longstanding tradition of appointing judges of the Vermont Superior Court to the Supreme Court. (Larrow's 1974 appointment was also a break with tradition; previously the chief judge of the superior court was chosen by seniority, and the chief judge was appointed to the Supreme Court when a vacancy occurred. Larrow was serving on the Superior Court at the time of his appointment to the Supreme Court, but was not the chief judge.) <mask>'s tenure was best known for his challenge to Vermont's mandatory retirement law for judges. The state constitution required judges to retire at age 70; when <mask> refused to retire after turning 70, the state sued to remove him. <mask> argued that federal laws prohibiting age discrimination should take precedence over the state constitution.His challenge was heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which agreed in July 1989 that he could not be compelled to retire. Having made his legal point and established a precedent for future age discrimination claims, <mask> retired in 1990, and was replaced by Denise R. Johnson. Playwright and actor
<mask> was a longtime member of the Montpelier Theatre Guild and Actor’s Equity, and authored and directed numerous plays. He also appeared in productions at The Stowe Playhouse and Goddard College. During his work in local and regional theater, <mask> acted in more than a hundred plays. Retirement and death
In retirement, <mask> continued to reside in Montpelier. He died at the Woodridge Nursing Home in Berlin, Vermont on May 8, 2008.Family
In 1952, <mask> married Iride J. Falacci (1924-2003) of Montpelier. They were the parents of daughters Katherine, Barbara and Nancy. References

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Internet

1918 births
2008 deaths
People from Montpelier, Vermont
University of Notre Dame alumni
Notre Dame Law School alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Vermont Republicans
Vermont lawyers
State's attorneys in Vermont
Justices of the Vermont Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers

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. Nelson Peck
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Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck
Peck