title: Charles B. Pierce

texts:
<mask> (June 16, 1938 – March 5, 2010) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, set decorator, cinematographer, and actor. <mask> directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years, but is best known for his cult hits The Legend of Boggy Creek (1973) and The Town That Dreaded Sundown (1976). An Arkansas resident most of his life, <mask> made his directorial debut with Boggy Creek, a faux documentary-style film inspired by the legend of the Bigfoot-like Fouke Monster. <mask> followed that with several inexpensive, regional films set in the southern United States, including The Town That Dreaded Sundown, based on the true story of the Phantom Killer murders in Texarkana. <mask> continued directing films into the 1980s. He is credited with co-writing the story for the Clint Eastwood film Sudden Impact (with Earl E. Smith). After years of pressure from producers, <mask> directed a Boggy Creek sequel, Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues, which he considered the worst film of his career.It was later riffed on by the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Early life

<mask><mask> was born in Hammond, Indiana on June 16, 1938, one of the three sons of Mack McKenny <mask> and Mayven <mask>. His family moved to the southwestern Arkansas city of Hampton when he was just a few months old. There he was a childhood friend and neighbor of future film and television director Harry Thomason, and the two made home movies together in their backyards using an old 8 mm camera. His first professional foray into media entertainment was in the mid-1960s as an art director at KTAL-TV in Shreveport, Louisiana. He later became a weatherman and hosted a children's cartoon show for that channel.<mask> continued working in production jobs at television stations in Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas until 1969, when he moved to Texarkana, bought a 16 mm camera and started an advertising agency. He started a contract with Ledwell & Son Enterprises, a Texarkana-based firm that built 18-wheel trailers and farm equipment. <mask> developed commercials for the company that played throughout the Southwestern United States, using mostly footage he shot of trucks on the highway and farming equipment being used. He said the reputation he developed with those commercials later helped him launch his film career. Also during this time, <mask> played a character named Mayor Chuckles on The Laffalot Club, a local Arkansas children's television show. <mask> launched his independent film career in the early 1970s, when he sought funding from L.W. Ledwell, the owner of Ledwell & Son Enterprises.Ledwell was skeptical of the idea, but ultimately agreed to provide about $100,000 of the $160,000 budget for <mask>'s first film. Prior to his directorial debut, <mask> worked as a set decorator for television shows like the Western series Hondo and for films like Waco (1966) and Coffy (1973). The Legend of Boggy Creek
<mask>'s directorial debut was The Legend of Boggy Creek, which was inspired by the Fouke Monster, a seven-foot-tall Bigfoot-like creature said to live in the swamps near Fouke, Arkansas. <mask> said he did not necessarily believe in the legend, but was fascinated with the stories. After interviewing Fouke residents who said they encountered the monster, <mask> became impressed with their authenticity and down-to-earth qualities. He approached Earl E. Smith, an acquaintance from the advertising business, to adapt those eyewitness tales into a screenplay. The film was shot at locations in Fouke, Texarkana and Shreveport, using a camera <mask> built himself at home.It was filmed in a faux documentary style, and included interviews with Fouke residents mixed with dramatizations of their supposed encounters with the creature. Like <mask>, the film's financial backers and many of the actors had never been involved in a film before. <mask> cast the actors by approaching customers at a local gas station whenever he saw somebody that looked like they fit one of the parts. He hired high school students as crew members who helped load and move equipment. For the creature itself, he limited the sightings to shadowy figures because he felt the film would be more frightening if the creature was left to the viewer's imagination. <mask> sang the theme song featured in the film. Once the film was completed, he put the reel into the trunk of his car and drove to Los Angeles seeking post-production services.He met Jamie Mendoza-Nava, who owned a small post-production company and agreed to work on the film for limited up-front pay and a small percentage of the film's box-office receipts. <mask> could not find a major studio willing to distribute it, so he rented a local movie theater in Texarkana for one week to screen the film. He cleaned the property himself to prepare for the debut. Released in 1972, The Legend of Boggy Creek premiered at what was later called the Perot Theatre, where lines stretched around the block to see it. <mask> did not expect it to become a financial success, but it made $55,000 in the first three weeks from that single theater. Eventually, <mask> entered into a distribution deal with Joy N. Houck, owner of the independent distribution company Howco, who paid <mask> $1.29 million for a 50 percent interest in the film. <mask> and Houck signed with American International Pictures for foreign and television distribution.It became a hit at drive-in movie theaters, eventually gaining a cult status and bringing <mask> a modicum of fame. At the time of the film's release, <mask> incorrectly predicted to newspapers that it would win several Academy Awards. Several similarly-styled films about strange and allegedly true phenomena were released in subsequent years due to success of The Legend of Boggy Creek. Julius E. "Smokey" Crabtree, a Fouke resident who appeared as himself in the film, became disgruntled with the production company and filed a lawsuit against <mask> and his financial supporters. <mask> declined to speak to the media about the suit. Post-Boggy Creek career

Following the success of The Legend of Boggy Creek, <mask> was encouraged to film a sequel, but resisted because he wanted to prove himself as a filmmaker rather than duplicate the same idea. He continued to make inexpensive regional films set in the southern United States, primarily targeting small-town and rural audiences.His family said <mask> liked to be continuously working and would start a new film immediately after finishing the last. His sophomore effort was Bootleggers (1974), a period action-comedy film about rival families making moonshine in the Ozark Mountains. It featured Slim Pickens and the first major performance of Jaclyn Smith, who went on to play Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlie's Angels. <mask> followed that film up with two Westerns released in 1976. The first, Winterhawk, was about violence erupting between Blackfoot Native Americans and white villagers. The film proved difficult for <mask> to shoot due to challenges from the weather and problems with the horses on the set. However, according to <mask>, Winterhawk was more widely seen than The Legend of Boggy Creek.His second Western was Winds of Autumn. <mask> co-wrote both films with his Boggy Creek partner, Earl E. Smith. <mask> made a trademark of casting his friends in his films, and <mask> himself performed minor roles in both Winterhawk and Winds of Autumn. During this period, <mask> continued working as a set decorator for films such as Black Belt Jones (1974). <mask> returned to the horror genre with the 1976 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown, based on the true story of the Phantom Killer, an unidentified serial killer who murdered five people in Texarkana in 1946. <mask> remembered being scared by news stories about the killer during his youth in Hampton. He received some criticism for the graphic violence portrayed in the film, particularly one scene where the killer ties a woman to a tree, attaches a knife to the end of a trombone, then repeatedly stabs her while playing the instrument.<mask> said he purposely made the film violent because he felt the real-life situation was horrific and did not want to glaze over it. While filming horror scenes, he tried to create a suspenseful mood by clearing the set of everyone but the essential cast and staff, then refusing to let them talk to each other as the scenes were shot. <mask> appeared in The Town That Dreaded Sundown as police Patrolman A.C. "Spark Plug" <mask>, an idiotic comic relief character. The name "Spark Plug" was a real-life nickname given to the director due to his energy. <mask> described The Town That Dread Sundown as a very easy and enjoyable shoot with no major problems on the set. During this period, <mask> worked as set decorator on films The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and The Cheap Detective (1978). The year after The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Piece directed and co-wrote Grayeagle, a Western based on a Cheyenne legend of a white man whose child (with an Indian wife) is kidnapped by a young warrior named Grayeagle.<mask> appeared in the film as <mask>, a half-insane white man who takes on a Shoshone identity. He then wrote and directed The Norseman (1978), which starred Lee Majors as a Viking prince who traveled to America to rescue his father from Indians. Working with a multimillion-dollar budget, <mask> shot the film in the Florida locations Hillsborough River State Park and New Port Richey. The next year he co-wrote and directed The Evictors (1979), another documentary-style horror film about a young couple who move into a rural Louisiana farmhouse and find their lives endangered by a series of strange events. <mask> was inspired to write the script after reading a true story in a detective magazine about a Kansas family who murdered somebody trying to evict them from the property. In order to match the late-evening sunlight in his cinematography at the farmhouse set, <mask> set up reflectors outside and deflected the sunlight through the windows, which were fitted with sheer white curtains to give the actors an eerie glow. The Evictors was little-seen and did not do financially well, which was a disappointment to distributor American International Pictures, but <mask> believed it one of his better films.He also considered it his most downbeat film, and said of the unhappy ending, "I probably just didn't have any other way to end it." Later career
In the 1980s, to further his career as a filmmaker, <mask> moved to Carmel, California, where he met and befriended actor Clint Eastwood. <mask> shared a film treatment he had developed with Eastwood, who liked the story and helped <mask> develop it into Sudden Impact (1983), the fourth entry in Eastwood's Dirty Harry film series. <mask> was given a writer's credit for the story along with Earl E. Smith. Joseph C. Stinson is credited with the screenplay. <mask> claims to have written the phrase, "Go ahead, make my day," the film's most famous line, which went on to be identified as one of the ten best movie quotes of all-time by the American Film Institute. The phrase was inspired by something his father once told <mask> in his youth while encouraging his son to mow the lawn: "When I come home tonight and the yard has not been mowed, you're going to make my day."However, whether <mask> truly invented the phrase has been brought into question, since the same line was used in the action-drama film Vice Squad (1982) the previous year. Around this time, <mask> also directed Sacred Ground (1983), which was released the same year as Sudden Impact. In 1985, <mask> released a sequel to The Legend of Boggy Creek called Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues. American International Pictures had been encouraging him to make a Boggy Creek sequel for years because they believed it would be financially profitable, but he was resistant to the idea. He did not participate in an earlier sequel, Return to Boggy Creek (1977), which was directed by Tom Moore, and did not like the final film. In his own Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues, <mask> starred as an anthropologist who brings three students on an expedition into the bayou to track down the creature. His son, <mask>, Jr., co-starred as Tim, one of the students.<mask> ultimately considered Boggy Creek II his worst film, believing his own role was too large and that he cast too many of his friends in supporting roles. Boggy Creek II was featured in a 1999 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000, a comedy television series in which the characters watch and make jokes about bad films. The episode ultimately increased <mask>'s visibility to a wider audience. <mask> largely fell from the movie industry's public eye shortly after the release of Boggy Creek II. In 1987, he directed Hawken's Breed, a Western film starring Peter Fonda as a drifter who meets and rescues a young Shawnee woman. While shooting that film, <mask> met the woman who became his second wife, <mask>. In 1996, he directed Renfroe's White Christmas, an adaptation of the classic children's book Renfroe's Christmas.Starting in 1997, he began production on his western film Chasing the Wind (1998), a gritty epic about a mountain man. It proved to be <mask>'s final directorial effort, although he continued working as a set decorator for several television shows including MacGyver, Remington Steele, The Twilight Zone and Fresno, a Carol Burnett miniseries parodying prime time soap operas. <mask>'s work on the latter show earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Special. <mask> began writing the screenplay for a sequel to The Town That Dreaded Sundown, but the film never came to fruition. Around 2008, while developing the horror film The Wild Man of the Navidad, directors Duane Graves and Justin Meeks sought out <mask>, who they cited as a major influence on their work. Graves and Meeks wanted <mask> to work as a consultant on the film, but he turned them down because, according to Graves, "if he's not running the show, he's not interested." Death and legacy

In 2008, <mask> was honored at the Little Rock Film Festival, where festival producers screened a retrospective of his films, and presented him with a Lifetime Achievement Award.Also that year, the festival's best film award was renamed in his honor to the Charles B<mask> Award for Best Film Made in Arkansas, In October 2009, the Arkansas Arts Council honored <mask> with the Judges' Special Recognition Award at the Governor's Arts Awards ceremony in Hot Springs. <mask> died of natural causes on March 5, 2010 at the Signature Care nursing home in Dover, Tennessee, where he had moved a few years earlier. He was 71. <mask> directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years. He was considered one of the first modern independent filmmakers, and was credited with breaking new ground for other independent filmmakers, particularly for the Arkansas film industry. Director Harry Thomason, <mask>'s childhood friend and neighbor, praised him for finding success independently at a time when the film industry was so controlled by major studios.Daniel Myrick, co-director of the documentary-style The Blair Witch Project (1999), said he was strongly influenced by The Legend of Boggy Creek, which was one of his favorite films growing up. Myrick said he and fellow Blair Witch director Eduardo Sánchez wanted to "tap into the primal fear generated by the fact-or-fiction format like Legend of Boggy Creek". In an Orlando Sentinel article that ran on Halloween, Myrick identified The Legend of Boggy Creek as the one film that most inspired him. On September 2, 2010, <mask> was inducted into the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the Arkansas Governor's Mansion in Little Rock. <mask> is part of the plot of the 2014 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown, a meta-sequel to <mask>'s 1976 film of the same name. The 2014 film is not a remake, but rather features the original film as part of its storyline: it is set in Texarkana, and includes a series of murders committed by someone posing as the Phantom Killer as depicted in the 1976 film. The new film opens with a brief summary mentioning <mask> and the impact of his original The Town That Dreaded Sundown.<mask> is also discussed by characters in the new film, and a fictionalized version of his son, <mask><mask>, is portrayed by Denis O'Hare as a crackpot with conspiracy theories about the killer and his father's film. The real-life <mask><mask> Jr. also makes a cameo in the film as a different character. Personal life
<mask> was married to Florene <mask> for 17 years and they had three children: Pamula <mask>, <mask> <mask>., and <mask> Squitiero, along with six grandchildren. <mask> briefly married <mask>, who appeared in several of his movies -  The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Grayeagle and Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues; they also later divorced. He later married <mask>, gaining two stepdaughters: <mask> Gillespie and Melissa Mathis Daley, and three step-grandchildren.<mask> was a fan of the Arkansas Razorbacks, the University of Arkansas college sports teams. Selected filmography

References

External links

1938 births
2010 deaths
American cinematographers
American male film actors
Film producers from California
American scenic designers
American male screenwriters
Baptists from Arkansas
People from Hampton, Arkansas
People from Hammond, Indiana
People from Texarkana, Arkansas
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
Film directors from California
Film directors from Indiana
Film directors from Arkansas
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Indiana
Screenwriters from Arkansas
Film producers from Indiana
20th-century Baptists

masks:
Charles Bryant Pierce
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Bryant Pierce
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Chuck Pierce
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Charles B
. Pierce
Charles B
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Lyons Pierce
Pierce Barcelou
Charles Bryant
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Amanda Pierce
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Cindy Butler
Beth Pulley
Betsy Mathis
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title: Anatoli Zhelezniakov

type: original

texts:
<mask> (May 2, 1895 - July 26, 1919) was a Russian anarchist, Baltic sailor and revolutionary best known for dispersing the short-lived Russian Constituent Assembly on Bolshevik orders during the October Revolution. Life

Early years

<mask> was born in the village of Fedoskino, in the Moscow Governorate, where his father worked as an employee on a landowner's estate. He had an older sister Alexandra and two brothers - Nikolai and Victor. Nikolai was a sailor and a notorious anarchist, Victor graduated from the Petrograd Naval School and served as the commander of the ship in the Baltic Fleet. His father died of a heart attack in May 1918 and his mother died in 1927. <mask> enrolled in the Lefortovo military paramedic school, but in April 1912 he refused to go to the parade in honor of the empress's name day, provoking his expulsion. He also failed at admission to the Kronstadt Naval College and began working in a pharmacy at a weaving mill in Bogorodsk, where his family had moved.He then went to Odessa and began working as a port worker, and then as a fireman in the merchant fleet. In the summer of 1915, he worked as a mechanic, where he first engaged in clandestine propaganda work. In October 1915 he was called up for military service and enrolled in the 2nd Baltic Fleet crew. In June 1916, fearing arrest, he deserted and began work as a fireman on the merchant ships of the Black Sea Fleet, hiding under the fictitious surname "Victorsky". Revolution and Civil War

During the fall of the tsarist government in the 1917 February Revolution, the deserters of the tsarist era returned to the navy and ended up in Kronstadt, where <mask> Grigorievich <mask> served on a minelayer. Being a staunch anarchist by this time, he did not recognize the Russian Provisional Government and often spoke at revolutionary rallies. In May 1917, he was elected a delegate to the 1st Congress of the Baltic Fleet.For several months following the revolution, anarchists and other revolutionaries turned the Dacha Durnovo, a private villa previously owned by Mikhail Bakunin, into a commune. In June, following an attempt by its occupants to occupy a local newspaper printing press, the government ordered the eviction of the Dacha Durnovo occupants. In response, <mask> and 49 other sailor–revolutionaries joined the Durnovo occupants to defend against the eviction. After two weeks and another occupant attack to liberate a prison, the government ordered a raid on the Durnovo villa, which killed one anarchist. <mask> was imprisoned in the Preobrazhensky Regiment barracks and sentenced to 14 years of hard labor, but within weeks of the 1917 July Days, Zhelezniakov escaped. <mask>, who followed Kropotkin and Bakunin, organized Kronstadt sailors to demonstrate at the American embassy to protest results of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing trial: both Tom Mooney's death sentence and the potential extradition of Alexander Berkman. Though he was the minelayer crew's delegate to the Second Congress of Soviets in October, he instead attended the assault on the Winter Palace with a crew of sailors, as part of the October Revolution.Zhelezniakov cooperated with the Bolshevik overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently joined the Revolutionary Naval Committee. He also took part in battles against the Kerensky–Krasnov uprising on the outskirts of Petrograd. In December 1917, he became deputy commander of a revolutionary detachment of sailors (450 people, 2 armored trains, 4 armored vehicles, about 40 machine guns and a searchlight team with two searchlights and a power station, commander - Nikolai Khovrin, chief of staff -Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky, Commissar - Ivan Pavlunovsky), who had already participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, and in battles near Belgorod and Chuguev. In the second half of December, part of the Khovrina-Zhelezniakov detachment returned to Petrograd and was housed in the 2nd Baltic Fleet Crew. The sailors of the detachment, distinguished by left radicalism and anarchism, were the initiators and supporters of tough measures in the fight against enemies of the Soviet government. In particular, the organizers of the later assassination of the former ministers Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev and Fyodor Kokoshkin. Lenin described the killing as "outrageous."The detachment was used to disperse demonstrations in support of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and was sent to the guard of the Tauride Palace, where the Constituent Assembly was held. <mask> was appointed head of the guard. On Bolshevik orders, Zhelezniakov was responsible for disbanding the Russian Constituent Assembly, telling the assembly on January 5, 1918, that, "The guard is tired." Anarchists were known opponents of both parliamentary assembly and this specific configuration. The same detachment guarded the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets at which <mask> greeted delegates on behalf of the Petrograd garrison, the revolutionary detachments of the army and navy. At the end of the congress, he was elected to lead the fight against the Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia and the evacuation of Russian troops and ships that were surrounded in the Danube region. He was instructed to take 5 million rubles for expenses, as well as money for the field treasury of the troops of the Romanian Front and the Black Sea Fleet.Upon arrival in the Odessa Soviet Republic, he boarded the destroyer "Daring" in Vilkovo, where the ships of the Romanian Danube Flotilla were located, and took part in the hostilities. Upon returning to Odessa in mid-February, he led a special detachment of naval forces for the defense of coastal approaches to the city. He led the arrests of hostages, captured Romanian ships, and spoke a lot at rallies. In March 1918 he was appointed commander of the fortifications at Podilsk, which included significant reserves and military units. Receiving direct instructions from the commander of the Southern Front Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, he led a detachment of 1,500 sailors and soldiers and participated in the hostilities against the Austro-German forces, with the retreating forces evacuated to the rear. Upon his return to Petrograd, he was appointed a member of the Political Department of the Naval General Staff, but in mid-June he again went to the front, this time to the Tsaritsyn area, where he was appointed commander of the First Elansky Infantry Regiment and participated in fierce battles against the Cossack troops of Pyotr Krasnov. Zhelezniakov opposed Trotsky's Red Army reorganization, which abolished self-organization and put tsarist officers in charge, as regressive.The conflict ended with his removal from the command of the regiment and Podvoisky ordered the arrest of <mask>. He was subsequently outlawed by the Bolsheviks, along with the anarchist Black Guards and Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine. He escaped arrest, but was forced to return to Moscow, where the Soviet Executive Committee chairman attempted to reconcile what he considered a misunderstanding by offering <mask> a high-ranking role, which he turned down. In this same period, he married Elena Nikolaevna Vind, a teacher in the Red Army. In October 1918, under the name "Victor", he was sent to work underground in Hetmanate-controlled Odessa. Working as a mechanic at a ship repair plant and having been elected to the board of the seamen's trade union, he was actively engaged in underground campaigning and at the same time became close to Grigory Kotovsky’s fighting squad. He participated in the anti-imperialist uprising as the units of the Red Army approached.After the occupation of Odessa by the Red Army on April 6, 1919 he was elected chairman of the merchant seafarers union. At this post he concluded agreements with the owners of enterprises and facilitated the relocation of multi-family dugouts and barracks into apartments and houses vacated after mass emigration. In early May 1919 he was appointed to the post of commander of an armored train, which he helped repair. In May - June he took part in the fight against the uprising of Nikifor Grigoriev, in July he was assigned to the Denikin front, where he participated in battles near Zaporizhia and Yekaterinoslav. Denikin put a contract on Zhelezniakov. Death and funeral

On July 25, 1919, in a battle with Andrei Shkuro’s troops, the armored train under Zhelezniakov's command was ambushed by Denikin's artillery outside Ekaterinoslav. At the very last moment of the battle, when the armored train, backing up, had already escaped from the ambush, Zhelezniakov was wounded in the chest.The wound was fatal and on July 26, <mask> <mask> died at the age of 24. On August 3, in Moscow, the coffin holding <mask>'s body was transported in an armored car, accompanied by a large number of sailors, fighting friends, comrades, acquaintances and relatives. The funeral procession proceeded from Novinskiy Boulevard, where the last farewell took place, to Vagankovo Cemetery, where his body was buried with all military honors. Legacy

The Soviets, who outlawed and ostracized <mask> during his life, lauded him as a hero posthumously. Speeches in Moscow accompanied his burial. The Bolsheviks later built a statue in Kronstadt to honor <mask>'s role in the October Revolution. Multiple songs and poems have been penned in his honor, though his remembrance is limited to his role as a revolutionary and martyr, without mention of his anarchist affiliation.Though he has been claimed to belong to leftist groups, Zhelezniakov was an anarchist and never joined the Bolshevik party. See also

 Soviet destroyer Zheleznyakov, for which Zhelezniakov was the namesake

References

1919 deaths
People of the Russian Revolution
Russian anarchists
Russian revolutionaries
Russian sailors
1895 births

masks:
Anatoli Grigorievich Zhelezniakov
Anatoli Zhelezniakov
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title: Peter Kudzinowski

texts:
<mask> (August 13, 1903 – December 21, 1929) was an American serial killer whose known victims were  Harry Quinn, five-year-old Julia Mlodzianowski, and seven-year-old Joseph Storelli, for whose murder he went on trial. An alcoholic, he confessed to his crimes while jailed for public intoxication in order to lift the burden of his conscience, stating he committed his murders in an equal state of intoxication. He was sentenced to death by the state of New Jersey after a quick legal process and spent a year on death row before he was executed in the electric chair at Trenton State Prison. Early life
<mask> was born on August 13, 1903, in Dickson City, Pennsylvania, to Polish immigrant parents Paul and Veronica. He is frequently and incorrectly referred to as Polish-born. He was the youngest of four boys and grew up in the Scranton area. Kudzinowski suffered a skull fracture in the sixth grade after diving into a shallow pool.This had a noticeable effect on his behavior; he refused to go to school anymore. He subsequently worked a stint in the Lackawanna Coal Mine and later held a job in the Lackawanna Railroad yards in Secaucus. Murders

Harry Quinn
After <mask> was jailed for seven-year-old Joseph Storelli's murder in 1928, he also confessed to two other murders. Kudzinowski murdered 20-year-old Harry Quinn in Scranton on March 8, 1924. The two were friends and were traveling to Spring Brook Township, where Quinn was looking to land a job with the Spring Brook Water Supply Company. <mask> had introduced himself as "Ray Rogers" and "Roy Lambert" to some of Quinn's family members on what turned out to be the last day they would hear anything from Quinn. After the two of them had gotten into an altercation over a bottle of whiskey, Kudzinowski crushed Quinn's head with a rock.Kudzinowski's older brother later recalled that <mask> came to visit him, told him he had been in a scrape, and needed money to leave town, without mentioning what had actually happened. Not having heard from Quinn in a few years, his family members presumed he had abandoned them and had been looking to get in touch with him through newspaper advertisements. Julia Mlodzianowski
Kudzinowski also admitted to murdering Julia Mlodzianowski, a five-year-old girl from Jersey City, who was at a school picnic at Lake Hopatcong on August 19, 1928,  although after he was captured, he told reporters he "had doubts" that he had actually murdered her. Joseph Storelli
<mask> met seven-year-old Joseph Storelli in a "half drunk" state late afternoon on November 17, 1928, on First Avenue in East Village, New York. Kudzinowski accosted two other children at the same location, but they ran away. Kudzinowski lured the boy away with the promise of a box of candy and a visit to a motion picture show. He then took him by the Port Authority Trans-Hudson train to Journal Square in Jersey City and finally walked him to the New Jersey Meadowlands near Secaucus.When Joseph tried to get away, Kudzinowski knocked him down and hit him several times. Worrying that the boy's cries would attract passing cars, Kudzinowski slashed his throat, covered the body with the boy's overcoat, and left him. Capture
<mask> was jailed in Detroit for public intoxication. He confessed to Storelli's murder to his jailer, who laughed at him. <mask> was released after sobering up. On December 3, 1928, Kudzinowski drunkenly staggered up to a police traffic booth and told the officer there that he was wanted by the police. Upon being asked whether he meant for murder, he replied "You'll find out."In jail again, <mask> was interviewed by Detroit detectives who obtained the rough edges of his confession. He was primarily motivated to confess by the weight of his conscience, stating "I'm willing to pay the penalty, and the sooner it's over, the better. I had to confess. It was troubling me." He was quickly transported to Jersey City to stand trial. The state brought in a medical expert, who characterized Kudzinowski as possessing a psychopathic personality. The defense brought its own experts who analyzed the X-rays made after the diving accident in his youth.He was found guilty of first-degree murder on January 17, 1929. When asked if he had anything to say before the sentence was passed, <mask> remained silent. He was sentenced to die in the electric chair at Trenton State Prison in the week of February 24. <mask> stated he was ready to die and felt he would probably commit more murders if he were ever set free again. Execution
His father, Paul, had suffered a complete breakdown upon learning of his son's deeds, with his health reportedly declining very rapidly and "aging in years." <mask> died on June 23, while <mask> was held on death row. He lost an appeal on October 14.A final appeal to Governor Morgan Foster Larson of New Jersey to have his death sentence commuted to life in prison on grounds of insanity was denied on December 17. <mask> appeared unfazed by his conviction, but on the night of his execution by electric chair on December 21, he appeared nervous and was unable to repeat the prayers uttered by his priest immediately before death. He requested ice cream for his last meal and declined to make a final statement. Aftermath
Storelli's father later took his family back to Italy, leaving behind only Joseph's older brother, who ended up serving a year in prison and who was at one point arrested for robbing a high-stakes card game. He was eventually shot and killed by police during a routine inspection. <mask> was considered a suspect in the disappearance of Billy Gaffney, who vanished in 1927. Albert Fish would later claim to have murdered Gaffney.<mask> and Fish committed their crimes in the same time span and geographic area, and both killed children. He was also a suspect in the murder of Irving Pickelny, who disappeared from Brooklyn in February 1927. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sources
Census

Newspapers

Online

External links

20th-century executions by New Jersey
20th-century executions of American people
1903 births
1929 deaths
American male criminals
American murderers of children
American people of Polish descent
Criminals from Pennsylvania
Executed American serial killers
Executed people from Pennsylvania
Male serial killers
People convicted of murder by New Jersey
People executed by New Jersey by electric chair
People from Dickson City, Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
People executed for murder

masks:
Peter Kudzinowski
Peter Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Peter
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Paul Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski
Kudzinowski


title: Akira Kanayama

texts:
<mask> (金山明 Kanayama <mask>, 1924–2006) was a Japanese avant-garde artist and an early member of The Gutai Art Association. An active contributor to Gutai's exhibitions and performance events, <mask> was one of the pivotal figures of the group. His artworks were characterised by witty experiments with unconventional materials such as toy cars and signal lights for level crossing. He left Gutai in 1965 with Atsuko Tanaka, whom he married later in the same year. Biography
<mask> was born in 1924 in Amagasaki, Hyogo Prefecture. He withdrew from Tama Art University in 1947 and attended the Osaka Municipal Institute of Art (an art school affiliated with Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts) instead, where he continued to study until 1954. During this period, he participated in exhibitions held by Shin Seisakuha Kyōkai (新制作協会 New Production Association).In 1952, in order to pursue more radical artistic experiments, he founded Zero Society (Zero-kai) with other young members of the Shin Seisaku Association, including Kazuo Shiraga and Saburō Murakami. Kanayama also invited Atsuko Tanaka, who was then also a student at the Osaka Municipal Art Institute. Zero Society mounted its first group exhibition in 1954. In 1955, <mask> and three other members of Zero Society (Shiraga, Murakami, and Tanaka) joined Gutai upon Jirō Yoshihara's invitation. During his time as a Gutai member, <mask> significantly expanded his oeuvre by exploring diverse media and means of artistic expression. He exhibited large-scale installations at Gutai's outdoor exhibitions and playfully used remote-control toys cars to create paintings that resemble Abstract Expressionist works. He also showed two works at Gutai's performance events, 'Gutai on Stage', in 1957 and 1958.<mask> left Gutai in 1965 and married Tanaka. Due to Tanaka's health condition, the couple decided to move to the Myōhōji temple in Osaka for a restful environment. Kanayama took care of administrative issues for Tanaka, while her artistic career soared. The couple moved to Nara in 1972. In later decades, <mask> continued to make art and exhibited his works in various exhibitions. He received his first solo exhibition in 1992 at Gallery Kuranuki in Osaka. Kanayama died of lung cancer in September 2006.A retrospective exhibition of his artworks opened at Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in 2007. Zero Society
In 1952, <mask> formed Zero Society with other fourteen artists, including Kazuo Shiraga and Saburo Murakami. The name of the collective, 'Zero', given by Murakami, encapsulates its members' pursuit of simple, non-artificial, and 'primary' expressions of art. Shiraga also explained that the group's name connoted neutrality and the sense of having a 'new start'. <mask> shared other Zero Society members' interest in simplification. During this period, he created extremely minimal paintings, which often showed only several small dark rectangles painted at the edges of completely empty canvases. While the geometric abstraction resembled Piet Mondrian's works, Kanayama's paintings pushed further the exploration of the relationship between positive and negative spaces.He highlighted the tension and interplay between the narrow dark shapes and the expansive blankness. Kanayama's minimalistic paintings also drew inspirations from Japanese calligraphy and Zen aesthetics. The striking emptiness of the paintings not only directed viewers' attention to the spatial interplay of the white canvases and the dark shapes but also recalled Zen concepts such as 'nothingness' (mu). The asymmetric compositions and random positions of the rectangles also echoed the visual tradition of Zen-inspired ink paintings. Gutai
Around June 1955, Kanayama, Tanaka, Shiraga, and Murakami joined Gutai when the Gutai member Shōzō Shimamoto invited them on Yoshihara's behalf. Kanayama exhibited Work B at the 1955 'Experimental Outdoor Exhibition of Modern Art to Challenge the Midsummer Sun' held by Gutai at Ashiya Park. Work B presented an unfixed small red ball placed on a 7m x 7m white wooden board.The work embodies Kanayama's continued exploration of abstract geometry. He expanded the visual language of his earlier paintings into three-dimensional space. The choice of colour evidenced the artist's awareness of the work's embeddedness in a natural environment since the saturated red helped to make the work stand out from the greenery of the park. At the same time, as the ball was constantly moved by winds and passers-by, the work animated the static modernist geometry by introducing the elements of movement, instability, and unpredictability. Kanayama also remarked that the work was not only an experiment with physical space but also an attempt to capture the mysterious balance of the celestial bodies. For Gutai's 1956 outdoor exhibition at Ashiya Park, Kanayama created more site-specific works that further interacted with the surroundings. Footsteps (1954) was a long sheet of vinyl fabric on which the artist stamped his footprints.Over hundreds of metres long, the fabric ran across the pine grove of the park, climbed up trees, and passed through other artworks at the exhibition. The footprints both echoed visitors' actions of moving through space and recorded the temporal aspect of such movements. Another work created by Kanayama for the outdoor exhibition, Clock, also played with the concept of time. It was a house-shaped clock on a tall pole. Despite the mundane look of the clock, its pointers were set to move anticlockwise, thus distorting visitors' perception of time and its passage. At the 1956 outdoor exhibition, Kanayama also presented Crossing Light, a set of level-crossing signal lights used for local railways. Re-situated in the grove of Ashiya park, the lights signified the changes of natural landscapes brought by industrial developments and urbanisation in post-war Japan.The work also reflected Kanayama's interest in the rapid development of the transportation system in 1950s Japan and, particularly, in the Kansai region: the Tōkaidō express trains were running on electricity by 1956, and the promotion of Shinkansen first started in 1957. <mask> began using remote-control toy cars to paint in 1957. He attached felted pens or punctured cans of synthetic paint to an automatic toy car and set the car to move on cavasses laid on the floor. By doing so, Kanayama sought to remove the artist's presence completely. Reflecting upon the role of artists, these toy car paintings both invoked Surrealist automatic drawing and parodied the legacy of Pollockian Abstract Expressionism. Kanayama frequently used balloons to explore the spatial and temporal potential of seemingly static and quotidian objects. His 1955 Balloon was a huge inflated red rubber globe hung in the middle of an exhibition room.Two inserted light bulbs illuminated the balloon from within. As the bulbs shone brightly, the balloon emanated a red glow and tinted other artworks in the space red. The work thus invasively dominated the room, interfering with viewers' sight and movement. In 1957, <mask> again created an installation with balloons. This time he placed a large elliptical balloon on the floor. Since the dark balloon was slightly deflated, it displayed textured wrinkles. Its slightly flattened shape also drew viewers' attention to the oft-overlooked surface of the floor in exhibition spaces.At Gutai's first performance event, the 1957 'Gutai on Stage' , Kanayama presented Giant Balloon, a performance in which he gradually inflated a huge balloon to fill the stage. He then illuminated the balloon with lights in different colour and punctured it with a knife, leaving it to leak air and shrink slowly. Although the performance showed no vigorous movements, the process of inflating and deflating the balloon underscored the process-based nature of artmaking. In addition, the changing size and shape of the balloon encouraged the audiences to reconsider the relationship between objects, bodies, and space. The brochure of 'Gutai on Stage' stated that Kanayama's performance invited viewers to think of the familiar childhood toy, balloon, from a new perspective. A year later, Kanayama again used balloons to create Biological Balloon at 'The Second Gutai on Stage'. The work showed a floating biomorphic balloon with multiple limb-like appendages.It sought to evoke the existence of unexpected creatures beyond the known and the imaginable. After Gutai
After leaving Gutai in 1965, Kanayama devoted his time to assisting Tanaka's career. However, he also continued his own artistic adventure. In the late 80s, he created a series of paintings that visualise the invisible beams of ultraviolet and infrared light. The canvases are vertically divided into blocks of radiant red, sombre violet and black. In some paintings, sharp lines in contrasting colours run through the lengths of the canvases and penetrate the colour blocks. While the glossy surface of these paintings enhances the complexity of their visual effect, Kanayama's extremely smooth and almost invisible brushwork erase traces of the artist's intervention.Around 1992, <mask> began incorporating music and sounds in his works. He recorded the sounds emanated from classical music in waveforms on paper. The soundwaves generate rhythmically undulating lines. Paralleling the ultraviolet and infrared works, these soundwaves again give visual forms to invisible elements. Kanayama's works explore the artistic potential of such visualisation. Later in the 90s, he revisited his early fascination with the universe and celestial balances. He used the astronomic records of asteroid trajectories, electromagnetic waves, and photos of the changing appearance of the galaxy in his artworks.For example, his Northern Galaxy Atlas (1996) is a large collage (101.5 cm x 201.5 cm) of numerous black-and-white photographs of peculiar galaxies. The photos are blurry and pixelated, forming an almost illegible mosaic-like composition. Kanayama's most recent works, created after the turn of the century, returned to visuality and two-dimensionality. Mirroring early paintings from the Zero Society period, his latest paintings, such as Three Primary Colours (2004), focus on the flat surface of canvases and the optical effects of colours. In this painting, three vertical blocks in yellow, blue, and red are connected and penetrated by numerous horizontal lines in the same three colours. Bright primary colours and symmetric composition characterise Kanayama's latest paintings. Solo Exhibitions
1992 – '<mask>nayama: 1st Solo Exhibition', Gallery Kuranuki, Osaka

1993 – '<mask>ama: 1st Solo Exhibition', Gallery Tagaki, Nagoya

1998 – '<mask>'s Art: Zero Society and Gutai Period', Gallery HAM, Nagoya

1999 – '<mask>'s Art: 1966-1992', Gallery HAM, Nagoya

2000 – '<mask>'s Art: 1990 -1992', Gallery HAM, Nagoya

2004 – '<mask>: Difference, Music, Immersion', Mori Yu Gallery, Kyoto

2005 – '<mask>: New Oil on Canvas: Minimal', Gallery HAM, Nagoya

2007 – '<mask>,' Toyota Municipal Museum of Art, Toyota

References

1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Amagasaki
20th-century Japanese artists
Gutai group member artists
Japanese contemporary artists

masks:
Akira Kanayama
Akira
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Kanayama
Akira Ka
Akira Kanay
Akira Kanayama
Akira Kaama
Akira Kanayama
Akira Kanayama
Akira Kanayama
Akira Kanayama


title: David Wojcinski

texts:
<mask> (born 18 September 1980) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Career
<mask> made his debut in 1998
. He won the club's Most Improved Player award for 2004. In 2007 he returned from a serious knee injury to play a major part for the Geelong side with his pace off half back. He was rewarded with a premiership medal in September. After injuring a tendon in his right finger during a 2008 pre-season practice match against the Richmond Tigers, Wojcinski found he required surgery to his little finger. He made a quick recovery from this surgery, playing against Essendon in Round 2.Whilst 2008 begun well for Wojcinski, Round 15 saw him injure an Achilles tendon, ruling him out until the Preliminary final against the Western Bulldogs more than two months later. His lack of match fitness jeopardized his selection for the Grand Final side, which was announced on 25 September 2008. The selection left Wojcinski out of the starting 22, and as an emergency, Paul Chapman was chosen over him after returning from his own injury. Mark Thompson, coach of the Geelong Cats, confirmed the reason for "Wojo" missing out was simply due to his bad run with injury. He quoted "fit and in good form he's (Wojcinski) in our best 22, no doubt. And everybody in the room, everybody that knows Geelong would know that,". <mask> overcame the disappointment of missing out on Grand Final selection in 2008 to produce career best form over the following years.He rightfully won his spot back in the 2009 Grand Final as Geelong came from behind to beat St. Kilda and win their second premiership in three years. In 2011, <mask> was one of only a handful of players to add a third premiership medal to his collection, as Geelong overpowered Collingwood in the final quarter of the Grand Final to be runaway victors. <mask>'s dash off half back and his 'take them on' attitude was a key component in Geelong's success, and during his career was one of the fastest and most exciting players to watch with his electrifying speed both from the half-back flank and through the midfield. <mask> finished 2011 on 199 games and took until Round 11 2012 to play his 200th. He went on to play only 3 more games that season before announcing his retirement after the elimination final loss to Fremantle Football Club. He did, however, play a crucial role in the Cats VFL Premiership that same year, putting the icing on the cake of an excellent football career. Statistics

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 9 || 16 || 0 || 5 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 1.4 || 1.8 || 3.2 || 0.0 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 9 || 1 || 1 || 49 || 27 || 76 || 15 || 14 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 5.4 || 3.0 || 8.4 || 1.7 || 1.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 32 || 18 || 50 || 4 || 10 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.3 || 3.0 || 8.3 || 0.7 || 1.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 17 || 4 || 1 || 119 || 71 || 190 || 35 || 35 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 7.0 || 4.2 || 11.2 || 2.1 || 2.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 18 || 7 || 4 || 152 || 71 || 223 || 38 || 25 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 8.4 || 3.9 || 12.4 || 2.1 || 1.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 21 || 9 || 9 || 172 || 104 || 276 || 54 || 40 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 8.2 || 5.0 || 13.1 || 2.6 || 1.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 21 || 8 || 29 || 7 || 6 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 10.5 || 4.0 || 14.5 || 3.5 || 3.0
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 15 || 1 || 6 || 116 || 80 || 196 || 45 || 30 || 0.1 || 0.4 || 7.7 || 5.3 || 13.1 || 3.0 || 2.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 25 || 14 || 9 || 196 || 185 || 381 || 77 || 52 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 7.8 || 7.4 || 15.2 || 3.1 || 2.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 14 || 8 || 8 || 118 || 116 || 234 || 46 || 25 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 8.4 || 8.3 || 16.7 || 3.3 || 1.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 21 || 3 || 4 || 153 || 200 || 353 || 57 || 64 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 7.3 || 9.5 || 16.8 || 2.7 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 24 || 6 || 5 || 191 || 232 || 423 || 92 || 44 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 8.0 || 9.7 || 17.6 || 3.8 || 1.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 22 || 12 || 9 || 162 || 173 || 335 || 76 || 49 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 7.4 || 7.9 || 15.2 || 3.4 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 33 || 22 || 55 || 13 || 14 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 8.2 || 5.5 || 13.8 || 3.2 || 3.5
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=3| Career
! 203
! 66
! 60
! 1521
! 1316
! 2837
!559
! 413
! 0.3
! 0.3
! 7.5
! 6.5
! 14.0
!2.8
! 2.0
|}

Personal life
Wojcinski grew up in Heyfield, Victoria. He is the son of Lee and <mask> and has three sisters: Deanne, Sarah and Emma. Wojcinski married partner Casey Bell in October 2008 at Port Douglas, after much disappointment after being dropped from the AFL Grand Final. <mask> and Casey have three children: sons Alfie (2006) and Monty (2009) and daughter Olive (2011). In 2008, Wojcinski was an ambassador for an anti-booze-fuelled-violence campaign run by the Geelong Advertiser titled "Just Think". In this role, Wojcinski appeared in advertising alongside fellow ambassadors, and former Geelong teammates, Tom Harley and James Kelly.<mask> retired from AFL football in 2012. He continued to play football for the Newtown & Chilwell Eagles in the Geelong Football League and later also coached them, until he resigned at the end of the 2015 season. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club Premiership players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Australian people of Polish descent
Gippsland Power players
Newtown & Chilwell Football Club players
Australia international rules football team players
Three-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
David Wojcinski
Wojcinski
David
David
David
David
Charlie Wojcinski
David
Wojcinski


title: Larry David

texts:
<mask> (born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, director, and television producer. He and Jerry Seinfeld created the television sitcom Seinfeld, on which <mask> was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm, which he created and stars in as a semi-fictionalized version of himself. He has written or co-written the stories of every episode of the improvisational comedy Curb Your Enthusiasm since its pilot episode in 1999. <mask>'s work on Seinfeld won him two Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993, for Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series. Formerly a comedian, he went into television comedy, writing and starring in ABC's Fridays, and writing briefly for Saturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27 Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.He was voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders as the 23rd greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select "The Comedian's Comedian", and received the Laurel Award for TV Writing Achievement by the Writers Guild of America in 2010. Since 2015, he has made recurring guest appearances on Saturday Night Live in 2016 and 2020 where he impersonates U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Early life and family
Lawrence Gene <mask> was born on July 2, 1947, in the neighborhood of Sheepshead Bay, in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His parents are Rose and Mortimer Julius "Morty" <mask>, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother named Ken. <mask>'s family is Jewish. His father's side moved from Germany to the U.S. during the 19th century, while <mask>'s mother was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Ternopil, now in Ukraine. His German-Jewish great-grandfather from Mobile, Alabama, fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War and owned two enslaved children.<mask> graduated from Sheepshead Bay High School in 1965. A sign with his photo is in one of the hallways at Sheepshead Bay High School (now Origins High School). He then attended the University of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother in Tau Epsilon Phi. He graduated in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. It was while at college that <mask> started developing his unique perspective and discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself. After college, <mask> enlisted in the United States Army Reserve for five years. Career

Stand-up and SNL
While a stand-up comedian, <mask> also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian.He lived in Manhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan, across the hall from Kenny Kramer, the inspiration for the Cosmo Kramer character in Seinfeld. From 1980 to 1982, <mask> became a writer and cast member for ABC's Fridays where he worked with Michael Richards (Kramer). From 1984 to 1985 he was a writer for NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL) and met Julia Louis-Dreyfus (Elaine) who also worked on the show in this period. During his time at SNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the show, which aired at 12:50 am, the last time slot on the show. <mask> quit his writing job at SNL in the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired a second-season episode of Seinfeld titled "The Revenge". He can be heard heckling Michael McKean when McKean hosted SNL in 1984, and he can be seen in the sketch "The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics" when Howard Cosell hosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, <mask> was a writer and performer for Way Off Broadway, a variety talk show on Lifetime hosted by Joy Behar. Seinfeld
In 1989 <mask> teamed up with comedian Jerry Seinfeld to create a pilot for NBC called The Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis for Seinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history, reaching the top of TV Guide list of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time. Entertainment Weekly ranked it the third-best TV show of all time. <mask> made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice of George Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's character George Costanza. <mask> left Seinfeld on friendly terms after the seventh season but returned to write the series finale in 1998, two years later. He also continued to provide the voice for the Steinbrenner character.<mask> wrote 62 of the episodes of Seinfeld, including 1992's "The Contest", for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award and which TV Guide ranked as episode  1 on its list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time". The syndication of Seinfeld earned <mask> an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone. This amount has been steadily decreasing each year, but payments will continue until the full $1.7 billion from the original syndication deal has been paid. In 2008, <mask> made $55 million from Seinfeld syndication, DVD sales, and Curb Your Enthusiasm. He was nominated for an Emmy award 19 times for Seinfeld, winning twice – once for best comedy and once for writing. Curb Your Enthusiasm

The HBO cable television channel aired <mask>'s one-hour special, <mask>: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999. This was followed by Curb Your Enthusiasm, a television series on HBO that aired its first episode on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes of Seinfeld, and is improvised from a story outline only several pages long that <mask> writes (as of the 5th season, additional writers were hired). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the story outline, direction, and their creativity. <mask> has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity. The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression "Larry David moment", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation. The basis of the show is the events in <mask>'s life following the fortune he earned from the Seinfeld series; <mask>, semi-retired, strives to live a fulfilled life. Alongside <mask> is his wife Cheryl (played by Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (played by Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (played by Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comedians Richard Lewis, Wanda Sykes, and Bob Einstein appeared on the show regularly.Actors Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen have had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as one Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Jason Alexander appeared in several episodes, and Jerry Seinfeld made a cameo. In season 7, the cast of Seinfeld, including Michael Richards, returned in a story arc involving <mask>'s attempt to organize a Seinfeld reunion special. On Wednesday, June 2, 2010, the series premiered on the TV Guide Network, making its network television debut. TV Guide Network also produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called "Curb: The Discussion" debating the moral implications depicted in each episode. <mask> is quoted as saying "Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'.Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it." The show's 11th season premiered in 2021. Other projects
<mask> has also been involved in other films and television series. <mask> wrote and directed the 1998 film Sour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over a casino jackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success. <mask> also has appeared in bit roles in Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987) and New York Stories (1989), before taking the leading role in Allen's New York-based comedy film Whatever Works (2009) alongside Evan Rachel Wood. <mask> had a cameo appearance on the HBO series Entourage as a client of Ari Gold, and because his daughters were Hannah Montana fans, <mask>, along with his daughters, guest-starred, as themselves, in the episode "My Best Friend's Boyfriend", in which they were waiting for a table at a fancy restaurant.<mask> appeared as a panelist on the NBC series The Marriage Ref and also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot of The Three Stooges. <mask> co-wrote and starred in the 2013 HBO television film Clear History. <mask> wrote and starred in the Broadway play Fish in the Dark. Also appearing were Rita Wilson, Jayne Houdyshell, and Rosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015. Jason Alexander took over <mask>'s role in July.The play closed in August. As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. <mask> appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchange FTX Trading Limited that first ran during Superbowl LVI. Bernie Sanders
Since 2015, <mask> made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidate Bernie Sanders on Saturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guest The 1975 and a cameo from Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guest Miley Cyrus. In the summer of 2017, PBS's Finding Your Roots discovered through genealogical research that <mask> and Bernie Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told <mask> the news. "I was very happy about that," <mask> said, according to Variety."I thought there must have been some connection." The comedian explained that Sanders is "a third cousin or something." On January 8, 2020, <mask> joked on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, "I would say, I would beg him (Bernie) to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to do SNL," <mask> answered. "I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!" He later added, "If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life?Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country. Terrible for me." Influences
<mask> has named Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Phil Silvers, Abbott and Costello, Jackie Mason, Alan King, Don Rickles and MAD Magazine as influences. Personal life
<mask> lives in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. <mask> was married to Laurie Lennard from 1993 to 2007. They have two daughters, Cazzie <mask> and Romy <mask>.Laurie and <mask> became contributing bloggers at The Huffington Post in May 2005. In 2017, <mask> was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party for Sacha Baron Cohen. They were married in 2020. <mask> is a supporter of the Democratic Party. In 2010, <mask> wrote an article for The New York Times criticizing the extension of the Bush tax cuts for the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank you to then-President Barack Obama for approving the tax cut extension. <mask> was raised Jewish and identifies as an atheist.<mask> is an avid sports fan, and being a native of New York supports the teams New York Jets, New York Yankees, New York Knicks, and the New York Rangers. Wealth
It is estimated that <mask>'s net worth is somewhere between US$400 to $900 million as of 2015. The National Review estimated his net worth to be about $400 million as of 2020. Charlie Rose noted <mask>'s overall wealth as closer to $500 million in a televised statement on 60 Minutes in 2013. In a 2015 interview with CBS, <mask> confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in the community property state of California. "I have a lot of money," <mask> said in the interview, but also added that the "figures out there are crazy." Most of his wealth originates from syndication deals of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm, the former netting US$3.1 billion in total re-run fees as of 2013.In 2008, <mask> was reported to gross $55 million in total compensation, mostly from Seinfeld syndication and work on Curb Your Enthusiasm. His speculative net worth was parodied on "The Shrimp Incident" (S02E04, 2001-10-14) episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm, in which HBO executive Allan Wasserman yells at <mask>: "If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a fucking shrimp boat." Filmography

Theater

Bibliography

Awards and nominations
 Voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders as number 23 of the greatest comedy stars ever in a poll to select The Comedian's Comedian.

masks:
Lawrence Gene David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
David
Larry David
David
David
David
David
David
David
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title: Nara Narayan

texts:
<mask> (reign 1540–1587) was the last ruler of the undivided Koch dynasty of Kamata Kingdom. He succeeded his father, Biswa Singha. Under him the Koch kingdom reached its cultural and political zenith. Under his rule, and under the military command of his brother Chilarai, he was able to subjugate the entire Brahmaputra valley, including the Ahom kingdom; besides the Kachari, Tripura and Manipur kingdoms, as well as the Khyrem, Jaintia and others. This influence was halted when he faced Suleman Karranni of Bengal. He introduced a silver coin, called the Narayani, that greatly influenced the numismatics of Assam. Ascension
At the time of his father's death, <mask> and his step brother, Chilarai, were in Varanasi and another brother, <mask>, succeed the throne.Malladev, as he was then known, hastened back with Chilarai and with the help of their supporters among the courtier, took over the throne. <mask> Singha was pursued, who escaped first to the Morung kingdom, and thence to Nepal and finally Kashmir. Malladev ascended the throne in 1540, in the same year that his father had died, and acquired the title <mask>, which was to become the dynastic title of his succeeding kings. He issued coins, and his seal was made. He appointed his step-brother Chilarai (then known as Sukladhwaj) the yuvaraj (somewhat akin to "prime minister") and the commander-in-chief of the military. Kingdom expansion

The Koch kingdom was a tributary the eastern Ahom kingdom and soon after his ascension began preparing to throw off the vassalage. A border tiff at Sala, just above Kaliabor escalated in 1546 with three step-brothers forging ahead into the Ahom kingdom, to meet with their deaths.After a series of battles with varying fortunes, the Koch army was defeated by the Ahoms, then under Suklenmung (1539–1552) who personally led the military, at the Battle of Pichala in 1547. This was followed by a period of calm and preparation. Preparations

The preparations for a push east was made slowly and deliberately. After the reverses of Biswa Singha in 1547 due to logistics, and his own in 1547, he made calculated moves. He sent a diplomatic mission in 1555 to court of the new Ahom king Sukhaamphaa (1552–1603) to gather information about its state. <mask> <mask> had his step-brother, <mask>yans, who were inimical to his father, Biswa Singha. Finally, in the later part of 1562 Chilarai, the commander, marched at the head of a 60,000 strong force, with <mask>an at the rear. And as he marched, he obtained the support of the Meches, Kacharis, Bhutiyas, Daflas, Bhuyans and Brahmins and reached Barnadi. Some princes of the erstwhile Chutiya kingdom also submitted their support. <mask>an forced his way strongly into the Ahom kingdom, and set up camp at Majuli. Conquests
By April 1563 the Ahom king Sukhaamphaa had to abandon his capital, which was then occupied by the Koch army. The Treaty of Majuli was settled, which established the Koch hegemony in the Brahmaputra valley and extended the boundary in the east to Narayanpur.On the way back, Chilarai halted at Maibang, where the Kachari king, Durlabhnarayan (1525–1580) submitted without a fight. Chilarai established Gohain Kamal as a governor at Brahmapur (Khaspur) and left a contingent of soldier, who later came to be called Dehan. This was followed by the submission of the Manipuri king. The Jaintia king, gave fight and was slain, and his son was established as the king. After the Jaintia campaign, Chilarai marched against the Tippera kingdom. At Langai in 1567, the Tripura king, Ananta Manikya, was killed along with 18,000 of his soldiers, and his brother was placed on the throne, however the authenticity of this account is highly doubted. Next, the Khairam raja, a Khasi chief of Nongkhrem, too submitted.Chilarai found a tougher foe in the Governor of Sylhet, allied with Suleiman Karrani then engaged in an expedition in Odisha; but he was killed after a prolonged three-day battle via a stratagem, and his brother was placed after extracting tribute from him. The two brothers then returned to their capital via Dimarua and Raha. Hinduisation under <mask> <mask>

During the reign of <mask> <mask>, varnasrama or fourfold caste system was introduced in Koch Behar by Siddhantavagisa. The process of Hinduisation of the Koch royal family was further accelerated by the advent of Srimanta Sankardeva, along with his two disciples Madhavdeva and Damodardev in the mid 16th-century. However, the introduction of  Hinduism came in direct conflict with the old tribal belief system of the Koch, Mech and Kachari people of the Koch-Kamata kingdom. This led to <mask>an issue an official order to recognise the religious practices of these groups. Division of the kingdom
In 1581 Raghu Deva, the son of his brother Shukladhvaj became the de facto ruler of the eastern part of his kingdom Koch Hajo, though under suzerainty of his uncle.After the death of <mask> <mask>, he declared his independence. <mask> <mask>'s son <mask> succeeded him after his death, but only inherited the western part of his kingdom Koch Bihar. On 23 December 1596 Man Singh I married <mask> <mask>'s daughter Kshamadevi. <mask> <mask> was a noted patron of literature. Apart from Sankardeva, a galaxy of saints and scholars freely studied art, culture and literature at Coochbehar making it a centre of Vaishnavite learning and teaching. For the housewives, Madhavdeva wrote Janma Rahashya following the request of Kamalapriya, the wife of Chilarai. Chilarai, younger brother of <mask> <mask> requested Ram Saraswati to translate the verses from the Mahabharata.He also encouraged asked Sridhar to write Jyotish Sastra. Notes

References

. History of Bengal
People from Assam
Hindu monarchs
Rulers of Bengal

masks:
Naranarayan
Naranaryan
Nara Singha
Nara
Narayana
Nara
Narayan
Kamal Narayanhu
Naranaray
Naranaray
Nara
Narayan
Nara
Narayan
Naranaray
Nara
Narayan
Nara
Narayan
Lakshmi Narayan
Nara
Narayan
Nara
Narayan
Nara
Narayan


title: Adrian Frutiger

texts:
<mask> ( ; 24 May 1928 – 10 September 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer who influenced the direction of type design in the second half of the 20th century. His career spanned the hot metal, phototypesetting and digital typesetting eras. Until his death, he lived in Bremgarten bei Bern. Frutiger's most famous designs, Univers, Frutiger and Avenir, are landmark sans-serif families spanning the three main genres of sans-serif typefaces: neogrotesque, humanist and geometric. Univers was notable for being one of the first sans-serif faces to form a consistent but wide-ranging family, across a range of widths and weights. Frutiger described creating sans-serif types as his "main life's work," partially due to the difficulty in designing them compared to serif fonts. Early life
<mask> was born in Unterseen, Canton of Bern, the son of a weaver.As a boy, he experimented with invented scripts and stylized handwriting in a negative reaction to the formal, cursive penmanship then required by Swiss schools. His father and his secondary school teachers encouraged him to pursue an apprenticeship rather than pure art. After initially planning to train as a pastry chef, Frutiger secured an apprenticeship at the  printing house in Interlaken. Formative years and personal life
At the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed for four years, as a compositor, to the printer  in Interlaken, also taking classes in woodcuts and drawing at the  in Bern under , followed by employment as a compositor at Gebr. Fretz in Zürich, Switzerland. In 1949 he transferred to the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, where he studied under ,  and  until 1951. Students there studied monumental inscriptions from Roman forum rubbings.At the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, Frutiger concentrated on calligraphy — a craft favouring the nib and the brush, instead of drafting tools, but also began sketches for what would become Univers, influenced by the sans-serif types popular in contemporary graphic design. Frutiger married  in 1952, who died in 1954 after the birth of their son . He married the theologian Simone Bickel in 1955. They had two daughters, who both experienced mental health problems and committed suicide as adolescents. Disappointed by the standard of mental health care at the time, Frutiger and his wife founded the  to fund psychology and neuroscience research and developments in mental health support. In an interview, Frutiger described himself as a Calvinist. Frutiger spent most of his professional career working in Paris and living in France, returning to Switzerland later in life.Career

, of the Paris foundry , recruited Frutiger based upon the quality of the illustrated essay  /  / Lettering: the development of European letter types carved in wood, Frutiger's final project at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich. Frutiger's wood-engraved illustrations of the essay demonstrated his skill, meticulousness, and knowledge of letter forms. At Deberny & Peignot foundry, Frutiger designed the typefaces , Méridien, and . In addition,  set Frutiger to work upon converting extant typefaces for the new phototypesetting Linotype equipment. <mask>'s first commercial typeface was  — a set of titling capital letters with small, bracketed serifs, released in 1954. A calligraphic, informal, script face,  ("wave" in French), also was released in 1954. In 1955, , a glyphic, old-style, serif text face was released.The typeface shows inspiration by Nicolas Jenson, and, in the  type, Frutiger's ideas of letter construction, unity, and organic form, are first expressed together. Raph Levien described as a "Frutiger trademark" his common use of an "a" where the loop makes a horizontal line at the top on meeting the vertical. It makes use of narrow wedge serifs, a style sometimes known as Latin which Frutiger would often use in his future serif designs. In 1956, he designed his first-of-three, slab-serif typefaces — Egyptienne, on the Clarendon model; after Univers, it was the second, new text face to be commissioned for photo-composition. Univers

 envisioned a large, unified font family, that might be set in both the metal and the photo-composition systems. Impressed by the success of the Bauer foundry's Futura typeface,  encouraged a new, geometric sans-serif type in competition. Frutiger disliked the regimentation of Futura, and persuaded  that the new sans-serif should be based on the realist (neo-grotesque) model.The 1898 face, Akzidenz-Grotesk, is cited as the primary model. To maintain unity across the 21 variants, each weight and width, in roman (upright) and oblique (slanted), was drawn and approved before any matrices were cut. In the Univers font, Frutiger introduced his two-digit numeration; the first digit (3 though 8) indicates the weight, "3" the lightest, "8" the heaviest. The second digit indicates the face-width and either roman or oblique. It was marketed with a design inspired by the periodic table. The response to Univers was immediate and positive; he claimed it became the model for his future typefaces. His slab serif designs Serifa (1967) and Glypha (1977) are directly based upon it.Univers attracted attention to Frutiger's work outside continental Europe, and he was commissioned by Monotype to create Apollo, their first typeface specifically created for phototypesetting, which was released in 1964. Frutiger

In 1961–64, Frutiger created with André Gürtler a sans-serif font named Concorde for news use in regular and bold styles for Parisian printing company Sofratype. Required to create a design clearly different from Univers, the design based on classical capitals with a greater classical influence than Univers, partially influenced by a serif design  he had worked on in the interim. The design failed to attract attention and was withdrawn from sale after a few years. In 1970, Frutiger was asked to design signage at the new Charles de Gaulle Airport in the  suburb of Paris. The "way-finding-signage" commission brief required a typeface both legible from afar and from an angle. Frutiger decided to adapt Concorde using legibility research as a guide, and titled the new design .In 1974, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company commissioned Frutiger to develop a print version of  with improvements such as better spacing, which was released for public use under the name of Frutiger in 1976. Extremely legible at a distance or at small size, Frutiger became hugely influential on the development of future humanist sans-serif typefaces; font designer Erik Spiekermann described it as "the best general typeface ever" while Steve Matteson described it as "the best choice for legibility in pretty much any situation" at small text sizes. Frutiger is an amalgamation of Univers tempered with organic influences of the Gill Sans, a humanist sans-serif typeface by Eric Gill, Edward Johnston's type for the London Transport, and Roger Excoffon's Antique Olive: like Univers it uses a single-story 'g', unlike the double of Gill Sans, and has square dots on the letters, but has a generally humanist design with wide apertures to increase legibility, decided on after legibility research. In the 1970s, Frutiger designed , a wedge-serif design with mild stroke modulation, which has many similarities in basic letter structure to Frutiger, and in overall effect to Albertus. Frutiger's intention was more unusual: to create a design that could be modified by computer, through extreme slanting, morphing or changing stroke width, without seeming as if it had been distorted. Frutiger designed a number of other signage projects in the 1970s. These included an adaptation of Univers for the , after the RATP, the public transport authority of Paris, asked Frutiger to examine the  signage.He created a Univers font variation — a set of capitals and numbers specifically for white-on-dark-blue backgrounds in poor light. He also designed a slab serif font for the . Frutiger's 1984 typeface Versailles is an old-style serif text with capitals like those in the earlier . Versailles is a Latin design with sharp wedge serifs, based on a popular genre in 19th-century printing. Avenir

In 1988, Frutiger completed the family . Frutiger intended the design to be a more human version of geometric sans-serif types popular in the 1930s such as Erbar and Futura, and it is named  ("future" in French) as a reference to the latter. In a complete reverse, his next design Westside was a wild-west themed slab serif, inspired by reverse-contrast French Clarendons of the late 19th century.Late designs
In 1991, Frutiger finished Vectora, a design influenced by Morris Fuller Benton's type faces Franklin Gothic and News Gothic. The resultant face has a tall x-height and is legible in small-point sizes. Frutiger's 1991 release Linotype  was

masks:
Adrian Johann Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger


title: Adrian Frutiger

texts:
 an elegant revival of the  typeface adapted to display use, which remains popular; it is the version of Didot bundled with OS X, for example. While Frutiger continued to be involved in adaptations and expansions of pre-existing families and smaller projects, he described  in 1998 as his "last typeface design". The roots of letters

Linotype launched a font series named Type Before Gutenberg in 1989 and in the 1990s, Frutiger released as part of it a series of designs inspired by pre-printing alphabets, such as  and Pompeijana, inspired by Roman brush lettering, Rusticana, inspired by  Roman carving. He later also created Frutiger Stones (no connection to Frutiger), a playful design inspired by the shapes of pebbles. Parts of this design were finalised by Linotype's team; it was based on an alphabet drawn by Frutiger on a 1992 Christmas card.He also created Capitalis, inspired by brush lettering but without a specific historical source. Nami, an uncial design Frutiger had been considering since 1992, followed in 2007. Remastered releases

In the late 1990s, Frutiger began collaborating on refining and expanding his most famous Univers, Frutiger, and  families. The new projects took advantage of improved digital production methods to create a wider range of styles and improved hinting for onscreen display. Univers was reissued as Linotype Univers with sixty-three variants; Frutiger was reissued as Frutiger Next with additional weights. Collaborating with Linotype designer Akira Kobayashi, Frutiger expanded the  font family with light weights, heavy weights, and a condensed version that were released as the  Next font. Frutiger described the process of restoring Univers as a "personal gift."These modifications were not universally considered improvements: Frutiger regretted allowing Linotype to substitute a modish 1990s true italic (not drawn by Frutiger) onto Frutiger Next instead of the sharper oblique Frutiger preferred throughout his career. In his autobiography, Frutiger commented that in resigning himself to it "Maybe I was too soft to say what I really felt... I didn't have the strength and patience anymore." From a different perspective, type designer Martin Majoor commented that he preferred the italic but described Linotype Univers as "staggering" and "not an improvement" for its return to the very aggressively slanted italic of Frutiger's original drawings: "Redesigning an old successful typeface is something a type designer should maybe never consider." Frutiger commented on the italic that he felt Univers needed to be "snappy" and that it added character. In 2009, Frutiger collaborated with Akira Kobayashi on a second re-release of Frutiger, , which moved back towards the original 1970s release. Through his later years, Frutiger collaborated with co-authors Heidrun Osterer and Philipp Stamm on an extensive autobiography, Typefaces: the Complete Works (2008, republished 2014).In this book, Frutiger discussed his entire career and his completed and abandoned projects. Death
<mask> died on 10 September 2015 in Bremgarten bei Bern at the age of 87. Typefaces
Frutiger's typefaces include:
  (1954): a display design inspired by Arabic calligraphy. (1954): a wedge-serif titling face in capitals and small capitals; somewhat similar to Copperplate Gothic. Méridien (1955): a text face, again with a crisp wedge-serif design and a gradual flare on ascenders. Frutiger Serif (below) is an update and expansion. Egyptienne (1956): a humanist slab-serif design.Univers (1957)
 Apollo (1962): created for Monotype, somewhat similar to . Serifa (1967): a slab serif based on the Univers family. OCR-B (1968)
 Iridium (1975): a Didone serif text face. Its flared style suggests the irregularity of metal type, an approach that would become very popular in the 1990s. Frutiger (1976)
 Glypha (1977): similar to Serifa. Icone (1980): a wedge serif design. Almost monoline, but with a gentle flare of strokes.Breughel (1982): an old-style serif inspired by the Renaissance. Versailles (1982)
 Linotype Centennial (1986)
 Avenir (1988)
 Westside (1989): a complete departure, a Wild West-themed slab serif on the French Clarendon model. Frutiger had been considering creating such a design for many years before its release. (1990)
 Vectora (1990)
 Linotype Didot (1991)
Pompeijana (1992)
 Rusticana (1993)

 Frutiger Stones (1998)
 Frutiger Symbols (1998)
 Linotype Univers (1999)
 Frutiger Next (2000)
 Nami (2006): a playful unicase sans. Based on sketches from the 1980s and developed in collaboration with Akira Kobayashi. Frutiger Arabic (2007): designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine in consultation with Frutiger. It is based on the Kufi style.Frutiger Serif (2008)
  (2009)
 Univers Next (2010)

Prizes and awards

 1950 — Federal department of the Interior Prize, Bern, Switzerland
 1960 — Advertising campaign award,  Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 1970 — , Paris, France
 1971 — Silver medal in competition for "Most Beautiful Swiss Books" with  for , International Book Art Exhibition, Leipzig, Germany
 1974 — Honoured with a coat of arms by the city of Interlaken, Switzerland
 1984 — Paul-Haupt Prize from the city of Bern, Switzerland
 1986 — The Gutenberg Prize of the City of Mainz (Germany)
1987 — Gold Medal of the Type Directors Club of New York
1990 —  (Order of Arts and Letters), , Paris, France
1993 —  (France). 2006 — Typography Award from The Society of Typographic Aficionados (SOTA)
2006 —  TDC2 award in the Type System / Superfamily category
2007 — , Federal Office of Culture, Bern, Switzerland
2009 — European Design Hall of Fame
2013 —

Users of Frutiger's typefaces
Prominent users of Frutiger's typefaces include:

 Univers: , Swiss International Air Lines, the , Ordnance Survey, ICICI and CNN
 Frutiger: the Swiss government, NHS, Dutch rail network, Scania, Dutch emergency services, UBS and the universities of Ohio, Lausanne, Iceland, Cornell and the London School of Economics
 Avenir: Apple Maps, the BBC,  and Best Buy

Other work
In 2003, the Swiss watchmaker Ventura commissioned him to design a new watch face for a limited-edition line of wristwatches. To celebrate Swiss graphic design he designed three stamps for the Swiss post office. He also designed a word mark for the National Institute of Design in Ahmedabad, India. Originally, the institute was named National Design Institute, however, the institute renamed itself to match Adrian Frutiger's stylized NID logotype alongside the name "National Institute of Design." For the Fondation Frutiger he created a set of symbols as an abstract presentation of the Foundation's work. Select bibliography
 Erich Alb (Ed.): /Forms and Counterforms, Syndor Press 1998; Niggli:
 <mask>: , Schlaefli & Maurer 2003,
 <mask>, Horst Heiderhoff: , Marixverlag 2004,
 <mask>ger: , Haupt 2005,
 Anne Cuneo: , DVD 2005, , , ISAN 0000-0000-D4FB-0000-F
 <mask>: , Haupt 2008,
 Schweiz. Stiftung Schrift und Typographie, Heidrun Osterer, Philipp Stamm (Eds. ): <mask> — Typefaces. The Complete Works, Birkhäuser 2009,
 , DVD Artfilm 2005, , , ISAN 0000-0001-83B9-0000-W
 Anja Bodmer und Jürg Brühlmann: Read Me —  , Hochparterre Bücher AG, 2008,
 Heidrun Osterer, Philipp, Stamm (Eds. ), <mask> — Typefaces. The Complete Works, third edition, Birkhäuser 2021,

Notes

References
 Carter, Sebsatian. 20th Century Type Designers.Lund Humphries Publishers: 2002. . Eye, No. 31, Vol. 8, Spring 1999. Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
 Frutiger, <mask>.Signs and Symbols: Their Design and Meaning. Ebury Press: 1998. .
 Frutiger, <mask>. Forms and Counterforms. .
 Jaspert, Berry and Johnson. Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Cassell Paperback, London; 2001. Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers.Yale University Press: 2006. .
 McLean, Ruari. Typographers on Type. Lund Humphries: 1995. .
 Ovenden, Mark Paris Metro Style in map and station design, Capital Transport, London, November 2008. External links

 Monotype Imaging: Adrian Frutiger
 Font Designer — <mask>ger
 <mask>ger
 Typophile: <mask>ger
 Univers specimen book, 1968, published by ATF for the American market
 <mask>'s 80th Birthday
 Postage stamp designed by <mask>ger
 'Portrait with word' of <mask>ger by Mark-Steffen Goewecke
 Type adapted to everyday life (interview)

  biography
 Obituary, Adam Twardoch
 Obituary, Jürgen Siebert
 Philosophies of Form in Seriffed Typefaces of <mask> – Charles Bigelow
 Adrian Frutiger: a tribute (2016 presentation by Matthew Carter)

1928 births
2015 deaths
People from Interlaken-Oberhasli District
Swiss typographers and type designers
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
Swiss expatriates in

masks:
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian
Adrian
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Fruti
Adrian Frutiger