title: Frederick D. Alexander

texts:
<mask> (February 21, 1910 – April 13, 1980) was an American businessman, civil rights activist, and politician from Charlotte, North Carolina. Elected to the Charlotte City Council in 1965, he was the first African American to serve on it since the 1890s. He was repeatedly re-elected, serving until 1974. That year he was elected to the State Senate, serving into 1980. He was also active in local business, community and civil rights organizations, establishing a reputation as a moderate. The state of North Carolina had passed measures at the turn of the 20th century to raise barriers to voter registration, and excluded African Americans for decades from the political system. Restrictions had begun to ease in cities such as Charlotte even before national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Charlotte, North Carolina and was the son of Zechariah <mask> and his wife. His father was a prominent African-American businessman and district manager of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and owner of the Alexander Funeral Home. <mask>'s brother <mask> eventually became a national leader for the NAACP. <mask> graduated from Charlotte's Second Ward High School in 1926. He attended college at Lincoln University of Pennsylvania, a historically black college. Upon his graduation in 1931, <mask> returned to Charlotte to work at his father's funeral home. Political career
In addition to working with his father in the family business, <mask> began to get active politically.First he worked to organize voter registration drives among Charlotte's African-American population. The state had passed a new constitution in 1900 that raised barriers to voter registration in order to disenfranchise blacks, whether educated or not. By <mask>'s time, some cities such as Charlotte had eased their subjective administration of voter registration, and approved some educated African Americans as voters. During the Great Depression, when some opportunities opened for African Americans, <mask> worked to gain hiring of black city police officers and US mail carriers. He stressed education, advocating business courses in black high schools (the public school system was segregated), and better health care in the community. While the police and postal positions were nominally part of the civil service of the city and federal government, Charlotte had managed to restrict them to whites. The first black policemen were not hired until 1941, when two were selected.They were put in a special category, not covered by the civil service nor allowed to bear arms. By 1948 six additional black officers had been hired, as the Veteran Welfare Association of Charlotte, made up of World War II veterans, had pressed for change; all were treated as regular civil service officers. In 1948 <mask> was a founding member and served as executive secretary for the Citizens Committee for Political Action in Charlotte. That year it sponsored two African-American candidates for the school board and city council. But in 1932 the city council had changed its method of election for those positions from single-member districts to at-large voting, after a black man was nearly elected to the City Council from a majority-black district. This required each candidate to gain support from a majority of voters. As the city was two-thirds white, most black political candidates were unable to gain enough votes for victory.But <mask> continued his civil rights work, gaining a reputation as a moderate leader. He was a charter member of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Council on Human Relations, was elected to the Southern Regional Council, and served on the United Community Services committee. At the same time, Charlotte was changing. In 1957 the school board decided to proceed with accepting some black students to formerly all-white schools, following the ruling of the US Supreme Court in 1954 that segregated public schools were unconstitutional. Three students persisted despite hostility and hostile demonstrations but leaders of the business community were very distressed about the negative picture portrayed about the city of Charlotte. In 1962, <mask>, representing his family business, became the first African-American member of the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce. He was appointed to the Mecklenburg County Board of Public Welfare one year later.To take a leadership role, in May 1963 the Chamber of Commerce passed a resolution for businesses to integrate, and voluntary integration was undertaken in the city and Mecklenburg County. Business leaders had decided it was time to make Charlotte a progressive city on racial issues, in order to promote good business. In 1964 <mask> was selected as a member of the Executive Committee of the Mecklenberg County Democratic Party. After passage of the Civil Rights Act that year and the Voting Rights Act the following year, he helped organize voter registration again and other initiatives. In 1965 he ran for and won a seat on the Charlotte City Council, becoming the first African American to serve on the Council since the 1890s. At the time, one-third of the city's population was African American. As a candidate, <mask> stressed "his desire not to be considered ‘the Negro candidate,’ but rather as a man who will work for the good of the entire community,” as quoted in The Charlotte Observer.<mask> served for nine years on the council, helping pass several anti-discrimination ordinances. He achieved removal of the fence that separated areas of the segregated Elmwood-Pinewood cemetery, and other improvements to the city cemetery. Built in the 1930s, the city cemeteries had a partition dividing them, which remained even after the city initiated voluntary integration of businesses before passage of the Civil Rights Act. <mask>'s initial proposal to City Council to remove the fence resulted in their deciding to have a vote on the issue. In July 1968, the initial vote failed to pass. It was approved on January 6, 1969, when one councilman was absent and Mayor Stan Brookshire cast the decided vote in favor of the proposal. The following day, <mask> oversaw removal of the fence, remarking that when he was elected, "the Negro cemetery had no paved streets, was weedgrown and filled with trash... unprotected by fences on the outside."Along with ground maintenance and erection of a perimeter fence, <mask> was instrumental in having Pinewood's streets paved and closing the cemetery's Ninth Street entrance, in order to allow African Americans to enter through the main gate like all other patrons. One historian regarded the removal of the fence as a pivotal moment for <mask>, when he asserted himself as a councilman. His efforts had "initiated a symbolic gesture that said not only to black Charlotteans, but whites as well, that the barriers of segregation belong to a bygone era." Some residents had sent letters or otherwise complained of the proposal, citing fears that African Americans would steal funerary decorations from white graves, whites would be subject to assault in an open cemetery, or white ancestors buried there would object. But the fence was removed and the cemeteries were united. <mask> also gained city council approval to construct a fire station for northwest Charlotte, a majority-African American neighborhood that had been underserved. He gained support to preserve the Thompson Orphanage Chapel.<mask> worked to increase African-American representation in the city by appointments to various committees and governmental boards. On November 22, 1965, the homes of four black leaders in Charlotte were bombed in a terrorist attack: <mask>, his brother <mask>, Julius Chambers, and Reginald Hawkins, were all targeted, apparently to discourage their civil rights activities. No one was killed by the blasts. The terrorists were never caught, and no group claimed the attack. <mask> was elected to the North Carolina Senate in 1974 as a representative of district 22. While senator he served as vice chair of the Higher Education Committee. In 1979 he introduced legislation calling for the second week in February to be designated as Black History Week in North Carolina.He was also part of the NAACP, the North Carolina Good Neighbor Council, Governor's Committee on Law and Order, and was president of the Mint Museum of Art from 1978-1979. On April 13, 1980, <mask> died. He was buried at York Memorial Park in Charlotte. References

 Frederick Douglas <mask> Papers, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte

1910 births
1980 deaths
Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni
Charlotte, North Carolina City Council members
North Carolina state senators
Civil rights movement
NAACP activists
Activists from North Carolina
African-American state legislators in North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
20th-century African-American politicians

masks:
Frederick Douglas Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Frederick
Kelly Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Kelly Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


title: Franz Ignaz Beck

type: original

texts:
<mask> (20 February 1734 – 31 December 1809) was a German violinist, composer, conductor and music teacher who spent the greater part of his life in France, where he became director of the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. Possibly the most talented pupil of Johann Stamitz, <mask> is an important representative of the second generation of the so-called Mannheim school. His fame rests on his 24 symphonies that are among the most original and striking of the pre-Classical period. He was one of the first composers to introduce the regular use of wind instruments in slow movements and put an increasing emphasis on thematic development. His taut, dramatic style is also remarkable for its employment of bold harmonic progressions, flexible rhythms and highly independent part writing. Life

Youth in Mannheim 1734-1754

Born in Mannheim, <mask> began his violin studies with his father, <mask> (died 1742), an oboist and Rector of the Choir School at the Palatinate Court in Mannheim. He also learned double bass and organ, among other instruments, and eventually came under the tutelage of Johann Stamitz, the director of instrumental music and leader of the brilliant Mannheim court orchestra.<mask>'s talents were quickly recognized and Elector Charles Theodore of the Palatinate,  undertook responsibility for his education. As a youth <mask> was very much in favour with the Mannheim court and named chamber virtuoso of the Prince elector. Violinist in Venice and Naples 1755-1757
His time in Mannheim came to an abrupt end when he - seemingly fatally - wounded an opponent in a duel (allegedly because of jealousy), an act that forced him to leave Germany. It is hard to ascertain whether this is really what happened or just a Berlioz-like cloak and dagger story. The only source for this tale is <mask>'s pupil Henri Blanchard who published this account in a biography of his former teacher in the Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris (1845). According to Blanchard, <mask>'s opponent had only feigned his death, but <mask> was not to learn this for several years. When <mask>'s six symphonies, Op.3, were published in Paris several years later in 1762 the edition bore this title:

SEI SINFONIE / A PIÙ STROMENTI / Composte / Dal Sigr. FRANCESCO BECK / Virtuoso di Camera di Sua / A. S. L’ELECTOR PALATINO, / & Actualmente Primo Violino / d’ell Concerto di Marsilia. /OPERA TERZA. /...Chez Mr. Venier...’

From this it is sometimes inferred that the story of <mask> fighting a duel was probably a hoax. If <mask>, so the reasoning goes, had in all truth been forced to flee from the Mannheim court because he had killed someone in a duel, then he would not have possessed the audacity to openly advertise the fact that he used to be a chamber virtuoso with exactly the same court. However, seen from another angle this might corroborate the truth of Blanchard's story. If <mask> had indeed not killed the other man and he knew by then that everything had been a vicious prank and his opponent alive, then the story might be true after all.Whatever the circumstances of his departure, from Mannheim <mask> made his way to Venice where he appeared as a violinist and studied composition with Baldassare Galuppi. Galuppi, whose name as a composer has faded over the centuries, was between 1750 and 1765 the most performed opera composer in Europe. In Mannheim he was especially well known. Several of his operas (16 all together) were staged at Mannheim in the middle of the 18th century. Thus, Galuppi would have known Mannheim and the fact that Mannheim had the leading orchestra in Europe. This helps to explain why <mask> after his dramatic flight had probably little difficulty to establish himself in Venice and become Galuppi's pupil. After three years in Venice he eloped to Naples with one Anna Oniga, his future wife and mother of his seven children.It seems that <mask>'s career as a composer started largely during his years in Italy; this may also explain why in many traits he shows himself to be quite his own man and rather independent of the typical Mannheim style. Fame in France 1757-1760

After his sojourn in Italy, <mask> moved to Marseilles where he became concert master at the theatre orchestra. The exact date of his arrival in France is uncertain, but the performance of one of his symphonies in Paris in 1757 is documented. When <mask>'s Parisian publisher Venier announced the publication of <mask>'s Op. 3 in November 1762, he introduced <mask> with these words: Actualmente Primo Violino del Concerto di Marsilia. Between 1757 and 1762, all of his 24 symphonies were published in rapid succession by Parisian firms. At least seven performances of <mask>'s symphonies are known to have been given in Marseilles in 1760-61.Kapellmeister in Bordeaux 1761-1791

In 1761 <mask> moved from Marseilles to Bordeaux where he became director of concerts and was appointed musical director with the dramatic company of the Marechal Duc de Richelieu, which in 1780 moved into the newly built Grand Théâtre. He also was active as organist and teacher. Among his more prominent pupils were Pierre Gaveaux, Henri Blanchard and Nicolas Bochsa. On 24 October 1774 he was appointed organist at St Seurin, Bordeaux, where his improvisatory powers won him admiration from the congregation. By the time he was settled in Bordeaux <mask>'s best times as a composer were all but over. Much of what he wrote there seems to have been either lost or destroyed by <mask> himself. His greatest success came in 1783 when he travelled to Paris to direct the first performance of his Stabat mater in Versailles.As did many other composers, <mask> wrote patriotic and revolutionary music during the Revolution, including a Hymne á l'Être Suprême. Nevertheless, in 1791 he got into trouble with the new authorities when through caustic remarks he openly ridiculed some overzealous partisans of the new spirit. He seems to have been a self-assured, proud and stubborn man. When he was subsequently put before a revolutionary trial in his nightshirt, he answered questions concerning his attitude towards the revolution with the exclamation: "What could I do against the revolution!?" Last years in Bordeaux 1791-1809
<mask>'s fortunes declined in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Whereas in the year 1791 he was still able to pay his mother in law a pension of 400 Livres, a few years later he was barely able to support his family. In 1806 he sent the score of his Stabat Mater with a personal dedication to Napoleon – whether out of genuine admiration or in an attempt to ingratiate himself with the great Corsican is hard to decide.He died in Bordeaux at age 75. <mask> had six daughters, two of whom died early. His only son was commander of a French corvette during the Napoleonic wars, and was held captive by the English for a long time. Works

Orchestral
<mask>'s 24 symphonies are in three movements and follow the Italian sinfonia with the customary tempi: fast-slow-fast. The Minuet, as third movement already ubiquitous in Johann Stamitz’ symphonies, is omitted by <mask>. According to records cited in the references below (Symphonies op. 3, Nr.3-5. La Stagione Frankfurt, Michael Schneider, CPO|Symphonies op. 3, No. 3-5. The Seasons, Frankfurt, Michael Schneider, CPO), it seems that some symphonies do have four movements as well as a minuet; as for the symphonies of Stamitz, some do not have a minuet and have only three movements. The symphonies Op. 1 are scored for string orchestra; in Op.2, No. 1 (Callen 7) in addition to the strings two French horns are demanded; op. 3 and 4 are scored for oboes and horns in addition to the string quintet. Six Symphonies Op. 1 (Callen 1-6; publ. Paris 1758)
 Six Symphonies Op. 2 (Callen 7-12; publ.Paris 1760)
 Six Symphonies Op. 3 (Callen 13-18; publ. Paris 1762)
 Six Symphonies Op. 4 (Callen 19-24; publ. Paris 1766)
 Symphonies Op. 10 (1760)
 Symphonies Op. 13 (1762)
 Ouverture La mort d'Orphée
 Ouverture L'île déserte
 Stabat Mater (1782)
 Orchestra quartets

Operas
 La belle jardinière (Bordeaux, August 24, 1767)
 Pandora (Paris, July 2, 1789)
 L'Isle déserte (1779, unperformed)

Piano or Harpsichord
 18 Sonatas (or Pèces) for Harpsichord or Pianoforte Op.5 (ca. 1773)
 Various pieces: L'Éveillée, L'Hypolite, La Jeliote, La Résolue, La Sophie, 2 Menuets, Allegro moderato in g minor, etc. Discography (Selection)
 Six Symphonies, Op. 1. New Zealand Chamber Orchestra, Donald Armstrong, Naxos 8.554071
 Symphonies op. 3, Nr. 1, 2, 6.La Stagione, Frankfurt am Main, Michael Schneider, CPO
 Symphonies op. 3, Nr. 3-5. La Stagione, Frankfurt am Main, Michael Schneider, CPO
 Symphonies op. 4, Nr. 1-3. La Stagione, Frankfurt am Main, Michael Schneider, CPO

Notes and references

Sources
 Badley, Allan.<mask> <mask> - Six Symphonies, Op. 1 (CD-Booklet). Naxos Rights International Ltd., 2005. Badley, Allan. <mask> <mask> - Six Symphonies, Op. 1 (CD-Booklet). Naxos Rights International Ltd., 2005.Online version
 Blume, Friedrich, Hrsg. Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik. Ungekürzte elektronische Ausgabe der ersten Auflage. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1949-1987. Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians.5th Completely Revised Edition. New York, 1958. Walther Killy, Rudolf Vierhaus (eds.) Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopäde (German Biographic Encyclopaedia). Bd. (Vol.) 5.K-G. 10 Bde. (Vols.) Munich: KG Saur, 1999. Würtz, Roland, Hrsg. (ed.) Mannheim und Italien - Zur Vorgeschichte der Mannheimer. Mainz: Schott, 1984.External links
 Artaria Editions – providing orchestra scores with Callen catalogue numbers. YouTube Ouverture La mort d'Orphée, Sinfonietta Riga Chamber Orchestra, Domas Juskys, conductor (2019)

1734 births
1809 deaths
Classical-period composers
German expatriates in France
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Mannheim
Pupils of Johann Stamitz
German male classical composers
19th-century German male musicians

masks:
Franz Ignaz Beck
Beck
Beck
Johann Aloys Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Beck
Franz Ignaz
Beck
Franz Ignaz
Beck


title: Richard P. Ross Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (March 18, 1906 – October 6, 1990) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. He is most noted for his service with the 1st Marine Division during the Battle of Okinawa and later during the Occupation of North China. Early years

<mask><mask> was born on March 18, 1906, in Frederick, Maryland, as the son of <mask><mask>. and attended the Staunton Military Academy in Staunton, Virginia. Following the graduation in summer of 1923, he received appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and graduated on June 2, 1927. He was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. Many of his classmates became general officers later: George W. Anderson, Jr., Glynn R. Donaho, John C. Munn, Herbert D. Riley, Alan Shapley, John Thach, Clarence E. Coffin, Samuel H. Crittenden Jr., Marion L. Dawson, Timothy F. Donohue, Thomas J. Hamilton, Herbert L. Hoerner, William P. Chilton, Alexander M. Kowalzyk, William L. Knickerbocker, Leland R. Lampman, William H. Leahy, William F. Royall, Willard A. Saunders, Brooke Schumm, Francis M. McAlister, Samuel S. Jack, Jack P. Juhan, David F. O'Neill, Henry R<mask>, Walter L. J. Bayler, Joseph W. Earnshaw, Harold D. Hansen, Archie E. O'Neil, Miles S. Newton, George H<mask> and Earl S<mask>. <mask> was subsequently ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for further officers' education and completed the school the following summer.<mask> then served at Marine Barracks within Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia until 1928, when he left with 2nd Brigade of Marines for expeditionary duty to Nicaragua. He participated in the jungle patrols against rebels under Augusto César Sandino for several months, before he was ordered to the United States in May 1929. <mask> went overseas again in October of that year and served with the Marine detachment at the American Legation in Peiping, China, until 1932. Following his return stateside, <mask> completed the Company Officers' Course at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico and subsequently served with the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. and later with the Marine brracks at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, California. Upon the promotion to the rank of captain, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Colorado in August 1935 and spent almost two years with sea duties in Pacific Ocean. He was appointed an instructor in naval ordnance and gunnery at the Naval Academy in June 1937 and remained in that capacity for the next two years. <mask> then served as a company commander with 6th Marines in San Diego until the summer of 1941, when he assumed duties as commander of the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Oklahoma.World War II

<mask> was aboard the Oklahoma during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and took part in the defense of the ship. Following the sinking of the Oklahoma by Japanese planes, he and his detachment were temporarily attached to the Marine barracks within Pearl Harbor Navy Yard until he was ordered for the instruction with a machine gun group of the 3rd Defense Battalion under the command of lieutenant colonel Robert H<mask>. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major in January 1942 and then ordered to the newly activated 10th Defense Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Blake in June 1942 at San Diego. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in September 1942 and served as commanding officer of Special Weapons Group until November of that year, when he was ordered to Johnston Atoll as commanding officer of newly activated 16th Defense Battalion. His unit consisted of batteries with 5"/51 caliber guns, searchlight and aircraft sound locator and antiaircraft groups with M2 Browning and M1917 Browning machine guns, which were ideal for the defense of the islands from attacks from the sea and air. <mask> was ordered to the States in July 1943 and attached to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., as operations and training officer, Division of Plans and Policies under Brigadier General DeWitt <mask>. He spent almost one year in this capacity, before he was ordered back to the Pacific theater in June 1944 and attached to the 1st Marine Division under Major General William H. Rupertus at Russell Islands.He succeeded lieutenant colonel Walker A. Reaves as an executive officer of the 1st Marine Regiment under famous Colonel Chesty <mask> and supervised the training and preparation of the regiment for upcoming campaign in the Palaus. <mask> took part in the bloody battle of Peleliu during the fall of 1944 and received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" and Navy Presidential Unit Citation for his service there. The First Marines suffered heavy casualties during the Peleliu campaign and <mask> spent following months with the training of replacements on Pavuvu, Russell Islands. He also held temporary command of 1st Marine Regiment following the departure of Colonel Chesty <mask> back to the States from November 4 to December 12, 1944. In April 1945, <mask> took part in the battle of Okinawa and because of the course of the battle, he held temporary command of 1st Battalion, 1st Marines for two days after its commander has been wounded in action and subsequently assumed command of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines on May 21, 1945. He led his 3rd Battalion during the fierce fighting and his marines took part in several hand-to-hand combats and bayonet charges. <mask> and his battalion also fight with lack of food and supplies, but 96th Infantry Division provided rations to his marines.<mask> remained with his unit in the combat area until the end of June 1945 and received the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his brilliant leadership during the battle. He also received his second Navy Presidential Unit Citation. Later career

Following the Okinawa campaign, the units of 1st Marine Division were preparing for the Invasion of Japan, but formal surrender on September 2, 1945, changed the plans. <mask> was promoted to the rank of colonel at the same time and appointed commanding officer of 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division under his old superior, major general DeWitt <mask>. The Seventh Marine Regiment was ordered to Hopeh Province, China in order to accept surrender of Japanese garrisons in Tientsin and its subsequent repatriation to Japan. During October 1945, <mask> and his regiment were ordered for guard duty of rail line between Tanggu and Chinwangtao and also for protection of coal mines in Tangshan. Their goal was to make sure, that coal destined for Shanghai moved uninterrupted along the line, but activity of communists guerrilla units increased and marines outposts came under fire at several occasions.<mask> participated in the operations against communists guerillas until the end of January 1946, when he was ordered back to the United States. He was decorated with the Legion of Merit by the U.S. Army and his second Bronze Star Medal by the Marines. <mask> also received Order of the Cloud and Banner, 5th Class by the Government of Republic of China. Upon his return stateside, <mask> attended Command and General Staff Course at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico and following the graduation, he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty with Joint War Plans Committee, Navy Department. He remained in this capacity until summer 1947, when he was ordered for instruction at National War College. <mask> graduated one year later and assumed duties as officer in charge of Strategic Plans Section, Headquarters Marine Corps. In June 1950, <mask> was ordered to the Far Eastern Area and appointed commanding officer of Marine Barracks at Naval Base Yokosuka.He served in this capacity during Korean War and was ordered back to the United States in October 1952. He then served as chief of staff, Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego under Major General John T. Walker until 1954, when he was appointed Area Staff Representative, Operations Coordinating Board. <mask> was appointed to his final assignment in 1955 when he was assigned to the Staff of the Net Evaluation Subcommittee, National Security Council. <mask><mask> Jr. retired from active service on June 28, 1957, after 30 years of active service and was advanced to the rank of brigadier general on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat. He then settled in Laguna Hills, California, with his wife, Catherine P<mask> (1909–1993) and died there on October 6, 1990. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, with full military honors. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General <mask><mask> Jr.:

References

1906 births
1990 deaths
People from Frederick, Maryland
United States Naval Academy alumni
National War College alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

masks:
Richard Potts Ross Jr
Richard P
. Ross
Richard P
. Ross Sr
. Paige
. Potter
. Piper
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
. Pepper
Ross
Ross
Peck
Puller
Ross
Ross
Puller
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Peck
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Richard P
. Ross
. Ross
Richard P
. Ross


title: Linda Martín Alcoff

texts:
<mask>ff is a Latin-American philosopher and professor of philosophy at Hunter College, City University of New York. Alcoff specializes in social epistemology, feminist philosophy, philosophy of race, decolonial theory and continental philosophy, especially the work of Michel Foucault. She has authored or edited more than a dozen books, including Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self (2006), The Future of Whiteness (2015), and Rape and Resistance (2018). Her public philosophy writing has been published in The Guardian and The New York Times. Alcoff has called for greater inclusion of historically underrepresented groups in philosophy and notes that philosophers from these groups have created new fields of inquiry, including feminist philosophy, critical race theory, Latino philosophy, and LGBTQ philosophy. From 2012 to 2013, she served as president of the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division. In February 2018 she was appointed president of the board of directors of Hypatia, Inc., the non-profit corporation that owns the feminist philosophy journal Hypatia.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Panama, the younger of two daughters to an Irish mother, Laura, and Panamanian father, Miguel Angel <mask>, who met while studying at Florida State University. Her father became a professor of history at the Universidad de Panama. When her parents separated, Alcoff moved with her mother and sister to Florida when she was three. In 1980 she earned a BA with honors in philosophy from Georgia State University and in 1983 an MA, also in philosophy. She did her doctoral work at Brown University, completing her dissertation under the direction of Ernest Sosa, Martha Nussbaum, and Richard Schmitt and receiving her PhD in 1987. Career

Positions held
After spending a year as assistant professor of philosophy at Kalamazoo College, Alcoff moved to Syracuse University, where she taught for the next ten years. She was tenured and promoted to associate professor in 1995 and full professor in 1999.She held visiting positions at Cornell University (1994–1995), Aarhus University (November 1999), Florida Atlantic University (Fall 2000), and Brown University (Spring 2001). She took a position as professor of philosophy and women's studies at Stony Brook University in 2002. In 2009 she became professor of philosophy at Hunter College and the City University of New York Graduate Center. <mask> has long advocated for diversifying the discipline of philosophy. To help address these issues, with Paul Taylor and William Wilkerson, she started the "Pluralist's Guide to Philosophy". From 2010 to 2013 <mask> was joint editor-in-chief, with Ann Cudd, of the feminist philosophy journal Hypatia. She served on its board of associate editors during the Hypatia transracialism controversy in 2017.The journal's management subsequently established a task force to resolve the journal's governance issues; <mask> became president of the board of directors of Hypatia, Inc., in February 2018. Research
<mask> has written widely on subjects including Foucault, sexual violence, the politics of epistemology, gender and race identity, and Latino issues. She has authored four books: Real Knowing: New Versions of Coherence Theory (1996), Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self (2006), The Future of Whiteness (2015), and Rape and Resistance (2018). She has also edited ten volumes, written scores of peer-reviewed articles, and contributed a large number of book and encyclopedia chapters and entries. According to Google Scholar, her most widely read article, "The Problem of Speaking for Others" (1991) in Cultural Critique, has been cited nearly 3000 times. Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self attempted to offer a unified account of social identity by bridging her previous work in epistemology, metaphysics, and the politics of ethnicity, race, and gender. In it, Alcoff suggested that geographic location has significant implications for social identity above and beyond those conveyed by other contributors to identity (although she does not view such implications as deterministic).In "The Problem of Speaking for Others", Alcoff analyzes problems of representation that accompany the practice of speaking for others, using social epistemological concepts such as social location and social identity. She suggests "four sets of interrogatory practices" to guide acts of speaking for others across social positions: First, one's own impetus to speak should be interrogated to ensure it is not motivated by a "desire for mastery and domination". Second, one ought to recognize the significance of location and context, especially the connections between our locations and our words and how transporting words to another social location will shift their meaning. Third, she emphasizes accountability and responsibility to those whose views are to be represented; one ought to remain open to criticism. Fourth, it is crucial to recognize the possible and real effects of words on the discursive and material context of those represented. Awards and recognitions
<mask> has received several honors and awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Oslo in September 2011, and the Caribbean Philosophical Association's Frantz Fanon Prize for 2009 for her book Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self. She was recognized as a Distinguished Woman in Philosophy by the Society for Women in Philosophy in 2005, and she held the Meredith Professorship for Excellence in Teaching at Syracuse University from 1995–1998.Selected works

<mask>, <mask> (2006). Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self. Oxford University Press. See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

References

External links
<mask> <mask>'s webpage
<mask> Alcoff's Hunter College page
<mask> <mask>'s CUNY Graduate Center page
<mask> Alcoff Papers - Pembroke Center Archives

American women philosophers
Syracuse University faculty
Brown University faculty
Hunter College faculty
Feminist studies scholars
Living people
American feminists
Philosophers from New York (state)
Philosophers from Rhode Island
Presidents of the American Philosophical Association
Panamanian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

masks:
Linda Martín Alco
Alcoff
Martín
Alcoff
Alcoff
Alcoff
Alcoff
Alcoff
Alcoff
Linda Martín
Linda Martín
Alcoff
Linda Martin
Linda Marin
Alcoff
Linda Martín


title: Mikhail Konstantinov

texts:
<mask> (;  – 30 May 1990) was a Soviet Army colonel general and a Hero of the Soviet Union. <mask> joined the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, becoming a junior commander at cavalry schools. A variety of positions at cavalry schools followed during the 1920s before <mask> served in command and staff positions with cavalry units in Central Asia in the 1930s. At the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa, he commanded a cavalry division in Belarus. <mask>'s division was destroyed and he was severely wounded, fighting with partisans after he recovered. Flown back to Soviet lines in late 1942, he became commander of the 7th Guards Cavalry Corps in October 1943, which he led for the rest of the war. Made a Hero of the Soviet Union for his leadership of the corps during the Vistula–Oder Offensive, <mask> continued in command of the corps after the end of the war.Postwar, he commanded the Northern Group of Forces and ended his career as first deputy commander of the Leningrad Military District in the early 1960s. Early life, Russian Civil War, and interwar period
<mask> was born on 4 November 1900 in Usman, Tambov Governorate. The son of an official, he graduated from a realschule and worked as a ledger clerk at the uyezd food committee in Usman. During the Russian Civil War, <mask> joined the Red Army in May 1919 and was sent as a Red Army man to the Borisoglebsk Cavalry Courses, and in July was enrolled as a student of the courses. After graduation, <mask> became a platoon commander at the courses in February 1920, fighting with consolidated cadet detachments on the Southern and Turkestan Fronts. In 1922 the courses were relocated to Orenburg and renamed the 3rd Orenburg Cavalry School. At the school in the same year, Konstantinov passed an external examination for the course of a secondary military school.With the school, he served as a platoon commander, assistant squadron commander and squadron commander. After the school was disbanded in late 1923, <mask> transferred to the VTsIK of the Kazakh Republic Kazakh Combined Military School. In October 1924 he was appointed an instructor of the 2nd rank at the Kyrgyz section of the school, and from July 1925 temporarily served as a squadron commander there. Between October 1925 and September 1926 <mask> studied at the Cavalry Officers Improvement Course (KUKS) in Novocherkassk, and upon graduation returned to his previous position. A month later, in October 1926, the school was disbanded, and <mask> became assistant chief of staff of the 8th Turkestan Cavalry Division of the Volga Military District. He subsequently served with the 47th Cavalry Regiment of the division as a squadron commander and assistant chief and acting regimental chief of staff. <mask> became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1929.<mask> was transferred to the 7th Turkestan Cavalry Brigade of the Central Asian Military District in Kulyab in November 1930, becoming chief of the regimental school of the 80th Turkestan Cavalry Regiment of the brigade. With this unit, he fought in against the Basmachi of Ibrahim Bek between April and May 1931. Again transferred to the 79th Cavalry Regiment of the brigade to serve as its chief of staff in February 1932, <mask> became acting regimental commander in April. The regiment, based at Kattakurgan, was transferred to the Separate Consolidated Uzbek Brigade in May, which was reorganized into the 6th Uzbek Mountain Cavalry Division in October. <mask> commanded 7th Uzbek Mountain Cavalry Regiment of the division from September 1933, which was soon renumbered as the 41st. He again completed the Novocherkassk Cavalry Officers Improvement Course in 1935. For successes in combat training of the regiment, he was awarded the Order of the Red Star in 1936, and that year received the rank of major on 29 January 1936.Appointed assistant commander of the 20th Tajik Mountain Cavalry Division of the Central Asian Military District on 19 July 1937, <mask> temporarily served as division commander between October 1937 and March 1938. In September 1938 he was made commander of the 18th Mountain Cavalry Division of the same district, before being sent to the Western Special Military District in March 1941 to command the 6th Cavalry Division. <mask> was promoted to kombrig on 31 January 1939 and was made a major general when the Red Army reintroduced generals' ranks on 4 June 1940. World War II
On 22 June 1941, when Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began, <mask>'s division was part of the 6th Cavalry Corps of the 10th Army of the Western Front (the former Western Special Military District). During the Battle of Białystok–Minsk on 29 June, 15 kilometers southwest of Minsk, <mask> was severely wounded, and after recovering fought with a partisan detachment in Belarus. In September 1942 he was flown out to Moscow and placed at the disposal of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. From December of that year <mask> studied at an accelerated course at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy, and upon completion of the course in February 1943 was appointed commander of the 19th Cavalry Corps.Serving as deputy commander-in-chief of the Steppe Front for cavalry from July, <mask> took command of the 7th Guards Cavalry Corps in October. He led the corps for the rest of the war, a period in which it fought as part of the 65th, 61st, 47th, and 69th Armies of the Belorussian, 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts in the Gomel–Rechitsa, Polesskoe, Belorussian, Vistula–Oder, East Pomeranian, and Berlin Offensives. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 26 July 1944. For "courage, heroism, and timely fulfillment of front objectives" during the capture of Łódź and the defeat of German troops in the area of Radom, Tomaszów, and Łódź in the January 1945 Vistula–Oder Offensive, <mask> received the title Hero of the Soviet Union and was awarded the Order of Lenin on 6 April 1945. Postwar
After the end of the war, in December 1945, <mask> was placed at the disposal of the commander-in-chief of the Red Army cavalry before being sent to take the Higher Academic Course at the Voroshilov Higher Military Academy in May 1946. After completing the course in May 1947, he was appointed chief of the 2nd section of the Ground Forces Directorate of Combat Training Planning. From July 1948 he served as chief of the 2nd course of the special faculty of the Frunze Military Academy.<mask> became assistant commander-in-chief of the Northern Group of Forces in July 1951, succeeding to command of the group a year later. He transferred to become first deputy commander-in-chief of the Leningrad Military District in April 1955, and in August 1958 he became a member of the district military council. Promoted to colonel general on 18 February 1958, <mask> retired on 8 July 1964 due to ill health. He died in Leningrad on 30 May 1990, and was buried at the Bogoslovskoe Cemetery. Awards and honors

 Hero of the Soviet Union
 Order of Lenin (4)
 Order of the Red Banner (3)
 Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
 Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class
 Order of the Red Star (3)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1900 births
1990 deaths
Soviet colonel generals
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
People from Usman, Russia
People from Tambov Governorate
Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Frunze Military Academy faculty
Belarusian partisans

masks:
Mikhail Petrovich Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov
Konstantinov


title: Adrianne Pieczonka

texts:
<mask>, OC ( ; born March 2, 1963) is a Canadian operatic soprano singer. Life and career
Pieczonka was born in Poughkeepsie, New York, and grew up in Burlington, Ontario. She graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1985, and from the Opera School of the University of Toronto in 1988. She made her professional stage debut with the Canadian Opera Company in 1988 singing The Female Prisoner in Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of Mtensk. She moved to Europe in 1988 and quickly won first prize at the International Vocal Competition 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands as well as First Prize at the International Singing Competition in La Plaine-sur-Mer, France, also in 1988. She became a member of the Vienna Volksoper in 1989 where her roles included Countess Almaviva (The Marriage of Figaro), Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), Laura (Der Bettelstudent) and Tatyana (Eugene Onegin). In 1991 she became a member of the Vienna State Opera where her roles included Desdemona (Otello), Antonia (The Tales of Hoffmann), Micaëla (Carmen), Die Tochter (Cardillac), Agathe (Der Freischütz), Countess Almaviva, Donna Elvira and Donna Anna (Don Giovanni), Ellen Orford (Peter Grimes), Eva (Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg), title role in Arabella, Ariadne in Ariadne auf Naxos, and The Marschallin (Der Rosenkavalier).She moved to London, England in 1995, and made her British debut at Glyndebourne as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, returning there for Arabella in 1996. She made her debut at the Royal Opera House as Donna Anna in 2002. <mask> moved back to Toronto, Canada in 2005 and performed regularly with the Canadian Opera Company. Her roles over many years have included Mimi (La bohème), Sieglinde (Die Walküre), Elisabetta (Don Carlo), Leonore (Fidelio), the title role in Tosca, and Amelia (Un ballo in maschera). She was awarded a Dora Award for her outstanding portrayal of Sieglinde in the 2004 production of Die Walküre. She debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in 2004 as Lisa in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades. At the MET she has also performed Sieglinde (Die Walküre), Amelia (Simon Boccanegra), Chrysothemis (Elektra), Leonore (Fidelio) and Madame Lidoine (Dialogues des Carmélites).<mask> has performed with the world's leading opera companies for over three decades. Some of these include the Bavarian State Opera, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Berlin State Opera, Hamburg State Opera, Zurich Opera, Teatro Real, Liceu, Teatro Arriaga, Paris Opera, Grand Théâtre de Genève, Los Angeles Opera, Teatro Colón, San Francisco Opera, Houston Grand Opera, along with many others. She made her Salzburg Festival debut in 2001 singing a concert version of Lohengrin and has since sung Elisabetta, The Marschallin and Leonore at this prestigious festival. She made her Bayreuth Festival debut in 2006, singing Sieglinde in Die Walküre and was hailed by Die Zeit as "The Sieglinde of our time" She returned to Bayreuth to sing Senta in The Flying Dutchman in 2012. Pieczonka has worked with the world's finest conductors in concert and opera including Sir Georg Solti, Christian Thielemann, Claudio Abbado, Riccardo Muti, Zubin Mehta, Lorin Maazel, Pierre Boulez, James Levine, Semyon Bychkov, Kent Nagano, Sir Colin Davis, Daniel Barenboim, Donald Runnicles, Philippe Jordan, Yannick Nézet-Séguin, and Richard Bradshaw, among many others. On the concert stage and as a recitalist, Pieczonka has performed at Toronto's Massey Hall and Roy Thomson Hall, the Edinburgh Festival, The Proms, Salle Pleyel in Paris, Vienna's Musikverein and Konzerthaus, Tokyo Bunka Kaikan, The Orpheum in Vancouver, Schubertiade in Schwarzenberg, Austria, Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall, New York, among many others. In 2019 she was appointed the first Vocal Chair at the Glenn Gould School, where she gives regular masterclasses, and oversees the vocal department and their opera productions.Awards and honours
<mask>'s 2006 album <mask> Pieczonka Sings Wagner and Strauss, on the Orfeo label, was nominated for Classical Album of the Year - Vocal or Choral Performance at the Juno Awards of 2007. Her next CD Adrianne Pieczonka sings Puccini won the category in the Juno Awards of 2010. In March 2007, <mask> was invested as an Austrian Kammersängerin. She, along with tenor Michael Schade, are the first two Canadian singers to have had this honour. In 2008, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2012, she was a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. In 2014 she received the Paul de Hueck and Norman Walford Career Achievement Award from the Ontario Arts Foundation.She has received Honorary Doctorates from McMaster University, Hamilton and from her alma mater, University of Western Ontario. She received a Ruby Award from Opera Canada in 2015. She is a Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada as well as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. Personal life
She resides in Toronto with her wife, mezzo-soprano Laura Tucker, their daughter Grace, and their two cats Sadie and Shadow. Discography
 <mask> Pieczonka sings Wagner & Strauss. Ulf Schirmer, Münchner Rundfunkorchester (2006, Orfeo)
 <mask> Pieczonka sings Puccini. Dan Ettinger, Münchner Rundfunkorchester (2009, Orfeo)
 <mask> Pieczonka sings Strauss, Wagner.Brian Zeger, piano (2015, Delos)
 Erich Wolfgang Korngold: Complete Songs (Sämtliche Lieder). Konrad Jarnot, Reinild Mees, piano (2015, Capriccio)

References

External links

A biography from Naxos
A biography from the CBC

1963 births
Living people
People from Burlington, Ontario
Musicians from Poughkeepsie, New York
Canadian people of Polish descent
Musicians from Ontario
Canadian operatic sopranos
University of Toronto alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
The Royal Conservatory of Music faculty
LGBT singers from Canada
Canadian lesbian musicians
Dora Mavor Moore Award winners
Juno Award for Classical Album of the Year – Vocal or Choral Performance winners
Officers of the Order of Canada
Österreichischer Kammersänger
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Conservatory of Music
20th-century Canadian women opera singers
21st-century Canadian women opera singers
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Adrianne Pieczonka
Pieczonka
Pieczonka
Pieczonka
Adrianne
Pieczonka
Adrianne
Adrianne
Adrianne


title: Ian Botham

texts:
<mask>, Baron <mask>,  (born 24 November 1955) is an English cricket commentator, member of the House of Lords and a former cricketer who has been chairman of Durham County Cricket Club since 2017. Hailed as one of the greatest all-rounders in the history of the game, <mask> represented England in both Test and One-Day International cricket. He played most of his first-class cricket for Somerset, at other times competing for Worcestershire, Durham and Queensland. He was an aggressive right-handed batsman and, as a right-arm fast-medium bowler, was noted for his swing bowling. He generally fielded close to the wicket, predominantly in the slips. In Test cricket, <mask> scored 14 centuries with a highest score of 208, and from 1986 to 1988 held the world record for the most Test wickets until overtaken by fellow all-rounder Sir Richard Hadlee. He took five wickets in an innings 27 times, and 10 wickets in a match four times.In 1980, he became the second player in Test history to complete the "match double" of scoring 100 runs and taking 10 wickets in the same match. On the occasion of England's 1000th Test in August 2018, he was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the ECB. <mask> has at times been involved in controversies, including a highly publicised court case involving rival all-rounder Imran Khan and an ongoing dispute with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). These incidents, allied to his on-field success, have attracted media attention, especially from the tabloid press. <mask> has used his fame to raise money for research into childhood leukaemia. These efforts have realised millions of pounds for Bloodwise, of which he became president. On 8 August 2009, he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.In July 2020, it was announced that <mask> would be elevated to the House of Lords and that he would sit as a crossbench peer. <mask> has a wide range of sporting interests outside cricket. He was a talented footballer at school and had to choose between cricket and football as a career. He chose cricket but, even so, he played professional football for a few seasons and made eleven appearances in the Football League for Scunthorpe United, becoming the club's president in 2017. He is a keen golfer, and his other pastimes include angling and shooting. He has been awarded both a knighthood and a life peerage. Early life and development as a cricketer (1955–1973)
<mask> was born in Heswall, Cheshire, to Herbert Leslie ("Les"<mask> and Violet Marie, née Collett.His father had been in the Fleet Air Arm for twenty years spanning the Second World War; his mother was a nurse. The family moved to Yeovil before <mask>'s third birthday after his father got a job as a test engineer at Westland Helicopters. Both his parents played cricket: his father for Westland Sports Club while his mother captained a nursing services team at Sherborne. Botham developed an eagerness for the game before he had started school: he would climb through the fence of the Yeovil Boys' Grammar School to watch the pupils play cricket. At the age of around four, he came home with a cricket ball and asked his mother "Do you know how to hold a ball when you're going to bowl a daisy-cutter?" He subsequently demonstrated the grip and went away to practise bowling it. <mask> attended Milford Junior School in the town, and his "love affair" with sport began there.He played both cricket and football for the school's teams at the age of nine, two years earlier than most of his contemporaries. Playing against the older boys forced Botham to learn to hit the ball hard, and improve to their standard. At the same age he went to matches with his father, who played for Westland Sports Club, and if one of the teams was short, he would try to get a match. His father recalled that though he never got to bowl, and rarely got to bat, he received praise for the standard of his fielding. He joined the Boys' Brigade where more sporting opportunities were available. By the time he was nine, he had begun to "haunt" local recreation grounds with his kit always ready, looking to play for any team that was short of players. By the age of twelve he was playing occasional matches for Yeovil Cricket Club's second team.<mask> went on to Bucklers Mead Comprehensive School in Yeovil, where he continued to do well in sport and played for the school's cricket and football teams. He became captain of their under-16 cricket team when he was thirteen. His performances for the school drew the attention of Somerset County Cricket Club's youth coach Bill Andrews. Still thirteen, he scored 80 runs on debut for Somerset's under-15s side against Wiltshire, but the team captain Phil Slocombe did not call on him to bowl as he considered him to be a specialist batsman. Two years later, <mask> had the opportunity to choose between football and cricket: Bert Head, manager of Crystal Palace offered him apprentice forms with the First Division club. He already had a contract with Somerset and, after discussing the offer with his father, decided to continue to pursue a cricket career, as he believed he was a better cricketer. When informed that he wanted to be a sportsman, Botham's careers teacher said to him: "Fine, everyone wants to play sport, but what are you really going to do?"In 1972, at the age of 16, <mask> left school intent on playing cricket for Somerset, who retained his contract but felt he was too young to justify a full professional deal. So, <mask> joined the ground staff at Lord's. As a ground boy, he had numerous tasks such as "cleaning the pavilion windows, pushing the roller on matchdays, selling scorecards, pressing electronic buttons on the scoreboards and rushing bowling analyses to the dressing-room". He also received coaching and plenty of time in the practice nets, and was often the first to arrive and the last to leave practice. Despite his time in the nets, <mask> was only considered by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) coach Harry Sharp to have the potential to become a "good, average county cricketer." Botham travelled to play for Somerset under-25s a number of times during the season, but failed to excel in any of the matches. His appearances for the MCC were of a similar vein: he rarely scored more than 50 runs, and was used sparingly as a bowler.In one such match against "Scotland A", the MCC Young Cricketers used eight bowlers in their second innings, but <mask> was not among them. The following year, still a ground boy at Lord's, <mask> was asked to return to play for Somerset's under-25s more often. Against Glamorgan U-25, he scored 91 runs and took three tail-end wickets, while just under a month later he claimed a further three wickets against Hampshire. He advanced to play for the county's second team in the Minor Counties Championship, and although he was still used sparingly as a bowler, he made some good scores with the bat, most significantly against Cornwall, against whom he aggregated 194 runs in four innings. During winter nets prior to the season, <mask> had caught the eye of the former England Test cricketer Tom Cartwright, who coached at Millfield School in addition to playing for Somerset. Cartwright was impressed with <mask>'s foot-work and physical co-ordination, and helped him learn the basics of swing bowling, something Botham picked up "astonishly quickly" according to Cartwright. Cricket career (1973–1993)

Somerset (1973–1975)
<mask> had done well for the Second XI and he later acknowledged the help and advice he received from Somerset players Peter Robinson, Graham Burgess and Ken Palmer.<mask> made his senior debut, aged 17, for Somerset on Sunday, 2 September 1973 when he played in a List A John Player League (JPL) match (38 overs each) against Sussex at the County Ground, Hove. The match was in the same week that his time on the Lord's ground staff was completed. Somerset batted first, and <mask>, number seven in the batting order, scored two runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket (lbw) by Mike Buss. Somerset totalled 139 for 9. Sussex won comfortably by six wickets, reaching 141 for four with fifteen deliveries remaining. <mask> bowled three overs without success, conceding 22 runs. He did impress, however, by taking a diving catch to dismiss his future England colleague Tony Greig off the bowling of his captain Brian Close.A week later, <mask> made a second appearance in the JPL against Surrey at The Oval in the final match of the season. Somerset were well beaten by 68 runs. <mask> had his first bowling success when he dismissed Geoff Howarth lbw. He bowled four overs and took one for 14. As in his first match, he scored two batting at number seven, this time being caught and bowled by Intikhab Alam. These were his only two senior appearances in 1973, Somerset finishing 11th in the JPL. In summary, <mask> scored four runs, took one wicket for 14 and held one catch.Aged 18, <mask> was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in <mask>'s future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. <mask> batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight.<mask> bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. <mask> did not bat again. On 12 June 1974, he played against Hampshire at Taunton in a Benson & Hedges Cup (B&H Cup) quarter-final. Hampshire won the toss and decided to bat. They scored 182 all out with <mask> taking two for 33 including the prize wicket of Barry Richards, bowled for 13. <mask> was number nine in Somerset's batting order and came in with his team struggling at 113 for 7.Almost immediately, that became 113 for 8 and he had only the tailenders Hallam Moseley and Bob Clapp to support him. He was facing the West Indian fast bowler Andy Roberts who delivered a bouncer which hit him in the mouth. Despite heavy bleeding and the eventual loss of four teeth, <mask> refused to leave the field and carried on batting. He hit two sixes and made 45*, enabling Somerset to win by one wicket. He won the Gold Award. Later, he said he should have left the field but was full of praise for Moseley and Clapp. In a County Championship match on 13 July 1974, <mask> scored his first half-century in first-class cricket.He made 59 in Somerset's first innings against Middlesex at Taunton, the highest individual score in a low-scoring match which Somerset won by 73 runs. Middlesex's captain was Mike Brearley, who would become a very influential figure in <mask>'s career. A month later, in a match against Leicestershire at Clarence Park, Weston-super-Mare, <mask> achieved his first-ever five wickets in an innings (5wI) with five for 59. He took seven in the match which Somerset won by 179 runs, largely thanks to Close who scored 59 and 114*. <mask> showed great promise in 1974, his first full season in which Somerset finished fifth in the County Championship and a close second to Leicestershire in the JPL. They also reached the semi-finals in both the Gillette Cup and the B&H Cup. In 18 first-class appearances, <mask> scored 441 runs with a highest of 59, took 30 first-class wickets with a best of five for 59 and held 15 catches.He played in 18 List A matches too, scoring 222 runs with a highest of 45* (his Gold Award innings against Hampshire), took 12 wickets with a best of two for 16 and held four catches. <mask> continued to make progress in 1975. Somerset struggled in the County Championship, winning only four of their twenty matches and finished joint 12th. In the JPL, they slumped badly from second to 14th. They reached the quarter-final of the B&H Cup but only the second round of the Gillette Cup. <mask> played in 22 first-class and 23 List A matches so it was a busy season for him. In first-class, he scored 584 runs with a highest of 65, one of two half-centuries, and held 18 catches.He took 62 wickets, doubling his 1974 tally, with a best of five for 69, his only 5wI that season. In List A, he scored 232 runs with a highest of 38* and held seven catches. He took 32 wickets with a best of three for 34. Somerset and England (1976)
1976 was a significant season for <mask> as he scored over 1,000 runs for the first time, completed his first century and earned international selection by England in two Limited Overs Internationals. Somerset improved in the County Championship to finish seventh, winning seven matches. They were one of five teams tied for first place in the JPL but their run rate was less than that of Kent, who were declared the champions. Somerset lost their opening match in the Gillette Cup and were eliminated at the group stage of the B&H Cup.<mask>, though, came on in leaps and bounds. He totalled 1,022 first-class runs in 20 matches with a highest of 167*, his first-ever century and he also scored six half-centuries. With the ball, he took 66 wickets with a best of six for 16. He had four 5wI and, for the first time, ten wickets in a match (10wM). He played in a total of 22 List A matches, including the two for England, scoring 395 runs with a highest of 46. He took 33 wickets with a best of four for 41. In the County Championship match against Sussex at Hove in May, <mask> came very close to his maiden century but was dismissed for 97, his highest score to date.The match was drawn. At the end of the month, Somerset played Gloucestershire in a remarkable match at Taunton. Batting first, Somerset scored 333 for seven (innings closed) and then, thanks to six for 25 by <mask>, bowled out Gloucestershire for only 79. The follow-on was enforced but Gloucestershire proved a much tougher nut to crack second time around. With Zaheer Abbas scoring 141, they made 372 and left Somerset needing 118 to win. <mask> took five for 125 in the second innings for a match analysis of 11 for 150, his maiden 10wM. This match ended the same way as the famous Test at Headingley in 1981 but the boot was on the other foot for Botham here because he was on the team that enforced the follow-on – and lost.Mike Procter and Tony Brown did the damage and bowled Somerset out for 110 in 42 overs, Gloucestershire winning by just eight runs. <mask> scored his maiden first-class century at Trent Bridge on Tuesday 3 August 1976 in the County Championship game against Nottinghamshire (Notts) who won the toss and decided to bat first. Derek Randall scored 204* and the Notts innings closed at 364 for 4 (<mask> one for 59). Somerset were 52 for one at close of play. On day two, Somerset scored 304 for 8 (innings closed) and <mask>, batting at number six, scored 80. At close of play, Notts in their second innings were 107 for four, thus extending their lead to 167 with six wickets standing. On day three, Notts advanced to 240 for nine declared (Botham one for 16), leaving Somerset with a difficult target of 301.At 40 for two and with both their openers gone, Brian Close changed his batting order and summoned <mask> to come in at number four. Close himself had gone in at three but he was out soon afterwards for 35. With support from Graham Burgess (78), <mask> laid into the Notts bowling and scored an impressive 167 not out. Somerset reached 302 for four in only 65 overs and won by six wickets. <mask>'s international début for England was on 26 August 1976 in a Limited Overs International (LOI) against the West Indies at the North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough. The series was called the Prudential Trophy and the teams had 55 overs each per innings. <mask>, still only 20, was the youngest player.At Scarborough, England captain Alan Knott lost the toss and Clive Lloyd,

masks:
Ian Terence Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Ian Botham
) Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham
Botham


title: Ian Botham

texts:
 captaining the West Indies, elected to field first. <mask> was number seven in the batting order and came in at 136 for five to join Graham Barlow. He scored only one before he was caught by Roy Fredericks off the bowling of his future Sky Sports colleague Michael Holding. England's innings closed at 202 for eight with Barlow 80 not out. West Indies lost Fredericks almost immediately but that brought Viv Richards to the crease and he hit 119 not out, winning the man of the match award, and leading West Indies to victory in only 41 overs by six wickets. <mask> had the consolation of taking his first international wicket when he had Lawrence Rowe caught by Mike Hendrick for 10. He bowled only three overs and took some punishment from Richards, his return being one for 26.In the second match at Lord's, <mask> was replaced by returning England captain Tony Greig. England lost by 36 runs as Richards, this time with 97, was again the difference between the teams. Having lost the series, England recalled <mask> for the final match at Edgbaston on 30–31 August. The match was extended to two days and overs reduced to 32 per side. Tony Greig won the toss and decided to field. England began well and dismissed Fredericks and Richards, for a duck, in only the second over. West Indies were then seven for one but a powerful innings by Clive Lloyd pulled them out of trouble and they reached 223 for nine, innings closed.<mask> bowled three very expensive overs, conceding 31 runs, but he did manage to bowl out Michael Holding for his second international wicket. England were never in the hunt and were bowled out for 173, West Indies winning by 50 runs and claiming the series 3–0. <mask> again batted at number seven and made a good start, scoring 20 at a run a ball, but he was then caught by Bernard Julien off Fredericks and England were 151 for seven with only Knott and the tailenders left. District cricket in Australia (1976–77)
In the winter of 1976–77, after he had made his first two international appearances, <mask> played District Cricket in Melbourne, Australia for the University of Melbourne Cricket Club. He was joined by Yorkshire's Graham Stevenson. They were signed for the second half of the season on a sponsorship arranged through the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) by Whitbread's Brewery. Five of the competition's 15 rounds were abandoned because of adverse weather.It was apparently on this trip that <mask> originally fell out with the former Australian captain <mask>. The cause seems to have been a cricket-related argument in a bar, which may have resulted in Chappell being pushed off his stool (the story is widely sourced but accounts differ). This became a long-running feud and, as late as the 2010–11 Ashes series, there was an altercation between <mask> and Chappell in a car park at the Adelaide Oval. Somerset and England (1977)
<mask> produced a number of good batting and bowling performances for Somerset in 1977 and these impressed the Test selectors who included him in the team for the third Test against Australia at Trent Bridge, starting on 28 July. Having captured 36 first-class wickets through May and June, <mask> had something of a purple patch in July which earned him his Test call-up. In the match against Sussex at Hove, which Somerset won by an innings and 37 runs, he took four for 111 and six for 50 for his second 10wM. In Somerset's innings of 448 for eight, he shared a 4th wicket partnership of 174 with Viv Richards.<mask> scored 62, Richards 204. He took 22 more wickets, including two 5wI, in the next three County Championship games before his Test debut. In the whole season, playing 17 first-class matches, he took 88 wickets with six 5wI and one 10wM, his second innings return at Hove being his best. His batting was not quite as good as in 1976 as his average was down but he scored 738 runs with a highest of 114, which was his sole century, and five half-centuries. He scored the century in July against Hampshire at Taunton, 114 in Somerset's first innings of 284, and followed it with bowling returns of four for 69 and four for 43, another impressive all-round effort which earned Somerset a win by 152 runs. Somerset had a good season in the County Championship, finishing fourth. They reached the semi-final of the Gillette Cup but, without the injured <mask>, were well beaten by eventual winners Middlesex.They were a poor tenth in the JPL and were eliminated from the B&H Cup at the group stage. <mask> made his Test début at Trent Bridge on 28 July 1977 in the third Test against Australia. His début was somewhat overshadowed by the return from self-imposed Test exile of Geoffrey Boycott. England went into the match with a 1–0 series lead having won the second Test after the first had been drawn. The series was played against the background of the so-called "Packer Affair" which resulted in the establishment of World Series Cricket in the next Australian season. Because of Tony Greig's involvement, he had been stripped of the England captaincy but remained in the team under new captain Mike Brearley. England had three all-rounders at Trent Bridge with Greig, Geoff Miller and <mask> all playing.Australian captain Greg Chappell won the toss and decided to bat first. Australia scored 243 and were all out shortly before the close on day one. <mask>, aged 21, made an immediate impact and took five for 74, the highlight being the wicket of Chappell, bowled for just 19. England batted all through day two and into day three as Boycott, in his first Test innings since 1974, and Knott both made centuries. <mask> came in at number eight on day three and scored 25 before he was bowled by Max Walker. England were all out not long afterwards for 364, a first innings lead of 121. <mask> had no joy in Australia's second innings with none for 60.A century by Rick McCosker enabled Australia to score 309 before they were all out in the evening session on day four. Bob Willis took five for 88. England needed 189 to win and completed the job, by seven wickets, well into the final day with Brearley scoring 81 and Boycott, who batted on all five days, 80 not out. <mask> didn't get a second innings. <mask>'s impressive bowling at Trent Bridge meant he was an automatic choice for the fourth Test at Headingley two weeks later. England won the toss, decided to bat first and went on to win by an innings and 85 runs to secure a winning 3–0 lead in the series and regain The Ashes, which they had lost in 1974–75. The match is famous for Boycott's one hundredth career century, scored on his home county ground and in his second Test since his return to the England fold.<mask> was bowled third ball by Ray Bright without scoring. He made amends with the ball by taking five for 21 in only eleven overs, Australia being bowled out for only 103. The follow-on was enforced and Australia this time made 248, but <mask> (none for 47) did not take a wicket. He was injured during the second innings when he accidentally trod on the ball and broke a bone in his foot. He was unable to play again in the 1977 season. His promising start as Test player resulted in two awards. He was named Young Cricketer of the Year for 1977 by the Cricket Writers' Club; and was selected as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year (i.e., for 1977 but announced in the 1978 edition).Wisden commented that his 1977 season "was marred only by a week's cricket idleness carrying the drinks at the Prudential matches, and a foot injury which ruined for him the end of the season and probably robbed him of a rare double. He finished with 88 wickets and 738 runs". Importantly, the foot injury was a broken toe sustained when he trod on the ball at Headingley and <mask> subsequently needed treatment for it at his local hospital in Taunton. It was while going to one of his appointments that he took a wrong turn and ended up on a children's ward where he learned that some of the children were dying of leukaemia. This incident sparked his charitable crusade on behalf of leukaemia research. Somerset and England (1977–78 to 1979–80)

England were in Pakistan from November 1977 to January 1978, playing three Tests and three LOIs. <mask> was almost fully recovered from his foot injury but did not play in any of the Tests.He took part in all three LOIs and in some of the first-class matches against club teams. From January to March, England were in New Zealand for a three-match Test series under the captaincy of Geoff Boycott. <mask> impressed in a first-class match against Canterbury at Lancaster Park, scoring 126 not out in the second innings against an attack including Richard Hadlee and was selected for the first Test at Basin Reserve. <mask> had an indifferent game there and England, twice bowled out by Hadlee, lost by 72 runs. In the next match at Carisbrook against Otago, <mask> achieved a 10wM with seven for 58 (his career best return to date) in the second innings, enabling the England XI to win by six wickets. England won the second Test at Lancaster Park by 174 runs after an outstanding all-round performance by <mask> who scored 103 and 30 not out and took five for 73 and three for 38. He also held three catches.In the second innings, promoted up the order to get quick runs before an overnight declaration, he was responsible for calling for a risky run that led to the run-out dismissal of acting-captain Geoff Boycott: <mask>'s own published autobiography alleges that this was deliberately done, on the orders of acting vice-captain Bob Willis, because Boycott was scoring too slowly. The final Test was played at Eden Park and was drawn, the series ending 1–1. New Zealand batted first and totalled 315 with Geoff Howarth scoring 122. <mask> took five for 109 in 34 overs. England replied with 429 all out (Clive Radley 158, <mask> 53). New Zealand then chose to bat out time and Howarth scored his second century of the match (<mask> none for 51). <mask>'s form in New Zealand cemented his place in the England team.In the 1978 English season, Pakistan and New Zealand both visited to play three Tests each and <mask> featured in all six matches. Having scored exactly 100 in the first Test against Pakistan at Edgbaston, England winning by an innings and 57 runs, <mask> in the second at Lord's scored 108 and then, after none for 17 in the first innings, achieved his Test and first-class career best return of eight for 34 in the second, England winning by an innings and 120 runs. The third Test was ruined by the weather and England won the series 2–0. Against New Zealand, <mask> did little with the bat but his bowling was outstanding. In the second Test he took nine wickets in the match as England won by an innings and then a 10wM in the final match at Lord's with six for 101 and five for 39. England won the series 3–0. Due to his England commitments, <mask> appeared infrequently for Somerset in 1978.His best performances for them were a return of seven for 61 against Glamorgan and an innings of 80 against Sussex in the Gillette Cup final at Lord's. This was Somerset's first limited overs final and they lost by five wickets despite <mask>'s effort. They were involved in a tight contest for the JPL title and were placed second on run rate after tying with Hampshire and Leicestershire on 48 points each. Somerset did quite well in the County Championship, finishing fifth after winning nine matches, and reached the semi-final of the B&H Cup. <mask>'s first tour of Australia was in 1978–79. England, defending the Ashes they had regained in 1977, played six Tests under Mike Brearley's leadership. Australia had what was effectively "a reserve team" because their leading players were contracted to World Series Cricket for the season.The difference in standard was evident on the first day of the first Test at the Gabba as <mask>, Chris Old and Bob Willis bowled them out for only 116 in just 38 overs, England going on to win easily enough by seven wickets. Apart from a surprise defeat in the third Test, England were never troubled and won the series 5–1. <mask>'s performance in the series was satisfactory but there were no headlines and only modest averages. He took 23 wickets at 24.65 with a best return of four for 42. He scored 291 runs with a highest of 74 at 29.10. He held 11 catches. <mask> played for England in the 1979 Cricket World Cup and was a member of their losing team in the final.He was again an infrequent member of the Somerset team because of the World Cup and the Test series against India. It became a memorable season for Somerset as they built on their form in 1978 to win both the Gillette Cup and the JPL, their first-ever senior trophies. <mask> played in the Gillette Cup final at Lord's, in which they defeated Northamptonshire by 45 runs, thanks to a century by Viv Richards. They slipped to eighth in the County Championship. In the B&H Cup, however, they were expelled from the competition for bringing the game into disrepute after an unsporting declaration, designed to protect the team's run rate, by team captain Brian Rose. The England v India series in 1979 took place after the World Cup ended and four Tests were played. England won the first at Edgbaston by an innings and 83 runs after opening with a massive total of 633 for five declared.<mask> scored 33 and then took two for 86 and five for 70. On the first day of the second Test at Lord's, <mask> swept through the Indian batting with five for 35 and a catch off Mike Hendrick to dismiss them for only 96 in 56 overs. Surprisingly, however, India recovered to salvage a draw. In the third Test at Headingley, it was <mask> the batsman who did the business, scoring 137 from 152 balls in England's first innings total of 270 (the next highest innings was 31 by Geoff Boycott). The match was ruined by the weather and was drawn. In the final Test at The Oval, England opened with 305 (<mask> 38); India replied with 202 (<mask> four for 65); and England with 334 for eight declared (Botham run out for a duck) extended their lead to 437 with four sessions remaining. Thanks to a brilliant 221 by Sunil Gavaskar, India came agonisingly close to pulling off a remarkable last day victory but ran out of time on 429 for eight (<mask> three for 97), just nine runs short, and so England won the series 1–0 with three draws.The shambolic state of international cricket at the end of the 1970s was illustrated by the panic resulting from a hastily convened settlement between World Series Cricket and the Australian Board of Control. Although they had visited Australia only twelve months earlier to play for the Ashes, England were persuaded to go there again and play another three Tests, but with the Ashes not at stake. As Wisden put it, the programme did not have the best interests of cricket at heart, particularly Australian cricket below Test level, which had been "swamped by the accent on Test and one-day internationals, neatly parcelled to present a cricketing package suitable for maximum exploitation on television". The matches were widely perceived to be semi-official only and received "a definite thumbs down". <mask> was a member of the England team and played in all three matches which, rightly or wrongly, count towards his Test statistics. England were largely faithful to the players who had toured Australia the previous winter and Derek Underwood was the only World Series player they recalled; they did not recall Alan Knott, for example, while Tony Greig was beyond the pale. Australia recalled Greg Chappell, Dennis Lillee, Rod Marsh and Jeff Thomson, fielding a team that was a mixture of old and new.In the first match, played at the WACA Ground, <mask> had match figures of eleven for 176 but to no avail as Australia won by 138 runs. Having excelled with the ball in that match, <mask> did so with his bat in the third one, scoring an unbeaten 119 in the second innings of the third. Australia won all three matches of a series best forgotten for all its attendant politics, but <mask> had enhanced his reputation as a world-class all-rounder. Jubilee Test, India, February 1980
<mask>'s third overseas tour was to India in February 1980. It

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title: Ian Botham

texts:
 was the fiftieth anniversary of India's entry into Test cricket and so England played a single commemorative Test at the Wankhede Stadium in Bombay. It turned into a personal triumph for <mask> who became the first player in Test history to score a century and take ten wickets in the same match. England's wicketkeeper Bob Taylor held ten catches in the match, eight of them off <mask>'s bowling.India won the toss and decided to bat first but, with <mask> taking six for 58, they were all out on day one for 242. England replied with 296, the highlight being <mask>'s 114 from just 144 balls; he began his innings with England in trouble at 57 for four. This quickly became 58 for five and <mask> was joined by England's other match hero Taylor. England's first five batsmen had contributed just 51 to the total. <mask> was often unfairly labelled a "big hitter" but in fact his style was very orthodox (i.e., he "played straight") and in this innings he scored 17 fours but, significantly, no sixes. Taylor provided dogged support and their sixth wicket partnership realised 171 runs. When <mask> was out near the end of day two, the score was 229 for six and England reached 232 for six at close of play, still ten runs behind.On the third morning, Taylor led England past India's total and, with useful batting performances by the specialist bowlers, England totalled 296 to gain a first innings lead of 54. India's second innings was a disaster, and they lost eight wickets by the close of play on the third day with only Kapil Dev offering any resistance. They were all out early on the fourth day for 149. <mask> was the outstanding performer again, taking seven for 48 which gave him match figures of thirteen for 106. Geoffrey Boycott and Graham Gooch scored the necessary runs for England to win by ten wickets with a day to spare. Somerset and England (1980 to 1980–81)

Mike Brearley announced his retirement from Test cricket after the Jubilee Test in Bombay and, somewhat surprisingly given his lack of captaincy experience, <mask> was appointed to replace him as England's captain for the forthcoming home series against West Indies, who were at the time the world's outstanding team. <mask> led England in twelve Tests in 1980 and 1981 but he was unsuccessful, the team achieving no wins, eight draws and four defeats under his leadership.In addition, his form suffered and was eventually dismissed from the post, although he did actually resign just before the selectors were about to fire him. In <mask>'s defence, nine of his matches as captain were against West Indies, who afterwards won twelve of their next thirteen Tests against England. The other three were all against Australia. In 1980, which was a wet summer, West Indies arguably had the better of all five Test matches, although, with the rain constantly intervening, they were able to win only one of them. Ironically it was the one which they came closest to losing, West Indies winning the first Test by only two wickets, and being at one stage 180/7 chasing a tricky 208. Rain saved England from a probable heavy defeat in the 2nd and 5th Tests: they fared better in between. In the 3rd, England conceded a first-innings lead of 110, but replied strongly in the second innings with a painstakingly slow and defensive 391/7, which would have resulted in a difficult target for the Windies had there been another day to chase it – but the third day had been rained off, and time ran out.In the Fourth Test, England picked up their only first-innings lead of the series – of 105 runs – but collapsed catastrophically in the second, before being saved by a century partnership for the last wicket between Willey (100*) and Willis (24*) to reach a total 201/9, and again the loss of a day and a half to rain left no time for the Windies to chase a potentially tough target above 300. <mask> had a poor season as a bowler and, in all first-class cricket, took just 40 wickets at the high average of 34.67 with a best return of only four for 38. He did better as a batsman, scoring 1,149 runs (the second time, after 1976, that he topped a thousand in a season) at 42.55: but this did not translate to form in the Tests. He completed two centuries and six other half-centuries for his county. His highest score in the season was ultimately the highest of his career: 228 for Somerset against Gloucestershire at Taunton in May. He batted for just over three hours, hitting 27 fours and ten sixes. With Gloucestershire batting out time for a draw on the final day, Somerset used all eleven players as bowlers.Apart from an innings of 57 in the first Test, <mask> contributed little to England in the series and that innings was the only time he reached 50 in all his twelve Tests as England captain. Somerset came close to retaining their JPL title in 1980 but had to be content with second place, only two points behind Warwickshire. They finished a credible fifth in the County Championship but were eliminated from both the Gillette and B&H Cups in the opening phase. <mask> led England on the controversial tour of the West Indies from January to April 1981. The second Test, scheduled to be played at Bourda, was cancelled after the Guyanese government revoking the visa of Robin Jackman because of his playing and coaching links with South Africa. The other four Tests were played and West Indies won the series 2–0 but England were helped by rain in the two drawn matches. <mask> took the most wickets for England, but Wisden said "his bowling never recovered the full rhythm of a year before".His batting, however, apart from one good LOI performance in the first one-day international "was found wanting in technique, concentration and eventually in confidence". In Wisden's view, <mask>'s loss of form "could be cited as eloquent evidence of the undesirability of saddling a fast bowler and vital all-rounder with the extra burden of captaincy". The closest England came to a victory was in the first ODI, in which England bowled the West Indies out for 127 but, thanks to six wickets from Colin Croft, failed by two runs in the chase which was anchored by <mask>'s 60: this was, at the time, the lowest ODI total batting first to be successfully defended. Somerset and England (1981)
The England captaincy had affected <mask>'s form as a player and in his last Test as captain, against Australia at Lord's in 1981, he was dismissed for a pair. According to Wisden editor Matthew Engel, writing in ESPNcricinfo, <mask> "resigned (a minute before being sacked), his form shot to pieces" after that match. Australia were then leading the series 1–0 after two Tests with four more to be played. <mask> was replaced by the returning Mike Brearley, who had been his predecessor until retiring from Test cricket in 1980.<mask> continued to play for England under Brearley and achieved the highpoint of his career in the next three Tests as England recovered to win The Ashes. In the third Test at Headingley, Australia opened with 401 for 9 declared, despite good bowling by <mask> who took 6 for 95. England responded poorly and were dismissed for 174. <mask> was the only batsman to perform at all well and scored 50, which was his first Test half-century since he had been awarded the captaincy thirteen Tests earlier. Having been forced to follow-on, England collapsed again and at 135 for 7 on the afternoon of the fourth day, an innings defeat looked certain. Bookmakers had reportedly been offering odds of 500/1 against an England win after the follow-on was enforced. <mask>, himself not long at the wicket, was the sole remaining recognised batsman as he was joined by the fast bowler Graham Dilley, number nine in the batting order, with only Chris Old and Bob Willis to come.With able support from Dilley (56) and Old (29), <mask> hit out and by the close of play was 145 not out with Willis hanging on at the other end on 1 not out. England's lead was just 124 but there remained a glimmer of hope. On the final day's play, <mask> reached 149 not out before Willis's wicket fell. Australia, with plenty of time remaining, needed 130 to win and were generally expected to get them; but after <mask> took the first wicket, Willis took 8 for 43 to dismiss Australia for only 111. England had won by 18 runs; it was only the second time in history that a team following on had won a Test match. <mask>'s outstanding form continued through the next two Tests. In the fourth at Edgbaston, a low-scoring match left Australia batting last and needing 151 to win.They reached 105 for 5 and were still favourites at that point but, in an inspired spell of bowling, <mask> then took five wickets for only one run in 28 balls to give England victory by 29 runs. In the fifth Test at Old Trafford, <mask> scored 118 in a partnership of 149 with Chris Tavaré before he was dismissed. He hit six sixes in that innings. England won that match to take a winning 3–1 series lead. The last Test at The Oval was drawn, <mask> achieving a 10wM by taking six for 125 and four for 128. He was named Man of the Series after scoring 399 runs, taking 34 wickets and holding 12 catches. Somerset won the Benson & Hedges Cup for the first time in 1981 and did well in the County Championship too, finishing third.They were again runners-up in the JPL, but a long way behind the winners Essex. In the renamed NatWest Trophy (formerly Gillette Cup), Somerset were knocked out in the second round. <mask> played in the B&H final at Lord's, in which Somerset defeated Surrey by seven wickets. He took no wickets but provided Viv Richards (132 not out) with good support in the run chase. <mask> ended the season with 67 wickets at 25.55, a best return of six for 90 (for Somerset v Sussex) and one 10wM (sixth Test). He scored 925 runs with a highest of 149* (third Test) at 42.04; and held 19 catches. Somerset and England (1981–82 to 1983–84)
During this period, <mask> played in 25 Tests.There were home series against both India and Pakistan in 1982; and New Zealand in 1983. His overseas tours were to India and Sri Lanka in 1981–82 (he took part in the inaugural Test played by Sri Lanka); to Australia in 1982–83; and to New Zealand and Pakistan in 1983–84. He played for England in the 1983 Cricket World Cup and was a member of their losing team in the semi-final. <mask>'s return to India was less than triumphant and Wisden took him to task for his "ineffectiveness with the ball". Having achieved a match analysis of nine for 133 at Bombay, where England were beaten on a poor pitch, <mask> took only eight more wickets, at 65 each, in the last five Tests and Wisden said this "was a telling blow to England's chance of levelling the series". 1982 was a good all-round season for <mask>, especially as Somerset retained the Benson & Hedges Cup. In 17 first-class matches, he scored 1,241 runs with a highest of 208 against India (this was ultimately his career highest in Test cricket) at a good average of 44.32.He took 66 wickets at the low average of 22.98 with a best return of five for 46. England won their Test series against Pakistan by 2–1 and the one against India 1–0. <mask> scored two centuries against India: 128 at Old Trafford and his career high 208 at The Oval. Somerset finished sixth and ninth in the County Championship and the JPL respectively. They reached the quarter-final of the NatWest Trophy and their season highlight was retaining the B&H Cup they won in 1981. In the final at Lord's, Somerset dismissed Nottinghamshire for only 130 (<mask> two for 19)and won easily by nine wickets. <mask> toured Australia again in 1982–83 with England seeking to retain the Ashes, but Australia won the series 2–1 despite England winning, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), a Test described by Wisden as "one of the most exciting Test matches ever played".<mask> had a poor series and tour. He played in nine first-class matches and scored only 434 runs at the low average of 24.11 with a highest of 65. He was no better with the ball, taking just 29 wickets for a too-high 35.62 with a best return of four for 43. He did, however, field well and held 17 catches, nearly two a match. In the 1983 English season, Somerset won the NatWest Trophy for the first time, defeating Kent in the Lord's final by 24 runs with <mask> as their captain. They were very close to taking the JPL title too but, having tied with Yorkshire on 46 points, they were placed second on run rate. In the County Championship, they won only three matches and finished tenth.They were knocked out of the B&H Cup early. <mask> had a good season with the bat, scoring 852 runs in his 14 first-class matches at 40.57 with a highest score of 152 among three centuries. He did less well with the ball: only 22 wickets at the high average of 33.09. New Zealand played a four-match Test series against England after the World Cup and, at the 29th attempt, finally defeated England for the first time in a Test match in England. England won the other three matches convincingly, however, to take the series 3–1. <mask> did little with the ball, the same story as in his whole season, but he did score a century (103) in the final Test at Trent Bridge (see photo). In the winter of 1983–84, England toured New Zealand from January to February and Pakistan in March.Apart from one innings at Basin Reserve in the first Test against New Zealand, <mask> was a disappointment on this tour, especially as a bowler. He scored 138 in the first Test, sharing in a sixth wicket partnership of 232 with Derek Randall (164), but the match was drawn. It was a poor tour for England, all told, and described by Wisden as "ranking among the unhappiest they have ever undertaken". England lost both series 1–0. <mask> left Pakistan after the first Test there, the one England lost, to have a knee problem investigated at home. Somerset and England (1984 to 1986–87)
After ten seasons as a first-team regular, <mask> was appointed Somerset club captain in 1984 and 1985. In the County Championship, they finished seventh in 1984 and then dropped to 17th (bottom of the table) in 1985.In the JPL, they were 15th in 1984 and eleventh in 1985. They made little impression in either of the B&H Cup or the NatWest Trophy so, all in all, <mask>'s captaincy period was a lean time for the club who had enjoyed its most successful period ever in the preceding seasons. <mask> played in 18 Tests from 1984 to 1986, ten of them (five home, five away) against West Indies. Throughout <mask>'s Test career, the highest international standards were set by West Indies and <mask> was generally unsuccessful against them. In both of these series, 1984 and 1985–86, West Indies beat England 5–0 in whitewashes that were dubbed "blackwash". Ironically, his highest score and both his best and worst bowling performances against West Indies occurred in the same match at Lord's in 1984. Clive Lloyd won the toss and, perhaps mistakenly, elected to field.The first day was rain-affected and England, 167 for two overnight, scored 286 thanks to a century by Graeme Fowler; <mask> scored a useful 30. West Indies lost three quick wickets, all of them to <mask> who was a "reminder of his old self" in the words of Wisden, but recovered to reach 119 for three at the close of play on day two. In the third morning, Viv Richards was dismissed by <mask> under dubious circumstances but <mask> was inspired by the capture of his great friend's wicket and went on to take eight for 103, dismissing West Indies for 245 and for once giving England a chance of victory against the world's best team, with a first innings lead of 41. This was <mask>'s best-ever bowling performance against West Indies by some distance. England began their second innings and had been reduced to 88 for four when <mask> joined Allan Lamb. They reached 114 for four at day three close. There was no Sunday play and England resumed on the Monday 155 runs ahead with six wickets standing.<mask> and Lamb added 128 for the fifth wicket before <mask> was out for 81, including nine fours and one six, easily his highest score and best innings against West Indies. Lamb made a century and England were all out on the Tuesday

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