title: John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare

texts:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Clare PC (Ire) (1748 – 28 January 1802) was Attorney-General for Ireland from 1783 to 1789 and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1789 to 1802. He was a controversial figure in Irish history, being described variously as a Protestant hardliner, a staunch anti-Roman Catholic, and an early advocate of political union between Ireland and Great Britain (which finally happened in 1801, shortly before his death). He is said to have been an early opponent of measures for Roman Catholic political relief (meaning the removal of some or all of the various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities placed upon Catholics) in both Ireland and Great Britain, and may have been the first to suggest to George III that the King would violate his coronation oath if he consented to the admission of Catholics to Parliament. Early life
FitzGibbon was born near Donnybrook, Dublin, the son of <mask> of Ballysheedy, County Limerick and his wife Isabella Grove, daughter of <mask>, of Ballyhimmock, County Cork. His father had been born a Catholic but converted to the state religion in order to become a lawyer, and amassed a large fortune. He had three sisters, Arabella, Elizabeth, and Eleanor. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and Christ Church, Oxford.He entered the Irish House of Commons in 1778 as Member for Dublin University, and held this seat until 1783, when he was appointed Attorney General. From the same year he represented Kilmallock until 1790. He was appointed High Sheriff of County Limerick for 1782. When appointed Lord Chancellor for Ireland in 1789, he was granted his first peerage as Baron FitzGibbon, of Lower Connello in the County of Limerick, in the Peerage of Ireland that year. This did not entitle him to a seat in the British House of Lords, only in the Irish House of Lords. His later promotions came mostly in the Peerage of Ireland, being advanced to a Viscountcy (1793) and the Earldom of Clare in 1795. He finally achieved a seat in the British House of Lords in 1799 when created Baron FitzGibbon, of Sidbury in the County of Devon, in the Peerage of Great Britain.FitzGibbon as Lord Chancellor

<mask>, first Earl of Clare was a renowned champion of the Protestant Ascendancy and an opponent of Catholic emancipation. He despised the Parliament of Ireland's popular independent constitution of 1782. He was also personally and politically opposed to the Irish politician Henry Grattan who urged a moderate course in the Irish Parliament, and was responsible for defeating Grattan's efforts to reform the Irish land tithe system (1787–1789) under which Irish Catholic farmers (and all non-Anglican farmers) were forced to financially support the minority Anglican Church of Ireland. These were not fully repealed until 1869, (when the Church of Ireland was finally disestablished), although Irish tithes were commuted after the Tithe War (1831–1836). FitzGibbon opposed the Irish Catholic Relief Act of 1793 personally, but apparently recommended its acceptance in the House of Lords, being forced out of necessity when that Act had been recommended to the Irish Executive by the British Cabinet led by William Pitt the Younger. Pitt expected Ireland to follow the British Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 and allow Catholics to vote again and hold public offices. At the same time, FitzGibbon apparently denounced the policy this Act embodied, so it is probably safe to say that FitzGibbon's own beliefs and principles conflicted with his obligations as a member of the Irish executive of the time.FitzGibbon's role in the recall, soon after his arrival, of the popular pro-Emancipation Lord Lieutenant, Lord Fitzwilliam is debatable. Although FitzGibbon was probably politically opposed to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Fitzwilliam was apparently recalled, because of his own independent actions. Fitzwilliam was known to be friendly to the Ponsonby family (he was married to one of their daughters), and was generally a Foxite liberal Whig. His close association with and patronage of Irish Whigs led by Grattan and Ponsonby during his short tenure, along with his alleged support of an immediate effort to secure Catholic emancipation in a manner not authorized by the British cabinet is probably what led to his recall. Thus, if any is to blame in the short-lived 'Fitzwilliam episode' it is the great Irish politician Henry Grattan and the Ponsonby brothers - presumably William Ponsonby, later Lord Imokilly and his brother <mask>by—not to mention Lord Fitzwilliam himself. Irish Catholics at the time and later naturally saw things very differently and blamed hardline Protestants such as FitzGibbon. Ironically, Irish Catholics and FitzGibbon agreed on one point apparently - Irish political and economic union with Great Britain (which eventually took place in 1801).Pitt had wanted Union with Ireland concomitantly with Catholic emancipation, commutation of tithes, and the endowment of the Irish Catholic priesthood. Union was opposed by most hardline Irish Protestants, as well as liberals such as Grattan. FitzGibbon had been a strong supporter of Union since 1793, but refused to have Catholic emancipation with the Union. In the end, FitzGibbon's views won out, leading to the Union of Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland without any further privileges for Ireland's Catholic majority (or for that matter, Catholics in the rest of the new United Kingdom). FitzGibbon later claimed that he had been duped by the way in which the Act was passed (by the new Viceroy Lord Cornwallis promising reforms to Irish Catholics), and was bitterly opposed to any concessions during the short remainder of his life. FitzGibbon as Lord Chancellor in the Irish Rebellion of 1798

FitzGibbon's role as Lord Chancellor of Ireland during the period of the 1798 rebellion is questionable. According to some, he supported a hardline policy which used torture, murder and massacre to crush the rebellion , or that as Lord Chancellor, he had considerable influence on military affairs, and that martial law could not have been imposed without his consent.Others allege that as Lord chancellor, he had no say in military affairs and the Encyclopædia Britannica states that he was "neither cruel nor immoderate and was inclined to mercy when dealing with individuals", however the same source also states that "(Fitzgibbon).. was a powerful supporter of a repressive policy toward Irish Catholics". Fitzgibbon's former side was displayed by sparing the lives of the captured United Irish leaders, 'State prisoners', in return for their confession of complicity and provision of information relating to the planning of the rebellion. However, this willingness of the prisoners to partake of the agreement was spurred by the execution of the brothers <mask> and Henry Sheares on 14 July 1798. In contrast to the leniency shown to the largely upper class leadership, the full weight of military repression was inflicted upon the common people throughout the years 1797–98 with untold thousands suffering imprisonment, torture, transportation and death. Fitzgibbon was inclined to show no mercy to unrepentant rebels and in October 1798 he expressed his disgust upon the capture of Wolfe Tone that he had been granted a trial and his belief that Tone should have been hanged as soon as he set foot on land. He was quick to recognise that sectarianism was a useful ally to divide the rebels and prevent the United Irishmen achieving their goal of uniting Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter, writing in June 1798; "In the North nothing will keep the rebels quiet but the conviction that where treason has broken out the rebellion is merely popish". Another anecdote is to the effect of his callousness.Supposedly, upon being informed during a debate in the Irish Parliament that innocent as well as guilty were suffering atrocities during the repression, FitzGibbon replied "Well suppose it were so..", his callous reply purportedly shocking William Pitt. FitzGibbon as a Landlord

FitzGibbon, or <mask>, was noted by some as a good, improving landlord to both his Protestant and Catholic tenants. Some claim that the tenants of his Mountshannon estate called him  "Black Jack" FitzGibbon. There is however no evidence to support this claim, although there is little to no evidence on his dealings as a landlord. Irish nationalists and others point out that while he might have been interested in the welfare of his own tenants on his own estate, he treated other Irish Catholics very differently. Without further evidence, FitzGibbon's role as a Protestant landowner in mainly Catholic Ireland is of little importance against his known dealings as Lord Chancellor. Apocryphal story about his funeral
Lord <mask> died at home, 6 Ely Place near St. Stephen's Green, Dublin on 28 January 1802 and was buried in St. Peter's Churchyard.A hero to Protestant hardliners, but despised by the majority Catholic population, his funeral cortege was the cause of a riot and there is a widespread story that a number of dead cats were thrown at his coffin as it departed Ely Place. Summary

FitzGibbon appears to have made little mark in British political history, as compared to Irish parliamentary history. His adversary Henry Grattan and the aristocratic rebel Lord Edward FitzGerald (with the other rebels of 1798) are better remembered. FitzGibbon was apparently a hardline Protestant, a landlord and a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, who naturally supported those political measures that would preserve Protestant domination of Ireland and the continued suppression of the numerically dominant Catholics in Ireland. He won his point in 1801 and its immediate aftermath, when the Irish Parliament was dissolved and Union with Great Britain was achieved - without any concessions to Catholics. In the long run, his views lost out, as subsequent British Cabinets were forced to concede full rights to Catholics in 1829 (while imposing new voting restrictions in Ireland and thus disenfranchising poorer Catholics). The Union with Great Britain, so bitterly opposed by Henry Grattan, was eventually dissolved partially more than a century later.FitzGibbon's most significant achievement (historically speaking) was probably his convincing King George III that any concessions to Catholics, whether in Great Britain or in Ireland, would mean that the King was violating his Coronation Oath. Thus, the King and his second son became staunch opponents of pro-Emancipation measures, which had to wait until both had died. In thus convincing the King (probably between 1793 and 1801), FitzGibbon's policy of repression towards Irish Catholics achieved its finest hour; in doing so, he also defeated all that Grattan and his party had worked to obtain. Furthermore, he also brought about Pitt's downfall, because Pitt had staked his own reputation on obtaining Catholic emancipation concurrently with the Act of Union. No other British Prime Minister would make such efforts for a long time. FitzGibbon thus had a negative role not only in Irish parliamentary and political history, but also in British political history. By negating all of Grattan's efforts 1787-1789 and those of Pitt in the late 1790s to 1801, FitzGibbon allowed conditions to develop that would benefit sectarian leaders and political philosophies from both religious communities.It is unclear if FitzGibbon's support of Grattan, or support for Pitt's proposals would have made much difference, given that many hardline Protestants probably felt the same way as FitzGibbon. Furthermore, the British Cabinet (not to mention the Royal Family, then far more influential politically) was itself divided on the issue for most of the period. But just as Catholic Emancipation was brought about by a Tory Prime Minister in 1829, or substantial voting reforms brought about by Disraeli and the Conservatives, thus winning support from a crucial minority of those originally opposed to either, the support of a prominent hardline Protestant leader for Catholic Emancipation might have made all the difference to Irish history. Sir Jonah Barrington's estimate of Fitzgibbon:- "His political conduct has been accounted uniform, but in detail it will be
found to have been miserably inconsistent. In 1781 he took up arms to obtain a declaration of Irish independence; in 1800, he recommended the Introduction of a military force to assist in its extinguishment; he pro¬claimed Ireland a free nation in 1783, and argued that it should be a pro¬vince in 1799; in 1782 he called the acts of the British Legislature toward*
Ireland “ a daring usurpation on the rights of a free people,"* and in 1800 he transferred Ireland to the usurper. On all occasions his ambition as despotically governed his politics, as his reason invariably sunk before his prejudice." 'The Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation' (1853)(p.9)

Titles
Baron FitzGibbon, of Lower Connello in the County of Limerick, in the Peerage of Ireland on appointment as Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1789,
Viscount FitzGibbon, of Limerick in the County of Limerick, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1793,
Earl of Clare in the Peerage of Ireland in 1795.Baron FitzGibbon, of Sidbury in the County of Devon, in the Peerage of Great Britain, in 1799. References

Sources
The Irish Act of Union - Patrick M. Geoghegan (2001)
A Volley of Execrations: the letters and papers of <mask>, earl of Clare, 1772–1802, edited by D. A. Fleming and A. P. W. Malcomson. (2004)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links

Fitzwilliam's Viceroyalty 1795
Henry Grattan's Political Career
 'The Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation'(1853), Sir Jonah Barrington. |-

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1748 births
1802 deaths
People from Donnybrook, Dublin
Earls of Clare
Lord Chancellors of Ireland
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People of the Irish Rebellion of 1798
High Sheriffs of County Limerick
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for the University of Dublin
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Limerick constituencies
Peers of Ireland created by George III
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Irish landlords
18th-century Irish landowners

masks:
John FitzGibbon
John FitzGbon
John Grove
John FitzGibbon
John Ponson
John
Clare
Clare
John Figion


title: Bhima I

type: original

texts:
The early years of his reign saw an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud, who sacked the Somnath temple. <mask> left his capital and took shelter in Kanthkot during this invasion, but after Mahmud's departure, he recovered his power and retained his ancestral territories. He crushed a rebellion by his vassals at Arbuda, and unsuccessfully tried to invade the Naddula Chahamana kingdom. Towards the end of his reign, he formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja. The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were built during <mask>'s reign. The construction of Rani ki vav is attributed to his queen Udayamati. Early life

<mask>'s father Nagaraja was a son of the Chaulukya king Chamunda-raja.Chamunda was succeeded by Nagaraja's brothers, Vallabha-raja and Durlabha-raja, in that order. Both Vallabha and Durlabha died childless. According to the 12th century author Hemachandra, Durlabha was very fond of his nephew <mask>, and appointed <mask> as his successor before his death. Durlabha and Nagaraja died soon after <mask>'s ascension to throne. Military career

Ghaznavid invasion

Early during his reign, <mask> faced an invasion by Mahmud of Ghazni, whose plunder of the Somnath temple has been described in detail by the medieval Muslim historians. According to Ali ibn al-Athir, Mahmud started out from Ghazni on 18 October 1025. At Multan, he planned his march in detail and gathered supplies.He left Multan on 26 November, with a large army well-equipped to cross the Thar desert, and reached the Chaulukya capital in December 1025 CE. According to the Muslim accounts, <mask> fled his capital Anahilapataka (called Nahrwala by the medieval Muslim historians). He took shelter in Kanthkot, allowing Mahmud to enter the Chaulukya capital unopposed. Mahmud's sudden invasion, coupled with the lack of any fortifications in Anahilapataka, may have forced <mask> to abandon his capital. Other residents of the city also appear to have evacuated it, as the Muslim historians do not mention any massacre or looting in the Chaulukya capital. Mahmud rested at Anahilapataka for a few days, replenished his supplies, and then left for Somnath. A relatively small force of 20,000 soldiers unsuccessfully tried to check Mahmud's advance at Modhera.Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Modhera Sun Temple, might have been built to commemorate this defence. The upside down inscription in the cella of the temple proper evidences the destruction and reconstruction probably shortly after 1026 CE. Mahmud then advanced to Delvada. Although the town surrendered without offering any resistance, Mahmud massacred all its residents. Finally, Mahmud's army reached Somnath on 6 January 1026 CE. The Muslim historians suggest that the town was well-defended, probably by a fort guarding the temple. According to Abu Sa'id Gardezi, the commander of the defending force fled to a nearby island.Other defenders put up a resistance, but Mahmud managed to capture the fort by 8 January. Mahmud then desecrated the temple, and looted a huge amount of wealth including jewels and silver idols. During his return journey, Mahmud came to know that a powerful Hindu king named Param Dev had gathered a large army to fight him. Gardezi, in his Kitab Zainu'l-Akhbar (c. 1048 CE), states that Mahmud chose to avoid any confrontation with this king. The invader was carrying back a large amount of looted wealth, which may have motivated him to avoid a battle. Mahmud decided to return via Mansura in Sindh, although the route connecting Gujarat and Sindh was more dangerous than the desert route to Multan. Later Muslim historians also mention this incident.The 16th century historian Firishta identified Param Dev with <mask> I, calling him the king of Nahrwala. Historian A. K. Majumdar agrees with this identification, arguing that "Param" might be a Muslim mistranscription of "Bhima". Scholars who are critical of this theory identify Param dev with the Paramara king Bhoja, who ruled the neighbouring territory of Malwa. K. N. Seth and Mahesh Singh point out that <mask> had ascended the throne recently, and was not a powerful ruler at the time of Mahmud's raid. In fact, as attested by the Muslim historians, he had fled his capital and hid in Kanthkot. The Muslim historians before Firishta, such as Gardezi and Nizamuddin Ahmad, mention the king of Nahrwala and Param Dev as two distinct kings. Unlike <mask>, Bhoja was a powerful and famous ruler at that time.Bhoja was also a Shaivite, and according to the Udaipur Prashasti, had constructed a temple dedicated to Somnath (an aspect of Shiva). Thus Mahmud's desecration of the Somnath temple in Gujarat would have motivated Bhoja to lead an army against him. Based on these evidences, several scholars identify Param Dev with Bhoja. "Param Dev" is probably a corruption of "Paramara-Deva" or of Bhoja's titles Paramabhattakara-Parameshvara. Invasion of Sindh

According to the 12th century scholar Hemachandra, who was patronized by the Chaulukyas, <mask> defeated Hammuka, a ruler of Sindh. This claim has also been repeated by the 14th century chronicler Merutunga. Hemachandra's account of <mask>'s war against Sindh goes like this: one day <mask>'s spies told him that the kings of Andhra, Pundra and Magadha obeyed him.On the other hand, Hammuka (the king of Sindhu, that is, Sindh) and Karna (the king of Chedi) not only refused to acknowledge his supremacy, but also defamed him. <mask> then marched to Sindh, bridging and crossing the Indus river in the process. He defeated Hammuka, who was forced to acknowledge his supremacy. Later, he also defeated Karna. According to the epic Mahabharata, the legendary hero <mask> defeated two other warriors: Jayadratha (the king of Sindhu Kingdom) and Karna. Hemachandra's poetic account compares <mask> I to his legendary namesake, because the Chaulukya king had also defeated the king of Sindhu and Karna (the king of Chedi). There is no epigraphic evidence of <mask> having defeated the king of Sindh.In absence of any corroborating evidence, the historical accuracy of this account is uncertain. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that Hammuka might have been a descendant of the Saindhava dynasty, which probably originated from Sindh. This dynasty is known to have last ruled western Saurashtra in 915 CE. Like Hammuka, the names of its rulers ended in -ka: Ranaka, Jaika and Agguka. Paramaras of Arbuda

The Paramara branch of Arbuda had been feudatories of the Chaulukyas since Mularaja's reign. However, sometime before 1031 CE, the Abu Paramara ruler Dhandhuka rebelled against <mask>. <mask> defeated him, and appointed Vimala as the new dandapati (governor) of Arbuda.Vimala commissioned the shrine of Adinatha at Mount Abu in 1031 CE, so Dhandhuka's rebellion must have happened before this year. Dhandhuka took shelter with Bhoja, the Paramara king of Malwa. According to Jinaprabha Suri's Tirtha Kalpa, <mask> later restored Dhandhuka as his vassal. A 1042 CE inscription of Dhandhuka's son Purnapala states that he was ruling over Arbuda-mandala as a Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings"), after having defeated his enemy. This suggests that the Paramaras of Arbuda may have again rebelled against Bhima's authority. However, the area was back under Bhima's control by 1062 CE, as attested by an inscription of Vimala. Paramaras of Bhinmal

Bhima defeated and imprisoned Krishna-deva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Bhinmal.However, the Naddula Chahamanas defeated <mask>, and freed Krishna-deva. This is attested by the Sundha Hill inscription of the Chahamanas. Subsequently, Krishna-deva ruled independent of Bhima; his inscriptions describe him as a Maharajadhiraja. Chahamanas of Naddula

The Chahamanas of Naddula ruled the territory to the north of the Chaulukya kingdom. According to their Sundha Hill inscription, the Chahamana king Ahila defeated <mask>. Ahila probably repulsed an invasion from Bhima. The Sundha Hill inscription as well as another Chahamana inscription state that the later king Anahilla also defeated the elephant force of <mask>.Anahilla is also said to have destroyed <mask>'s army and captured a large part of his territory. His sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja also took part in the war against <mask>. Balaprasada forced <mask> to release Krishna-deva (the Paramara ruler of Bhimal) from the prison. Jendraraja defeated <mask>'s force at Shanderaka (modern Sanderao). The location of the battles suggests that <mask> was the aggressor in this war, and the Chahamanas repulsed his invasion. The war continued during the reign of <mask>'s successor Karna. Paramaras of Malwa

Bhima formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and played a significant role in the downfall of Bhoja, the Paramara dynasty of Malwa.This achievement has been recorded by several Chaulukya chroniclers and inscriptions. The most detailed account of the rivalry between <mask> and Bhoja is given by the 14th century chronicler Merutunga. However, it is hard to separate the historical truth from fiction in Merutunga's legendary account, which goes like this: <mask> and Bhoja were initially friends, but Bhoja made a plan to invade Gujarat. When <mask>'s spy informed him about Bhoja's plan, <mask> sent his ambassador Damara to Bhoja's court. Damara instigated Bhoja to attack the Chalukyas of Kalyani, who had killed the earlier Paramara ruler Munja. Thus, Damara managed to divert Bhoja's attention away from Bhima's kingdom. While Bhoja was facing a war with the Kalyani Chalukyas, Damara lied to him that <mask> had also started a march against him.This worried Bhoja, who begged Damara to convince <mask> to abandon his march towards Malwa. Damara agreed to do so if Bhoja gifted <mask> an elephant couple, which Bhoja did. Merutunga further states that while <mask> was engaged in a war against the king of Sindh, Bhoja's digambara general Kulachandra sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka. Subsequently, Merutunga mentions several incidents that suggest that the two kings maintained diplomatic ties. One day, while Bhoja was worshipping his family deity at a temple on the outskirts of his capital Dhara, the goddess warned him that he was surrounded by enemy soldiers. Bhoja was nearly killed by the Gujarati soldiers Aluya and Koluya, but managed to escape. Merutunga finally describes Bhoja's death as follows: One day, the Kalachuri king Karna challenged Bhoja to a war or a temple-building contest.Bhoja chose the second option, and lost the contest to Karna. However, Bhoja refused to acknowledge Karna's supremacy. As a result, Karna invaded Malwa from the east, supported by 136 vassals. He also asked <mask> to invade Malwa from the east. Bhoja died of a disease, as these two kings invaded his kingdom. After his death, Karna captured his capital and all his wealth. According to Merutunga, it was Karna who captured Dhara after Bhoja's death.Other Chaulukya chroniclers claim that <mask> captured Dhara. It is possible that <mask> raided Dhara at a later date. One particular chronicle Kirti-Kaumudi claims that <mask> captured Bhoja, but generously released him and spared his life. This is not corroborated by historical evidence. Kalachuris of Tripuri

Bhima and the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna remained allies until Bhoja's death. Subsequently, there seems to have been a dispute between them over sharing the spoils of their victory. The Chaulukya chroniclers claim that <mask> subdued Karna easily, but such claims are of little historical value.The 12th century writer Hemachandra claims that <mask> sent his ambassador Damodara to Karna, demanding his share of the Paramara assets. Damodara's description of <mask>'s power scared Karna, who started praising <mask> and gifted him Bhoja's golden throne. The 14th century chronicler Merutunga claims that <mask> demanded half of Bhoja's kingdom from Karna. When Karna refused, <mask>'s ambassador Damara entered Karna's palace with 32 foot soldiers and abducted Karna as the Kalachuri king slept. Karna ultimately made peace by surrendering a golden shrine to <mask>. These accounts by the Chaulukya chroniclers appear to be historically inaccurate, as Karna was too powerful to be subdued by an ambassador of <mask>. Hemachandra does not mention <mask>'s conflict with Bhoja at all, and <mask>'s allies named by him in the struggle against Karna are all fictitious.Merutunga's account seems to be derived partly from Hemachandra's Dvyashraya and partly from Kirti-Kaumudi. That said, there is some historical evidence of a conflict between <mask> and Karna. Karna's Rewa stone inscription claims that when he approached the Gurjara country (that is, <mask>'s kingdom of Gujarat), the Gurjara women shed tears and became widows. It is possible that <mask> gained some advantage over Karna, after the Kalachuris were decisively defeated by the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara I. Personal life

<mask>'s queen was Udayamati. According to Hemachandra, he had three sons: Mularaja, Kshemaraja, and Karna. Mularaja died during <mask>'s lifetime, and Kshemaraja rejected the throne.As a result, Karna succeeded <mask>. Merutunga, on the other hand, states that <mask>'s three sons were Mularaja, Karna and Haripala. Of these, Haripala was born of a courtesan named Bakuladevi. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that Merutunga's account appears to be more accurate, since voluntary rejections of thrones were very rare. Hemachandra, who was a royal courtier, probably wanted to avoid mentioning the illegitimate son Haripala, and therefore, glossed over the genealogy. Temples and constructions

Merutunga states that he built Tripurushaprasada temple at Anahilapataka (now Patan) for merit of his deceased son. He also built Bhimeshwara and Bhattarika Bhiruani temples.He rebuilt Somnath Temple after its destruction by Ghazni. Merutunga credits Udayamati with excavating a reservoir at Anahilapataka; this tank is said to have been better than the Sahastralinga Tank in the town. According to popular tradition, she also commissioned the Rani ki vav (Queen's stepwell). His minister and later governor of Chandravati, Vimala built Adinath Jain temple, one of the Dilwara Temples, on Mount Abu during the last years of <mask>'s reign. He had also built one more temple at Patan and Vimala Vasahi on Shatrunjaya (renovated in 17th century). The Modhera Sun Temple (1026-27 CE) except its Rangamandapa and tank was reconstructed during <mask>'s reign. Bhaktamarastrotra Vritti (1370 CE) and Ratnamandira's Upadeshatarangini (c. 15th century) mentions the construction of Adinatha and Parshwanatha temples by Shreshthi Jhinah at Dhavalakka (Dholka) during this period.Vagheshwari/Khambhalai Mata temple at Dhinoj in Patan district was built during the same period as Modhera Sun temple. Achaleshwara Mahadev and Jagannatha temples on Mount Abu were contemporary of Adinath temple. Limboji Mata temple at Delmal in north Gujarat is also of the same period. The small shrine of Someshwara at Gorad near Mehsana; Shiva temple and Sanderi Mata temple at Sander in Patan district belongs to 11th century. A ruined shrine in Mulamadhavpura in Saurashtra is contemporary of Shiva temple at Sander. Pankhnath Mahadev and the early surviving parts of Ambika temples at Khedbrahma are also of this period. The large marble temple of Mahavira (1062 CE), of five Jain temples at Kumbhariya, is the last major temple of this period.The vase-and-foliage pillars and lintels of a temple of this period at Patan is reused in the inlet sluice chamber of Khan Sarovar. The Tanka Mosque in Dholka has four decorated bhadraka pillars reused from a small shrine of this age. The badly renovated Sun temple and another temple dedicated to Daityasudana Vishnu at Prabhas Patan also belongs to this period. Ankol Mata stepwell at Davad and Mata Bhavani's Stepwell in Ahmedabad belonged to the third quarter of the 11th century. References

Bibliography

11th-century Indian monarchs
12th-century Indian monarchs
Chaulukya dynasty
Hindu monarchs

masks: Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima Bhima


title: Lillian Nordica

texts:
<mask> (December 12, 1857 – May 10, 1914) was an American opera singer who had a major stage career in Europe and her native country. Nordica established herself as one of the foremost dramatic sopranos of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She had a powerful yet flexible voice and the ability to perform an unusually wide range of roles in the German, French and Italian operatic repertoires. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1857 in a small Cape Cod style farmhouse built by her grandfather on a hill in Farmington, Maine. In her youth, Norton is said to have possessed an inherent fondness for music and the sounds of singing birds and running brooks. When she was eight her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts to continue the musical education of her sister Wilhelmina. Wilhelmina died before her 18th birthday.Family hopes were then pinned on <mask>, and her musical education began soon thereafter. She trained as a singer in Boston, graduating from the New England Conservatory in that city at the age of 18. Career
She made her public debut at the conservatory as a soloist with the Handel and Haydn Society. Convinced that she could forge a successful career as a professional performer, Norton travelled to Italy and put a final bel canto polish on her vocalism through study in Milan. "Nordica", a stage name, was bestowed by an Italian maestro at the beginning of her operatic career. He convinced her that European opera-goers would not tolerate a diva with a plain sounding, Anglo-American name. The adopted name, Giglia Nordica, meant "Lily of the North", but she soon became known as "Madame Nordica" or simply as "Nordica".As Madame Nordica, she made her operatic debut at Brescia in 1879. She achieved a high rank among the international prima donnas of her era, appearing in many major musical venues in Western Europe and Russia. She sang for example at The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1887-93 and performed at the Bayreuth Festival in Germany in 1894 as Elsa in Lohengrin. In her native America she was particularly associated with the Metropolitan Opera in New York, where her frequent stage partner was the cultured Polish tenor Jean de Reszke. She sang at the Met from 1891 until 1910, with some breaks in between. By all accounts Nordica possessed an extremely big, agile and pure-toned soprano voice which she was prepared to use unstintingly. (See, for instance, Michael Scott, The Record of Singing, Volume One, pp.38–40.) An adventurous artist, she embraced an enormously varied repertoire which included, among many other works, Aida, Wagner's Ring Cycle (as Brünnhilde), Tristan und Isolde, Lohengrin, La traviata, Il trovatore, La Gioconda, Faust, Les Huguenots, Mignon and Le nozze di Figaro. She established her worldwide reputation as an opera singer of the first magnitude despite facing powerful competition during her career from a number of other outstanding dramatic sopranos. Her main rivals included Lilli Lehmann, Rosa Sucher, Katharina Klafsky, Milka Ternina, Therese Malten, Johanna Gadski, Félia Litvinne, Olive Fremstad, Anna von Mildenburg and Emmy Destinn. She wrote a treatise called Hints to Singers. A copy is appended to her Yankee Diva biography. By 1913, Nordica's voice and health were in decline.This did not prevent her from embarking misguidedly on a strenuous tour to Australia. She nearly missed the ship leaving Sydney on her return, but wired the captain asking him to wait for her. It would prove to be a fatal mistake. The Tasman hit a coral reef, where it remained for three days, and Nordica suffered hypothermia (exposure) from which she never recovered. She was taken to Thursday Island, Queensland, where she was hospitalised for some time. There she befriended a small American boy who was taken ill while on a different vessel passing through Torres Strait. After his death, Nordica installed a gravestone in the local cemetery in his memory.She was well enough on Thursday Island to make a new will, which disinherited her husband. (The Australian poet and novelist Thomas Shapcott dramatised these events in his 1998 novel Theatre of Darkness.) She was then transferred to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). She lingered for months, seeming to improve, only to fail again. She died of pneumonia on May 10, 1914 in Batavia. Recordings
Nordica made a number of acoustic discs for Columbia Records. They were recorded comparatively late in her career, however, and are of a poor technical standard.Nevertheless, they do indicate her considerable range as a singer, for she is able to perform both coloratura showpieces (such as "Io son Titania" from Mignon) and dramatic Wagnerian solos (such as "Mild und leise" from Tristan und Isolde). Her best known record is probably that of a demanding aria from the Hungarian opera Hunyadi Laszlo by Ferenc Erkel, which she cut in 1907. Nordica can be also heard briefly in some of the Mapleson Cylinders that were recorded during actual performances at the Metropolitan Opera House during the first few years of the 20th century. The sound of these cylinders is primitive but the impressive size of Nordica's voice can be better appreciated as it rings out in a theatre acoustic. A CD of her gramophone and cylinder recordings was released by Marston Records in 2003, complete with extensive liner notes dealing with Nordica's voice and career (see below). Folklore
At the University of Maine at Farmington, it is established folklore among students that Nordica's ghost inhabits the auditorium that bears her name. Personal life and legacy
Nordica's successful operatic career contrasted with her disastrous personal life.Nordica wed three times. in 1878. Oil on panel, 61 x 40 in. Presently in the collection of the Nordica Memorial Association, Farmington, Maine

In 1882, she retired from the stage to marry Frederick A. Gower, whom she sued for divorce in 1885, but who disappeared at about the time of the suit, probably having been killed in a balloon accident. Her second marriage was in 1896 to a Hungarian tenor named Zoltán Döhme. He took the title role in Parsifal at Bayreuth in 1894. She obtained a divorce from him in 1904.Her third marriage was in 1909 to a wealthy New York banker, George W. Young, but like the previous two unions, it proved unhappy. Her birthplace in Farmington, Maine, is today the Nordica Memorial Homestead, a museum and historic site. Nordica Auditorium in Merrill Hall at the University of Maine at Farmington is named after her. References

Bibliography

Attribution

Further reading
 Kennebec Maine Journal, Music, Augusta, Maine, Historical Series, VI of VI, October 23, 1976, Page 7. Syracuse Herald, <mask>a's Voice is Stilled by Death on Other Side of the Globe, Far From Her Friends, Monday Evening, May 11, 1914, Page 5. The Great Singers, by Henry Pleasants, fourth edition (Macmillan Publishing, London, 1983). The Record of Singing, Volume One, by Michael Scott (Duckworth, London, 1977).External links

 Nordica Memorial Association and Nordica Homestead Museum, Farmington, Maine
 Marston Records has reissued all the known Lillian Nordica recordings on a CD set. Slide show of images related to <mask>a from the Maine Memory Network
 <mask> Nordica, North American Theater Online, Bio and photos
 Haunt in The University of Maine at Farmington 116 South St Farmington, Me 04938 Farmington, MAINE Franklin Haunt

1857 births
1914 deaths
American operatic sopranos
People from Farmington, Maine
19th-century American women opera singers
American stage actresses
Deaths from pneumonia in Indonesia
University of Maine at Farmington
New England Conservatory alumni

masks:
Lillian Nordica
Lillian Allen Norton
Lillian
Lillian Nordic
Lillian Nordic
Lillian


title: Richard Newport (died 1570)

texts:
<mask> (by 1511–12 September 1570) was an English landowner and politician of Shropshire origin, prominent regionally during the mid-Tudor and early Elizabethan periods . Background

<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> of High Ercall, Shropshire, and Anne Corbet, the daughter of Sir Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet and his wife, Elizabeth Vernon. The <mask>s were one of the leading families in Shropshire, a county dominated throughout the 16th century by its landed gentry, although they had land in several other counties. <mask> himself greatly expanded the Newports' wealth. John Leland observed that "This man, and Mitton of Cotton by Shrobsbyri had Syr John Boroues landes in Shropshir and Warwik." This partnership is confirmed by land records showing, for example, that <mask> and Mitton, together with John Lingen, their cousin and Sir John Burgh's grandson, sold their interest in Burgh's wood at Stirchley in 1501 to another cousin, Sir Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough. Newport also inherited land in Kent from Henry Grey, 4th (7th) Baron Grey of Codnor.The Corbets were another of the group of powerful gentry families that dominated the county. Anne Corbet's brothers, Roger, <mask> and Reginald, were all major landowners with numerous connections at court and, at various times, MPs. Both <mask> and Reginald were prominent members of the powerful Council in the Marches of Wales, and Reginald a Justice of the King's Bench: both were considerably younger than their sister Anne, and probably not older than their nephew <mask>. Education

Newport was admitted to the Inner Temple by its ruling parliament on 7 May 1525. The date of Newport's admission to the Inner Temple is the main guide to his date of birth. The parliament noted that he had paid a fine of 26s 8d or two marks to be excused holding any office at his Inn or having to attend during the vacations, these being the vacation periods at the law courts, when important academic lectures and discussions were scheduled for the students. This suggests that his legal education was never intended to be at a professional level, but simply the rudiments useful to a future landowner and local politician.Nevertheless, it was an important source of contacts: Newport was to have close social and political links with other Inner Templars throughout his career. Career

A fortunate marriage

<mask> began to make his mark politically even before he succeeded to the family estates. Some time in the 1540s he married Margaret Bromley, the daughter of Sir Thomas Bromley, a prominent member of the Inner Temple and a Justice of the King's Bench, later Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Bromley had profited greatly both from his legal practice and from property speculation in partnership with the immensely rich merchant Sir Rowland Hill, the first known Protestant to become Lord Mayor of London. The pair had invested heavily in lands made available by the dissolution of the monasteries, especially the large estates of Shrewsbury Abbey. As Margaret was the only child and heir to Bromley's fortune, Newport had expectation of gaining lands across five counties to add to his patrimony. Henry VIII trusted Bromley, making him an executor of his will.On the king's death in 1547, Thomas Bromley became a member of the regency council of the boy successor, Edward VI, although he kept his distance from the political in-fighting within the council. This added access to the highest circles of government to Newport's power base among the local gentry – a factor confirmed by his own father being pricked as High Sheriff of Shropshire for 1549-50. MP for Shropshire

<mask> was elected to represent Shropshire in the House of Commons of England in 1547, taking the second seat, after Sir George Blount. This was the first parliament of the reign of Edward VI and lasted until April 1552, sitting through the momentous changes of the most radical phase of the English Reformation. Blount was a friend and supporter of the avowedly-Protestant John Dudley, despite his own Catholic commitment. It is known that Blount supported and profited from further secularisation of church lands, including the chantries. However, nothing is known of Newport's parliamentary contribution.He was paid 13d. in 1549 by Shrewsbury's bailiffs on returning from Norfolk, which suggests that he, like Blount, was involved in the campaign to suppress Kett's Rebellion. In 1551, <mask> died and <mask> succeeded to his estates. Although a large landowner, Thomas had been forced to set aside two thirds of his valuable estate at Bickmarsh, then in Warwickshire, in trust to yield funds for the marriage of <mask>'s sisters, Ursula and Katherine – a process expected to take about ten years. The remaining third, in addition to estates around Newport, Shropshire, he used to set up his younger sons with homes and estates for life. This still left £100 to find for Elizabeth, <mask>'s youngest sister. Although a considerable part of his wealth was potential rather than actual, <mask> was made sheriff of his native county immediately after inheriting.In 1553 he was made commissioner for the goods of churches and fraternities in Shropshire, so he was certainly prepared to profit from the dissolution of church institutions. <mask> was in good standing with the regime, throughout changes in leadership, but this gives little indication of his true political and religious inclinations. As the example of his colleague Blount shows, personal loyalties and interests might affect actions more than ideology. One clue to <mask>'s probably evolving beliefs is that he owned a copy of Edward Hall's chronicle of the Wars of the Roses and early Tudor period, entitled The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke. This appeared in 1548, after the author's death, and is notable for its anti-clerical tone, especially in the sections on what Hall regarded as the abuses of Cardinal Wolsey's ascendancy. Hall supported the breach with the Papacy and placed great emphasis on submission to royal power, which seems to accord with <mask>'s own inclinations. Only occasionally, however, did he express his Protestant loyalties explicitly, as in a passage dealing with the death of William Tyndale in which he wrote with approval of the role of Martin Luther.Hall seems to have had some links with Shropshire, as he was MP for Much Wenlock and Bridgnorth. <mask>'s copy of his chronicle, containing annotations sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare, is now in the Library at Eton College, Windsor. Under Queen Mary

<mask> seems to have accepted the political and religious twists and turns of the mid-Tudor period, and it is impossible to know with what reluctance. He did not sit in any of Mary's parliaments. However, he was made a Justice of the Peace in 1554 and chosen as High Sheriff of Shropshire again in 1557. His father-in-law, Chief Justice Bromley, had died in 1555, giving Newport some access to his great wealth, so he was now one of the richest and most influential men in the county. However, there were plenty of Catholics to choose from, so he must have seemed trustworthy to the Catholic regime to be honoured and empowered with the shrievalty.As sheriff, Newport was a contracting party or returning officer in not only the elections for the county constituency, but also the Shropshire borough seats. For the last parliament of the reign, which assembled in January 1558, he oversaw, and probably influenced, the return of his wife's second cousins, George Bromley at Much Wenlock, and Thomas Bromley, the future Lord Chancellor, at Bridgnorth. Both were members of the Inner Temple and favourites of the late chief justice. One of the county seats was taken by Newport's uncle, <mask>. All three seem to have been Protestants by inclination, but not openly so at the time. Elizabethan period

Newport was close to the end of his shrievalty when Mary died on 17 November 1558. Evidently he was in London at the time and travelled back to Shropshire to ensure Elizabeth I was properly acclaimed as queen.This he did at Much Wenlock on 25 November, although a public proclamation had actually already occurred on the day of Mary's death. Sir Thomas Botelar or Butler, the vicar of Much Wenlock, recorded in his parish register:
And upon St Catherines day, as Sir Thomas Botelar Vicar of this Church of the Holy Trinity of Moch Wenlock was going toward the Altar to celebration of the Mass, Mr. <mask> of High Ercal Esqr then being Sheriff of Salop, coming late from London, came unto me and bad me that I after the Offertorie should come down into the Body of the Church, and unto the people there being, should say these words in open audience and loud voice. Friends ye shall pray for the prosperous estate of our most noble Queen Elizabeth, by the Grace of God Queen of England France and Ireland, defender of the faith, and for this I desire you every man and woman to say that Pater Noster with ave Maria. Having compelled the congregation to offer distinctively Catholic prayers for the Protestant queen, <mask> then went out into the market square and ordered Elizabeth's accession to be proclaimed again. This very public show of support

masks:
Sir Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Thomas Newport
Newport
Thomas Newport
Newport
Richard
Richard
Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Thomas Newport
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Richard Corbet
Richard Newport
Newport


title: Richard Newport (died 1570)

texts:
 heralded a final decade of apparently whole-hearted support for the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. In 1560, <mask>, now in his 50s, served in Scotland under William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton, taking part in the Siege of Leith. He was knighted by Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk on 21 July at Berwick-upon-Tweed, as the army returned, after the Treaty of Edinburgh secured an end to French intervention in Scotland.In 1564, when the bishops were ordered by the Privy Council to vet the local justices, Thomas Bentham, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, consulted on the Shropshire bench with <mask>, his cousin Andrew Corbet and George Leigh, the Bailiff of Shrewsbury. They were able to supply a list of those "meet to continue in office," including themselves and a number of relatives. Asked to for those who were learned in the law as well as reliable Protestants, they named Reginald Corbet and George Bromley. As an entirely reliable regional supporter of the regime, it was inevitable that <mask> would be appointed to the Council in the Marches of Wales, although the date of this is uncertain. He was also selected as sheriff of the county again for 1568-9, thus occupying the post under each of Henry VIII's children. Death

<mask> made his will on 11 September 1570 and died the following day. Shrewsbury's chronicle, giving a different date, reported:
This yeare and the xviijth of September 1570 one Syr Rychard <mask> a valiant knyght of Shropshire and of a pryncely personage dysceassyd for whose deathe there was mutche mone made in Shrosberye.Newport's will begins with an exemplary Protestant declaration of faith:
First and principally, I yield up my soul into the merciful hands of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, believing assuredly to be saved only through God’s mercy purchased for me by the death and bloodshedding of Jesus Christ, God and man, my only Saviour and Redeemer, & by no other means. Newport named his widow and eldest son, Francis as executors, while George and Thomas Bromley, described as cousins, were made supervisors. Margaret Bromley was given considerable responsibility in meeting Newport's obligations to his children as, despite his great wealth, he did not have the spare money to meet the full costs of the daughter's marriages or the sons' educations. He was forced to assign a large part of his High Ercall estate to this purpose for eight years, charging Margaret Bromley with managing the lands appropriately. He was anxious that his daughters, Isabel and Elizabeth, already married, should have their marriage money available as soon as their fathers-in-law had arranged their jointures. He was very generous to all his servants, ordering that all should receive a whole year's pay in addition to any outstanding from the current year. Some were given considerably more, including Jockey, a servant who had returned with him from the Scottish campaign, who was to receive £13 6s.8d., and Margaret Gibbons, his maid, who was allotted £6 13s. 4d. Cash sums were given to his brothers, brothers-in-law and sons. George Bromley was given first choice of his geldings and William Gratwood, who had married his daughter Mary, was to take the best of the remainder. <mask> asked to be buried in the parish church at Wroxeter, near the tomb of his wife's parents. This request was met. He was given a large altar tomb, on the south side of the chancel, with brilliantly coloured effigies of himself, in full Elizabethan armour, and his wife, Margaret.Marriage and family

<mask>'s marriage to Margaret, the daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Bromley of Eyton on Severn, Wroxeter, and Shrewsbury, produced at least the eight children who are depicted on their tomb. They had four sons, including the heir, <mask> (died 1623), and four daughters. Sir <mask>, the eldest son and heir, married Beatrix Lacon. Their son and heir was
<mask>, 1st Baron <mask>, whose title was a reward from Charles I for his financial support at the beginning of the English Civil War. His heir was:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Bradford, an important regional supporter of Charles II but later a Whig who sought to exclude James II and was temporarily barred from public life himself. <mask>, the fourth son, was MP for Shrewsbury
<mask>, married William Gratwood or Gratewood, nephew of Rowland Hill, the first Protestant Lord Mayor of London. The entry for the Newports in the Visitation of Shropshire features Mary twice, initially as a sister of Sir <mask>, and only afterwards as a daughter.Placing her as a sister of Sir <mask> seems more plausible chronologically, but there is no mention of a daughter called Mary in the will of <mask>. <mask>'s will definitely names William Gratwood as a son-in-law, which seems conclusive, but oddly never mentions Mary as Gratwood's wife, although all the other daughters are named. This is probably because Mary was considerably older and her marriage was settled well before. Green names Ralph Sneyd, uncle of Elizabeth Trentham, Countess of Oxford, as her second husband. He was a Staffordshire landowner who was High Sheriff of the county twice. <mask> married Sir Charles Foxe, whose father of the same name was a member of the Inner Temple, MP for Ludlow and Much Wenlock and secretary to the Council in the Marches. The son bitterly and unsuccessfully contested his father's will, which provided for an illegitimate son and children of his second marriage.<mask> married in turn two cousins: Francis Lawley and Thomas Lawley. The first marriage produced the line of Lawley baronets. Magdelen <mask>, married in turn <mask> (d.1596) and Sir John Danvers (c.1585-1655), and was mother of the poet George Herbert. She was a friend of poets, including John Donne. Margaret Bromley long survived her husband. <mask> had arranged, as part of her jointure, for her to receive estates in Pembrokeshire and Worcestershire, as well as at Shifnal. <mask> had also bought for her land at Cound and Cressage for her from Sir John Lyttelton   She died in 1598 and it was only at this point that her large estates were formally handed over to her son, Francis.Family tree: descendants of <mask>

The main lines of descent from <mask> and Margaret Bromley are shown on the following family tree. Based on the Newport pedigree in the Visitation of Shropshire, with details from History of Parliament Online. Notes

References
Mary Bateson (ed) (1893). A collection of original letters from the bishops to the Privy Council, 1564 in The Camden Miscellany, Volume the Ninth, Camden Society, 1895, accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. G C Baugh, C R Elrington (Editors), A P Baggs, D C Cox, Jessie McFall, P A Stamper, A J L Winchester (1985). A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 11: Telford, Institute of Historical Research. Accessed 27 June 2014.Bernard Burke (1879).A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, 6th ed., Volume II, Harrison. Accessed 2 July 2014 at Internet Archive. W.G.D. Fletcher (1911). Shropshire Parish Registers: Diocese of Lichfield, Volume XI, Shropshire Parish Register Society. Accessed 1 July 2014 at Internet Archive. George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889).The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part I by Robert Tresswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant of arms; marshals and deputies to William Camden, Clarenceux king of arms. With additions from the pedigrees of Shropshire gentry taken by the heralds in the years 1569 and 1584, and other sources, Harleian Society. Accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part II. Harleian Society. Accessed 14 March 2014 at Internet Archive.Nina Green (transcriber and translator) (2007). Testamentum Ricardi Newporte militis (Will of Sir <mask>), The National Archives Prob 11/53, f.290. Accessed 1 July 2014 at the Oxford Authorship Site. Nina Green (transcriber and translator) (2007). Testamentum Thome <mask>e (Will of <mask>), The National Archives Prob 11/34, f.112. Accessed 1 July 2014 at the Oxford Authorship Site. Edward Hall (1809 edition).Hall's Chronicle, Johnson, Rivington, et al. Accessed 2 July 2014 at Internet Archive. Frederick Andrew Inderwick (editor) (1896). A Calendar of the Inner Temple Records, Volume 1, Inner Temple, accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. W.A. Leighton (ed.) (1880).Early Chronicles of Shrewsbury 1372-1603 in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (Series 1), Volume 3. W.A. Leighton (ed.) (1883), accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. The Register of Thomas Botelar, Vicar of Much Wenlock in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (Series 1), Volume 6, accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. William A. Shaw (1906). The Knights of England, volume 2, Sherratt and Hughes.Accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. Lucy Toulmin Smith (ed) (1906). The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland, George Bell and Sons, accessed 27 June 2014 at Internet Archive. 1570 deaths
High Sheriffs of Shropshire
Year of birth uncertain
English MPs

masks:
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Newport
Francis Newport
Francis Newport
Richard Newport
Newport
Francis Newport
Andrew Newport
Mary Newport
Richard
Richard
Thomas Newport
Richard Newport
Isabel Newport
Elizabeth Newport
Newport
Richard Herbert
Thomas Newport
Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Richard Newport
Newport
Thomas Newport


title: Theodore G. Ellyson

texts:
<mask>, USN (27 February 1885 – 27 February 1928), nicknamed "Spuds", was the first United States Navy officer designated as an aviator ("Naval Aviator No. 1"). Ellyson served in the experimental development of aviation in the years before and after World War I. He also spent several years before the war as part of the Navy's new submarine service. A recipient of the Navy Cross for his antisubmarine service in World War I, <mask> died in 1928 when his aircraft crashed over the Chesapeake Bay. Early life and pre-aviation naval career
Born in Richmond, Virginia, <mask> entered the United States Naval Academy in 1901 and graduated with the class of 1905. During the five years following his graduation, he served on USS Texas and ; as Watch and Division Officer of USS Pennsylvania and later USS Colorado; and on USS West Virginia, USS Rainbow, and USS Shark on the Asiatic Station.After his return to the United States in April 1910, he commanded the USS Tarantula until November of that year, and then had duty in connection with fitting out the submarine USS Seal at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. He commanded her briefly after her commissioning on 2 December 1910. Naval Aviator Number One

In December 1910, <mask> was ordered to North Island, San Diego, California for instruction in aviation under <mask>s. While at an Aero Club show on 28 January 1911 near the flight school, Ellyson took off in a Curtiss "grass cutter" plane to become the first Naval aviator. With a blocked throttle, this ground plane was not supposed to fly, and Ellyson was not proficient enough to fly. He slewed off left, cracking up the plane somewhat by making a wing-first landing. However, Ellyson was not injured and from then on he was considered to have made his first flight on this date.He also cooperated with Curtiss in the design of a pontoon for aircraft, and after Curtiss' first flight on 27 January 1911, Ellyson went up with Curtiss in February to become the first passenger to go aloft in a floatplane. Later that month, he participated in experiments demonstrating the potential use of floatplanes from ships, when the aircraft was hoisted on board  and subsequently lowered to the water for its return flight to North Island. LT <mask> became first aviator in history to qualify as a pilot according to Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) standards in a flight over water. In the presence of a committee of the Aero Club of America, he was required to fly five figure eights around two flags buoyed 1500 feet apart and land within 150 feet of an established mark. This course had to be completed twice. When Ellyson qualified, he landed directly alongside his mark, a white flag buoyed by a bottle. His second landing was within ten feet of his first.The test also required the prospective aviator to climb to a minimum altitude of 150 ft (officially 50 meters). Ellyson made this twice on his test. On September 7, 1911, LT <mask>, in the Navy model A-1 Triad, slid down 150ft on a wire cable at Hammondsport, New York from a platform 25 ft high, and was safely launched out over Keuka Lake. From the time Ellyson began instruction in aviation until 29 April 1913, he devoted all of his time to active flying and experimental work in aviation. This included the establishment of Naval Aviation Camps at Annapolis in September 1911 when, with then-Lieutenant John H. Towers, he flew an aircraft from Annapolis to Milford Haven, Virginia, a nonstop distance record for float planes. World War I service
In 1917, he had duty at the Naval Academy and with the midshipmen on cruise on USS Wyoming and . On 14 February 1918, he was detached for duty at the Submarine Chaser Base, New London, Connecticut, and in June arrived in London for duty with a submarine chaser squadron at U.S.Naval Base 27 at Plymouth. <mask> was awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service in World War I for his development of successful tactics for the submarine chaser squadron. Postwar service and death
Following the Armistice in 1918, he remained in the European Area, commanding Nucleus Crew 14 (zeppelin) from March to May 1919. Upon his return to the United States, he assisted in fitting out the destroyer USS J. Fred Talbott at William Cramp and Sons, and served on that vessel as commanding officer from the time of her commissioning in June 1919 until July 1920. During the next five months, he commanded the USS Little and USS Brooks. On 10 January 1921, he was ordered to Hampton Roads, Virginia, to serve for eight months as executive officer of the Naval Air Station, Naval Operating Base. The Bureau of Aeronautics was established in the Navy Department on 1 September 1921, and on 21 October, Commander <mask> became head of the plans division of that bureau.He remained in that assignment until December 1922, when he became the aviation member of the U.S. Naval Mission to Brazil, cooperating in the reorganization of the Brazilian Navy. He returned to the Bureau of Aeronautics in May 1925. On 20 July 1925, he assumed command of Torpedo Squadron 1 and from March to June 1926 was executive officer of USS Wright, a seaplane tender. On 23 June 1926, he was ordered to duty in connection with the fitting out of USS Lexington, the Navy's second aircraft carrier, and was on board when she was placed in commission. Commander <mask> was killed on 27 February 1928, his 43rd birthday, in the crash of a Loening OL-7  aircraft in the lower Chesapeake Bay while on a night flight from Norfolk, Virginia, to Annapolis, Maryland. His body washed ashore and was recovered in April 1928.He was buried in the Naval Academy Cemetery, in Annapolis. Legacy
In 1941, the destroyer USS <mask> was named in his honor. The vessel was launched on 25 July 1941 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Kearny, New Jersey, and sponsored by the commander's daughter, Miss <mask>. The ship was commissioned on 28 November 1941 with Lieutenant Commander J.B. Rooney in command. In 1961, <mask> was designated the recipient of the Gray Eagle Award for the period 1911 to 1928, when he was the senior active Naval Aviator. In 1964, <mask> was enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. On 7 October 2019, the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland dedicated an airpark complete with an F-14A, EA-6B, A-4A, and F-4J as Ellyson Park.<mask> is buried only a short distance away. References

<mask>, Roy et al. "PART 1. A Few Pioneers 1898-1916." Chapter in United States Naval Aviation 1910-1995. 4th edition. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997.External links
Collections of <mask>'s papers
Register of <mask>'s papers at the Library of Congress
Papers of <mask><mask>, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
Californians and the Military: <mask> <mask>, Commander, U.S.N. : "Submariner" and "Naval Aviator Number One" - from the California Military Museum
USS Ellyson (DD-454) - Dictionary of American Fighting Ships entry, from the Naval Historical Center
<mask> biography from the First Flight Society

1885 births
1928 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
United States Naval Aviators
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia
Submariners
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery
American aviation record holders

masks:
Theodore Gordon Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Glenn Curtis
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Gordon Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Ellyson
Grossnick
Ellyson
Ellyson
Theodore G
. Ellyson
Theodore Gordon
Ellyson
Ellyson


title: Joseph Kinghorn

texts:
<mask> (1766–1832) was an English particular Baptist and a life-long minister of St. Mary's Baptist Church in Norwich. <mask> was born at Gateshead-on-Tyne, County Durham, on 17 January 1766. His father, <mask> (3 October 1737 – 18 February 1822) was a shoemaker and Baptist preacher at Newcastle-on-Tyne, who was ordained on 1 May 1771 as minister of a Baptist congregation at Burton-Bishop, East Riding of Yorkshire, where he remained till July 1799, when he retired to Norwich. <mask> was his eldest son by his second wife, Elizabeth (d. 25 January 1810, aged 72), second daughter of <mask> of Satley. After four years' schooling, <mask> was taken on trial as apprentice to watch- and clock-making at Hull in 1779, but in March 1781 became a clerk in the white-lead works at Elswick, Northumberland of Walker Fishwick & Co. On 20 April 1783 he was baptised by his father at Burton-Bishop, and considered entering the ministry. He made the acquaintance of Robert Hall, and had thoughts of joining him at the University of Aberdeen, but on 20 August 1784 he entered Bristol Baptist Academy, under Caleb Evans. At Bristol, <mask> developed friendships with James Hinton (1761–1823), Anthony Robinson (1762–1827, his roommate), and Samuel Pearce.On leaving the academy, <mask> ministered for some months (from May 1788) at Fairford, Gloucestershire. He received an invitation to Norwich, because of a business connection between Richard Fishwick who worked at his old firm, and Thomas Hawkins, both Baptists, Hawkins belonging to the congregation at St. Mary's Chapel, Norwich. On 27 March 1789 he settled in Norwich, and was ordained on 20 May 1790. <mask> was famed for his preaching, which was noticed by Edward Irving. On the liberal side in his politics, though a moderate, he did not bring them into his public discourses. William Wilkin Wilkin (1762–1799) of his congregation was a personal friend, as well as a radical. When Wilkin died in 1799, <mask> brought up and educated his son Simon Wilkin.From 1790 <mask> was a member of the Norwich Speculative Society, entering the intellectual life of the city, of which William Taylor was the effective leader. He defended Christianity at the Tusculan School, another debating club, in 1794, where he was strongly opposed by Charles Marsh. In 1804 <mask> was invited to become head of the Northern Baptist Academy, then being set up in Bradford, but he preferred pastoral work. His old chapel was replaced in 1811 by a new structure on the same site. In a controversy with Robert Hall, which began in 1816, <mask> took the side of close communion, requiring adult baptism a condition of participation in the Lord's Supper. He made mission journeys to Scotland in 1818 and 1822. In later life <mask> devoted much time to Hebrew and rabbinical studies.He died unmarried on 1 September 1832, and was buried on 7 September in the vestibule of St. Mary's Chapel. <mask> Gurney spoke at his funeral, where the sermon was preached by John Alexander, minister of Prince's Street congregational church. Works
A list of 20 of Kinghorn's publications was given by Martin Hood Wilkin, including:

Address to a friend, who intends entering into church communion. Norwich, 1803 (1st ed. ), 1813 (2nd ed.). An Address to a Friend, on Church Communion: With An Appendix, Containing a Brief Statement of the Sentiments of the Baptists on the Ordinance of Baptism. Norwich, 1824 (3rd ed.).Advice and Encouragement to Young Ministers. Two Sermons addressed principally to the students of the two Baptist academies at Stepheny and at Bristol. The First Preached June 23, 1814, at the Rev. Dr. Rippon’s Meeting, Carter-lane, Southwark; The Second, August 3, 1814, at the Rev. Dr. Ryland’s, Broad Mead, Bristol. Norwich, 1814. Arguments Against the Practice of Mixed Communion, and in Support of Communion on the Plan of the Apostolic Church; With Preliminary Observations on Rev.R. Hall’s Reasons for Christian, in Opposition to Party Communion. London, 1827. Arguments, Chiefly from Scripture, Against the Roman Catholic Doctrine. In a Dialogue. Norwich, [1804]. The Arguments in Support of Infant Baptism, from the Covenant of Circumcision, Examined, and Shewn to Be Invalid. London, [1823].Baptism, a Term of Communion at the Lord’s Supper. 1st ed., Norwich, [1816]; 2nd ed., Norwich, 1816. A Brief Statement of the Sentiments of the Baptists on the Ordinance of Baptism. Norwich; London, 1824. A Defence of “Baptism a Term of Communion.” In Answer to the Rev. Robert Hall’s Reply. Norwich, 1820.A Defence of Infant Baptism, Its Best Confutation: Being A Reply to Mr. Peter Edwards’s Candid Reasons for Renouncing the Principles of Anti-paedo-baptism, on his own ground. Norwich, 1795. Fifth Report of the Committee of the Norfolk and Norwich Auxiliary Bible Society. September 1, 1816. Norwich, 1816. The Miracles of Jesus not Performed by the Power of the Shem-Hamphorash. The Substance of a Sermon Preached at the Jews’ Chapel, August 18, 1811, Being the Seventh Demonstration Sermon… With an Appendix on Jewish Traditions and the Perpetuity of the Law of Moses.London: The London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews, 1812. Practical Cautions to Students and Young Ministers. The Substance of a Sermon Preached at Bradford, in the County of York; At the Annual Meeting of the Northern Baptist Education Society, August 27, 1817. Norwich, 1817. Public Worship Considered and Enforced. Norwich, 1800. Remarks on a “Country Clergyman’s Attempt to Explain the Nature of the Visible Church, the Divine Commission of the Clergy, &c.” Being a Defence of Dissenters in General, and of Baptists in Particular; on New Testament Principles.Norwich, 1829. "The Separate State [1831]". In The British Preacher, Under the Sanction of the Ministers Whose Discourses Appear in Its Pages, I: 217–230. London: Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, 1831. Scriptural Arguments for the Divinity of Christ, Addressed to the Serious Professors of Christianity. Norwich, 1813. Second Edition.With an Appendix, Containing Observations on the Rev. I. Perry’s Letters to the Author. Norwich, [1814]. Serious Considerations Addressed to the House of Israel. The Substance of a Sermon, Delivered at the Jews’ Chapel, December 16, 1810. London: The London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews, 1811. Sketch of the Life of the Rev.Isaac Slee; With an Extract from His Farewell Sermon, on His Resigning the Perpetual Curacy of Plumpton, in Cumberland, in Consequence of Becoming a Baptist. London: Wightman and Cramp, 1827. James Robertson. Clavis Pentateuchi: Sive Analysis Omnium Vocum Hebraicarum suo ordine in Pentateucho Moseos occurrentium, una cum versione Latina et Anglica; Notis Criticis et Philologicis Adjectis, in quibus, ex lingua Arabica, Judæorum Moribus, et Doctorum Itinerariis, plurium locorum S. S. Sensus Eruitur, novaque versione illustrator. In usum Juventutis Academicæ Edinburgenæ. Cui Præmittuntur Dissertationes Duæ; I. De antiquitate linguæ Arabicæ, ejusque conventientia cu, lingua Hebræa.II. De genuina punctorum vocalium antiquitate. Edited by <mask>. Norwich, 1824. <mask> also edited the 9th (1814) and 10th (1827) editions of John Ash and Caleb Evans's Collection of Hymns (1769). A catalogue of his library was published at Norwich, 1833. References
 <mask> Papers.Angus Library. Regent's Park College, Oxford, England;
 Timothy D. Whelan, transcribed and edited. Baptist Autographs in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 1741–1845. Mercer University Press, 2009. Terry Wolever, ed. The Life and Works of <mask>. 3 vols.Particular Baptist Press, 1995, 2005, 2010. C. B. Jewson. The Baptists in Norfolk. Carey Kingsgate, 1957. C. B. Jewson. “<mask> and His Friends.” Baptist Quarterly 8.8 (1937): 440–443. Baiyu Andrew Song, edited.Public Worship Considered and Enforced. Heserd and Emet, 2020. Baiyu Andrew Song. “<mask> (1737–1822).” The British Particular Baptists: Volume V More Biographical Essays of Notable British Particular Baptists 5: 153–174. Baiyu Andrew Song. “‘When They Know Only or Chiefly Its Language, Not Its Spirit’: <mask> (1766–1832) and Socinianism.” Puritan Reformed Journal 12.2 (2020): 81–99. Notes

Attribution

1766 births
1832 deaths
English Baptist ministers
People from Gateshead
18th-century Christian clergy

masks:
Joseph Kinghorn
Life Kinghorn
David Kinghorn
Joseph
Joseph Jopling
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Joseph John
Joseph Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Kinghorn
Joseph Kinghorn
Joseph Kinghorn
David Kinghorn
Joseph Kinghorn


title: Vinny Golia

texts:
<mask> (born March 1, 1946) is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist specializing in woodwind instruments. He performs in the genres of contemporary music, jazz, free jazz, and free improvisation. Career

As a composer, <mask> fuses the rich heritage of jazz, contemporary classical music and world music. Also a bandleader, he has presented his music to concert audiences in Europe, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and the United States in ensembles varying dramatically in size and instrumentation. <mask> Large Ensemble to perform his compositions for chamber orchestra and jazz ensembles. A multi-woodwind performer, <mask>'s recordings have been consistently picked by critics and readers of music journals for their yearly "ten best" lists.In 1990, he was the co-winner of the JazzTimes TDWR award for Bass Saxophone. In 1998, he ranked 1st in the Cadence Magazine Writers & Readers Poll and has continually placed in the Down Beat Critics Poll for Baritone & Soprano Saxophone. In 1999, he won the LA Weekly award for "Best Jazz Musician". Jazziz magazine has also named him as one of the 100 people who have influenced the course of jazz in the 21st century. In 2006, the Jazz Journalists Association honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2013, he won the Down Beat Critics Poll in the "New Star" category for baritone saxophone. <mask> has been a featured performer with Anthony Braxton, Henry Grimes, John Carter, Bobby Bradford, Joëlle Léandre, Wadada Leo Smith, Horace Tapscott, John Zorn, Tim Berne, Bertram Turetzky, George E. Lewis, Barre Phillips, the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Patti Smith, Harry Gibson, Eugene Chadbourne, Kevin Ayers, Peter Kowald, John Bergamo, George Gruntz, Misha Mengelberg, Han Bennink, Lydia Lunch, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.<mask> founded the jazz record label Nine Winds in 1977. Ensembles
<mask> has a formed a number of ensembles that showcase both his style of composition and improvisation. These groups range from the his Large Ensemble to a variety of mixed quintets, saxophone quartets, duos, sextets and arrangements for jazz and classical orchestras. Most recently, <mask> has performed and toured with his sextet which features some of the new voices in the Los Angeles free-improv scene. The group, composed of Gavin Templeton (alto sax), Daniel Rosenboom (trumpet), Alexander Noice (guitar), Andrew Lessman (drums) and Jon Armstrong (bass), has given performances at many of the premiere U.S. new music venues and festivals including Angel City Jazz Festival at the John Anson Ford Amphitheatre, the Outsound New Music Summit in San Francisco, and The Stone in New York. Discography
 1977 <mask> Golia. Spirits in Fellowship (Nine Winds)
 1978 Anthony Braxton.Creative Orchestra (Koln)1978  (hatART)
 1979 Vinny Golia. Openhearted  (Nine Winds)
 1979 Vinny Golia Wind Quartet. Live at the Century City Playhouse - Los Angeles, 1979 (Dark Tree)
 1979 The Vinny Golia Trio. ...In the Right Order... (Nine Winds)
1979 Tim Berne. The Five-Year Plan (Empire Productions)
 1980 Vinny Golia. Solo (Nine Winds)
1980 Tim Berne. 7X  (Empire Productions)
1980 Walter Thompson.Stardate  (Dane Records)
 1980 Roberto Miguel Miranda. The Creator's Musician (Nimbus West Records)
 1981 The Vinny Golia Trio. Slice of Life (Nine Winds)
 1981 The Vinny Golia Quintet. The Gift of Fury (Nine Winds)
 1981 Roberto Miguel Miranda. Raphael (Nimbus West Records)
 1982 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Compositions for Large Ensemble (Nine Winds)
 1984 Wayne Peet/ Vinny Golia Duo. No Reverse (Nine Winds Records)
 1984 John Rapson.Deeba Dah-Bwee (Nine Winds)
 1984 Michael Vlatkovich. 9113  (Thankyou Records)
 1985 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Goin' Ahead  (Nine Winds)
 1985 Michael Vlatkovich/Charles Britt. Transvalue Book I  (Thankyou Records)
 1986 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Facts of Their Own Lives   (Nine Winds)
1986 Richard Grossman. One...Two...Three...Four...  (Nine Winds)
1987 T.S.O.L. Thoughts of Yesterday (Posh Boy)
1988 The Steve Adams/Ken Filiano Quartet.Anacrusis (Nine Winds)
 1989 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Out for Blood (Nine Winds)
 1989 Vinny Golia Trio. Puff of Smoke (https://www.discogs.com/label/110484-Empire-Productions, Italy)
 1989 The George Gruntz Concert Jazz Band. First Prize (Enja)
1990 John Rapson. Bing  (Sound Aspects Records)
 1990 <mask> Golia, The Chamber Trio. Worldwide & Portable  (Nine Winds Records)
 1990 Bertram Turetzky/<mask> Golia. Intersections (Nine Winds Records)
 1990 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble.Pilgrimage to Obscurity (Nine Winds)
 1991 Richard Grossman and Friends. In The Air (Nine Winds Records)
1991 Various, Motion Picture EP. Blood and Concrete (A Love Story)   (I.R.S. Records)
1992 Brad Dutz. Camels  (Nine Winds)
 1993 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Decennium Dans Axlan (Nine Winds)
 1993 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Against the Grain (Nine Winds)
1993 Mark Harvey & Aardvark Jazz Orchestra.The Aardvark Steps Out  (Nine Winds)
1993 Bertram Turetsky. Compositions and Improvisations  (Nine Winds)
 1994 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Commemoration (Nine Winds)
 1994 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Regards From Norma Desmond (Fresh Sound)
1994 Rob Blakeslee Quintet. Long Narrows (Nine Winds)
1994 Rich Halley. Umatilla Variations  (Nine Winds)
 1995 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Tutto Contare (Nine Winds)
 1995 Vinny Golia/ Joelle Leadre/ Ken Filiano.Haunting the Spirits Inside Them... (Music & Arts)
 1995 Vinny Golia Quintet. Razor  (Nine Winds)
1995 Figure 8. Pipe Dreams  (Black Saint)
1995 Kaoru. Welcome to Our Breakfast  (Nine Winds)
 1996 <mask> <mask>, Bertram Turetzky. 11 Reasons to Begin  (Music & Arts Programs of America Inc.)
 1996 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Nation of Laws (Nine Winds)
 1996 <mask> <mask> & Ken Filiano. The Art of Negotiation (CIMP)
 1996 John Carter, Andrea Centazzo, <mask> <mask>, Gregg Goodman.USA Concerts West (New Tone Records)
1996 Gregg Bendian Project. Counterparts  (CIMP)
 1997 Vinny Golia, George Lewis, Bertram Turetzky. Triangulation  (Nine Winds)
 1997 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Portland, 1996  (Nine Winds)
1997 The Aardvark Jazz Orchestra. An Aardvark Christmas  (Nine Winds)
1997 Wadada Leo Smith. Prataksis  (Nine Winds)
1997 Aardvark Jazz Orchestra. Psalms and Elegies  (Leo Lab)
1997 William Parker & The Little Huey Creative Music Orchestra.Sunrise in The Tone World  (AUM Fidelity)
 1997 The Vinny Golia Quintet. Dante No Longer Repents  (Music & Arts Programs of America Inc.)
 1998 Steuart Liebig / Vinny Golia / Billy Mintz. No Train (Cadence Jazz)
 1998 Susan Allen, <mask> Golia. Duets (Nine Winds)
 1998 <mask> Golia. Lineage (Nine Winds)
 1998 <mask> <mask>, George Cremaschi, Garth Powell. Win This Time (Limited Sedition)
 1998 Paul Smoker-Vinny Golia Quartet. Halloween, The Sequel (Nine Winds Records)
 1998 Ed Harkins, <mask> <mask>, Bertram Turetzky.Glossarium  (Nine Winds Records)
 1998 Steve Adams / <mask> <mask>. Circular Logic  (Nine Winds Records)
1998 The Rob Blakeslee Quartet. Spirit of The Times  (Nine Winds)
 1999 Jeff Kaiser Featuring <mask> <mask>. Ganz Andere (pfMENTUM)
 1999 Barre Phillips / Bertram Turetzky / <mask> Golia. Trignition (Nine Winds Records)
1999 The NOW Orchestra. Wowow (Spool)
 1999 The Motor Totemist Guild. City of Mirrors (Cuneiform Records)
1999 Brad Dutz.Heat The Grill Cook Loin  (Household Ink Records)
1999 Tim Berne. The Empire Box  (Screwgun Records)
 2000 The Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. The Other Bridge (Oakland 1999)  (Nine Winds)
 2001 Steuart Liebig / <mask> Golia / Billy Mintz.

masks:
Vinny Golia
Golia
Golianylia
Golia
Golia
Golia
Golia
Golia
Vinny
Vinny
Vinny
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Vinny
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Golia
Vinny
Vinny


title: Vinny Golia

texts:
 Antipodes (Cadence Jazz Records)
 2001 Vinny Golia. Clarinet (Meniscus)
 2001 Mark Trayle / <mask> Golia. Music for Electronics & Woodwinds (Nine Winds)
2001 Alex Cline Ensemble. The Constant Flame (Cryptogramophone)
2001 John Rapson.Water And Blood (The Billy Higgins Improvisations)   (Nine Winds)
 2003 <mask> Golia. Feeding Frenzy - Music For Woodwinds & String Quartet (Nine Winds)
 2003 <mask> Golia. Music for Like Instruments: The Eb Saxophones (Nine Winds)
 2004 The Jeff Kaiser Ockodektet. 13 Themes for a Triskaidekaphobic (pfMENTUM, 2003)
 2004 Liebig / Vatcher / Golia. On The Cusp Of Fire And Water (Red Toucan Records)
 2004 Lydia Lunch. Smoke In The Shadows (Breakin Beats)
 2004 <mask> Golia. Music For Like Instruments; The Flutes (Nine Winds Records)
 2004 Nels Cline / <mask> Golia.The Entire Time (Nine Winds Records)
 2004 The Vinny Golia Quintet. One, Three, Two (Jazz Halo, Belgium)
 2004 Peter A. Schmid / <mask> Golia. Birdology (Leo)
 2004 <mask> <mask>. A Gift for the Unusual: Music for Contrabass Saxophone (Nine Winds)
 2004 Various. Morton Feldman Jazz Tributes (Villars Edition, 2004)
2004 The Jeff Kaiser Ockodektet with The Ojai Camerata/The Kaiser/Diaz-Infante Sextet. The Alchemical Mass/Suite Solutio  (pfMENTUM)
 2005 <mask> <mask>. Music for Like Instruments: The Flutes (Nine Winds)
 2005 Bert Turetzky.Tributes (Nine Winds)
 2005 <mask> <mask>. Music for Like Instruments: The Clarinets  (Nine Winds)
2005 Vinny Golia Quartet. Sfumato (Clean Feed)
2005 Adam Lane Trio Feat. <mask> <mask> and Vijay Anderson. Zero Degree Music  (CIMP)
 2006 Tim Hodgkinson. Sketch of Now  (Mode)
2006 Various. The New US Concerts  (Ictus)
2007 Michael Vlatkovich/Charles Britt.Transvalue Book III (Thankyou Records)
 2007 Adam Lane Quartet. Buffalo (Cadence Jazz Records)
 2007 Various. Healing Force: The Songs of Albert Ayler  (Cuneiform)
 2008 <mask> Golia. Music For Like Instruments:The Bb Saxophones (Nine Winds)
 2009 Mooey Moobau. All Murmur of Our Mothers’ Waters and Live Bloody Live (Vosotros)
 2009 Peter Kowald & <mask> Golia. Mythology (Kadima Collective)
 2009 Bertram Turetzky, <mask> <mask>. The San Diego Session  (Kadima Collective)
 2009 Anthony Braxton.Creative Orchestra (Koln) 1978  (hatOLOGY)
 2009 Bobby Bradford Extet. Midnight Pacific Airwaves  (Entropy Stereo)
 2009 <mask> Golia / Damon Smith / Weasel Walter. Großes Messer   (ugEXPLODE)
 2010 Nels Cline. Dirty Baby  (Cryptogramaphone)
 2010 <mask> <mask>, Mark Dresser. Live At Lotus  (Kadima Collective e)
 2010 Brad Dutz – <mask> Golia. Duets
 2010 Bert Turetzky / George Lewis / <mask> Golia. Triangulation II  (Kadima Collective)
 2010 The Weasel Walter Septet.Invasion  (ug Explode)
 2011 The Daniel Rosenboom Septet. Fallen Angeles (Nine Winds Records)
 2011 Estamos Ensemble. Jimpani Kustakwa Ka Jankwariteecher   (Edgetone Records)
 2011 The Vinny Golia Sextet. Abstractions and Retrocausalities (Nine Winds Records)
 2011 The Vinny Golia Octet. Low and Inside; (Close Call Anyway…)  (Nine Winds Records)
 2011 Rent Romus’ Lords Of Outland with <mask> Golia. Edge Of Dark   (Edgetone Records)
 2011 Vinny Golia. Lethologica (Experimental Music Yearbook)
 2011 Vinny Golia Quartet.Take Your Time  (Relative Pitch)
2011 Anthony Braxton. Orchestra (Paris) 1978 (Braxton Bootleg)
 2012 <mask> <mask>, Marco Eneidi, Lisa Mezzacappa, Vijay Anderson. Hell-Bent In The Pacific (NoBusiness Records)
 2012 Scott Robinson, <mask> <mask>, J.D. Parran, Warren Smith. Creative Music for 3 Bass Saxophones (ScienSonic)
 2012 Vinny Golia Large Ensemble. Overview; 1996-2006  (NoBusiness Records)
2012 Ross Hammond Quartet. Adored (Prescott Recordings)
 2012 <mask> Golia.The Ethnic Project (Kadima Collective Recordings)
 2013 Ross Hammond Quartet. Cathedrals (Prescott Recordings)
 2013 Alex Cline. For People In Sorrow (Cryptogramophone)
 2013 <mask> <mask> & Urs Leimgruber. Empiricism In The West  (Relative Pitch Records)
 2014 Ross Hammond w/ Catherine Sikora, <mask> <mask>, Clifford Childers, Kerry Kashiwagi, Dax Compise. Humanity Suite  (LP, Prescott Recordings)
 2014 Weasel Walter, Various. Improvised Music Sampler 2014 (Weasel Walter)
 2015 Brzytwa/ Golia. Brzytwa / Golia (LP, Setola Di Maiale)
 2015 Vinny Golia.At Gold Lion Arts
 2016 Matty Harris. Double Septet (pfMENTUM)
 2016 <mask> <mask> And Ken Filiano. Elongation (pfMENTUM)
 2016 <mask> <mask>, Oliver Lake, Ross Hammond and Adam Lane. Live At The Downtown Music Gallery NYC
 2016 Ross Hammond and <mask> <mask>. Ross Hammond And <mask> Golia  (Prescott Recordings)
2016 Ross Hammond Quartet. Live at The Blue Whale  (Ross Hammond)
 2017 Lisa Mezzacappa, <mask> <mask>. Glorious Ravage (New World Records)
 2017 Estamos Ensemble.suube tube (Edgetone Records)
 2017 <mask> Golia. Intercommunications (Music For Woodwinds And Percussion)  (pfMENTUM, Nine Winds Records)
 2017 <mask> Golia. Music For Woodwinds, Strings, Piano, And Percussion  (pfMENTUM, Nine Winds Records)
 2017 <mask> Golia. Syncquistic Linear Expositions And Their Geopolitical Outcomes (...We Are Still Here...)  (pfMENTUM, Nine Winds Records)
 2017 Nathan Hubbard, <mask> Golia. Hunter's Moon (Castor & Pollux Music)
 2017 John Tchicai, <mask> <mask>, Bill Smith, Clyde Reed, Gregg Simpson. Du Maurier, Vancouver Jazz Festival, 1988  (Condition West Recordings)
 2017 Vinny Golia Wind Quartet. Live at the Century City Playhouse - Los Angeles, 1979 (Dark Tree)
 2018 Burrows, Campbell, Golia, Reed.Tales from The Zoo (Third Rail Music)
 2018 <mask> <mask>, Steph Richards, Bert Turetzky. Trio Music (pfMENTUM)
 2018 The Vinny Golia Sextet.Trajectory  (2 CD set, Ninewinds/Orenda Records)
 2018 David Mott, Vinny Golia. Music for 2 Baritone Saxophones: "Have You Heard? (Pet Mantis Records)
 2018 <mask> <mask>, Henry Kaiser, Ra Kalam Bob Moses, Damon Smith, Weasel Walther. Astral Plane Crash (Balance Point Acoustics)
 2018 Steve Adams/Vinny Golia Duo. The Philosophy of Air  (pFmentum)
 2018 Vinny Golia/Gianni Mimmo. Explicit  (Ninewinds/Amirani Records)
 2018 The Vinny Golia New Music Orchestra.Live at Redcat Los Angeles  (DVD, Ninewinds/pFmentum)
 2019 The Vinny Golia Quartet. Left, Outside...! (Nine Winds)
 2019 Dan Clucas/Vinny Golia/Stuart Liebig/Alex Cline. Boojum Quartet (SR)
 2019 Shiroishi / Golia / Fujioka / Cline. Borasisi (Astral Spirits)
 2020 <mask> <mask>, John Hanrahan, Henry Kaiser, Wayne Peet, Mike Watt.A Love Supreme Electric: A Love Supreme and Meditations (Cuneiform Records)
 2021 Netty Ensemble.The Netty Sessions (Casa Berenice Recordings)
 2021 Vinny Golia.Even to this day…Movement One: Inoculations Music for Orchestra and Soloists

With Anthony Braxton
 Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 (hatART, 1978 [1995])

With Alex Cline
 For People in Sorrow (Cryptogramophone, 2013)
With George Gruntz
First Prize (Enja, 1989)
With William Parker
 Sunrise in the Tone World (AUM Fidelity, 1997)

With Wadada Leo Smith
Prataksis (Ninewinds, 1997)

References

External links
Official website
Vinny Golia page, Nine Winds Records website
Fred Jung, "A Fireside Chat With Vinny Golia, All About Jazz (2005)
Sebastien Moig, "Interview with <mask> Golia", JazzoSphère. Avant-garde jazz musicians
1946 births
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Bass clarinetists
Living people
Cor anglais players
People from the Bronx
American bassoonists
American flautists
CIMP artists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century clarinetists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Clean Feed Records artists
Music & Arts artists
NoBusiness Records

masks: Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny Golia Vinny


title: Steve Johnson (special effects artist)

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; February 7, 1960) is an American special effects artist whose career has spanned more than thirty years. His work has appeared in over 200 films, countless television shows, theme parks, commercials, and music videos. Some of his best-known creations include Slimer for Ghostbusters (1984), the alien seductress Sil for Species (1995), Robin Williams's robotics for Bicentennial Man (1999), and Doctor Octopus's arms for Spider-Man 2 (2004). Early life
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. As a child, <mask> watched Universal monster films and the Hammer films. These films inspired him to become a special effects artist. <mask>'s biggest influences are Jack Pierce, Dick Smith and Rick Baker.While he was still attending high school, <mask> met one of his idols, Rick Baker, and showed him his portfolio. Baker acknowledged <mask>'s problem-solving talent and later helped him get a job working with effects creator Rob Bottin. Early career in film
<mask>'s first job was with four-time Oscar-winner Greg Cannom on The Galactic Connection, though the film was not released. He then worked on The Howling (1981) and two other films with Rob Bottin, after which Rick Baker hired <mask> as a member of the special makeup effects crew for the John Landis blockbuster, An American Werewolf in London (1981). In 1982, <mask> worked on Ivan Reitman's new project, Ghostbusters, where he created "Slimer" and the "librarian ghost". In 1982, he and visual effects artist Randall William Cook were brought in by Richard Edlund to create and run the special makeup effects studio at Boss Films, where they created characters for films like Poltergeist II (1986), Fright Night (1985), and Big Trouble in Little China (1986). XFX and Edge FX
<mask> started his own effects company in 1986 called "<mask>'s XFX."It was later renamed Edge FX. In 1989 <mask> worked on The Abyss, directed by James Cameron, which became one of the biggest blockbusters of the year. He created the "alien" creatures for the film's climax. For the 1995 film Species, the filmmakers wished to create a half-human, half-alien character named Sil that was unlike any that had been seen on screen before. They brought in artist H.R. Giger to create the creature on paper, Richard Edlund for motion-capture visual effects (an art form that was still in early stages), and <mask> to design and create animatronics for the scenes that required Sil to be physical rather than digital. Sil's alien form had to have both a full-body animatronic version with replaceable arms, heads and torsos, as well as a rubber body suit that could be worn by actress Natasha Henstridge.During the XFX and Edge FX years, <mask> also worked on two Stephen King mini-series: The Stand (1994) and The Shining (1997), for which he won Emmy Awards. In addition, his company did four seasons of the TV show Outer Limits, three seasons of Stargate SG-1, and ultimately opened a studio in Vancouver called Pacific Effects Group. He also created earth-shattering illusions for several seasons of magician Criss Angel’s A&E television show, Mindfreak. In 2003, <mask> wrote, produced, and directed a short called Everloving, which played as part of the Brooklyn Film Festival. Rubberhead
In 2017 <mask> published the first volume in his five volume series "Rubberhead," which chronicles his career in special effects. Volume 1 was critically acclaimed and features hundreds of photographs from <mask>'s thirty plus year career. Volume 1 also features a foreword by acclaimed filmmaker John Landis.On April 2, 2018, the Kickstarter for Rubberhead Volume II went live. As of October, 2021, campaign rewards including hardcover and softcover editions of the book still had not been distributed to the over 500 pledgers on Kickstarter, who paid over $70,000 to <mask>; nor to purchasers who preordered the book through <mask>'s webstore, although a retail edition had been available for three months. Innovations
For the film Innocent Blood (1992), <mask> innovated contact lenses that could glow and change color on command without digital after-effects. They were scleral lenses coated with silicone glass and Scotchlite, so that when lights, such as those from a color wheel were projected on them, the colors would bounce back toward the camera. For Lord of Illusions (1995), horror master Clive Barker required <mask> to create an organic-looking creature with skin that could pulse, move, and morph without the use of stop motion photography or other techniques such as mold-casting that were industry standards at the time. Thus <mask> innovated a monster-making technique with Bill Bryan that employed plastic bags, old yogurt containers, colored methyl cellulose "slime", and used gravity and liquid as a propellant. This technique is one that he modified time and again, such as for making slimy tentacles out of plastic and goop for the embryonic pods in Species (1995).Personal life
<mask> was married to actress Linnea Quigley from 1990 to 1992, and to Constance Zimmer from 1999 to 2001. During <mask>'s eight-year hiatus from the film industry, he spent a year living in the remote jungles of Costa Rica, as well as living in Austin, Louisiana, and the Smoky Mountains. During this time he wrote three books, and his effects were profiled in several other publications. <mask>'s career in effects has been featured in books written by Anthony Timpone, Thomas Morawetz, and Rama Venkatasawmy. <mask> is also an instructor at the Stan Winston School of Character Arts. On May 1, 2015, the documentary, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? directed by Jon Schnepp, about Tim Burton's canceled film Superman Lives was released.<mask> was featured in the documentary, as he was a principal special effects artist on the film working primarily on Superman's "light up" regeneration suit. In 2016, promoted a special effects book and biography called Rubberhead: Sex, Drugs and Special FX on Kickstarter.com. The first of a planned 5 volumes. Lovecraft's: Necronomicon (1993)
 The Temp (1993)
 Return of the Living Dead III (1993)
 Freaked (1993)
 Brainscan (1994)
 Next Door (1994)
 Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994)
 Stephen King's The Stand (TV Mini-Series) (1994) (Emmy Award received)
 Night of the Demons 2 (1994)
 Dead Man (1995)
 The Surgeon (1995)
 Species (1995)
 Lord of Illusions (1995)
 Here Come the Munsters (TV Movie, 1995)
 The Outer Limits (TV series, 1995)
 Visitors of the Night (1995)
 Eraser (1996)
 Fatal Frames (1996)
 The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996)
 Bad Moon (1996)
 Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996-1999)
 Amistad (1997)
 Anaconda (1997)
 Buddy (1997)
 L.A. Confidential (1997)
 Nightwatch (1997)
 Stephen King's The Shining (1997) (Emmy Award received)
 Stargate SG-1 (TV series) (1997-2007)
 First Wave (TV series) (1998-2001)
 Host (1998)
 Hulk (1998) (cancelled)
 Species II (1998)
 Sphere (1998)
 Superman Lives (1998) (cancelled)
 Wrongfully Accused (1998)
 Bicentennial Man (1999)
 Can of Worms (1999)
 Charmed (TV Series, 2 episodes, 1999)
 Election (film) (1999)
 Stephen King's Storm of the Century (1999)
 The General's Daughter (1999)
 Charlie's Angels (2000)
 Red Planet (2000)
 Along Came a Spider (2001)
 Arachnid (2001)
 Monkeybone (2001)
 Blade II (2002)
 Rose Red (miniseries) (2002)
 Star Trek: Nemesis (2002)
 Dreamcatcher (2003)
 Everloving (2003)
 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 The Rundown (2003)
 The Cat in the Hat (2003)
 X2 (2003)
 Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
 Spider-Man 2 (2004)
 The Village (2004)
 Constantine (2005)
 Fantastic Four (2005)
 Jarhead (2005)
 War of the Worlds (2005)
 Stay (2005)
 Unearthed (2006)
 I Am Legend (2007) (makeup test)
 Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
 Fear Clinic (2014)
 The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? (2015) (interviewed)

References

External links

 Steve Johnson bio at Stan Winston School of Character Arts
 Everloving – short film/Moby music video by Steve Johnson

WARNING, December 2017: Apparently there are no works by this Steve Johnson in the Library of Congress (LC) catalog (that is, for LCCN below), where "Johnson, Steve, 1960–" and "Johnson, Steve, 1960 June 14–" are two others born 1960. This effects artist is "Johnson, Steve, 1961–" at WorldCat (below), but that is yet another person in LC catalog.1960 births
Living people
People from Houston
Special effects people
Visual effects artists
American make-up artists
Primetime Emmy Award winners

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