title: Heavy Metal (wrestler)

texts:
Erick Francisco Casas Ruiz  (born October 4, 1970) is a Mexican professional wrestler currently working under the ring name <mask> for AAA. He is the son of referee Pepe Casas and part of the Casas wrestling family; the brother of Negro Casas and Felino. Professional wrestling career

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Erick Casas started his professional career wrestling as Canelo Casas for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). As Canelo Casas he, along with Mr. Cid, was able to win the Naucalpan Tag Team Championship. He also won the Mexican National Welterweight Championship defeating Ciclon Ramirez in 1990. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide / AAA
Erick Casas left CMLL when he decided to go to the newly created promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as AAA, in 1992. He changed his gimmick to Heavy Metal where he was a rudo and had a rock-star look which was based on heavy metal music.His first victory as <mask> was the Mexican National Welterweight Championship, when he defeated Rey Misterio, Jr. in 1993. He retained his title against Rey Misterio twice and El Hijo Del Santo. Santo and <mask> would rival over Santo's WWA Welterweight Championship and over <mask>'s Mexican National Welterweight Champion. Both wrestlers would put both of their titles on the line in the same match where winner takes all. <mask> lost his title to Santo in the Fall of 1993 when both of them put both of their titles on the line. After the loss of the title, <mask> turned into a tecnico. He formed a team with Latin Lover where both of them feud with Rocco Valente, Tony Arce and Vulcano.Rocco Valente and Tony Arce was the Mexican National Tag Team Champion at the time. <mask> Metal and Latin Lover had a shot for the title and won the title in 1994. After <mask> and Lover won the title, Arce challenged <mask> in a luchas de apuestas (bet match) match which <mask> accepted. The match took place just after two weeks when <mask> and Lover won the title. <mask> was able to beat Arce and so Arce hair was shaved. On November 6, 1994 the event When Worlds Collide Metal teamed with Rey Misterio, Jr. and Latin Lover to face Fuerza Guerrera, Madonna's Boyfriend, and Psicosis in a tradition lucha libre six-man tag match. The final saw that Fuerza Guerrera making Heavy Metal submit.Fuerza Guerrera and his son Juventud Guerrera later started a feud with <mask> and Latin Lover over there tag title. <mask> and Latin Lover lost the tag title to them in late 1994. The teamed later had a rematch in 1995 but <mask> turned on his partner when he turned rudo again. The duo as a team ended after that. Later in 1995 <mask> became a tecnico again. In early 1996, AAA announce that they were creating a new championship call AAA Americas Trios Champion, there was a tournament held for it too with a block A and block B. <mask> teamed with Latin Lover and Winners for the block A tournament.The team was able to beat El Mexicano, Torero and Tornado on the first round. In the semi-final, the team defeated Blue Demon Jr., Principe Zafiro and Volador. In the finals, the team lost to Los Villanos (Villano III, Villano IV and Villano V). Heavy Metal teamed with Latin Lover and Cien Caras and making Caras the leader of the team on block B. On the first round they beat Frisbee, La Parka, and Rey Misterio Jr. On the next round they defeated Killer, Vegas, and Yeti. In the semi-finals they beat Cibernetico, Jerry Estrada, and Pierroth. In the finals the team was close to win but lost to Los Villanos (Villano III, Villano IV and Villano V).<mask> later appeared in the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) because of AAA and WWF having a free exchange talent agreement. His first appearances was at the Royal Rumble where he teamed with Jerry Estrada and Fuerza Guerrera to face Héctor Garza, Perro Aguayo, and El Canek. The results saw Perro Aguayo pinned <mask> for the win. In 1997 at the event of Rey de Reyes, <mask> participated in the first ever Rey de Reyes tournament. <mask> defeated Blue Demon, Jr., Maniaco and May Flowers to qualify for the final. In the final <mask> was close to win but lost to Latin Lover making him the first winner of the Rey de Reyes. <mask> was later involved in a Lucha De Apuestas match at Triplemanía.Heavy Metal teamed with Leon Negro and defeated the teams of Latin Lover and Perro Aguayo, Jr., Jerry Estrada and El Picudo and May Flowers and Halcón Dorado, Jr. Halcón Dorado, Jr. got his hair shaved off when he got pinned by Leon Negro. AAA later had another Triplemania event in 1997 this time Heavy Metal was feuding with Sangre Chicana. At the event, Chicana defeated <mask> by disqualification. In the fall AAA had a new event called Verano de Escandalo. Heavy Metal was in a Steel Cage Elimination Luchas de Apuestas Match teaming with Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo, Jr. against Sangre Chicana, El Picudo and El Cobarde. The final saw El Cobarde getting his head shaved. By winter, AAA had another new event called Guerra de Titanes.Heavy Metal was involved in a Steel Cage Luchas de Apuestas "hair vs. hair" match which also included Perro Aguayo, Jr., El Picudo, and Sangre Chicana. Perro Aguayo beat El Picudo making him getting his head shaved. By 1998, <mask> feud with Sangre Chicana hadn't ended yet this time in a Lucha De Apuestas at the Rey de Reyes event. Heavy Metal won and Sangre Chicana's hair got shaved off. Heavy Metal then started a feud with masked shoot-style wrestler Kick Boxer. At the Triplemania main event, Heavy Metal faced Kick Boxer but lost the match. At the Verano de Escandalo event, <mask> teamed with Blue Demon, Jr. to face Abismo Negro and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match.Heavy Metal and Blue Demon, Jr. defeated Abismo Negro and Kick Boxer. At the Guerra de Titanes event, Heavy Metal would team with Octagón to face Pentagón and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match which they won. In 1999, <mask> was still feuding with Kick Boxer. This time Kick Boxer had an ally name Thai Boxer. At the 1999 Rey de Reyes event, Antonio Silva, Carlos Gutierrez, Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer defeated <mask>, La Parka, Jr., Mascara Sagrada, Jr. and Perro Aguayo Jr. in a Steel Cage Match. By the time of Triplemania, <mask>'s brother El Felino was there to ally <mask>. El Felino and Heavy Metal both feuded with Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer and had a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs.Hair" match where Heavy Metal and El Felino defended their dad's hair while Kick Boxer and Thai Boxer defended El Tirante's hair at Triplemania. They won making their opponents referee El Tirantes hair shaved off. At the Verano de Escandalo event, Heavy Metal and Octagón together against Jaque Mate and Kick Boxer in a Steel Cage Match Luchas de Apuestas "loser loses mask or hair" match. Kick Boxer was unmasked due to his loss. After Kick Boxer lost his mask, the rival didn't end just yet. The event Guerra de Titanes, Heavy Metal teamed with Perro Aguayo, Jr. to beat Abidies Irison and Kick Boxer. Thus this finally ended there heated rivalry.In 2000, Heavy Metal turned back into a rudo. Heavy Metal started to feud with Cibernetico over his AAA Campeón de Campeones Champion. In 2001 Heavy Metal defeated Cibernetico in a Steel Cage Match for the AAA Campeón de Campeones Championship. Two months later, Cibernetico regained the title. In 2002, Triplemania event saw Heavy Metal beat El Brazo, Electroshock, El Oriental, May Flowers, and Sangre Chicana in a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs. Hair" where each wrestler represented a referee. Sangre Chicana lost the match which results that El Tirantes get his head shaved.In 2003, Triplemania event saw Heavy Metal beat Pirata Morgan, El Texano and Sangre Chicana in a Luchas de Apuestas "Hair vs. Hair". As a result, Pirata Morgan had his head shaved since he was pinned by Heavy Metal. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Heavy Metal went to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) because AAA's working agreement with the company and also to replace Juventud Guerrera's place for the America's X-Cup. Along with Abismo Negro, Mr. Águila and Hector Garza, "Team Mexico" was successful in winning the America's X-Cup. They later retained it against Team Canada as well. After the America's X-cup was over, Heavy Metal returned to AAA.Return to AAA
After TNA, <mask> returned to AAA. Since his return, he turned back into a tecnico. At the Verano de Escandalo event, <mask> de la Merced II in a Steel Cage Match where the last man in the cage would lose his hair or his mask. Mosco de la Merced II was unmasked due to his loss. <mask> later left AAA in late 2004.

International Wrestling Revolution Group
Heavy <mask> and his brothers including Negro Casas and El Felino went to International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) in 2005. The duo teamed and was able to capture the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Champion by defeating Black Tiger, Pantera II, Pentagon Black. The team lost the titles to Scorpio, Jr., Veneno, and Cerebro Negro in early 2006.Heavy Metal defeated Scorpio, Jr. for the IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion in 2005 but later lost back to him in late 2005. Return to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Erick Casas return to CMLL in 2005. Erick Casas remained under his Heavy Metal gimmick even though he had never been Heavy Metal in CMLL in the past. <mask> participated in the Leyenda de Azul tournament in 2005. In the Leyenda de Azul first round he lost to Rey Bucanero. In the Torneo Gran Alternativa 2006, Heavy <mask> was a veteran; teaming with El Texano, Jr. In the quarter final, the duo lost to Loco Max and Rey Bucanero.<mask> participated in the Leyenda de Azul 2006. In the First Round, he lost to Black Warrior. In 2007, <mask> teamed with Super Nova for the Torneo Gran Alternativa. In the first round, the team lost to the winners of that night La Sombra and Místico. In 2008, <mask> lost his hair to Toscano in a Lucha de Apuesta. This was the first time <mask> has lost in a Lucha de Apuesta match as <mask>. Return to AAA
At AAA's show in Mexico City, an event competing directly against CMLL's major event Homenaje a Dos Leyendas, <mask> made surprising return to AAA, attacking Konnan and joining forces with Cibernético in his fight against Konnan's La Legión Extranjera faction.After a four-month break due to an injury, <mask>shock, with whom he had feuded prior to his injury. The fifth match of the series, a Two Out of Three Falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes and ended with <mask> defeating Electroshock, after a guitar shot, for his hair. After the match both Heavy Metal and Electroshock were attacked by members of La Sociedad, bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Electroshock, Heavy <mask> and Joe Líder defeated Silver King, Último Gladiador and Chessman in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. On March 31, 2013 Heavy Metal teamed up with Danny Casas to represent the Casas family in IWRG's La Guerra de Familias ("War of the Families") tournament. The team lost to Los Junior Dinamitas (Cien Caras, Jr. and Hijo de Máscara Año 2000)  in the first round.On June 16 at Triplemanía XXI, <mask> defeated Chessman to become the number one contender to the AAA Mega Championship. He received his title shot later that same event, but was defeated by the defending champion, El Texano, Jr. Personal life
Erick Casas is the son of referee Pepe Casas and the brother of Negro Casas and Felino.

masks:
Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal
Metal
Metal
Heavy Metal
Metal
Heavy
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal
Metal
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Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal
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Heavy Metalectro
Heavy Metal
Metal
Heavy Metal


title: Jonas Hawkins

type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 28, 1752 April 24, 1817) was an American Patriot and a member of the Culper Spy Ring during the American Revolution. After the American Revolutionary War, <mask> was a New York militia officer, tavern owner, innkeeper, and postmaster. Family life

<mask> was the great grandson of <mask>, a founder of Brookhaven, New York. <mask> was born and lived in Stony Brook, New York. Stony Brook and Setauket were villages within the town of Brookhaven. <mask> was a son of <mask>, Sr. (1716–91) and <mask> (1721–91), who were married in 1739. <mask> married Ruth Mills (1748–1840), a woman born 27 years after his mother who had the same maiden name.Their children were Micah, Julia Ann (m. Thomas Shepard Mount, mother of artist William Sidney Mount), Deborah, Ruth, Renelche, William Wickham, Jonathan, <mask> and Dorothy. American Revolution

<mask> signed the Association to sustain the Continental Congress and the Provincial Convention in Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, on June 8, 1775, as did his father, Eleazar <mask>, Sr.
<mask> was a courier for the Culper Ring during many of its early operations between December 1778 and the summer 1779. In December 1778, General George Washington's chief of intelligence and Culper Ring spymaster, Major Benjamin Tallmadge recruited <mask> to bring messages from the Ring's chief spy in New York City, Abraham Woodhull, to Setuaket, New York where they would be forwarded to Tallmadge. Woodhull used the code name "Samuel Culper", later "Samuel Culper, Sr." to avoid detection if his letters were intercepted. Tallmadge was referred to by the alias "John Bolton." Woodhull made trips into New York, ostensibly to visit his sister, Mary Underhill, who operated a boarding house with her husband Amos Underhill. Woodhull continued his visits to New York into the summer of 1779, although he became increasingly anxious that his continuing visits to New York City might lead to his discovery as time passed.At first, Woodhull had to return to Setauket to pass messages to Caleb Brewster, a Continental Army officer who spent most of his time operating whaleboats on Long Island Sound for secret military purposes, to take to Tallmadge or to receive messages from Tallmdadge via Brewster. By December 1778, Tallmadge set up couriers, at first <mask>, then in the early summer mainly Austin Roe, who would take messages the  between New York and Setauket to pass them to Brewster. <mask>'s task was to get the letters to Brewster who would pick up messages at Setauket and take them across the Sound to Tallmadge at Fairfield, Connecticut. Tallmadge would then forward the messages to Washington. In June 1779, Woodhull engaged Robert Townsend, who used the alias "Samuel Culper, Jr." to gather intelligence in New York City. Since Townsend was engaged in business there, his presence was expected to arouse less suspicion than Woodhull's visits would. He also had access to British officers through the authorship of a society column in a Loyalist newspaper and his tailoring business, as well as his interest in a coffeehouse with Loyalist newspaper owner James Rivington, who also was a secret member of the Ring.After Townsend began his intelligence activities in New York City, Woodhull operated almost exclusively from Setauket. A revised communications network was then established in which Townsend would pass intelligence to a courier, at first <mask>, then Hawkins and Roe, and after September 1779, exclusively Roe, who would take it to Setauket and pass it to Woodhull, usually via dead drop. Woodhull would evaluate and comment on it and pass it to Brewster, who would take it across Long Island Sound, occasionally adding an intelligence note of his own, and pass it to Tallmadge. Tallmadge would usually add a cover letter with comments. According to widely accepted local and family tradition, Anna Strong signalled Brewster, who ran frequent trips with his whaleboats across the Sound on smuggling and military missions, that a message was ready. She hung a black petticoat on her clothesline at Strong Point in Setauket, which was easily visible by Brewster from a boat in the Sound and by Woodhull from his nearby farm after he began to operate from Setauket. She would add a number of handkerchiefs for one of six coves where Brewster would bring his boat and Woodhull would meet him.Historian Richard Welch writes that the tradition of the clothesline signal is unverifiable but it is known that the British had a woman at Setauket who fits Anna's profile under suspicion for disloyal activities. Tallmadge found that personally taking the message to Washington was too time-consuming. So he sent messages after the first one to Washington by a dragoon, then by a relay of dragoons, acting as couriers. <mask> at first was bold but became increasingly anxious about British patrols. His role was reduced between April 1779 when Woodhull identified both <mask> and Roe as couriers for the Ring and July 1779 when Tallmadge gave Roe, but not <mask>, a code number in his code directory. Woodhull wrote in a coded message on August 15, 1779, that <mask> had to destroy a letter from Culper, Jr., or be captured. In his August 15 message, Woodhull wrote that <mask> insisted that his next meeting with Townsend be in an out of the way location.Townsend did not like taking the additional risk and was beginning to doubt <mask>'s reliability and to regret the destroyed messages. Finally in September 1779, with <mask> increasingly anxious, and more importantly, with Townsend refusing to deal with him any longer, <mask> stopped his courier services for the Ring. Woodhull acted as courier on September 11 so he could explain to Townsend the loss of the earlier letters. Austin Roe then became the sole permanent courier for the Ring. Aftermath
In 1786, <mask> was a captain, and his fellow Culper Ring courier, Austin Roe was a lieutenant, in Lieutenant Colonel David Pierson's New York militia regiment in Suffolk County, New York. By 1787, <mask> was a major and Roe was a captain. <mask> resigned from the militia in 1803.Major <mask> inherited the Hawkins-Mount Homestead in Stony Brook, later known as the William Sidney Mount House, from his father. By 1797, he operated a tavern and inn in the large structure, which also served as the local post office. The Suffolk Lodge of the Freemasons moved to <mask>'s house at Stony Brook on January 23, 1802, but soon moved again to Goldsmith Davis's house at Coram, New York, on August 20, 1802. On June 25, 1810, <mask>, Benjamin F. Thompson and Charles H. Havens founded a branch of the Tammany Society at Setauket. <mask>'s daughter Julia Ann Mount inherited house when he died in 1817 and moved there with her children, including later artists William Sidney Mount, Shepard Alonzo Mount and Henry Smith Mount. <mask> died on April 24, 1817, at Mills Pond, New York. In popular culture
The Culper Ring is depicted in the fictionalized AMC American Revolutionary War spy thriller period drama series, Turn: Washington's Spies, based on Alexander Rose's historical book Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring (2007).See also

Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War

Notes

References
 Andreeva, Nellie. AMC Picks Up ‘Halt & Catch Fire’ & ‘Turn’ To Series. Publisher: Deadline. Retrieved August 7, 2013. Cowdrey, Mary Bartlett. The Hawkins-Mount Family. In A Loan exhibition of paintings, sketches, manuscripts, memorabilia, Henry Smith Mount, A.N.A., 1802-1841, Shepard Alonzo Mount, N.A., 1804-1868, William Sidney Mount, N.A., 1807-1868: August 23 to September 28, 1947, the Suffolk Museum at Stony Brook, Long Island, New York.Henry Smith Mount, Suffolk Museum, Shepard Alonzo Mount, William Sidney Mount, Mary Bartlett Cowdrey publisher: The Museum, 1947. .
 Daughters of the American Revolution. Lineage Book. Volume 148. The Society, 1936. Freemasons. Grand Lodge of the State of New York. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York.One Hundred and Twenty-third Annual Communication, May 1904. New York: J. Little Co., 1904. Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1996. .
 Kilmeade, Brian and Don Yaeger. George Washington's Secret Six: The Spy Ring That Save the American Revolution.New York: Penguin Group, 2013. .
 New York Genealogical and Biographical Society The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. Volume 122. New York: New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 1991. New York State Department, Calendar of Historical Manuscripts, Relating to the War of the Revolution, in the Office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N.Y.. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Company, Printers, 1868. .
 New York State. Hastings, Hugh. Documents of the Senate of the State of New York, Volume 9. Military Minutes of the Council of Appointment of the State or New York, 1783–1821.Compiled and edited by Hugh Hastings, State Historian. Volume I. Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer, 1901. Rose, Alexander. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell, a division of Random House, 2007. First published in hardcover in 2006. .
 Society for the Preservation of Long Island, ed. Antiquities.AIA Architectural Guide to Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island. Courier Dover Publications, 1992. .
 Werner, Charles Jolly. Historical Miscellanies Relating to Long Island. Long Island, Priv. Print., [New York, Tobias A. Wright press] 1917. .

1753 births
1817 deaths
People from Stony Brook, New York
People from Setauket, New York
American spies during the American Revolution

masks:
Jonas Hawkins
Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Zachriah Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Eleazer Hawkins
Ruth Mills Hawkins
Hawkins
Jonas
Jonas Hawkins
Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Hawkins
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Hawkins
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Jonas Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
Jonas Hawkins
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Jonas Hawkins


title: Hwang Jung-min

texts:
<mask> (born September 1, 1970) is a South Korean actor. He is one of the highest-grossing actors in South Korea, and has starred in several box office hits such as Ode to My Father (2014), Veteran (2015), The Himalayas (2015), A Violent Prosecutor (2015) and The Wailing (2016). <mask> is the third actor in South Korea to be part of the "100 Million Viewer Club" in Chungmuro. Career

1995–2004: Beginnings and Transition to films
<mask> began his career in musical theatre, making his acting debut in Line 1 in 1995. He then starred in various musicals and plays in Daehangno such as Jesus Christ Superstar and Cats. Despite a career on stage, Hwang had difficulty transitioning to film. He went through a long struggle for recognition, with people saying he "didn't have the right face for film."He even considered giving up his dream, but stuck to his conviction about walking the path of acting. <mask> said, "After becoming interested about the stage and how it feels to be that person on stage, I've never thought of anything else. That I never swayed -- that is one thing I can say with confidence." His big break came when he was cast in Waikiki Brothers, a 2001 film that was a sleeper hit in Korea. In his role as a hopeless drummer, Hwang left a strong impression and earned favorable reviews, with director Yim Soon-rye calling him "an uncut gemstone". <mask> went on to have prominent roles in Road Movie, A Good Lawyer's Wife, Heaven's Soldiers and A Bittersweet Life. 2005–2007: Mainstream breakthrough
But it was in 2005 that <mask> became a household name, portraying a naive farmer in love with an AIDS-stricken prostitute in the hit melodrama You Are My Sunshine.<mask> explains that he was "moved by the tale of the genuine love between two people. I agreed with the director's idea of showing it as pure love, like an uncut gem, without sloppily adding to it or embellishing it." When he accepted the best actor award at the Blue Dragon Film Awards for his performance in You Are My Sunshine, many were moved by his now-famous speech: "All I did was add a spoon to a dinner table that had already been prepared by others." He received further acclaim for his roles as an insurance investigator in Black House, a troubled club CEO who falls in love with a woman with a terminal illness in  Happiness, a superhero in A Man Who Was Superman and a private detective in Private Eye. <mask> has said that when choosing scripts, he looks at the overall storyline rather than the character itself. He then exerts effort to continuously bring out the character's inner workings. Hwang said, "It is very important that you don't get too absorbed in yourself.You must always remember that there is another person watching the scene. Maintaining objectivity is important." <mask> emphasizes sincerity and empathy in his acting. "The camera doesn't lie. You can never fool the viewer. You have to act with your heart, not your head." It is because of this commitment to emotional truth that <mask> can confidently tell interviewers that he is 100 percent satisfied with his work.During a crisis on set, or when he is either feeling too satisfied or caught up in mannerisms, he takes out notes he made when he first read the screenplay. He said, "I look at the screenplay again and again. That's where all the answers are." 2008–2012: Return to theater, Television series and Directorial debut
He made a triumphant return to the stage in the 2008 production of Nine. The theater producer said that it took three years to cast the leading role because in Hwang he had found the right actor to rival Antonio Banderas' Broadway performance. He has since starred in University of Laughs, The Wedding Singer and Man of La Mancha. Hwang says, "A movie is the art of a director but the play is the art of an actor."2009's The Accidental Couple was particularly special to <mask>, as it was his first time starring in a television drama in his 14-year acting career. For his role as a blind swordsman in the 2010 period film Blades of Blood, Hwang went to schools for the blind to observe their movements. He then starred in The Unjust, a highly acclaimed noir about corruption in the South Korean justice system; followed by conspiracy film Moby Dick as a reporter. Hwang then reunited with  actress Uhm Jung-hwa (whom he previously starred with in 2005 ensemble romantic comedy All for Love) in the 2012 box office hit Dancing Queen. He returned to TV in the 2012 cable drama Korean Peninsula, but it was less successful. In late 2012, <mask> made his debut as a theatre director in Stephen Sondheim's musical Assassins, which he also starred in. 2013–present: Acclaim
<mask> returned his focus to films, starring in noir film New World (2013), where his performance was singled out by The New York Times.He once again worked with Uhm Jung-hwa in the queer film In My End Is My Beginning (which was expanded from a short film in 2009's Five Senses of Eros). <mask> then played a middle-aged fighter in the sports film Fists of Legend, performing all the stunts himself. In 2014, <mask> starred in romance drama Man in Love. He said that he chose to star in the film to support diversity in the Korean film industry, and because he wanted to show the human side of his character, a terminally ill gangster who falls in love for the first time. Then later in the year, Hwang headlined Ode to My Father, embodying the Korean everyman against the backdrop of modern history from the 1950s to the present day; the film depicted the Hungnam evacuation during the Korean War, coalmining gastarbeiters in Germany in the 1960s, and the Vietnam War. Ode to My Father became the second highest-grossing film in the history of Korean cinema, with 14.2 million tickets sold. He reunited with The Unjust director Ryoo Seung-wan in 2015 for Veteran, playing a hot-tempered police detective tracking an arrogant and heartless chaebol heir.The film was another smash hit, and is currently the 3rd all-time highest-grossing film in Korean cinema history. <mask> then starred in the budget mountaineering film The Himalayas, where he plays renowned Korean mountaineer Um Hong-gil, who became the first person to reach the 16 highest mountain peaks on Earth. In 2016, he starred alongside Kang Dong-won in the crime comedy A Violent Prosecutor, which became the second highest-grossing film of 2016. This was followed by Na Hong-jin's critically acclaimed horror The Wailing, and noir film Asura: The City of Madness, which premiered at the 41st Toronto Film Festival. Hwang was named Gallup Korea's Films Actor of the Year for 2016. <mask> then starred in the war film The Battleship Island alongside So Ji-sub and Song Joong-ki. The film marks his second collaboration with director Ryoo Seung-wan following Veteran.In 2018, he starred in The Spy Gone North, a spy film directed by Yoon Jong-bin. He was also cast in the science fiction film Return. Personal life
<mask> married musical theatre actress Kim Mi-hye on September 6, 2004. They have a son named <mask> Sae-hyun. His younger brother is music director/composer <mask> Sang-jun. On average, Hwang stars in three to four films a year. To critics who say that he does too many, Hwang responded, "I believe it is the responsibility of actors to try their best at acting when they come across screenplays that suit them.I breathe only when I act." Filmography

Film

Television series

Music video appearances

Theater
 Richard the Third (2021–2022)
 Okepi (Orchestra Pit) (2015-2016)
 Assassins (2012-2013)
 Man of La Mancha (2012)
 The Wedding Singer (2009-2010)
 University of Laughs (2008-2009)
 Nine (2008)
 42nd Street (2004)
 Tommy (2001)
 Cats (1999)
 Moskito (1999)
 Jesus Christ Superstar (1997)
 Gaeddongi (1997-1998)
 Blood Brothers (1997)
 Line 1 (1995-1996, 2000, 2006)

Discography
 "We" by Jang Dong-gun, Kim Seung-woo, <mask> Jung-min, Gong Hyung-jin, Ji Jin-hee, Lee Ha-na - Actors Choice single, 2010
 "누구를 위한 삶인가" Who are you living for? by Leessang feat. <mask> Jung-min and Ryoo Seung-bum - from Bloody Tie OST, 2006
 "너는 내 운명 Sun Together" You are my destiny (Sun Together) by <mask> Jung-min and Jeon Do-yeon - from You Are My Sunshine OST, 2005
 "You're My Sunshine" by <mask> Jung-min - from You Are My Sunshine OST, 2005
 "A Honeyed Question" by <mask> Jung-min - from A Bittersweet Life OST, 2005

Awards and nominations

Listicles

References

External links

 <mask> Jung-min at SEM Company

South Korean male film actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean male television actors
Seoul Institute of the Arts alumni
1970 births
Living people
20th-century South Korean male actors
21st-century South Korean male actors

masks:
Hwang Jung min
Hwang
Hwang Jung min
Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
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Hwang
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Hwang
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title: Meshulim Feish Lowy

texts:
<mask> (, Magyarized: Lőwy Ferencz; 11 April 1921 – 12 August 2015) was the fourth Grand Rebbe of the Tosh Hasidic dynasty. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Nyírtass, northeastern Hungary. His father Mordecai Márton was the oldest son of Grand Rebbe Elimelech, leader of the native Tosh Hasidim, and his mother Cirel (née Fekete) had been daughter to the chief rabbi of Nyírbátor. He was named after his great-grandfather <mask> (1821 – 1875), the founder of the sect. In 1930, Mordecai was appointed rabbi of Demecser. Upon reaching the age of twelve, the boy was sent to study at the yeshiva of his uncle, Ascher Adolf Lőwy, in Nagykálló. On 2 December 1942 his grandfather died, and Mordecai succeeded him as Grand Rebbe.In 1943, the young <mask> was drafted into the Labour Service, to which ethnic minorities and "politically unreliable elements" were recruited in lieu of regular military service. He was sent to a labour camp in Kassa, where the inspectors regarded him as insane due to his extreme piety, largely ignoring his conduct and allowing him to maintain a fairly observant lifestyle. Later on he was reassigned to a camp in Margitta. As a Labor Serviceman, he was saved from deportation when German forces entered Hungary on 19 March 1944, while most of his extended family was murdered in Auschwitz during the summer. In October 1944, <mask>'s camp was liberated by the Red Army. He wandered across the country, seeking survivors in Kisvárda, Makó and other cities. In 1946, he married Chava Weingarten.Eventually, the remnants of his father's Hasidim crowned him Rebbe at Nyíregyháza in 1948. Lowy remained in Hungary for a further two-and-a-half years, until the growing threat of the Communist regime motivated him to instruct his followers to leave their country. Canada
In spring 1951, Lowy arrived in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where his surviving older brother Chaim Joseph was already settled. After Passover, the Grand Rebbe established a study hall named "Ohel Elimelech" (Elimelech's Tent) in the city. On 3 October 1952, the "Tasher Congrégation" was officially incorporated. After a decade in Montreal, Lowy began seeking a secluded location in which his Hasidim could be isolated from the influences of society; a model Jewish Ultra-Orthodox enclave, New Square, was built by the Skverer dynasty already in 1956. In 1963 the Tosh community was granted a C$500,000 loan with which Lowy financed the purchase of a small compound in Boisbriand, Quebec, named "Kiryas Tosh".Eighteen families moved in. By 2015, some 300-400 households numbering over 3,000 members resided in the enclave. As part of his duties as spiritual leader, he also headed the local yeshiva. In addition to his followers in Canada, Tosh communities were established in Brooklyn, London, Antwerp and other cities around the world. By 1999, an estimated 6,000 people lived in those, apart from the Rebbe's own town. In 1979, <mask> led an attempt to grant Kiryas Tosh an independent municipal status, separating it from Boisbriand. The mayor and local authorities were keen to agree, due to the low tax revenues and high welfare expenditures in the area.Press and public opinion, however, were concerned by the possibility that the sect would codify and enforce laws on religious grounds, and the scheme was scrapped. Lowy held extreme Ultra-Orthodox positions, common among Eastern Hungarian rabbis, and was close to the Satmar dynasty and the Central Rabbinical Congress. In 1981, when the Rebbe of Belz withdrew from the Congregation of God-Fearers in Jerusalem and announced that his Hasidim should vote for the Knesset and receive Israeli state funds, the Tosher Rabbi stated that "it is forbidden to receive any support from the Zionist heretics... Heaven hath mercy upon us and gave us Joel Teitelbaum, who shined against the darkness wrought by the Zionists, the holy flame which burned all the weeds and pests spreading into the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts." The Grand Rebbe took an exceptional stance before the 1995 Quebec referendum. While virtually all non-French citizens opposed secession, a Tosh representative voiced full support in the name of Lowy, stating he had taken a favourable approach toward the Parti Québécois already in 1976, when they first formed government. His pro-French attitude engendered much criticism in the wider Jewish public.Two weeks before the vote, Premier Jacques Parizeau paid a celebratory visit to Kiryas Tosh. Eventually, wary not to antagonize the Federal Government, <mask>'s Hasidim split their votes. Lowy became famous for his piety and the ecstatic manner in which he his prayers, which took many hours to complete, and benedictions. His court became a site of pilgrimage for Hasidim from other sects, and Orthodox Jews seeking blessing in general. Between 1993 and 2009, his collected writings were compiled and published in a book series named Avodas Avodah ("service of the ministry"; from Numbers 4:47). Ethnographer William Shaffir and textual scholar Justin Jaron Lewis, who studied the Toshers, commented that the Rebbe's books contained the general concepts of Hasidism, stressing mystical and ecstatic approach to religion, which he exemplified, and the need for communion with God, with a secondary focus on writing completely new insights. Publishing in print was necessitated as the Rebbe's health declined, preventing him from regularly appearing in public.On 5 September 1996, his first wife Chava died. On 16 January 1997, his firstborn and heir presumptive Mordecai suffered a fatal cardiac arrest. He remarried in 2007 with Malka Haas. A severe case of Pneumonia had him hospitalized for a month, in October–November 2010. <mask> died on 12 August 2015 in Quebec at the age of 94. He was succeeded by his second son and youngest offspring, Rabbi Elimelech <mask>. His older son R' Mordechai died in 1998.He also had four daughters: Cirel Fisch, Bracha Hanna Meyer, Fraidl Sarah Katz and Malka Kahana. References

External links
 William Shaffir, The Tasher Rebbe. La communauté juive rend hommage à un rabbin de Boisbriand, Le Journal de Montréal, 13 August 2015. Rabbi Seeks Municipal Status for His 300 Member Community in Quebec, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 16 May 1979. Gil Kezwer, Shalom/Bonjour, Canadian Geographic 114:4 (July 1994), 54-63. Brittany Wallman, Rabbi's Stay a Blessing, Curse, Sun Sentinel, 3 April 2009. Brittany Wallman, City Manager Pays Personal Visit to Tosh Sect in Victoria Park, Sun Sentinel, 3 April 2009.Émilie Dubreuil, Le saint et ses taxes non payées, Le Journal de Montréal,  11 April 2012. Ex-Hasidic Man Sues for $1.25M Over Poor Education, Jewish Daily Forward, 19 November 2014. 1921 births
2015 deaths
People from Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Hungarian World War II forced labourers
Jewish concentration camp survivors
Hungarian emigrants to Canada
Hungarian Hasidic rabbis
Canadian Hasidic rabbis
Canadian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Quebec sovereigntists
Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis
Jewish anti-Zionism in Canada

masks:
Meshulim Feish Segal Lowy II
Lowy
Meshulim Feish Lowy I
Lowy
Lowy
Lowy
Lowy
Lowy
Lowy


title: Simon Holt

texts:
<mask> (born 21 February 1958) is an English composer. Biography
<mask> was born in Bolton, Lancashire on 21 February 1958. Educated at Bolton School, <mask> immersed himself in organ, piano and visual art during his sixth form years. In 1976, he attended Bolton College of Art for a year where he fulfilled a foundation course in all areas of visual representation. Shortly before achieving a diploma in composition from the Royal Northern College of Music, where he studied with Anthony Gilbert for four years from 1978 to 1982, he received a commission from the London Sinfonietta, which became Kites (1983). He was soon firmly established with a series of commissions and fruitful collaborations including not only with the Sinfonietta, but also the Nash Ensemble and the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, resulting in pieces such as eco-pavan (1998), Sparrow Night (1989) and Lilith (1990) respectively. Inspired by Messiaen, Xenakis and Feldman as well as visual artists such as Goya, Alberto Giacometti and Brâncuși, his music is innately dramatic and impulsive in nature.His output comprises chamber music, concertos, songs, opera, orchestral and piano music. From 2000 onwards, <mask> has written several concertos and orchestral pieces, including a table of noises (2007), a percussion concerto for Colin Currie. <mask> was Composer in Association with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from 2008 to 2014, working closely with the conductor Thierry Fischer on pieces such as Troubled Light (2008) for orchestra and Morpheus Wakes (2011), a flute concerto written for Emmanuel Pahud, both for the BBC Proms. Previously, <mask> had been commissioned to write two orchestral pieces for the BBC Proms; Syrensong (1987), his first orchestral piece, written for the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the viola concerto, walking with the river’s roar (1991), for Nobuko Imai and the BBC Philharmonic. Recent commissions include the orchestral piece, Surcos (2016), for Sir <mask> and the Berliner Philharmoniker and co-commissioned by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra who gave the UK premiere with the conductor Ilan Volkov and the basset clarinet concerto, Joy Beast (2016), for Mark Simpson and the BBC Philharmonic as part of the New Music Biennial 2017. <mask>'s music has been recorded on several record labels, most extensively with NMC. <mask> is currently Professor of Composition at the Royal College of Music.Career highlights
1978–82 – Studied at the Royal Northern College of Music with Anthony Gilbert
1985 – Came to prominence as featured composer at the Bath Festival
1989 – Royal Philharmonic Society Award for Capriccio Spettrale
1998 – Featured composer at Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival
2001 – Le Prix de la Fondation Prince Pierre, Monaco for Sunrise' yellow noise
2002 – Ivor Novello Classical Music Award for Boots of Lead
2004 – British Composer Award (Stage Works) for Who put Bella in the Wych elm?

masks:
Simon Holt
Simon Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Holt
Simon Rattle
Simon Holt
Holt


title: Abdullah Gymnastiar

texts:
<mask> (born January 29, 1962), better known as <mask> or Aa Gym (lit: elder brother Gym), is an Indonesian Islamic preacher, singer, author, businessman and founder of the Da'arut Tauhiid Pondok Pesantren in Bandung. <mask> became popular by introducing a unique way of preaching by theatrical style with practical messages of Islamic propagation that can be commonly applied to everyday life. His sermons revolve around self-control, conscience, tolerance, and persistence of faith. <mask> is considered favored by its audience due to his construction of image as a religious figure different from other scholars. While conventional scholars preach about the virtues of prayers, fasting, and the splendor of heaven, Gymnastiar chooses to tell about the importance of sincerity, peace, and serenity (sakina) of family, using everyday language that is accessible and affectionate. At the peak, he had a substantial number of followings, and his media enterprise had regular audience of more than 80 million people. The topic of discussion about the family is concentrated on the housewives, to the point that he is referred as "ustad of the happy family."This image became controversial when the media announced <mask>'s polygamous marriage with Alfarini Eridani, also known as Teh Rini in December 2006, when he had been married to his first wife Hajjah Ninih Muthmainnah, also known as Teh Ninih, since the year 1988 and had seven children. Many fans were disappointed, stopped visiting Da'arut Tauhiid, and went down the street protesting against his polygamy. The controversy had a major impact on his popularity and business. He has been gradually regaining his popularity since then.<ref name="mu">AA Gym Gymnastiar. The Muslim 500'. Retrieved October 18, 2017.</ref>

Early life
Gymnastiar was born as one of four children, and he had worked from the ground up such as selling newspapers and driving public transportation to self-finance while attending the after schooling in electrical engineering before turning into an entrepreneur. His ability to appear in public was also honed as a debater at his university.During the 80s, under the guidance of Jujun Junaedi in Garut, West Java, he deepened the spiritual understanding of laduni (science without learning process). In 1982, he became the Commander of the Student Regiment at the General Achmad Yani Academy of Engineering. In 1987, he and his friends joined the Family of Muslim Student Entrepreneurs (KMIW), an institution pioneered in the entrepreneurial business in small business fields such as sticker making, shirts, key chains, and stationery with religious slogans. Career
In 1990, he founded Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid (DT) through KMIW at Gymnastiar's parents' house which then moved to Gegerkalong Girang street, equipped with a 20-unit cabin and financed directly by its owner at Rp 100 million. The establishment of DT was inspired by the success of the Al-Arqam movement in Malaysia which became influential by meeting the needs of daily lives in an Islamic way. The difference between Al-Arqam and DT is the lesser exclusivity of DT and its availability to the public. In 1993, Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid Foundation was built with a three-story building, which is used for the business activity.In 1994, <mask> established Cooperative Pondok Pesantren (Kopontren) DT to prop up his dawah. In 1995, about 50 meters from the mosque, a pilgrim bought a plot of land along with its building which was then used as the foundation's office, the residence of the cottage leader, kindergartens, meeting room, convention center, warehouse, and the dormitory for santris (student of pesantren). At the end of 1997, the four-story Kopontren Building across the mosque was built and used for Baitul Mal wat-Tamwil (BMT) offices for staff training and printing, supermarkets and mini markets, telecommunication stalls, and others. In 2000, after the incorporation of radio broadcasting among DT in 1999, <mask> began performing preaching on National TV. He became one of the permanent performers in the program Hikmah Fajar on RCTI. In 2001, Gymnastiar owned an independent program under a series of programs entitled Manajemen Qolbu (lit: Heart Management). In 2004, Gymnastiar presented a political theme titled Ada Aa Gym on RCTI in relations with the 2004 presidential election.During this time, Gymnastiar had 15 publishing businesses that have published 32 titles of books and dozens of tapes and CDs as a medium for dawah. He was also recorded receiving 1,200 invitations to be a speaker every month. Other businesses that he owned are radio broadcasting, mini-television studios, and other media businesses including offices of websites, supermarket co-operatives, mosques and boarding schools with a capacity of 500 students, two orphanages, a stopover house for visiting pockets and the holding of seminars, management training seminars. At the peak, he had a substantial number of followers, with several political parties nominating him as vice-president nominee and this scored approval rating of 91%. His media enterprise had regular audience of more than 80 million people. Ulil Abshar Abdalla of the Liberal Islam Network once called him a "Britney Spears in Islam". Time magazine once questioned whether he was merely a businessman who used religion as a means of profit.However, Solahuddin Wahid of Nahdlatul Ulama argued that <mask>'s strength lies in its sincerity. In 2017, he was listed on The 500 Most Influential Muslims list. Controversy
Polygamy
In December 2006, <mask> held a press conference announcing his polygamous marriage to a widow with three children who was a former model, Alfarini Eridani as his second wife.Isu Nikahi Janda: Aa Gym Langsung Gelar Jumpa Pers He stated that this polygamy was done as an emergency exit, yet it was mocked and faced the extensive protest by the public and his fans, among them quoting Gymnastiar's past statement of not advocating for polygamy.Indonesia Matters.com: Alfarini Eridani In the same month, the study program by Gymnastiar began to be deserted by visitors, and the two-story mosque was only partially filled. In May 2007, due to decreasing visitors at Pondok Pesantren Da'arut Tauhiid, the pesantren began to reduce its employees. Visits shrunk to 70 percent which affected operational costs, thus as many as 300 employees with casual employment and a total of about 40 percent of employees were laid off. In December 2010, Gymnastiar's first wife sued for divorce in the religious court. The divorce request was then officially granted in June 2011.In March 2012, the media reported that Gymnastiar reconciled with a reception at the home of his former first wife in the Sariwangi area of Bandung. In this event, Muhsin, the parents of Teh Nini who became his guardian after asking for permission from the religious court, also submitted the mandatory payment (mahr'') of Rp. 5 million. References

1962 births
21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian Muslim missionaries
Living people
Sunni clerics
People from Bandung
Sundanese people

masks:
Yan Gymnastiar
Abdullah Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar
Gymnastiar


title: George St Patrick Lawrence

texts:
Lieutenant-General Sir <mask>  (17 March 1804 – 16 November 1884) was an officer in the British Indian Army. Early life
<mask>, third son of Lt.-Col. <mask> (1764–1835), was elder brother of both Sir <mask> and The 1st <mask>. His father, an Indian officer, led, with three other lieutenants, the storming of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, and returned to England in 1809, after fifteen years' severe service. <mask> was born into a Protestant Ulster-Scots family at Trincomalee, Ceylon, on 17 March 1804, and was later educated at Foyle College in Derry. Both his parents were from Ulster, the northern province in Ireland, his father being from Coleraine in County Londonderry while his mother, Letitia Knox, was from County Donegal. His middle name, <mask>, derived from his birth on St Patrick's Day. In 1819 he entered Addiscombe Military Seminary, on 5 May 1821 was appointed a cavalry cadet, on 15 January 1822 joined the Second Bengal Light Cavalry in Bengal, and on 5 September 1825 was promoted to be adjutant of his regiment, a post he held until September 1834.With his regiment he took part in the Afghan War of 1838, and was present at the storming of Ghuznee (modern Ghazni) on 23 July 1839, and in the attempt to capture Dost Mohammad Khan in his flight in August through the Bamyan pass. Kabul

On returning to Kabul, <mask> became political assistant to Sir William Hay Macnaghten, the envoy of Afghanistan, and subsequently his military secretary, a post which he kept from September 1839 to the death of his chief. On the surrender of Dost Mahomed Khan, 3 November 1840, he was placed in the charge of <mask> until he was sent to Calcutta. In the revolution at Cabul, in November 1841, <mask> had many narrow escapes of his life, and on the surrender of the troops, he was one of the four officers delivered up on 11 December 1841 as hostages for the performance of the stipulations. On 23 December, when Macnaghten and others were treacherously murdered by Akbar Khan, he was saved by the interposition of Mahomed Shah Khan. In the retreat from Kabul, 6 January 1842, <mask> had charge of the ladies and children, with whom he remained until 8 January, when he was again given up to Akbar Khan as a hostage. With the ladies and children, he was imprisoned and remained with them until their release on 17 September 1842.He owed his safety during this period to the high opinion which Akbar Khan had of his character, and to his strict adherence to all the promises which he made to his captor. Ill-health obliged <mask> to return to England in August 1843, and shortly after that date the East India Company awarded him £600 in testimony of their sense of his services in Afghanistan. Return to India

On his going back to India in October 1846, he was appointed an assistant political agent in the Punjab, having charge over the important Rajputana district. In the autumn of 1847, with only two thousand troops, <mask> engaged and defeated on two occasions large numbers of the hill men of the tribes on the Swat border. On the breaking out of the second Sikh War in 1848, <mask>'s great personal influence at Peshawar for some time kept his regiments faithful, but at last they went over to the enemy, and, on 25 October 1848 he was a prisoner in the hands of Chuttur Singh, but was three times permitted to leave his captivity on parole. With his wife and children, he was released on 22 February 1849, in the peace following the Battle of Gujrat, and received the thanks of both houses of parliament and of the governor-general for remaining at his post with such devotion. On 7 June 1849, he was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel and appointed deputy commissioner of Peshawar.The following November, in the capacity of political officer, he accompanied the forces sent under General Bradshaw into the Yusufzai country and was present at the capture of Pullee on the Swat border. Again in February 1850, in command of militia, he went with Sir Charles Napier to the forcing of the Kohat pass and guided him through that defile. In July 1850 he became political agent in Méwar, one of the Rajputana states, where he remained until 13 March 1857, when he succeeded his brother <mask> as resident or chief agent for the governor-general in the Rajputana states, and in April took up his residence in Abu. On the breaking out of the Indian rebellion of 1857 he was named brigadier-general of all the forces in Rajputana, and on the death of Colonel Dixon on 12 June 1857, he took chief military command. By his vigorous and decided action the arsenal of Ajmer was retained; a proclamation confirmed the native princes in their loyalty, and the Rajputana states were prevented from joining the revolt. Such outbreaks as did take place were successfully quelled, first by himself, and afterwards by Major-General Roberts. Retirement and later life
Up to this date <mask> had received no decoration beyond the medals for the Punjab and Indian campaigns, but on 18May 1860 he was created a Companion of the Bath (CB).On 25May 1861 he was gazetted major-general, and in December 1864 resigned his post in Rajputana thereby ending his Indian career after forty-three years service. Both Sir Charles Napier and Lord Dalhousie had expressed their high regard for his character and achievements. "He is a right good soldier," said the former, "and a right good fellow, and my opinion of him is high." On 11January 1865 he received a good-service pension of £100 a year; and on 24May 1866 was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. He also held the third class of the order of the Dooranee Empire. He retired from the army on full pay on 29October 1866 and was advanced to honorary lieutenant-general on 11January 1867. He died at 20 Kensington Park Gardens, London, on 16November 1884, aged 80.Personal life
<mask> married Charlotte Isabella, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Browne (M.D. of the Bengal Medical Board), on 3 April 1830. She died on 12 May 1878, having borne him three sons and six daughters. Memoir
<mask> wrote a memoir, Forty-three Years in India, which was published in 1874, a decade before his death. References

Attribution

1804 births
1884 deaths
Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary
British autobiographers
British Indian Army generals
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Foyle College
British East India Company Army officers

masks:
George St Patrick Lawrence
Lawrence
Alexander Lawrence
Henry Lawrence
Baron Lawrence
George
St Patrick
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Henry Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


title: Arnold Peter Meiklejohn

texts:
<mask> (1909 – 14 June 1961), known as <mask>,  was an English physician and academic, specializing in nutrition. In 1938, he was elected as a Peabody Fellow of the Harvard Medical School and during the Second World War worked for the Rockefeller Foundation and as nutrition adviser to UNRRA. In 1945, shortly after the liberation of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Meiklejohn was put in charge of administering a starvation diet to the camp’s severely malnourished and dying inmates. After the war, he became a lecturer in nutrition at the University of Edinburgh and in 1947, at the request of the Medical Research Council (MRC), assessed and reported on the state of nutrition of German civilians. He wrote a number of papers on nutrition, particularly on errors of metabolism, and with Sir Stanley Davidson and R. Passmore was co-author of the textbook Human Nutrition and Dietetics (1959). Early life
<mask> was born in Harpenden in 1909. He attended Gresham's School, where he was a contemporary of W.H.Auden, Stephen Spender, and John Pudney. From there, he was awarded a scholarship to Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1931 graduated BSc in physiology with first-class honours. He then gained admission to St Mary's Hospital, London, to study medicine, and in 1935 achieved his B.M., B.Ch. He was then a house physician in the St Mary’s Medical Unit, and in 1936 gained a Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship. In 1938, he was elected as a Peabody Fellow of the Harvard Medical School. For three years he worked with leading American physicians who included George Minot and William Bosworth Castle, and from 1939 to 1941 published papers in The New England Journal of Medicine on human nutritional deficiencies, writing often on errors of metabolism. In 1941, his paper "Is Thiamine the Anti-neuritis Vitamin?"was published in The Johns Hopkins Bulletin. In 1941, <mask> became a member of the Rockefeller Foundation Health Commission. He returned to live in England, and the 1942 edition of The Medical Directory gives his address as 15, Ox Lane, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Second World War work
During the Second World War, Meiklejohn became nutrition adviser to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

On 29 April 1945, Meiklejohn arrived at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after its liberation by British forces, with the responsibility of administering the starvation diet to the severely malnourished and dying inmates. He led one of two teams sent on behalf of UNRRA, the other team being led by Janet Vaughan. At the time, the death rate at the camp was estimated at 500 or 600 per day when he was sent either 95, 96 or 97 volunteer medical students from London medical schools, to assist him in camp I, at the request of Brigadier Hugh Glyn-Hughes and the War Office.Here, typhus and starvation were prevalent. They included Michael Hargrave, whose diary, later published as Bergen-Belsen 1945: A Medical Student's Journal, details his month-long experience at the camp and describes the introductory briefing on the challenges they would face, given by Meiklejohn. Other students included Alex Paton who published his memoirs of Belsen in the British Medical Journal in 1981 and David Philip Bowler who later had a career in community child health, for which he was awarded the Advance Australia Award for his work in the care of Aboriginal children. Some of the students memoirs were used by author Ben Shephard in the book After Daybreak: The Liberation of Belsen, 1945. On being questioned about the achievements of the students, Meiklejohn responded that "they had restored the moral order". Feeding in camp I of Belsen was a major problem. Generous rich food was not tolerated by inmates who had starved for so long.Despite a number of cookhouses and co-ordinating offices, simply handing out food was not enough. Meiklejohn wondered why a mixture that worked so well in Bengal was so disastrous in Belsen. It was, according to the rabbi Reverend Leslie Hardman, "revoltingly sweet". Meiklejohn postulated that the unpopular Bengal mixture, made of dried milk, flour, sugar and molasses which was used in the Bengal famine of 1943 likely halved the death rate from starvation. People in the students' hospital lived due to the work of the students and he commended them for their organisation. The mixture was much too sweet for eastern Europeans. <mask> also led the postmortems of some of those that died by starvation and his findings included extreme muscle wasting, swollen ankles and feet, small hearts and fluid around the heart.Almost all of those that had postmortems had tuberculosis (TB) of varying types including miliary tuberculosis and chronic TB. The stomach was sometimes found to be small from atrophy or large from gaseous distension and the large intestine could be atrophied or ulcerated. Later career
After the war, UNRRA wound down its activities, and in 1946 <mask> was appointed as a senior lecturer in nutrition at the University of Edinburgh, where he remained for fifteen years and became known for his well-prepared and entertaining lectures. Also in 1946, following a severe winter and restricted imports, leading to German demands for more food, the British Medical Research Council sponsored a number of nutritional scientists including Robert McCance, Elsie Widdowson, and Meiklejohn to report on the German state of health. All three came to the same conclusion that the Germans might have lost some weight due to food shortages but were generally not malnourished, and after examining more than 2000 Germans, Meiklejohn reported that "many adults are likely to have benefitted from losing excess weight and its complications of high blood pressure, diabetes and gall stones". He disagreed with German studies of the nutritional state of its civilians, stating the "Germans are now grossly over exaggerating the effects of the food shortage". In 1949, Meiklejohn received the degree of D.M.In the same year his publications earned him Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom. In 1954 he published a paper titled "The curious obscurity of Dr James Lind" in the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences which contributed to the inspiration of research into James Lind following the bicentenary year of the Treatise he produced. In 1959 he co-authored the acclaimed textbook Human Nutrition and Dietetics with Sir Stanley Davidson and R. Passmore. Personal life
In 1950, Meiklejohn was on the electoral register for Edinburgh West at 9, St Bernards Crescent, with Margaret L. Campbell-Renton. In 1960, he was at 8a, Fountainhall Road, in Edinburgh South, with Jean S<mask>. Known as <mask>, and not <mask>, Meiklejohn was married to Jean, and they had two sons, who were small boys at the time of his death on 14 June 1961, in an accident while fishing in a Highland river. He was 51.His obituary in the British Medical Journal enumerated some of his quirks, saying; "He had many amusing and endearing foibles; there were his oddities of dress, his dilapidated motor-car, his inveterate snuff-taking, and his refusal to drink coffee at lunch as he said it disturbed his post-prandial nap-normally enjoyed on the floor of his room in the Department of Medicine with his head resting on a green velvet pillow specially designed for the purpose." Selected publications

Articles
“Is Thiamin the Antineuritic Vitamin“. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 223, No. 8 (22 August 1940), pp. 265–273. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nutritional Deficiency".New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 222, 2 May 1940, pp. 760–765. “The Significance of Porphyrinuria in Lead Poisoning”. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 1, 21 January 1942, p. 91. ,  (With Robert Kark)
"Condition of children in Western Germany". The Lancet, Vol.2, 16 October 1948, pp.619–23. .
"The curious obscurity of Dr. James Lind". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. IX, 1 July 1954, pp. 304–310 . .
"Obesity and disease". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 18, Issue 2 (2 September 1959), pp. 140–141.Books
Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1959. . (With Sir S. Davidson and R. Passmore.) References

Further reading
Gresham’s School Honour Boards. Gresham's School

External links
"Belsen: Medical Aspects of a World War 11 Concentration Camp". Col E. E. Vella Journal 0/ the RoyaL Army Medical Corps (1984)
<mask> Meiklejohn papers
British Medical Journal Belsen
The Relief of Belsen Film directed by Justin Hardy (2007)

1909 births
1961 deaths
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Harvard Medical School faculty
People educated at Gresham's School
People from Harpenden
British nutritionists
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

masks:
Arnold Peter Meiklejohn
Peter Meiklejohn
Peter Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
Meiklejohn
. Meiklejohn
Peter
Arnold
Arnold Peter


title: Dave Wedge

texts:
David M<mask> (born July 31, 1970) is a New York Times-bestselling author, journalist, podcast host and award-winning former reporter for the Boston Herald. Career

Literature

As an author
<mask>'s first book, titled Boston Strong: A City's Triumph Over Tragedy and co-written with author Casey Sherman, was released in February 2015 by University Press of New England. Boston Mayor Martin J. Walsh wrote the foreword for the book, which is a non-fiction drama about the Boston Marathon bombing. Material from the book was used for the movie Patriots Day (2016), starring Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman and J.K. Simmons and directed by Peter Berg. The book was also part of a display on the Boston Marathon attacks at the National Crime Museum in Washington, D.C.

Wedge and Sherman teamed up again to tell the life story of Pete Frates, a Boston College baseball player with ALS who was the inspiration for the Ice Bucket Challenge social media phenomenon. The book, titled Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight Against ALS  features a foreword by Boston Bruins hall of famer Ray Bourque and was released in September 2017. In 2018, it was announced that Netflix is developing a film based on the book with actor/producer Casey Affleck.In February 2017, it was announced that <mask> and Sherman would be writing a book based on the saga of New England Patriots star Tom Brady and his improbable win in Super Bowl LI. The authors are working with screenwriters Paul Tamasy and Eric Johnson, who wrote The Fighter, The Finest Hours and Patriots Day. The book, titled 12: The Inside Story of Tom Brady's Fight for Redemption, came out July 31, 2018. It appeared on The New York Times  bestseller list in September 2018 . An updated paperback edition of "12," with new chapters about Brady's move to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, was released in September 2020. In May 2019, <mask> and Sherman co-authored their fourth book together, a non-fiction narrative about the Whitey Bulger case. The book, which focuses on Bulger's life on the run, capture, life in prison and 2018 murder, was released in spring 2020 via Harper Collins.In October 2019, it was announced that a TV series based on the book was in development with Double Nickel and Sky Studios. . The book was featured on CBS This Morning with Jeff Glor. In 2019, <mask> and Sherman teamed up with bestselling author James Patterson for The Last Days of John Lennon, a true crime story of Lennon's life and murder. The book was released by Little Brown on Dec. 7, 2020, the day before the 40th anniversary of Lennon's death. . The book debuted at number four on The New York Times  bestseller list. In 2022, <mask> co-authored Riding With Evil: Taking Down the Notorious Pagan Motorcycle Gang, a true crime story about retired federal agent Ken Croke's legendary two-year infiltration of the infamous biker gang. The book will be released March 15, 2022 by William Morrow.Kirkus Reviews called the book "a breathless, enthralling thrill ride." As a journalist
<mask> is a freelance journalist and has been a contributor to VICE, Noisey, and Ultimate Classic Rock , among other outlets. After working for a few years at small Massachusetts newspapers, he joined the Boston Herald in 1999 and covered such national news stories as the Boston Marathon bombing, the 1999 Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire, the 2000 Wakefield massacre, the September 11 attacks, and The Station nightclub fire. He also covered many local, state and national political stories, including the 2004 and 2008 presidential races. He has also been a contributor to Stratton Magazine, Where (magazine), Esquire, DigBoston, Newsweek, Boston  and Revolver, among other publications and websites. <mask> is a frequent TV and radio commentator who has appeared on CNBC, CNN, Fox News, CBS Early Show, ABC's Good Morning America, WEEI Sports Radio in Boston, and several other local and national stations. He hosted a weekly radio show on WRKO, and was a regular contributor on The Emily Rooney Show on WGBH-FM in Boston.As a music journalist
<mask> has also covered music for a variety of outlets, writing features and profiles on a wide array of heavy metal, rap, dance and rock artists. He's interviewed some of the music world's biggest stars, including Gene Simmons, Ozzy Osbourne, Lemmy Kilmister, Marilyn Manson, Notorious B.I.G., Ray Manzarek of The Doors, Everlast of House of Pain, Blink 182's Tom DeLonge, Geoff Tate of Queensrÿche, <mask> of Megadeth, Tiësto, Moby, Rob Zombie, Johnny Rotten, Daryl Hall, and Glenn Danzig. In addition to VICE, Noisey and THUMP, <mask>a was published at VICE.com and in its October print edition. In 2013, <mask> had an exclusive interview with rap pioneers The Geto Boys about their reunion that was the cover story for DigBoston. The piece featured a rare interview with eccentric dwarf rapper Bushwick Bill, in which he revealed that he was "drugged up" and incoherent when he was photographed being wheeled on a hospital gurney by his bandmates Scarface (rapper) and Willie D immediately after he was infamously shot in the eye by his girlfriend during a domestic dispute. "My eye was really sitting on my cheek.Now that I look back at it, every time I look at that album cover, it reminds me what not to do. Not to take matters into my own hands and leave it to God." - Bushwick Bill to DigBoston, June 19, 2013

In April 2014, <mask> was co-host of "Hardcore News" on DigRadio with singer/artist <mask>, and did one of the final interviews with GWAR frontman Oderus Urungus (aka <mask>) just days before Brockie died of a heroin overdose. In 2019, <mask> began writing for Ultimate Classic Rock. Broadcasting

In 2021, <mask> and his co-author Casey Sherman launched "Saints, Sinners & Serial Killers," a true crime podcast on the Muddhouse Media network. Season one included episodes about the Boston Marathon bombings, Whitey Bulger and the Boston Strangler case. <mask> is a frequent TV and radio commentator who has appeared on CNN, Fox News, CBS' The Early Show, ABC's Good Morning America, WEEI Sports Radio in Boston, and several other local and national stations.He hosted a weekly radio show called "Terror on Trial" on WRKO during the 2015 trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was a regular contributor on The Emily Rooney Show on WGBH in Boston and hosted a news/music and pop culture show on the now-defunct DigRadio, a Boston online radio station. In 2013, <mask> was featured in "#TwitterRevolution," a two-hour documentary that explored the impact of Twitter on the media and American culture. In film
Boston Strong was acquired by 20th Century Fox in 2014 and was in development as a feature film at Fox before it merged with another project based on the 2013 Boston Marathon terror attacks. The two projects merged into Patriots Day a feature film starring Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman, Michelle Monaghan and J.K. Simmons and directed by Peter Berg. The film began shooting in Boston in February 2016 and was released in December 2016. In 2008, <mask> appeared in "THS Investigates: Cults, Religion and Mind Control," a two-hour documentary about the devastating impact of religious cults. <mask> spoke about his extensive work for the Herald investigating a cult in Attleboro, Mass.that starved a baby to death in 1999 to fulfill a bizarre religious prophecy. In 2013, <mask> had a small role in the independent film,  Angels Around Me, playing a bar patron. In 2018, it was announced that Wedge and Sherman's production company, Fort Point Media, partnered with Outside (magazine)'s film division to produce a feature based on the life story of extreme skier Doug Coombs. The film is based on the book Tracking the Wild Coomba: The Life of Legendary Extreme Skier Doug Coombs by author Robert Cocuzzo. .

Also in 2018, it was announced that Netflix is developing a film based on Wedge and Sherman's book, Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight Against ALS, with actor/producer Casey Affleck. In October 2019, Sky Studios and Double Nickel partnered with Wedge and Sherman's production company, Fort Point Media to adapt their forthcoming book, "Hunting Whitey," about the chase and murder of Boston Irish mob boss Whitey Bulger, for a TV series. <mask> has also been a panelist and a moderator at ITVFest (Independent Television Festival) in Vermont, including leading panels with director/producer Bobby Farrelly and producer Kris Meyer. In 2020, author James Patterson announced that a film is in development based on The Last Days of John Lennon, written with <mask> and Sherman.Communications strategy

In 2014, <mask> joined Boston communications firm Northwind Strategies, where he worked as a media consultant and adviser to a wide variety of corporate, political and non-profit clients. He was part of the team that worked on the Boston 2024 effort to bring the Olympics to Boston and also worked on the 2014 gubernatorial campaign of former Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley. In 2017, <mask> joined State6, a communications firm in Boston. In 2018, <mask> served as spokesman for Attorney Keith M. Davidson, who represented Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal in cases involving President Donald Trump, as well as Shera Bechard, a Playboy Playmate reportedly involved with Republican fundraiser Elliott Broidy. Personal life
<mask> was born on July 31, 1970 in Brockton, Massachusetts. He is a 1988 graduate of Brockton High School and a 1993 graduate of Boston College. He is married to Boston Herald columnist Jessica Heslam and has two children.Awards and recognitions

<mask> has won several journalism awards throughout his career, including a 2001 award for breaking news while he was at the Sun Chronicle. In 2003, he and Herald reporter Tom Farmer won a New England Press Association award for religious reporting for their coverage of an Attleboro cult. In 2008, <mask> was part of a team of reporters who won a New England Press Association award in the "Right to Know" category for a series on public officials' salaries. The same series was also awarded first place in the "Right to Know" category by the New England Associated Press News Executive Association in September 2008. In 2009, <mask> won an investigative reporting award from the New England Associated Press News Executives Association for a report on criminals working in the taxpayer-subsidized film industry in Massachusetts.'' In April 2014, the staff of the Boston Herald, including <mask>, was honored with the Sigma Delta Chi Award by the Society of Professional Journalists for the paper's coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing. In 2015, <mask> was honored in his hometown with a commendation from the Brockton City Council.Murphy v. Boston Herald, Inc., et al. In 2005, Wedge and the Herald were named in the Murphy v. Boston Herald, Inc., et al. libel case filed by Massachusetts Superior Court Judge Ernest B. Murphy. In February 2005, the jury found that the Boston Herald and Wedge had libeled Judge Murphy. The jury awarded Murphy $2.09 million in compensatory damages, an award later reduced to $2.01 million. Shortly after the verdict, in an apparent attempt at "bullying" the Herald into a settlement, Judge Murphy wrote two letters on court letterhead to Herald publisher Patrick Purcell, demanding the publisher meet with him and deliver a $3.26 million check. The verdict was appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.Though the SJC acknowledged errors in the trial, the verdict was upheld in a ruling on May 7, 2007. The Herald and Wedge maintained the stories were accurate and that the court rulings were flawed. In response to Judge Murphy's letters to the Herald, the Massachusetts Commission on Judicial Conduct recommended a 30-day suspension, a $25,000 fine, and a public censure for Murphy. In August 2008, Judge Murphy and the CJC reached an agreement that he was "permanently disabled" and he stepped down from the bench. Murphy applied for an early disability pension, but was denied by the SJC. References

American male journalists
Writers from Brockton, Massachusetts
Living people
1970 births

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Dave Mustaine
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title: Anthony Maitland, 10th Earl of Lauderdale

texts:
Admiral <mask>, 10th Earl of Lauderdale   (10 June 1785 – 22 March 1863) was a British naval officer who served during the French Revolutionary War, Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812. He also participated in the Bombardment of Algiers. He served as Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs between 1813-1818 and Berwickshire between 1826 and 1832. From 1830 until he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1841 he was a naval aide-de-camp to at first King William IV and then Queen Victoria. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 June 1785 as the second son of James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale and Eleanor, the only daughter of <mask>. Naval career

Early career
Maitland joined the Royal Navy on 2 October 1795 as an admiral's servant on the ship-of-the-line HMS Victory, being the flagship of Admiral Sir John Jervis in the Mediterranean Fleet. Maitland's name was born on Victory'''s books until June 1796.He was promoted to midshipman in October 1798 where he followed Admiral Jervis, now Lord St. Vincent, into the ship-of-the-line HMS Ville de Paris. In January 1801 Maitland transferred to the frigate HMS Triton under Captain John Gore in the English Channel, whom he then followed into the frigate HMS Medusa in April. While serving in Medusa Maitland distinguished himself in an action against the Boulogne Flotilla on 15 August. The boats of Medusa and the rest of the squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson attempted under the cover of darkness to cut out the flotilla, however the French were prepared for the attack and repulsed it. The boats of Medusa attempted to board a brig but were stopped by nets rigged around the ship; they suffered fifty-five casualties, the most of any ship in the squadron, including Maitland who was severely injured. In December 1803 Maitland left Medusa to re-join Lord St. Vincent as a supernumerary on Victory, still part of the Mediterranean Fleet. In August 1804, still serving on Victory, Maitland was promoted to acting lieutenant in the brig-sloop HMS Childers; he was confirmed as a lieutenant on 2 February 1805 and transferred to the ship-of-the-line HMS Blenheim, flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge in the East Indies.On 6 August Blenheim participated in an indecisive action against the French ship-of-the-line Marengo and frigate Belle Poule. Maitland was promoted to commander on 6 May 1806 and took command of the ship-of-the-line HMS Arrogant, 'an old worn out 74', serving as the guard ship at Bombay. Post-Captain

Maitland was promoted to post-captain on 25 September of the same year, but his next command was not until 1 August 1811 when he was appointed to the frigate HMS Pique at Woolwich. His command of Pique resulted in some wide-ranging travel, including service on the Downs, Lisbon, South America, and Jamaica Stations. Maitland and Pique sailed for the Leeward Islands on 7 June 1812 to participate in the War of 1812. In August 1813 Maitland had Pique off the east coast of America; he successfully chased and captured the 5-gun American privateer Hawk which surrendered without a fight. On 13 and 19 January 1814 Pique took respectively the Swedish ships Bernat and Margaret and sent them in to Guadeloupe.Maitland and Pique sailed for Portsmouth at the end of 1814, but returned to the West Indies in the spring of 1815. On 19 February 1816 Maitland was given command of the large frigate HMS Glasgow, in which he joined the fleet of Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew on 20 July off Portsmouth, for service against Algiers.Phillips, Glasgow (50) (1814). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 16 May 2021. On 27 August the fleet began the Bombardment of Algiers, with Glasgow between the frigate HMS Severn and the Dutch frigate Melampus firing at the gun batteries of the town. When the ship-of-the-line HMS Impregnable signalled to the fleet that she had suffered one hundred and fifty casualties, Maitland volunteered to divert enemy fire from her. While Glasgow left her position in the line and attempted to close with Impregnable, the winds made movement very difficult and after an hour Glasgow had failed to move far from Severn, and was left open to fire from the Algiers fish markets that she had before been hidden from.Glasgow was heavily damaged during the engagement, having ten men killed and thirty-seven more wounded. Maitland was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 September for his service at the bombardment. He paid off Glasgow in November of the same year in order that she be repaired from her Algiers services, and recommissioned her again on 21 August 1817 for service in the Mediterranean Sea, where he served until March 1821 when he sailed Glasgow home and went on half-pay. On 26 February 1820 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. In August 1830 he was appointed as a naval aide-de-camp to King William IV and continued as such under Queen Victoria until his promotion to flag rank. Admiral
Maitland was promoted to rear-admiral as a rear-admiral of the blue on 23 November 1841 through seniority. He became a vice-admiral on 11 June 1851, and was promoted to admiral on 18 June 1857.He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 10 November 1862. He died as an admiral of the red, having never served at sea as an admiral. Political career

Maitland was a member of parliament for Haddington Burghs between 1813 and 1818, and Berwickshire between 1826 and 1832; he afterwards became a deputy lieutenant of Berwickshire. These seats were family seats, and when in parliament Maitland voted along the family line with the opposition. For his services Maitland was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 6 April 1832. He became Earl of Lauderdale on 22 August 1860 upon the death of his elder brother James; he was able to sit in the House of Lords as an English peer instead of as a Scottish representative peer because of the subsidiary title Baron Lauderdale that had been granted to his father in 1806.Syrett, Commissioned Sea Officers, p. 295 Upon his death, Maitland's Scottish titles were inherited by his cousin Thomas Maitland while his English titles became extinct. Death
Maitland died on 22 March 1863.Family
Maitland's uncle was Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Maitland, who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and then Governor of Malta. Maitland's younger brother Colonel John Maitland died in 1839, while much of the rest of his family also served in the navy, such as his cousin and successor as earl, Admiral Sir Thomas Maitland. Maitland never married. Notes and citations
Notes

Citations

References

 Burke, John (1864) A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. London: Henry Colburn. Syrett, David and R.L. DiNardo (1994) The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815.''Aldershot: Scholar Press. External links
Ships of the Old Navy

1785 births
1863 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812

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Anthony Maitland
Anthony Maitland
Anthony Todd


title: Halil Savda

texts:
<mask> (born 1974) is a Turkish conscientious objector who has been subjected to continued arrest and conviction for his refusal to serve mandatory military service – in violation of Turkish law. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey (in the Cizre district of Şırnak province). Savda is a graduate of primary school. Conscientious objection to military service
When Savda involuntarily arrived at the Çorlu military base in late November 2004, he immediately refused to join his assigned military unit. Savda argued that he could not physically serve as a soldier because of the torture he endured in jail since 1993. He then wrote a letter to the Turkish commander declaring himself to be a conscientious objector - demanding that Turkey recognize the right to conscientious objection. On 26 November 2004 Savda was arrested at the Çorlu Military Prosecutor’s office where he declared once again that he would not “serve in the military as it contradicted his conscience and beliefs.”
On 16 December 2004 Savda appeared before the Çorlu Military Court.At trial, Savda argued “I believe that the responsibility of war does not only belong to those who wage it, but to everyone who condones it. With my conscientious objection, I would like to show that I do not want to bear this responsibility and that by refusing to be silent about militarism I am refusing to be a part of it.”  The Military Court found Savda guilty of “insisting on disobeying” his requirement as a Turkish citizen to serve the Turkish military. The court ordered his immediate arrest, and transferred Savda from the military unit to Corlu Military Prison. However, he was released from custody less than two weeks later. After being released, Savda began to publicly campaign against the Turkish law requiring military participation. On 23 October 2006, Savda announced the founding of the Conscientious Objection Platform (“COP”), declaring that its objective is “the legalization of conscientious objection” in Turkey. On 7 December 2006, less than two months after forming the COP, <mask> <mask> was arrested and detained once again when he attended a trial session in Çorlu Military Court on charges of “persistent disobedience” of Turkish law.A week after his arrest, attorney Kadriye Doğru went to visit him at the military prison but was refused access. According to Doğru, there was no reasonable justification for her being denied access, and that “her meeting was hindered on completely arbitrary grounds”. She asked the military prosecutor for justification for being denied admission, and the prosecutor responded that “he is not in the position to give (a justification)”. According to Doğru, “Neither the code of criminal procedure, the military criminal code, nor the code of military criminal procedure include any clause which could be used to hinder a detainee in prison from meeting a lawyer. This situation is an obstruction of the right to defense.”

On 25 January 2007, Savda’s trial attorney, Suna Coşkun, was able to get Savda released from custody while his trial was ongoing. However, upon being released, Savda was ordered to the Tekirdağ Beşiktepe 8th Mechanized Brigade. With knowledge of Savda’s beliefs, his 2004 conviction, and his ongoing trial, the brigade officer ordered Savda to wear a military uniform.Savda repeated that he was a conscientious objector and that he would not perform military service, which included wearing a military uniform. Upon this statement, <mask> was presented to the Çorlu military prosecutor with the charge of “insistent insubordination.” The prosecutor sent Savda back to the military unit where Savda would be subjected to severe harassment. At the disciplinary ward of the 8th Mechanized Brigade, a sergeant major, two guardians and an officer pushed Savda to the wall face-on, kicked his legs apart and began hitting him – causing his face to swell. Savda was placed in a room at the military base where he was forced to sleep without bed or blankets. In response, Savda protested his inhumane treatment by conducting a five day hunger strike. Savda was ultimately convicted by the Çorlu Military Court for disobeying orders (for refusing to wear the military uniform) and desertion (for failing to report to his military unit). On 15 March 2007 the court sentenced Savda to 15 months imprisonment.On 12 April 2007 the court sentenced him to an additional six months imprisonment, bringing his prison time up to 21 and ½ months. In accordance with Turkish practice, the court did not go into the reasoning for the sentence. The judicial justification for a second sentence may be released when the written judgment is made available. Nevertheless, even when he is released from prison, <mask> <mask> will likely not be set free. Based on historical practice, <mask> will either be sent back to his military unit, or be forced to live a clandestine life. Criticism of the military court ruling
The international community expressed concern with the manner in which the Turkish government and military have dealt with conscientious objectors. European Court of Human Rights
The Savda sentence arguably goes against the spirit of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights from January 2006.At that time, the European Court of Human Rights found that Turkey had violated article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, specifically the prohibition of degrading treatment, in a case dealing with conscientious objector Osman Murat Ülke. The Court in Ülke's case noted: “The numerous criminal prosecutions against the applicant, the cumulative effects of the criminal convictions which resulted from them and the constant alternation between prosecutions and terms of imprisonment, together with the possibility that he would be liable to prosecution for the rest of his life, had been disproportionate to the aim of ensuring that he did his military service. They were more calculated to repressing the applicant’s intellectual personality, inspiring in him feelings of fear, anguish and vulnerability capable of humiliating and debasing him and breaking his resistance and will. The clandestine life amounting almost to “civil death” which the applicant had been compelled to adopt was incompatible with the punishment regime of a democratic society.”

Although the ECHR has found Turkey guilty in Ülke's conscientious objector case, no step has been taken by the government of Turkey to make legal changes to comply with the ruling. According to the COP, the treatment of Savda reasonably suggests that Turkey is ignoring the ruling made by the ECHR in 2006. Turkey continues to punish individuals concurrently for the same offense. It is arguable that unless there is a change in the law, or a change of heart on the part of the military and their courts, conscientious objectors in Turkey will be condemned to endlessly repeated convictions for the same act, an effective life imprisonment sentence.War Resisters’ International
According to War Resisters’ International, the 15 March 2007 sentence of Savda constitutes a violation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allowing for freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, both of which Turkey has signed and ratified. Furthermore, the WSI argues that the 12 April 2007 sentence violates not only the aforementioned articles, but also constitutes a violation of Article 14 paragraph 7 of the ICCPR, which states that “no one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country”. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
The U.N. Working Group is of the opinion that “there is, since, after the initial conviction, the person exhibits, for reasons of conscience, a constant resolve not to obey the subsequent summons, so that there is ‘one and the same action entailing the same consequences and, therefore, the offence is the same and not a new one’”  The Working Group concludes that “to interpret such a refusal as being perhaps provisional (selective) would, in a country where the rule of law prevails, be tantamount to compelling someone to change his mind for fear of being deprived of his liberty if not for life, at least until the date at which citizens cease to be liable to military service.”

Amnesty International
In 2012, Amnesty International designated Savda a prisoner of conscience, "detained solely for the peaceful exercise of his right to freedom of expression". The group called for his immediate and unconditional release. Conscription in Turkey
In Turkey, compulsory military service, or conscription, is enshrined in Article 72 of the 1982 Turkish Constitution. According to Article 72, “Fatherland service is the right and duty of every Turk”.Mandatory service applies to all male citizens from 20 to 41 years of age, but the length of service varies depending on the individual’s education and occupation. Individuals without a higher education must serve 15 months (the amount Savda would have to serve). Those with a university degree either serve 12 months as a reserve officer or serve six months as a short term private. Those citizens who have worked outside Turkey for at least three consecutive years can pay a certain fee (approximately 5,000 Euros) and serve only 21 days of basic training instead of the typical 15-month service. Conscientious objection in Turkey
The issue of conscientious objection is a highly debated and controversial issue in Turkey. Turkey and Azerbaijan are the only two members of the Council of Europe that still refuse to recognize conscientious objection. Although Article 24.1 of the 1982 Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of conscience, it does not extend to the right to conscientious objection to military service.In 1991, the Turkish Constitutional Court explicitly ruled that the freedom of conscience mentioned in Article 24 does not include the right to conscientious objection to military service. Article 63 of the Turkish Military Penal Code punishes conscientious objectors for avoiding military service. Furthermore, Article 318 allows these individuals to be punished up to 2 years if they attract media attention or publish articles about their refusal to perform military service. Despite Turkey’s position on conscientious objection, a small number of individuals have publicly refused to perform military service for non-religious, pacifist reasons. The first known conscientious objector in Turkey was Ülke, a Turkish citizen who grew up in Germany and returned to Turkey. In 1995 he publicly declared that he was a conscientious objector and refused to perform military service. Ülke has been continuously subjected to recurring punishments related to his conscientious objector status.Since Ülke, dozens of others have followed. Between 1995 and 2004 approximately 40 men openly declared themselves as conscientious objectors, mostly by making a public statement or giving media interviews about their reasons for refusing military service. Among the most notable, aside from Ülke and Savda, were Mehmet Tarhan and Perihan Magden. Mehmet Tarhan, a gay anarchist and conscientious objector, was imprisoned for refusing military service in Turkey. He was sentenced to four years in a military prison but was unexpectedly released in March 2006. Journalist Perihan Magden was tried by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right, but was acquitted. References

Other sources
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/Halil%20index.htm
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/HalilSavdaArrested.htm
http://www.refusingtokill.net/Turkey%20Halil/hastytranslation.htm
http://www.wri-irg.org/news/alerts/msg00082.html

1974 births
Living people
People from Cizre
Turkish conscientious objectors
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Turkey
Turkish prisoners and detainees

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Halil Savda
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