title: Ludwig von Struve

texts:
<mask> (November 1, 1858 – November 4, 1920) was a Baltic German astronomer, part of the famous Baltic German Struve family. In Russian, his name is sometimes given as <mask> (Людвиг Оттович Струве) or Lyudvig Ottonovich Struve (Людвиг Оттонович Струве). Biography
<mask> was born in 1858 in Tsarskoye Selo – a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located  south from the center of St. Petersburg. He was the fourth son of <mask> and Emilie Dyrssen (1823–1868) and a younger brother of astronomer <mask>. <mask> followed his family traditions and between 1876 and 1880 studied astronomy at the Imperial University of Dorpat. For his post-graduate research started at the Pulkovo Observatory which was headed by his father. In 1883, <mask> defended his PhD thesis on "Resultate aus den in Pulkowa angestellen Vergleichungen von Procyon mit benachbarten Sternen" (Results obtained in Pulkovo on relation of Procyon with the neighboring stars).Between 1883 and 1886, Struve was staying abroad in several European observatories, including those in Bonn, Milan, Paris and Leipzig. His major influences in astronomy were his father and the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. Between 1886 and 1894, Struve worked as an astronomer at the Tartu Observatory. In 1887, using results obtained during his European trip, he prepared and defended the habilitation thesis titled "Neue Bestimmung der Constante der Precession und der eigenen Bewegung des Sonnensystems" (New determination of the constant of precession and of the motion of the Solar System). Research

A few years after retirement of his father, in 1894, <mask> moved to the University of Kharkov. There, in 1897 he became professor in astronomy and geodesy and director of the observatory. Prior to  Struve, the Kharkov Observatory was not registered within the Russian leveling network and the altitude of Kharkov was based on rather inaccurate trigonometric leveling conducted by local triangulation.It took Struve five years of hard work to include the observatory to the Russian leveling network. In 1912, he was elected as Dean of the Physics and Mathematics Department of Kharkov University. In 1914, he founded a workshop of fine mechanics at the department and headed it for five years. Prior to that, such institutions had been nonexistent in Russia, and foreign engineers were personally invited for precision mechanical work. Struve attempted to build a national school in this area, but with limited success. He himself was a skilled engineer and constructed an instrument for the measurement of "an individual error using artificial star.” This device was invented by H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen at the Leiden Observatory and was actively used by Struve. Struve's research was first focused on celestial mechanics, in particular precession and other motion within the Solar System.It then expanded on the study of the positions and motion of stars, in particular single and double stars lying within the angular range of the Tartu Observatory. He used occultation of stars by the Moon to refine the value of the lunar radius. He also determined the apex coordinates of the Sun's movement and was one of the first astronomers to estimate, in 1887, the rotation rate of the Milky Way. On the basis of his observations in Kharkov, Struve compiled a catalogue "Observation of 779 zodiac stars” (1898–1902). Between 1908 and 1915, Struve with collaborators determined right ascension and declination of 1407 circumpolar stars, taking about 11,000 observations for each coordinate. The results were published in the "Kharkov differential catalogue of declination of 1407 circumpolar stars in FK4 system for mean epoch of 1911 year" and "The
results of a comparison of the catalogue of declination of 1407 circumpolar stars and the Fabritius catalogue with the tables of proper motion of 412 circumpolar stars". Late years
Struve was married to Elizaveta Khrystoforovna (1874–1964) and they had two sons and two daughters.Their first child, son Otto, was born in Kharkov in 1897, and later became one of the most famous astronomers of the 20th century. Otto served as a White Russian officer in the losing side of the civil war that followed the Russian Revolution. Therefore, to avoid Bolshevik's repressions, Struve had to move in 1919 to Simferopol where he had assumed professor position at the Tavrida University. He left in Kharkov a collection of about 1400 historical letters involving his father and grandfather, Friedrich Georg <mask> Struve. The collection had survived two wars and was preserved till the present days. After leaving Kharkov, tragedy struck the Struve family with three deaths in the over the course of five months. In the summer of 1920, <mask>'s 9-year-old daughter Elizabeth drowned in front of him.Shortly afterward, his son Werner (1903–1920) died from tuberculosis, and in November, <mask> himself died of a stroke. He was survived by his wife and daughter Yadviga (1901–1924), who returned to Kharkov. Yadviga had taught German at Kharkov Technology Institute, but died in 1924 of tuberculosis. Awards
In 1915, Struve received an award from the council of the Russian Astronomical Society, where he was a member from 1893. The award was given for his work “Elaboration of the observations of
lunar occultation of the stars during the total lunar eclipse” that was carried within a collaboration between the Kharkov and Pulkovo observatories. Citations and references

Cited sources
 Balyshev, M.A. (2021).<mask> <mask> (1858–1920): Development of Positional Astronomy at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies, 37(5): 269-272. Balyshev, M.A. (2021). Astronomer <mask> <mask> (1858-1920): A scientific biography. Science and Science of Science, 3: 76-102. (In Ukrainian)
Balyshev M. (2007) <mask>novich Struve.Notes historian. Universitates. Science and Enlightenment, 1. P.34-43. (In Russian)

1858 births
1920 deaths
19th-century astronomers
20th-century Russian astronomers
Baltic-German people
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Astronomers of the Russian Empire
Ludwig
University of Tartu alumni
Kharkiv Observatory faculty

masks:
Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig von Struve
Lyudvig Ottovich Struve
Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig von Struve
Otto Wilhelm von Struve
Hermann Struve
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Wilhelm von
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig von
Struve
Ludwig Ottovich
Struve
Ludwig Otto


title: Charles C. Lynch

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is the former owner of a city sanctioned medical marijuana dispensary in Morro Bay, California. <mask> obtained a medical marijuana dispensary business license, a medical marijuana nursery permit and was a member of the local chamber of commerce. <mask> was compliant with California medical marijuana laws, but was prosecuted and convicted under federal marijuana laws. As of July 30, 2014, <mask> remained out on bail pending appeal. City sanctioned dispensary

In April 2006 <mask> obtained a medical marijuana dispensary business license from the city of Morro Bay. In July 2006 <mask> was issued a medical marijuana nursery permit which allowed him to provide marijuana plants to the members of his dispensary. <mask> was also a member of the Morro Bay Chamber of Commerce.The business operated under strict guidance from city and state officials that licensed the marijuana dispensary for over one year. Raid and arrest

On March 29, 2007, the dispensary was raided by the local Sheriff Pat Hedges in cooperation with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The dispensary reopened a week later with the blessing of Morro Bay officials. The dispensary eventually closed on May 16, 2007, after the DEA threatened the landlord of the dispensary with criminal forfeiture of his property. On July 17, 2007, <mask> was arrested under federal law for marijuana trafficking, and was convicted in August 2008 of operating a drug premises, selling drugs to minors, distribution of over 100 kilos of marijuana, cultivating more than 100 marijuana plants and conspiracy to distribute marijuana. During the trial, his attorneys were barred from referring to the legality of his business under state law. National controversy

<mask> became a national figure in the dispute between state and federal marijuana laws when <mask> and Reason TV published a story and video about <mask>'s case.Other national news networks picked up on the story and <mask> appeared on MSNBC's "Marijuana Inc." Al Roker Reporting, ABC News 20/20 with John Stossel "Bailouts and Bull" and Larry King Live. The <mask> story also appeared in an online article on Time and briefly mentioned in the April 6, 2009, edition of top ten news stories. <mask> and his supporters also staged protests that before the Federal Court House in Los Angeles in October 2008 and February 2009 drawing media attention to those individuals caught between conflicting state and federal drug laws. Trial and conviction

The trial, US vs <mask>. <mask>, began on July 22, 2008, in Los Angeles Federal Court. <mask> was not allowed to mention state medical marijuana laws. The evidence submitted and used by the government against <mask> during the trial was highly controversial and biased. Much of <mask>'s own testimony and evidence was stricken from the record and not allowed to be considered by the jury.On August 6, 2008, <mask> was convicted in federal court on five counts relating to operating his state legal medical marijuana dispensary:

 (Count One) narcotics conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 856, and 859
 (Counts Two and Three) aiding and abetting the sale of marijuana to minors, under the age of twenty-one, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 859(a), and 18 U.S.C. § 2
 (Count Four) possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)
 (Count Five) and operation and use of a drug-involved premises, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1)

Sentencing

In April 2009, Judge George Wu sought but was denied input regarding sentencing from the Obama administration's Department of Justice. <mask> was facing a mandatory minimum sentence of five years or more under federal sentencing guidelines, but the judge applied the safety valve and on June 11, 2009, <mask> was sentenced to a year and a day in prison.The one-year sentence was required because <mask> was convicted of selling to minors under the age of 21. Under California law there is no age limit for the medicinal use of marijuana and <mask>'s conditions of business license issued by the City of Morro Bay indicated patients should be 18 or older unless accompanied by a parent or guardian. Under federal law anybody under the age of 21 is considered a minor. Judge Wu stated that <mask> had adhered to California laws and allowed <mask> to stay out of prison on bail pending appeal. On April 29, 2010, Judge Wu issued a final version of <mask>'s federal sentencing memo. The judge also issued the final judgement and commitment order on April 29, 2010. Judge Wu was lenient in the sentencing and made statements in <mask>'s favor including the following:

Here, there can be no doubt that the present case falls outside of the heartland of typical marijuana distribution cases for a number of very obvious reasons including.Individuals such as <mask> are caught in the middle of the shifting positions of governmental authorities. Much of the problems could be ameliorated - as suggested in Raich, id. at 33 - by the reclassification of marijuana from Schedule I. This Court would, however, agree with <mask> that, .., CCCC's [Central Coast Compassionate Caregivers] operations were conducted not in stealth but publicly and prominently. Indeed, the vast majority of the evidence presented to the jury was obtained from Lynch's and CCCC's records and premises which could have been acquired at any point pursuant to a search warrant which, in turn, could have been procured at any time after CCCC began its operations, since there has never been any dispute that CCCC was openly possessing and distributing marijuana at its store in downtown Morro Bay. Consequently, prior to the California Supreme Court's decision in Mentch, <mask> could have reasonably believed that the CCCC's operations complied with California law because it was acting in the capacity of a primary caregiver. ...before opening the CCCC, he notified governmental authorities including the City of Morro Bay's mayor and city council plus various local law enforcement entities such as the county sheriffs and (according to <mask>) the DEA.Consequently, should any governmental authority have believed that some public safety issue or other societal interest warranted the prevention of any commencement of CCCC's operations, that authority could have sought to enjoin the CCCC from opening. None did. Likewise, <mask> took steps to have CCCC comply with applicable laws such as by obtaining a business license, following federal and state labor statutes, etc. There was no evidence that anyone ever suffered any injury of any sort as a result of Lynch's running the CCCC. <mask> kept detailed records of all purchases, sales and other relevant activities of the CCCC (including the identities and other background information as to its suppliers and customers). As a result, his prosecution was greatly facilitated by his own scrupulous record-keeping. Bond reduction

On Monday May 23, 2011, Judge Wu ordered <mask><mask>'s $400,000 bond reduced after <mask>'s federal public defenders requested the reduction.Federal pre trial officers who are supervising <mask> supported <mask> in his request for the reduction. <mask>'s family posted $400,000 bond to bail <mask> out of federal detention when he was arrested in July 2007. The government has been holding the property and cash for nearly four years saying <mask> is a flight risk. Cross appeals

On June 15, 2009 <mask>'s federal public defenders filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On July 13, 2009 the federal prosecutors appealed <mask>'s one-year sentence insisting that he receive the five year mandatory sentence. It is assumed that the government received permission from the head of the Department of Justice, Eric Holder, in order to file the appeal despite Eric Holder's statements of a change in United States policy regarding medical marijuana dispensaries. On August 19, 2009, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the government's and <mask>'s appeals without prejudice, meaning they could be re-filed at a later date, pending the final sentencing judgment to be issued by Judge Wu.On July 3, 2012, <mask> filed the official documents for appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On July 17, 2012, Americans for Safe Access and a group of concerned lawyers filed amicus briefs in support of <mask>'s appeal. On August 9, 2012, the government filed for a 120-day extension of time to reply to <mask>'s appeal citing consultations with the Department of Justice, Solicitor General and other federal agencies would be necessary and time consuming. On November 1, 2013, the government filed a brief which was denied by the Ninth Circuit Court. After nine extension requests the government finally produced another brief which was accepted by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On May 5, 2014, <mask>'s public defenders filed an unopposed six-month extension request to file <mask>'s third and final cross-appeal brief he will be able to submit to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The brief is now due November 12, 2014.Lynching <mask>

A documentary about <mask>'s case, Lynching <mask> by filmmaker Rick Ray, premiered at the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival on March 9, 2011. The documentary was released by Brainstorm Media on April 20, 2012. Present day
As of February 4, 2014, <mask> remains out of jail under federal pre-trial supervision on a reduced $200,000 bail posted by his family. In September 2013 <mask> left California and is now living in New Mexico. References

External links

Lynching <mask> at IMDb

Living people
American cannabis activists
People from Morro Bay, California
1962 births
People from Oxnard, California

masks:
Charles C
. Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Drew Carey
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Charles C
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Charles Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Charles C
. Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Charlie Lynch
Lynch
Charlie Lynch
Lynch
Charles
Charlie Lynch


title: Peter Darvill-Evans

texts:
<mask> (born 1954) is an English writer and editor. Early life
He was born and lived in Buckinghamshire until he went to university, graduating in 1975 from University College, London with a degree in History. Career
In 1976 Darvill-Evans joined the staff of Games Centre, a specialist games shop in London. He became the manager of a branch of the shop, then manager of wholesale sales, selling board games and eventually role-playing games. In 1979 he became employed by Games Workshop, becoming first its Trade Sales Manager, then general manager, responsible for purchases, sales, distribution and magazine publishing. When Games Workshop relocated to Nottingham, Darvill-Evans left the company, preferring to stay in London. He then wrote his first of three Fighting Fantasy gamebooks for Puffin Books.In 1989, he became the a junior editor at W. H. Allen Ltd, initially overseeing the Target Books imprint. He also oversaw the Nexus imprint of erotic fiction for men, redesigning its logo and cover style as well as changing its editorial direction. Target's main output was novelisations of the popular science-fiction television series Doctor Who, and when Darvill-Evans arrived he immediately realised that there were very few Doctor Who stories left to novelise. This problem was exacerbated by the cancellation of the television series at the end of 1989. When WH Allen sold the Nexus and Doctor Who lines to Virgin Publishing, Darvill-Evans went with them. Deciding to go freelance, he was made redundant at his own request, and entered negotiations with the BBC to license Virgin to produce full-length, original novels carrying on the story of the series from the point where the television programme had left off. Launched in 1991, this successful line of novels were known as the New Adventures.Darvill-Evans set down guidelines for the writers, and even wrote one novel himself, Deceit. Other output from the Virgin fiction department during his time there included another series of Doctor Who novels (the Missing Adventures, featuring previous Doctors and companions); a series of novels following the character of Bernice Summerfield; the Virgin Worlds imprint of new mainstream science-fiction and fantasy novels. Non-science fiction lines included Black Lace, the first mainstream erotic fiction imprint targeted at women; the Crime and Passion imprint; Idol, a homoerotic fiction imprint for men; and Sapphire, a lesbian erotica line. Other successes included media-tie in books such as the Red Dwarf Programme Guide, which served as the template for guides about other cult television series, and a series of novelisations based on the Jimmy McGovern-scripted series Cracker starring Robbie Coltrane. By 1997, however, Virgin Publishing decided to emphasise more non-fiction books by and about celebrities. Their Doctor Who licence renewal negotiations fell in 1996, a year in which the BBC was seeking to bring all the Doctor Who licences back in house. Consequently, Virgin's Doctor Who licence was not renewed and instead the BBC opted to launch their own series of Doctor Who novels.In 1998, Darvill-Evans managed among other projects the editing and production of Virgin's Guide to British Universities, and personally supervised the copy-editing and proofreading of Richard Branson's autobiography Losing My Virginity. Virgin closed its fiction department in 1999, with Darvill-Evans departing the company and moving to Southampton. He continued to freelance, writing several Doctor Who novels for BBC Books, amongst various other editing and writing work. In 2001 he began working for the Inland Revenue, subsequently renamed H M Revenue & Customs, and is currently an Inspector of Taxes. Working full time for HMRC has left little time for writing, but Darvill-Evans has maintained his interest in the worlds of cult fiction, in particular Doctor Who and Fighting Fantasy. He has contributed to the following:
     - 2005 - a contributory interviewee for a documentary about author Terrance Dicks included in the BBC's remastered DVD edition of the Doctor Who TV series The Horror of Fang Rock
     - 2007 - short story Home published in the book Bernice Summerfield - Missing Adventures, published by Big Finish Productions and edited by Rebecca Levene
     - 2010 - a contributory interviewee for a documentary feature about Doctor Who books included in the BBC's remastered DVD edition of the Doctor Who 1996 movie
     - 2013 - a contributory interviewee for the BBC Radio 2 documentary Who Is The Doctor? - 2013 - a contributory interviewee for a documentary feature included in the BBC's remastered DVD edition of the Doctor Who TV series The Ark In Space
     - 2015 - the main contributing interviewee for the DVD documentary Mythmakers - Virgin Publishing - Doctor Who Books, published by Reeltime Pictures
     - 2017, 2018, 2019 - panel guest at the conventions Fighting Fantasy Fest, Fighting Fantasy Fest 2, and Fighting Fantasy Fest 3.- 2021 - contributed text and photographs to The Who Adventures, a large-format,  hardback, full-colour-illustrated book that provided a detailed and comprehensive history of the Doctor Who novels and short stories published by Virgin Publishing under Darvill-Evans' direction during the 1990s. Published by Telos Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84583-185-1. Due to retire from HMRC at the end of March 2022, Darvill-Evans hopes to resume writing. Bibliography
Fighting Fantasy: Beneath Nightmare Castle (1987) ()
Fighting Fantasy: Portal of Evil (1989) ()
The New Story of O (translation from French) (1990)
Fighting Fantasy: Spectral Stalkers (1991)
Doctor Who – Time Lord (1991) () (a gamebook with Ian Marsh)
Seven pseudonymous novels for the Nexus imprint between 1991 and 2002
The Image (translation from French) (1992)
Doctor Who: Deceit (1993) ()
Doctor Who: Independence Day (2000) ()
Doctor Who: Asylum (2001) ()

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
English science fiction writers
Science fiction editors
People from Southampton
Fighting Fantasy
People from Buckinghamshire
20th-century English novelists
21st-century British novelists
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers


title: John D'Auban

texts:
<mask>'Auban (1842 – 15 April 1922) was an English dancer, choreographer and actor of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. Famous during his lifetime as the ballet-master at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, he is best remembered as the choreographer of many of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. After performing as a child with his family, D'Auban continued a career as a comic dancer in music hall and pantomime. He also served as dance master for the Alhambra Theatre, the Gaiety Theatre, London, and, for decades, Drury Lane. In 1868, he began a long association with W. S. Gilbert, staging the dances for most of the original productions of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, including H.M.S. Pinafore (1878) and The Mikado (1885), as well as many other Savoy operas. Between the 1860s and 1909, D'Auban choreographed more than 150 productions, including pantomimes, burlesques, musical comedies and comic operas.He also taught dance to many who became famous performers. Biography

Early years
As a child, D'Auban appeared with his sister, Marie, as Madame D'Auban's "celebrated infant dancers", from 1850 onwards, and continued to appear as part of the D'Auban family song and dance act throughout his childhood. As adults, he and his sister appeared together in a comic dance double act at the Crystal Palace in 1863. They appeared together in a Harlequinade at the opening of the Surrey Theatre, as Harlequin and Columbine, which ran during the Christmas season that year. They repeated their Harlequinade with variations during the Christmas seasons of 1868, 1869 and 1871. Burlesque, pantomime and other early work

D'Auban quickly became popular as a grotesque dancer and "star-trap" performer in London music halls early in his career. From 1865 to 1868, he danced in many of the Alhambra Theatre burlesques and pantomimes under director <mask>ad.He made a sensation in Paris in 1866, introducing that city to the star-trap. According to Hollingshead, D'Auban was the champion of star-trap jumpers, able to spring through the trap, from below the stage, high up in the air in sight of the audience. D'Auban began his forty-year association with W. S. Gilbert in 1868 by appearing in the bill at the opening of Hollingshead's Gaiety Theatre, London, including as one of two mysterious fiddlers in Gilbert's burlesque Robert the Devil. The other was <mask>, elder brother of Willie Warde. D'Auban and <mask> were billed as the theatre's "principal grotesque dancers and pantomimists". D'Auban then acted as ballet-master at the Gaiety, choreographing its famous burlesques, until 1891. In 1870 and in 1875 at the Gaiety, D'Auban choreographed Charles Dibdin's musical farce, The Waterman.From 1868 to 1909, D'Auban arranged the dances for more than 150 productions in the West End, at 30 different theatres. D'Auban married Warde's sister, Emma, in 1871, with whom he also performed. In the 1871 Christmas season, in the Harlequinade section of the pantomime Nip Van Winkle at the Pavilion Theatre, D'Auban played Harlequin, Emma was the "Harlequin à la Watteau", D'Auban's sister Marie was Columbine, and <mask> was Clown. The next Christmas, D'Auban and Warde appeared together as the eponymous Valentine and Orson at the Elephant and Castle Theatre. At the Gaiety, D'Auban appeared in and choreographed Fiz-Gig, "a new pantomimic ballet" in 1874. Comic opera; Drury Lane
In 1876, D'Auban arranged the dances for the Gilbert and Frederic Clay comic opera Princess Toto, starring Kate Santley. In 1877, D'Auban began working with Richard D'Oyly Carte, Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan by arranging the dances for their comic opera The Sorcerer.In 1878, D'Auban trained Gilbert in his dances as Harlequin for the Harlequinade section of The Forty Thieves. D'Auban arranged the dances for the next Gilbert and Sullivan opera, H.M.S. Pinafore, which became extraordinarily successful. For the Christmas season in 1879, he choreographed the extravaganza burlesque of Gulliver's Travels by H. J. Byron at the Gaiety. In 1880, D'Auban choreographed and appeared with his wife and sister in E. L. Blanchard's pantomime of Mother Goose at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Thereafter, until at least 1909, he was ballet-master and director at Drury Lane, especially of the pantomimes, where he also continued to perform in the Christmas pantomimes. His son, Ernest Henry D'Auban (1874–1941), became the stage manager at Drury Lane for many years.In 1881, D'Auban appeared in and arranged the dances for Robinson Crusoe, followed in subsequent years by such Drury Lane pantomimes as Sinbad The Sailor, Cinderella and Aladdin. In 1880, he choreographed Billee Taylor at the Imperial Theatre, Franz von Suppé's Boccaccio for H. B. Farnie, The Vicar of Bray at the Globe Theatre, and Rip van Winkle by Henri Meilhac, Phillipe Gille and Farnie, both at the Comedy Theatre. In 1886, D'Auban choreographed Vetah, a comic opera with a libretto by Kate Santley and music by Firmin Bernicat and Georges Jacobi, which toured the British provinces in 1886. He played Demonico in Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim in 1887 at the Gaiety and arranged the dances. He also choreographed Faust up to date by Meyer Lutz, including his famous ballet music, a Pas de Quatre (1888), that became very popular and is still available today on CD. In 1889, he choreographed Cinderella; Or, Ladybird, Ladybird, Fly Away Home at Her Majesty's Theatre and both choreographed and appeared in Aladdin, and the Wonderful Lamp; or, The Willow Pattern plate and the Flying Crystal Palace at the Crystal Palace. Other later Gaiety burlesques choreographed by D'Auban included Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué (1889) and Carmen Up to Data (1890).D'Auban continued to choreograph most of the Gilbert and Sullivan and other Savoy Theatre pieces throughout the 1880s and 1890s. These included Iolanthe (1882),Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado (1885) (D'Auban is played by Andy Serkis in the 1999 film Topsy-Turvy concerning the making of The Mikado), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), The Vicar of Bray (1892), Captain Billy (1892), Haddon Hall (1892), Jane Annie (1892), Utopia Limited (1893), The Chieftain (1894), The Grand Duke (1896), His Majesty (1897), The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897), The Beauty Stone (1898) and The Emerald Isle (1901). 1890s and 1900s
[[File:D'Auban-Denny-Haddon-Hall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|D'Auban rehearsing W. H. Denny for Haddon Hall]]
The 1890s were D'Auban's most prolific decade as a choreographer, with more than 70 productions in the West End, in some of which he also danced. In addition to the many comic operas that he choreographed at the Savoy in the 1990s, he choreographed a series of musical pieces at the Lyric Theatre, beginning with The Red Hussar (1889), and including La Cigale (1890), Little Christopher Columbus (1893) and others. In 1890, D'Auban played the Beast in the Drury Lane's Christmas pantomime of Beauty and the Beast, and he both performed in and choreographed Humpty Dumpty or, Harlequin the Yellow Dwarf, and the Fair One with the Golden Locks (1891). He and his wife danced in a revised version of The Golden Web, libretto by Frederick Corder and B. C. Stephenson, music by Arthur Goring Thomas at the Lyric in 1893. He was the resident choreographer at the Adelphi Theatre in 1892 to 1893.His other choreographic work during this period embraced pantomime, comic opera and musical comedy, including a revival of the hit comic opera Dorothy by B. C. Stephenson and Alfred Cellier at the Trafalgar Square Theatre (1892), Gilbert's The Mountebanks at the Lyric (1892), The Black Domino by George R. Sims and Robert Buchanan at the Adelphi Theatre (1893) and Gilbert's His Excellency at the Lyric (1894). At the beginning of the transition of British musical theatre from comic opera and burlesque to Edwardian musical comedy, he choreographed An Artist's Model at Daly's Theatre for George Edwardes in 1895. In 1896, he choreographed a revised version of a musical, The New Barmaid, followed by A Man About Town and The Mermaids at the Avenue Theatre, Aladdin at Drury Lane, in which his son Ernest appeared with Decima Moore, Dan Leno and Paul Cinquevalli and Black-ey'ed Susan at the Adelphi. He then choreographed the British production of Lost, Strayed or Stolen (1897) a musical comedy by J. Cheever Goodwin, Woolson Morse and Leslie Stuart at the Duke of York's Theatre and Babes in the Wood at Drury Lane (1898). In 1897, he was also back at Her Majesty's Theatre with Rip Van Winkle, Hansel and Gretel and The 'Prentice Pillar and at the Shaftesbury Theatre choreographing The Yashmak and The Wizard of the Nile. In 1900 and 1901, D'Auban returned to the Globe Theatre with The Gay Pretenders, A Little Supper and Sweet Nell of Old Drury. Also in 1900, he was at the Haymarket Theatre with Sweet Nell of Old Drury and The School for Scandal.In 1903, he choreographed Monsieur Beaucaire at the Imperial, also choreographing many revivals of this piece in London throughout the decade. He choreographed W. S. Gilbert's Harlequin and the Fairy's Dilemma at the Garrick Theatre (1904). In 1905, he first choreographed The Scarlet Pimpernel at the New Theatre, a work that he saw through several revivals. He then choreographed revivals of The Yeomen of the Guard (1906) and The Gondoliers (1907) at the Savoy for Helen Carte. His final productions were Gilbert's last opera, Fallen Fairies (1909) and another Aladdin at Drury Lane, both in December 1909. Dance teacher and last years
D'Auban became so famous as a dance teacher that his teaching style became known as the "D'Auban school". Among his dance students were Alice Lethbridge, Sylvia Grey, Mabel Love, Margaret Morris, Lillie Langtry, Mary Anderson and Letty Lind.He partly inspired the art of skirt dancing. The humour magazine Punch honoured D'Auban in the following verse:
See Mr. <mask>'Auban,
He's so quick and nimble,
He'd dance on a thimble,
He's more like an elf than a man. D'Auban died at his home in Maida Vale, London at the age of 80. Notes

References
Gänzl Kurt. The British Musical Theatre'', vol. 1, Macmillan Press, 1986

External links
1892 Variety performance choreographed by D'Auban
Theatre programme for Carmen up to data noting that the dances were arranged by D'Auban

English male stage actors
English male dancers
English choreographers
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
1842 births
1922 deaths
19th-century English male actors

masks:
Frederick John D
John Hoshe
John Warde
John Warde
John Warde
Johnny D


title: Walt Frazier

texts:
<mask>Clyde<mask>. (born March 29, 1945) is an American former professional basketball player of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As their floor general and top perimeter defender, he led the New York Knicks to the franchise's only two championships (1970 and 1973), and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987. Upon his retirement from basketball, Frazier went into broadcasting; he is currently a color commentator for telecasts of Knicks games on the MSG Network. In 1996, Frazier was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 50th Anniversary Team. In October 2021, Frazier was again honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. High school and college
The eldest of nine children, Frazier attended Atlanta's David Tobias Howard High School. He quarterbacked the football team, and played catcher on the baseball team.He learned basketball on a rutted and dirt playground, the only facility available at his all-black school in the racially segregated South of the 1950s. Although he was offered other scholarships for his football skills, Frazier accepted a basketball offer from Southern Illinois University, saying that "there were no black quarterbacks, so I played basketball." Frazier became one of the premier collegiate basketball players in the country. He was named a Division II All-American in 1964 and 1965. As a sophomore in 1965, Frazier led SIU to the NCAA Division II Tournament, only to lose in the finals to Jerry Sloan and the Evansville Purple Aces 85–82 in overtime. In 1966, he was academically ineligible for basketball. SIU moved up from Division II to Division I in 1967, and Frazier and SIU won the National Invitation Tournament, beating Marquette University 71–56 in the final, in the last college basketball game played at the old Madison Square Garden in New York.Frazier was named Most Valuable Player of the 1967 tournament. Professional career

New York Knicks

1967–1969: Career beginnings
Frazier was drafted fifth overall by the New York Knicks, going on to average 9.0 points per game and be named to the NBA All-Rookie Team during the 1967–68 season. During his rookie season with the Knicks, he picked up the nickname "Clyde" because he wore a fedora similar to that of Warren Beatty, who played Clyde Barrow in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde. As a sophomore, Frazier's 17.5 points, 7.9 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game averages made him one of the most improved players in the league. 1969–70: Breakthrough year and first NBA championship

On October 30, 1969, Frazier recorded 43 points to go along with 9 rebounds and 5 assists in a 123–110 win over the Houston Rockets. Frazier was chosen as an NBA All-Star during the 1969–70 season, the first of seven selections during his 10-year stint with the Knicks. The Knicks made it to the 1970 NBA Finals thanks to the great play of both Frazier and star teammate Willis Reed.However, in game five, Reed suffered a painful  leg injury. With Reed out, chances of the Knicks winning the championship were slim. However, Reed returned to the series, playing the first two minutes of game seven and scoring its  first two points before limping off. With Reed out, Frazier went on to post one of the greatest performances in NBA playoff history, tallying 36 points, seven rebounds, 19 assists, and six steals in leading New York to victory. ESPN is one of the many sports sites to call it the greatest game seven ever. 1970–1977

The Knicks were unable to repeat as champions in 1971, falling to the Baltimore Bullets and their star shooting guard Earl Monroe in the second round of the playoffs despite Frazier's 20.4 points per game average during the second series. During the off-season, in May 1971, Frazier scored 26 points and was named MVP of an exhibition game played between NBA and ABA All-Stars in Houston's Astrodome.Following the 1970–71 season, the Knicks traded for Monroe, who was always difficult for Frazier to guard. Not many people thought the two players’ styles would mesh, but Monroe and Frazier soon became one of the best backcourts in the league, even earning the nickname the "Rolls Royce" backcourt. The Knicks returned to the NBA Finals in 1972, but fell to the Los Angeles Lakers, who completed a record-setting season with an NBA championship. Frazier led the Knicks to a second NBA championship in 1973, topping the Lakers in a five-game series. His defense on Jerry West played a major role in defeating the star-filled team. In 1976, Frazier was selected for his seventh and final NBA All-Star Game. Frazier held Knicks franchise records for most games (759), minutes played (28,995), field goals attempted (11,669), field goals made (5,736), free throws attempted (4,017), free throws made (3,145), assists (4,791) and points (14,617).Patrick Ewing eventually broke most of those records, but Frazier's assists record still stands. Cleveland Cavaliers
Frazier was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers after the 1976–77 season for the younger Jim Cleamons. The trade left the NBA world stunned, as many people were furious that New York was willing to let go of arguably the greatest player in franchise history. Frazier played only 66 games over the course of three seasons with the Cavaliers. He retired midway through the 1979–80 season, when he only played 3 games and averaged career-lows of 3.3 points and 2.7 assists before being waived. Honors
 Won 2 NBA championships (, ) with the New York Knicks. 7× NBA All-Star (1970–1976)
 NBA All-Star Game MVP (1975)
 Frazier's no.10 jersey was retired by the New York Knicks on December 15, 1979. Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987
 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. In September 2012, Frazier was honored by the Ride of Fame and a double-decker tour bus in New York City was dedicated to him. Elected to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021. The website Clyde So Fly catalogs and grades every suit he wears while broadcasting New York Knicks games on the MSG Network. Frazier also has a line of Puma sneakers named after him. The promotional material references Frazier's "signature colorful style".Personal life
Frazier lives in Harlem with his long-term girlfriend, Patricia James, and they also have a home in St. Croix. He is the father of a son referred to both as <mask>. and, later, <mask>. Frazier is a member of the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha. References

External links

 NBA Encyclopedia
 Basketball Hall of Fame profile
 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame
 <mask>er (in the New Georgia Encyclopedia)

1945 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
American people of United States Virgin Islands descent
Basketball players from Atlanta
Cleveland Cavaliers players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Knicks announcers
New York Knicks draft picks
New York Knicks players
Point guards
Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Walter "
" Frazier Jr
Walt Jr
Walt III
Walt Frazi


title: Zhu Chenhao

texts:
<mask> (; 1 July 1476 – 12 January 1521), or Prince of Ning (), art name Weitian (畏天), was a member of the Ming dynasty's imperial family. He was the 5th generation descendant of <mask>, the 17th son of the Hongwu Emperor. He attempted to usurp the throne and was the leader of the Prince of Ning rebellion. Early years
<mask> was not a military man, but had literary talents and was a pleasure seeker. However, he was cunning and ambitious like almost all other princes, aiming to become emperor. <mask> succeeded to the title "Prince of Ning" in 1499 from his father, <mask> in the Hongzhi's era. The title was hereditary, from their ancestor <mask>, the first Prince of Ning.<mask> lived in Jiangxi province, far away from the Ming capital. Rebellion

<mask> had long intended to rebel, but he did not have an army or even bodyguards. This situation started with his ancestor <mask>. At that time, when the Yongle Emperor acceded to the throne he relocated <mask> (1st Prince of Ning) to Beijing. Then, to prevent <mask>'s rebellion, his army and bodyguards were withdrawn and never restored until <mask>'s tenure. In the summer of 1507, in the Zhengde's era, <mask> sent a eunuch to Beijing with an enormous bribe for Liu Jin. The prince wanted Liu Jin to restore his princely bodyguards and its revenues in return for the bribe.Although the Ministry of War objected, the princely bodyguard was restored but it was withdrawn again in September 1510, the day before Liu Jin was executed. <mask> was undaunted. He tried again to restore his army in 1514 through the Ministry of War, Lu Wan. Several years before, Lu Wan was an officer in Jiangxi and supporter to the prince. Lu Wan agreed to do it, but Grand Secretary Fei Hong refused to sign the draft; in other words he did not approve the request since he knew what the prince would do. However, the prince had plotted with some imperial officials such as Qian Ning, Cang Xian, several eunuchs and some of the Zhengde Emperor's personal staff to cheat Fei Hong. The plot was a success, Fei Hong was befooled and the Imperial decree was issued, the prince bodyguards being restored.In June 1514, the prince requested seals to give him authority to control the military army in his region. He also recruited hundreds of bandits to become his henchmen. In August 1514, <mask> requested authority to punish guilty Imperial clansmen. With recommendation from Lu Wan, the Zhengde Emperor agreed. By this time, the Prince of Ning referred to himself as ruler, his bodyguards as Imperial attendants and his order as imperial edicts. He also order local officials to wear formal court robes when attending to him. Governor of Jiangxi, speaking on behalf of his subordinates, said that it would be improper and refused to do it.<mask> began to recruit strategists and advisors to his cause. His principal advisor was a provincial examination graduate versed in military strategy. Local officials who refused to support the prince were eliminated. A Judicial Intendant of Jiangxi who reported the prince's treason to the court, was arrested and killed. Under these circumstances, other local officials cooperated and said nothing. In May 1517 several eunuchs from <mask>'s household secretly went to Beijing to report his unlawful activities. Commander of Imperial bodyguard Qian Ning reported this to the prince, then the eunuchs were arrested and beaten to die before reaching their objective.In July 1519, when <mask> was attending a banquet in honor of his birthday, a spy arrived from Beijing with the news that high officials had been sent to arrest him, for that was what had been rumored in Beijing. He left the banquet at once and called an urgent meeting of his advisors. They all agreed that the prince's plot was known, and could not wait any longer to take action. On 10 July 1519, <mask> assembled local officials and announced that eunuch Li Kuang had fooled the Hongzhi Emperor into thinking that the Zhengde Emperor was his son. According to him, the person on the throne was the child of a commoner. The prince also announced that he had received an edict from the empress to punish those bandits. Sun Sui, governor of Jiangxi asked the prince to show the empress's edict, but he was rejected.Then Sun Sui accused the prince of treason. Sun Sui and several officials who refused to cooperate were executed summarily. The prince's army issued out from his headquarters, the city of Nanchang, to secure the route to the Yangtze River. Jiujiang city fell on 13 July and the prefectural city of Anqing was besieged on 23 July. When this news reached Wang Yangming, governor of Southern Jiangxi at that time, he soon took action. Wang Yangming spread a false report that a huge Imperial army from Beijing was marching to Nanchang. The Prince of Ning did not dare to leave his headquarters for several days until he realized it was a false report.On 9 August, the rebel Prince and his main army reached Anqing and besieged the city over ten days. After many lives were lost, Anqing city still could not be taken. On 13 August, Wang Yangming and his army reached Nanchang. The prince's headquarters was not garrisoned well and only a few soldiers of the army defended the city. Soon after the siege of Nanchang news reached <mask>, he ordered a retreat from Anqing and back to Nanchang to protect his base. Wang Yangming stormed Nanchang and had a serious battle with the Prince of Ning. Then on 20 August, the rebel Prince and his army were totally defeated by Wang.The prince was going to flee with a small boat but it was discovered by Wang. Wang burned the boat before the prince reached it, and soon the prince was captured. Wang Yangming successfully put down the uprising that lasted for forty days. Death
All allies of the Prince of Ning were captured, including the commander of the Imperial guard, Qian Ning and the Minister of War, Lu Wan. Both were punished by death by slicing. The Imperial status of <mask> was removed in 1519 and he was allowed to take his own life on 12 January 1521, after which his corpse was burned. All of the prince's family members were also executed.See also
 Zhengde Emperor
 Prince of Anhua
 Wang Yangming

References
 The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, "The Prince of Ning Treason" by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett. 1476 births
1521 deaths
Ming dynasty imperial princes
Ming dynasty rebels
Executed people from Jiangxi
Executed royalty
Rebellious princes
16th-century executions by China

masks:
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Quan
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Jinjun
Zhu Quan
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Quan
Zhu Quan
Zhu Quan
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao
Zhu Chenhao


title: Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira

texts:
<mask> (or Neyra) (October 1, 1542 – October 18, 1595) was a Spanish navigator and discoverer, best known for two of the earliest recorded expeditions across the Pacific in 1567 and 1595. His voyages led to the discovery of the Marquesas, Cook Islands and Solomons among other archipelagos. Born in Congosto, in  El Bierzo Region (León), he was the nephew of <mask>, viceroy of Peru. Search for Terra Australis

Historian <mask> has written of “ardent spirits in Peru, inspiring three Spanish  voyages to the south west Pacific in the forty years from 1565 to 1605.” One of these ardent spirits was certainly Spanish soldier <mask> who arrived in Peru in 1557. <mask> developed an interest in Inca stories of gold and riches being collected from lands further to the west. Sarmiento's proposal for an expedition to find land in the Pacific was put to Governor <mask>, finding favour as it matched common Spanish belief in the existence of a great South Land. Historian Miriam Estensen argues that Governor Castro also agreed as a way of maintaining peace and order.“Restless and disruptive” elements in the Spanish Americas were encouraged to join such journeys of exploration to remove them from colonial society. The lure of possible wealth made these expeditions attractive to such men, often drawn from the poorest levels of society. However, Sarmiento <mask> was bitterly disappointed not to be made Captain-General of the expedition. Instead, command was given to the Governor Castro's nephew, the younger and relatively inexperienced <mask> <mask> <mask>. Sarmiento was to be “Cosmographer”. In Sarmiento's written account, he was Captain of the flagship and at least on the same level as chief pilot and navigator Hernando Gallego. While Sarmiento's interest was the riches to be gained, Mendaña's priority was conversion of "the heathen" to Christianity.Deep divisions had been created within the Spanish command, even before the expedition departed. The first voyage of 1567-1569

The two ships, the 200-ton Los Reyes (the Capitana or flagship) and the 140-ton Todos Santos (the Almiranta or secondary ship) sailed from Callao, in Peru on 20 November 1567, with about 150 sailors, soldiers, priests and slaves on board. After sighting a small island in mid January (probably Nui in what is now Tuvalu), a significant body of land was sighted on February 7, 1568. It was Santa Isabel Island, where they landed several days later. The expedition had discovered the Solomon Islands which they named Islas Salomon. The Spanish immediately came into contact with Solomon Islanders who were later found to be cannibals, though at first the relationship was cordial. However, the Spanish expedition's need for fresh food and water quickly led to tension and conflict as the islanders were unable to provide supplies after some time.The real prizes were pigs, desperately needed by the Spanish, which were also important to the local people's economy. The Spanish were horrified to find the islanders were cannibals when they were offered “a quarter of a boy with the arm and hand” which the islanders urged Mendaña to eat. After building a small brigantine, the surrounding islands of Malaita, Guadalcanal, Makira (which was named San Cristobal) and Choiseul Island were explored. However, the attempts to barter for food led to the same cycle of friendly welcome, misunderstandings, sullen retreats, occasional reconciliations, robberies and violent retaliation. Finally, at a council meeting of captains, pilots, soldiers and sailors on August 7, 1568, the decision was made to return to Peru. Mendaña had wanted to sail further south, while Sarmiento <mask>amboa and several soldiers unsuccessfully urged the establishment of a colony. The two ships sailed north then east, passing the Marshall islands and Wake island, before reaching the Mexican coast in late January 1569.It was a long and difficult voyage, with numerous deaths from scurvy. Results of the first voyage

The main result of the expedition was the discovery for Europeans of the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu. The navigators also gained valuable sailing experience for Spain, especially in crossing the vast South Pacific from Peru. These discoveries led to successive expeditions in search for Terra Australis, both by <mask> himself and by <mask> <mask>. However, the Great South Land had not yet been discovered by Europeans. The islands found, by now popularly called the Solomon Islands, had not revealed more than a few indications of gold. There were no spices and the people had not been converted to Christianity.The 1595-1596 voyage

A much larger and costlier expedition had been planned by the early 1590s, after Mendaña had spent years courting favour in Madrid and Lima. Four ships and 378 men, women and children were to establish a colony in the Solomon Islands. Again, the leaders of this voyage had “widely divergent personalities.<mask> was again in command, accompanied by his wife Doña Isabel Barreto, her three brothers and a sister. Chief pilot was to be a young Portuguese navigator in Spanish service, <mask> <mask>. An argumentative old soldier, Pedro Merino Manrique was chosen as camp master. Manrique caused disputes before the fleet had even departed. The four ships, San Gerónimo (the Capitana), the Santa Ysabel (the Almiranta), the smaller frigate Santa Catalina and the galiot San Felipe left Callao on 9 April 1595.Spirits were high in the first month, fifteen marriages being celebrated. Mendaña had Queirós prepare charts for his Captains that only showed Peru and the Solomon Islands. On 21 July 1595 the ships reached the Marquesas Islands, (named for the wife of the then viceroy of Peru, García Hurtado <mask>, 5th Marquis of Cañete) to be met by four hundred people in canoes. Although the Spaniards admired their “graceful shape” and “almost white” complexion, the relationship with the natives later deteriorated. When the expedition left two weeks later, Queirós estimated 200 Marquesans had been killed. Despite Mendaña's confidence that the Solomon Islands were nearby, it was not until 8 September that they sighted land again, this time the island of Nendo, which they named "Santa Cruz". The Santa Ysabel had disappeared, however, and despite searches by the two smaller vessels, it could not be found.Arriving at what is now Graciosa Bay, a settlement was commenced. Relations with local islanders and their chief Malope started well, with food provided and assistance in constructing buildings. However, morale amongst the Spanish was low and sickness (almost certainly malaria) was rife. Manrique was murdered at the orders of, and in front of Mendaña, and shortly afterwards, Malope was killed by soldiers. Relations with the Islanders soon worsened. Wracked by internal divisions and an increasing death toll, the settlement began to fall apart. Mendaña himself died on 18 October 1595, leaving his wife as heir and governor, her brother Lorenzo as captain-general.On 30 October, the decision was made to abandon the settlement. When the three ships departed on 18 November 1595, forty-seven people had died in the space of one month. <mask> <mask> is credited with bringing the San Gerónimo safely into the Philippines without the aid of charts, arriving in Manila Bay on 11 February 1596. Over fifty people died on the twelve-week voyage from Santa Cruz, in part due to the lack of food supplies and allegedly Doña Isabel’s refusal to share out her private store of food and water. The frigate (carrying Mendaña's body) disappeared during the voyage, while the galiot San Felipe arrived in the southern end of Mindanao several days later. Aftermath

Of the 378 who sailed from Peru, about 100 survived, but ten more died shortly after arriving in Manila. Doña Isabel Barreto was honoured in Manila and Queirós was commended for his service and absolved of any responsibility for the killings on Santa Cruz.Three months later Doña Isabel married the governor's cousin. She continued to agitate for a return to the Solomon Islands. She died in 1612. Back in Peru in June 1597, Queirós began his campaign to return to the Solomon Islands, leading the next Spanish venture in 1605. This expedition was also unsuccessful, but it led to the discovery of the Pitcairn Islands and Vanuatu which were explored, and briefly settled in the case of Espiritu Santo. Queirós visited the Solomons in 1606, but was unable to establish a settlement. The Solomons were not again visited by outsiders until 1767, when Philip Carteret sighted Santa Cruz and Malaita islands.The story of the voyage is told in The Islands of Unwisdom, a historical novel by Robert Graves. See also
 <mask> <mask>ós

References

Further reading

External links
The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by George Collingridge, Chapter IX
 Discoverer’s Website project

1542 births
1595 deaths
People from El Bierzo
Spanish explorers
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Spanish navigators
16th-century explorers
16th-century Spanish people
People of New Spain
Spanish East Indies
History of the Marquesas Islands
History of the Solomon Islands
History of Tuvalu
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
Solomon Islands–Spain relations

masks:
Álvaro de Mendaña y Neira
Lope García de Castro
Brett Hilder
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Sarmiento de Gamboa
Lope García de Castro
de Gamboa
Álvaro
de Mendaña
de Neira
de G
Mendaña
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
” Mendaña
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
de Mendoza
Pedro Fernandes
de Queirós
Pedro Fernandes
de Queir


title: Tenzin Tethong

texts:
<mask> ( born 1947) is a Tibetan politician and a former Prime Minister (Kalon Tripa) of Central Tibetan Administration. Naming practice

Traditionally, ordinary Tibetan people carry a first personal name and may or may not carry a second personal name, but does have a family name which is known as Tethong. <mask>ong is a special case where he is of aristocratic descent from the area called Tashi Thongmon, which is abbreviated as Te-Thong. When a person carries a family name, it should come in the very beginning. When the names are translated into English, they have adopted European grammatical practice of placing the family name at the end. Early life

<mask> started his exile life when he accompanied his family to Mussoorie in 1959 where the Dalai Lama, months after his arrival from Tibet, had started a school. His father was a teacher, and because of a shortage of anyone with knowledge of languages other than Tibetan, <mask> and his older brother helped out in many ways.In 1960 when the first children from the road camps and border areas came to Mussoorie he was a part-time English teacher for young children his age and also their fellow student in the next Tibetan class. The following year he went to Shimla where his father was appointed the Principal of the second Tibetan refugee school. In 1962 his family moved back to Darjeeling where he completed his high school education at Mt. Hermon School graduating with a First Division as a Science Student. Public Service career

<mask> <mask> began his public service career in 1967. 1967–1968:  Secretary and translator for the Department of Education
  1973–1986: Representative of the Dalai Lama in New York
  1980: Headed the Second Delegation of Tibetans to Tibet and China
  1987–1990: Special Representative of the Dalai Lama in Washington DC
  1990: One of the first Kalons elected
  1990–1995: Served as Kalon Tripa (Chief of Cabinet) and Kalon of various portfolios such as Departments of Finance, Home and Information & International Relations
  2013–present  Appointed Director of Tibetan language section of the Radio Free Asia. Social entrepreneurial and political initiatives
 1968: With his brother <mask> Geyche and friend Sonam Topgyal, <mask> Tethong started Sheja, the first educational publication in exile, the first Tibetan Non-Governmental initiative.Sheja became a successful and popular publication. While still working with Sheja, <mask> <mask> also edited and published the Tibetan Review from January–June 1972 with Tamdin D. Gyalpo as Executive Editor. Both publications became part of the information office of the Tibetan government in exile in 1971. 1970: He was one of the four convenors of the first Tibetan youth conference in Dharmsala, along with <mask> Geyche, Sonam Topgyal, Gyari Rinpoche. This conference resulted in the formation of the Tibetan Youth Congress. He served on its first leadership executive committee. Since then the Tibetan Youth Congress has become one of the most important Tibetan organizations in exile and has a worldwide membership of some 30,000.1973–1986: He was also instrumental in the formation of several Tibetan initiatives in North America such US Tibet Committee, Tibetan Associations across the US, and Tibet House. At this time he also worked with Congressmen Charlie Rose and other senior staff in the US government to secure the first visit of the Dalai Lama to the United States in 1979. 1987: During the Dalai Lama’s visit to Washington, when he gave his Five Point Peace plan at the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, he was instructed to stay behind and keep up with the support and interest many members of Congress had for Tibet. As the Special Representative of the Dalai Lama in Washington DC, he would not have been able to achieve much with the limited resources of the Tibetan government. So he took the initiative to establish the International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) as a way to be able to have a real presence which works to promote human rights and democratic freedoms for the people of Tibet while working with the US Government and the European Parliament. 1987–1990: With the help of dedicated staffers and US Congressional Representatives who support Tibet, he helped to initiate and played a critical role in securing the first 1,000 visas for Tibetans to immigrate the United States, Fulbright scholarship program support for Tibetan students and the creation of Voice of America’s Tibetan language service. 1995: He resigned from government service for personal reasons and moved to the United States.That year, he became the Principal Advisor to the film Seven Years in Tibet and helped the Screenplay writer and the Director with the contents of the story, and advised on the artistic aspects of the film production adding greatly to the authenticity of the Tibetan scenes, dialogue, body language and the overall story of Tibet as depicted in the film. 1996: He was invited as a Visiting Scholar to teach in the History Department of Stanford University. He taught a course in Tibetan history and contemporary politics, and since was followed by teaching sessions for the Stanford University summer session and Continuing Studies programs. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the Tibetan Studies Initiative and Chair of the Tibetan Studies Committee working to establish research and teaching positions at Stanford University. He also worked actively with Stanford scientists and scholars to organize two visits by the Dalai Lama which became important dialogues between Buddhism and Science. These dialogues and subsequent conferences resulted in the establishment of CCARE, Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education. These efforts further the work of the Dalai Lama who has been encouraged scientists to work closely with Buddhist experts and practitioners whose knowledge of the mind and consciousness may have valuable contributions to make to science and society.<mask> is a member of the Executive Committee of CCARE along with Geshe Thupten JInpa, another important member who visits Stanford regularly. 2002: <mask> <mask> was one of the key founding members of The Dalai Lama Foundation, established by students and friends of the Dalai Lama. The founding members decided to work on the Dalai Lama's message of ethics and peace as outlined in his book Ethics for the New Millennium. The DLF started with an initial study guide of  "Ethics for the New Millennium" which has been translated into French, Chinese, Portuguese, German, Spanish, Japanese and Hebrew and it has resulted in hundreds of Study Circles all over the world. The guide has also been downloaded over 30,000 times. Other online courses and educational materials related to peace are available at the foundation website. The Dalai Lama Foundation also works to develop close relations with other organizations that are engaged in the Dalai Lama's work for peace in the world, and collaborates with a number of organizations bearing the Dalai Lama's name; The Foundation for Universal Responsibility of the Dalai Lama in New Delhi, The Dalai Lama Center for Peace Education in Vancouver, Canada, and The Dalai Lama Center for Ethics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston.Current roles

Currently, <mask> <mask>, a Distinguished Fellow at the Tibetan Studies Initiative, Stanford University (a program he played a key role in establishing) is the President of the Dalai Lama Foundation, and Board Chair of the Committee of 100 for Tibet. In addition to serving as an advisor to the local Tibetan Community Center project, he is co-founder of the Missing Peace art exhibit and recently launched "Tibet in Exile-Fifty Years", an online documentation effort to commemorate the last fifty years in exile of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan people. References

 TNT Campaign for Kalon Tripa
 Youth for TNT

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Tibetan politicians
Representatives of Offices of Tibet
Prime Ministers of Tibet
Foreign ministers of Tibet

masks:
Tethong Tenzin Namgyal
Tenzin Namgyal Teth
Tenzin Tethong
Tenzin Tethong
Tenzin
N Tethong
Tenzin
Tenzin
Tenzin
Tethong
Tenzin
Tethong
Tenzin
Tethong
Tenzin
Tethong


title: Gustav Ritter von Kahr

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask>; 29 November 1862 – 30 June 1934) was a German right-wing politician, active in the state of Bavaria. He helped turn post World War I Bavaria into Germany's center of radical-nationalism, but was then instrumental in the collapse and suppression of Adolf Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In revenge for the latter, he was murdered later in the 1934 Night of the Long Knives. Biography
Born in Weißenburg in Bayern, <mask> studied law and worked as a lawyer before entering politics. He served Bavaria's House of Wittelsbach faithfully, efforts that earned him the title <mask>. Politically, he was a monarchist and had links to the Catholic Bavarian People's Party (BVP), though he was a Protestant and never joined any party. In 1917, he became head of the Regierungsbezirk (provincial) government of Upper Bavaria, continuing in the post even after the establishment of the People's State of Bavaria in November 1918 ended the Wittelsbach monarchy, though for pragmatic reasons: he wanted to help defend middle- and upper-class interests from further disruption.In support of this goal, <mask> proposed the creation of a civil defence force, but his suggestion did not meet with the approval of Prime Minister Johannes Hoffmann. Not long after, in April 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. <mask> fled Munich with Hoffmann and the rest of the state government to Bamberg, where they called for volunteers to help crush the Soviets. Those who responded were organised into Freikorps. It was after the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic at the beginning of May, which saw hundreds of civilians murdered by Freikorps fighters, that <mask> delved into Bavarian paramilitary politics. Munich's leaders wanted to maintain the capabilities of the Freikorps, but without their drawbacks. In brief, the Freikorps were too violent, too small, and too independent of the Bavarian state.The Civil Guards, or Einwohnerwehr, was formed in an attempt to resolve these deficiencies. In March 1920, <mask> succeeded Hoffmann as prime minister of Bavaria. He came into office under military influences as a secondary result of the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch of 13 March in Berlin. The most powerful party in Bavaria, the BVP, was then in a state of much anxiety as a result of the experiences of Bolshevism, chaos, and violence through which Munich had passed in the spring of 1919. The ministry presided over by the socialist Hoffmann had succeeded in quelling Bolshevism with the aid of Republican troops from Prussia and Württemberg, but the great majority of the BVP, as well as liberals of various shades, not to speak of the monarchists and reactionaries, wanted further guarantees against a recurrence of the Bolshevist terror. The Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch in Berlin gave the signal for political action in Munich, and at a midnight sitting the Bavarian socialist ministry was somewhat unceremoniously hustled out of office — it is alleged under military pressure — and a coalition cabinet under <mask> installed. The coalition included reactionaries whose influence became more and more predominant.They were backed up by formerly liberal Bavarian journals which had been bought up by Prussian industrialists. <mask>'s administration was essential in turning Bavaria into a "Ordnungszelle" (cell of order), giving room for all kinds of right-wing groups. He also supported separatist forces that aimed at Bavarian secession from Germany, but after the German government passed a decree for the protection of the Republic against right-wing extremists, <mask> resigned on 21 September 1921. On 26 September 1923, following a period of turmoil with assassinations and political violence, Prime Minister Eugen <mask> declared martial law and appointed <mask>, who had returned to his provincial post, as Staatskomissar (state commissioner) with dictatorial powers. Together with Bavarian State Police head Colonel <mask> <mask>, and Reichswehr General <mask> Lossow, he formed a triumvirate. That year, many reactionary groups wanted to emulate Mussolini's "March on Rome" with a "March on Berlin." Among these were the wartime General Erich Ludendorff and the Nazi (NSDAP) group, led by Adolf Hitler.Hitler decided to use Ludendorff as a figurehead in an attempt to seize power in what was later known as the "Hitler Putsch" or Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of <mask> and his triumvirate. However, <mask> had his own plan with Seisser (Seißer) and Lossow to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. <mask> warned the "patriotic associations" against independent action. Despite his misgivings over Hitler's tactics, <mask> was every bit a right-wing patriot who stood against the Weimar government and believed action against those in Berlin was warranted. Akin to the later and infamous rhetoric of Hitler, <mask> remarked to an assembly of high-ranking officers on 19 October 1923 that the real matter at hand was "a great battle of two worldviews which will decide the destiny of the German people – the international Marxist-Jewish and the national Germanic." Along this line, <mask> was not unlike many conservative Germans and his identification of perceived foreign threats is a defining feature of post-1918 German ideology; against which, it was widely believed, Germans had to make a stand.Accordingly, <mask> and his right-wing compatriots wanted to challenge the seeming cowardice of the extant government of Germany and eventually seize control since he found the Weimar Constitution and its leadership decidedly un-German in disposition. Weighing on <mask>'s mind however, were injunctions from Berlin against reactionary activities. All the rage amid right-wing groups in Bavaria against the resumption of war-reparation payments did not temper the determination of the government in Berlin. The Weimar leadership's staunch warnings against revolutionary activities included military intervention if necessary. Troops under the command of General <mask>t (who was previously identified among the right-wing circles as a possible choice for dictator) were poised and positioned for action. Stern warnings were reiterated by General <mask>t, prompting the triumvirate of <mask>, Lossow, and Seisser to lose heart, at which point they informed the members of Kampfbund, (which was headed by Hitler) that they would determine when precipitate action would be taken. This did not sit well with Hitler.Hitler was determined to act before the appeal of his agitation waned. On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organized by <mask> in the Bürgerbräukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted <mask>'s speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. While waving his gun around, Hitler demanded the support of <mask>, Seisser, and Lossow. Hitler's forces initially succeeded at occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, neither the army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. <mask>, Seisser, and Lossow were briefly detained but then released. The three quickly fled to join the opposition to Hitler.During the night, and unknown to Hitler, they prepared the resistance against the coup. The following day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government as a prelude to their "March on Berlin", but the police dispersed them. Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup. <mask>'s involvement in the collapse of Hitler's putsch cost him the support of right-wing nationalist forces in Bavaria. <mask> was forced to resign from his post as Staatskommissar on 16 February 1924, after Reichskanzler Wilhelm Marx had secretly met <mask> on 18 January 1924 and convinced him to drop both <mask> and <mask>. After this, <mask> served as President of the Bavarian law court for reviewing administrative acts and then, having sunk into relative obscurity, retired from public service three years later. Death
On 30 June  1934, during what became known as the Night of the Long Knives, <mask> was murdered by the Nazis for his "treason" during the Beer Hall Putsch.He was abducted from his Munich apartment and tortured by two SS members en route to the Dachau concentration camp. After his arrival there, <mask> was shot on orders of Theodor Eicke, the camp commandant. Historian Thomas Childers reports that <mask> was taken to a nearby swamp and hacked to death with axes. Whether he was shot first is unknown, but his mutilated body was found outside the camp a few days later. The murder was likely committed by . References

Bibliography

 Deuerlein, Ernst. Der Hitler Putsch: Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./.9 November 1923.Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1962. Fest, Joachim C. Hitler. Orlando, FL. : Harcourt, 2002. Fischer, Klaus. Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum, 1995.Hanser, Richard. Putsch! How Hitler Made Revolution. Philadelphia: David McKay Co., 1970. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008.Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988. Smith Woodruff  D. The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1989. External links

 <mask>'s bio  at Deutsche Biographie (German)
Picture of <mask> <mask> at Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
 <mask>'s bio  at the Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin (German)

1862 births
1934 deaths
Axe murder
Bavarian nobility
People from Weißenburg in Bayern
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
German Protestants
Opposers who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
Military personnel of Bavaria
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Victims of the Night of the Long Knives
German monarchists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
People from Bavaria executed by Nazi Germany
German people who died in Dachau concentration camp
German people executed in Nazi concentration camps

masks:
Gustav Ritter von Kahr
Gustav Kahr
Kahr
Ritter
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
von Knilling
Kahr
Hans Ritter
von Seisser
Otto von
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
von Seeck
von Seeck
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
von Knilling
von Kahr
von Lossow
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Kahr
Gustav Ritter
von Kahr
Kahr


title: Bruce Fulton

texts:
<mask> is an American professor of Korean Literature and a noted translator of contemporary Korean fiction with an extensive list of publications. He has lived in U.S, Canada and Korea, and is married to translator <mask>. <mask> received his BA in philosophy from Bowdoin College in 1970, his master's degree in Korea Regional Studies, from the University of Washington in 1983, and his Ph.D. in Modern Korean Literature from Seoul National University. <mask> and his wife met at Seoul National University in 1978, while <mask> was volunteering in the Peace Corps. They married in 1979 and eventually realized that together they were  "the ideal translation team," as <mask> was a native speaker of English who knew Korean, and Ju-Chan was a native speaker of Korean who knew English. <mask> is the inaugural holder of the Young-Bin Min Chair in Korean Literature and Literary Translation in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia. <mask> has also won several awards, including Korea's Daesan Foundation's translation prize.The 2018 Manhae Literature Grand Prize awardee. Work
<mask> has translated novels, such as Cho Se-hui’s The Dwarf, and collections including Land of Exile, The Red Room and Lost Souls: Stories by Hwang Sunwon. One of <mask>'s more recent translation is River of Fire and Other Stories by O Chonghui  which contains nine stories, written from 1968 to 1994, describing family dysfunction, the decline of tradition, and lost love from a woman's perspective. Recently, he has translated The Future of Silence, which uses some stories by older writers and stories by newer writers such as Kim Sagwa, Han Yujoo, Kim Ae-ran, and Cheon Un-yeong. His most recent translation is The Human Jungle by Cho Chongnae. In this role as translator, <mask> is quick to note that he almost always works in partnership with his wife Ju-Chan <mask>. As a professor, <mask> works in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia where he teaches modern Korean literature, and researches modern Korean fiction and its translation.Translations (with Ju-Chan <mask> unless otherwise indicated)
 One Left, by Kim Sum (Seattle: University of Washington Press, fall 2020)
 The Catcher in the Loft, by Ch’ŏn Un-yŏng (New Paltz, N.Y.: Codhill Press, 2019)
 Mina, by Kim Sagwa (San Francisco: Two Lines Press, 2018)
 Sunset: A Ch’ae Manshik Reader (ed. and trans. with Ju-Chan <mask>; New York: Columbia University Press, 2017)
 Moss (Ikki): graphic novel by Yun T'aeho (translation available at The Huffington Post. The Human Jungle, by Cho Chŏngnae (Seattle: Chin Music Press, 2016)
 The Moving Fortress, by Hwang Sun-wŏn, revised edition (Portland, Me. : MerwinAsia, 2016)
 The Future of Silence: Fiction by Korean Women (Brookline, Mass. : Zephyr Press, 2016)
 Another Man's City, by Ch’oe In-ho (Champaign, Ill.: Dalkey Archive, 2014)
 River of Fire and Other Stories, by O Chŏnghŭi (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012)
 How in Heaven's Name, by Cho Chŏngnae (Portland, Me. : MerwinAsia, 2012)
 Lost Souls: Stories by Hwang Sunwŏn (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009)
 The Red Room: Stories of Trauma in Contemporary Korea (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009)
 There a Petal Silently Falls: Three Stories by Ch’oe Yun ("Whisper Yet" trans.with Kichung Kim; New York: Columbia University Press, 2008)
 Land of Exile: Contemporary Korean Fiction, revised and expanded edition (trans. with Marshall R. Pihl; Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007)
 The Dwarf, by Cho Se-hŭi (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006)
 Trees on a Slope, by Hwang Sun-wôn (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005)
 A Ready-Made Life: Early Masters of Modern Korean Fiction (trans. With Kim Chong-un; Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1998)
 Wayfarer: New Fiction by Korean Women (Seattle: Women in Translation, 1997)
 Land of Exile: Contemporary Korean Fiction (trans. with Marshall R. Pihl; Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1993)
 Words of Farewell: Stories by Korean Women Writers (Seattle: Seal Press, 1989)
 The Moving Castle, by Hwang Sun-wŏn (Seoul: Si-sa-yong-o-sa, 1985)
 Debasement and Other Stories, by Sŏng Ki-jo (New York, Fremont Publishers, 1983)
 Juvesenility, by Ch’ae Manshik, Bi-lingual Edition (Seoul: Asia Publishers, 2015)
 Leaves of Grass, by Yi Hyo-sŏk, Bi-lingual Edition (Seoul: Asia Publishers, 2015)
 An Idiot's Delight, by Yi T'ae-jun (trans. with Kim Chong-un), Bi-lingual Edition (Seoul: Asia Publishers, 2015)
 Mama and the Boarder, by Chu Yo-sŏp (trans.56–62
 "Crows," by Yi T'ae-jun, in Reunion So Far Away: A Collection of Contemporary Korean Fiction (Seoul: Korean National Commission for Unesco, 1994), pp. 5–21

Edited Volumes
 Modern Korean Fiction: An Anthology, with Youngmin Kwon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005)
 Waxen Wings: The Acta Koreana Anthology of Short Fiction From Korea (St. Paul, Minn.: Koryo Press, 2011)

Textbook
 What Is Korean Literature? with Youngmin Kwon, (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley, 2020)

References

  10. ^ "Interview with An Interview with Ju-Chan and <mask>, for the translation of Kim Tae-yong’s “Pig on Grass” selected for publication in the Massachusetts Review and then for winning the 4th Annual Chametzky Prize for Translation!" April 7, 2015, https://www.massreview.org/node/437

External links
  Interview
 Audio interview with <mask> (transcript included)
 An interview with <mask> on Notebook on Cities and Culture
 Podcast

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American literary theorists
American translators
University of Washington alumni
Bowdoin College alumni

masks:
Bruce Fulton
Ju Chan Fulton
Life Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Bruce
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
Bruce Fulton
Bruce Fulton
Bruce Fulton


title: Eric Kriss

texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is an American musician and business executive who served as Secretary of Administration and Finance in Massachusetts Governor Romney's cabinet (January 2003 – October 2005), and as assistant A&F secretary under Governor William Weld (January 1991 – February 1993). <mask> is currently the Entrepreneur in Residence at the University of Miami. In 1976, <mask> produced and performed on Mike Bloomfield's If You Love These Blues, Play 'Em As You Please, nominated for a Grammy Award. He launched the instructional book and record division of Guitar Player Magazine and also co-founded Inner City Records, voted the Record Label of the Year in the 1979 International Jazz Critics Poll. In 1984, <mask> helped launch Bain Capital, which now manages over $65 billion in assets. He was
CEO of MediQual Systems (1993–98), a healthcare information company, and founder/CEO of MediVision (1983–1989), a network of eye surgery centers. Municipal Turnarounds
On September 11, 1991, the Massachusetts state legislature approved Governor William Weld's emergency request to appoint a state receiver to take over the City of Chelsea's bankrupt municipal government, the first state-designed municipal receivership in U.S. history.Weld named Jim Carlin, a businessman and former state Secretary of Transportation, to become the Chelsea receiver, reporting to <mask>, who, as the assistant Administration and Finance secretary, had drafted the Chelsea legislation. Chelsea, directly across the Mystic River from Boston, had long been in economic decline with a spiraling fiscal crisis. Carlin and Kriss immediately undertook a broad municipal turnaround, with a focus on labor negotiations with the local Firefighters union. Boston University, already involved in local education, took over school administration. Within two years, Chelsea's budget was balanced, a restructured firefighters contract was negotiated, city operations were streamlined, and new school construction was underway. As the Receivership achieved stability, a charter change in 1995 implemented a new efficient council-manager form of government. Increased emphasis on economic development and capital improvement led to an influx of new business, and, as the turnaround reached maturity in 1998, Chelsea was named an All-American City by the National Civic League.In 2004, Springfield, the third largest city in Massachusetts and long suffering from economic decline, requested extraordinary state assistance to meet its financial obligations. <mask>, now Secretary for Administration and Finance, drafted a new receivership bill, modeled after his 1991 Chelsea legislation, that expanded upon the receiver's powers by suspending Chapter 150E, a key law that enfranchised public sector unions and defined the collective bargaining process in Massachusetts. After heated debate and intensive lobbying by public labor unions, the legislature placed Springfield into a state receivership controlled by Secretary <mask> on June 30, 2004, but without the proposed suspension of the Chapter 150E labor law. Without the Chapter 150E suspension, the state receivership entered into a long collective bargaining process with the teachers' union. In September 2006 agreement was finally reached on a new contract that included merit pay, the first time that student performance was explicitly tied to teacher compensation in a large urban school district in Massachusetts. The Springfield receivership, as in the earlier Chelsea experience, balanced the municipal budget, streamlined operations, and earned an upgrade in the city's bond rating. On June 30, 2009, the receivership returned governance of the city to local officials.In February 2004, Kriss advocated the elimination of the monopoly granted to public sector unions through state laws such as Chapter 150E in Massachusetts. These remarks, plus the controversy over the original Kriss draft of the Springfield receivership legislation that suspended Chapter 150E, motivated Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government to host a debate between Secretary Kriss and two labor union supporters, Economics Professor Richard B. Freeman, co-faculty director of the Harvard University Trade Union Program, and Jack Donahue, a Kennedy School lecturer and director of the Weil Program in Collaborative Governance. The threat of escalating municipal labor costs due to Chapter 150E led Secretary Kriss to introduce the concept of Municipal Stability Factors as an online assessment tool for local officials. When he left office in September 2005, Kriss warned that overly generous contracts with public employees, together with a failure to control employee healthcare costs and an aversion to development that could spur new tax revenue, have doomed cities and towns to a dark financial future. "This is a quiet crisis, a crisis of attrition. It's not a Katrina, but if we extrapolate over the next couple of years, it will get worse and worse and worse." Open Formats
In early 2005, <mask>, along with state CIO Peter J. Quinn, advocated using open formats in public records: "It is an overriding imperative of the American democratic system that we cannot have our public documents locked up in some kind of proprietary format, perhaps unreadable in the future, or subject to a proprietary system license that restricts access."At a September 16, 2005 meeting with the Mass Technology Leadership Council Kriss raised state sovereignty as the overriding issue surrounding public records. While supporting the principle of private intellectual property rights, he said sovereignty trumped any private company's attempt to control the state's public records through claims of intellectual property. Subsequently, in September 2005, Massachusetts became the first state to formally endorse OpenDocument formats for its public records and, at the same time, reject proprietary formats such those used in Microsoft's Office software suite. Massachusetts Turnpike
In August 2006, Governor Romney and the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority board asked <mask> to lead a comprehensive review of the Turnpike following the ouster of Chairman Matthew J. Amorello and the collapse of a portion of the roof of the Ted Williams Tunnel. On October 19, 2006, <mask> recommended to the board that all tolls, except on airport tunnels, be eliminated. The board then voted to remove tolls west of the 128 toll plaza by June 30, 2007, the first step in dismantling the Authority's original mission begun in 1952. In June 2009, Governor Deval Patrick signed legislation to formally end the Turnpike as a stand-alone authority on November 1, 2009.See also
 Adoption of Open Document format in Massachusetts
 Bain & Company (consulting firm)
 Bain Capital
 Springfield Finance Control Board

Notes

External links
Music and Performing Arts
 On Performance by <mask>s: Collected performing arts criticism and interviews from the 1970s - Fair Isle Press, 2010 paperback edition
 Six Blues-Roots Pianists by <mask> - Oak Publications, 1973*
 Barrelhouse & Boogie Piano by <mask> - Oak Publications, 1973
 Beginning Blues Piano by <mask> - Acorn Music Press, 1977

Business
 Eric Kriss Practicum series at University of Miami, 2010
 Index of INC Magazine articles, interviews, and commentary
 How to Survive the End of Inflation (<mask>) - INC Magazine, January 1993
 So You Want to be a CEO? (<mask>) - INC Magazine, October 1998
 Inevitable Electrics (<mask>s) - 2008 white paper

Government
 No More Public Sector Union Monopoly (<mask>) - CommonWealth Magazine, Summer 2004
 Fourth Branch of Government (<mask>s) - February 2004
 Open Mind on Open Source (<mask> presentation) - June 2004
 Executive and Management Compensation report - November 2004
 Budget Imbalance (<mask>) - CommonWealth Magazine, Winter 2004
 Kriss Report to Massachusetts Turnpike Authority board, October 2006
 ODF vs. OOXML: War of the Words - <mask>, Peter Quinn and the ETRM, December 2007

Private equity and venture capital investors
1949 births
Living people
Amherst College alumni
Bain Capital people
Massachusetts Secretaries of Administration and Finance
Bain & Company
American company founders
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
American chief executives

masks:
Eric Arthur Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Eric Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Kriss
Eric Kris
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss
Eric Kris
Eric Kriss
Eric Kris
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss
Eric Kriss


title: Frances Lupton

texts:
<mask> (née Greenhow; 20 July 1821 – 9 March 1892) was an Englishwoman of the Victorian era who worked to open up educational opportunities for women. She married into the politically active <mask> family of Leeds, where she co-founded Leeds Girls' High School in 1876 and was the Leeds representative of the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 20 July 1821, into a medical family in Newcastle upon Tyne. Her father, Thomas Michael Greenhow, co-founded the city's Eye Infirmary, with Sir John Fife, and then Newcastle University Medical School. He worked at Newcastle Infirmary, renamed the Royal Victoria Infirmary, for many years and was instrumental in its expansion in the 1850s. Her mother, Elizabeth, was born into the Martineau family, an intellectual, business, and political dynasty. Many of her relatives  were nationally prominent as Unitarians, a branch of English Dissenters; a main hall of the post-Blitz rebuilding of Essex Hall – the national headquarters for British Unitarians – was  named  after them.Elizabeth grew up in Norwich, attending the Octagon Chapel. Her siblings included James, the religious philosopher and professor at Manchester New College (known  today as Harris Manchester College, Oxford University); Harriet, the social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first female sociologist; and Robert, Mayor of Birmingham. Thomas and Elizabeth Greenhow lived in Newcastle's fashionable Old Eldon Square. The couple had several children; <mask> and at least two boys. Henry Martineau Greenhow (1829–1912) followed his father into medicine. He joined the Indian Medical Service and spent his career in British India, rising to surgeon major. His garrison withstood the Siege of Lucknow, a key part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.Another brother, William Thomas Greenhow (1831–1921) became a judge. The siblings' first cousin Edward Headlam Greenhow was a physician-academic, who made his mark in epidemiology and public health. <mask> was educated at her aunt Rachel Martineau's school and remained close to Rachel's sister Harriet in adulthood. The Unitarian ethos of liberalism and service to society stayed with her throughout her life. Marriage and children

In 1847 <mask> married <mask> (1813–1884), a member of a prosperous and politically active cloth manufacturing family in Leeds. In addition to his business interests, he was one of the founders of the Yorkshire College of Science in 1874, which became part of the federal Victoria University, and from 1904 the University of Leeds. The <mask>s were Unitarians who worshipped at Mill Hill Chapel on Leeds City Square, where a stained glass window commemorates them.<mask> married into a family of activists. Her husband's younger brother, <mask>, was president
and later vice-president of Manchester New College, the training college for ministers where <mask>'s uncle taught. He was an anti-slavery campaigner and a Liberal who sat on the executive of the National Reform Union. He sat on the committee for the National Society for Women's Suffrage. The brothers' cousin Jane married the minister at Mill Hill, Charles Wicksteed, an educational reformer. He co-founded the Leeds Education Society,<ref>{{cite book|page= 231 |title=A History of Modern Leeds |first=Derek|last= Fraser|publisher= Manchester University Press|year= 1980}}</ref> a precursor to the National Education League. Francis and <mask> lived just outside the rapidly industrialising city at Potternewton Hall, later moving to Beechwood, a Georgian country house in Roundhay.Francis had farms at Beechwood and worked as a director of the family wool manufacturing firm until he died suddenly at the age of 70 in 1884. The <mask>s had five sons, Francis Martineau, Arthur, Herbert (who died young), Charles, and Hugh. When her brother's wife died, she took in their daughter Mabel Greenhow to raise alongside her own children; Mabel grew up to write as Mrs Murray Hickson. Her four surviving sons contributed to the civic life of Leeds; two became Lord Mayor of Leeds. Through Olive Middleton (1881-1936), the eldest child of her eldest child Francis Martineau (1848-1921), <mask> is the great-great-great-grandmother of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. Female education reform

Context
Secular education of women became a more pressing issue by the mid-19th century. Girls' schools, including small boarding establishments, had existed for generations (for example Mary Wollstonecraft's school in Newington Green in the 1780s, with ties to Newington Green Unitarian Church and the Newington Academy for Girls, set up by Quakers in 1824), but a new impetus was given by the founding of colleges offering single-sex education to young women.Queen's College, London opened in London in 1848 to provide qualifications for governesses. The first girls' schools targeted at university entrance were North London Collegiate School (from 1850) and Cheltenham Ladies' College (from the appointment of Dorothea Beale in 1858). Emily Davies campaigned for women's higher education in the 1860s, and founded Girton in 1869, and Anne Clough founded Newnham in 1871 – both of these colleges were affiliated with but not entirely accepted by the University of Cambridge. <mask>'s aunt Harriet Martineau paid a visit to the United States in 1834, one of her areas of interest was the emerging girls' schools. In Society in America (1837), the sociologist criticised the state of female education:
"The intellect of women is confined by an unjustifiable restriction of ... education ... As women have none of the objects in life for which an enlarged education is considered requisite, the education is not given ... The choice is to either be ill-educated, passive, and subservient, or well-educated, vigorous, and free only upon sufferance." <mask>'s impact

<mask>'s entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' describes her pioneering work in expanding the opportunities for female education.In 1871 <mask> became Honorary Secretary to the Ladies' Honorary Council of the Yorkshire Board of Education, which was just six years old. She was "the powerful driving force of the organization" and also that of the Leeds Ladies' Educational Association. One of her first successes was setting up a students' library. Soon, the committees had arranged to superintend the first Cambridge Local Examination for women in Leeds. The most pressing need was for better all-round education for girls, equivalent to what boys received at traditional grammar schools. Established interests prevented the use of existing charitable funds, despite the passage of the Endowed Schools Act 1869, so <mask> led a meeting between the Leeds Association and the Ladies Council to create a new way forward – a joint-stock company. Her business acumen led to the establishment of Leeds Girls' High School in 1876.<mask> and the Ladies Council also saw the need for the dissemination of practical information on traditionally female subjects such as health and nursing. They launched a cookery school in 1874, having requested but not received help from civil servant Sir Henry Cole. In the following decade, the Yorkshire Training School of Cookery developed teacher training courses at the request of the school boards – eventually this formed a component of Leeds Metropolitan University. In the early 1870s,  <mask> invited England's leading educationalists: Anne Clough, principal of Newnham College Cambridge University,  Meta Gaskell and Professor Sir John  Seely of Christ's College, Cambridge to her home, Beechwood. By 1872, <mask> represented  NECPHEW's Leeds Ladies' Educational Association on the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women (NECPHEW). As a council member, she also belonged to the Education for Girls Committee of the Royal Society of Arts which, from 1871, had aligned itself with the aims of NECPHEW. <mask>, Mrs Henry Currer Briggs and Mrs F.W.Kitson established the Leeds branch of the Association for the Care and Protection of Friendless Girls in 1885 which was also supported by members of her family. Death
<mask> died at home at  Beechwood  on 9 March 1892 and is buried at St John's Church in Roundhay. References

1821 births
1892 deaths
English Unitarians
People from Roundhay
Victorian era
History of education in England
19th-century British educators
19th-century English women
19th-century English people
19th-century women educators

masks:
Frances Elizabeth Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Frances Elizabeth Greenhow
Frances
Frances
Frances
Francis Lupton
Lupton
Frances
Joseph Lupton
Frances
Frances
Lupton
Frances Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton
Lupton