title: Malcolm Fraser (architect)

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1959) is an architect from Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the founder of Malcolm Fraser Architects, a firm of architects based in the Old Town of Edinburgh from 1993. The company entered liquidation on 21 August 2015 and <mask> worked with Halliday Fraser Munro Architects before setting up anew with Robin Livingstone as Fraser/Livingstone Architects in January 2019. Biography

<mask> was born on 21 July 1959 to Margaret (née Watters) and <mask> (Structural engineer, with Blyth and Blyth, for many of Edinburgh's best post-war buildings). He attended George Watson's College, going on to study architecture at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with an MA Hons, DipArch in 1985. Following University he worked as a community architect in Wester Hailes in Edinburgh; with architect and theorist Christopher Alexander in Berkeley, California; conservation practices in Edinburgh; and with poet and artist Ian Hamilton Finlay at his garden, Little Sparta, near Edinburgh. He founded his architectural practice, Malcolm Fraser Architects, in 1993.It first made its name developing bars and restaurants for clients such as Pizza Express, and with lottery-funded arts projects. The practice's work encompassed conservation and new build, often in historic contexts such as Edinburgh's World Heritage Site, based on respect for the historic built context and the need to build within it in a rooted, confident, contemporary way. Its Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, for the University of Edinburgh, became the first listed building to achieve BREEAM "Outstanding" award. The practice won eight RIBA awards and also completed masterplanning and construction work for volume housebuilders that won for them, for the first time in Scotland, major awards - for The Drum, Bo'ness, West Lothian and Princess Gate, Fairmilehead, Edinburgh. The practice ceased trading in 2015, after 22 years of work. <mask> married Helen Lucas in 1988 and has one son and two daughters. Advocacy

Edinburgh
The practice, between 1999 and 2009, won the Edinburgh Architectural Association (EAA) Building of the Year/Silver Medal six times, the Conservation award twice plus other EAA Awards and Commendations.Using this as a platform <mask> has campaigned about built environment issues in Edinburgh, including initiatives for Princes Street, the Grassmarket and the redevelopment of Boroughmuir High School. Public life
In 2002, <mask> was appointed as the inaugural Deputy-Chair of Architecture and Design Scotland – a non-departmental public body (or quango) which acts as the Scottish Government's advisor on the built environment. He resigned in 2004 over the organisation's unwillingness to examine whether the UK Government's use of Public-Private Partnerships for public buildings such as schools represented value-for-money. <mask> was appointed visiting professor at the University of the West of England in 2003 and Geddes Honorary Professorial Fellow at the Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, part of the University of Edinburgh, in 2009. He has also lectured in Europe, China and North America. <mask> sits on the board of the Common Weal, a Scottish think tank, campaigning and advocacy organisation. During the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum <mask> acted as spokesman for the group 'Architects for Yes'.VAT
During his time as a columnist for the weekly architectural journal Building Design, in 2003, <mask> initiated a Flat VAT campaign to standardise Value Added Tax across new build (currently 0%) and repair (then 17.5%) that was taken up by Richard Rodgers and Debra Shipley MP but rejected by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown MP. <mask> acted as spokesman for the Merger Action Group of Scottish businessmen who took Her Majesty's Government to the Competition Appeal Tribunal over the Government's alleged "ripping-up" of legislation and failure to heed anti-competition warnings when it enabled the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2008. Town Centre Review
<mask> led and authored the Scottish Government's Town Centre Review "Community and Enterprise in Scotland's Town Centres", which looked to structural change to bring investment and footfall in towns. The Government's response included adopting the review's recommendation for a "Town Centre First" principle across all its activities. Main completed work and awards

Projects in chronological order with year of completion, major awards and citations:
 Scottish Poetry Library, Edinburgh: 1999
 Royal Scottish Academy Gold Medal for Architecture: 1997
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2000
 Prospect 100 best modern Scottish buildings: no.9
 DanceBase, Edinburgh: 2001
 Winner, RIAS Andrew Doolan Award for Architecture: 2002
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2002
 Finalist, Stirling Prize: 2002
 The Drum, Bo’ness: 2003
 Saltire Society Housing Award: 2005
 Dance City, Newcastle upon Tyne: 2005
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2007
 Scottish Storytelling Centre, Edinburgh: 2006
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2007
 HBOS Headquarters, The Mound, Edinburgh: 2006
 Princess Gate housing, Edinburgh: 2007
 Berwick Workspace, Berwick-upon-Tweed: 2007
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2009
 Dovecot Studios, Edinburgh: 2009
 Winner, RIBA Award: 2010
 Scottish Ballet headquarters at The Tramway, Glasgow: 2009
 Winner, Scottish Design Awards: Architecture Grand Prix and Best Public Building: 2010
 Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Speir's Lock Studio, Glasgow: 2011 and 2015
 Winner, RIBA Award. Linlithgow Burgh Halls: 2012
 Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, Edinburgh: 2014
 Winner, Edinburgh Architectural Association Best Building of the Year; RICS Building Conservation Award; Scottish Design Award for Education Building: 2014
 BREEAM "Outstanding". University of Edinburgh Arcadia Nursery, King's Buildings, Edinburgh: 2014
 Winner, Scottish Design Awards: Best education building; Edinburgh Architectural Association Awards Wood Award; Edinburgh Architectural Association's Building of the Year Award(Commendation): 2015 Also, RIAS Award; RIBA Award; Wood for Good/ Forestry Commission Scotland Award; Zero Waste Scotland's Efficiency Award: 2015
 West Pilton Crescent Council Housing, Edinburgh: 2015
 Winner, Saltire Award: 2015
 Stromness Warehouse, Library and Council Hub, Orkney: 2015
 Scottish Awards for Quality in Planning - Overall Winner 2017
 RTPI Silver Jubilee Cup - Overall UK Winner
 Lews Castle and Museum nan Eilan, Stornoway, Lewis: 2015
 Leith Fort Colonies (delivered by Collective Architecture)
 RIAS Award: 2018
 Saltire Award & Medal: 2018
 EAA Building of the Year - Highly Commended: 2018
 Homes for Scotland - Affordable Housing of the Year: 2018
 Scottish Design Awards - Affordable Housing of the Year: 2018

References

External links

Official site Fraser/Livingstone Architects

1959 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Architects from Edinburgh
21st-century Scottish architects
20th-century Scottish architects

masks:
Malcolm Fraser
Fraser
Alexander Malcolm Fraser
William Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Banks Fraser
Fraser


title: Jacob Thompson

type: original

texts:
<mask> (May 15, 1810 – March 24, 1885) was the United States Secretary of the Interior, who resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War and became the Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. In 1864, Jefferson Davis asked <mask> to lead a delegation to Canada, where he appears to have been leader of the Confederate Secret Service. From here, he is known to have organised many anti-Union plots and was suspected of many more, including a possible meeting with Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Union troops burned down his mansion in Oxford, Mississippi, the hometown of William Faulkner, who based some of his fictional characters on <mask>. Early life

Born in Leasburg, North Carolina in 1810 to <mask> and Lucretia (van Hook<mask>, <mask> attended Bingham Academy in Orange County, North Carolina and later went on to graduate from the University of North Carolina in 1831, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society. Afterwards, he served on the university faculty for a short time until he left to study law in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Pontotoc, Mississippi.<mask> got involved in politics and was elected to the 26th Congress, serving from 1839 to 1851. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1845 but never received the commission, and the seat went to Joseph W. Chalmers. <mask> was the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in the 29th Congress. He lost reelection to the 32nd Congress and went back to practicing law until 1857, when newly elected President James Buchanan appointed <mask> United States Secretary of the Interior. In the later years of the Buchanan administration, the cabinet members argued with one another on issues of slavery and secession. In an 1859 speech, <mask> advanced a moderate unionist position. He denounced Republicans in the North who spoke of the slavery issue as an "irrepressible conflict" and Southern extremists who favored reopening the Atlantic slave trade.Alignment with Confederacy
While still serving as Interior Secretary, <mask> was appointed by the state of Mississippi as a "secession commissioner" to North Carolina, with the task of trying to convince that state to secede from the Union in the wake of the 1860 presidential election. On December 17, he passed through Baltimore on the way to North Carolina. "Secretary <mask> has entered openly into the secession service, while professing still to serve the Federal authority," the New York Times reported on December 20. The next day, <mask> met with Governor John W. Ellis in Raleigh. He wrote an open letter to Ellis which was published in the Raileigh State Journal on December 20. <mask> wrote that the South faced "common humiliation and ruin" if it remained in the Union. He warned that a Northern "majority trained from infancy to hate our people and their institutions" would overthrow slavery.The result would be "the subjugation of our people." <mask> resigned as Interior Secretary in January 1861. When he resigned, Horace Greeley's New-York Daily Tribune denounced him as "a traitor", remarking,  "Undertaking to overthrow the Government of which you are a sworn minister may be in accordance with the ideas of cotton-growing chivalry, but to common men cannot be made to appear creditable." <mask> became Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Though not a military man, <mask> later joined the army as an officer and served as an aide to General P.G.T. Beauregard at the Battle of Shiloh. He attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was present at several other battles in the Western Theater of the war, including Corinth, Vicksburg, and Tupelo.Commissioner in Canada

In March 1864, Jefferson Davis asked <mask> to lead a secret delegation in Canada. He accepted and arrived in Montreal in May of that year. <mask> appears to have been the leader of Confederate Secret Service operations in Canada. From there, he directed a failed plot to free Confederate prisoners of war on Johnson's Island, off Sandusky, Ohio, in September. He also arranged the purchase of a steamer, with the intention of arming it to harass shipping in the Great Lakes. Regarded in the North as a schemer and conspirator, many devious plots were associated with his name, though much of this may have been public hysteria. On June 13, 1864, <mask> met with former New York governor Washington Hunt at Niagara Falls.According to the testimony of the Peace Democrat Clement Vallandigham, Hunt met <mask>, talked to him about creating a Northwestern Confederacy, and obtained money for arms, which was routed to a subordinate. <mask> gave Benjamin Wood, the owner of the New York Daily News, money to purchase arms. One plot was a planned burning of New York City on November 25, 1864 in retaliation for Union Generals Philip Sheridan and William Tecumseh Sherman's scorched-earth tactics in the South. Some speculate that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, met <mask>, but that has not been proved. (<mask> worked hard to clear his name of involvement in the assassination in the years after the war.) His manor, called "Home Place," in Oxford, Mississippi was burned down by Union troops in 1864. Post-war
After the Civil War, <mask> fled to England and later returned to Canada as he waited for passions to cool in the United States.He eventually came home and settled in Memphis, Tennessee, to manage his extensive holdings. <mask> was later appointed to the board of the University of the South at Sewanee and was a great benefactor of the school. Death
<mask> died in Memphis and was interred in Elmwood Cemetery. Republicans and Union veterans condemned the Grover Cleveland administration's lowering of flags to half-mast in Washington and Secretary of Interior Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II's closure of the Department of Interior to honor <mask> after his death. In popular culture
 A self-igniting liquid, referred to as "Greek fire" in Season 1 Episodes 7–11 of the BBC America television series Copper, is featured as part of a plot by Confederate Secret Service agents to burn down New York City. References

Bibliography

External links
 Retrieved on 2009-5-12
The <mask> Thompson Collection (MUM00266) can be found in the William and Marjorie Lewis Collection at the University of Mississippi in the Archives and Special Collections. 1810 births
1885 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
United States Secretaries of the Interior
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Buchanan administration cabinet members
Mississippi Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives

masks:
Jacob Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Nicolas Thompson
) Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Jacob Thompson
Thompson
Jacob


title: Mohammad Iqbal Shedai

texts:
<mask> (in Punjabi محمد اقبال  شیدائ ਮੁਂਹਮਦ.ਇਕਬਾਲ ਸ਼ੇਦਾਈ) was a British Indian and later Pakistani activist who espoused independence for India and opposition to British colonial policies. He spent most of his life in self-exile in Asian and European countries. Early life
One of eleven children, <mask> was born as <mask> in 1888 in Pura Hairanwala, Sialkot, British India (now Pakistan), into a Punjabi Muslim family belonging to the Rajput-Bhutta caste, to Chaudhary Ghulam Ali Bhutta, who taught science, mathematics and English at the Scotch Mission School and whose students included <mask>. He graduated from Sialkot's Murray College but wasn't accepted in Lahore’s Law College as he was considered to be too anti-British. Political activism
<mask>'s political involvement began in 1914  when he joined Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali in their organization, "Anjuman Khadami Kaaba". Soon he became a "Shedai – e –Kaaba". one of only nine in India.In 1915, <mask> went to Hoti, Mardan, now in Pakistan, to work as a teacher in the local government school. However, he was soon expelled from N.W.F.P. for what the authorities considered to be anti-British actions. In August 1915 <mask>'s movements were restricted to Pura Hairanwala in Sialkot. In October 1915, the Deputy Commissioner of Sialkot removed those restrictions. In 1916,  <mask> tried to get enter the law college in Lahore, but the Principal refused him admission, supposedly due to <mask>'s political activism. Ghadr Party and Hijrat Movement
In 1918, <mask> joined the Hindustan Ghadr Party, which stood for Indian independence and soon became one of its top leaders.In early 1920, the Hijrat Movement of protest emigration started. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar and Maulana Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi declared India as "Darul Harab (house of war)" and exhorted Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan. With an introductory letter from Maulana Jouhar, <mask> started his trip to Afghanistan. He travelled to Haripur where he was joined by Akbar Qureshi. After <mask> arrived in Kabul, Amanullah Khan appointed <mask> as his Minister for Indian refugees. During his tenure there, <mask> was reportedly distressed at the poverty and deprivation faced by Indians who had migrated to Afghanistan. Visits to Moscow and Ankara
Shedai and Akbar Qureshi then decided to visit Moscow to study the socialism of the Russian Bolshevik Party.At that time, both men decided to work for the spread of socialism worldwide. After returning to Kabul, Qureshi went back to Haripur while <mask> went to Ankara, Turkey. During his visit to Turkey, <mask> met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President of Turkish Republic and İsmet İnönü, the first Prime Minister. Both Turkish leaders expressed bitterness against Muslims of the Indian Army who had fought against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Collaboration with Italy
In 1933, <mask> became an advisor to the Italian Foreign Ministry on propaganda efforts targeted at Muslims in India and the Middle East. The Italians gave Shedai facilities and funding to conduct propaganda campaigns. With the beginning of World War II, <mask> and Ajit Singh established Radio Himalaya.Using a shortwave radio station in Rome, <mask> made daily broadcasts to for Indians (many of whom thought he was broadcasting from India. <mask> became a dangerous rival for Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose for influence with the Italians. His position is best summarized by Trott who met him in 1941. He wrote: "The driving force in the entire Indian and partly in the oriental activities of the Italian External Ministry is the Indian <mask> <mask>, who is known in Berlin. He enjoys the fullest confidence of all Italian authorities concerned". In 1941, <mask> established the Azad Hind Government, an exile government for an independent India, in Rome. <mask> was appointed as the President of this Government.Sardar Ajit Singh was Shedai’s Minister of Information and Broadcasting. In early 1942, Shedai served with the Fascist regime as a political commissar and consultant for the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan. The unit was recruited from Indian POWs captured by the Royal Italian Army. However, the unit never saw combat; it was dissolved later in 1942 after a mutiny. In 1944, <mask> fled Rome to Milan to avoid capture by the Allied armies. <mask> and Bose meetings in Italy
Martellos book dwells at length on the rivalry that developed in Italy and Germany between the endeavours of Chandra Bose and <mask> <mask> to further attention and support towards the Indian cause. In fact, partly because of Netajis choice to give priority to seeking German support (in consideration of its stronger position within the Axis) Iqbals position in Italy became gradually more important, so as to become the principal point of reference to Italy's Eastern policy.Of course, Chandra Bose kept good contacts and support of friends in the Italian Foreign Office, but Foreign Minister Ciano gradually showed mistrust towards Netaji and Italy's policy, in general, grew more and more supportive (because of its interest in courting Arab support in the Middle East) of the Muslim element in the struggle for Indian independence. Martelli records the Bose-Shedai misunderstandings and growing rivalry in detailed reports of their meetings in Italy in May–June 1941. A common, persuasive support by both on the need of a clear statement of support to India's independence by the Axis emerged from a German-Italian policy meeting in December 1941 to which Chandra Bose, <mask> and Gulam Siddiq Khan were invited to represent Indias interests. I can make the full report on this meeting, as drafted by the responsible officer in the Italian Foreign Ministry, available for the records. As it emerges from the conclusion the result of the common proddings was only a German commitment to try to have Hitler-Ribbentrop reconsider their cautious attitude of not acting prematurely. It might be interesting to note that, at this meeting, a new element had emerged, Japan's entry into war. Both Bose and <mask> expressed their apprehensions about Japans real war aims of dominating Asia and used this as a further necessity to gain Germany's and Italy's clear support for Indian national aims.External Reference 7. Bose had to cooperate (and compete) with <mask>, take his help in setting up his own radio infrastructure, even staff, and retained even the name of <mask>’s organization "Azad Hindustan" with a minor abridgement as "Azad Hind".8. Pan-Islamism
After the end of WWII and the creation of Pakistan, <mask> would turn to Pan-Islamism, having founded in 1948 the World Muslim Association of Pakistan, serving as its inaugural secretary-general as well. Family life

<mask> decided to leave for France where he landed in Marseilles, a part of France. For a decade from 1930 to 1939, he lived in Paris. Last years and death
After the partition of India in 1947, he moved with his French wife in Lahore for some years, before leaving for Italy and teaching Urdu at Turin University because of the apathy and enmity from the government for his progressive ideas. After refusing an Indian citizenship because "as a Pakistani he could not betray his soil", he returned to Lahore, Pakistan, in 1964, passing away on the 13th of January, 1974.He is buried in Miani Sahib Graveyard in Mozang, Lahore. Sources
 Shedai Papers, preserved by Dr. Muhammad Jamal Bhutta, the younger brother of <mask> <mask>. M. Phil: Thesis on <mask> <mask>, the Revolutionary by M. Gulzar Awan of history department, University of the Punjab. Daily Imroaz newspaper from Lahore
 History of Sialkot by Isfaq Niaz page 560. External sources
  A forum discussion on Radio Himala and <mask> <mask>. The Battaglione Azad Hindostan and <mask> <mask>. Media at the time of Mussolini and Tucci, a fascist radio in Kabul.<mask>, Mussolini and the mission in Afghanistan. Raggruppamento "Frecce Rosse"
  The free Indian legion Chapter 3
  Page 15,16 Speech of Italian AMBASSADOR ALESSANDRO QUARONI
  Subhas Chandra Bose – Another Look Part 5
  Radio Himalaya Discussion forum on Axis History

Notes

Subhas Chandra Bose
Indian independence activists from Pakistan
Pakistani revolutionaries
Punjabi people
Pan-Islamism
University of Turin faculty
1888 births
1974 deaths

masks:
Mohammad Iqbal Shedai
Shedai
Muhammad Iqbal Shedai
Muhammad Iqbal
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Iqbal
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Mohammed Iqbal
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Shedai
Muhammad Iqbal
Shedai
Iqbal
Shedai
Iqbal
Shedai
Iqbal
Shedai
Shedai


title: Marcus Gayle

texts:
<mask> (born 27 September 1970) is a football coach and former professional footballer who serves as club ambassador at Brentford. <mask>'s primary position was as a striker but also played as a winger and central defender towards the end of his career. He notably played in the Premier League for Wimbledon and Watford, he also played in the Scottish Premiership for Rangers and in the Football League for Brentford and Aldershot Town before he finished his playing career with non-league side AFC Wimbledon. He is a member of the Brentford Hall of Fame and made 230 appearances in two spells with the club. He won 14 caps for Jamaica and was a key player for his country at the 1998 World Cup tournament. After retiring as a player, he became manager of the AFC Wimbledon reserve team for three years before taking charge of Staines Town in 2012. Club career

Brentford
Born Hammersmith, London, <mask> started his career at Brentford in 1988, scoring 27 goals in 194 appearances for the Bees.He was loaned to KuPS in 1990, before becoming a regular player in the Brentford side under new manager Phil Holder in 1990–91, when the Bees qualified for the playoffs but lost to eventual promotion winners Tranmere Rovers in the semi finals. He played 33 games in the Third Division that season, scoring six goals. He was a key part in their Third Division title success for the 1991–92 season, scoring 6 goals in 38 games to give Brentford a place in the new First Division, as the old Second Division would be known from the start of the 1992–93 campaign due to the creation of the FA Premier League. The 1992–93 season looked as though it would be a successful one for the Bees, who entered the new year in 10th place and on the brink of the playoff zone, with all the talk at Griffin Park being about a second successive promotion and top division football for the first time since 1947. However, a collapse in the second half of the season saw the Bees relegated. <mask> initially remained loyal to the Bees, but on 24 March 1994 he linked up with his old Brentford striker partner Gary Blissett in a £250,000 move to Wimbledon, who were in the process of finishing a creditable sixth place in the Premier League. In May 2015, <mask> was inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame.Wimbledon
Gayle played an influential part during the nineties, He made his debut for Wimbledon two days after joining them as they beat Leeds United 1–0. He played in their final 10 games of the 1993–94, helping the Dons to 7 wins and 2 draws but did not score. He scored his first two goals in 1994–95, playing 25 games as the Dons finished ninth. He missed just four league games in the 1995–96 season, scoring five goals and helping Wimbledon finish 14th. In his best season for the Dons, 1996–97, he scored a total of thirteen goals, eight league goals as the Dons finished eighth in the Premier League and reached the semi finals of both domestic cups. He also scored the winning goal for the Dons in a surprise FA Cup fourth round replay 1–0 win over Manchester United in February 1997. 1997–98 was less successful.The Dons began the season well and were in the top five for much of the first half of the season, but a dismal second half of the campaign saw them finish 15th. <mask> was a regular player once again, appearing 30 times in the league, but scored just twice. <mask>'s form was good enough to make his debut for Jamaica in February vs Brazil in the gold cup and later featuring in the 1998 world cup in France that summer. He was their top scorer in 1998–99, scoring 10 league goals, but once again their good form tailed away to a late season slump and they finished 16th. He did manage seven goals in 1999–2000, but defeat to Southampton on the final day of the season and a surprise win for relegation rivals Bradford City over Liverpool meant that Wimbledon's 14-year stay in the top flight was over. In seven years with the Dons, <mask> played 285 games scoring 48 goals. Rangers
Gayle initially stayed loyal to the Dons in spite of their relegation, playing 32 league games and scoring three times in the 2000–01 campaign before he finally departed on 9 March 2001 in a £1million move to Scottish Premier League giants Rangers.He made his debut against Dundee United, adding just another three more appearances, before moving back down south to join Gianluca Vialli's new look Watford side for £1million. Watford
He started off brightly by scoring five goals in first 14 matches until a back injury hampered his season. He was as expected to leave, along with most of Vialli's other unsuccessful signings, in the summer of 2002. However, he re-emerged as a centre-back under new manager Ray Lewington and won the Player of the Season award that year. He also scored in the club's 2–1 defeat to Southampton in the FA Cup semi-finals and part of the group of players that deferred some of their wages to help the club out of their financial difficulties. Another good season followed in 2003–04 forging a good partnership alongside captain Neil cox, but injury plagued his 2004–05, and he left Watford two days after the sacking of Lewington in March 2005. Return to Brentford

He re-joined Brentford, his first club and made 37 appearances for the Bees helping them to two consecutive play off semi finals, scoring twice.<mask> was released from his Brentford contract on 17 May 2006. Aldershot Town
He signed for Aldershot Town on 2 July 2006. He scored the first hat-trick of his career for the Shots on 14 October 2006, coming on as a second-half substitute to score three times in just 9 mins 30 seconds against Kidderminster Harriers. In February 2007 Gayle damaged his ACL knee ligaments and cartilage, but still made the last few matches of the season he was released by Aldershot at the end of 2006–07 season scoring seven times in 27 appearances. AFC Wimbledon
He was signed for AFC Wimbledon in May 2007 by former Aldershot manager Terry Brown, making him only the second player to play competitively for both AFC Wimbledon and the old Wimbledon (the first being Jermaine Darlington) and, after scoring against Maidenhead United in the FA Trophy, becoming the first player to have scored for both incarnations of the South West London club and helping them to promotion to the conference south before retiring from playing that summer. International career
<mask> was capped by England at U18 level but later decided to switch allegiance and play for Jamaica who he was eligible to represent through his father. When a player at Wimbledon, <mask> signed a contract in June 1997 with a clause that restricted him to only represent England at international level.Horace Reid of the Jamaica Football Federation complained to FIFA about the restriction and the FIFA Player Status Committee refused to recognise the clause and allowed <mask> to change allegiance to Jamaica in January 1998. <mask> was capped 14 times for Jamaica and played at the 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup in United States and the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, Jamaica's first ever World Cup finals. He played in the final group H match against Japan which Jamaica won by 2–1. <mask> was made captain the following year against Canada and held that honour for a year before retiring. Managerial career and backroom roles

AFC Wimbledon

He announced his retirement from competitive football after AFC Wimbledon sealed promotion to the Conference South following a 2–1 Isthmian League Premier play-off final victory over Staines Town. He is presently working towards his coaching badges and in September 2008 took the role of AFC Wimbledon reserve team manager. In his first year of taking over he guided his talented squad to two cup finals, winning the suburban league challenge cup and runners up in the suburban challenge shield in 2009.Runners up in the league came in 2010. In 2011, his reserves collected the league trophy for the very first time and also the champions cup, very unlucky not to pick up the treble after losing to South Park in the Suburban Premier Cup. <mask> is a member of the Wimbledon Old Players Association and has played for Wimbledon's Masters side and Old Players XI. Staines Town
On 15 May 2012, it was announced that <mask> had been appointed as first team manager of Staines Town. In his first season as manager he guided his young team to safety in the Conference South Division whilst picking up the Middlesex Senior Cup, the 10th time Staines Town have won the competition. The second season brought an impressive 8th-place finish (Highest in club history) and reaching the 1st round proper of the FA Cup vs Brentford. December 2014 <mask> was relieved of his duties due to a bad run of games.Personal life
2015 <mask> graduated from the EBM (Effective Board Member) course sponsored by the PFA and has recently been appointed as a Board Member for Berkshire & Buckinghamshire FA. In January 2020, he was appointed club ambassador at Brentford. Until 2010, Gayle owned a designer clothes shop in Fulham, London called 3 Tribes . Career statistics

International goals

Honours

As a player
Brentford

 Football League Third Division: 1991–92

AFC Wimbledon

 Isthmian League Premier Division play-offs: 2008

As a manager
Staines Town

 Middlesex Senior Cup: 2012–13

As an individual
 Watford Player of the Season: 2002–03
 Brentford Hall of Fame

References

External links

1970 births
English footballers
Jamaican footballers
English people of Jamaican descent
Jamaica international footballers
Brentford F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Watford F.C.players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Premier League players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Veikkausliiga players
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Kuopion Palloseura players
English football managers
Jamaican football managers
National League (English football) managers
Footballers from Hammersmith
Living people
Staines Town F.C. managers
AFC Wimbledon non-playing staff
Black British sportspeople
Association football forwards
Brentford F.C. non-playing staff
Expatriate footballers in Finland

masks:
Marcus Anthony Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Gayle
Marcus
Marcus
Marcus
Marcus


title: Charlotte Serber

texts:
<mask> ( Leof; July 26, 1911 – May 22, 1967) was an American journalist, statistician and librarian. She was the librarian of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II, and the laboratory's only female group leader. After the war she attempted to secure a position as a librarian at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, but was rejected for lack of a security clearance; the likely reason was due to her political views. She later became a production assistant for the Broadway Theatre, and an interviewer for Louis Harris. Biography
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 26, 1911, the youngest of three children of Morris V. Leof, a physician, and his wife Jennie  Chopin. She had an older brother, Milton, and an older sister, Madeline. Her father was a member of the Socialist Party of America and was involved in left-wing activities.Visitors to their home included playwright Clifford Odets, journalist I. F. Stone, and physicist Wolfgang Pauli. She entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1929 and graduated in 1933. She married physicist <mask> soon after. Her father was the uncle of his stepmother, and they had known each other for many years. Initially, they lived in Madison, Wisconsin, where Robert was a teaching assistant at the University of Wisconsin. They paid $25 per month for an apartment. From 1933 to 1935, <mask> worked as a freelance journalist, writing articles for newspapers like the Boston Globe.Her work included an interview with the architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Robert was awarded a $1,200 postdoctoral fellowship by the National Research Council in 1934, and he decided to study it at Princeton University. Robert and <mask> packed up and began the drive to Princeton, but en route they stopped at Ann Arbor, Michigan, to attend a summer school at the University of Michigan, where Robert met Robert Oppenheimer, and decided then and there that he would study at the University of California, Berkeley, instead. They lived in Berkeley, California, from 1934 to 1938. <mask> worked for the California State Relief Administration. They became close to Oppenheimer, spending the summers from 1935 to 1941 at his New Mexico ranch, Perro Caliente. In 1938, Robert accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.He was reluctant to do so, but was convinced by Isidor Isaac Rabi, who reminded him that there were few tenure-track academic positions for Jews. In Illinois, <mask> initially went back to freelance journalism. From 1941 to 1942, she worked for the Office of Civilian Defense. She was politically active, serving as secretary of the Medical Aid Committee for Spain at Berkeley during the Spanish Civil War, and later of the Aid to Britain, Aid to China, and Aid to Russia Committees during World War II. She was also involved with the League of Women Voters. Although she had left-wing views, she was never a member of the Communist Party, unlike her brother and sister. Manhattan Project
In December 1941, Oppenheimer visited Urbana and asked Robert to join the Manhattan Project, the effort to develop an atomic bomb.Robert and <mask> set out for Berkeley again in April 1942. They initially stayed in Oppenheimer's garage apartment. After taking a job in a shipyard, where she worked as a statistician, <mask> joined the Manhattan Project as a librarian at the Radiation Laboratory on January 11, 1943. On April 23, 1943, she officially transferred to Project Y. Serber was recruited as the project librarian despite having no formal training as such, because Oppenheimer wanted someone who would not be concerned about cutting corners. Arriving at Santa Fe, New Mexico, in March 1943, she spent her first couple of months  working in the office of the Project Y director, Oppenheimer, at 109 East Palace as an assistant to Priscilla Greene, the executive secretary, because no books had yet arrived. She instituted the system of security passes, which were typewritten letters signed by Oppenheimer. Serber and Greene purchased supplies for the new office, including stationery and a mimeograph machine.After the move to the Hill, as Los Alamos, New Mexico, was known to its residents, communication with the outside world was initially over a single line formerly maintained by the Forest Service. The PBX was manned by volunteers. During a thunderstorm in April 1943, the phone rang. As Serber reached for it, lightning struck the line. A spark jumped to the lamp on her desk, blowing it out. Afterwards, people in the Technical Area became wary of answering the phone during a thunderstorm. Serber became the only female group leader at the Los Alamos Laboratory.Lacking experience in cataloging books, she taught herself how to use the Dewey Decimal Classification system. The whole library had to be created from scratch. Some 1,200 books and the complete runs of 50 scientific journals were ordered to establish the library. Many of these were out of print, and were ordered through inter-library loan agreements through the University of California. Books and journals, of which some 160 arrived each month, were delivered through the mail to Post Office Box 1663 in Santa Fe. Twice a day a courier, the wife of one of the chemists on the Hill, would drive over the winding, dusty road to Santa Fe accompanied by an armed guard and collect the mail. The registered mail was placed in a suitcase and locked to her wrist.Only Serber had the key. The library was divided into two parts: the main library and the technical report library. The former contained the books and journals. The first of the latter arrived by courier soon after the first books, in black suitcases carried by a courier, and were initially stored in a safe while a vault was being built. Some foreign journals came from the Office of Strategic Services Periodical Publications Program. Agents purchased journals in enemy, occupied and neutral countries, and these were copied and distributed. Enemy copyrights and patents were seized by the Office of Alien Property Custodian.One of the library's tasks was typing, copying and distributing these highly classified reports. The library staff grew to 12 people, mostly members of the Women's Army Corps and wives of scientists. <mask> acknowledged that they might have looked unusual to outsiders:

Serber was not permitted to view the Trinity Test, ostensibly because the test site had no facilities for women, but after the war, Oppenheimer acknowledged the importance of the job that she had done, writing to her on November 2, 1945:
In 1946, <mask> and eight other women wrote accounts of their experiences at wartime Los Alamos. However, the manuscript was rejected by publishers. Years later, Jane S. Wilson donated it to the Los Alamos Historical Museum. The Los Alamos Historical Society published it a decade later as Standing By and Making Do: Women of Wartime Los Alamos (1988). Post war
Oppenheimer attempted to secure Robert a position at the University of California, but was blocked by the head of the Physics Department, Raymond T. Birge, who still felt that "one Jew in the department is enough."Instead, he was given a position with the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, which had an independent status. However, he was given a professorial appointment in the department when Oppenheimer left for the Institute for Advanced Study. <mask> attempted to secure a position as a librarian at the Radiation Laboratory in 1946, but was rejected because she could not obtain a security clearance. The likely reason for her rejection was due to her political views. Between 1946 and 1948, the FBI wiretapped her phone and opened her mail. In 1950, the University of California instituted a system of loyalty oaths. Robert was willing to sign an oath, but became increasingly disturbed by the atmosphere in Berkeley, and in 1951 accepted an offer of a professorship at the Columbia University from Rabi.Serber became a production assistant for the Broadway Theatre. In 1965, she took a job with Louis Harris as an interviewer. Serber suffered from depression after being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, and took her own life with an overdose of sleeping pills on May 22, 1967. The Research Library at the Los Alamos National Laboratory remains as her legacy, and is today one of the foremost scientific libraries in the United States. Notes

References

1911 births
1967 suicides
Writers from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Manhattan Project people
American librarians
American women librarians
Drug-related suicides in New York (state)
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
20th-century American women
1967 deaths
20th-century American people
Women on the Manhattan Project

masks:
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte Leof
Robert Serber
Charlotte
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte
Charlotte
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte
Charlotte Serber
Charlotte Serber


title: Shinji Mikami

texts:
is a Japanese video game designer, director, and producer. Starting his career at Capcom in 1990, he has many of the company's most successful games. He directed the first installment of the Resident Evil series in 1996 and the first installment of the Dino Crisis series in 1999, both survival horror games. He returned to Resident Evil to direct the remake of the first game in 2002 and the third-person shooter Resident Evil 4 in 2005. In 2006, he directed his final Capcom game God Hand, a beat 'em up action game. Mikami worked at PlatinumGames to direct the third-person shooter Vanquish in 2010. The same year, he founded his own studio Tango Gameworks which has since been acquired by the American company ZeniMax Media.Under his studio, he directed the third-person horror game The Evil Within in 2014. He has also served the roles of producer and executive producer for many games. Early life and education
Mikami grew up in the Yamaguchi Prefecture of Honshū island. As a child, Mikami wanted to be a Formula One driver. He was also “obsessed” with the horror genre and films, such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Evil Dead. As a teenager, he studied karate and kendo. Mikami graduated from Doshisha University, where he majored in the study of merchandise.Career

Early years (1990–1993)
Mikami attended a meet-and-greet for college graduates hosted by Capcom, and was interested in the presentation enough to apply. His application was initially rejected, then he was hired by Capcom a week later “out of the blue,” according to Mikami. He joined Capcom in 1990 as a junior game designer, and soon after created his first title there, a quiz game for the Game Boy titled Capcom Quiz: Hatena? no Daibōken. The game took over three months to develop. His following three games were all based on Disney-licensed properties: Who Framed Roger Rabbit for the Game Boy, and Aladdin and Goof Troop for the Super NES. Aladdin was his first hit, selling over 1.75 million units worldwide.Mikami also worked on Super Lap, an unreleased F1 racing game for the Game Boy that was scheduled to be released in 1992, but was canceled after eight months of development. Resident Evil and Dino Crisis (1993–1999)

After the release of Goof Troop, Mikami began development in 1993 of a horror-themed adventure game for the PlayStation set in a haunted mansion, called Resident Evil, originally conceived as a remake of Sweet Home (an earlier Famicom game by Capcom based on the Japanese horror film of the same name). Resident Evil was initially conceived by Sweet Home director Tokuro Fujiwara; he entrusted Mikami, who was initially reluctant because he hated "being scared", with the project, because he "understood what's frightening." Mikami said that Resident Evil was a response to his disappointment with Zombi 2, a gory 1979 film by Italian director Lucio Fulci; Mikami was determined to make a game with none of the failings of the movie. The resulting game became Biohazard, an action-adventure game which combined 3D polygonal characters and objects with pre-rendered backgrounds and featured zombies (among other monsters) heavily influenced by George A. Romero's Dead films. The game was retitled Resident Evil during its English localization under Capcom USA's suggestion and was released in Japan and North America on March 22, 1996, and became one of the PlayStation's first successful titles. It was the first game to be dubbed a survival horror, a term Capcom coined to promote the game.It was later ported to the Sega Saturn. Resident Evil was considered the defining title for survival horror games and was responsible for popularizing the genre. Its control scheme becoming a staple of the genre, and future titles would imitate its challenge of rationing highly limited resources and items. The game's commercial success is credited with helping the PlayStation become the dominant game console, and also led to a series of Resident Evil films. Mikami had creative control over the screenplay and script of the first movie being dubbed a creative consultant. They had Mikami in this position to make sure fans of the games would be happy. He then dropped out of the later movies because he believed that the movies were heading in the wrong direction.Many games have tried to replicate the successful formula seen in Resident Evil, and every subsequent survival horror game has arguably taken a stance in relation to it. After the success of Resident Evil, <mask> was promoted from planner to producer. As producer, he oversaw the development of Resident Evil's sequel, Resident Evil 2, which he intended to tap into the classic notion of horror as "the ordinary made strange," thus rather than setting the game in a creepy mansion no one would visit, he wanted to use familiar urban settings transformed by the chaos of a viral outbreak. The game sold over five million copies, proving the popularity of survival horror. Following its release in 1998, he oversaw the development of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis and also directed another survival horror title Dino Crisis, both of which released in 1999. Capcom Production Studio 4 (1999–2002)

Shortly after the release of Resident Evil 3 in Japan, Capcom Production Studio 4 was established in 1999. The studio's staff were mainly the key developers in the company's survival horror projects.Mikami was appointed as the general manager of the studio, and worked as executive producer for various games, including the original Devil May Cry (originally conceived as a Resident Evil game). In 2000, Mikami became involved as producer of a new Resident Evil game. Resident Evil – Code: Veronica. This game was designed from the ground up for the Dreamcast. Being a much more powerful console than the PlayStation, the Dreamcast allowed the team behind the game to add for the first time, 3D environments instead of the usual pre-rendered backgrounds. Resident Evil Code: Veronica was released in 2000 and went on to sell 1,140,000 units. That same year, Mikami's Dino Crisis 2 was released, selling 1,190,000 copies worldwide.In 2001, an expanded version of Code: Veronica was released for the Dreamcast exclusively in Japan, alongside a PlayStation 2 port that was released worldwide. This version of the game, titled Biohazard - Code: Veronica Complete Edition in Japan and Resident Evil - Code: Veronica X abroad, added ten minutes of new cutscenes not in the original release. The PS2 version, which initially came packaged with a trial version of Devil May Cry, went on to sell 1,400,000 units, according to Capcom's sales data for March 2006. In 2001, in what was to be one of his most controversial business decisions, Mikami formed an exclusivity agreement with Nintendo in which the main Resident Evil games would be sold only for the GameCube. The GameCube would receive, in addition to ports of previous PlayStation and Dreamcast installments, three new numbered entries in the series: a remake of the original Resident Evil, Resident Evil Zero, and Resident Evil 4. Resident Evil and Resident Evil Zero were both released in 2002. The remake of Resident Evil was released in Japan on the sixth anniversary of the release of the original, on March 22, 2002.The remake was billed as the definitive version of the game, selling 490,000 copies in the US and 360,000 copies in Europe. In total, Resident Evil managed to sell 1,250,000 units during its first year of release. The remake's sales data was made public by Capcom during its Financial Review Report for 2002. On November 12, 2002, Resident Evil Zero was released. Gaming site gamefront.de reported that 138,855 copies of the game were sold on its first day of release. Capcom expected Resident Evil Zero to sell 1.42 million copies, but sold only 1.12 million. The fact that Resident Evil Zero did not match or surpass the remake's sales figures, spread fear among Capcom executives and share holders.They worried that Resident Evil 4 would not sell well enough on GameCube. Capcom Five, Resident Evil 4, and Capcom split (2002–2004)

In spite of Resident Evil Zeros underwhelming sales, Mikami remained confident in his support for Nintendo and announced four exclusive titles for the GameCube under development by Production Studio 4 in addition to Resident Evil 4; P.N.03, Viewtiful Joe, killer7 and Dead Phoenix. This lineup became known as the Capcom Five. The first of these games to be released was the Mikami-directed P.N. 03. The game was both a commercial and critical failure, receiving lukewarm reviews from the press and selling below expectations. As a result, Mikami stepped down as manager of Production Studio 4, while remaining as one of the head producers within the team.After his failure with P.N.03, <mask> decided to concentrate instead on the creative aspects of the Capcom 5. He eventually took over directorial duties for Resident Evil 4 from previous director, Hiroshi Shibata. Under his direction, Resident Evil 4 went through some substantial changes. Resident Evil 4 was released in 2005 and was one of the GameCube's top-selling titles, selling 1,250,000 units worldwide within a year. The game was critically praised, winning many game of the year awards. Resident Evil 4 is regarded as one of the most influential games of the 2000s decade, due to its influence in redefining at least two video game genres: the survival horror and the third-person shooter. Resident Evil 4 attempted to redefine the survival horror genre by emphasizing reflexes and precision aiming, thus broadening the gameplay of the series with elements from the wider action game genre.It helped redefine the third-person shooter genre by introducing a "reliance on offset camera angles that fail to obscure the action." The "over the shoulder" viewpoint introduced in Resident Evil 4 has now become standard in third-person shooters, including titles ranging from Gears of War to Batman: Arkham Asylum. It has also become a standard “precision aim” feature for action games in general, with examples ranging from Dead Space and Grand Theft Auto to the Ratchet & Clank Future series. Mikami touted the game as a GameCube exclusive. In an interview with a Japanese magazine, Mikami even said that he would "commit harakiri" if it came out on another platform. This was loosely translated as Mikami claiming to "cut [his own] head" and later parodied in God Hand, which featured a racing dog named "Mikami's Head". In a 2017 interview, he apologized for Resident Evil 4 going multiplatform.Clover Studio and God Hand (2004–2007)

After the success of Resident Evil 4, <mask> left Studio 4 and was transferred over to and originally established Clover Studio in July 2004, which employed an all-star lineup of Capcom development talent, including Atsushi Inaba (producer of Steel Battalion and Viewtiful Joe), and Hideki Kamiya (Devil May Cry director). At Clover, Mikami directed God Hand, a beat 'em up comedy game that parodies American and Japanese pop culture. It was released in Japan on September 14, 2006, and on October 10, 2006 in North America. After Clover Studio closed in 2007, <mask> joined Seeds Inc, now known as PlatinumGames, the newly formed successor of his former studio. PlatinumGames is composed of several of Mikami's former Capcom colleagues, including Hideki Kamiya, Atsushi Inaba, Yuta Kimura, Nao Ueda, Mari Shimazaki and Masami Ueda. PlatinumGames and Vanquish (2007–2010)

Mikami formed a private development studio called Straight Story in 2006. The name of the studio is taken from David Lynch's 1999 film.Their works are under the PlatinumGames branding and he is a contract employee ("external board member") of PlatinumGames. He also collaborated with Grasshopper Manufacture's Goichi Suda on Shadows of the Damned using the Unreal Engine 3 and published by EA. Mikami revealed that Straight Story will close once development of Vanquish is completed. Straight Story will be replaced with <mask>'s new studio, Tango, which has already been established. Much like Resident Evil and Resident Evil 4 before it, the third-person shooter game Vanquish, released in 2010, has proven to be an influential title for action games. It significantly improved upon the cover system, where in contrast to previous cover-based shooters, the cover in Vanquish is easily destructible, with often a single shot from a robotic enemy being enough to blast away the wall the player was hiding behind. The game also penalizes the player's ranking for the number of times they have taken cover, though its most important innovation is the power-slide mechanic that allows the player to slide into and out of cover at high speeds, or in bullet time when the player's health is low.The game was given GameSpot's Best Original Game Mechanic award for its rocket-sliding game mechanic, which acts as both a defensive escape and an offensive setup, opening up new gameplay possibilities for shooter games and increasing the pace significantly. The game has set a new trend, with its influence seen in other first-person shooters that have incorporated similar sliding mechanics, including Bulletstorm, Crysis 2, and Killzone 3. Vanquish was itself inspired by Tatsunoko's 1970s anime series, Casshern. Tango Gameworks and The Evil Within (2010–present)

A teaser website opened on March 18, 2010, titled "Mikami Project" with a countdown attached. The website changed into a job employment page, for Mikami's new studio, "Tango". On October 28, 2010, ZeniMax Media, parent company of noted game publisher Bethesda Softworks, announced Mikami joined ZeniMax after it acquired Tango Gameworks. An April 2012 Famitsu interview with Mikami revealed the codename title of Zwei for the company's survival horror game The Evil Within, with Mikami directing.The game was released October 2014. The game is published by Bethesda on Xbox 360, PS3, PC, PS4 and Xbox One. Mikami stated that this will be the last game he directs. He stated that it will be a "true" survival horror game, "one in which the player confronts and overcomes fear", because he was disappointed by recent survival horror games becoming action horror games. In 2019, it was announced at E3 that his studio is working on a new project titled Ghostwire: Tokyo. Works

References

External links

 Tango Gameworks website

1965 births
Capcom people
Japanese video game designers
Japanese video game directors
Japanese video game producers
Living people
People from Iwakuni, Yamaguchi
Resident Evil
ZeniMax Media

masks: Mikami Mikami Mikami Mikami Mikami


title: Margaret Bryan Davis

texts:
Dr<mask> (née <mask>; born October 23, 1931) is an American palynologist and paleoecologist, who used pollen data to study the vegetation history of the past 21,000 years (i.e. since the last ice age). She showed conclusively that temperate- and boreal-forest species migrated at different rates and in different directions while forming a changing mosaic of communities. Early in her career, she challenged the standard methods and prevailing interpretations of the data and fostered rigorous analysis in palynology. As a leading figure in ecology and paleoecology, she served as president of the Ecological Society of America and the American Quaternary Association and as chair of the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota. In 1982 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and, in 1993, received the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America. Early life and education
<mask> was born on October 23, 1931.She spent her childhood and early adolescence in the greater Boston area. She married <mask> in 1956. The couple divorced in 1970. <mask> received a B.A from Radcliffe College (1953), a PhD in biology from Harvard University (1957) and an honorary M.S. from Yale University (1974). During her undergraduate studies at Radcliffe, she took a class on paleobotany which sparked her interest in the field. During her final year at Radcliffe, she received a Fulbright fellowship, which allowed her to travel to Denmark to study at University of Copenhagen under Johannes Iversen of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland in 1953–1954.There she became interested in the vegetational history of the Quaternary period, focusing her research on pollen deposits from Greenland. Her findings were published in her first paper, "Interglacial Pollen Spectra from Greenland", in 1954. For her PhD research under Hugh Raup (forest ecologist), she studied pollen data from cores taken from sites near Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts. She then obtained a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Science Foundation and worked initially at Harvard before continuing her paleoecological research in the geology department at the California Institute of Technology for two years. She then spent a year at Yale University as a research fellow, studying vegetation composition and pollen sedimentation in lakes. There she introduced the method of studying pollen influx or pollen accumulation rates (number of pollen grains per square centimeter per year) in cores, which was an important advance for interpreting fossil pollen data in terms of changes in past vegetation and past sedimentation conditions. Career
After her postdoctoral positions at Caltech and Yale, <mask> joined the botany department at the University of Michigan in 1961 as a research associate.In 1964 she became an associate research biologist at the University's Great Lakes Research Division, and in 1966 she was appointed an associate professor of zoology. In 1970, she was promoted to full professor. In 1973 <mask> returned to Yale to serve as a professor of biology, where she worked until 1976. In 1976, she became a professor and head of the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota. In 1982, she was appointed Regents Professor of Ecology and is now a Regents Professor Emeritus in the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior. Her 1963 paper, "On the Theory of Pollen Analysis", greatly impacted the study of pollen records and their interpretation and led to studies of how well the distribution of a species' pollen reflects the population numbers of the trees that produced it. Her later research mapping the migration of tree species illustrated the differential timing and directions of movement for species during the past 14,000 years in North America.This work has been influential in predicting the migration of tree species that may results from global climate changes. She also hypothesized that disease caused the decline in hemlock populations about 5,300 years ago in the northeastern US. Starting in the 1980s while at the University of Minnesota, <mask> studied long-term forest dynamics of forest communities at the Sylvania Wilderness in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. These old growth forests contain a mosaic of sugar maple and hemlock stands. She and her graduate students studied the fossil pollen throughout the forest. Their detailed analyses allowed them to trace local variation in forest composition through time and to see how disturbances such as windstorms and fire relate to changes in the forest. Activism
When her husband Rowland obtained a job in the Department of Botany at the University of Michigan, she accepted a research position at the University in order to have a job near him.In a 1972 Ann Arbor News article, she stated that she believed this put her in a poor position to bargain for salary and that the University took advantage of her weak bargaining position by paying her lower wages than she merited. "Salary is set by bargaining," she said and added "Men can move. Everybody believes women can't. I was vulnerable to low wages because I couldn't leave the University. I was the lowest paid person in my ranking." Even after she was promoted to full professor, she was paid less than the average associate professor, the rank below full professor. She filed a complaint with the University and was eventually given both a pay raise and back pay, but only after considerable persistence on her part, including threatening a civil rights suit.Awards and honors
From 1978 - 1980 she served as the president of American Quaternary Association. <mask> also served as the president of the Ecological Society of America from 1987 to 1988. In 1982, she became the first woman from the University of Minnesota to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences. She became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991. In 1993, she became the 6th recipient of the Nevada Medal, awarded by the Desert Research Institute. That same year she became the 3rd woman to receive the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America. In 2009, she became an honoree of National Women's History Month.In 2011, she received a William S. Cooper Award from the Ecological Society of America. In 2012, she was elected Fellow of the Ecological Society of America. She is a member of the International Association for Vegetation Science and a Honorary Member of the British Ecological Society. She received an honorary doctorate from the College of Biological Sciences of the University of Minnesota in 2012. Publications
Some of her most significant publications are:
 M. B. <mask> Three pollen diagrams from central Massachusetts, 1958,  American Journal of Science 256 pages 540-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.256.8.540
 Margaret B. <mask>en diagrams as evidence of late-glacial climatic change in southern New England, 1961, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 95 pages 623-631
 M. B. <mask> Redeposition of pollen grains in lake sediments, 1968, Science 162 pages 796-799
 <mask> B. <mask> Pleistocene biogeography of temperate deciduous forests, 1976, Geoscience and Man 13 pages 13-26
 <mask>. <mask> Erosion rates and land-use history in southern Michigan, 1976, Environmental Conservation 3 pages 139-148. doi:10.1017/S0376892900018269
 <mask>. <mask> Lags in vegetation response to Greenhouse warming, 1989, Climatic Change 15 pages 75–82. doi.org/10.1007/BF00138846

References

External links
 "Sex Discrimination: The Case Of <mask> <mask>", The Ann Arbor News, March 19, 1972
"Margaret B. <mask> University of Minnesota Faculty"

1931 births
Living people
Women earth scientists
People from Boston
Radcliffe College alumni
Palynologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America

masks:
. Margaret Bryan Davis
Margaret Bryan
Davis
Rowland Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis Poll
Davis
Margaret
Davis
Margaret B
Davis
Margaret B
Davis
Margaret Bryan
Davis
Davis


title: Andrew Ranger

texts:
<mask> (born November 20, 1986) is a Canadian professional racing driver who competes full-time in the NASCAR Pinty's Series, driving the No. 51 for Rick Ware Racing. <mask> is a veteran of the Pinty's Series, having claimed 28 wins in 133 races. He was champion in 2007, 2009 and 2019, runner-up in 2016, third in 2012 and 2015, and fourth in 2008. Racing career

Champ Car

<mask> was the 2002 Canadian Formula A Karting champion and 2003 North American Fran Am 2000 Pro Champion. He raced in the Toyota Atlantic series in 2004 with number 27, the same as Quebec racecar drivers Gilles Villeneuve and Jacques Villeneuve, scoring six podiums (top 3 finishes) and winning the Rookie of the Year award. <mask> made his debut in the Champ Car World Series in 2005 with Conquest Racing, also driving the No.27 car. He became the youngest driver in the series' history to finish on the podium with a second place at Monterrey. After a few solid finishes at the beginning of the season, <mask>'s year went downhill as he mostly struggled in the second half of the season, but held on to 10th in the points championship. In 2006, he remained with the Conquest Racing team. He ranked 10th in the standings with a best finish of 5th at the 2006 Lexmark Indy 300. NASCAR
With no sponsorship and Champ Car merging with the Indy Racing League, <mask> moved to stock car racing in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series to drive the No. 27 Ford for Dave Jacombs.He won the second race in the series at Mosport International Raceway, and the season points championship. He has also won at  Montreal and Trois-Rivières during 2008. He has four poles to go along with his wins at, Mosport Int'l Raceway, Edmonton (2007); Edmonton (2008). In 2009, he was the class of the field for the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series, winning the Dickies 200 at Mosport International Raceway, the A&W 300 at SunValley Speedway (his first ever oval), The Rexall Edmonton Indy, Vortex Brake Pads 200 at Mosport International Raceway, the GP3R 300 at Circuit Trois-Rivières and the Komatsu 300 At Riverside Speedway. On top of all of this he has 2 poles and many podium finishes. <mask> ended up winning the title by 167 points for his 2nd Championship in 3 years. He drove for Fitz Motorsports at the August 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal and he also drove for the team in four of the remaining 10 races of 2008 with a best finish of 19th at Bristol Motor Speedway.In 2009, he drove the No. 11 Tide/Ridemakerz.com /Toyota Camry to a 3rd-place finish after leading many laps in the 2009 Napa Auto Parts 200 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. For 2010 he will drive for the No. 27 Baker-Curb Racing Nationwide team with sponsorship from Dodge including Montreal. For 2010, <mask> drove part-time at the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series with the No. 27 Dave Jacombs Dodge. He ran some races for NDS Motorsports in their No.35 Waste Management Chevy in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and West series. He won the race at Infineon Raceway in the K&N Pro Series West on June 20. He picked up the win from pole in Lime Rock Park in the K&N Pro Series East series. On July 17, he won from the pole at the Toronto Indy 100, being the first driver to win all 3 NASCAR regional touring series in one year. His 3rd win of the year was at Trois-Rivières and at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve where he bumped Jason Bowles in the last turn for the win both times from the pole. In 2011 he again won at Montreal and Toronto on a limited basis schedule. <mask> raced in the K&N Pro Series and the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series again in 2011.On May 22, 2011, <mask> won the ARCA race on the road course at New Jersey Motorsports Park in Millville, New Jersey. On June 25, 2011, <mask> competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Road America finishing sixth. <mask> made his Sprint Cup Series debut at Watkins Glen finishing 35th for FAS Lane Racing. For 2012, <mask> ran in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series and Nationwide Series for GC Motorsports. He won two Canadian Tire events in his home province of Quebec at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve and Circuit ICAR along with the ARCA event at New Jersey Motorsports Park. In 2013, <mask> ran a partial schedule in the Canadian Tire Series. He also ran the road courses in the NASCAR Nationwide Series and in the ARCA Racing Series.He won at New Jersey Motorsports Park in the ARCA Racing Series for the third year in a row. In 2014, <mask> left Dave Jacombs's team and joined D. J. Kennington's DJK Racing to drive the No. 27 Dodge. He would remain with the team through 2019. <mask> did not participate in the abbreviated 2020 Pinty's Series season held during the COVID-19 pandemic. He returned to the series in 2021 driving for Rick Ware Racing's new Pinty's Series team. The team also gave him one race in their Xfinity (previously Nationwide) Series No.17 car, which they field jointly with SS-Green Light Racing. He wanted to compete, but was replaced by J.J. Yeley. Motorsports career results

American open-wheel racing results
(key)

Atlantic Championship

Champ Car

NASCAR
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings. * – Most laps led.) Sprint Cup Series

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

K&N Pro Series East

K&N Pro Series West

Pinty's Series

 Qualified but replaced by Larry Jackson
 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

CASCAR

Castrol Super Series

ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time.* – Most laps led.) See also
 List of Canadians in Champ Car
 List of Canadians in NASCAR

References

External links

Living people
1986 births
People from Montérégie
Racing drivers from Quebec
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Champ Car drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
North American Formula Renault drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Manor Motorsport drivers

masks:
Andrew Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Andrew Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Andrew
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger
Ranger


title: Anzhelika Varum

texts:
<mask> (), real name <mask> (; born 26 May 1969), is a Russian singer and actress, and an Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. She released 12 albums, starting with "Good bye, moi mal'chik" (Good-bye, my boy) in 1991. More than 60 of her songs became hits, receiving heavy radio play. She is married to the Russian singer Leonid Agutin. They have a daughter, Elisaveta. Meritorious Artist of Russia (2011). Biography
<mask> was born in Lviv to composer <mask> and theater producer Galina Mikhailovna Shapovalova.At the age of 5, she began to study the piano and, after starting school, she started to learn the guitar. She was part of the school's musical theater group and performed with them throughout Ukraine. After high school, Varum applied to the Boris Schukin Theater Institute in Moscow, but could not pass the entrance exams. She then began to work as a back-up singer at her father's music studio. In 1990, Varum recorded a version of "Polunochniy kovboy" (Midnight cowboy) that soon became a hit, particularly after she performed it in the television show "Utrenneya zvezda" (Morning star) and at a concert at the Sports Complex "Olympic". On the back of that initial success, Varum released her first album, "Good bye, moi mal'chik" (Good-bye, my boy). The title song and the songs "Sosedniy parenek" (Neighborhood boy) and "Chelovek-svistok" (Human-whistle) became hits.Two years later, Varum recorded the album "La-la-fa" that became hugely popular in Russia. It included the song "Hudozhnik kotoriy risuyet dozhd" (Painter who draws the rain) and the song "Gorodok" (Town), which became one of the singer's calling cards. In 1994, Varum made it to the finals of the Russian annual festival "Pesnya goda" (Song of the year). In 1995, Varum released a compilation of hits and a new album called "Osenniy dzhaz" (Autumn jazz) that won the "Ovation" award as the best album of 1995, with Varum taking the "Ovation" for best singer of the year. The next year, Varum released "V dvukh minutakh ot liubvi" (Two minutes from love). Around the same time, the perfume "Anzhelika Varum" made its debut on the Russian market. Varum remained prolific, releasing "Zimniya vishnia" (Winter cherry) in 1996.The songs "Eto vse dlia tebia" (It's all for you), "Drugaya zhenchina" (The other woman), and the title song all crowded the hit parades of leading Russian radio stations. In 1997, Varum played in the musical "Poza emigranta" (The emigrant's pose) and won the "Chaika" award for her performance. She also began a creative collaboration with Leonid Agutin that soon turned into a romantic relationship. In 1999, Varum and Agutin had a baby girl whom they named Elisaveta. The same year, Varum released her seventh album, "Tol'ko ona" (Only she) and a collection of hits titled "The Best". She also appeared in a feature film, playing a leading role in Vasiliy Pichul's "Nebo v almazakh" (Night in diamonds). In 2000, Varum released "Sluzhebniy roman" (Workplace romance), a collaborative album that she created together with Leonid Agutin.The couple also toured throughout Russia with a concert program titled "Polovina serdtsa" (Half of a heart). In 2001, Varum created the "Varum Records Company", which she used as a vehicle for producing her own music and representing other artists. She released a new album in 2002 titled "Stop, lyubopytstvo" (Stop, curiosity). She also created two new concert programs, a solo program titled after the new album, and a duet program with Agutin called "Rimskiye kanikuly" (Roman holiday). In 2003, she played in the film "Kamenskaya 3: Kogda bogi smeyutsia" (When gods laugh), a detective thriller. Later that year, she released the single "Pozhar" (Fire). The following year, Varum toured extensively with Agutin, giving live concerts in the United States, Germany, Israel, Belarus, Ukraine, and throughout Russia.In 2005, Varum appeared in a film that was a musical remake of the well-known Soviet era story "Dvennadsat' Stul'yev" (Twelve Chairs) by Ilf and Petrov. She played the role of "Ellochka-lyudoyedka" (Ella the man-eater), a flamboyant character with an over-the-top personality. That year, she also created a new concert program with Agutin called "Ty i Ya" (You and I), with which they toured throughout Europe and the United States. She also helped Agutin to record his first English language record. Created together with Al Di Meola and titled "Cosomopolitan Life", the album dropped in Europe in the spring of 2005 and quickly topped the charts. The album included the Varum and Agutin duet "If I'll get a chance". After spending much of 2006 touring, Varum released a new album in 2007 called "Muzika" (Music) that included both new and old songs.This was followed up by another album in 2009 titled "Yesli on uidet" (If he leaves). For the first time in her career, Varum not only sang, but also wrote the lyrics for some of the songs. In 2010 and 2011, Varum and Agutin gave a series of concerts in most of Russia's major cities, including a performance at the Kremlin in collaboration with the renowned Cuban musician Orlando "Maraca" Valle. Videos
 1991 — Babylon
 1991 — Barabashka
 1992 — Whistle Man
 1993 — Artist that Draws Rain
 1995 — Autumn Jazz
 1996 — Not Тoday
 1996 — Neither Answer nor Greetings
 1996 — Winter Сherry
 1997 — Another Woman
 1997 — Queen (duet with Leonid Agutin)
 1999 — All in your hands (duet with Leonid Agutin)
 2000 — Do not wait for me
 2000 — I Wanna Be Loved by You
 2001 — Will You Near You
 2001 — Stop Curiosity! 2003 – Kamensakaya 3: When the Gods Laugh as Svetlana Medvedeva
 2005 – Twelve Сhairs   as Ellochka liudoyedka (Ella man–eater)
 2006 – First Fast
 2008 – New Year's Eve on Channel 1 2009 – New Year's Eve on Channel 1 2010 –  Beauty Requires...''

References

External links

<mask> Varum at SoundCloud

1969 births
Living people
Musicians from Lviv
Russian pop singers
20th-century Russian singers
21st-century Russian singers
20th-century Russian women singers
21st-century Russian women singers
Winners of the Golden Gramophone Award

masks:
Anzhelika Varum
Maria Yurievna Varum
Varum
Yury Ignatievich Varum
Anzhelika


title: Luis Garavito

texts:
<mask> (born 25 January 1957), also known as La Bestia ("The Beast") or Tribilín (named after the Disney character "Goofy"), is a Colombian serial killer, pederast, sadist, rapist, child molester, and necrophile. In October 1999, he admitted to committing the rape, torture, mutilation and murder of 147 minors, predominately young boys and teenagers. Beginning a series of torture-rapes on minors aged 6 to 16 in the autumn of 1980, Garavito was estimated to have raped and tortured a minimum of 200 minors, before committing the rape, torture, mutilation and murder of an additional 189 minors in Colombia from 4 October 1992 to 21 April 1999, and a further 4 murders in Ecuador dating back to 1988. Apprehended on 22 April 1999 for the attempted rape of 12-year-old John Iván Sabogal, Garavito was held under suspicion for several months until confession on 28 October 1999. The judicial body ruled that all Garavito's sentences total 1,853 years and 9 days in jail. Between his Colombian and Ecuadorian victims, Garavito is confirmed to have murdered at least 193 minors in total. If his 2003 confession is to be believed, his murders of 23 minors and 5 adults would raise his murder victim count to 221.Background

Childhood
<mask> Garavito Cubillos was born in Génova, Quindío on 25 January 1957 to Manuel Antonio Garavito and Rosa Delia Cubillos. The eldest of seven siblings, he had three brothers and three sisters. His father Manuel Antonio was described by Garavito as being a womanizer, a drunkard and extremely physically and emotionally abusive to Garavito throughout his childhood; he further went on to describe his mother Rosa Delia as a violent woman, and someone who showed him little affection and care as a child. On account of the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia at the time, the family was forced to relocate to Ceilán, Valle del Cauca before Garavito entered primary school. Due to the instability of his parents' marriage, Garavito's home life was plagued by years of incessant fighting, domestic violence, and extreme neglect. When Garavito was "six or seven", he recalled being strapped to a tree and beaten by Manuel with a tree branch as he attempted to defend his mother, who Manuel was known to beat even in pregnancy. Sleeping in the same bed with his father, Garavito "vaguely" recalled being fondled once by him.Evidently, the beatings Manuel inflicted were so spontaneous and severe that they prompted Garavito and his siblings to hide whenever he returned home from work. Growing up, Garavito was referred to as an imbecile, bastard and a son of a bitch by his father Manuel, who Garavito claimed had "never had a good word" for him. Attending Simón Bolívar school in Ceilán, he was said to be shy and reserved, and often a target for bullies in spite of his violent temper. Teachers had found him enthusiastic to learn, but noted his frustration with his inability to understand subjects. Nicknamed "Squiggle" by his bullies, Garavito was very insecure of his glasses and made few attempts to play with other children because of their ostracizing of him. His teachers made no attempts to stop the bullying, which distressed Garavito. When Garavito was around 11 years old, his father forbade him to finish the fifth grade in favor of making money to sustain the family.This crushed the young boy, who was also forbidden to have friends or a girlfriend by his father Manuel. He would then be subject to brutal sexual abuse by a local drug-store owner and neighbor on his father's visits to see the neighbor, lasting from age 12 to 14. The man was a friend of Manuel's, and had burnt Garavito with a candle, bitten him violently and cut him with a razor blade during the molestations. The physical trauma proved so severe that Garavito would not be able to properly ejaculate, and would sustain an erectile dysfunction problem that would follow him into adulthood; fearing that his father would not believe him, and perceiving no one would care anyway, Garavito chose to keep his sexual abuse experiences to himself. Adolescence
When Garavito was first abused, his psychological trauma led him to kill and dissect two birds, which prompted him to feel remorse and shame shortly thereafter. After stoning the birds, Garavito would begin to suggest to his younger brothers and sisters (who shared a bed with Garavito) that they sleep with him naked. He would subsequently begin to sexually fondle his younger siblings—which was evidently overlooked by parents Manuel and Rosa—as they slept, often stripping them naked, insisting as an adult that they may not even remember the incidents; Garavito would also claim to have began abusing a 6-year-old boy.According to those who knew him, Garavito would become very withdrawn and extremely aggressive, and "ready to take revenge on the world." At the age of 14, Garavito would then be raped again by another neighbor, who beat him into the undergrowth, and showed him heterosexual pornography that apparently disgusted him. Blaming it on the sexual abuse he endured as a youth, Garavito would recall feeling shame at not feeling being able to feel aroused enough by the experience. Garavito would later attempt to initiate sexual relations with women as a 15-year-old youth, but his advances toward them were consistently rejected, frustrating Garavito. Having a maternal grandfather die from cirrhosis as a result of alcoholism, and two maternal uncles who were alcoholic, Garavito was able to access alcoholic drink and developed an addiction. Because of his rebelliousness and sexual inclinations, Garavito would be kicked out on a repeated basis throughout his teens, once by his mother Rosa for attempting to rape a 5-year-old boy—in which he first acknowledged his pederast and sadistic attraction— and again at 16 following an attempted assault on a 6-year-old boy at a train station in Bogotá. The boy screamed, which alerted authorities to arrest Garavito, who stated he only wanted to "lightly" abuse the child.Following the latter incident, Garavito would be reprimanded by his father Manuel for not choosing a woman to sexually assault instead of a young boy. With Garavito's homosexuality causing frequent arguments between him and his father Manuel, he would be evicted for the final time at the age of 16 for "homosexual behavior". Throughout his first 16 years of life, Garavito was described as being a friendless and troubled youth, never rooted in any particularly stable environment and was noted by psychiatrists to be a key contributor to his antisocial development. As a young man in his late teens, Garavito started working as an assistant at a compensation fund and later in a chain of stores, and studying in marketing. Despite his new-found career, he began to have problems with his co-workers, clients and bosses. Sometimes the conflicts were so extreme that they resulted in physical altercations. After losing his job, he worked as a street vendor who sold religious icons and a migrant worker, developing various relationships with women over the course of his adulthood that were mostly platonic in nature.Working on a coffee plantation as a teenaged youth in the early 1970s in Trujillo, he first fell in love with an older woman—a schoolteacher and single mother who he would live with on a sporadic basis throughout his adulthood—named Luz Mary Ocampo Orozco who he attended church with; Garavito claimed to have had a child with her in a 2006 interview despite admitting in the past to never having had intercourse with her. Consequently, authorities have not been able to corroborate this claim. Many of the women he befriended had children, who Garavito was known to have treated as if they were his own children, in addition to being a loving boyfriend when sober. Garavito was also known by his friends to be amicable in spite of his violent temper and occasional drunken states, in which he had evidently swore to murder his father. Adulthood
Garavito would be plagued with symptoms of psychosis, paranoia and depression as a result of the extreme abuses he had faced as a child and adolescent. For the majority of the 1970s and the 1980s, he would sexually molest children of both sexes as he spiraled into mental illness; his attraction would gradually turn pederast however. Suffering from depression and suicidal tendencies, he expressed a desire to start a family.Insisting on having sexual intercourse with female partners when drunk, he would consistently fail to maintain an erection, prompting an unprovoked emotional rant concerning his hatred for his family. Garavito gradually fell into alcoholism to cope with his traumatic childhood, and began to participate in Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in 1978. Garavito also converted to the Pentecostal faith and began working as a store clerk, where he had coincidentally reconnected briefly with his first girlfriend Luz Mary. Drifting from his family, he was only close to his sister Esther, who avoided him due to his alcoholism. Relocating to the town of Armenia, Garavito acquired a day job at a bakery before being fired as a result of provoking a fight with his co-workers; he subsequently attempted suicide and was held under psychiatric care in 1979, where he expressed a desire to die and was primarily treated for his diagnosed depression and given medication for psychosis. Fearful of consequences, Garavito chose not to inform the psychiatrist of his pederast inclinations or his sexual impotence with women. Following his attendance of local church services in which he would remorsefully beat his chest during prayer, Garavito would subsequently attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and occasionally visit psychiatrists before ending his day by frequenting Valencia Park, a known hotspot for child prostitution.He then began a relationship with a single mother named Claudia in 1980, a beautician whom he described as being the first woman whose company he enjoyed; this relationship would be short-lived however, as Garavito apparently could not sustain Claudia's spending habits. Satiating his sexual desires by raping children in Quimbaya, Garavito did not engage in intercourse with Claudia. Later that year, Garavito would escalate his habit of molesting children at least once a month to torturing the children with methods used on himself as a child by his abuser. He would then write the name of the molested child in a blue notebook and pray for them fervently while beating his chest. Despite this, Garavito developed an interest in esoteric study, tarot readings and Satanism. He would visit palm readers and other occultic practitioners before deciding that they were just as clueless as he was. Discovering his biography, he would also become fond of Adolf Hitler.This fondness would turn into idolization, expressing admiration for Hitler and mass graves and stating that he "liked the concentration camps". In addition, Garavito also developed an obsession with Colombian mass murderer and Vietnam veteran Campo Elías Delgado starting in December 1986, immediately admiring his mass murder of 28 people including Delgado's mother, the attention it received, and wanting to emulate him as he and others noted it on television at a bar. From this point on, Garavito would harbour fantasies of acquiring a machine gun and (starting with his father) annihilating his family before committing suicide. Admiring mass murders akin to that of Delgado's and shootings committed in American high schools, Garavito felt that committing suicide following a mass murder would be an ideal way to die for him. After being seen drunk in the company of various pubescent youths of "humble" appearance by his friends Jairo Toro and Ancizar Valencia, Garavito's companions became aware of their friend's pederasty. Despite this, the issue was never brought up to Garavito, and most of his acquaintances did not suspect any odd sexual deviation. In addition, his various girlfriends (platonic and romantic) were also oblivious to Garavito's sexually pederast predilection for young boys.In the late 1980s, Garavito found another girlfriend named Graciela Zabaleta, a single mother who he provided for and lived with in exchange for necessities. Like Luz Mary, Garavito also would later claim to have loved Zabaleta. Between 1980 and 1992, Garavito was estimated to have raped and tortured a minimum of 200 youths. While operating a ouija board, Garavito alleged that he entered a state of psychosis in which the devil had asked whether he would like to serve him. Answering that he would, the devil responded, saying, "Kill, that with killing many things may come." Attempting to commit his first murder on 1 October 1992 Garavito sought a young boy who had been selling sweets and cigars to passerby's. In a "state of drunkenness," he lured the youth—who he planned on bringing to a wooded lot—to the Melia hotel sector in Bolivar, Colombia before being interrupted and beaten by local police, one of whom taking a revolver and hitting Garavito over the head with it.As Garavito bled, they then stole 100,000 pesos, a watch, and a ring from him before letting him go from a police station. Merely three days thereafter, Garavito sought again to commit murder. Committing his first murder of a boy named Juan Carlos on 4 October 1992, Garavito began to wear various disguises in order to evade identification and arrest. Known locally as "Goofy," a generous man who gave to children in Trujillo, the locals had gone out of their way to keep documents for Garavito. Starting in 1988 when he was alleged to have murdered in Ecuador, Garavito began to document his crimes by tickets, receipts, clothes, and identity cards of victims in a black cloth suitcase; Garavito left the suitcase with his sister Esther before giving it to Luz Mary. He also collected their amputated toes, before disposing of them for fear that the Colombian National Police's scent dog team may trace them to him. In June 1996, Garavito would complain to Luz Mary of losing his temporary job as a salesman for air fresheners, and beg for a place to stay in exchange for food and financial relief.Luz Mary was weary of Garavito for his alcoholism and temper, but took him in briefly; Garavito would then suffer from a hard fall in the Guacamayas neighborhood of Bogotá, and subsequently break his leg in August 1996. Stricken with pain, he resided temporarily with a man before begging his girlfriend Luz Mary to let him stay at her residence again; restricted by having to use crutches, wear a neck brace, and a cast, Garavito resorted to begging on the street for the two months he resided with her. Garavito provided for the household by paying for meals and other means, such as bringing a television. Despite this, Garavito was still hostile and entered a fight with his girlfriend's 15-year-old son for wanting to watch the local news. Luz Mary subsequently evicted Garavito, who derided her son as disrespectful and rude, and had also damaged a gold chain she had gifted to him. Later that year on Christmas Day, Luz Mary would receive a gift from a visiting friend, which prompted an angry phone call from Garavito (who had been drunk) in which he stated that he "didn't like those faggots" visiting as he feared they would steal her generosity from Garavito. After being informed that he was no longer welcome, Garavito showed up the next morning, shouting obscenities and threats, and grabbing at Luz Mary's throat; Luz Mary and her family hid at a neighbor's house in response for the time being.After several hours, Garavito left an apology note asking for her forgiveness, and noting his "damage" to their household. Garavito was frequently seen drunk by locals and would drift from town to town as he outwore his welcome, often due to his domestic disputes with co-workers, abuse of his girlfriends, and general inability to behave normally. His erratic behavior had left him unable to develop meaningful relationships, despite living with two different women in Pereira at the time of his arrest. Toward the end of Garavito's crime spree, he would roam the west Colombian region as a homeless drifter. Suffering from bouts of depression and guilt from his crimes, Garavito would find himself suffering from nightmares about the murdered children, waking up in tears before entering fits of hysterical laughter as he

masks:
Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos
Luis Alfredo