title: Gurney Norman

texts:
<mask> (born 1937) is an American writer, documentarian, and professor. Biography
<mask> was born in Grundy, Virginia, in 1937. He grew up in the southern Appalachian Mountains and was raised alternately by his maternal grandparents in Southwest Virginia and his paternal grandparents in Eastern Kentucky in several towns, but primarily in the small community of Allais, near Hazard, in Perry County. He attended Stuart Robinson School in Letcher County, Kentucky, from 1946 to 1955. <mask> attended the University of Kentucky from 1955 to 1959, graduating with a degree in journalism and English. In 1960, he received a Wallace Stegner Fellowship in Creative Writing at Stanford University where he studied with literary critic Malcolm Cowley and the Irish short story writer Frank O'Connor

After Stanford, <mask> spent two years in the U.S. Army. He returned to eastern Kentucky in 1963 to work as a reporter for his hometown newspaper, The Hazard Herald.Leaving newspaper work to concentrate on his fiction writing, <mask> took a job with the U.S. Forest Service as a fire lookout in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon in the summers of 1966 and 1967. In 1971, his novel Divine Right's Trip was published in The Last Whole Earth Catalog and subsequently by the Dial Press and Bantam Books. <mask> was one of the founders of the Briarpatch Network in 1974, with Richard Raymond and Michael Phillips. In 1977, his book of short stories Kinfolks, which received Berea College's Weatherford Award, was published by Gnomon Press. In 1979, <mask> joined the faculty of the University of Kentucky as an associate professor of English. He served as Director of the English Department's Creative Writing Program from 2000 to 2014. In 1996 his work as a fiction writer, filmmaker, and cultural advocate was honored at the Fifteenth Annual Emory and Henry College Literary Festival, which celebrates significant writers in the Appalachian region.In 2002 he was honored by the Eastern Kentucky Leadership Conference for outstanding contribution to the advancement of regional arts and culture. In 2007 the Appalachian Studies Association awarded <mask> the Helen M. Lewis Community Service Award, which recognizes exemplary contributions to Appalachia through involvement with and service to its people and communities. He serves as Senior Writer-in-Residence at Hindman Settlement School's annual Appalachian Writers Workshop. <mask> was selected to serve as the 2009–2010 Poet Laureate for the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and was officially installed as Laureate on April 24, 2009. On May 8, 2011, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Berea College. On February 13, 2019, he was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame, which recognizes distinguished Kentucky writers whose work reflects the state’s rich literary heritage. He lives in Lexington, Kentucky.Writing
Divine Right's Trip follows DR Davenport and Estelle, a pair of hippie stoners who leave California for eastern Kentucky, where they settle on a farm raising rabbits. The novel was originally serialized in The Last Whole Earth Catalog. Kinfolks is a book of short stories concerning young Wilgus Collier and his relationships with his family members. Ancient Creek is a satirical folktale about a rebellion by mountain people against an absurd and oppressive king in a mythical American region. Filmography

As writer and presenter
 1987 - Time on the River - A historical look at the important role the Kentucky River played in the settlement of the state. KET production. 1989 - From This Valley - Explores the Big Sandy region of Eastern Kentucky, including its trails, people, history, and literary heritage.KET production. 1991 - Wilderness Road - Retraces the route of the famous pioneer trail from Kingsport, Tennessee, to Boonesborough, Kentucky. KET production. Based on <mask>'s work
 2000 - The Wilgus Stories - Dramatization of three Norman short stories--"Fat Monroe," "Night Ride" and "Maxine"—by filmmaker Andrew Garrison. Publications

Fiction
 Book One From Crazy Quilt:  A Novel in Progress (Monterey, KY:  Larkspur Press), 1990. Divine Right's Trip:  A Folk-Tale (New York: Dial Press), 1972. Kinfolks:  The Wilgus Stories (Frankfort, KY:  Gnomon Press), 1977.Ancient Creek: A Folktale (Lexington, KY: Old Cove Press), 2012. Nonfiction
 An American Vein:  Critical Readings in Appalachian Literature with Danny Miller and Sharon Hatfield (Athens, OH:  Ohio University Press), 2005. Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes:  Back Talk from an American Region with Dwight B. Billings and Katherine Ledford (Lexington, KY:  University Press of Kentucky), 1999. References

Further reading
 Chaney, Candace  "A Man of His Words", Lexington Herald-Leader, Page E1, April 26, 2009. Howell, Rebecca Gayle  "<mask> Norman: Poet Laureate", Lexington Herald-Leader, page A15, April 24, 2009. Arnold, Timothy W.  "Hero Trip: Divine Right's Journey of Self", Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 9 (1993).Holbrook, Chris. "<mask> <mask> Remembers His 'Kinfolks'", Lexington Herald-Leader, April 26, 1992. Ward, William S.  A Literary History of Kentucky (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press), 1988. External links
Faculty page from the University of Kentucky
Gurney <mask> biography, from Appalachian Books
<mask> <mask> interview

1937 births
Living people
People from Grundy, Virginia
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Appalachian writers
Novelists from Virginia
University of Kentucky alumni
Writers from Lexington, Kentucky
People from Perry County, Kentucky
Poets Laureate of Kentucky
American male short story writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male poets
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Kentucky

masks:
Gurney Norman
Gurney Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Norman
Gurney
Gurney
Norman
Norman
Gurney
Norman


title: Maria Olip

type: original

texts:
<mask> "Micka<mask>' (born <mask>c / Schupanz:  29 March 1913 - 29 April 1943) was a Slovene resistance fighter against National Socialism in Carinthia. In 1943, following capture and more than two months of interrogation-torture sessions, she faced a session of the special "People's Court" at Klagenfurt on 9 April 1943. She was one of a batch of twenty-six captured partisans convicted:  thirteen were sentenced to death:   the other twelve executed were all men. Life
<mask> was born one of her parents' (at least) four children in Ebriach, a small village in the rural Eisenkappel-Vellach administrative district. The region was one of remote mountain villages in which Slovene dialects predominated, but in the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite pragmatic considerations of perceived economic advantage had trumped nationalistic separatism, and throughout her childhood the district had remained part of the Austrian province of Carinthia, rather than joining up with Yugoslavia, across the mountains. Georg and Barbara Županc, her parents, were peasant farmers. With her brothers, Ivan and Miha Županc she was involved in political activism under the leadership of Valentin Kordesch, on behalf of the Communist Party, which had been illegal since an emergency decree dated May 1933, issued by the Austrofascist government of Chancellor Dollfuss.<mask> was still young when she married <mask> from the adjacent district of Zell Pfarre / Sele Fara. He was a nephew of <mask> (1884–1943), who would emerge as a leader of Slovene partisan resistance, and who later died on the guillotine at the same Vienna execution facility and on the same day as <mask> herself. The political context changed in 1938 when the hitherto independent Federal State of Austria was integrated into Germany, which ushered in a more uncompromising approach to political opposition by the security services. The "Anschluss" also made unavoidable - if it was not already unavoidable - national involvement in the forthcoming war, which broke out in September 1939. <mask>'s home region was now on the mountainous southern frontier of an enlarged and increasingly embattled enlarged German state. Between 1941 and 1943 that part of Slovenia, directly to the south of Austrian Carinthia was under German military occupation. German occupation was resisted by Slovene partisans from north of the border who would have classified themselves as (Slovene speaking) Austrian/German citizens.<mask> worked as an "underground messenger" for her brother, Ivan Županc, who had been a founder of the Slovene partisan movement in Carinthia. Another of her brothers, Miha Županc, was also an active member of the Slovene resistance partisans, and it was during a meeting at his remote small-holding that she reported how she was now in contact not just with longstanding "old" comrades, but had been establishing links with a succession of new comrades. She had, in particular, been striking up conversations with off-duty German soldiers who came to take their holidays in the local mountain valleys, in order to try and win them over to join with the Slovene partisans. Even more dangerously, at the instigation of her resistance comrade Franz Weinzierl she had sent a letter to a man called Johann Rozmann in the provincial capital Klagenfurt, inviting him to work with the partisans. She helped Franc Pasterk, who was in Klagenfurt on home leave from the army, to flee to the partisans in Upper Carniola. In September 1942, in the aftermath of a battle against the Second Slovenian Kokra battalion, the Germans came across a "Županc letter" which included mention of a "sick sister", which appeared to be a coded reference to a female partisan group member. From this - probably in combination with other clues they had already acquired - they were able to infer that <mask> was involved in the "Osvobodilna fronta" anti-fascist liberation movement.On 11 November 1942 two apparent partisans, Helmut Sovetz und Felix Koprivnik, turned up at the "Golopkeusche" (farmstead) on the Waschnigberg (local mountain). Sovetz befriended <mask> who took him to be a forestry worker with communist tendencies, and told him about an upcoming meeting of local partisans. In the evening she arrived at the meeting with the two men. The participants were then taken by surprise when a gang of Nazi paramilitaries (SS). <mask>'s trust had clearly been betrayed by two government spies. As the wounded comrades were driven away she was able to jump out of the truck  and disappear into the bushes; but the next day, while making her way back to Eisenkappel, she was found and recaptured by a paramilitary patrol. Some time later a comrade called <mask>r spotted her on "shower day" in the city jail at Klagenfurt, and reported back that her entire body was covered with wounds, caused by the torture to which she had been subjected.It is not entirely clear what information her interrogators extracted from her, but at the subsequent trial in which she was included the court presumably relied on their testimony when it determined that she was a "fanatical agitator and hater" ("fanatische Hasserin und Hetzerin") and referred to her as the "shotgun woman" ("Flintenweib"). For more than two months she was subjected to a programme of torture and interrogation, during the course of which several of her teeth were knocked out. In the Gestapo prison she also repeatedly underwent the unsettling experience of seeing other prisoners being carried out after their interrogation-torture sessions. Confessions allegedly extracted from her led to a number of further arrests. However, since the interrogations were carried out in German, a language of which <mask> understood very little, the record of the interrogations contains many inaccuracies and distortions. Shortly before the trial a lengthy indictment was presented to her, and she refuted much of what she was recorded as having said. On 9 April 1943 <mask> faced the special "People's Court" at Klagenfurt.Ominously, for those familiar with his judicial record, the presiding judge was Roland Freisler. She was the only woman sentenced to death. Thirteen female co-defendants were sentenced to prison terms of between nine months and eight years.. The executions took place on 29 April 1943 at the National Execution Facility at the District Court Complex in Vienna. After the war the remains of <mask>'s body were exhumed and sent to Zell Pfarre for reburial. Notes

References

Carinthian Slovenes
Austrian resistance members
Slovene Partisans
Austrian people executed by Nazi Germany
Slovenian people executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Nazi Germany by guillotine
1913 births
1943 deaths

masks:
Maria
" Olip
Maria Župan
Maria Županc
Maria Županc
Max Olip
Thomas Olip
Maria Olip
Maria Olip
Maria Olip
Maria Olip
Maria Olip
Olip
Maria Halle
Olip
Maria Olip
Maria Olip


title: D. J. Smith (ice hockey)

texts:
<mask> "D. J." <mask> (born May 13, 1977) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). As a player, <mask> played 45 NHL games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Colorado Avalanche as a defenceman. As a coach, <mask> won the Memorial Cup in 2015, and spent four years as an assistant with the Maple Leafs before joining Ottawa. Playing career

Junior hockey
As a youth, <mask> played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Windsor, Ontario.Windsor Spitfires (1994–1997)
<mask> was drafted by the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League in the second round, 20th overall, in the 1994 OHL Draft Priority. <mask> appeared in 61 games with the Spitfires during his rookie season in 1994-95, scoring four goals and 17 points, while accumulating 201 penalty minutes, the second most on the club. In 10 playoff games, <mask> scored a goal and four points, as the Spitfires defeated the Sarnia Sting in the first round of the playoffs, before falling to the Sudbury Wolves in the OHL quarter-finals. <mask> saw a big increase in his offensive production during his second season with the Spitfires in 1995-96. In 64 games, <mask> scored 14 goals and 59 points, tying him for fourth in team scoring. <mask> led the team with 260 penalty minutes. In seven playoff games, <mask> scored one goal and eight points, as the Spitfires lost to the Detroit Whalers in the first round of the post-season.The Spitfires named <mask> the captain of the team for the 1996-97. In 63 games, <mask> led the defence in scoring, as he had 15 goals and 67 points, as he finished fifth in overall team scoring. In the post-season, <mask> scored a goal and eight points in five games, as Windsor lost to the Sarnia Sting in the first round of the OHL playoffs. Professional career

New York Islanders (1995–1996)
<mask> was drafted by the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League in the second round, 41st overall, at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. <mask>'s stay with the Islanders did not last long, as on March 15, 1996, <mask> was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in a trade that included Wendel Clark and Mathieu Schneider going to Toronto, while the Islanders received <mask> Hendrickson, Sean Haggerty, <mask>, and Toronto's first round draft pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, in which the Islanders would select Roberto Luongo. Toronto Maple Leafs (1996–2002)
<mask> appeared in one game with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Toronto's American Hockey League affiliate, following the conclusion to <mask>'s junior hockey season with the Windsor Spitfires. <mask> had no points in his lone appearance during the 1995-96 season.<mask> joined the Toronto Maple Leafs at the conclusion of his junior season in Windsor in 1996-97. On March 26, 1997, <mask> played in his first NHL game, earning an assist on a goal scored by Brandon Convery, as the Maple Leafs defeated the San Jose Sharks 2-1. On March 29, <mask> had his first career NHL fight, against Rene Corbet of the Colorado Avalanche. Overall, in eight games with Toronto, <mask> had one assist, and seven penalty minutes. Following the Leafs season, <mask> was assigned to the St. John's Maple Leafs, where in one post-season game, he had no points. <mask> was assigned to St. John's for the 1997-98 season. In 65 games with St. John's, <mask> scored four goals and 15 points, while earning 237 penalty minutes, ranking him third on the team.In four post-season games, <mask> had no points, as the Maple Leafs lost to the Saint John Flames in the Atlantic Division semi-finals. In 1998-99, <mask> saw his offensive production increase in St. John's, as he scored seven goals and 35 points in 79 games, as he was the highest-scoring defenceman on the team. <mask>'s 216 penalty minutes ranked second on the club. In the post-season, <mask> earned an assist in five games, as St. John's lost to the Fredericton Canadiens in the Atlantic Division semi-finals. <mask> returned to St. John's for the 1999-2000 season, as in 74 games, he scored six goals and 28 points, while ranking second on the team with 197 penalty minutes. As St. John's failed to qualify for the post-season, <mask> earned a promotion to Toronto late in the 1999-2000 season. In three games with Toronto, <mask> had no points in three games.<mask> spent the entire 2000-01 season with St. John's. Injuries limited <mask> to 59 games, where he scored seven goals and 19 points. In the post-season, <mask> had no points in four games, as St. John's lost to the Quebec Citadelles in the Canadian Division semi-finals. In 2001-02, <mask> began the season with St. John's. In 59 games with the Maple Leafs in the AHL, <mask> scored six goals and 16 points. On March 1, 2002, <mask> was traded to the Colorado Avalanche in a three-way trade that saw Marc Moro traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs, and a ninth round draft pick acquired by the Nashville Predators. Colorado Avalanche (2002–2004)
<mask> joined the Hershey Bears, the American Hockey League affiliate of the Colorado Avalanche, for the rest of the 2001-02, following his trade by the Toronto Maple Leafs.In 14 games with the Bears, <mask> earned three assists. In the post-season, <mask> appeared in eight games, scoring one goal, his first career AHL playoff goal, as the Bears defeated the Norfolk Admirals in the Western Conference quarter-finals, before losing to the Houston Aeros in the Western Conference semi-finals. <mask> spent the majority of the 2002-03 season with the Colorado Avalanche. On October 17, 2002, <mask> played in his first game with the Avalanche, as he had no points, and a fight with Ian Laperriere, in a 4-1 win over the Los Angeles Kings. On January 23, 2003, <mask> scored his first career NHL goal, as he scored against <mask> of the Columbus Blue Jackets in a 5-0 victory. This point was <mask>'s first in the NHL since March 26, 1997. Overall, in 34 games with Colorado, <mask> scored one goal and accumulated 55 penalty minutes.In the AHL, <mask> played in two games with the Hershey Bears, earning no points. <mask> was re-assigned to the Hershey Bears for the 2003-04 season. In 35 games with Hershey, <mask> scored seven goals and 14 points. On January 14, 2004, <mask> suffered a knee injury in a game against the Norfolk Admirals, causing <mask> to miss the remainder of the season. Following the 2003-04 season, <mask> announced his retirement as a player. Career statistics

Coaching career

Windsor Spitfires (2005–2012)
<mask> joined the Windsor Spitfires as an assistant coach, working under newly hired head coach Moe Mantha. In 2005-06, the Spitfires finished the season with a 32-26-7 record, earning 71 points and seventh place in the Western Conference.In the post-season, Windsor lost in the Western Conference quarter-finals to the Plymouth Whalers. In 2006-07, the Spitfires replaced Mantha with Bob Boughner as the new head coach, as <mask> remained with the club as an assistant. The rebuilding Spitfires struggled to a record of 18-43-7, earning 43 points and ninth place in the Western Conference, as the club failed to reach the post-season. The Spitfires rebounded in 2007-08 season, as the club finished with a 41-15-12 record, earning 94 points, which represented a 51 point improvement from the previous season, as the club finished in third place in the Western Conference. In the playoffs, Windsor was upset by the Sarnia Sting in the Western Conference quarter-finals. Windsor continued to improve during the 2008-09 season, as the Spitfires finished with a 57-10-1 record, earning 115 points and winning the Hamilton Spectator Trophy as the top regular season team in the OHL. In the post-season, the Spitfires swept the Owen Sound Attack in the Western Conference quarter-finals.In the Western Conference semi-finals, Windsor defeated the Plymouth Whalers in six games. In the Western Conference finals against the second place London Knights, Windsor easily defeated them in five games, advancing to the OHL finals. In the final round, the Spitfires defeated the Brampton Battalion in five games, winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup and advancing to the 2009 Memorial Cup. At the Memorial Cup, Windsor defeated the Kelowna Rockets in the final game to win the Memorial Cup. The Spitfires remained a top club in the OHL during the 2009-10, as the club earned a record of 50-12-6, earning 106 points, and first place in the Western Conference. In the post-season, Windsor swept the Erie Otters in the Western Conference quarter-finals, followed by a second consecutive sweep in the Western Conference semi-finals, as Windsor defeated the Plymouth Whalers. In the Western Conference finals, the Spitfires lost their first three games to the Kitchener Rangers before winning four in a row to win the series and advance to the J. Ross Robertson Cup for the second consecutive season.In the OHL finals, Windsor swept the top ranked Barrie Colts in four games to win the OHL Championship and advance to the 2010 Memorial Cup. At the tournament, Windsor put up a perfect record of 4-0, including a 9-1 win over the Brandon Wheat Kings in the final game, to clinch their second consecutive Memorial Cup championship. In 2010-11, <mask> was promoted to become an associate coach of the Spitfires, as head coach Bob Boughner left the club and <mask> took over head coaching duties. Windsor remained a good team during the season, earning a solid 39-23-6 record, earning 84 points, and fourth place in the Western Conference. In the post-season, the Spitfires defeated the Erie Otters in seven games in the Western Conference quarter-finals. In the Western Conference semi-finals, the Spitfires upset the Saginaw Spirit, as the club reached the Western Conference finals for the third consecutive season. In the conference finals against the Owen Sound Attack, the Spitfires lost in five games.Bob Boughner returned to the Spitfires in 2011-12 as head coach, as <mask> remained with the club as an assistant. Windsor began to rebuild during this season, as the club struggled to a 29-32-7 record, earning 65 points, and eighth place in the Western Conference. In the post-season, the Spitfires were swept by the London Knights in four games in the Western Conference quarter-finals. Following the 2011-12 season, <mask> resigned from his position with the Spitfires, as he was hired to become the head coach of the Oshawa Generals. Oshawa Generals (2012–2015)
<mask> joined the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League as head coach for the 2012-13 season. On September 20, 2012, <mask> coached his first career OHL game, earning the victory as the Generals defeated the Peterborough Petes 5-2. Oshawa had a very strong season, earning a record of 42-22-4, getting 88 points, and finishing in third place in the Eastern Conference.In the post-season, the Generals defeated the Niagara IceDogs in five games in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals, however, the club was swept by the Barrie Colts in the Eastern Conference semi-finals. Oshawa improved slightly in the 2013-14 season, as the club finished the season with a 42-20-6 record, earning 90 points and first place in the Eastern Conference. In the post-season, the Generals swept the Mississauga Steelheads in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals, followed by a second straight sweep in the Eastern Conference semi-finals, as Oshawa defeated the Peterborough Petes in four games. In the Eastern Conference finals, the Generals were swept by the North Bay Battalion. <mask> won the Matt Leyden Trophy as the OHL Coach of the Year in the 2013–14 OHL season. The Generals were the top team in the Eastern Conference in 2014-15, as the club earned a 51-11-6 record, earning 108 points, which was an improvement of 18 points over the previous season. In the post-season, the Generals defeated the Peterborough Petes in five games in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals, followed by defeating the Niagara IceDogs in five games in the Eastern Conference semi-finals.In the Eastern Conference finals, the Generals had a re-match against the North Bay Battalion, as Oshawa got their revenge, as they defeated the Battalion in six games. In the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals against the Erie Otters, led by Connor McDavid, the Generals won the series in five games to clinch the OHL championship and a berth into the 2015 Memorial Cup. At the tournament, the Generals finished with a perfect record, and defeated the Kelowna Rockets 2-1 in overtime in the final game to win the Memorial Cup. Following the 2014-15 season, <mask> resigned as head coach of the Generals, as he took a job to become an assistant coach with the Toronto Maple Leafs. Toronto Maple Leafs (2015–2019)
<mask> joined the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League as an assistant coach to newly hired head coach Mike Babcock. In his first season with the Leafs in 2015–16, Toronto struggled to a 29–42–11 record, earning 69 points, and finishing in last place in the NHL. The rebuilding Leafs saw improvement during the 2016–17 season, as Toronto finished with a 40–27–15 record, earning 95 points, and the second wild-card seed in the Eastern Conference.In the post-season, the Maple Leafs lost to the Washington Capitals in six games. Toronto continued to improvement during <mask>'s third season with the team in 2017–18, as the Maple Leafs had a 49–26–7 record, earning 105 points, and third place in the Atlantic Division. In the first round of the post-season, the Leafs lost to the Boston Bruins in seven games. The Leafs saw a slight decline in the 2018–19 season, as the club finished with a 46–28–8 record, earning 100 points, five fewer than the previous season, however, Toronto once again finished in third place in the Atlantic Division. In the first round of the playoffs, the Leafs had a re-match against the Boston Bruins and once again lost in seven games to the Bruins. Following the season, <mask> resigned from his job with the Leafs and took the job to become the head coach of the Ottawa Senators. Ottawa Senators (2019–present)
In May 2019, the Ottawa Senators announced that <mask> agreed to a three-year contract to be the team's head coach.Head coaching record

NHL

OHL

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Islanders draft picks
Oshawa Generals coaches
Sportspeople from Windsor, Ontario
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Toronto Maple Leafs coaches
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Windsor Spitfires coaches
Canadian ice hockey coaches

masks:
Denis Joseph
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Darby
Kenny Jonsson
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Marc Denis
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Bob Jones
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Astrid of Sweden

texts:
Princess Astrid of Sweden (17 November 1905 – 29 August 1935) was the Queen of the Belgians as the first wife of King Leopold III. Originally a princess of Sweden of the House of Bernadotte, Astrid became the Duchess of Brabant after her marriage to Leopold in November 1926. She became queen of the Belgians on 17 February 1934 until her death. Her charity work revolved around women, children, and disadvantaged people. Astrid's only daughter, Joséphine-Charlotte, later became Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg, while both of her sons reigned as King of the Belgians. Astrid was also a sister of Crown Princess Märtha of Norway (wife of King Olav V) and a maternal aunt of King Harald V of Norway. Early life

Princess Astrid was born on 17 November 1905, at the Arvfurstens Palats in Stockholm as the third child and youngest daughter of Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, and his wife, Princess Ingeborg of Denmark.Her father was the third son of Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway, by his wife, Sophia of Nassau. Her mother was a daughter of King Frederick VIII of Denmark by his wife, Louise of Sweden. Astrid's father was a younger brother of King Gustav V of Sweden; her mother was the younger sister of kings Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway. Astrid had two elder sisters Margaretha, Princess Axel of Denmark, and Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway, and a younger brother Prince Carl Bernadotte (prev. Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Östergötland). Astrid spent most of her childhood at Arvfurstens Palace in central Stockholm and at the family's summer residence in Fridhem. Astrid was raised in strict education and without much luxury.Astrid attended the Sint Botvid boarding school, where lessons were taught in French. She then went to Akerstrom-Soderstrom finishing school, where she studied sewing, piano, ballet and childcare. After finishing school, Astrid worked at a Stockholm orphanage, caring for children. Engagement and wedding

As an eligible princess, Astrid was mentioned as a potential bride for a number of princes including the future Edward VIII of the United Kingdom and the future Olav V of Norway. Astrid's successful suitor was Prince Leopold of Belgium, Duke of Brabant. In September 1926, their engagement was announced. King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium invited the press to the royal palace in Brussels."The Queen and I," declared Albert, "would like to announce to you the impending marriage between Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant and the Princess Astrid of Sweden. We are convinced that the princess will bring joy and happiness to our son. Leopold and Astrid have decided to join their lives without any pressures or reasons of state. Theirs is a true union among people with the same inclinations." Queen Elisabeth said: "It is a marriage of love... tell it to our people. Nothing was arranged. Not a single political consideration prevailed in our son's decision."In Stockholm on 4 November 1926 civilly and in Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, Brussels on 10 November religiously, Princess Astrid married Prince Leopold. The couple travelled separately to Antwerp after their civil marriage, to be reunited in Belgium. For the religious marriage, the couple were attended by a large wedding party of young friends and relatives: Princess Feodora of Denmark, Princess Marie-José of Belgium, Princess Märtha of Sweden, Princess Ingrid of Sweden, Alfhild Ekelund, Prince Carl of Sweden, Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden, Crown Prince Olav of Norway, Margareta Stähl, Count Claes Sparre, Anna Adelswärd, Prince Charles of Belgium, Count Folke Bernadotte, Baron Sigvard Beck-Friis, Anne Marie von Essen, and Baron Carl Strömfelt. Princess Astrid was given a tiara as a wedding gift from the Belgian government, created by Belgian jeweler Van Bever, the original version of the diadem is a flexible diamond bandeau in a stylized Greek key motif topped with 11 large diamonds on spikes. These large stones, totaling around 100 carats on their own, symbolize the nine provinces of Belgium and the (now former) Belgian colony of the Congo. She later added a set of diamond arches to enclose each of the 11 independent stones. After Astrid's death the tiara was in the possession of King Leopold, and his second wife Lilian, Princess of Réthy wore parts of the tiara but not the full gem (Lilian never held the title of Queen).Leopold abdicated the throne in favor of his son Baudouin; when Baudouin married, Leopold gave the tiara to the new queen. Fabiola, Belgium's first queen since Astrid, wore it on her wedding day. She handed the jewel over after Baudouin's death to be worn by Queen Paola who, after the abdication of her husband Albert, gave it to Mathilde new Queen of the Belgians. Duchess of Brabant

The Duke and Duchess of Brabant spent their honeymoon in south of France before moving into a wing of the Royal Palace of Brussels. After the honeymoon period, Princess Astrid began learning French and Dutch. Astrid was enthusiastically adopted by the Belgians. She was widely loved for her beauty, charm and simplicity.Her public and official engagements radiated enthusiasm. As the Duchess of Brabant, she worked to alleviate various forms of adversity. In October 1927, Leopold and Astrid had a daughter, Princess Joséphine-Charlotte (later Grand Duchess of Luxembourg). The birth of her only daughter had been a tough period for Astrid for women were barred from the line of succession to the throne. One year later, she and her husband visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). They arrived with Insulinde ship. When the couple visit Surakarta, Astrid and her husband received a box with gold kris inside as a present from the Dutch East Indies government.Princess Astrid received a box with a fan inlaid with gold inside as a gift. Local people admired Princess Astrid's warm, enthusiastic and less formal attitude. The couple visited Radio Poestoko Museum and Societet Habiprojo where they watch wayang show. They also visited Surabaya and Bali. After spent five months in the Dutch East Indies, the couple moved back to Belgium with Tjerimai ship. Upon their return from Dutch East Indies, the couple moved into Stuyvenberg Castle. In September 1930, Astrid gave birth to Prince Baudouin, who eventually became King of the Belgians.Raised as a Lutheran, Astrid converted to Catholicism after marrying Leopold. She had initially considered converting to Catholicism, simply because it was the religion of Belgium, but the priest she consulted, Father William Hemmick,  told her not to do so until she genuinely believed it was the true religion. Astrid learned more about Catholicism and, several years later, in 1930, converted from genuine conviction. Her decision made her happy, and she confided to a close childhood friend: "My soul has found peace." Her father-in-law, King Albert I, who was very devout himself, repeated, on the day of Astrid's conversion: "I am glad, very glad. Now all the family is united in the same religion." In 1932, Astrid and her husband traveled Asia and Congo.Their children stayed with Astrid's parents in Sweden. According to May 1933 print of De Locomotief, the photos of their visit to the Dutch East Indies were published as a photo collection book titled De Reis van Prins Leopold door Ned-Indie. After the visit to the Congo, she wrote to her friend Countess Anna Sparre (née Baroness Anna Adelswärd) about her impression of the Congo. In her letters, Princess Astrid wrote about the majestic landscapes of Congo land and her concerns about suffering, poverty and infant mortality that Congolese faced. Her husband entirely shared her sentiments. The Duchess of Brabant became a godmother of Anna Sparre's daughter, Christina, and her sister Crown Princess Märtha's second daughter, Princess Astrid. Queen
On 17 February 1934, King Albert I died in a mountain-climbing accident in Marche-les-Dames, Belgium.Leopold and Astrid became the new King and Queen of the Belgians with the style of Majesty. Later that year, the third child of Leopold and Astrid was born. He was named Albert after his grandfather, and would eventually succeed his brother Baudouin as King of the Belgians. As a queen of the Belgians, Astrid dedicated her time to raising her children and promoting social causes that brought her into contact with the Belgians. She was very concerned with the situation of women, children, and disadvantaged people. During an economic crisis in Belgium in 1935, she organized a collection of clothing, money and food for the poor. She did this through an open letter, which was published as the "Queen’s Appeal".Queen Astrid also visited poor settlements in Belgium. Queen Astrid was particularly interested in training women formally in childcare and healthcare. She also supported the training of young girls as dressmakers so they would have better career opportunities. She supported Catholic charitable institutions, such as the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul and liberal organizations, such as the  Fédération des Foyers Belges. She also gave audiences to advocates of women's rights such as Baroness Marthe Boël, president of the National Council of Belgian Women. In May 1935, Queen Astrid patronized Milk Week, an effort to encourage Belgians to drink healthy beverages. She took this opportunity to charge Gatien du Parc, one of her courtiers, with the task of preparing a detailed report on milk regulations in foreign countries.The investigation was very strict. Queen Astrid often did charitable works as part of a Relief Committee. Hobbies and personality
Queen Astrid had a warm, friendly, social and charming personality. According to her friend Countess Anna Sparre, Astrid was a shy and insecure woman. Sparre believed that Astrid's mother Princess Ingeborg's constant praising of her sister Märtha contribute to her shyness and insecurity. Astrid, who apparently a timid and fragile woman, can be fierce and stern, when she had to defend a wronged loved one. She collected Swedish folk art and enjoyed sports such as swimming, skiing, climbing, horseback riding and golf.Death

In August 1935, the King and Queen went incognito to their holiday home, Villa Haslihorn in Horw, on the shores of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland. Joséphine-Charlotte and Baudouin travelled with their parents, while the one-year-old Prince Albert was considered too young for the journey and remained in Brussels. The children returned to Belgium with their nannies on 28 August. On 29 August 1935, the King and Queen went for a last hike in the mountains before returning home. Their chauffeur was sitting in the back of the Packard One-Twenty convertible; the King was driving and the Queen looking at a map. At approximately 9:30 am the Queen pointed out something to her husband, who looked away from the road for an instant. The car left the road, travelled down a steep slope, and collided with a pear tree.Queen Astrid had opened her door and was thrown out upon impact. Her body struck the trunk of the tree while the car hit a second tree. King Leopold was thrown from the car and only lightly injured. The car continued and stopped in a lake. The Queen died from her injuries at the scene of the accident at Küssnacht am Rigi, near Lake Lucerne, Schwyz, Switzerland. Witnesses recalled a single scream, "Astrid!!! ", as Leopold held her bloodied body to his chest.Queen Astrid is interred in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken, Brussels, beside her husband, King Leopold III, and his second wife, Lilian, Princess of Réthy. Legacy

Folklore
, a Swiss historian, describes how Queen Astrid entered folklore in Belgium and Switzerland. Months after her death, newlyweds were bringing flowers to the place where the Queen died. The chapel visitors would also bring wreaths and candles. The visits peaked on feasts of All Saints and All Souls. The Queen was described as an icon of beauty, kindness, romance, marriage and a model Catholic. Mayor of Küssnacht told the Belgian Ambassador to Switzerland: "It is on pilgrimage that these couples arrive here from all over the canton.These young newlyweds, in bridal dress, whom you saw visiting the place where Queen Astrid passed away, are imploring her protection. Your young Queen has become part of Swiss legend; she is, for our people, who have beatified her in their hearts, the symbol of maternal love and conjugal fidelity." Memorials

In 1935, the Belgian postal authorities  issued a postage stamp showing her portrait outlined in black, known as the Astrid Mourning issue. Later that same year, it released a series of  anti-tuberculosis fund stamps with the same design. in 8th arrondissement of Paris was named in her memory. A commemorative chapel named Astrid Chapel was built in Switzerland at the site of the crash. The Swiss government gave the land to Belgium a year after Astrid's death and the chapel was built in the style of a Walloon country church.The chapel has become a destination for Swedish and Belgian tourists. The King's Cross, built in where the Queen died in her husband's arms, is made from Swedish granite. A museum nearby holds images and memorabilia of the event, including a shard from the windscreen and the log of the pear tree. The tree itself was felled by a storm in 1992. The car was sunk at a deep part of the Vierwaldstättersee at the request of the king. A memorial was built by the architect Paul Bonduelle in Laeken, Belgium, and inaugurated on 21 July 1938. The building, which is in the late neo-classical style, faces the Church of Our Lady of Laeken and backs onto the Palace of Laeken.The same year, on the initiative of the local Veterans' Front, a bronze bust of the Queen was erected in Wisterzée Park in Court-Saint-Étienne, Belgium, by sculptor Victor Rousseau. Astrid Avenue in Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia (formerly Dutch East Indies) was named after her while she was honeymooning there with her spouse in 1928. The avenue is decorated with spectacular displays of canna lilies of various colors. The Swedish layer cake Princess cake was named after Astrid and her two sisters when they were children. Names
Four of her descendants were named Astrid to honour her. Her granddaughters Princess <mask> of Luxembourg, Princess Astrid of Belgium, her great-granddaughter Princess <mask> of Liechtenstein, and her great-great-granddaughter Archduchess <mask> of Austria-Este. Her niece Princess Astrid of Norway (later Mrs. Ferner) was named to honour her.Her husband King Leopold III's first daughter with his second wife Lilian Baels, Princess Marie-Christine Daphné Astrid Élisabeth Léopoldine of Belgium (b. 1951), was named after her. Titles

Titles and Styles

 17 November 1905 - 4 November 1926: Her Royal Highness Princess Astrid of Sweden
 4 November 1926 - 17 February 1934: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Brabant
 17 February 1934 - 29 August 1935: Her Majesty the Queen of the Belgians

Gallery

Arms

Ancestry

References
 Catherine Barjansky. "Portraits with Backgrounds." Art Beeche. "The Snow Princess." Robert Capelle."Dix-huit ans auprès du Roi Léopold." Charles d'Ydewalle. "Albert and the Belgians: Portrait of a King." Evelyn Graham. "Albert King of the Belgians." Luciano Regolo. "La Regina Incompresa."Lars Rooth. "More Joy Than Pain." Anna Sparre. "Astrid mon amie." External links

Royal Love Match (1926), newsreel on the British Pathé YouTube Channel
Tragic Death of the Queen of the Belgians (1935), newsreel on the British Pathé YouTube Channel
Portraits of the Nation: Postage Stamps and National Identity
The making of a Belgicist reference to Villa Haslihorn
Packard Club images from the Packard car after the accident
BELGIUM: Death of Astrid Time article

|-

1905 births
1935 deaths
Duchesses of Brabant
Belgian queens consort
Naturalised citizens of Belgium
Swedish princesses
House of Bernadotte
Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Dames of Malta
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
Swedish Roman Catholics
Road incident deaths in Switzerland
Belgian princesses
Belgian people of Swedish descent
People from Stockholm
Burials at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken
Former Lutherans
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)

masks:
Marie Astrid
Marie Astrid
Anna Astrid


title: Marion Koogler McNay

texts:
<mask> (7 February 1883 – 13 April 1950), was an American painter,art collector, and art teacher who inherited a substantial oil fortune upon the death of her parents. She later willed her fortune to be used to establish San Antonio's first museum of modern art, which today bears her name. Inspired by Modern, Impressionism, and American Art she used her wealthy background to cultivate her eclectic art collection. <mask> was able to design her San Antonio home after moving there in 1926. As soon as <mask> moved to San Antonio she began buying and commissioning art pieces. The Spanish styled house was able to showcase a diverse amount of paintings including both American and European styled art. McNay favored Art made in the South Western American style.The fortune she inherited was able to fund her art collection which spanned over seven hundred art pieces by 1950, marking the year of her passing. San Antonio allowed McNay to have an expansive estate marking over 23 acres of land. The goal for McNay was to make her museum "a place of beauty with the comforts and warmth of a home." Early life
<mask> was born in Ohio to Dr.<mask> and <mask>. McNay was their only child and a year after her birth, the family moved to El Dorado, Kansas, where her parents invested and purchased a large tract of pasture land.This land later proved to contain substantial oil reserves, and made the family wealthy. This allowed <mask> to attend the University of Kansas from 1900 to 1902 and the Art Institute of Chicago. When her parents retired in Marion, Ohio she made her move back to her home state.The San Antonio mansion she purchased in 1926 after McNay's inheritance was designed by Atlee and Robert Ayres on an acreage called Sunset Hills and was finished in 1929.Marriages
<mask> married her first husband, railway manager and sergeant, <mask>, in 1917. The marriage only lasted 10 months, ending with Don's death from the Spanish influenza in 1918. She first visited Texas when <mask>, at the time of being alive, was currently stationed in Laredo during World War 1. In 1926, she moved to San Antonio, Texas where she then married prominent ophthalmologist Donald T. Atkinson who also owned a piece of land north of San Antonio, Texas known as Sunset Hills. Although <mask> and Donald were both wealthy, her oil inheritance was not affected during the Great Depression. After her marriage with Donald ended in 1936, she went on to marry (and divorce) four more times, eventually reverted to using the name <mask> for the remainder of her life. She briefly married and financially supported artist Victor Higgins in 1937, but the two separated only two years later and divorced in 1940.Teaching
In 1915, while she was living with her parents, the superintendent of city schools of Marion, Ohio wrote that she "is one of the best qualified art teachers I have ever known. She teaches art in a manner that arouses and develops the child's observation and enlarges his aesthetic nature." McNay supported the Arts and in 1942, she offered the use of her home to the San Antonio Art Institute which in turn prevented the school's closure. Her friend and collaborator, sculptor Charles Umlauf, said that she "always had the sympathy of the artist at hand because she herself was an artist. In the later part of McNay's career she dedicated her time to be a part of the directorship of the San Antonio Art Institute, which eventually closed in 1990, forty years after her death. Art collection
In 1926, after the death of her father, Marion moved to San Antonio with her mother and married Dr. Donald Atkinson. On his property, she began to construct a Spanish Mediterranean style mansion (she designed some of the tilework and ceiling stencils herself), which was completed in 1927.She also began to accumulate a significant collection of artwork. The first oil painting she purchased was Diego Rivera's Delfina Flores. She collected a large number of French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works of art, early 20th-century modernists including Picasso, Matisse, and Chagall. She also bought a number of Southwestern santos and retablos. Alongside these works photographs,Native American pottery,sculptures,prints and designs have been added both post-humorously and through her own purchases. Pueblo Indian patronage
<mask> was a significant patron of the arts among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, where she made frequent trips. Although raised Presbyterian, McNay converted to Catholicism under the wisdom and teachings of Rev.Peter Baque, the founder of The Missionary Servants of St. Anthony.The organization was given money by McNay as a form of charity work In 1943, Congress proposed a bill providing for the exploration of Pueblo lands with the ultimate goal of building a dam on the Rio Grande.<mask>, in conjunction with other conservationists, was instrumental in defeating this proposal. Later <mask> requested to be buried next to Rev. Baque in San Antonio after his death in 1938. Death and legacy
Upon her death, <mask> left her art collection of more than 700 works of art, along with the house, the surrounding 23 acres of land, and an endowment, to establish the first Art Museum of Modern Art in Texas. This was the first museum of its kind in San Antonio and the Southwest region of the United States.The museum was named in honor of <mask> and has been considered the centerpiece of San Antonio art community and culture. The museum expanded to include galleries of medieval and Renaissance artwork and a larger collection of 20th-century European and American modernist work. A large theatre arts library and gallery were also added, as well as an art reference library and an auditorium.More recently, the McNay Art Museum recently added the Stieren Center, built by internationally renowned architect Jean-Paul Viguier, to display their Modern collection. References

External links
 The McNay Art Museum
 Marion Koogler McNay Art Institute records, 1955-1981 at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

1883 births
1950 deaths
People from Logan County, Ohio
People from El Dorado, Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
People from San Antonio
Painters from Texas
Painters from Ohio
Artists from Kansas
20th-century American painters
American art collectors
Women art collectors
American art educators

masks:
Marion Koogler McNay
McNay
McNay
Marion
Marion
Clara Koogler
Marion
Marion
Don McNay
Don McNay
Marion
McNay
Marion
Marion
McNay
Marion
Marion


title: Stephen Timoshenko

texts:
<mask> (; ; December 23, 1878 – May 29, 1972), later known as <mask>, was a Russian Imperial and later, an American engineer and academician of Ukrainian descent. He is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics. An inventor and one of the pioneering mechanical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. A founding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, <mask> wrote seminal works in the areas of engineering mechanics, elasticity and strength of materials, many of which are still widely used today. Having started his scientific career in the Russian Empire, <mask> emigrated to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes during the Russian Civil War and then to the United States. Biography
<mask> was born in the village of Shpotovka, Uyezd of Konotop in the Chernigov Governorate which at that time was a territory of the Russian Empire (today in Konotop Raion, Sumy Oblast of Ukraine). He studied at a Realschule () in Romny, Poltava Governorate (now in Sumy Oblast) from 1889 to 1896.In Romny his schoolmate and friend was future famous semiconductor physicist Abram Ioffe. <mask> continued his education towards a university degree at the St Petersburg Institute of engineers Ways of Communication. After graduating in 1901, he stayed on teaching in this same institution from 1901 to 1903 and then worked at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute under Viktor Kirpichov 1903–1906. In 1905, he was sent for one year to the University of Göttingen where he worked under Ludwig Prandtl. In the fall of 1906, he was appointed to the Chair of Strengths of Materials at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The return to his native Ukraine turned out to be an important part of his career and also influenced his future personal life. From 1907 to 1911, as a professor at the Polytechnic Institute he did research in the earlier variant of the Finite Element Method of elastic calculations, the so-called Rayleigh method.During those years he also pioneered work on buckling, and published the first version of his famous Strength of Materials textbook. He was elected dean of the Division of Structural Engineering in 1909. In 1911 he signed a protest against Minister for Education Kasso and was fired from the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. In 1911 he was awarded the D. I. Zhuravski prize of the St.Petersburg Ways of Communication Institute that helped him survive after losing his job. He went to St Petersburg where he worked as a lecturer and then a Professor in the Electrotechnical Institute and the St Petersburg Institute of the Railways (1911–1917). During that time he developed the theory of elasticity and the theory of beam deflection, and continued to study buckling. In 1918 he returned to Kyiv and assisted Vladimir Vernadsky in establishing the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences – the oldest academy among the Soviet republics other than Russia.In 1918–1920 <mask> headed the newly established Institute of Mechanics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which today carries his name. After the Armed Forces of South Russia of general Denikin had taken Kyiv in 1919, <mask> moved from Kyiv to Rostov-on-Don. After travel via Novorossiysk, Crimea and Constantinople to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he arrived in Zagreb, where he got professorship at the Zagreb Polytechnic Institute. In 1920, during the brief liberation of Kyiv from Bolsheviks, <mask> travelled to the city, reunited with his family and returned with his family to Zagreb. He is remembered for delivering lectures in Russian while using as many words in Croatian as he could; the students were able to understand him well. United States
In 1922, <mask> moved to the United States where he worked for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation from 1923 to 1927, after which he became a faculty professor in the University of Michigan where he created the first bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics. His textbooks have been published in 36 languages.His first textbooks and papers were written in Russian; later in his life, he published mostly in English. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna. From 1936 onward he was a professor at Stanford University. <mask>'s younger brothers, architect Serhii (Sergius <mask>, Ukrainian Minister of Transport, participant in the Second Winter Campaign against the Soviet regime, and member of the Polish Senate), and economist Volodymyr, both immigrated to the United States as well. In 1957, ASME established a medal named after <mask>; he became its first recipient. The Timoshenko Medal honors <mask><mask> as the world-renowned authority in the field of mechanical engineering and it commemorates his contributions as author and teacher. The Timoshenko Medal is given annually for distinguished contributions in applied mechanics.In 1960 he moved to Wuppertal, West Germany to be with his daughter. In addition to his textbooks, in 1963 <mask> wrote a book Engineering Education in Russia and an autobiography, As I Remember in the Russian language. It was translated into English in 1968  by sponsorship of the  Stanford University. Jacob Pieter den Hartog (1901-1989), who was <mask>'s co-worker in early 1920s at Westinghouse, wrote a review in the magazine Science  stating that   "… Between 1922 and 1962 he [S.P<mask>] wrote a dozen books on all aspects of engineering mechanics, which are in their third or fourth U.S. edition and which have been translated into half a dozen foreign languages each, so that his name as an author and scholar is known to nearly every mechanical and civil engineer in the entire world.. Then, Den Hartog stressed: "There is no question that <mask> did much for America. It is an equally obvious truth that America did much for Timoshenko, as it did for millions of other immigrants for all over the world. However, our autobiographer has never admitted as much to his associates and pupils who, like myself often have been pained by his casual statements in conversation.That pain is not diminished by reading these statements on the printed page and one would have wished for a little less acid and a little more human kindness." It should be emphasized that the celebrated theory that takes into account shear deformation and rotary inertia was developed by <mask> in collaboration with Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933), famous Austrian-Dutch physicist, as the recent handbook  by Elishakoff shows, and thus, should be referred to  as Timoshenko-Ehrenfest beam theory. This fact was testified by <mask>. The interrelation between Timoshenko-Ehrenfest beam and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories was investigated in the book by Wang, Reddy and Lee. He died in 1972 and his ashes are buried in Alta Mesa Memorial Park, Palo Alto, California. List of <mask>'s doctoral students in the U.S.A.

University of Michigan:

 Coates, W. M., (1929)
 Donnell, L. H., (1930)
 Billevicz, V., (1931)
 Everett, F. L., (1931)
 Frocht, M. M., (1931)
 Goodier, J. N., (1931)
 Brandeberry, J. B., (1932)
 MacCullough, G. H., (1932)
 Jamieson, J., (1933)
 Taylor, W. H., (1933)
 Verse, G. L., (1933)
 Vesselowsky, S. T., (1933)
 Weibel, E. E., (1933)
 Jakkula, A.A., (1934)
 Maugh, L. C., (1934)
 Schoonover, R. H., (1934)
 Way, S., (1934)
 Wojtaszak, I. A., (1934)
 Allan, G. W. C., (1935)
 Horger, O. J., (1935)
 Maulbetsch, J. L., (1935)
 Miles, A. J., (1935)
 Young, D. H., (1935)
 Anderson, C. G., (1936)
 Fox, E. N., (1936)
 Hetenyi, M. I., (1936)
 Hogan, M. B., (1936)
 Marin, J., (1936)
 Zahorski, A. T., (1937)

Stanford University:

 Bergman, E. O., (1938)
 Kurzweil, A. C., (1940)
 Lee, E. H., (1940)
 Huang, Y. S., (1941)
 Wang, T. K., (1941)
 Weber, H. S., (1941)
 Hoff, N. J., (1942)
 Popov, E. P., (1946)
 Chilton, E. G., (1947)

Publications
Applied Elasticity, with J. M. Lessells, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1925
Vibration Problems in Engineering, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1928, 2nd Ed. 1937, 3rd Ed. 1955 (with D. H. Young)
Strength of Materials, Part I, Elementary Theory and Problems, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1930, 2nd Ed. 1940, 3rd Ed.1955
Strength of Materials, Part II, Advanced Theory and Problems, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1930, 2nd Ed. 1941, 3rd Ed. 1956
Theory of Elasticity , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1934, 2nd Ed. 1951 (with J. N. Goodier)
Elements of Strength of Materials, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1st Ed. 1935, 2nd Ed.1940, 3rd Ed. 1949 (with G.H. MacCullough), 4th Ed. 1962 (with D.H. Young)
Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1936, 2nd Ed. 1961 (with J. M. Gere)
Engineering Mechanics, with D.H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1937, 2nd Ed.1940, 3rd. Ed. 1951, 4th Ed. 1956
Theory of Plates and Shells , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1940, 2nd Ed. 1959 (with S. Woinowsky-Krieger)
Theory of Structures, with D. H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1945, 2nd Ed.1965
Advanced Dynamics, with D. H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948
History of The Strength of Materials, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953
Engineering Education in Russia,  McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959
As I Remember, D. Van Nostrand, 1968, ASIN: B000JOIJ7I
Mechanics of Materials, with J. M. Gere, 1st edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1972
Erinnerungen, Translation from the russian original edition (Translator: Albert Duda), Berlin: Wiley, 2006,  (in German)

See also
 Timoshenko beam theory

References

Further reading
 Korsak, I. Harrow in a strange field (Борозна у чужому полі) - Kyiv, "Yaroslaviv Val", 2014. - 224 p.
He was the first in the Pleiades of outstanding scientists. Biographical essay by Vladimir Tcheparukhin. S. P. <mask>. Structural Mechanics and Theory of Elasticity Department of the Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University. Тимошенко Степан Прокофьевич.Timoshenko Stepan Prokofyevich. Biographical essay by V. Borisov.Official website of the Stephen Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
 Soderberg, R<mask> P<mask> (Biographical Memoir). National Academy of Sciences. Washington D.C. 1982. 1878 births
1972 deaths
People from Konotop Raion
People from Chernigov Governorate
Ukrainian engineers
Structural engineers
American mechanical engineers
Russian mechanical engineers
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
University of Michigan faculty
Stanford University Department of Mechanical Engineering faculty
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany

masks:
Stepan Prokofyevich Timoshenko
Stephen Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Stephen Timoshenko
Stephen P
. Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
. Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
Timoshenko
. Stephen
. Timoshenko


title: Ștefan Baciu

texts:
<mask> (, ; October 29, 1918 – January 6, 1993) was a Romanian and Brazilian poet, novelist, publicist and academic who lived his later life in Hawaii. A precocious, award-winning, young author in interwar Romania, he was involved in editing several literary magazines. Attracted into left-wing democratic politics and the Social Democratic Party (PSDR), he camouflaged his views while working for the fascist press under dictatorial regimes, but returned in 1944 to manage the PSDR's Libertatea newspaper. Witnessing first-hand the gradual communist takeover, Baciu managed to have himself assigned to a diplomatic posting in Switzerland, and ultimately defected in 1948. A resident and then citizen of Brazil, and a traveler throughout Latin America, he wrote works in Portuguese, Spanish, English and German, as well as in his native Romanian. Involved with the Congress for Cultural Freedom and a friend of independent socialists such as Juan Bosch, Baciu spoke out against South American communism and criticized Fidel Castro. He eventually moved to the United States, as a professor at the University of Washington, and, from 1964, the University of Hawaii.He put out the international magazine Mele, which, although rudimentarily printed and little circulated, remains a noted source of information about avant-garde writers of the Romanian diaspora, from Andrei Codrescu to Dolfi Trost and Sesto Pals. <mask> was also a preeminent historian and anthologist of South and Central American surrealism, as well as a translator of Latin American literature into Romanian and German. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Brașov, some months before the city became part of Greater Romania. His was a multicultural intellectual family. His father was the ethnic Romanian Ioan <mask>, a product of Austro-Hungarian schooling, was at the time a teacher of German at the Șaguna National College. He is remembered at the co-author of a pioneering introductory Romanian textbook for the benefit of Saxons and Hungarians. In 1930, he built for his family the "Yellow House" in Lunca Plăieșului residential property, which had recently been opened for settlement.The poet's mother, Elisabeta, was the daughter of the forestry engineer Arthur Sager; his maternal aunt, Lenuța König, was a corsetmaker for Queen Marie. Baciu's sister, Ioana Veronica, had a successful career in the theater. Through the Sagers, Ștefan and Ioana were of Jewish descent. Raised Romanian Orthodox, and still a practicing believer in the 1960s, Baciu considered himself a "cosmopolitan" one. Baciu was a precocious child. Bookish from an early age, despite being heavily myopic, he discovered Romanian and German poetic anthologies, including Kurt Pinthus' expressionistic chrestomathy, Menscheitsdämerung. In addition to German, he taught himself French, English, Spanish and Portuguese.A student of his father's Șaguna National College, where he earned top grades, he made friends with two of his teachers, writers Octav Șuluțiu and Emil Cioran. Șuluțiu would later refer to Baciu as one of the most characteristic poets of Transylvania region. Baciu made his editorial debut as a teenager, with German- and Romanian-language poems published in the local reviews Klingsor and Răboj. In September 1933, having been denied sponsorship of a literary magazine by Șaguna College, he set up his own, avant-garde sheet called Start. It was indebted to surrealist automatism and by André Gide's rebellious philosophy. Start functioned as a local satellite of I. Valerian's Viața Literară, which had appointed Baciu its official correspondent and publicity agent for the whole of Transylvania. Struggling with financial difficulties, Start did not survive beyond its second issue.Baciu moved on to publish other magazines, alongside Vintilă Horia, Mihai Beniuc, and Ovid Caledoniu: Stilet ("Stiletto"), then Meșterul Manole (named after the folk legend hero). Additionally, he was a contributor to literary magazines and newspapers across Romania, including Gând Românesc, Glasul Bucovinei, Rampa, and George Ivașcu's Manifest. At age seventeen, Baciu had his Poemele poetului tânăr ("Poems of the Young Poet") picked up in a "young poets' anthology", and put out by the official publishing company, Editura Fundațiilor Regale. He was presented with the company's own Young Writers Award and received the Romanian Writers' Society Poetry Prize. He followed up in 1936 with Poeme de dragoste ("Love Poems"), published by Familia of Oradea, and in 1937 with Micul dor ("A Tiny Longing"). Also that year, he was included in the anthology 13 poeți, with Horia, Caledoniu, Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu, Simion Stolnicu, Dumitru Gherghinescu-Vania and various others. Under fascism
Young Baciu was soon received into the cultural elite of Bucharest, befriending the likes of Păstorel Teodoreanu and Ion Minulescu.Alongside Caledoniu, George Petcu, Maria Banuș, Laurențiu Fulga and some others, <mask> was also drawn into the "White Nights Manifesto" circle, which sought to promote young literature. Also faced with financial troubles, and unsuccessful in its bid to receive state funding, the circle closed shop in 1938. Baciu had since enlisted at the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law, whence he graduated in 1941. His college years overlapped with the demise of Romanian democracy and several authoritarian experiments, the first of which was a National Renaissance Front dictatorship. By late 1938, Baciu had begun collaborating in the semi-official newspaper, Sfarmă-Piatră, published by the fascist sympathizer Nichifor Crainic. He had a literary history column, Cronici germane ("German Chronicles"), with which he aimed to popularize "that superb German Romanticism". He was in correspondence with a more senior poet, Emil Giurgiuca, offering to popularize Giurgiuca's work "in Sfarmă-Piatră or wherever".Also in 1938, Baciu collected his translations from Georg Trakl, which came out at Editura Frize in Iași. Having openly supported the Iron Guard as a radical fascist alternative to the establishment, Sfarmă-Piatră was also falling into disfavor with the National Renaissance Front regime. Early in 1939, following bloody clashes between the Front and the Guardists, Sfarmă-Piatră was outlawed. Baciu moved to the more mainstream Universul, becoming its editor and resuming Cronici germane in its literary supplement. He also held the literary criticism column, taking over from Ștefan Augustin Doinaș. During the early stages of World War II, Crainic gave Baciu the office of editorial secretary at Gândirea magazine, but sacked him upon finding out about his Social Democratic loyalties. According to communist sources, Baciu was himself an affiliate or sympathizer of the Iron Guard—a claim that has since been disputed; Baciu's PSDR membership and his mother's Jewishness disqualified him for such an enterprise.By his own account, Baciu was a malagambist, meaning that he followed the zoot-clad jazzman Sergiu Malagamba and had cosmopolitan, Americophile tastes. He did however befried the Guard's poet laureate, Radu Gyr, helping him publish in Gândirea even after the Guard's violent fall from grace in early 1941. Upon his graduation, Baciu became translator for the Institute of Statistics (under Sabin Manuilă), cultural adviser for the General Council of Bucharest, and publisher for the companies Gorjanul and Publicom. His poetic work was collected in the volumes Drumeț în anotimpuri ("A Traveler through Seasons", 1939), Căutătorul de comori ("The Treasure Hunter", 1939), Cetatea lui Bucur ("Bucur's Citadel", 1940), and Muzica sferelor ("Music of the Spheres", 1943). Attracted by the prospects of a good pay in the only thriving literary industry of the war years, he began contributing to the humorous press. He debuted in Virgil Slăvescu's Păcală, as "Grigore Cumpănașu", and later held columns in Veselia and Ion Anestin's Gluma. While at university, Baciu had met and fallen in love with Mira Simian (born 1920).The daughter of Dinu Simian, a National Peasants' Party politician from Vâlcea County, heir to a tanning and footwear-making empire, and his Polish wife, Mira attended the Bucharest Faculty of Letters, then worked as a pharmacist in Râmnicu Vâlcea. She married Baciu upon the war's end. PSDR journalist, diplomat, defector
The August 23, 1944 Coup unsealed Romania's alliance with Nazi Germany, and brought back democracy, but also signified the onset of Soviet occupation. Shortly after the legalization of political parties, <mask> became editor of the Social Democratic press organ Libertatea ("Liberty"). From October 1944 to December 1945, he edited his own illustrated satirical review, Humorul ("Humor"). Meanwhile, he also put out new selections from his poetry: Cântecul mulțimii ("Song of the Crowd"), with a preface by Ion Pas, came out at the PSDR party press in 1944; Caiet de vacanță ("Notebook for the Holidays") at Unirea of Râmnicu Vâlcea in 1945. His circle of acquaintances grew to include some members of the Bucharest surrealist circle, in particular Sesto Pals (who was Baciu's lifelong friend) and Dolfi Trost.With his party falling under the influence of Romanian Communists, Baciu remained close to the independent pro-Western wing, under Constantin Titel Petrescu. As he would note in 1992, Baciu had always been "an adept of democratic socialism". He referred to Petrescu as "the tocsin-sounder of the great perils that were knocking on our door, perils not just for the existence of social democracy, but also of Romania's very existence as a free democratic state". Baciu described with alarm the rapid communization of his writer friends, recording Beniuc's enthusiasm at seeing liberal demonstrators being repressed with machine guns. He also witnessed the desperation of his friend Gyr, who attempted suicide in Râmnicu Vâlcea. However, according to literary historian Mircea Popa, Baciu's Libertatea editorials were of that kind "that would later shame him": young Baciu ridiculed the prewar regime as an era of conformity and "nothingness", and even praised socialist realism. At the time, Communist Party politicians tempted him with offers to become Prefect or theater manager.<mask> was present at the PSDR Congress of March 10, 1946, which resulted in the party's electoral alliance with the Communists. His testimony describes Petrescu's anti-fusion speech as the point of view of a "good and courageous Romanian". <mask> further recalls: "I walked [Petrescu] back to his home alongside some hundreds of partisans". In October 1946, owing to his Social Democratic credentials, <mask> was appointed press officer of the Romanian Embassy in Bern. The ambassador was Șerban Voinea, a PSDR theoretician. Baciu conceived of this assignment as a safe haven from communism, but was still troubled about leaving Romania and his relatives. He brought up the issue in conversations with Petrescu, who advised him: "Forget [Mira's] pharmacy, choose freedom."His appointment became the object of disputes between Communist-controlled agencies and Foreign Affairs, which was still controlled by an ally, Gheorghe Tătărescu. As Baciu recalls, Tătărescu gave him and his wife tacit backing, without signing any papers, and discreetly handed them their diplomatic passports. On November 5, the Bacius crossed into Hungary semi-clandestinely, knowing that they risked being returned at the border. The Petru Groza government was only informed later of their arrival in Bern. Like Voinea, Baciu had open disagreements with his Bucharest superiors, complaining that his efforts to publicize Romanian literature in the Swiss "workers' press" were not being supported by the Romanian state. He wrote for the editorial section of Tribune de Genève, to dissuade Swiss fears about the stabilization of the Romanian leu. The communist authorities later accused him of purposefully withholding information, "thus giving reactionaries reason to minimize this important reform".In late 1947, just before the proclamation of a Romanian communist republic, Voinea resigned his posting. <mask>, who was recalled and assigned to a new post in Sofia, opted to

masks:
Ștefan Aurel Baciu
Baciu
Ștefan
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu


title: Ștefan Baciu

texts:
 discontinue his work in diplomacy and demand political asylum in Switzerland. He was advised to do so by a friend, Victor Popescu (son of Universul editor Stelian Popescu). Brazilian exile
The Bacius registered their case with the International Refugee Organization (IRO), who processed them to determine if they were or had been undercover agents of a secret service. During the interval, Baciu was publishing essays and in Literarische Tat, and Mira was working for the Zytglogge pharmacy. The Bacius simultaneously applied for asylum in Brazil, Peru and Venezuela (meanwhile, Mira's uncles had managed to escape to Argentina). Cleared by the IRO in early 1949, the Bacius were given asylum rights in Brazil, and arrived at Rio de Janeiro in March.They had a rough start in the new country, and struggled to make ends meet. <mask> <mask> resumed his work in poetry, translating Latin American novellas into German and Raúl Otero Reiche's América into Romanian, and publishing his own surrealist works, including Analiza cuvântului dor (Valle Hermoso, 1951). In late 1952, alongside Faust Brădescu, he was editing Înșir-te Mărgărite, a magazine for the Romanian Brazilian community, which also reached Romanian communities from Argentina to Francoist Spain. Its stated purpose was the preservation and publicizing of Romanian poetry and prose. Romania's Securitate secret police, which was following his movements, noted Brădescu's Iron Guard affiliation as a sign of Baciu's own fascism. Also in 1953, <mask> was made editor of the foreign politics page at Carlos Lacerda's Tribuna da Imprensa. According to the Securitate, this was a "newspaper of the fascist kind".He published occasional contributions to Revista da Semana, Diário Carioca, and Maquis, and, in 1957, two volumes of his Portuguese-language poetry: Aula de solidão ("Lesson in Solitude"), Dois Guatemaltecos ("Two Guatemalans"). Meanwhile, <mask> worked as a translator for the Deputies' Chamber. With Tribuna da Imprensa credentials, Baciu traveled across Latin America. In Mexico, he interviewed Natalia Sedova, widow of Leon Trotsky. In 1956, he was at Lima, where he met the Romanian writer-violinist Grigore Cugler. The two began a correspondence, with Baciu persuading Cugler to republish his 1930s avant-garde stories. He prepared for publishing Cugler's Afară de unul singur, but the manuscript was lost in the process (although an earlier print was eventually recovered in 1998).Baciu also embarked on a mission to popularize Romanian avant-garde writers, publishing Spanish and Portuguese essays about Urmuz and Constant Tonegaru. By then, Baciu was also involved with the anti-authoritarian left-wing movement on the South American continent. As he saw it, the caudillo regimes of Alfredo Stroessner, Juan Perón or Anastasio Somoza were generally equivalent to Eastern European Stalinism. Together with Salvadorean diplomat Rafael Barraza Monterrosa, the Bacius managed a Panhispanist association, called Ruy Barbosa Circle, building personal contacts with Juan Bosch, the exiled Dominican socialist, and Carlos Mérida, the Guatemalan painter. In 1956, he had an encounter with Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro, and became a sympathizer of his 26th of July Movement. CCF and Cuban Revolution
The Bacius were eventually granted Brazilian citizenship, and became fully integrated in Brazil's cultural life. The couple counted among their writer friends Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Manuel Bandeira and Cecília Meireles.In April 1958, <mask>, Meireles and Bandeira were among the 42 intellectuals who set up a Brazilian chapter of the anticommunist Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), which, from 1959, put out the Portuguese-language review Cadernos Brasileiros. The organization was in part funded by the Central Intelligence Agency, through its Paris agent, John Hunt (with whom Baciu corresponded), and answered directly to the Spaniard Julián Gorkin. Baciu joined the staff of Cadernos as editor in chief (with Afrânio Coutinho as editorial manager) and was General Secretary of the CCF until August 1962; Mira was the Executive Secretary. Baciu was with Bosch in Venezuela, celebrating Rómulo Betancourt's victory in the election of December 1958. Together with Bosch, he organized a negative campaign against the Republic of Cuba, but Bosch refused any explicit endorsement of Castro's guerrilla. In January 1959, following the success of the Cuban Revolution, Baciu was invited by the new government in Havana, to report on the work of the revolutionary tribunals. He declined the invitation but, later that year, he made his way there to interview Castro.He recorded in particular Castro's disdain for the Cuban Communists. In March, he happened to meet Castro's communist inspiration, Che Guevara, but they only discussed literature. Also in 1959, Baciu published in Rio the essay Um continente em busca de uma doutrina ("A Continent Searching for a Doctrine"). In 1960, he was awarded honorary citizenship of Rio. He was working on the book of memoirs in Portuguese, Bucareste-Estação Norte ("Bucharest-Northern Station"), which came out at Edições o Cruzeiro in 1961. Meanwhile, <mask>'s Romanian relatives were suffering under communist persecution. Dinu Simian was mistreated and tortured in Sighet prison, where he eventually died; Dinu's wife, Constanța, was also detained, and, upon her 1962 release, had to struggle to make ends meet.In 1962, through the intercession of Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek, <mask> persuaded the Romanian authorities to grant her mother safe passage to Brazil. With his 1961 reportage Cortina de hierro sobre Cuba ("The Iron Curtain over Cuba"), prefaced by Salvador de Madariaga, Baciu made public his criticism of Castroist communism, and condemned its spread to other Latin American nations. He rendered it even more explicit in the poem Eu nu îl cînt pe Che ("I Do Not Sing for Che"), known in Spanish as Yo no canto al Ché. This change of attitudes was radical, as Baciu moved to confront the communists directly, and, in his letters to Gorkin, stated his desire to purge the CCF itself of "camouflaged" Brazilian Communists. Such ideas alarmed the CIA, since they risked alienating the anticommunist left. John Hunt and Keith Botsford repeatedly asked Baciu to focus on anti-Casto, rather than "right-wing", propaganda (Hunt referred to Baciu as "a right-wing democratic socialist", a Betancourt associate, and a "maniac"). By then, the Brazilian CCF was vulnerable, its CIA connections brought up for public debate by communist intellectuals like Jorge Amado and Egídio Squeff.Although he did not formally adhere to any Romanian anticommunist organization, Baciu was in correspondence with Constantin Vișoianu and the Romanian National Committee, publishing anticommunist essays in the latter's România gazette. Allegedly, Baciu found himself threatened by the Cuban Intelligence Directorate. However, it was Baciu's extreme anticommunism that prompted Hunt to demand his resignation and appoint Vicente de Paulo Barretto as the new CCF General Secretary. Baciu later commented that the CCF had committed "suicide" by moderating its tone, noting that its "constructive dialogue with proven communists" was a moral victory for "Eurocommunism". Between Seattle and Honolulu
Baciu's Rio colleagues backed him in his bid for the Brazilian literature chair at the University of Washington. He obtained it, and moved to Seattle, where Mira began her own career as a Spanish-language teacher. However, Mira detested the Oceanic climate, and the couple was often taking trips back to Latin America.In 1963, Baciu and his wife were in Santo Domingo, celebrating Bosch's victory in the Dominican presidential suffrage. Afterwards, they also visited neighboring Haiti, where Baciu was trying to recover for publishing the obscure surrealist works of Clément Magloire-Saint-Aude. The same year, Baciu published in Mexico City his poetic cycle Poemele poetului pribeag ("Poems of the Outcast Poet"). In 1964, Baciu obtained a professorship in Latin American literature at the newly founded University of Hawaii. He enjoyed his work there, but felt bad about the smaller attendance his classes inevitably received. In 1965, the Bacius set up their own magazine, International Poetry Letter – Mele (from the Hawaiian for "song"), which sought to establish connections between Latino, French, American and Romanian literature. Although noted for the quality of its illustrations, Mele had a very minor circulation, with at most 300 copies per issue, all of them xerographed by Baciu's students.Mele sought to popularize Romanian authors, and, doubling as a publishing house, put out periodic selections from Baciu's own poems in Romanian and Spanish. Baciu helped discover and popularize Andrei Codrescu, the neo-avant-garde Romanian exile writer. In 1967, the Bacius' home in Honolulu hosted Valeriu Anania, the writer and abbot of the Romanian Orthodox Church in America. A former Iron Guard man and prisoner of the communists, released with the spell of liberalization in 1964, Anania was treating his depression in Hawaii. He was putting to paper a novel and poetry that he had "written inside his brain" while in jail, and doing research into Hawaiian folklore. Anania later recalled that Mira Baciu had fallen in love with him, and that he had to fend off her advances while remaining friends with her and her husband. Baciu returned to Romanian-language publishing with the 1967 Ukulele, put out by George Uscătescu's Editura Destin in Spain.He also made a comeback to Portuguese letters with the 1966 essay Manuel Bandeira de corpo inteiro ("The Complete Manuel Bandeira"). He followed up with a 1967 essay on the politics of Juan Bosch and Spanish-language poetry volumes, Semblanza y explicación de Latinoamérica ("A Profile and Explanation of Latin America") of 1968 and the 1973 Nasserismo ("Nasserism"). In 1972, he published in Madrid's Colecția Start a complete collection of his Romanian poems. They featured a preface by Lucian Boz and a portrait by Marcel Janco. Baciu also translated Romanian poetry into Spanish, and published several anthologies, beginning with the 1969 Poetas rumanos. He was under contract with publishing houses in West Germany, such as Peter Hammer and Neues Leben, translating for them five volumes of poetry by Ernesto Cardenal. Anthologist
Inspired by an encounter with French surrealist Benjamin Péret, Baciu had begun a vast work of research into the history of Latin American avant-garde literature, and spent some time in Peru and Bolivia.By his own account, he interviewed "my great friend" Tristán Marof, Luis Alberto Sánchez, Javier Sologuren and Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, and helped rediscover the anticommunist surrealist Rafael Méndez Dorich. As noted by Sologuren, Baciu's studies also helped revive interest in the poetry of César Moro. In Argentina, Baciu befriended Aldo Pellegrini, who let him discover early avant-garde texts by Jorge Luis Borges and "the extraordinary" Antonio Porchia. Pellegrini also introduced him to Enrique Gómez Correa and the Chilean surrealist scene. Introduced to Jean Charlot by Mérida, Baciu researched the history of Mexican muralism, and discovered the proto-surrealism of José Guadalupe Posada. He was still following with interest the work of writers in Romania, and published his translations of neomodernist Romanian literature in a special issue of Peru's Haraui review. Baciu also followed the work of Romanians who translated Latino literature into Romanian.He found these attempts inauthentic and superficial, and criticized them in the 1970 essay Brazilia masacrata. To the irritation of Editura Dacia publishers, he mailed them copies of this critique. Baciu later exposed communist censorship, noting for instance the cuts that had been made into the published diaries of Șuluțiu, and the exclusion of concrete poetry from the Brazilian anthologies of Darie Novăceanu. As he put it, "I believe it a duty of the exile writer to defend the Romanian language from the 'party-minded' invasion of the mediocrities, the boot-lickers, the savvy ones and the

masks:
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Baciu
Baciu
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title: Ștefan Baciu

texts:
 profiteers, be they talented or talentless." Baciu's inclusion in a poetry anthology, put out in Bucharest by Nicolae Manolescu, scandalized the communist apparatus; the work was soon withdrawn from bookstores by the censors. Nevertheless, the new communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu made some efforts to appease Baciu and enlist him to write "propaganda for Romanian art and culture during the years of socialist consolidation", and even allowed Romanian journalists to contact him on the phone. Baciu claimed to have cut short such attempts, identifying them as a Securitate diversion.His rejection did not prevent Iron Guard loyalists such as Horia Stamatu from labeling Baciu a spy and avoiding all contact with him. In 1974, Baciu ultimately put out at SUNY Press an overall anthology of Latin American poetry (Antología de la poesía latinoamericana), and at Editorial Joaquín Mortiz, in Mexico City, a critical anthology of Latin American surrealism, Antología de la poesía surrealista latinoamericana. The latter book was enthusiastically reviewed in Plural magazine by the writer Octavio Paz, who noted that it was "indispensable" to the study of local surrealism and that it marked the "end of gossip" about the phenomenon. It is seen by literary historians as "orthodox" in comparison with Pellegrini's earlier chrestomathy. In 1975, he edited in Madrid posthumous reissue of Cugler's Vi-l prezint pe Țeavă. The following year, at San José, Baciu put out a volume of his own essays on Costa Rica. Meanwhile, <mask>, who discovered her artistic talents and became Mele illustrator, had completed her specialization at the University of Strasbourg under Jacques Borel, she lectured in Spanish language, then became a professor of French.She befriended artist Jacques Hérold, who illustrated her poetry volume of 1973, Houla, Macumba, Hora. She died of cancer, on July 2, 1978, bequeathing her estate to fund a Romanian literature scholarship at the University of Hawaii. Mira's death left Baciu in near-complete isolation from the Romanian-speaking public. As he later noted: "I literally have no one to whom I would read the things I write. There are at most ten Romanian speakers living in Honolulu and none of them, absolutely none, has ever been to a bookstore or a library to peek into, or to ask for, or to purchase a single book of poetry." He honored her memory with a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel, eponymously titled Mira. A new volume of his memoirs saw print in Honolulu in 1980, as Praful de pe tobă ("The Dust on the Drum").It was taped by Virgil Ierunca and serialized by Radio Free Europe (RFE), which broadcast clandestinely into Romania. In 1979, Antología de la poesía surrealista latinoamericana was reissued by the University of Valparaíso. Baciu also issued a new chrestomathy of Romanian-to-Spanish translations: 11+11 poetas rumanos contemporáneos, published by the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN). In addition to putting out Mele and his own works therein, Baciu published the Spanish-language collection of his poetry, El que pierde gana ("He Who Loses Wins", UNAN, 1978) and Pasaporte y pãnuelo ("Passport and Handkerchief", Revista Conservadora del Pensamiento Centroamericano, 1982). He returned to Portuguese-language writing in 1982, with Carioca honorário ("An Honorary Carioca"), which came out in 1982 at Pernambuco's Edições Pirata, and Lavradio 98, a memoir of his work under Lacerda, at Editora Nova Fronteira of Rio. These were followed in 1984 by Un rumano en el Istmo ("A Romanian in the Isthmus"), at Universidad Veracruzana; and in 1985 by translations from Lucian Blaga (co-written with Eugenio Montejo), at Fundarte of Caracas, and a Heredia University biography of Francisco Amighetti. Among <mask>'s later contributions include several essays such as Centroamericanos  (San José, 1986) and a biography of Tristán Marof (La Paz, 1987).Final years
Throughout the late 1970s and early '80s, despite <mask>'s isolation, Mele managed to obtain collaborations from many other Romanian writers, acquiring a relevant role in Romanian literary history. It hosted selections from the poetry of George Ciorănescu, who was at the time a chronicler for RFE. Ciorănescu returned the favor by popularizing <mask>'s work in one of his broadcasts. Mele was especially noted for its reissue of works by the 1940s Romanian avant-garde. Baciu repeatedly tried to persuade Sesto Pals, who had returned to his regular job as an engineer, to publish a selection of his lifetime works. The May 1985 issue of Mele was entirely dedicated to Pals' poetry. Baciu also tracked down and interviewed poet-draftsman Paul Păun, who, like Pals, moved from Romania to Israel.However, his friendship with Lucian Boz had deteriorated from 1978, when Mele hosted a piece by César Tiempo, seen by Boz as "ferociously antisemitic". Baciu maintained a close relationship with dissidents and avant-garde writers in his native Romania—over 100 people, according to concerned Securitate operatives. Such figures include Nicolae Carandino, Alexandru Paleologu, Radu Tudoran, Corneliu Coposu, Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu, Constantin Noica, Dan Culcer and Daniela Crăsnaru. He also corresponded with Constantin Mateescu, who provided him with references for the history of Mira's native city, Râmnicu Vâlcea. As Mateescu recalls, Vâlcea was still Baciu's "charming land". Baciu wrote a complete list of his own works, addressing it to literary critic Nicolae Steinhardt; like his other letters home, it was intercepted by the Securitate. As remarked by Mateescu, in 1984 the correspondence was abruptly interrupted, "even though [Baciu], well informed about our country's realities, was prudent and restrained in his statements".Baciu's file shows that the Securitate also made note of this prudence, and was undecided about how to interpret it:Albeit he misses his country, [Baciu] does not wish to return for a visit, his refusal backed up by confused explanations, by 'poetic' statements according to which 'he carries his country inside him'. Although [Baciu] is adamant about his refusal of our country's current socio-political system, one may conclude that his literary activity, his propagation of Romanian literature, art and traditions, is positive in nature. The secret police repeatedly tried but failed to recruit Baciu's Romanian relatives as informants, and resorted to harassing them at their workplaces. With some of his late works of autofiction, Baciu saluted the anticommunist revolt in his native Brașov. He was enthusiastic about the success of Romania's 1989 Revolution. According to his diaspora friend Constantin Eretescu, he hoped to see a rapid transition to a Western-style democracy, but was soon disappointed by the National Salvation Front regime. Interviewed by Marta Petreu for Apostrof, he noted that "one has a hard time adjusting after forty-six years in exile".His contribution was honored abroad: retired from Hawaii University as a professor emeritus, he was also Bolivia's honorary consul in Honolulu. In 1991, he became Commander of the Bolivian Order of Merit. Baciu died in Honolulu on January 6, 1993, allegedly while talking to his sister Ioana over the phone. His corpus of works, beginning with Poemele poetului tânăr, was being republished in Romania, following efforts by his sister and his brother-in-law, Ovidiu Mărgineanu. A new edition of Praful de pe tobă saw print at Editura Eminescu in 1995. Mira was also republished, by Editura Albatros, in 1998. In 2006, when his Cetatea lui Bucur was reissued to critical acclaim, the "Yellow House" in Brașov was opened for the public as a Ștefan Baciu Memorial House, presently maintained by Brașov City Hall.Poetry
Critic Vladimir Streinu saw Ștefan <mask>'s early poetry as "boastful", but lacking "a timber of its own", and ultimately "neutral". His first surrealist episode was with Start, ridiculed at the time by the mainstream review Viața Românească for its "jolly good" metaphors: "It tells us that hounds feed on warm meat and that legs will sing when they walk." In Poeme de dragoste, Streinu suggests, "the tone is youthful", but the subject matter is excessively lyrical and self-absorbed. The poet soon moved into a more traditionalist format, with echoes from Ion Pillat and Parnassianism. The result is visualized by critic Daniel Cristea-Enache as a "lace of impressionism" with a "thin but strong" expressionistic thread. According to România Literară reviewer Cosmin Ciotloș, this is an "exact and painstaking", but also "stunning", species of poetry. In Cetatea lui Bucur, Baciu outlined his vision of a decadent-but-fascinating Bucharest, with its many paradoxes: "How much I hate thee, my beloved city"; "Your bitter joy has done me in".As noted by Ciotloș, in Baciu's Bucharest "everything is alive, everything is artificial". The poetic cycle shows Baciu as a social critic, repulsed by the luxurious churches surrounded by slums, but also fascinated with the morbid aspects of Bucharest society, from the "grave-blackened women" of Bellu cemetery to the pleasure-seekers on Calea Victoriei—as noted by Cristea-Enache, the latter is merely an anti-capitalist "cliché of that era". Political inspiration also fueled some of Baciu's other juvenile works, including poems attacking the Nazis and honoring the August 23 Coup—written with a Social Democratic bias but owing ultimate inspiration to Vladimir Mayakovsky, the Soviet poet laureate. His more conventional humorous poetry, which came out around 1945, owed inspiration to the jocular verse of Păstorel Teodoreanu and George Topîrceanu. Returning to the avant-garde with Muzica sferelor, with its homages to unconventional heroes such as Urmuz and George Ciprian, Baciu crafted his own poetic style. In large part, such lyrical work is explicitly self-referential, and inevitably linked to his diaspora experience. His nostalgia for Râmnicu Vâlcea and Brașov slowly replaced his memory of Bucharest.As noted by philologist Andrei Bodiu, he was not Brașov's first poetic chronicler, but the only such poet to be "urban and cosmopolitan" rather than elegiac and traditionalist. Baciu wrote poems dedicated in part to each Latin American country he visited, and made unexpected connections between them and his native country. One such piece, honoring the Cuban dissident movement, reads:

<mask>'s other poems include a set of pastiches and parody pieces, from Emil Botta, Lucian Blaga, Ion Barbu and Ion Vinea. They stand alongside satirical pieces targeting poets who had made compromises with the political system. In one such work, Baciu scolds Tudor Arghezi:

References
Notes

Bibliography
Ștefan <mask>,
Juan Bosch: un hombre solo, Artes Gráficas Benzal, Madrid, 1967. "Historia de una antología del surrealismo", in Revista de la Universidad de México, Vol. 37, January 1983, pp.8–11
 Andrei Bodiu, "Orașul din memorie", in Țara Bârsei, Nr. 6/2007, pp. 224–226
Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012. Elizabeth Cancelli, O Brasil e os outros: o poder das ideias, EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 2012. Ovid Crohmălniceanu, Evreii în mișcarea de avangardă românească, Editura Hasefer, Bucharest, 2001. Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.Mihaela Gligor, Miriam Caloianu (eds. ), Teodor Lavi în corespondență, Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, 2014. Ioan Șt. Lazăr, "Mira Simian (1920–1978) – 90 de ani de la naștere", in Buridava, Nr. 8/2010, pp. 293–308
Monica Lovinescu, Unde scurte, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. Tudor Opriș, Istoria debutului literar al scriitorilor români în timpul școlii (1820-2000), Aramis Print, Bucharest, 2002.Mircea Popa, "<mask> Baciu - colaborări și versuri uitate", in Steaua, Nr. 10-11/2011, pp. 90–93
 Raluca Nicoleta Spiridon, Mihaela Toader, "Sub lupa Securității. <mask> <mask> – un destin al exilului românesc (1918-1993)", in Caietele CNSAS, Nr. 2/2010, pp. 161–173

Further reading
Daniel Ioniță, Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud, Rochelle Bews (eds. ), Testament.Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse (1850–2015), Editura Minerva,

masks:
Mira Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Baciu
Ștefan
Ștefan
Baciu