title: Harry S. Truman

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 by General Douglas MacArthur led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that nearly trapped the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November.The UN forces were forced back to below the 38th parallel, then recovered. By early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate at about the 38th parallel where it had begun. <mask> rejected MacArthur's request to attack Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu, but MacArthur promoted his plan to Republican House leader Joseph Martin, who leaked it to the press. <mask> was gravely concerned further escalation of the war might lead to open conflict with the Soviet Union, which was already supplying weapons and providing warplanes (with Korean markings and Soviet aircrew). Therefore, on April 11, 1951, <mask> fired MacArthur from his commands. The dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was among the least politically popular decisions in presidential history. <mask>'s approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his impeachment from, among others, Senator Robert A. Taft.Fierce criticism from virtually all quarters accused <mask> of refusing to shoulder the blame for a war gone sour and blaming his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt and all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, publicly supported <mask>'s decision. MacArthur meanwhile returned to the United States to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress, a speech the president called "a bunch of damn bullshit." <mask> and his generals considered the use of nuclear weapons against the Chinese army, but ultimately chose not to escalate the war to a nuclear level. The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years, with over 30,000 Americans killed, until an armistice ended the fighting in 1953. In February 1952, <mask>'s approval mark stood at 22 percent according to Gallup polls, which is the all-time lowest approval mark for a sitting U.S. president, though it was matched by Richard Nixon in 1974. Worldwide defense

The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by <mask>'s approval of NSC 68, a secret statement of foreign policy.It called for tripling the defense budget, and the globalization and militarization of containment policy whereby the United States and its NATO allies would respond militarily to actual Soviet expansion. The document was drafted by Paul Nitze, who consulted State and Defense officials and was formally approved by President <mask> as the official national strategy after the war began in Korea. It called for partial mobilization of the U.S. economy to build armaments faster than the Soviets. The plan called for strengthening Europe, weakening the Soviet Union, and building up the United States both militarily and economically. <mask> was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and democratic European nations not under Soviet control following World War II. The treaty establishing it was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949; <mask> appointed General Eisenhower as commander. NATO's goals were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and to send a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals.The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada were the original treaty signatories. The alliance resulted in the Soviets establishing a similar alliance, called the Warsaw Pact. General Marshall was <mask>'s principal adviser on foreign policy matters, influencing such decisions as the U.S. choice against offering direct military aid to Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese Civil War against their communist opponents. Marshall's opinion was contrary to the counsel of almost all of <mask>'s other advisers—Marshall thought propping up Chiang's forces would drain U.S. resources necessary for Europe to deter the Soviets. When the communists took control of the mainland, establishing the People's Republic of China and driving the nationalists to Taiwan, <mask> would have been willing to maintain some relationship between the United States and the new government but Mao was unwilling. <mask> announced on January 5, 1950, that the United States would not engage in any dispute involving the Taiwan Strait, and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC. On June 27, 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, <mask> ordered the U.S. Navy's Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent further conflict between the communist government on the China mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan.<mask> usually worked well with his top staff - the exceptions were Israel in 1948 and Spain in 1945–1950. <mask> was a very strong opponent of Francisco Franco, the right-wing dictator of Spain. He withdrew the American ambassador (but diplomatic relations were not formally broken), kept Spain out of the UN, and rejected any Marshall Plan financial aid to Spain. However, as the Cold War escalated, support for Spain was strong in Congress, the Pentagon, the business community and other influential elements especially Catholics and cotton growers. Liberal opposition to Spain had faded after the Wallace element broke with the Democratic Party in 1948; the CIO became passive on the issue. As Secretary of State Acheson increased his pressure on <mask>, the president, stood alone in his administration as his own top appointees wanted to normalize relations. When China entered the Korean War and pushed American forces back, the argument for allies became irresistible.Admitting he was "overruled and worn down," <mask> relented and sent an ambassador and made loans available. Soviet espionage and McCarthyism

In August 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at Time magazine, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). He said an underground communist network had worked inside the U.S. government during the 1930s, of which Chambers had been a member, along with Alger Hiss, until recently a senior State Department official. Chambers did not allege any spying during the <mask> presidency. Although Hiss denied the allegations, he was convicted in January 1950 for perjury for denials under oath. The Soviet Union's success in exploding an atomic weapon in 1949 and the fall of the nationalist Chinese the same year led many Americans to conclude subversion by Soviet spies was responsible and to demand that communists be rooted out from the government and other places of influence. Hoping to contain these fears, <mask> began a "loyalty program" with Executive Order 9835 in 1947.However, <mask> got himself into deeper trouble when he called the Hiss trial a "red herring". Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy accused the State Department of harboring communists and rode the controversy to political fame, leading to the Second Red Scare, also known as McCarthyism. McCarthy's stifling accusations made it difficult to speak out against him. This led President <mask> to call McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has" by "torpedo[ing] the bipartisan foreign policy of the United States." Charges that Soviet agents had infiltrated the government were believed by 78 percent of the people in 1946 and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower in 1952. <mask> was reluctant to take a more radical stance, because he felt it could threaten civil liberties and add to a potential hysteria. At the same time, he felt political pressure to indicate a strong national security.It is unclear to what extent President <mask> was briefed of the Venona intercepts, which discovered widespread evidence of Soviet espionage on the atom bomb project and afterward. <mask> continued his own loyalty program for some time while believing the issue of communist espionage was overstated. In 1949, <mask> described American communist leaders, whom his administration was prosecuting, as "traitors", but in 1950 he vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act. It was passed over his veto. <mask> would later state in private conversations with friends that his creation of a loyalty program had been a "terrible" mistake. Blair House and assassination attempt

In 1948, <mask> ordered an addition to the exterior of the White House: a second-floor balcony in the south portico, which came to be known as the Truman Balcony. The addition was unpopular.Some said it spoiled the appearance of the south facade, but it gave the First Family more living space. Meanwhile, structural deterioration and a near-imminent collapse of the White House led to a comprehensive dismantling and rebuilding of the building's interior from 1949 to 1952. Architectural and engineering investigations during 1948 deemed it unsafe for occupancy. President <mask><mask>, his family, and the entire residence staff were relocated across the street into Blair House during the renovations. As the newer West Wing, including the Oval Office, remained open, <mask> walked to and from his work across the street each morning and afternoon. On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate <mask> at Blair House. On the street outside the residence, Torresola mortally wounded a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt.Before he died, the officer shot and killed Torresola. Collazo was wounded and stopped before he entered the house. He was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1952. <mask> commuted his sentence to life in prison. To try to settle the question of Puerto Rican independence, <mask> allowed a plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952 to determine the status of its relationship to the United States. Nearly 82 percent of the people voted in favor of a new constitution for the Estado Libre Asociado, a continued 'associated free state.' Steel and coal strikes

In response to a labor/management impasse arising from bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, <mask> instructed his Secretary of Commerce, Charles W<mask>, to take control of a number of the nation's steel mills in April 1952.<mask> cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for munitions for the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found <mask>'s actions unconstitutional, however, and reversed the order in a major separation-of-powers decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. <mask> (1952). The 6–3 decision, which held that <mask>'s assertion of authority was too vague and was not rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a Court composed entirely of Justices appointed by either <mask> or Roosevelt. The high court's reversal of <mask>'s order was one of the notable defeats of his presidency. Scandals and controversies

In 1950, the Senate, led by Estes Kefauver, investigated numerous charges of corruption among senior administration officials, some of whom received fur coats and deep freezers in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the Internal Revenue Bureau (today the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were fired in 1950, with many soon facing indictment. When Attorney General J. Howard McGrath fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 for being too zealous, <mask> fired McGrath.<mask> submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB; Congress passed it, but corruption was a major issue in the 1952 presidential election. On December 6, 1950, Washington Post music critic Paul Hume wrote a critical review of a concert by the president's daughter <mask>:

<mask> wrote a scathing response:

<mask> was criticized by many for the letter. However, he pointed out that he wrote it as a loving father and not as the president. In 1951, William M. Boyle, <mask>'s longtime friend and chairman of the Democratic National Committee, was forced to resign after being charged with financial corruption. Civil rights

A 1947 report by the <mask> administration titled To Secure These Rights presented a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reforms. Speaking about this report, international developments have to be taken into account, for with the UN Charter being passed in 1945, the question of whether international human rights law could be applicable also on an inner-land basis became crucial in the United States. Though the report acknowledged such a path was not free from controversy in the 1940s United States, it nevertheless raised the possibility for the UN-Charter to be used as a legal tool to combat racial discrimination in the United States.In February 1948, the president submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as voting rights and fair employment practices. This provoked a storm of criticism from southern Democrats in the runup to the national nominating convention, but <mask> refused to compromise, saying: "My forebears were Confederates ... but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten." Tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African-American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated <mask> and were major factors in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981, in July 1948, requiring equal opportunity in the armed forces. In the early 1950s after several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between <mask>arran Internal Security Act. It was passed over his veto. Administration and cabinet

International trips

<mask> made five international trips during his presidency. 1952 election

In 1951, the United States ratified the 22nd Amendment, making a president ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two remaining years of a term of a previously elected president. The latter clause did not apply to <mask>'s situation in 1952 because of a grandfather clause excluding the amendment's application to the incumbent president. Therefore, he seriously considered running for another term in 1952 and left his name on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him out of it.At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won <mask>'s backing. His first choice, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, had declined to run; Illinois Governor Adlai <mask> had also turned <mask> down, Vice President Barkley was considered too old, and <mask> distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made a name for himself by his investigations of the <mask> administration scandals. <mask> had hoped to recruit General Eisenhower as a Democratic candidate but found him more interested in seeking the Republican nomination. Accordingly, <mask> let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary by supporters. The highly unpopular <mask> was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later the president formally announced he would not seek a second full term. <mask> was eventually able to persuade <mask> to run, and the governor gained the nomination at the 1952 Democratic National Convention. Eisenhower gained the Republican nomination, with Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as <mask>'s failures: "Korea, communism and corruption".He pledged to clean up the "mess in Washington," and promised to "go to Korea." Eisenhower defeated <mask> decisively in the general election, ending 20 years of Democratic presidents. While <mask> and Eisenhower had previously been on good terms, <mask> felt annoyed Eisenhower did not denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign. Similarly,

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title: Harry S. Truman

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 Eisenhower was outraged when <mask> accused the former general of disregarding "sinister forces ... Anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party. Post-presidency (1953–1972)

Financial situation

Upon leaving the presidency, <mask> returned to Independence, Missouri, to live at the Wallace home he and Bess had shared for years with her mother. He taught occasional courses at universities, including Yale, where he was a Chubb Fellow visiting lecturer in 1958. In 1962, <mask> was a visiting lecturer at Canisius College.As a former president, <mask> decided that he did not wish to be on any corporate payroll, believing that taking advantage of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the nation's highest office. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. Once <mask> left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $112.56 per month (). Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal retirement package; President <mask> himself ensured that former servants of the executive branch of government received similar support. In 1953, however, there was no such benefit package for former presidents, and he received no pension for his Senate service. He then found a lucrative book deal for his memoirs. The writing was a struggle for <mask> and he went through a dozen collaborators during the project, not all of whom served him well, but he remained heavily involved in the end result.For the memoirs, <mask> received a flat payment of $670,000. The memoirs were a commercial and critical success. They were published in two volumes: Memoirs by <mask><mask>: Year of Decisions (1955) and Memoirs by <mask><mask>: Years of Trial and Hope (1956). In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension to each former president, and it is likely that <mask>'s claim to be in difficult financial straits played a role in the law's enactment. The only other living former president at the time, Herbert Hoover, also took the pension, even though he did not need the money; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing <mask>. Bess <mask>'s personal papers were made public in 2009. They show that <mask> likely had a net worth of $7500 when selected as vice presidential candidate.By the end of his presidency, however, he estimated his own wealth at $650,000. In a December 1953 draft will he wrote, "Bonds, land, and cash all come from savings of presidential salary and free expense account. It should keep you and Margaret comfortably.”

Truman Library

Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own presidential library, but legislation to enable future presidents to do something similar had not been enacted. <mask> worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library, which he donated to the federal government to maintain and operate—a practice adopted by his successors. He testified before Congress to have money appropriated to have presidential papers copied and organized, and was proud of the bill's passage in 1957. <mask>, in his book on the life of former presidents, wrote that <mask> was a well-read man, especially in history. <mask> added that the presidential papers legislation and the founding of his library "was the culmination of his interest in history.Together they constitute an enormous contribution to the United States—one of the greatest of any former president." Politics
<mask> supported Adlai <mask>'s second bid for the White House in 1956, although he had initially favored Democratic Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York. He continued to campaign for Democratic senatorial candidates for many years. In 1960 <mask> gave a public statement announcing he would not attend the Democratic Convention that year, citing concerns about the way that the supporters of John F. Kennedy had gained control of the nominating process, and called on Kennedy to forgo the nomination for that year. Kennedy responded with a press conference where he bluntly rebuffed <mask>'s advice. Despite his supportive stance on civil rights during his presidency, <mask> expressed criticism of the civil rights movement during the 1960s. In 1960, he stated that he believed the sit-in movement to be part of a Soviet plot.<mask>'s statement garnered a response from Martin Luther King Jr., who wrote a letter to <mask> stating that he was "baffled" by <mask>'s accusation, and demanded a public apology. <mask> would later criticize King following the Selma march in 1965, believing the protest to be "silly" and claiming that it "[couldn't] accomplish a darn thing except to attract attention." Upon turning 80 in 1964, <mask> was feted in Washington, and addressed the Senate, availing himself of a new rule that allowed former presidents to be granted privilege of the floor. Medicare
After a fall in his home in late 1964, <mask>'s physical condition declined. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to <mask> and his wife Bess to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office. Death

On December 5, 1972, <mask> was admitted to Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center with pneumonia. He developed multiple organ failure, fell into a coma, and died at 7:50 a.m. on December 26, at the age of 88.Bess <mask> opted for a simple private service at the library rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at Washington National Cathedral. Bess died in 1982 and is buried next to <mask> at the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri. Tributes and legacy

Biographer Robert Donovan has tried to capture <mask>'s personality:

Legacy

Citing continuing divisions within the Democratic Party, the ongoing Cold War, and the boom and bust cycle, journalist <mask> in 1952 stated: "After seven years of <mask>'s hectic, even furious, activity the nation seemed to be about on the same general spot as when he first came to office ... Nowhere in the whole <mask> record can one point to a single, decisive break-through ... All his skills and energies—and he was among our hardest-working Presidents—were directed to standing still." When he left office in 1953, <mask> was one of the most unpopular chief executives in history. His job approval rating of 22% in the Gallup Poll of February 1952 was lower than Richard Nixon's 24% in August 1974, the month Nixon resigned, but matched by Nixon's all-time low in January 1974.U.S. public feeling towards <mask> grew steadily warmer with the passing years; as early as 1962, a poll of 75 historians conducted by Arthur M<mask> <mask>. ranked <mask> among the "near great" presidents. The period following his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy among both historians and members of the public. <mask> died when the nation was consumed with crises in Vietnam and Watergate, and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. In the early and mid-1970s, <mask> captured the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time emerging as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to exemplify integrity and accountability which many observers felt was lacking in the Nixon White House. This public reassessment of <mask> was aided by the popularity of a book of reminiscences <mask> had recounted to journalist Merle Miller beginning in 1961, with the agreement that they would not be published until after <mask>'s death. <mask> has had his latter-day critics as well. After a review of information available to <mask> about the presence of espionage activities in the U.S. government, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan concluded in 1997 that <mask> was "almost wilfully obtuse" concerning the danger of communism in the United States.In 2010, historian Alonzo Hamby wrote that "<mask> remains a controversial president." Historian Donald R. McCoy wrote in 1984:

However, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused <mask> advocates to claim vindication for his decisions in the postwar period. According to <mask> biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president." The 1992 publication of David McCullough's favorable biography of <mask> further cemented the view of <mask> as a highly regarded chief executive. <mask> has fared well in polls ranking the presidents. He has never been listed lower than ninth and was ranked fifth in a C-SPAN poll in 2009. Sites and honors

In 1959, he was given a 50-year award by the Masons, recognizing his longstanding involvement: he was initiated on February 9, 1909, into the Belton Masonic Lodge in Missouri.In 1911, he helped establish the Grandview Lodge, and he served as its first Worshipful Master. In September 1940, during his Senate re-election campaign, <mask> was elected Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasonry; <mask> said later that the Masonic election assured his victory in the general election. In 1945, he was made a 33° Sovereign Grand Inspector General and an Honorary Member of the supreme council at the Supreme Council A.A.S.R. Southern Jurisdiction Headquarters in Washington D.C. He was also a member of the Shriners and the Royal Order of Jesters, two affiliated bodies of Masonry. <mask> was also an honorary member of The Society of the Cincinnati, a member of Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Two of his relatives were Confederate States Army soldiers.The airport in Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands, was known as Harry S Truman Airport from 1948 until 1984, when it was renamed to honor Cyril Emmanuel King, the second elected governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In 1953, <mask> received the Solomon Bublick Award of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1956, <mask> traveled to Europe with his wife. In England, he met with Churchill and received an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree from Oxford University. Across Britain he was hailed; London's Daily Telegraph characterized <mask> as the "Living and kicking symbol of everything that everybody likes best about the United States." In Athens, Greece, a 12-foot-tall bronze statue of <mask> was erected in 1963 with donations from Greek-Americans. The Truman Sports Complex, completed in 1973, which contains the home stadiums for the Kansas City Chiefs and Kansas City Royals and is located close to Kansas City's border with Independence, is named after the former president.In 1975, the Truman Scholarship was created as a federal program to honor U.S. college students who exemplified dedication to public service and leadership in public policy. A member institution of the City Colleges of Chicago, Harry S Truman College in Chicago, Illinois, opened in 1976, is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 1984, <mask> was posthumously awarded the United States Congressional Gold Medal. In 1991, he was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians, and a bronze bust depicting him is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol. Since 1986, <mask> the Tiger has been the official mascot of the University of Missouri's Missouri Tigers athletic programs. Despite <mask>'s attempt to curtail the naval carrier arm, which led to the 1949 Revolt of the Admirals, an aircraft carrier, , was named for him in February 1996. The 129th Field Artillery Regiment is designated "<mask>'s Own" in recognition of <mask>'s service as commander of its D Battery during World War I.On July 1, 1996, Northeast Missouri State University became Truman State University—to mark its transformation from a teachers' college to a highly selective liberal arts university and to honor the only Missourian to become president. In 2000, the headquarters for the State Department, built in the 1930s but never officially named, was dedicated as the Harry S Truman Building. In 2001, the University of Missouri established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to advance the study and practice of governance. In 2004, the President <mask> S. <mask> Fellowship in National Security Science and Engineering was created as a distinguished postdoctoral three-year appointment at Sandia National Laboratories. Sites associated with <mask> include:
 Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes the Wallace House at 219 N. Delaware in Independence and the family farmhouse at Grandview, Missouri (<mask> sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center). Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is the house where <mask> was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum – The presidential library in Independence
 Harry S. Truman Little White House – <mask>'s winter getaway at Key West, Florida

Alleged critique of the CIA
Conspiracy theorists and some mainstream critics of the CIA have stated that on December 22, 1963, a month after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, <mask> wrote an  in The Washington Post calling for the responsibilities of the CIA to be scaled back significantly, but no reliable source has produced the original .The alleged  is sourced from at least as early as 2002 on conspiracy theorist Mae Brussell's website. A 2007 book on conspiracy theories about JFK's death claims it was reprinted in 1975 by the Los Angeles Times and provides a "facsimile". In 2009, former CIA analyst Ray McGovern claimed that the Post only ran the  in its morning edition. In 2015, M. J. Rosenberg and Peter Fenn cited it in opinion pieces for Al Jazeera and U.S. News, respectively. Other sources, including Washington Post contributor Monte Reel, have since repeated portions of the alleged . According to the sources listed above, the op-ed calls for scrapping paramilitary actions, notably including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba and similar U.S. interventions in the internal politics of other countries, further suggesting that the CIA had shifted from defending freedom to destroying it. For context, CIA historian Nicholas Dujmovic states that "there were 81 covert actions approved by the NSC and carried out by CIA during <mask>'s term, including significant paramilitary operations in the Korean War."<mask> allegedly wrote: "For some time I have been disturbed by the way the CIA has been diverted from its original assignment. ... I never had any thought when I set up the CIA that it would be injected into peacetime cloak and dagger operations." See also
 Electoral history of <mask><mask>
 <mask> (film)
 Truman Day
 List of presidents of the United States
 "<mask>", a 1975 hit song by the band Chicago

Notes

References

Bibliography

Biographies of <mask>

 Margolies, Daniel S. ed. A Companion to <mask><mask> (2012); 614pp; emphasis on historiography; see <mask><mask>, "<mask> in Historical, Popular, and Political Memory," pp 9–25. excerpt

Books

 Haas, Lawrence J. <mask> & Arthur: <mask>, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World (2016)

Primary sources
  online
  online v 2

Journals

  reprinted in

Time

The Washington Post

The New York Times

Harry S. Truman Library & Museum

  Originally published in the Independence Examiner, Truman Centennial Edition.Online sources
  Roberts, Christopher N.J.: William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949), published by Arbeitskreis Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert, published at "Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte". Retrieved November 4, 2017.

  searches run from page, "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then select U.S. District Courts (or U.S. Circuit Courts) and also

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<mask> (; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish lawyer and politician who has served as President of Poland since 2015. Prior to assuming the presidency, he was elected to the Sejm from 2011 to 2014 and European Parliament from 2014 until 2015. <mask> was the presidential candidate for the Law and Justice (PiS) party during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, <mask> received 5,179,092 votes—34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting, he officially received 51.55% of the vote, defeating the incumbent president Bronisław Komorowski, who received 48.45% of the vote. On 26 May 2015, <mask> resigned his party membership and the European Parliament as the president-elect. On 24 October 2019, he received official support from PiS ahead of his re-election campaign in 2020.He finished first in the first round and then went on to defeat Rafał Trzaskowski in the runoff with 10,440,648 votes, or 51.03% of the vote. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 16 May 1972 in Kraków to Janina Milewska and Jan Tadeusz <mask>, professors at the AGH University of Science and Technology. His grandfather fought in the Polish–Soviet War and later was a member of the Home Army during the Second World War. Between 1987 and 1991 <mask> attended Jan III Sobieski High School, Kraków, where he studied Humanities. He subsequently studied law at the Jagiellonian University. In October 2001, holding Master of Law degree, he was appointed as a research assistant in the Department of Administrative Law of the Jagiellonian University's Faculty of Law and Administration. In January 2005, <mask> also obtained a Doctor of Law degree (LL.D.)at the Jagiellonian University. Due to complications in his political career, he has been mostly on unpaid leave from the university since September 2006, except for a 13-month interval beginning in September 2010, when he returned to the university. Additionally, <mask> worked as a lecturer at Mieszko I College of Education and Administration in Poznań. Political career

<mask> began his political career with the now-defunct Freedom Union Party in the early 2000s. After the 2005 parliamentary elections, he joined the Law and Justice Party (PiS). From 2006 to 2007, <mask> was an undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Justice. Then, from 2007 to 2008, <mask> was a member of the Polish State Tribunal.From 2008 to 2010, during the presidency of Lech Kaczyński, <mask> was an undersecretary of state in the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland. In 2010, he was an unsuccessful candidate to become the Mayor of Kraków as a PiS candidate, but was more successful in the 2011 parliamentary election, where he received 79,981 votes for the Kraków area, and thus became member of the Sejm. In September 2013, the news magazine Polityka commended <mask> for being one of the most active members of parliament, at the time, describing him as being open to opposition arguments and as refraining from personal attacks, as part of his role at the Commission for Constitutional Responsibility, although later he was accused of severely limiting free speech and communications during his Presidency. <mask> remained a member of the Sejm until he was elected to the European Parliament in 2014. 2015 presidential campaign

As Bronisław Komorowski's first presidential term was expiring, Komorowski was able to seek re-election in a scheduled presidential election. <mask> was Komorowski's Law and Justice rival in the election. In the first round of the 2015 presidential election, <mask> came first, receiving 5,179,092 votes and thus 34.76% of valid votes.In the second round <mask> took 51.55% of the vote against the 48.45% share of his rival, then-incumbent president Bronisław Komorowski. On 26 May 2015, he officially resigned from party membership. 2020 presidential campaign

In the first round of the 2020 presidential election, <mask> appeared to come in first, receiving almost 44% of the votes. Warsaw mayor Rafał Trzaskowski came in second, with just over 30% of the vote. The second round took place on 12 July. <mask> won reelection narrowly against Trzaskowski in the 2nd round. He got 51% of the vote to Trzaskowski's 49%.Presidency (2015–present)

The five-year term of <mask> <mask> began on 6 August 2015 with taking an oath of office during a National Assembly session. <mask> rejected the European Union's proposal of migrant quotas to redistribute asylum seekers, saying: "I won't agree to a dictate of the strong. I won't back a Europe where the economic advantage of the size of a population will be a reason to force solutions on other countries regardless of their national interests". In September 2015 Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz declared that Poland, as an expression of "European solidarity", would take in 2,000 people over the next two years, mainly from Syria and Eritrea (out of 3,700 originally requested). <mask> and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović were the originators of the Three Seas Initiative. <mask> repeatedly met with general secretary of the Communist Party of China and China's leader, Xi Jinping, stating that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's Belt and Road Initiative. <mask> and Xi signed a declaration on strategic partnership in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.<mask> said that he hopes Poland will become a gateway to Europe for China. In September 2017, his approval rating stood at 71% and in February 2018, at 72%, a record surpassed only by Aleksander Kwaśniewski, whose approval ratings surpassed 75% from 1995 to 2005. Pardon of Mariusz Kamiński

In November 2015, basing on Art. 139 of the Constitution of Poland, <mask> pardoned former Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA) head Mariusz Kamiński and three CBA officers convicted by a court of 1st instance in the so-called "Land Affair", marking the first pardon granted by a president before reaching a final verdict. In the opinion of some lawyers (including professors Jan Zimmermann – <mask> Duda's doctorate promoter, Leszek Kubicki – former Minister of Justice and <mask> Zoll – former president of the Constitutional Tribunal), <mask> breached the Constitution of Poland with personal biases. Constitutional crisis

<mask> <mask> has refused to swear in any of the five Constitutional Tribunal judge candidates selected by the Sejm of the VII term. Three of those were selected since 7 November 2015 whose election was declared constitutional.On 3 and 9 December 2015 <mask> swore in five other candidates for the same office selected by the Sejm of the VIII term. On 28 December 2015, <mask> signed the Constitutional Tribunal bill (passed on 22 December 2015 by the Sejm), which unequivocally breaches the Constitution of Poland in the opinion of the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland, the Public Prosecutor General and the Polish Ombudsman. In June 2016, <mask> rejected appointing 10 judges selected by the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland while replacing much of the cabinet. Controversy Over Institute of National Remembrance Act
In February 2018, <mask> said that he would sign into law Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, making it illegal to accuse 'the Polish nation' of complicity in the Holocaust and other Nazi German atrocities, a measure that has roiled relations with Israel with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu going as far as accusing the Polish government of "Holocaust denial". Stance on LGBT rights

In June 2020, <mask> said that he would not allow gay couples to marry or adopt children, while describing the LGBT movement as "a foreign ideology" and comparing it to indoctrination in the Soviet Union. He also pledged he would ban LGBT teaching in schools. In response to <mask>'s comments, former Prime Minister of Belgium Elio Di Rupo publicly asked the European Commission for an official reaction.Soon after his comments, <mask> invited presidential candidate Robert Biedroń (who requested meeting the President) and an LGBT activist, Bartosz Staszewski, to the Presidential Palace, though Robert Biedroń eventually did not take the invitation saying he won't until President <mask> apologizes. According to Staszewski, during their meeting <mask> cited freedom of speech as a defence for his words about "LGBT ideology". On 4 July 2020, <mask> proposed changing the constitution to ban LGBT couples from adopting children. On 6 July 2020, he signed a document with a presidential draft of the amendment to the Polish Constitution. Foreign policy

On 4 November 2015, during a meeting with the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis in Bucharest, Romania, both leaders established Bucharest Nine, an organization created due to Russian expansionism over Ukraine. It has 9 members, which are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, apart from Poland and Romania. In 2017, <mask> met with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in which he praised Erdoğan's response to the European refugee crisis.<mask> reiterated Poland's support for Turkey being admitted to the European Union. <mask> stated that "I hope Turkey's and the EU's paths continue to lead in the same direction and that the membership, Turkey's full membership of the EU, will be the ultimate result of this common direction". In May 2019, <mask> visited Azerbaijan where he met with President Ilham Aliyev. He said that "gas and oil alike will flow... from Azerbaijan also to Poland. They will flow via Azerbaijan where the transportation corridors that are currently under construction constitute and will constitute the elements" of China's Belt and Road Initiative. U.S. President Donald Trump praised <mask>, saying: "He's doing a terrific job," and assisting him in his next Presidential campaign promises to make "American changes" throughout Poland. In September 2019, Trump and <mask> agreed to send 1,000 U.S. troops to Poland.On 24 June 2020, Trump said at a press conference with <mask> that the United States plans to move some U.S. troops from Germany to Poland. Trump said that "Poland is one of the few countries that are fulfilling their obligations under NATO — in particular, their monetary obligations — and they asked us if we would send some additional troops. They're going to pay for that." In October 2020, <mask> expressed deep concern over the escalation of hostilities between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and called on both sides to "cease military operations and engage in dialogue". Personal life
<mask> is married to Agata Kornhauser-<mask>, a teacher of German at Jan III Sobieski High School in Kraków. They met at a party while they were students in high school. The couple have been married since 21 December 1994.They have one daughter, Kinga, who was born in 1995. In September 2020, <mask> appointed her to be an adviser on social issues. <mask>'s father-in-law is Julian Kornhauser, a well-known writer, translator and literary critic. <mask> participated in the Polish Academic Championships in the Alpine skiing while being a university student. <mask> is a Roman Catholic. He took part in religious ceremonies on many occasions, including Midnight Mass, the blessing of food on Holy Saturday, and the Corpus Christi procession in Kraków.

masks:
Andrzej Sebastian Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Andrzej
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Andrzej
Andrzej
Duda
Andrzej
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda
Duda


title: Robert Holdstock

texts:
<mask> (2 August 1948 – 29 November 2009) was an English novelist and author best known for his works of Celtic, Nordic, Gothic and Pictish fantasy literature, predominantly in the fantasy subgenre of mythic fiction. <mask> broke into print in 1968. His science fiction and fantasy works explore philosophical, psychological, anthropological, spiritual and woodland themes. He received three BSFA awards and won the World Fantasy Award in the category of Best Novel of 1985. Early life
<mask>, the eldest of five children, was born in Hythe, Kent. His father, <mask>, was a police officer and his mother, <mask>, was a nurse. At the age of seven he started attending Gillingham Grammar School in the Medway Towns.He recalled that as a young adult he had jobs including banana boatman, construction worker and slate miner. <mask> earned a Bachelor of Science from University College of North Wales, Bangor, with honours in applied Zoology (1967–1970). He continued his education, earning a Master of Science in Medical Zoology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in 1971. He conducted research at the Medical Research Council in London from 1971 to 1974, while also doing part-time writing and producing a science fiction fanzine. He became a full-time writer during 1976 and lived out the rest of his life in North London. Career

<mask>'s first published story, "Pauper's Plot", appeared in the magazine New Worlds in 1968. His first novel was a science fiction work, Eye Among the Blind, published in 1976.During the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s <mask> wrote many fantasy and science fiction novels along with a number of short stories, most of which were published under a pseudonym. <mask>'s pseudonyms included <mask>, Chris Carlsen, Richard Kirk, <mask>, Ken Blake, and Steven Eisler. These included some adaptions of television scripts for novelisations of television series including The Professionals. During this same period he wrote the text for Space Wars, Worlds and Weapons, a large format book in which he provided essays concerning the tropes of science fiction (and, in one chapter, sword and sorcery), accompanied by colour reproductions of related artwork. In 1980 <mask> wrote Tour of the Universe with Malcolm Edwards. The rights were subsequently sold for a space shuttle simulation ride at the CN Tower, also called the Tour of the Universe. <mask> wrote The Dark Wheel, the first novella to be included for distribution with a video game, Elite, in 1984.He wrote an adaptation of The Emerald Forest, a film directed by John Boorman, and novelised episodes of the Granada Television series Bulman. <mask>'s breakthrough novel Mythago Wood was published in 1984. It began the Ryhope Wood series, which continued until the appearance of Avilion in 2009. <mask> was guest of honour at the annual Novacon in 1984, and a limited-edition chapbook featuring his fantasy story 'Thorn' was presented to the first 500 attendees. Between 2001 and 2007 <mask> produced a trilogy of fantasy novels, the Merlin Codex, consisting of Celtika, The Iron Grail and The Broken Kings. <mask> wrote, edited or contributed to a number of nonfiction works, including Alien Landscapes, Tour of the Universe, Horror: 100 Best Novels and Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (a different publication than The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction published in 1979, edited by Peter Nicholls). Death
<mask> died in hospital on 29 November 2009 at the age of 61, having been in intensive care since his collapse with an E. coli infection on 18 November 2009.In 2013 a joint volume of poetry with Garry Kilworth (with whom he collaborated on the award-winning novella "The Ragthorn") was published by PS Publishing, Poems, Peoms and Other Atrocities. Critical reception
David Pringle described Eye Among the Blind, <mask>'s first science fiction novel, as a "dogged, detailed, somewhat slow-moving planetary mystery". Ursula K. Le Guin called the same novel "As strong a treatment of a central theme of science fiction – alienness, and the relation of the human and the alien – as any I have read." According to Michael D. C. Drout, <mask>'s Ryhope Wood series is a significant part of the fantasy genre, displaying the power and aesthetic standards of Tolkien's fantasy without being either a "close imitation of" or a "reaction against" Tolkien. Drout considers <mask>, along with Ursula K. Le Guin, a worthy inheritor of the fantasy tradition created by Tolkien. Patrick Curry placed <mask> in a quartet of noteworthy fantasy authors, alongside Le Guin, John Crowley and Marion Zimmer Bradley, for writing fantasy books that come close to Tolkien's breadth and depth of imagination, and "in some respects surpass Tolkien". David Langford offers praise for most of <mask>'s work, but regarded Merlin's Wood less highly: "the overall narrative is flawed, distorted by its weight of undeserved loss and inaccessible healing".Book covers
The covers of <mask>'s books were produced by a variety of illustrators. The original UK and US covers of Mythago Wood were illustrated by Eddi Gornall and Christopher Zacharow, respectively; Geoff Taylor illustrated the original UK covers for the Mythago Wood sequels Lavondyss, The Bone Forest, The Hollowing and Merlin's Wood. Illustrators of subsequent covers and editions include Jim Burns, Tom Canty, John Howe, Alan Lee, John Jude Palencar, Larry Rostant and Ron Walotsky. John Howe stated: "<mask> is to me one of the best Celtic fantasy authors alive today." Awards
 The novella Mythago Wood won the BSFA Award for Best Short Story in 1981 along with the World Fantasy Award for Best Novella in 1982. The novel Mythago Wood won the BSFA Award for Best Novel in 1984 along with the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1985. Mythago Wood was published as part of the Masterpieces of Fantasy series by Easton Press, who describe themselves as releasing 'works of lasting meaning, beauty and importance.'Lavondyss won the BSFA Award for Best Novel in 1988. The Bone Forest was nominated for the World Fantasy Award in the category of Best Collection in 1992. The Ragthorn, coauthored with Garry Kilworth, won the World Fantasy Award in the category of Best Novella in 1992 and was nominated for the BSFA Award for Best Novel in 1994. The Fetch won the HOMer Award for horror novel in 1992. The Iron Grail won the Czech Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Award in the category of Best Novel in 2002. La Forêt des Mythagos, i.e. the Mythago Wood collection, won the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire in the category of Prix spécial in 2003.The short story "Scarrowfell" in Dans la vallée des statues & autres récits (Denoël, 2004), translated into French by Philippe Gindre, won the Imaginales award (Prix Imaginales) in the Short Story category in 2004. Celtika won the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire in the Foreign Language Novel category in 2004.

masks:
Robert Paul Holdstock
Holdstock
Robert Holdstock
Robert Frank Holdstock
Kathleen Madeline Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Robert Holdstock
Robert Faulcon
Robert Black
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock
Holdstock


title: Nasir ul-Mulk

texts:
His Highness <mask>-Mulk KCIE (29 September 1897 – 29 July 1943) was the eldest son of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk, who succeeded him in 1936. He ruled the princely state of Chitral from 1936 to 1943. Early life and education
<mask>-Mulk was born in the royal fort at Chitral on 29 September 1897. He was the eldest son of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk. He spent his early days in the Chitral fort under the tutelage of several teachers who trained him in Persian, Urdu, English and Arabic. In 1916 he enrolled in Islamia College Peshawar, from where he did his Matriculation. He later completed his Bachelor of Arts with a distinction, earning first position in the North West Frontier Province.For the feat he received the Chelmsford Gold Medal. Starting from a young age <mask> was education oriented and had advanced political ideas. Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
As the Third Anglo-Afghan War unfolded, the southern borders of Chitral were attacked. The Chitral Scouts and Bodyguards with <mask> ul-Mulk as Colonel Commandant (Col. Cdt) fought off the advancing army. He personally lead a force of over a thousand men up the valley of Urtsun, over a pass with the intention of surprising the Afghan forces and cutting them off. To the credit of the young prince, the Chitral forces along with the Kurram Militia were the only legions fighting along the Durand Line which did not disband or disburse during the conflict. The success of the campaign brought <mask> a good name in British circles with Shuja ul-Mulk being rewarded reverently for the war efforts.Life as crown prince
When Shuja ul-Mulk went for pilgrimage to Mecca (1923-1924), <mask> ul-Mulk acted as Regent and administered the affairs of the state. Upon his father’s return he became Governor of Mastuj, which post he retained till his accession. On 10 September 1924 he was commissioned as Honorary Lieutenant in the British Indian Army and was attached to the 6th Royal Battalion Frontier Force Regiment. He was later attached to the 13th Frontier Force Rifles (1926-1927). In 1932 he was elected as a life member of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs. On 1 January 1934 he was promoted as Honorary Captain of in the British Indian Army. During this period he was also inducted into the Indian Civil Service (ICS) as an Assistant Commissioner.A career that he seriously contemplated pursuing before circumstances obliged him to forgo the option. Accession to the throne
On 13 October 1936 Sir Shuja ul-Mulk died suddenly in Chitral of heart failure. <mask> ul-Mulk being the eldest son, succeeded him and was proclaimed Mehtar with full powers at a durbar attended by the Political Agent Malakand Major Johnson on 19 October 1936. Shuja ul-Mulk had died leaving a comparatively stable atmosphere for his successor. Upon becoming the ruler of Chitral he automatically acquired the title of His Highness (which was then hereditary). However the honorific title of Sir would be bestowed several years later when he was Knighted. Reign (1936-1943)
<mask> ul-Mulk ruled for about seven years, in which he proved to be an enlightened chief.He immediately set up the first school in Chitral in 1937. In 1939, he proceeded on a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia. On the way there he met Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III at Bombay. Upon completion of Hajj and while returning, he visited the State of Hyderabad and was received with official protocol by Sir Muhammad Akbar Nazar Ali Hydari the Prime Minister of Hyderabad. He also met the Nizam of Hyderabad before returning to Chitral. Soon after his return to Chitral, news broke out of World War II starting in Europe. In India, the Viceroys War Purpose Fund was being collected, into which the Mehtar made a donation of 30,000 Indian Rupees.The Governor of the North West Frontier Province welcomed the initiative. <mask> was promoted as Hon Major in the British Indian Army in 1940. In October 1940, the governor of NWFP Sir George Cunningham accompanied by the Political Agent Malakand visited Chitral. Massive celebrations were held in their honor. At the conclusion of their visit two demands were placed before the Governor by <mask> ul-Mulk. The area of Yasin and Ghizer which were part of Chitral at the time of Aman ul-Mulk were taken away by the British in 1895. These areas, it was pleaded, should be returned to Chitral.All outside forces serving in the defense of Chitral should be replaced by local recruits. Sir George assured the Mehtar that both demands would be considered and eventually the second was accepted. <mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 1 January 1941. In February the same year, he traveled to Delhi and met the Viceroy Victor Hope, the Marquess of Linlithgow. He also met leaders of the All-India Muslim League and Indian National Congress including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Mohandas Gandhi, Sir Zafarullah Khan, Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. On 1 January 1943, he was promoted to the rank of Honorary Colonel in the British Indian Army. Until then, <mask> had also served as Honorary Colonel Commandant of the Chitral State Scouts (1936-1943).He had no sons but left behind two daughters, one of whom would marry Nawab Bahadur Mohammad Saeed Khan of Amb and the other her cousin, Saif-ur-Rahman later Mehtar of Chitral. Literary pursuits
<mask> ul-Mulk was a scholar of Persian literature and published several volumes of poetry and prose, he was a close associate of several prominent literary figures of British India, including Sir Mohammad Iqbal. Perhaps his most accomplished work is a Persian treatise on Darwinism in the light of the Quran, Sunnah and Sufi mysticism. The Tarikh-i-Chitral written in Persian by Mirza Muhammad Ghufran was revised and enlarged as the Nayi Tarikh-i-Chitral with the additional research of <mask> ul-Mulk by Mirza Ghulam Murtaza. <mask> is believed to have taken a personal and keen interest in the expansion of the text. Death
<mask> ul-Mulk, died in 1943 without leaving a male heir. He had reigned for seven years and was succeeded by his brother, Muzaffar ul-Mulk.Disambiguation
Sir <mask> ul-Mulk is not to be confused with <mask>-ul-Mulk the 22nd Chief Justice of Pakistan. The latter's father Kamran Khan, was a wealthy and respectable businessman from Swat who had his business branches throughout N.W.F.P including the State of Chitral. Kamran Khan, upon learning about the royal family of Chitral is believed to have developed a liking for the surname ul-Mulk and named his sons Shuja-ul-Mulk, <mask>-ul-Mulk and Rafil-ul-Mulk (the first two being after Chitral's ex-rulers). There is no lineal connecting between the families or Sir <mask> ul-Mulk and <mask>-ul-Mulk for that matter. References

1897 births
1943 deaths
19th-century Indian royalty
20th-century Indian royalty
Indian knights
Indian royalty
Islamia College University alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Mehtars of Chitral
Nawabs of Pakistan
Pakistani royalty
Princely rulers of Pakistan

masks:
Sir Nasir ul
Nasir ul
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Justice Nasir
Nasir
Nasir
Justice Nasir


title: Pedro de Garibay

texts:
<mask> (1729, Alcalá de Henares, Spain – July 7, 1815, Mexico City) was a Spanish military officer and, from September 16, 1808 to July 19, 1809, viceroy of New Spain. Military career
Born in Alcalá de Henares in 1729 (some sources say 1727), <mask> entered the military in 1742. As a cadet and lieutenant he took part in action in Portugal, Italy and Morocco. He fought bravely in the attack on the fort of Yaqueví, Santo Domingo. In 1764 he went to New Spain, as sergeant major in an expedition headed by Lieutenant General <mask>lba. In New Spain he participated in the organization and instruction of provincial troops. Later he transferred to the office of sergeant major of the regiment of Mexico City, a position he held for 23 years.In 1783 he was promoted to colonel and in 1789 to brigadier. By this time old and sick, Viceroy Miguel José <mask> promoted him to field marshal in anticipation of his retirement. The coup against Iturrigaray
The pro-Spanish (anti-independence) party headed by Gabriel J<mask> Yermo deposed Viceroy <mask> Iturrigaray on September 15, 1808 for his pro-independence sympathies. This was the first coup in Mexico's history. In accordance with custom, the Audiencia of Mexico named the oldest and highest-ranking military officer in the colony as Iturrigaray's replacement. This was octogenarian Marshal <mask> <mask>. No one was better suited to lead the colony in times of turmoil.<mask> was tall in stature, courageous, charismatic, prestigious, and an intellectual. As viceroy, he had risen to a position for which he had more than enough skill to perform. He reined in the "Parianeros", as the followers of Yermo were popularly known. <mask> signed all the documents delivered to him by members of the Audiencia if he deemed beneficial. Anything else he discarded. The first of these were arrest warrants for criminal leaders in the independence movement — Juan Francisco Azcárate <mask>, councilman in the Mexico City government, Francisco Primo <mask> y Ramos, also a councilman, José Beye Cisneros, the abbot of Guadalupe, Canon Beristáin, Licenciado Cristo, Iturrigaray's secretary, and Fray Melchor <mask>lamantes. Verdad y Ramos was found dead in his cell in the archbishop's prison on October 4, 1808.Reports differed on the cause of death — hanging or poisoning. Five days later Fray Talamantes died of yellow fever in San Juan de Ulúa as he was being transferred under guard to Spain. Cristo was fired from his position in the war office. Azcárate remained in prison until 1811, when he was freed. <mask>'s administration of New Spain
Garibay also created a committee to investigate the anarchist outbreak (the anarchist movement). He dispersed the troops concentrated at Jalapa (Veracruz) by his predecessor. He ordered the sculptor Manuel Tolsá to cast 100 cannons and to manufacture other kinds of arms.He suspended the Cédula de la Caja de Consolidación, which had appropriated the income of religious estates and foundations to the government, and which had been a considerable source of discontent in the colony. The Parianeros, realizing Viceroy <mask>'s control over his countrol, they put on airs as saviors of the fatherland. They organized militarily, under the name Realistas Fieles (Faithful Royalists) or Patriotas de Fernando VII (Patriots of Ferdinand VII). They adopted blue jackets like shopkeepers' robes, and for this reason were mockingly known as Los Chaquetas (The Jackets). Viceroy <mask> not only controlled the government; he also tried to prevent the Parianeros from committing outrages and abuses against anyone they singled out. These abuses became so grave that Viceroy <mask> dissolved the Voluntarios de Fernando VII and at the same time enlisted a regiment of dragoons under his personal command. Although the new government at first did not grant formal recognition to any of the various anti-Napoleonic governing juntas in Spain, as a practical matter it accepted the authority of the Junta of Seville, and followed all of its directives.When victories over the French allowed a measure of unification of control in Spain, New Spain recognized the Junta of Aranjuez. <mask> sent a donation of 200,000 pesos to Aranjuez as a contribution to the war, in addition to the 90,000 pesos of the regular payment. The Junta of Aranjuez provided that each of the Spanish colonies send a representative to participate in its deliberations. This provision had a counterproductive effect in New Spain. The Spanish party feared it was the beginning of colonial autonomy, a position it had long opposed. The Criollos deemed a single representative much too minor a concession to be of value. Visitors to New Spain from the United States were viewed with suspicion, for Joseph Bonaparte was known to send French agents into the colonies to foment rebellion in favor of his regime.A brother of Ferdinand VII (recognized as king by the Spanish population and the Spanish colonies), was held a prisoner in France because his sister, Carlota Joaquina, had tried to get the Junta of Aranjuez to accept her son <mask> as regent of New Spain. Once the alliance with Britain allowed secure commerce with Spain, <mask> ordered the construction of many merchant ships to carry it. His retirement
The Supreme Junta of Spain replaced <mask> with Francisco Javier <mask> y Beaumont, archbishop of Mexico, after ten months. <mask> wanted to return to Spain, but his financial state would not permit it. He then lived, retired from public life, on a monthly pension of 500 pesos granted by Yermo, who was a rich landowner. Later the Crown awarded him the Cross of Carlos III and a pension of 10,000 pesos annually, with the grade of lieutenant general for his contributions to king and country. He died in Mexico City in 1815.For most of his life <mask> <mask> lived in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. His brother lived in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. References
 "<mask>, <mask>," Enciclopedia de México, v. 6. Mexico City: 1987. García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984. Orozco L., Fernando, Fechas Históricas de México.Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1988, . Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes <mask>. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, . External links

Viceroys of New Spain
Spanish generals
1729 births
1815 deaths
People from Alcalá de Henares
People from Michoacán
1800s in Mexico
1800s in New Spain

masks:
Pedro de Garibay
Pedro de Garibay
Juan de Villa
de Azanza
. de
José de
Pedro de
Garibay
Garibay
Garibay
y Ledesma
de Verdad
de Ta
Garibay
Garibay
Garibay
Garibay
Garibay
Pedro
Garibay
Garibay
de Lizana
Garibay
Pedro de
Garibay
Garibay
Pedro de
de México


title: Clarence R. Wallace

texts:
<mask> (January 11, 1897 – August 1, 1988) was a decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. He is most noted for his service as commanding officer of the 8th Marine Regiment during World War II. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on January 11, 1897, in Manitou Springs, Colorado, and later attended Manitou Springs High School (Manitou High School) there. He received appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in June 1916 and following graduation with a Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, he was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps at the same time. In early July 1919, <mask> went to the Basic School at Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia. He spent almost six months there and upon the completion of his course at the end of the year, was transferred to the Marine Corps Aviation. He was subsequently ordered to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida one month later and entered Naval aviator training.However, he left the aviation service in January 1921 and was transferred to the Marine Barracks at Parris Island in South Carolina. While there, he was attached to the First Marine Brigade under Brigadier General John H<mask> Jr. and sailed for Haiti. He spent next two years with fighting the Cacos rebels until he was ordered back to the United States in July 1923. His next service assignment was at Marine Corps Base San Diego, California, where he was posted to the 5th Marine Brigade under Joseph H. Pendleton. During this assignment, <mask> was stationed in San Diego and received promotion to the rank of first lieutenant in April 1925. He was subsequently transferred to the Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia, in May 1926 and later attended the Company Officers course at Marine Corps School in March 1928. Following the graduation, <mask> was attached to the 4th Marine Regiment and sailed for China in October 1928.He was stationed in Tientsin and later performed guard duties at the Shanghai International Settlement. He was ordered back to the United States during January 1929 and assigned to the Marine detachment aboard the Receiving Ship in San Francisco. <mask> rejoined the Marine barracks at Quantico in August 1929 and subsequently was sent on a course at Army Signal School at Fort Monmouth, in New Jersey. He was then transferred to Washington, D.C., where he served at Headquarters Marine Corps until April 1931. He then served his second expeditionary tour of duty in Haiti until September 1933, when he returned to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. This time he was assigned to the Office of the Quartermaster of the Marine Corps under Brigadier General Hugh L. Matthews and while in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of captain in November 1934. He then spent brief period in the Office of the Chief of the Bureau of Engineering, Navy Department, under Rear Admiral Samuel M<mask>, before he was appointed commander of the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS West Virginia in May 1937.World War II
<mask> returned stateside in June 1939 and was assigned to the Senior Course at Marine Corps Schools Quantico. He finished the course in May 1940 and spent next year as major at the headquarters of Fleet Marine Force in San Diego. <mask> was subsequently transferred back to Quantico in June 1941 and attached as communications officer to the staff of Amphibious Forces, Atlantic Fleet under Rear Admiral Henry K. Hewitt. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in January 1942 and transferred back to Headquarters Marine Corps, but now to the Division of Plans and Policies. Within this assignment, <mask> made an observation tour to London in England. Following the creation of 4th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California, he was attached to the division staff for another observation duty during the Battle of Kwajalein in February 1944. <mask> was later promoted to the rank of colonel and appointed commanding officer of 8th Marine Regiment on April 10, 1944.The 8th Marines were located on Hawaii, to prepare for the upcoming Marianas Islands Campaign. <mask> led his regiment ashore during the Battle of Saipan in June 1944. It landed in the southwestern part of Saipan, not far from Chalan Kanoa village. The 8th Marines assaulted the beach fortifications and later helped seized the airstrip in Chalan Kanoa. The 8th Marines under <mask>'s command later attacked the Japanese positions along the Lake Susupe and advanced towards the highest point of Saipan, Mount Tapochau. <mask>'s marines conquered the summit of Mt. Tapochau, an ideal observation post overlooking central Saipan.The 8th Marines subsequently repelled several small Japanese counter-attacks and advanced to Tanapag Harbor, where it was placed in the reserve on July 4, 1944. After a brief rest and refit, <mask> and his 8th Marine Regiment landed on Tinian on the morning of July 25, 1944, and met only light Japanese fire on the beaches. Ushi Point, to the north of the island, was the main objective for this campaign. The 8th Marines captured the abandoned airfield on July 26. The advance of the 8th Marines was slowed down and finally halted by a typhoon, which occurred on July 28. <mask> was ordered to renew the advance on July 30 and subsequently received orders for a final attack on Japanese units fortified on the cliff in the north of the island. Tinian Island was declared secured on August 1, 1944.The securing of Tinian helped to established a large bomber base from which U.S. planes could operate over the Philippine Sea and onto Japan. For his service on Saipan and Tinian,  <mask> was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V". <mask> subsequently returned with his regiment to Saipan to prepare for further deployment. However the 8th Marines were later designated as reserve troops for the III Marine Amphibious Corps for the Okinawa landings at the beginning of April 1945. The 8th Marines served only as a deception landing force and did not participate in the battle until the middle of June 1945, when the commanding general of Tenth Army, Simon B. Buckner, requested their deployment. <mask> brought his regiment up to the front on June 18, 1945, in order to relieved the exhausted 7th Marine Regiment. The 8th Marine Regiment was tasked with cutting off the lines and reaching the coast.Lieutenant General Bucker had visited <mask>'s forward command post to observe the progress of his regiment. While <mask> briefed the general about the situation, a Japanese artillery shell hit nearby coral rock and its fragments mortally wounded the general. <mask> and his executive officer, Major William C. Chamberlin, remained unharmed. The 8th Marine Regiment later assaulted Ibaru Ridge and defeated all entrenched Japanese forces there. The regiment later conquered the town of Makabe on June 21, 1945, and the new Tenth Army Commander, Lieutenant General <mask>. Geiger, declared Okinawa secured during the following day. <mask> later led several mopping-up operations in order to destroy or capture remaining minor Japanese units. For his part in this battle, <mask> received his second Legion of Merit with "V" Device and also received the Navy Presidential Unit Citation.Later career

At the beginning of July 1945, <mask> assumed duties as the chief of staff of the 5th Marine Division under Major General Thomas E. Bourke and took part in the occupation duties in Japan. <mask> was later decorated with the Bronze Star Medal with "V" Device for his services while in Japan. <mask> returned to the United States in February 1946 and was assigned to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., where he served on the Postwar Personnel Reorganization Board under Brigadier General <mask>. His responsibility was to study military records of all marine officers who wanted to stay in active service and make recommendations based on their records. He was transferred to the Camp Lejeune in July 1946, where he was appointed chief of staff of the 2nd Marine Division under Major General Thomas E. Watson. The 2nd Marine Division just arrived from occupation duties in Japan and subsequently participated in training activities on the East Coast. He was transferred to Chicago in June 1948 and appointed officer in charge of the Central Recruiting Division.<mask> finally retired from active service on June 30, 1949, after 33 years of service in the Marine Corps. He was advanced to the rank of brigadier general for having been specially commended in combat. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General <mask><mask>:

See also
Battle of Okinawa

References

1897 births
1988 deaths
People from Manitou Springs, Colorado
United States Marine Corps generals
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Military personnel from Colorado

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Clarence Rodney Wallace
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title: Roderick Haig-Brown

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<mask> (February 21, 1908 – October 9, 1976) was a Canadian writer and conservationist. Early life

Haig-Brown was born in Lancing, Sussex, England. His father, Alan Haig-Brown, was a teacher and a prolific writer, the author of hundreds of articles and poems on sports, the military, and educational issues in various periodicals. Alan was also an officer in the British Army during World War I. In 1918 he was killed in action in France. <mask> had a high regard for his father and describes him in an essay entitled “<mask>” as “an Edwardian: one of the young, the strong, the brave and the fair who had faith in their nation, their world and themselves” (27). <mask>'s paternal grandfather, William, was headmaster of the Charterhouse School for thirty-three years.<mask>'s mother, Violet Mary Pope, was one of fifteen children of Alfred Pope, a wealthy Dorset brewer. After the war ended <mask>, his mother and his two sisters went to live with her family. His grandfather Pope was an industrious man with very strong Victorian values of “service, fair play, decency and acceptance of the obligations that follow with the privilege of class and education” (Robertson 6). He was a friend of Thomas Hardy and took young <mask> to tea there on at least one occasion. <mask> later noted in his essay “Hardy’s Dorset” that he regretted not having elicited more information from Hardy about being a writer, but he was sixteen then and was passionate about fishing and shooting. Life on his grandfather's country estate on the Frome River was more fascinating to him than “the past or its old men” (“Hardy’s Dorset” 43). His many uncles loved sport and taught him to fish and shoot, but it was a family friend, Major Greenhill, who served as <mask>’s sporting mentor and taught him both the skills and the ethics of sportsmanship.The estate's gamekeepers, particularly "Old Fox", introduced him to the importance of conservation and the complexity of the environment. In 1921 <mask> entered Charterhouse where his grandfather Haig-Brown had been headmaster. His physical and social childhood environment contributed, according to biographer Anthony Robertson, to <mask>’s code of conduct. Throughout his life he adhered to an ideal balanced between reason and passion, an ideal infused with knowledge and tempered by responsibility, decency and fair play. This code “invoke[d] a mental and physical discipline that [went] beyond making a successful catch or kill; its central virtue [was] knowledge, intimate and thorough, transcending pursuit” (8). Writing career

Haig-Brown found his way to British Columbia, Canada through a series of unexpected events. After he was expelled from Charterhouse School for drinking and sneaking out, he joined his father’s regiment for a short while, but found that army life was too restrictive.The family decided that the British Colonial Civil Service might be a more agreeable alternative but he was too young to write the exams. He went, in the meantime to Seattle, Washington at the invitation of an uncle who had married a Seattle woman, promising his mother he would come back when he was eligible for the civil service. He worked at a logging camp in Washington, then crossed the border to Canada because his U.S. visa had expired. He remained in British Columbia for three years to work at Nimpkish Lake on Vancouver Island as a logger, a commercial fisherman and an occasional guide to visiting anglers. He returned to England in 1931 and enjoyed the fast-paced life of London. But images of British Columbia haunted him while he wrote his first book, Silver: The Life of an Atlantic Salmon (1931) as well as part of Pool and Rapid (1932). He returned to BC at the end of the year and planned his third book, Panther (1934).He married Ann Elmore of Seattle after publishing Panther, and the couple settled on the banks of the Campbell River where they lived for the rest of their lives, raising three daughters and a son. From the year of his return to British Columbia to 1976, the year of his death, <mask> Haig-Brown published twenty-three books (five more were published posthumously), wrote numerous articles and essays, and created several series of talks and historical dramas for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He is most famous internationally for his writing on fly fishing and the natural world. He joined the Canadian Army as a personnel officer in 1943 and was later seconded for several months to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police which allowed him to travel across Canada and to the Arctic. He was magistrate for the town of Campbell River from 1941 until 1974. He became a trustee of the Nature Conservancy of Canada, an advisor to the BC Wildlife Federation, a senior advisor to Trout Unlimited and the Federation of Flyfishers, and a member of the Federal Fisheries Development Council and the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. He was also Chancellor of University of Victoria from 1970 to 1973.He served three times on the Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for British Columbia. These many responsibilities prevented him from devoting much time to writing in the last decade of his life. He retired from the bench a year before his death and was planning to get back to writing as the pressure of his other commitments gradually eased off. His life in his mature years features in many of his books, especially "A River Never Sleeps" and "Measure of the Year". Recognition

In 1947 Haig-Brown won the inaugural Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award, recognizing his 1943 novel Starbuck Valley Winter, which features trapping. He won award again in 1963 for The Whale People, a novel that features Native Americans. In 1953 Haig-Brown received an honorary LLD (Doctor of Laws) from the University of British Columbia.His books for younger readers won several awards, including the Governor General's Award for "Saltwater Summer" (based on his experience salmon fishing off northern Vancouver Island). The Haig-Browns sold their family home and property on the banks of the Campbell River to the BC government to be preserved as greenbelt land in 1974, retaining a lifetime tenancy. The house is now home to a Canada Council sponsored Writer in Residence in the winter months and bed-and-breakfast in the summer. Haig-Brown's literary and judicial papers are in Special Collections in the library of the University of British Columbia and at the University of Victoria. Other family papers are in The Museum at Campbell River. Legacy

A large-sized Residence Hall at the University of Victoria is named after <mask> Haig-Brown. Tsútswecw Provincial Park near Kamloops was formerly named Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park in recognition of the major work Haig-Brown did to preserve the Fraser River and its tributaries as Pacific salmon habitat, especially spawning grounds.This included lobbying to stop major hydropower projects such as the Moran Dam. The Adams River which runs through the park is home to a major sockeye salmon run. Mt. Haig-Brown in Strathcona Park on Vancouver Island is named for <mask> and his wife, Ann, in recognition of their efforts to preserve the Park, especially the battle in the 1950s to keep Buttle Lake from being flooded. The battle was lost but the process made many British Columbians aware of the need to be vigilant about their parks and the natural environment. In 2016, Haig-Brown was named a National Historic Person. Books

Silver: The Life Story of an Atlantic Salmon (1931)
Pool and Rapid (1932)
Panther (1934)
The Western Angler (1939)
Return to the River (1941)
Timber (1942)
 Starbuck Valley Winter (1943), illustrated by Charles De Feo
A River Never Sleeps (1946)
Saltwater Summer (1948)
On the Highest Hill (1949)
Measure of the Year (1950)
Fisherman's Spring (1951)
Fisherman's Winter (1954)
Mounted Police Patrol (1954)
Captain of the Discovery (1956)
Fisherman's Summer (1959)
The Farthest Shores (1960)
The Living Land (1961)
Fur and Gold (1962)
The Whale People (1962), illus.Mary Weiler
A Primer of Fly-Fishing (1964)
Fisherman's Fall (1964)
The Salmon (1974)
Bright Waters, Bright Fish (1980)
Alison's Fishing Birds (1980)
Woods and River Tales (1980)
The Master and His Fish (1981)
Writings and Reflections (1982)

See also

Tsútswecw Provincial Park
 Alan Haig-Brown

References

Robert Cave. "<mask> Haig-Brown: A Descriptive Bibliography ". Citrus Heights, CA: published by the author, 2000. <mask> Haig-Brown. “<mask> Haig Brown.” Writings and Reflections. Ed. Valerie Haig-Brown.Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982. 27-36. <mask> Haig-Brown. “Hardy’s Dorset.” Writings and Reflections. Ed. Valerie Haig-Brown. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982.37-47. Valerie Haig-Brown. "Deep Currents: <mask> and Ann Haig-Brown". Victoria, B.C. : Orca Book Publishers, 1997. Anthony Robertson . Above Tide: Reflections on <mask> Haig-Brown.Madeira Park, B.C. : Harbour, 1984. External links
 <mask> Haig-Brown in The Canadian Encyclopedia

 Valerie Haig-Brown  at LC Authorities, with 6 records

1908 births
1976 deaths
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian nature writers
Canadian university and college chancellors
Angling writers
Place of death missing
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Lancing, West Sussex

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Roderick Langmere Haig Brown
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Alan Roderick Haig Brown
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Alan Roderick
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title: Krishna Shah

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<mask> (10 May 1938 – 13 October 2013) was an Indian-American/Gujarati film and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, producer, and production/distribution executive. <mask> was considered the first Indian to create the crossover between Bollywood and Hollywood. He began his career with international stage plays and also screenplay work for US television, but is perhaps best known for directing the feature films Shalimar and The River Niger. In his middle years, <mask> was involved with the low budget cult circuit, directing and distributing movies such as Hard Rock Zombies and Ted & Venus, the later of which he executive produced through his Double Helix Films banner. <mask> was a perennial of the international film distribution scene, where he spent decades in various sales, production, and leadership capacities. In 1984, after years of creating nothing but financial and critical failures at both the US and Indian motion picture box office, <mask> became famously "enraged" over the lack of interest in his film catalogue by distributors in his native India, saying, "the difference between filmmaking in Hollywood and India is like the difference between steak and curry." In a 2010 interview, <mask> said to Dinesh Raheja of Mid Day News, "I was the (M.) Night Shyamalan of my times."Upon his death in 2013, iconic Bollywood actress Zeenat Aman described <mask> as "a very warm and hospitable man". Early years

<mask> began his life in the entertainment business by writing and directing stage plays, internationally. As Artistic Director of the Indian National Theatre, he mounted Rabindranath Tagore's 1910 King of the Dark Chamber in New York City in 1961. Later that year, <mask> and Dark Chamber were brought to the South African theatre scene by the black professional group Union Artists. In 1962, Dark Chamber opened in Durban before playing at the University of the Witwatersrand's Great Hall. <mask> was then honored with a theatre company created in his name (the Shah Theatre Academy), while Professor Dennis Schauffer of the University of Durban-Westville would later write a scholarly paper titled "In the Shadow of the Shah" which explained in detail <mask>'s contribution to South Africa's cultural enlightenment. In 1963, <mask> directed the three act Sponono, which he'd co-written with South African author and anti-apartheid activist Alan Paton.It was <mask>'s idea to convert three of Paton's preexisting short stories into a stage play. <mask> and Paton worked together on the script, and Union Artists were tapped for actors and other contributions. Sponono debuted 12 December 1962 at ML Sultan Theatre, Durban, then travelled to Sea Point, Johannesburg, and on to Pietermaritzburg's Lotus Hall in March 1963. Cape Times critic Ivor Jones said the play was an "exciting dramatic contrivance (that) drew a packed multi-racial audience to its opening night" while Tony Williams Short of The Argus noted the play's "universal theme" as being "a profound study of the subtleties and depths of forgiveness." In 1964, <mask> and Paton took Sponono to the Cort Theatre on Broadway, via US stage producer Mary Frank. The play had many internal difficulties. Frank fired <mask> shortly before opening night and proceeded to change pivotal aspects of the play.<mask> vehemently protested these changes, stating that the play had seen success in South Africa and that the changes Frank was making would destroy the meaning and presentation. <mask> was subsequently forbidden to be near the play's cast or production, with Frank citing <mask> as being "ill" for a cover story. The play closed prematurely. Quite unlike its South African run, Sponono on Broadway was indeed a critical and financial failure. As the play was dying, Frank ran a confrontational and confusing ad in the New York Times, lambasting the city's "Negroes and liberals" for not attending the show, while crediting the play completely to <mask> and Paton as their work, alone. It was twenty years before Frank would produce her next and final play, while <mask> would abandon the world of theatre to explore film and television. Paton himself expressed regret at the "tragic" occurrences due to Frank's interference, saying, "I now wish, of course, that we had not presented the play on Broadway."UCLA film school
After the mid-1960s fiasco of Sponono on Broadway, <mask> became a UCLA student, enrolling in the university's film program of the day. During May 1966 his student short film Our Gang debuted at UCLA's "Talking Pictures" semi-annual evening of films. Our Gang was praised as "the best and most truly imaginative movie of the batch". <mask> would years later repeatedly claim that Our Gang had won second place at a UCLA school competition, while director George Lucas' THX 1138 student film had won first. However, Lucas was a USC School of Cinematic Arts student, and the original student version of Lucas' 1138 film was not screened in public until 1967. US television
In 1966, <mask>'s "The Abominable Snowman Affair" was purchased by MGM Television for season three of its hit series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.. The episode, number 13 for the season and number 72 overall, was broadcast 9 December 1966.Fans of the show would later consider the episode among the worst of the series. <mask> would later share a 1968 Story by credit with John McGreevey and Albert Mannheimer on the ABC Television show The Flying Nun. The episode, titled "Tonio's Mother," was first season, number 19. In 1973, <mask> directed vignettes in two episodes of the Paramount Television series Love, American Style. <mask>'s Love and the Clinical Problem appeared season five, episode 33, and featured Dr. Joyce Brothers in a comedic take on sex clinics of the times. On 23 November 1973, <mask>'s Love and the Time Machine aired, with Cindy Williams as the subject of a temporal experiment. <mask> worked for Universal Television in 1974, directing a single episode of the Raymond Burr show Ironside.His episode, called "Once More for Joey," was part of Ironside's seventh season. <mask>'s work in US television concluded with his single episode contribution to the series The Six Million Dollar Man, again for Universal. The episode aired 24 March 1974 with the title "Dr. Wells Is Missing". <mask> shared a Written by credit with Elroy Schwartz, William J. Keenan, and Lionel E. Siegel. The episode established that character Steve Austin could push his bionic legs beyond . Motion pictures (as director)

Rivals
In June 1969, The Hollywood Reporter announced that MGM and Warner Bros. had optioned The Wound, a <mask> original screenplay. Monroe Sachson would direct the picture as his feature film debut, and the script's working title became Jaimie for a time.Two years later Variety reported that the rights for the screenplay had reverted to <mask>, due to production delays. In 1972, <mask> decided to produce and finance the movie himself, and also direct. With the help of Wall Street brother-in-law N. Norman Muller, <mask> mounted the film---now called Rivals---via investments from members of the Muttontown and Hampshire country clubs of Long Island, a process undertaken by Muller who had membership at both venues. <mask> was able to set a cast that included Joan Hackett, Robert Klein, and Scott Jacoby in the leading roles. The film was shot in and around New York City, and was distributed by Avco Embassy in 1972. Upon its release---and in all the years since---Rivals was widely savaged by critics large and small. Roger Greenspun of The New York Times called the film "terrible in such eccentric ways and with such a desire to instruct that I can't deny it certain values, though probably never the values it intended."The US Conference of Catholic Bishops deemed the movie "repugnant trash" and gave it their Morally Offensive mark. In an attempt to rescue the movie from its box office failure, the film was re-released as Deadly Rivals. It was hoped the audience for thriller genre movies would respond to the new name, but they did not. In 1982 another attempt was made to switch the title when distributor Jack H. Harris reissued the film for theatres, branding it Sex and the Single Parent. The River Niger
James Earl Jones, Cicely Tyson, and Lou Gossett, Jr. would headline <mask>'s second feature film, The River Niger. In May 1973, the film rights to Joseph A. Walker's Tony and Pulitzer-winning Broadway play The River Niger were purchased from The Negro Ensemble Company at a price "well into six figures," by veteran producer Sidney Beckerman. After rejections by all the major studios and larger independent financiers, Beckerman contacted Isaac L. Jones for help.Jones successfully solicited a nationwide group of black businessmen affiliated with Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Corporations (MESBIC), a program established under the Nixon administration to stimulate investments in minority owned and controlled businesses. Jones later stated that The River Niger was the first major film to be financed entirely with MESBIC capital. "I hope this film is successful for our backers," he said. "We all despise black exploitation films and want to create alternatives." <mask> was then selected to direct. In May 1975 it was reported that the filming of The River Niger---also known as Ghetto Warriors---was underway, with a budget of nearly US$800,000 (approximately US$3,900,000 in 2019, when adjusted for inflation). On 26 December 1975, The Hollywood Reporter stated that principal photography had been concluded, and that <mask> had finished the film under budget and in only 19 days.The River Niger had its 2 April 1976 world premiere in Chicago, with a general Los Angeles opening 7 April 1976. Despite the award-winning source material and superb cast, box office was minimal and reviews were largely negative. Roger Ebert gave the film two stars, saying "(it) has good intentions and several very well-acted scenes. But its direction is a mess". Chief film critic Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the movie "a screen disappointment" and "virtually an object lesson in how not to make a movie out of a theater piece," saying the overall narrative had "a total lack of cohesive style and cinematic intelligence". TV Guide would later say that the film "misses the mark due to <mask>'s uncertain direction," while giving the movie two stars. However, Leonard Maltin gave the film three stars, calling it an "intelligent, moving story" that was "touching and convincing."For her work in the role of Mattie, Cicely Tyson would go on to win the 1976 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture. Shalimar
Touted as the most expensive film ever made in India at the time, <mask>'s 1978 Shalimar employed an ambitious galaxy of international stars. <mask> himself said the film would be "a caper film to end all caper films." Instead, as recorded by longtime columnist and film historian Dinesh Raheja, "Shalimar was an epic disaster that changed the course of Bollywood itself. Nobody dared attempt a Hollywood collaboration for a long time thereafter." Recalling the beginnings of Shalimar, novelist Manohar Malgonkar said, “<mask> wrote the screenplay of Shalimar, based on a story written jointly with Stanford Sharman. After that, (<mask>) lived with it for several years, chopping and changing, pruning and adding, revising and polishing, before he made it into a film."Shalimar went on to rate sixth on a list of the top 10 Bollywood flops of the 1970s. As with the previous failure of Rivals, <mask> and his investors re-released Shalimar under several different titles in an attempt to somehow recoup the millions lost. One such "decoy" title was Raiders of the Sacred Stone, which had its own re-designed poster. Cinema Cinema
After the spectacular financial and critical failure of Shalimar, <mask> turned to the documentary circuit with his 1979 montage film Cinema Cinema. The film's premise is a 1970s Indian movie theatre audience engaged in watching a pastiche of historically significant Bollywood cinema clips, and their reactions to it. The documentary has accrued wildly mixed reviews. However, Soumyadip Choudhury gave the film a "must watch" accolade, and Live Mint's Uday Bhatia and Jai Arjun Singh said Cinema Cinema is "(a) charming

masks:
Krishna Shah
Shah
Shah
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Shah
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Krishna Shah
Shah
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Krishna Shah
Krishna Shah
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Krishna Shah
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Krishna Shah
Shah
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Krishna Shah
Shah
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Krishna Shah
Krishna Shah
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Shah
Krishna Shah
Shah
Krishna Shah
Shah
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Krishna Shah