title: Emperor Zhaozong of Tang

texts:
<mask> of Tang (March 31, 867 – September 22, 904), né Li Jie, name later changed to Li Min and again to Li Ye, was the penultimate emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He reigned from 888 to 904 (although he was briefly deposed by the eunuch Liu Jishu in 900 and restored in 901). <mask> was the seventh son of <mask> of Tang and younger brother of Emperor Xizong of Tang. Later Li Jie was murdered by Zhu Wen, the Later Liang ruler who overthrew the Tang dynasty. During <mask>'s reign, the Tang Dynasty fell into total disarray and rebellions, which had been ongoing since the reign of his older brother <mask>, as they erupted throughout the country while the imperial government's authority effectively disappeared. In the midst of all this, <mask> tried to salvage the dying dynasty. However, his efforts to reassert imperial power generally backfired, as his unsuccessful campaigns against Li Keyong, Chen Jingxuan, and Li Maozhen, merely allowed them to re-affirm their power.Eventually, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong seized control of the imperial government and in 904 had <mask> killed as the prelude of taking over the Tang throne. Zhu also killed many of <mask>'s ministers, including the chancellor, Cui Yin. Zhu then placed <mask>'s 13-year-old son as a puppet emperor (as <mask>). By 907, Zhu himself took over the throne, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang. <mask>'s reign lasted almost 16 years and he was buried in Heling (). He was 37. Background
Li Jie was born in 867, during the reign of his father <mask>, in the eastern palace at the imperial capital Chang'an.His mother was <mask>'s concubine Consort Wang, who was said to have come from a humble background and whose rank within the palace was not recorded. She appeared to have died shortly after giving birth to Li Jie. (As Li Jie was also said to have been from the same mother as his older brother Li Yan, whose mother was a different Consort Wang, it might have been that he was raised by Li Yan's mother.) In 872, <mask> created Li Jie the Prince of Shou. In 877, by which time Li Yan (named Li Xuan by this point) was emperor (as <mask>zong), Li Jie was given the honorary titles of Kaifu Yitong Sansi (), commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, in modern Beijing), and military governor (Jiedushi) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered at Beijing). (At that time, Lulong Circuit was actually governed by the warlord Li Keju.) It was said that Li Jie was particularly close to <mask> since they shared the same mother, and he followed <mask> in flight from Chang'an from the attack of the agrarian rebels led by Huang Chao in 880.While on this flight, Li Jie, who was then 13, ran out of energy and requested a horse from the eunuch Tian Lingzi, who dominated <mask>'s court; Tian refused and whipped Li Jie's attendant for the request. Li Jie thereafter bore a deep resentment for Tian. In 888, by which time Huang's rebellion had been crushed and the imperial court had returned to Chang'an, <mask> grew gravely ill. It was said that <mask>'s younger brother and Li Jie's older brother Li Bao () the Prince of Ji was the oldest among <mask>'s surviving brothers and was considered wise, and so the imperial officials wanted him to succeed <mask>, but the powerful eunuch Yang Fugong (who had succeeded Tian as the surveyor of the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies) wanted Li Jie to succeed <mask>, so <mask> issued an edict creating Li Jie crown prince. Shortly after, <mask> died, and Li Jie, changing his name to Li Min, took the throne as <mask>. During the mourning period, the chancellor Wei Zhaodu served as regent. Reign

Campaigns against Chen Jingxuan and Li Keyong
Emperor Zhaozong's ascension created great anticipation in the people's minds, as he was considered intelligent, handsome, decisive, and talented, with ambitions to restore imperial power that had been lost during Emperor Xizong's reign.Not long after taking the throne, he changed his name further to Li Ye. As soon as <mask> took the throne, he received petitions from Wang Jian and Gu Yanlang, advocating that Tian Lingzi's brother Chen Jingxuan the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), be removed from his post. (Wang, who was allied with Gu (the military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), had been fighting Chen for the control of Xichuan but was unable to prevail against Chen by himself.) Still resenting Tian, who was then sheltered by Chen from edicts that <mask> had previously entered ordering Tian into exile, <mask> ordered Chen back to Chang'an and commissioned Wei Zhaodu as his replacement. When Chen refused to be replaced, <mask> ordered a general campaign against him, with Wei in command, assisted by Wang, Gu, and Yang Fugong's adoptive nephew Yang Shouliang the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi). While the campaign against Chen was starting, another campaign that had been ongoing during the latter years of <mask>'s reign was ending. Qin Zongquan, formerly the Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), had declared himself emperor at Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture () in 885 and had sent out armies to conquer the nearby Tang circuits.By 888, his power had waned under attacks by Tang's military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), Zhu Quanzhong, and in late 888 he was overthrown in a coup by his officer Shen Cong (); he was subsequently delivered to Zhu, who then delivered him to Chang'an to be executed. Even though Yang Fugong had been instrumental in having <mask> made emperor, by 889 conflicts had begun between the emperor and the chief eunuch, leading to a public argument between Yang and the chancellors Kong Wei on one occasion over Kong's accusation that Yang was disrespecting the emperor. Nothing further came of the dispute publicly at this point, however. Nevertheless, at the suggestion of Kong's colleague Zhang Jun, who advocated that a strong imperial army directly under the emperor was essential for the restoration of imperial power to counteract the warlords and the eunuch-commanded Shence Armies, <mask> began recruiting an imperial army that eventually numbered 100,000 by spring 890. At that point, Kong and Zhang believed that it was time to test this army, to show its strengths in the struggle against Yang at court. Zhang, therefore, advocated a campaign against the warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi)—one of the most powerful warlords of the realm and archrival to the also powerful Zhu Quanzhong—as both Zhu and Li Kuangwei the military governor of Lulong were at that time also requesting an imperial campaign against the expanding Li Keyong. <mask>, despite his reservations, approved the campaign, which got under way in summer 890, with Zhu's army attacking Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), then also under Li Keyong's control, from the southeast; Li Kuangwei and Helian Duo the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi) attacking from the northeast; and the main imperial army, under Zhang's command and supplemented by the armies of various circuits around Chang'an, attacking from the southwest.Zhu's army was able to seize Zhaoyi quickly, due to the assassination of Zhaoyi's military governor Li Kegong (李克恭, Li Keyong's brother) by his officer An Jushou (), but the imperial official sent to take over Zhaoyi, Sun Kui (), was intercepted and captured by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxiao (and subsequently executed when he would not submit to Li Keyong), badly affecting the imperial army's morale. Li Cunxiao subsequently put Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture () under siege, forcing Zhu's army to withdraw. Li Kuangwei and Helian's armies were also repelled by Li Keyong's adoptive sons Li Cunxin and Li Siyuan, leaving Zhang's imperial army to face Li Keyong himself. By late 890, the imperial army was suffering repeated defeats at the hands of Li Keyong's Hedong army, and the supplemental troops from Jingnan (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) Circuits abandoned the imperial army and withdrew by themselves, eventually leading to a total collapse of the imperial army, with Zhang and his deputy, Han Jian the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) escaping with just a small contingent; the rest of the imperial army was effectively lost. With Li Keyong subsequently threatening an invasion, <mask> was forced to restore Li Keyong to his titles and positions and exile Zhang and Kong, ending the campaign against Li Keyong in disaster. With the defeat against Li Keyong, and the campaign against Chen in a stalemate—the imperial army had put Xichuan's capital Chengdu under siege and caused a terrible famine within the city, but had not been able to capture it—the imperial treasury was being drained, and Emperor Zhaozong decided to end the Xichuan campaign as well. He pardoned Chen and recalled Wei, while ordering Gu and Wang (for whom he had created a Yongping Circuit () out of parts of Xichuan territory) back to their circuits.Wang was unwilling to accept this result, however, and he intimidated Wei into returning to Chang'an by himself, while Wang continued the siege of Chengdu. In fall 891, Chen and Tian surrendered to Wang, and Wang took over Xichuan Circuit. Initial conflict with Li Maozhen
The end of the campaign against Li Keyong, which Yang Fugong had opposed, did not end the tension between <mask> and Yang, but intensified it. In fall 891, Yang sought to retire, and <mask> approved the retirement. Soon thereafter, rumors that Yang was planning a rebellion at Chang'an against the emperor, along with his adoptive nephew Yang Shouxin (). <mask> sent the imperial guards to preemptively attack Yang Fugong's mansion, and Yang Fugong and Yang Shouxin fled to Yang Shouliang's Shannan West Circuit. Yang Fugong thereafter started a rebellion against the imperial government, along with Yang Shouliang, Yang Shouxin, and other adoptive sons and nephews, including Yang Shouzhong () the military governor of Jinshang Circuit (金商, headquartered in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), Yang Shouzhen () the military governor of Longjian Circuit (龍劍, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), and Yang Shouhou () the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, also in modern Mianyang).In response to the Yangs' rebellion, Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), along with his allies Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Han Jian, as well as his brother Li Maozhuang () the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Tianshui, Gansu) and Wang Xingyu's brother Wang Xingyue () the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered in modern Weinan), submitted a joint petition for Li Maozhen to be made the commander of the forces against the Yangs. <mask>, while inimical to the Yangs, was hesitant to give Li Maozhen more authority and territory, and therefore initially denied the request. However, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu launched an attack anyway, forcing <mask> into approving Li Maozhen as the commander against the Yangs. By winter 892, Xingyuan had fallen to Li Maozhen, and the Yangs fled (and were eventually captured by Han and delivered to Chang'an to be executed). Li Maozhen wanted to add Shannan West to his territory, so he requested to be Shannan West's military governor, fully expecting that <mask> would allow him to retain both Fengxiang and Shannan West. Instead, <mask> issued an edict making him the military governor of Shannan West and Wuding (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong) Circuits, while making the chancellor Xu Yanruo the military governor of Fengxiang. Despite the misgivings of the chancellor Du Rangneng, <mask>zong launched a campaign against Li Maozhen, with Du in charge of the logistics and Li Sizhou () the Prince of Qin in command of the imperial guards, which Emperor Zhaozong had rebuilt with new recruits.The imperial army had low morale and little battle experience, however, and when Li Sizhou set to engage Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu's experienced armies, the army collapsed. Li Maozhen approached Chang'an, demanding Du's death. <mask> capitulated, ordering Du to commit suicide and allowing Li Maozhen to retain Fengxiang, Shannan West, Wuding, and Tianxiong. It was said that after this point, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu, in alliance with the chancellor Cui Zhaowei, were heavily influencing imperial governance, such that the emperor would not dare to carry out any measures that they opposed. The next point of contention came in 895, when Wang Chongying the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), died, precipitating a succession struggle between his nephew Wang Ke (the adoptive son of Wang Chongying's brother and predecessor Wang Chongrong and biological son of another brother, Wang Chongjian ()), whom the Huguo soldiers supported, and his son Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), who coveted the more prosperous Huguo Circuit. Li Keyong supported Wang Ke, while Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han supported Wang Gong, and all of them submitted competing petitions on the behalf of the feuding cousins. Emperor <mask> approved Li Keyong's petition and made Wang Ke the military governor of Huguo.In response, Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han marched on the capital again, killing the chancellors Wei Zhaodu (who had returned to chancellorship after the Xichuan campaign) and Li Xi, whom they perceived to be behind <mask>'s decision.

masks:
Emperor Zhaozong
Zhaozong
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
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title: Emperor Zhaozong of Tang

type: original

texts:
 The actions of Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han, in turn, drew a strong reaction from Li Keyong, who launched his army, crossed the Yellow River, and prepared to attack the three of them. Rumors developed that Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu both wanted to seize the emperor and take him to their domains. <mask>, in response, fled into the Qinling Mountains with his officials, and the people of Chang'an followed in droves. Meanwhile, Li Keyong engaged and defeated Wang's and Li Maozhen's troops, then put Wang's capital Bin Prefecture () under siege. Wang fled and was killed by his own subordinates in flight. Li Maozhen and Han capitulated, sending apologies and tributes to <mask>.<mask>, who returned to Chang'an, bestowed great honors on Li Keyong and his key subordinates, but hesitated when Li Keyong proposed to attack Li Maozhen, believing that if Li Keyong destroyed Li Maozhen, the balance of power would be lost. He therefore forbade Li Keyong from attacking Li Maozhen. Li Keyong withdrew to Hedong Circuit, and, owing to his eventual defeats at the hands of Zhu Quanzhong, would not be able to return again. Flight to Hua Prefecture
With Li Keyong gone from the region, Li Maozhen, who had been intimidated into an apologetic posture to the imperial court, again became arrogant. He became suspicious of <mask>'s attempts to rebuild the imperial guards and putting them under the commands of imperial princes, including Li Sizhou, Li Jiepi () the Prince of Yan, and <mask>'s uncle Li Zi the Prince of Tong. In summer 896, he launched an attack on Chang'an. <mask> immediately sought aid from Li Keyong, but with Li Keyong being unable to launch an army at that time and Li Maozhen's forces having defeated Li Sizhou's, Li Sizhou recommended fleeing to Hedong.<mask> initially agreed and prepared to head for Fu Prefecture (鄜州, in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), preparing to cross the Yellow River to Hedong from there; he also sent Li Jiepi to Hedong to prepare for his arrival. However, after he left Chang'an, Han Jian sent emissaries, and then personally arrived to meet with him, to persuade him to go to Zhenguo's capital Hua Prefecture () instead, promising to do all he could to uphold imperial power. As both <mask> and his officials were fearful of the lengthy trek to Hedong, <mask> agreed and headed for Hua Prefecture instead. Once <mask> arrived at Hua Prefecture, however, he became effectively under Han's control, and Han stopped any real imperial attempt to engage Li Maozhen militarily. Further, he forced <mask> to disband the imperial guards under the imperial princes' control, and, after Li Jiepi returned from Hedong—thus exposing the fact that Li Keyong was in no shape to launch an army to aid the emperor—slaughtered 11 imperial princes. <mask> made peace with Li Maozhen in spring 898, restoring the titles that he had previously stripped from Li Maozhen. With Zhu Quanzhong urging the emperor to move the capital to the eastern capital Luoyang, Han and Li Maozhen became apprehensive that he would launch an army to seize the emperor, and therefore repaired the palaces and governmental offices at Chang'an (which Li Maozhen's army had destroyed).In fall 898, <mask> returned to Chang'an, but with no army around him now other than the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies. Removal and restoration
Meanwhile, also rising in power at court was the chancellor Cui Yin, who hated the eunuchs ardently and who was allied with Zhu Quanzhong. By 900, <mask>, who had come to trust Cui and who would later describe him as "faithful but trickier" (than Han Wo, the official the emperor was making the comment to) was planning with Cui to slaughter the eunuchs. When Cui's fellow chancellor Wang Tuan urged against such action, believing the plans to be too drastic, Cui accused Wang of being in league with the powerful eunuchs Zhu Daobi () and Jing Wuxiu (), who served as the directors of palace communications (Shumishi). Upon Cui's accusations, <mask> ordered Wang, Zhu Daobi, and Jing to commit suicide, and it was said that from this point Cui became the leading figure at court, with the eunuchs angry at and fearful of him. The eunuchs also had become fearful of <mask> himself, who, after returning from Hua Prefecture, was described to be depressed, alcoholic, and unpredictable in his temperament. The four top-ranked eunuchs—Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian () the commanders of the Shence Armies, and Wang Yanfan () and Xue Qiwo () the new directors of palace communications—began plotting to remove him.After an incident in winter 900 in which <mask>, in a drunken rage, killed several attending eunuchs and ladies in waiting, Liu Jishu led Shence Army troops into the palace and forced <mask> to yield the throne to his son Li Yu, Prince of De the Crown Prince. <mask> and his wife (Li Yu's mother) Empress He were honored as retired emperor (Taishang Huang) and retired empress (Taishang Huanghou) but put under house arrest. Li Yu, whose name the eunuchs changed to Li Zhen, was proclaimed emperor, but the eunuchs controlled the court. They wanted to kill Cui, but was fearful that Cui's ally Zhu Quanzhong might react violently, so they only relieved Cui from his secondary posts as the director of finances and the director of salt and iron monopolies. Cui, in turn, was in communications with Zhu, plotting to restore the emperor. He also persuaded the Shence Army officer Sun Dezhao () to join his cause, and Sun in turn persuaded his fellow officers Dong Yanbi () and Zhou Chenghui () to join. In spring 901, they acted.They first ambushed and killed Wang Zhongxian, and captured Liu and Wang Yanfan, who were then killed by caning. Xue tried to commit suicide by drowning, but was taken out of the water and decapitated. <mask> was restored to the throne. In gratitude to the three officers, he bestowed the imperial clan name of Li on them, renaming them Li Jizhao (), Li Yanbi (), and Li Jihui () respectively. Flight to Fengxiang
Shortly after <mask>'s restoration, Li Maozhen showed an intent of reestablishing his relationship with the emperor by visiting Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor <mask>. While Li Maozhen was still at Chang'an, Cui Yin made a proposal intending to eliminate the control that the eunuchs had over the Shence Armies—that he and fellow chancellor Lu Yi be put in command of the Shence Armies. This proposal was opposed by Li Jizhao, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi, however, and as Cui cited, as a rationale, the possibility that the Shence Armies could thus counteract the warlords, Li Maozhen was also suspicious of it.<mask>zong therefore rejected the proposal, and put the eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong (), both of whom had previously served as eunuch monitors of the Fengxiang army, in command of the Shence Armies, and further wanted the retired eunuch Yan Zunmei () to serve as the overseer of both Shence Armies, but Yan declined and remained in retirement. Cui, apprehensive of allowing the eunuchs to command the Shence Armies again, requested Li Maozhen to leave a corps of Fengxiang troops at Chang'an to counteract the eunuchs; Li Maozhen agreed, and left his adoptive son Li Jiyun () in command of the Fengxiang soldiers at Chang'an. Despite this setback, Cui continued to try to plan to slaughter the eunuchs. The eunuchs headed by Han eventually became aware of this, and, in order to reduce Cui's power, they had the Shence Army soldiers claim that Cui was not giving them the proper winter uniforms. <mask>zong was forced to again remove Cui from his post as the director of salt and iron monopolies. Moreover, by this point they had persuaded Li Jiyun and his Fengxiang soldiers to be on their side. Cui, realizing that the eunuchs were intending to destroy him, became fearful, and wrote Zhu Quanzhong, urging him to bring troops to Chang'an to act against the eunuchs.Zhu agreed, and began mobilizing his army. Han and the other eunuchs, hearing of Zhu's impending arrival, believed that Zhu's forces were intending to slaughter them. They, with the cooperation of Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi (but not Li Jizhao, who refused to align with them), seized <mask> and his household, and took them to Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality. Cui and the imperial officials largely remained at Chang'an, although some followed the emperor and the eunuchs to Fengxiang. After Zhu arrived at Chang'an to confer with Cui, he advanced to Fengxiang and put it under siege. Li Maozhen sought an alliance with Wang Jian. Wang Jian, however, tried to play both sides—outwardly aligning with Zhu, but secretly encouraging Li Maozhen to resist Zhu, while sending an army to head north to attack Li Maozhen's Shannan West Circuit.With Fengxiang under siege, Li Maozhen's holdings in the Guanzhong region fell one by one to Zhu, while Shannan West and nearby holdings fell to Wang. Still, Fengxiang's defenses were holding, and by fall 902, Zhu, with his attacks hampered by rains and illnesses to the soldiers, was considering a withdrawal. A trap advocated by and set by Zhu's officer Gao Jichang, however, induced Li Maozhen to send his troops outside the city walls to attack Zhu's troops, where they were crushed by Zhu's troops. From this point on, Li Maozhen could not fight back against Zhu any more, and by winter 902, Fengxiang was in such a desperate shape such that the residents were resorting to cannibalism. In spring 903, Li Maozhen sued for peace with Zhu, surrendering <mask> and the imperial household to him while killing Han and the other leading eunuchs, as well as Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi. Zhu took the emperor back to Chang'an, where one of the first actions Zhu and Cui carried out was to slaughter the remaining eunuchs, regardless of whether they supported Han's actions. This would be the effective end of the Shence Armies.Control by Zhu Quanzhong and movement to Luoyang
After <mask> returned to Chang'an, the capital became under the military control of the Xuanwu contingent; while Zhu Quanzhong himself returned to Xuanwu's capital Daliang, he left his nephew Zhu Youlun () in command at Chang'an. Cui Yin began to see signs that Zhu Quanzhong might be intending to seize the throne and became fearful, and therefore began to rebuild the imperial guards with himself in command, and a rift began to develop between Zhu and Cui. The rift became deeper after Zhu Youlun died in an accident while playing polo late in 903, which Zhu Quanzhong believed to be a murderous plot set up by Cui. He sent another nephew, Zhu Youliang (), to succeed Zhu Youlun, and further sent Xuanwu soldiers to infiltrate the imperial guards corps that Cui was trying to rebuild. In spring 904, he acted, writing to Cui and his associates Zheng Yuangui () the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and the officer Chen Ban (), and then sending Xuanwu soldiers to surround Cui's mansion and kill Cui and his associates. Then, citing the possibility that Li Maozhen and his adoptive son Li Jihui (not the same person as the one killed in 903) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit may attack Chang'an, he forced <mask>ng. While on the journey to Luoyang, <mask> sent secret orders to Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Huainan), and Li Keyong, asking them to start a campaign against Zhu Quanzhong, but his orders drew no immediate reactions.Death
Meanwhile, Zhu Quanzhong had long wanted to kill Li Yu, outwardly on the account that Li Yu had once improperly taken the throne (albeit under the eunuchs' pressure), but truly because he was apprehensive of Li Yu's status as the emperor's oldest son and his handsome appearance. <mask> resisted Zhu's wishes on this issue. Further, at that time, Li Maozhen, Li Jihui, Li Keyong, Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi, and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei) were all issuing declarations calling for the emperor's return to Chang'an. Zhu became apprehensive that, as he battled other warlords in campaigns, <mask> might find a way to rise against him at Luoyang, and therefore resolved to remove the emperor. In fall 904, he had his associate Jiang Xuanhui (), along with his adoptive son Zhu Yougong () and officer Shi Shucong (), take soldiers to the palace and assassinate <mask>. Jiang initially issued a declaration blaming the assassination on <mask>'s concubines Pei Zhenyi () and Li Jianrong (), but Zhu later blamed it on Zhu Yougong and Shi and forced them to commit suicide. <mask>'s son Li Zuo the Prince of Hui was first declared crown prince, and then emperor (as <mask>).By 907, <mask> would be forced to yield the throne to Zhu, ending <mask> and starting Zhu's new Later Liang. Chancellors during reign

 Wei Zhaodu (888, 893-895)
 Kong Wei (888-891, 895)
 Du Rangneng (888-893)
 Zhang Jun (888-891)
 Liu Chongwang (889-892)
 Cui Zhaowei (891-895)
 Xu Yanruo (891-893, 894-900)
 Zheng Yanchang (892-894)
 Cui Yin (893-895, 896-899, 900-904)
 Zheng Qi (894)
 Li Xi (894, 895)
 Li Zhirou (895)
 Lu Xisheng (895)
 Wang Tuan (895-896, 896-900)
 Sun Wo (895-897)
 Lu Yi (896, 899-903)
 Zhu Pu (896-897)
 Cui Yuan (896-900, 904)
 Pei Zhi (900-903)
 Wang Pu (901-903)
 Pei Shu (901, 903-904)
 Lu Guangqi (901-902)
 Wei Yifan (902, 902)
 Su Jian (902-903)
 Dugu Sun (903-904)
 Liu Can (904)

Family
The Hu family of Xidi are descended from Hu Shiliang, from Wuyuan, who was a descendant of Hu Changyi, a son of <mask> of Tang who was adopted by the Wuyuan Hu family. 20, part 1. New Book of Tang, vol. 10. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 252, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265.任士英 (2005). 《正說唐朝二十一帝》 Taipei: 聯經. .

867 births
904 deaths
Tang dynasty emperors
10th-century Chinese monarchs
9th-century Chinese monarchs
10th-century murdered monarchs
Assassinated Chinese politicians
Murdered Chinese

masks:
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
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Emperor Ai
Emperor Ai
Tang
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title: Adolf Bierbrauer

texts:
<mask> (26 July 1915 – 2 September 2012) was a German conceptual artist, painter and sculptor. He is known for his "hypnosis paintings" and "somnambulistic paintings" as well as for his sculptures. Life

<mask> grew up with two sisters, Marianne and Gisela, on Glücksburger street in Düsseldorf-Oberkassel. His father was the manager of the ironworks Association in Düsseldorf. During his high school years <mask> studied piano and performed in public as a piano soloist. His piano teacher recommended the philosophical work of Rudolf Steiner to him. In 1930 <mask> produced his first still life and within a year began his first figurative drawings.He created portraits of people in his neighborhood. In 1934 he traveled to the Goetheanum in Dornach (Switzerland) to study the works of Rudolf Steiner. In 1935, he began his study of medicine at the University of Marburg. He continued his study of medicine at Freiburg, Jena and at the Medical Academy in Düsseldorf. From 1940 to 1942 he served in the military service in France. In 1942 <mask> was called back to Düsseldorf due to the lack of military available in Düsseldorf during World War II. He received his doctorate there in 1943 and in January 1945 he sent to the Eastern Front as a military doctor.He was captured in Wroclaw and transported to Transcaucasia (Mingitschaur) to work as a roadbuilder and concrete worker as a Russian prisoner of war. During his imprisonment, on behalf of the prisoner-of-war camp management <mask> painted documentary images of the geological investigations of the terminal moraines. The prisoners also worked on archaeological excavations of medean graves. He was forbidden from painting and was ordered to create portraits of the guards. In 1949, he returned to Düsseldorf where he became a volunteer physician at the University Hospital in Hamburg. From 1951 to 1953 he worked as psychotherapist at the 2nd Medical Academy in Düsseldorf, specializing in hypnosis treatments. At this time he began the creation of his first hypnosis paintings.His public opposition against electroshock therapy and insulin shock treatments lead to his release from hospital in 1953/1954. During the summer semester, he attended a class called on monumental painting and wall painting under the direction of  at the Kölner Werkschulen. He applied to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf but was rejected. In 1954 he received the circular medical certificate to establish himself as a general medical practitioner. <mask> now specialized on nervous disorders and psychosomatic disorders. He focused on therapies that utilized hypnosis. After 1960, he began making somnambulistic paintings.A heart attack in 1965 forced <mask> to end working as a doctor. In 1973, he declared himself to be a freelance artist and started teaching painting lessons to children at his home. These lessons later became the first Waldorf kindergarten in Düsseldorf. <mask> also worked as a pianist in Waldorf schools. In 1974 he applied again to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and was accepted. He spent two years there. At the same time he attended lectures of philosophy at Heinz Rudolf at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf.Starting in 1990, <mask> created art which he described as Müllkunst (trash art). 1998 <mask> moved to the anthroposophically oriented Heinrich-Zschokke Senior house in Düsseldorf-Gerresheim, that he also initiated. In 2000, his works were presented to the general public during the presentation of his monography at the NRW Forum for the first time. Bazon Brock and Gabriele Lohberg, Director of the Europäische Kunstakademie Trier (European Academy of Fine Arts Trier) held the introduction speeches. (1)

Life in Anthroposophic Senior home became intolerable to him. Some of his art works were destroyed due to unannounced renovations at his senior home. (2) At age 91 he moved to a new senior him in the Kasierwerther Diakonie, Ratingen.In 2012 <mask> was involved in the exhibition "The Great," at the Museum Kunst Palast Düsseldorf where his hypnosis works were on display. He attended the exhibition. In the autumn of the same year <mask> died of heart failure. (3)

Work

<mask>'s key works are his hypnosis pictures from the early 1950s, his somnambulistic works, and his sculptures. The focus of his work is the human being. In his early work pure representations of people, such as portraits and nudes can be found. He approached his artwork with concepts drawn from his background as a physician and psychotherapist, applying concepts of the human psyche to his work.<mask> painted the hypnosis images after stories and pictures from his patients in trance. They were created after the end of World War II created until the early 1950s. <mask>'s art involved his work as a psychotherapist- using what he saw during hypnosis and narration from his patients, who were overcoming the personal traumas left by war. He claimed that he painted his pictures for the patients, in order to connect with them. He believed his works helped the patients while the patients' assisted his development as an artist creating works centered on the human psyche. In his understanding the artist could be a healer. With these works he had been one of the pioneers of the conceptual art movement in the 1960s in Europe.His hypnosis paintings were accompanied with Bazon Brock and a performance of Joseph Beuys washing feet. Bazon Brock wrote in his book "Der Barbar als Kulturheld" (The barbarian as a cultural hero): "The results of these images that emerged then, are ultimately that important because they are artistic formally on the absolute highest level of its time. There is nothing comparable in the '50s. "(5)

For Bierbrauer, since the late 1960s somnambulistic work had many parallels to works by informal artists like Emilio Vedova and Emil Schumacher. Their techniques are comparable also to the works of the abstract expressionism by Jackson Pollock or Jean-Michel Basquiat. <mask>, trained by the hypnosis of his patients, began in this period to abstract from the patient's images and now betook himself into a somnambulistic, in a daydream-like state. He made paintings based on the "incorporation" of others and the search for his own identity.<mask> also produced sculptures. In his bronze figures such as the elephantine tantrum from 2001 he used an expressive free, unbound to the concrete form design, which received its informal expression which is increased by the titles-finding. They appear as trash-like sculptures, mostly composed of found material (see also Arte povera), connected with glue, metal wires and tinfoil. Gallery Samples Hypnosis paintings

Art market
<mask> did no publicly show case his work until age 85, because he deemed his work a private matter. He did not receive public attention until the release of his monograph, when he gained public exposure. 2019 ZWISCHEN WELTEN / BETWEEN WORLDS, with Armin Baumgarten, Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf
 2020 Pioneer of Social Sculpture - Part I, <mask>'s Hypnosispaintings, Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf
 2020 Thomas Bernstein - Adolf Bierbrauer Skulpturen (sculptures), Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf

Literature
 Heath Ines Willner, The end of my biography must lead into the future, Rheinische Post, 12 April 1994
 <mask>, Edited by Martin Leyer-Pritzkow with contributions by Helmut Reuter and Veronika Kolbe and Roswitha Mosl. Euregio Publisher., Nordhorn 1999,  (1)
 Bazon Brock, Collected Writings 1991–2002, Vol III, The Barbarian as a cultural hero, aesthetics of omission, IV strategies of aesthetics, visual science, 8, incorporation and representation, pp.with works of <mask> and Armin Baumgarten, with text German / English, Düsseldorf 2019,
 The Pioneer of Social Sculpture I - <mask>uer,edited by Martin Leyer-Pritzkow,text in english, Düsseldorf 2020,

External links
 official website of the artist <mask> at Martin Leyer-Pritzkow
 Literature about <mask> in the German National Library
 Literature about <mask> in the Bibliothèque Kadinsky, Centre Pompidou, France
 Bazon Brock: Incorporation and representation, Speech for the exhibition "<mask> Bierbrauer", January 19th, 2000, NRW-Forum Düsseldorf
 The Pioneer of Social Sculpture - Online-Booklet, 2020

Bierbrauer, Adolf
German contemporary artists
20th-century German painters
German male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
21st-century German painters
21st-century male artists
German conceptual artists
Modern artists
Anthroposophists
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Artists from Düsseldorf
Bierbrauer, Adolf
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century male artists
German male sculptors

masks:
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbra
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf


title: Joni Eareckson Tada

texts:
<mask> (born October 15, 1949) is an evangelical Christian author, radio host, artist, and founder of Joni and Friends, an organization "accelerating Christian ministry in the disability community". Early life
<mask> was born in 1949 in Baltimore, Maryland, the youngest of four daughters, to John and <mask>. Joni was named for her father, <mask>, so her name is pronounced like "Johnny". Her father participated in the 1932 Summer Olympics as an alternate for the United States wrestling team and was honored as a Distinguished Member of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 1996. With the example of her parents, Tada lived a very active life all through her growing-up years, enjoying riding horses, hiking, tennis, and swimming. On July 30, 1967, when she was 17 years old, she dove into the Chesapeake Bay after misjudging the shallowness of the water. She suffered a fracture between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae and became a quadriplegic (or tetraplegic), paralyzed from the shoulders down.During Tada's two years of rehabilitation, according to her autobiography Joni, she experienced anger, depression, suicidal thoughts, and religious doubts. However, during occupational therapy, she learned to paint with a brush between her teeth and began selling her artwork. She also writes this way, although for most writing tasks she relies on voice recognition software. To date, she has written over forty books, recorded several musical albums, and starred in an autobiographical movie of her life, and is an advocate for people with disabilities. Tada wrote of her experiences in her 1976 international best-selling autobiography, Joni: The unforgettable story of a young woman's struggle against quadriplegia & depression, which has been distributed in many languages. The book was made into a 1979 feature film of the same name, starring herself. Her second book, A Step Further, was released in 1978.Ministry and public life
She founded Joni and Friends in 1979, an organization to "accelerate Christian ministry in the disability community" throughout the world. In 2007 the Joni and Friends International Disability Center in Agoura Hills, California, was established. Led by <mask> (founder and CEO) and John Nugent (president and COO), the Joni and Friends International Disability Center runs a multi-faceted non-profit covering a number of program outlets. The longest-running program is "Joni and Friends Radio", a five-minute radio program begun in 1982. It now runs four minutes in length and can be heard each weekday on over 1,000 broadcast outlets. Tada also records a one-minute radio feature, "Diamonds in the Dust", that airs daily. Both programs have received awards: "Joni and Friends Radio" received the "Radio Program of the Year" award from National Religious Broadcasters in 2002, and "Diamonds in the Dust" won the same award in 2011 in the short program.Other Joni and Friends programs include Family Retreats (a camp/retreat experience for families affected by disability), Wounded Warrior Getaways (which offer a similar experience for families of Wounded Warriors), and Wheels for the World (which collects manual wheelchairs and other mobility devices to be refurbished by volunteers in prison restoration shops, then shipped overseas, where the wheelchairs are fitted by physical therapists to people in developing nations). Joni and Friends also has produced 51 episodes of Joni and Friends TV, and overseen the formation of the Christian Institute on Disability (a training and advocacy arm of Joni and Friends), among other ventures. While the main office of Joni and Friends remains in Agoura Hills, California, smaller offices can be found across the United States. In 2005, <mask> was appointed to the Disability Advisory Committee of the U.S. State Department. Tada served on the National Council on Disability under presidents Reagan and Bush in 1988. The first draft of the Americans with Disabilities Act was authored by this council. Tada is a conference speaker.Her articles have been published in Christianity Today, Today's Christian Woman, The War Cry (Salvation Army), and newspapers around the world. Tada has appeared several times on Larry King Live. In 1989, <mask> was a plenary speaker at the Second International Congress on World Evangelization in Manila. She served until 2013 in her appointment as the Lausanne Senior Associate for Disability Concerns. As of 2017, <mask> is still a board member of the Lausanne Movement. Joni sang "Alone Yet Not Alone" (music by Bruce Broughton, lyrics by Dennis Spiegel) for the film of the same name, which was nominated for an Oscar in the Original Song category, but the Academy's board of governors voted to rescind the nomination. With limited lung capacity due to her disability, Tada, had her husband, Ken, pushing on her diaphragm while she recorded the song to give her enough breath to hit the high notes.Tada has no professional training in music. As of 2017, Tada is an adviser on many organizations, such as the Board of Reference for the Christian Medical and Dental Society, Young Life Capernaum Board, CBM International, National Institute for Learning Disabilities, and the American Leprosy Mission. She also served on Love and Action, the Institute on Learning Disabilities, the Disability Advisory Committee, New Europe Communications, and the Christian Writers Guild, and as honorary co-chair of the Presidential Prayer Team. She has been interviewed by the Chicago Tribune, Ligonier Ministries, and the Los Angeles Times. In November 2009, Tada signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration calling on evangelicals, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians to work towards changing laws which permit abortion, and other matters that go against their religious consciences. Music
<mask> received media attention in 2014 for her performance of the title song from the Christian film Alone yet Not Alone. While the song's writers initially received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song, the nomination was later revoked for what the Academy deemed improper campaigning by the composer, Bruce Broughton.Some controversy followed this decision, and subsequent media attention helped the song's official YouTube video, featuring Tada, surpass one million views. Books
<mask> is the author of over 48 books on the subjects of disability and Christianity. Several of them have been children's books, including Tell Me The Promises, which received the Evangelical Christian Publishers' Association's (ECPA) Gold Medallion and the Silver Medal in the 1997 C.S. Lewis Awards, and Tell Me The Truth, which received the ECPA Gold Medallion in 1998. The life story of Tada was used by Czech composer Ivan Kurz in his opera Vecerní shromáždení ketho (Evening Divine service). Personal life
Joni married <mask> in 1982. For many years, Ken was a high school history teacher and coach, though he is now retired.Ken is sansei, meaning that he is the third generation to be born in the United States after his family relocated from Japan. Ken and Joni live in Calabasas, California. In 2010, <mask> announced that she had been diagnosed with Stage III breast cancer. She underwent a mastectomy and chemotherapy. Her treatment proved successful, and she was declared cancer-free in 2015. In November 2018, <mask> was diagnosed with a malignant nodule on her chest wall near the site of her original cancer. Radiation treatments for the nodule proved successful, and, in July 2019, she announced that she had once again been declared cancer-free.Awards
 1979 American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award for Inspiring Victory Over Quadriplegia
 Courage Award from the Courage Rehabilitation Center
 Award of Excellence from the Patricia Neal Rehabilitation Center
 Golden Word Award from the International Bible Society
 1985 First woman to be honored by the National Association of Evangelicals as their "Layperson of the Year"
 1989 Victory Award from the National Rehabilitation Hospital
 1993 "Churchwoman of the Year" by the Religious Heritage Foundation
 1997 Silver Medal, C.S. : Suicide, Euthanasia, Suffering, Mercy (1992) with C. Everett Koop
 Darcy and the Meanest Teacher in the World (1993) with Steve Jensen
 All God's Children: Ministry with Disabled Persons (1993) Gene Newman, <mask> Eareckson Tada
 Diamonds in the Dust: 366 Sparkling Devotions (1993)
 Just Like Everybody Else (1993) Jim Pierson, <mask> Eareckson Tada
 The Healing Promise: Is It Always God's Will to Heal? Will He Heal Me? 1 (2003) with Bobbie Wolgemuth
 Hymns for a Kid's Heart Vol. 2 (2004) with Bobbie Wolgemuth
 Christmas Carols for a Kid's Heart (Hymns for a Kid's Heart Vol. 3) (2004) with Bobbie Wolgemuth
 Passion Hymns for a Kid's Heart (Hymns for a Kid's Heart Vol. 4) (2004) with Bobbie Wolgemuth
 31 Days Toward Intimacy with God (2005)
 Living Without Limits: 10 Keys to Unlocking the Champion in You (2005) Judy Siegle, <mask> Eareckson Tada
 Why (2005) Anne Graham Lotz, <mask> Eareckson Tada
 A Father's Touch (2005)
 365 Days of Hope: Encouragement for Those Facing Loss, Pain, and Disappointment (2006) with Dave Dravecky, Jan Dravecky
 Pearls of Great Price (2006)
 How To Be A Christian in a Brave New World (2006)
 31 Days toward Overcoming Adversity (2006)
 31 Days Toward Passionate Faith (2007)
 Hope...the Best of Things (2008)
 A Thankful Heart in a World of Hurt (2008)
 A Lifetime of Wisdom: Embracing the Way God Heals You (2009)
 Life in the Balance: Biblical Answers for the Issues of Our Day (2009)
 Finding God in Hidden Places (2010)
 A Place of Healing: Wrestling with the Mysteries of Suffering, Pain, and God's Sovereignty (2010)
 Life in the Balance: Leader's Guide: Raise Awareness & Move People to Action (2010)
 Silver & Gold Devotional (2010)
 When is it Right to Die?(2012)
 Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: Life After Shock (2012)
 Gaining a Hopeful Spirit (2012)
 Anger: Aim it in the Right Direction (2012)
 God's Sovereignty: God's Hand in Our Hardship (2012)
 God's Hand in Our Hardship (2012)
 Breaking the Bonds of Fear (2013)
 Living a Life That Pleases God (2013)
 No Longer Alone (2013)
 When God Seems Unjust (2013)
 Stressed to the Max: Peace for Women Under Pressure (2013)
 Joni & Ken: An Untold Love Story (2013)
 Pain and Providence (2013)
 Beyond Suffering Reader: A Christian View on Disability on Disability Ministry: A Cultural Adaptation (2014) with Steve Bundy, Pat Verbal
 Speaking God's Language (2014)
 Beside Bethesda: 31 Days Toward Deeper Healing (2014)
 A Spectacle of Glory: God's Light Shining Through Me Every Day (2016)
 Grief (2016)
 When God Breaks Your Heart: Choosing Hope in the Midst of Faith-Shattering Circumstances (2017) Ed Underwood, <mask> Eareckson Tada
 When Is It Right to Die? : A Comforting and Surprising Look at Death and Dying (2018)
 Infinite Hope: In the Midst of Struggles (2018) Joni and Friends, <mask> Eareckson Tada (forward)

Discography
 Journey's End (1979)
 Joni's Song (1981)
 Spirit Wings (1982)
 Lord of Love (1984)
 I've Got Wheels! (1985) with Joni's Kids
 Let God Be God (1989)
 When Is It Right to Die?

masks:
Joni Eareckson Tada
Joni Eareckson
Lindy Eareckson
John Eareckson
Tada
Tada
Tada
Tada
Tada
Tada
Ken Tada
Tada
Tada
Joni
Joni
Joni
Joni
Joni
Joni


title: Ahmed Morsi

texts:
<mask> (born 1930) is an artist, art critic and poet with a career that spans seven decades of creative output. In the 1950s, he simultaneously studied literature at Alexandria University and painting at the studio of Silvio Becchi, the son of Italian master Otorino Becchi. In 1974, <mask> moved to New York City, where he continues to paint, write and critique from his Manhattan home. His work is in public collections including the Egyptian Museum of Modern Art, the Alexandria Museum of Fine Arts, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Sharjah Art Foundation, Barjeel Art Foundation and in various notable private collections in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, France, England and the United States. Visions of a fictive, invented Alexandria run through most of <mask>'s work and his practice offers a powerful and mystical meditation on remembrance and the passage of time. His body of work bears witness to the artist's life as an Alexandrian that has been living away from home since the 1970s. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1930.His mother was of Moroccan descent and his father was from Upper Egypt. In 1954, he graduated from the University of Alexandria, Faculty of Arts with a major in English Literature. During the years 1952-53, he studied art with Silvio Becchi, son of Italian master Otorino Becchi, in Alexandria. Early on, <mask> was initiated into Alexandria's literary society as well as the city's very own rising group of artists. By his early twenties, he was participating in group shows with Egypt's most notable modern artists, including A Al Gazzar, H El Telmisani, I Massouda, F Kamel, H Nada and M Moussa. In 1949, he started writing poetry and developed this talent in parallel with his painting – publishing his first Diwan, “Songs of the Temples / Steps in Darkness” at the age of 19. Career
<mask> moved to Baghdad, Iraq in 1955, where he taught English to supplement his two-year stay.This was a time of a cultural renaissance in Iraq, when Baghdad was a center for the literati, the artists and the intellectuals. It was in Baghdad that he developed a friendship and a working relationship with several Iraqi writers and painters, among them Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati, Fouad al-Tikerly and Ardash Kakavian; and these relationships continued to produce noteworthy creative cooperation as well as lifelong friendships throughout the coming decades. Returning to Egypt, he moved to Cairo in 1957. In these years, <mask> was the first Egyptian to work alongside Egypt's acclaimed playwrights, Alfred Farag, Abdel Rahman Al Sharkawi, designing stage sets and costumes for The National Theater at the original, Khedieval, Cairo Opera House – art forms that had until then previously been relegated only to Italian designers. He also partnered with Abdel Hadi Al Algazzar and co-designed stage sets for "Bury the Dead" by American playwright Irwin Shaw at the Cairo Opera House. Other projects with Al Gazzar included a book of Morsi's poetry alongside Al Gazzar's drawings. The book was never published due to Al Gazzar's untimely passing, however the poetry/drawings live on.In 1968, he co-founded the avant-garde magazine Galerie 68 with Edwar Al Kharrat, Ibrahim Mansour, Gamil Atteya, Sayed Hegab and others. This publication immediately became Egypt's most reputable source as the voice of the new modernism. With these years began the Artist's journey into the world of criticism, publishing critiques on both art and literature, both of which remaining intimate domains. He wrote two items for Grand Larousse Encyclopédique (1975); “Art in Egypt” and “Art in Iraq”. Again the pioneer, <mask> introduced a new creative vehicle to the art public in Egypt with his 1995 show: “The Artist’s Book”. Following his exhibition, a new Biennial, The Artist's Book, was created in Alexandria. Later life
In 1974, <mask> moved to New York City, where he continues to paint, write and critique from his Manhattan home.In 1976, like many artists residing in the NYC area, he took up the art of lithography at The New School, the art of printmaking at The Art Student League and added yet another dimension to his creative tools and in the last 20 years, the Artist embraced photography – the last art form to be included in <mask>'s extensive palette.

masks:
Ahmed Morsi
Morsi
Morsi
Morsi
Ahmed Morsi
Morsi
Ahmed Morsi
Ahmed Morsi
Ahmed Morsi
Ahmed Morsi


title: Jakov Mikalja

texts:
Giacomo Micaglia () (March 31, 1601 – December 1, 1654) also <mask> in Croatian, was an Italian linguist and lexicographer, of Slavic ancestry. He was born in the town of Peschici (Apulia), at that time under the Kingdom of Naples. He said about himself to be "an Italian of Slavic language". Life

Micaglia was born in Peschici, a small town on the Gargano peninsula that six centuries before (about 970) was a settlement of Croat refugees and that in those years entertained fruitful trade with Venice and the city-states on the Dalmatian coast (like the Republic of Ragusa). He was the great-uncle of Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), the historian born in Ischitella, few kilometers by Peschici. About it Giannone writes that «Scipio Giannone (his father) had married in Ischitella in 1677 Lucretia Micaglia, daughter of Matteo Micaglia from Peschici and Isabella Sabatello.»

Because of his knowledge of Croatian, Micaglia was dispatched to the Republic of Ragusa by the Jesuit order. It was the time of Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church wished to restore its power in the Balkans as well.For four years (1630–1633) he taught grammar at the Jesuit College in Ragusa (Dubrovnik). There he wrote "Latin grammar for Illyrian students" after Emanuel Alvares (De institutione grammatica pro Illyricis accommodata, 1637). A few years later, in 1636, Micaglia sent a letter to the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, proposing a reform of the Latin alphabet for the needs of Croatian. He discussed the same issue in the chapter "On Slavic Orthography" of his work in Croatian "God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor" (Bratislava, 1642). From 1637 to 1645 he was a missionary among the Catholics in Timișoara in the Banat (present day Romania). He came back to Italy, where he was confessor in Slavic languages at the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, from 1645 till his death in that town. Dictionary

Micaglia's greatest work is "Thesaurus of Slovinian Language and Slovinian Dictionary (where Croatian words are translated in Italian and Latin)".It was first printed in Loreto in 1649, but a better printing press was needed, so it was completed in Ancona in 1651. The dictionary was a Jesuits project, an instrument to fight the Protestant Reformation and even more the progression of the Muslim faith in the Balkans. It was the first Croatian dictionary, with Croatian (under name of "Illyric" or "Slovinian") as the starting language (in the very same dictionary, he treats the terms Croatian, Slovinian and Illyric as synonyms  ). An important thing to note is that in his dictionary Micaglia names Croatian as "Illyric" or "Slovinian", and Italian as "Latin", which he names as the "students' language" (diacki). The introduction to the dictionary has a "Latin" dedication, a note to the reader in Italian (Al benigno lettore), a presentation of the alphabet and orthography in Latin and Croatian (Od ortographie jezika slovinskoga ili načina od pisanja), and an Italian grammar in Croatian (Grammatika Talianska). Micaglia explains in the foreword that he chose the Bosnian dialect because "everyone says that the Bosnian language is the most beautiful one" ("Ogn'un dice che la lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella"). Bosnian is identified as the Shtokavian dialect of the local South Slavic languages.The dictionary, intended primarily to teach students and young Jesuits, has around 25,000 words. It belongs to the corpse of dictionaries in Shtokavian dialect, with some Chakavian parts, and even Kaykavian lexic as entry or synonym. <mask>'s dictionary is regarded as a Croatian dictionary by mainstream lexicographers and linguists. Micaglia's thesaurus is a trilingual dictionary in which the entry column is, though, organised as a monolingual dictionary: with a sequence of synonyms founded on dialectical contrasts, as well as definitions, and hyperonims as explanations. Thus Štokavian-Čakavian terms are accompanied by Bosnian Franciscan words, turcisms, Raguseisms and Croatian words. It has thus been said to illustrate the lexical wealth of the "Illyrian regions". From the cultural point of view, Micaglia's work was influenced by earlier works of Fausto Veranzio and Bartolomeo Cassio, and it influenced the Croatian circle of lexicographers (among them Franciscans Divković and Tomo Babić), both in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina.His work is an integral part of development and standardization of Croatian modern language. Works

Thesaurus linguae Illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum. In quo verba Illyrica Italice, et Latine redduntur, Romae: et sumptibus Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide impressum, Loreto, apud Paulum et Io. Baptistam Seraphinum, 1649 (Thesaurus of Croatian or a Croatian Dictionary, in Which Croatian Words Are Translated into Italian and Latin) (Ancona, 1651). Blago jezika slovinskoga ili Slovnik u Komu izgovarajuse rjeci slovinske Latinski, i Diacki. Bogoljubno razmiscgljanje od ocenascja Pokupgljeno iz kgniga Svetoga Tomme od Aquina Nauciteglja Anghjelskoga (God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, Bratislava, 1642)
Printing of the "Thesaurus" was started by Serafini brothers in Loreto in 1649, and completed by O. Beltrano in Ancona in 1651. References

Bibliography
 Max L. Baeumer, The Emergence of national languages Vol 11  Longo, 1984
 Croatian Academy of America, Journal of Croatian studies, p. 286 Volumes 36-37, 1997
 Sylvain Auroux, History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 2000,
 Wiener slavistisches Jahrbuch, Volume 36 Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990
 A. Tamaro, La Vénétie Julienne et la Dalmatie: histoire de la nation italienne sur ses frontières orientales, Page 233 Volume 3, Imprimerie du Sénat, 1919
 Ivo Banac, Hrvatsko jezično pitanje Vol.6, p. 43, of Mladost, 1991,
 Edward L. Keenan, Josef Dobrovský and the origins of the Igor' tale Harvard University Press

External links

Google book: Giacomo Micaglia. p 209 (in Italian)
IHJJ - About <mask> Mikalja
A page about Jakov Mikalja
Scientific project about <mask> <mask>ja)
Neki ga još smatraju Talijanom (Some still regard him as Italian)
Colonie slave in Puglia (in Italian)

1601 births
1654 deaths
People from the Province of Foggia
People from Apulia
Linguists from Italy
17th-century Italian Jesuits

masks:
Jakov Mikalja
Mikalja
Jakov
Jakov
Mikaljakalkal


title: Oleksandr Saienko

texts:
<mask> (Ukrainian – Олександр Саєнко, sometimes transliterated as <mask>) (born 29 February 1984, in the city of Kyiv) – Ukrainian politician, Minister at the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (since 14 April 2016). Within the Volodymyr Hroisman's Government, he was responsible for the implementation of priority reforms and coordination of work of the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. He heads the Reforms Delivery Office under the prime minister of Ukraine. On 26 April 2017, the Cabinet of Ministers appointed <mask> as a chairman of the Coordination Council for Public Administration Reform. Honorary president of the National Sambo Federation of Ukraine (elected on 6 September, 2017th at the extraordinary NFSU conference). Head of the working group on privatization, according to the Government resolution dated 24 June 2015, No. 525 from 14 February 2018.Is a member of the nominating committee for the selection of top-managers of SOEs of high- importance to the economy of Ukraine. In 2014, he works as an advisor to the vice prime minister – Minister of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities of Ukraine. In 2015, he heads the secretariat of the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament of Ukraine). Education
<mask> <mask> graduated from the Kyiv Professional and Pedagogical College named after Anton Makarenko, later on – from the National Academy of State Tax Service of Ukraine (2006) with a specialization in "Jurisprudence." From 2006 until 2009 he is doctoral candidate at the Legislation Institute of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. In 2011, he completed his studies at the Center for Creative Leadership (USA) and at the Canada School of Public Service. Professional career
<mask> began his working career in 2003 in the position of lead specialist on Labor and Social Protection Department of the Shevchenko County State Administration in the city of Kyiv.In June 2004, he moved to the Ministry of Economy and European Integration to work in the position of lead specialist at the Office of Legal Support for the Budget Policy. During 2005, he served at the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development of the Main Department of the Civil Service of Ukraine, on the position of senior consultant at the Department for Legal Support and Rule-Making, and head of International Cooperation Department. In 2005–2006, he participated in a functional survey of ministries, worked on the Law of Ukraine "On State Service," participated in the assessment of the public administration system under the Sigma Program and in the implementation of Institution Building Instruments Twinning, TAIEX. From February to April 2006, he worked in the position of senior tax inspector at the Organization and Administrative Management Department of the State Tax Service in Kyiv Oblast. From April to September 2006, he worked in the position of head of department for European Integration and International Cooperation at the Department for Strategic Management and Efficiency of Public Service of the Main Department of Civil Service of Ukraine. In October 2006, he was transferred to the position of head of department for International Cooperation of the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development of the Main Department of Civil Service of Ukraine. Later on he was the first deputy director of the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development and since 2009 occupied the position of director of the School of Senior Civil Service of Ukraine (city of Kyiv).In December 2011, he started working for the Ukraine Economic Reform Fund (city of Kyiv) in the position of economic consultant. From March 2014, <mask> worked as a senior advisor to the vice prime minister – Minister of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities of Ukraine. From January to March 2015, he worked as assistant consultant to Member of Ukrainian Parliament V. B. Hroisman. In March 2015, he became head of the secretariat of the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. He worked on the concept of public administration reform and the administrative services reform. He was one of the drafters of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Services" that implements the best international experience of granting the powers of providing services to local governments. The Leadership Program for top public officials has been implemented based on the School of Senior Civil Service of Ukraine with the support from Canada School of Public Administration.On 14 April 2016, he was appointed Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Activities in the position of Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
In the position of Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, <mask> <mask> was responsible for the implementation of multi-sector reforms and liaisons among ministries. The activities of a Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are governed by Regulation of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 394 of 28 June 2016. "A Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be responsible for horizontal communications and coordinate work of ministries in different areas. For example, there are reforms requiring the participation of several ministries and departments – therefore, horizontal communications are required. Examples may be the administrative reform and civil service reform."It is about the effective interaction among ministries and the organization of the meetings of the government," – he noted in an interview to the Internet-periodical "Livyi Bereh". One of the main areas of his responsibility is the public administration reform. It started May 2016 with the entry into effect by the Law of Ukraine "On State Service." Then it has been designated as one of the priority Government reforms. In June 2016, The Government approved the Public Administration Reform Strategy for 2016 – 2020 with a clear action plan for its implementation. In December, at the meeting of the Association Committee, the Financial Agreement with the EU was signed in support of the reform. Public Administration Reform includes the following components:
•	Government capacity building to carry out strategic planning.A Strategic Planning Department was established within the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that, jointly with the Office, was involved in the preparation of the Strategic Plan of Priority Actions for the Government for the period up to 2020. •	Delineation of political and administrative functions in ministries and the development of the state secretaries' institute. In 2016, the state secretaries' institute was established, said secretaries to assume administrative functions, which would allow the Ministers to focus on the political component of their work. At the same time, this innovation would ensure the sustainability of the functioning of ministries. State secretaries of ministries are selected in an open competition for a 5-year tenure. •	Introduction of a policy analysis cycle as a mandatory procedure for the drafting of all government resolutions. •	Implementation of electronic government.In August 2016, the Cabinet of Ministries fully switched to electronic document flow with central executive authorities. •	Strengthening the professional and institutional capacity of all ministries and of the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In November 2016, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the concept of introducing the positions of reform specialists. Reform specialists shall mean government officials who are appointed based on the results of an open competition pursuant to the Law of Ukraine "On State Service." They shall be responsible for the implementation of key reforms and will enjoy a special compensation package. The list of positions of reform specialists shall be compiled by the ministers and approved by the government. Aside from their official salaries and public official benefits envisaged by law, the reform specialists will receive additional incentive payments.Funding will be allocated from the State Budget. The State Budget funds spent for the incentive payments will be compensated at the cost of the EU financial support. At the meeting of the Government of 26 April 2016, <mask> <mask> presented his concept of the reform of ministries. In the course of this reform, it is envisaged to select nine pilot ministries and the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that will serve as a model for the later reform of all other ministries. The reform of the ministries includes the stage of analyzing the functions of ministries that will be implemented by working groups with the participation of EU experts, the engagement of professionals (1000 new positions of reforms specialists have been announced) and the introduction of an electronic interaction system (EIS). On 26 April 2017, the Government approved the concept of ministries reform proposed by O<mask>. <mask> stayed on has minister until on 29 August 2019 the Honcharuk government was installed.2019 parliamentary election
<mask> took part in the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election with the party Ukrainian Strategy. But this party did not manage to win any parliamentary seats. Family
<mask> <mask> is married and has a daughter and two sons. Hobby
Sambo, Chess

References

External links
 Page on Facebook
 Public service - is the engine of the machine. Politician - the driver of this car (in Ukrainian)
 I hope I will work in a team Groisman, where and on what positions he may be  (in Ukrainian)
 For whom will be raising salaries, when roads will be repaired, and why not all reforms succeed, says Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian)
 Top 5 of the most inconspicuous members of the Cabinet of Ministers (in Ukrainian)
 Declaration for 2015
 Declaration for 2016

1984 births
Living people
Politicians from Kyiv
Cabinet Office ministers of Ukraine

masks:
Oleksandr Saienko
Oleksandr Sayenko
Oleksandr Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko
Saienko
Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko
. Saienko
Saienko
Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko


title: Charles Dvorak

texts:
<mask> (November 27, 1878 – December 18, 1969) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the pole vault. He attended the University of Michigan where he competed for the Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team from 1900 to 1904. He participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics where he was a favorite in the pole vault. However, he missed the competition after being told by officials that the finals would not be held on a Sunday. He won a special silver medal in a consolation competition. In 1903, he set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches. (This mark doesn't appear in the progression of World or American Records).<mask> returned to international competition and won the gold medal in the pole vault at the 1904 Summer Olympics. <mask> later served as a high school football, basketball and track coach in Seattle, Washington, where he died in 1969 at age 91. Early years
<mask> was born in Chicago in 1878. He was the son of Frank E. and Antoinette (Hrdlicka) <mask>. Dvorak attended the Lewis Institute in Chicago, considered the first junior college in the United States. The Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States credits <mask> as being one of the earliest Americans of Czech descent to achieve significant success in athletics. University of Michigan

In approximately 1898, <mask> transferred to the University of Michigan as a junior in the Department of Literature, Science and Arts.While attending Michigan over the following six years, <mask> was captain of the track team, vice-president of the Republican Club, athletic editor of the University of Michigan Daily, editor of the U. of M. Republican, and a member of the Comedy Club, the Board of Control, the Gymnasium Team, the Social Committee, the Fencing Club, and the Hawks. Before enrolling at Michigan, Dvorak had competed in the pole vault, achieving a height of 9 feet, 6 inches. At Michigan, Dvorak worked with track coach Keene Fitzpatrick, who has been credited with inventing modern pole-vaulting technique. Fitzpatrick taught Dvorak to grasp the pole with his hands close together, resulting in a significant increase in the heights Dvorak was able to clear. In 1901, <mask> won the first Western Conference pole vault championship with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches. After the 1901 season, <mask> received his bachelor's degree as a member of the University of Michigan's literary class of 1901. He returned in the fall as a student in Michigan's law department, earning his law degree in 1904.<mask> was a member of four consecutive Western Conference championship track teams from 1901 to 1904 and was the conference pole vault champion in both 1901 and 1903. He won the 1903 conference championship with a vault of 11 feet, 9 inches, breaking the intercollegiate record of 11 feet, 6-1/2 inches held by Chapman of Drake. In May 1903, <mask> set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches. He reportedly often cleared 12 feet in practice. 1900 Summer Olympics

In 1900, funds were solicited from faculty, students, alumni and Ann Arbor businessmen to send <mask>, three other Michigan track athletes, and Coach Fitzpatrick to the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. In Paris, <mask> missed the event finals following a controversy over the scheduling of certain event finals for a Sunday. Several American athletes agreed they would not violate Sabbath.The pole vault, in which <mask> was a favorite, was one of the events scheduled for Sunday. Two of the Americans (<mask> and Bascom Johnson) nevertheless went to the Racing Club grounds where the event was to be held. They were told not to worry, that the event had been rescheduled. The officials later changed their decision, and the event was held after <mask> and Johnson had left. Irving Baxter won the competition with a jump of 10 feet, 10 inches. Because of the confusion, a special, albeit unofficial, competition was arranged for the athletes who had not participated in the Sunday event. <mask> took the silver medal in the special competition with a jump of 11 feet, 1-3/4 inches.On his return from Paris, Fitzpatrick praised the American athletes and criticized Paris officials for holding key event finals on a Sunday: "The Americans showed themselves superior in every kind of track athletics. They won practically everything. We felt keenly the breach of faith in holding the Paris games on Sunday, but we could do nothing more than make a formal protest." An entirely different account of <mask>'s disqualification was published in October 1900 by The Michigan Alumnus. According to the latter account, <mask>'s "form in vaulting had been a revelation to the Frenchmen. Each day cries of 'Bravo! Bravo!'could be heard as Charlie swung over an eleven foot jump with the greatest ease." However, on the day of the finals, <mask> and the Princeton vaulters chose not to cross the patch where the 100 meters run was occurring and therefore did not arrive at the standards until the other contestants had made their first trial jump. According to this account, <mask> and the Princeton vaulters were not allowed to participate due to their late arrival. Use of bamboo pole
<mask> is also known as the first pole vaulter to use a bamboo pole in lieu of the traditional, heavier ash or hickory poles. He first used a bamboo pole at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The hickory pole he had brought with him from Ann Arbor broke on a practice vault. One observer recalled, "we heard a ripping, tearing noise, and looking around saw him lying on the ground beside his pole, which was broken and useless."In spite of the "severe jarring" received in the fall, <mask> borrowed a light bamboo pole from a Danish competitor and used it to complete his participation in the consolation event. <mask>'s coach, Keene Fitzpatrick, opined that <mask> would have been able to reach a height close to 12 feet if he had not been forced to jump with a new, unfamiliar pole. <mask> worked with a bamboo pole for approximately a year from 1902 to 1903, though he discarded the bamboo pole for his old pole when he broke the world's record in May 1903. In 1963, <mask>, at age 84, was interviewed by Life magazine about the controversy over the introduction that year of fiberglass poles. <mask> shared his recollection about murmurs that were exchanged when the bamboo pole was introduced. With respect to the use of fiberglass poles, he stated that he "doesn't know what all the hollering is about." 1904 Summer Olympics

<mask> returned to international competition as a member of the United States Olympic team at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis.While no other vaulter jumped higher than 11 feet, <mask> won the gold medal with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches on September 3, 1904—the final day of competition in the St. Louis games. The vault set a new Olympic record, and was described in a press account as follows:

There was an unusually fine field in the pole vault contest. Five men broke the Olympic record before the event narrowed down to the final jumps, with three men eligible. <mask><mask> of the C.A.A. then demonstrated his class, and from the 11-foot mark he competed alone, the other four men being tied at that mark. <mask>'s best was 11 feet 6 inches breaking the Olympic record of 10 feet 9-9/10 inches held by I. K. Baxter of the University of Pennsylvania, set at the Paris Olympiad. Coaching, farming and legal career
After retiring from athletic competition, <mask> worked over the next 35 years as a lawyer, apple farmer, civil servant, athletic coach and teacher.Armour Institute and Chicago law practice
In 1905, he was hired to coach the Armour Institute track team in Chicago. He also established a law office in Chicago at the Chamber of Commerce Building at 140 Washington Street. University of Idaho
In January 1908, <mask> was hired as the athletic director and track coach at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. At the time of his hiring, a wire service report noted, "<mask> probably is better fitted for the position than any other available man in the northwest. He is an all-round athlete, has been connected with track for many years, and is thoroughly in touch with the game." Legal and farming positions in Washington
Dvorak spent the months of August and September 1908 in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. He had previously announced plans to spend the summer prospecting with an old miner.In the fall of 1908, he moved to Spokane, Washington. In 1910, <mask> was employed in helping to organize the Union Title and Trust Company of Okanogan County, Washington. He was placed in charge of the company's legal and trust work. In 1912, <mask> moved from Molson, Washington, to Marcus, Washington. From at least 1913 to 1914, he was also the proprietor of Sunny Slope Farm, an apple raising business at Bossburg, Washington. From at least 1914 to 1917, he was the Chief Deputy Assessor of Stevens County, Washington, at Colville, in the northeastern part of the state. In February 1918, <mask> and his wife had a son, Robert Larry <mask> (1918–1986), who was born in Spirit Lake, Idaho.Franklin High School (Seattle)
In 1920, <mask> moved to Seattle, Washington, where he was hired as the coach of all athletic teams at Franklin High School. He was the football coach at Franklin in 1920 and 1921. At Franklin, Dvorak coached African-American athlete Brice Taylor, who went on to become an All-American football player at the University of Southern California. A report on Dvorak in December 1921 noted: "He is coaching the Franklin High School football team and is very much of a success at it. He is very much admired by pupils and associates." Roosevelt High School (Seattle)
By 1925, <mask> had moved from Franklin High School to Roosevelt High School in Seattle, where he served for many years as the football, basketball and track coach. The players coached by Dvorak at Roosevelt High include Washington State Cougars football great Harry Speidel.In 1927, Spalding's Official Pacific Coast Interscholastic Foot Ball Guide reported that "<mask>, the renowned player of former years on Yost's University of Michigan team," was coach at Roosevelt High School. Dvorak compiled an overall record of 42-27-18 in 15 years as a high school football coach. In 1934, <mask> retired from coaching football to devote his time to basketball and track. Later reports in 1937 and 1941 indicated that he was still a teacher and coach at Roosevelt High School. Death and posthumous honors
<mask> died in 1969 at age 91. His last place of residence was in Seattle. In 2008, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame.References

1878 births
1969 deaths
American male pole vaulters
American people of Czech descent
Track and field athletes from Chicago
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
The Michigan Daily alumni

masks:
Charles Edward Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
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Dvorak
Dvorak
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Charles E
. Dvorak
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Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Charles Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak


title: Roberto Marrero

texts:
<mask> is a Venezuelan attorney, politician, and chief of staff to Juan Guaidó; he was arrested by SEBIN during a raid on his home in the early morning hours of 21 March 2019,  and detained in El Helicoide, a prison run by SEBIN and "considered the country's largest torture center" according to Clarín. <mask> is also an attorney for Leopoldo López; López is Guaidó's mentor and a political prisoner. Néstor Reverol, Interior Minister, said Marrero was part of a "terrorist cell" that was planning to attack government officials. On 28 March, a judge ruled that Marrero would remain in prison while evidence is gathered; the prosecutor has 45 days to present evidence. He was charged with "conspiracy, money laundering, association to commit a crime and concealment of weapons and explosives". During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the US had repeatedly warned Nicolás Maduro not to go after Guaidó; Haaretz reported that the arrest of Guaidó's number-two person was a test of the US. Personal life
<mask> founded the Human Rights Chair at Santa Maria University.He was a councilor for the Baruta Municipality. As of March 2019, he is 49 years old. Political career
When Carlos Vecchio was prohibited from running in the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections, the Democratic Unity Roundtable (, MUD) solicited the National Electoral Council to accept Marrero as the candidate for Monagas state. Representing the Popular Will () political party, Marrero served as secretary in 2016 for the Venezuelan National Assembly. According to El Tiempo, Marrero has been working for "years behind the big names of the Venezuelan party Popular Will (VP), outlawed and fiercely persecuted by the regime of Nicolás Maduro." A personal friend of the founder of the Popular Will party, political prisoner Leopoldo López, Marrero was a member of the party's leadership. El Tiempo says he "is considered, by his party colleagues, as one of its main political operators, one of the channels of information closest to Lopez and appointed by him to be a right-hand man, caretaker and advisor to ... Juan Guaidó".Arrest and detention

In the early morning of 21 March 2019, SEBIN officials first broke into the home of <mask>'s neighbor, National Assembly deputy Sergio Vergara. Vergara tweeted that there were at least 40 SEBIN officials with long arms in 12 vehicles; The Wall Street Journal reports 15 SEBIN officials. They had Vergara on the floor, asking him where Marrero lived, a question he says he did not answer. Vergara reported that the agent's faces were covered; they held him for several hours although he informed them that he had parliamentary immunity. Vergara said he heard the officials breaking into Marrero's apartment next door. After about three hours between both apartments, the officials took Marrero and Vergara's driver, Luis Alberto Páez Salazar. Vergara says that as he was being taken away, Marrero shouted to him that the officials had planted a grenade and two rifles.Marrero was able to send an audio message before he was taken away, saying: Guaidó said on 21 March that Marrero's whereabouts were not known. The Guardian says Marrero was taken to El Helicoide; Joel Garcia, Marrero's attorney, said that although he had not been able to see Marrero, he was certain that Marrero was at El Helicoide. El Tiempo said that, because of his closeness to both Guaidó and López, there was concern for Marrero's life; opposition politician Fernando Albán Salazar died after being detained by SEBIN in what his party says was a result of torture, while officials labeled it a suicide. Opposition lawmakers were concerned he would be given psychotropic substances to induce false testimony. By noon on 22 March, there had been no contact with Marrero, and lawmakers who went to El Helicoide were denied access. In the evening of 22 March, attorneys were able to see Marrero and Paez when they were taken to court for a hearing; they both appeared well "psychically and physically". Charges
Jorge Rodríguez, Maduro's Communications Minister, alleged on state television that "Marrero was the ringleader of a plot to bring hitmen from Central America to Venezuela to carry out assassinations".Rodríguez alleged that Leopoldo López was the head of the "terrorist organization" that included <mask>, Vergara and Freddy Guevara, Carlos Vecchio, Freddy Superlano and two other unnamed persons. As evidence, he offered screen shots from Marrero's cell phone, which Rodríguez claims show that Marrero was arranging payment for these hitmen. Maduro alleged that phone conversations about attempts to assassinate him had been recorded; the opposition denies these allegations. Several days later, attorney Juan Planchart Márquez, Guaidó's cousin, was arrested and was being held at SEBIN headquarters; Rodríguez claimed Planchart was the "financial operator" of the network that allegedly plotted to assassinate Maduro. On 28 March, a judge ruled that Marrero would remain in prison while evidence is gathered; the prosecutor has 45 days to present evidence. He was charged with "conspiracy, money laundering, association to commit a crime and concealment of weapons and explosives". <mask>'s brother said Marrero would be held at El Helicoide.Páez was released on the condition that he is prohibited from leaving the country and must present regularly before the court. Planchart was also to remain in prison. Reactions

Guaidó called it a "vile and vulgar kidnapping", adding "Either Nicolas Maduro doesn't dare to arrest me, or he's not the one giving orders." According to The Wall Street Journal, Guaidó said he had received calls from security force officials disclaiming any involvement in the arrest; he replied that they need say no more, per the 2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law; he said the "incident was indicative of divides within the Maduro regime". Hugo Carvajal, the head of Venezuela's military intelligence for ten years during Hugo Chávez's presidency and "one of the government's most prominent figures", said that Maduro had two objectives with the "political kidnapping":  1) to "test the international threats against the dictatorship", and 2) to create a distraction to cover the recent revelations from Ronald Dugarte. Dugarte was formerly with Venezuela's military counterintelligence, and told the Organization of American States (OAS) that political prisoners – both civilians and members of the armed forces – are tortured, and that intelligence work is directed by Cubans in Venezuela. US special envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams said there will be consequences for the five individuals involved in <mask>'s arrest.US Secretary of State Pompeo tweeted that the US "will hold accountable those involved". US Senator Marco Rubio said that Maduro's forces were testing the international response, "to calculate how & when to arrest Guaido". US national security advisor John Bolton stated that "Maduro has made another big mistake" that "will not go unanswered". The United States Department of State issued a statement in April 2019 highlighting <mask>'s case as an example of the Maduro administration human rights abuses, alleging that "SEBIN has a record of using cruel and inhumane treatment to coerce confessions". After the arrest of several people around Guaidó, OAS Secretary-General Luis Almagro described it as a "totalitarian attack"  and called for "more forceful actions" from other countries. The Lima Group – including Argentina, Brazil and Canada – condemned the arrest. Paraguay's Chancellery tweeted that it condemned the illegal detention and demanded an end to human rights violations in Venezuela.Juan Carlos Varela, President of Panama, said the country would take concrete measures against Maduro's regime if Marrero is not released. Iván Duque Márquez, Colombia's President, called the incident a "vile aggression" and said the international community should "condemn the criminal persecution of the dictatorship". Costa Rica and Peru also condemned the act. Canada's Chrystia Freeland said Marrero had been "illegally detained by the Maduro regime. Intimidation and fear will not stop the return of democracy to #Venezuela. Those responsible must be held accountable." Michelle Bachelet, chief of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), called on Maduro to reveal Marrero's location.Venezuela's bishops condemned the arresst. The European Union called for the immediate and unconditional release of Marrero. France insisted that the repression against opposition members has to stop. Germany expressed repudiation for the arbitrary detention, saying it only intensified the conflict, and asked for guarantees of Marrero's safety. Reuters described the arrest and detention as part of "an escalating crackdown by President Nicolas Maduro against his opponents". USA Today described it as a kidnapping. The New York Times said the arrest resulted in a "significant escalation of the country’s political crisis".Bloomberg said Maduro was pressuring Guaidó, and "testing the commitment of foreign governments to protecting him". Luis Salamanca, a Central University of Venezuela political scientist told The New York Times that Maduro was "raising the government's bargaining power in any future negotiations over the transfer of power ... but at the same time they are preparing escape routes if their ability to govern deteriorates further.”  A risk consultant for London's IHS Markit, Diego Moya-Ocampos, said to Bloomberg that "the regime is testing the international community and its repeated warnings against laying a hand on Maduro's rival [Guaidó] ... if they can’t touch him, they'll go after those close to him." Nicholas Watson of Teneo Intelligence told The Wall Street Journal that "Marrero's arrest looks like a desperate attempt to break Guaidó's momentum .. The weakness in the regime's position is visible in the fact that arresting Guaidó himself would be seen as a step too far." Phil Gunson, analyst at the think tank International Crisis Group, said: “Maduro is essentially calling Trump’s bluff ... [he has] concluded that the military option is a very remote possibility. If he doesn’t see a meaningful response, he would be tempted to take the next step and jail Mr. Guaidó himself.”

An April survey of 1,000 voters by Hercon Consultores found that 71% of Venezuelans surveyed disagreed with <mask>'s detention. Banking sanctions
Just hours after <mask>'s detention, the United States Department of the Treasury responded on 22 March 2019 by placing sanctions on BANDES, the Venezuelan Economic and Social Development Bank () and four of its subsidiaries, that are based in Venezuela, Uruguay and Bolivia.The sanctioned subsidiaries are Banco Bandes Uruguay, Banco Bicentenario del Pueblos, Banco Universal SA Banco de Venezuela, and Banco Prodem SA, of Bolivia. The sanctions mean that "all property and interests in property of these entities, and of any entities that are owned, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by this entity, that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked" and they "prohibit all dealings by U.S. persons or within (or transiting) the United States that involve any property or interests in property of blocked or designated persons." US National Security Advisor John Bolton tweeted, "BANDES bank is to Venezuela's financial sector what PDVSA is to its oil sector. This action will severely affect any attempted currency movements by Maduro and his cronies moving forward." Bolton told Univision the sanctions were a direct response to Marrero's arrest, and that "Our aim is to bring this crisis to a conclusion quickly for the benefit of the Venezuelan people to get the Maduro regime to peacefully transiton to the Guaido regime so that we can have free and fair elections." Univision said this action "put 'the entire banking sector' on notice" that "persons operating in Venezuela's financial sector may be subject to sanctions." Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said, "The willingness of Maduro's inner-circle to exploit Venezuela’s institutions knows no bounds.Regime insiders have transformed BANDES and its subsidiaries into vehicles to move funds abroad in an attempt to prop up Maduro. Maduro and his enablers have distorted the original purpose of the bank, which was founded to help the economic and social well-being of the Venezuelan people, as part of a desperate attempt to hold onto power." Mnuchin warned, "The regime's continued use of kidnapping, torture, and murder of Venezuelan citizens will not be tolerated by the U.S. or the international coalition that is united behind President Guaido. <mask> and other political prisoners must be released immediately." See also
 Detention of Juan Requesens
 Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni

Notes

References

External links

 <mask>o archive at La Patilla
 Tal Cual Digital Judges

Living people
Popular Will politicians
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
2019 in politics
March 2019 events in Venezuela
Venezuelan prisoners and detainees
Year of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
Venezuelan lawyers
Venezuelan presidential crisis

masks:
Roberto Eugenio Marrero Borjas
Marrero
Roberto Eugenio Marrero Borjas
Marrero
Marrero
Marrero
Marrero
Marrero
Marrero
Marrero
Roberto Marrero
Roberto Marrer