title: Maître de Chaource

texts:
The <mask>urce was an unidentified sculptor who worked in the late 15th and early 16th century, in the French town of Chaource. While many works are attributed anonymously to him or his atelier, some scholars have identified Jacques Bachot as the artist. There is certainly circumstantial evidence which points to Bachot; he was a contemporary of the <mask>ce and often worked in the same locations and works by Bachot such as that in the church of Saint-Laurent in Joinville, of which fragments are held in the Joinville Town Hall, show great similarities to the work of the Maître de Chaource. In 1992, Heinz-Herman Arnhold wrote that the works of the Maître de Chaource's atelier can be seen from Reims in the north to Ravières in the south and from Langres in the east to Villeneuve-l'Archevêque in the west. Context and career
Arnhold's thesis covers that sculpture of Troyes and southern Champagne created between 1480 and 1540 by regional masters, and he states that no other region in France in the time from the late 15th century to the middle of the 16th century has had a richer production of sculptures. Sculpture in southern Champagne flourished at a time when the arts in the neighbouring regions of Lorraine, Burgundy and the Île-de-France had already passed their peak and Arnhold concludes that the reasons for this can be found in the economic prosperity of Troyes, the old capital city of the counts of Champagne. This prosperity was based partly on Troyes' geographic position, being a transit point both of the trade routes between Northern France and the Netherlands and Southern France and Italy and also on the making and selling of fine cloth throughout Europe.It was the church and the monasteries, the nobility, corporations and rich merchant families who undertook most of the commissions, competing by their orders for the religious and artistic improvement of the churches and noble town-palaces, mostly situated in and near Troyes. Arnhold writes that the region's sculptors and their workshops, as was the case with painters, created, developed and maintained a regional and iconographical style which persisted until around 1540 and concentrated very much on themes linked to the Passion of Christ such as the "Pietà" or "Vierge de pitié" and "Christ de Pitié". The sculptures of 'Ecce Homo', the Entombment of Christ, the Descent from the Cross, but also the Virgin and Child, the Education of Mary as well as different Saints which were venerated in Champagne, are the most important and numerously represented subjects. The mood of the Passion is expressed in studies of suffering and sorrow all portrayed with an inordinate feeling of resignation. The Master of Chaource, so named because of his magisterial "Entombment" in Chaource of 1515, is the region's most important sculptor with a characteristic style which Arnhold explores in the first part of this work. He also catalogues 329 works with nearly 400 illustrations thus providing an invaluable resource for those studying the region's 16th century sculpture and he not only makes attributions where possible to the Maître de Chaource but also explores the extent to which the Maître's style influenced other workshops in the region, such the workshop of Saint-Léger, that of the Master of Rigny-le-Ferron and the workshop of Vendeuvre-sur-Barse. Arnhold discusses the work of Nicolas Halins for the western facade of Troyes cathedral, and hypothesizes about whether Halins could have been the Maître de Chaource.Arnhold also links the two statues of Saint John in the "Chapelle des Annonciades" in Langres with the Maître de Chaource. The Chaource mise au tombeau or entombment

This sculpture in the parish church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Chaource in the Aube is the work of the sculptor who became known as the "Maître <mask>urce". The composition shows Jesus being laid into His tomb. The group includes Joseph of Arimathea and <mask> holding Jesus' body before it is placed in the tomb. Also featured are Mary of Clopas, the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene, St John, Mary Salome and some soldiers/guards. The work is thought to have been completed in 1515. In the brochure "Chaource l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste et son patrimoine", available in the church, with contributions from Roger Barat, Véronique Boucherat, Laurence Hamonière and Jean-Marie-Meignien, and photographs by Dominique Roy.reference is made to Jacques Badouin's belief that he recognizes the hand of Jacques Bachot in the work and to perhaps further muddy the waters we are reminded that one of the guards carries an inscription reading "Mathieu de Tronchoy". The brochure attributes the work to the Maître de Chaource's atelier believing that the various carvings which make up the group showed the involvement of different carvers. The church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste contains many treasures apart from the mise au tombeau and many are works from the 16th century. These include statues depicting Saint Barbara, Saint Marguerite, Saint Jerome and a detailed altarpiece depicting the "Passion" in the "Chapelle du Paradis". There is also a depiction of Christ carrying the Cross in the "Chapelle du Porte-Croix". As the church's brochure says: "Il faut voir ce sépulcre sous diffèrents angles at à toutes les heures du jour pour en apprécier plus complétement les diverses beautés"

Other works by the Maître de Chaource

The "Lamentation" or "Déploration" in Villeneuve-l'Archevêque

The "Déploration de Saint-Jean" in the church of Notre-Dame in Villeneuve-l'Archevêque in Yonne in Burgundy, is a work which has been attributed to the Maître de Chaource. The church dates back to the 13th century with changes made in the 15th century.This work has been compared to the " Déplorations" of the great masters; that by Giotto in Padua, by Fra Angelico at Saint Mark's in Florence, by Botticelli in Florence and in Munich, by Andréa <mask> in Florence, by Véronèse in Leningrad by Poussin in Munich and in Dublin and by Delacroix

Below is one of the most famous works depicting the "Lamentation", that in Église Sainte-Croix in Kaysersberg, Alsace. Arnhold dates the Villeneuve-l'Archevêque work 13 years after the mise au tombeau at Chaource. In their study of Troyes sculpture entitled "La sculpture à Troyes et dans la Champagne méridionale au seizième siècle"  Raymond Koechlin and Jean-J. Marquet <mask>t state that this work stood for many years in the abbey church of Vauluisant and was a gift to the church by the parents of the Abbé Antoine Pierre, the church's abbé from 1502 to 1528. They make the attribution to the "Atelier de la Saint Martha" which is another name given to the Maître de Chaource's atelier. They date the work to 1528. The Lamentation or "Déploration" in Église Saint-Jean au Marché in Troyes

This work, showing the Virgin Mary, Saint John and Mary Magdalene grieving over Jesus' body which had just been taken down from the Cross, is located in the Église Saint-Jean au Marché in Troyes.Artists of the time wanted to capture the essential tragedy of that moment when those who had been so close to Jesus had to come to terms with his death. The "Lamentation", attributed by most scholars to the Maître de Chaource, is shown in the gallery at the end of the article. The work is in limestone with traces left of polychrome and is thought to date to 1525. This dimensions of the work are 0.73 x 1.42 x 0.50 metres. Saint John and the Vièrge de Calvaire (The Virgin of the Calvary)
The statues of Saint John and the Vièrge de Calvaire in the Saint André church at Saint-André-les-Vergers were carved from wood and then polychromed. Some researchers believe the study of Saint John is by the Chaource "atelier" rather than by the Maître himself and Jacques Baudoin in his work "La sculpture flamboyante, Champagne Lorraine"-see page 137, dates the work as being from 1505 and puts forward the view that the two statues came from the Abbey at Montier-la-Celle where they had been part of a crucifixion group. In Saint André's the two figures are placed on either side of a depiction of Christ on the Cross.The church is rich in 16th century sculpture and furnishings. Outside the church are sculptures of Saint Frobert and Saint André and in the interior, sculptures include a mise au tombeau in bas-relief, a depiction of Nicodemus, another of John the Baptist as well as a "Christ aux liens et socle" and a "Vierge de Pitié". There is also a triptych depicting the crucifixion and the resurrection. The "Vierge de pitié" in Bayel

This polychromed statue, as shown above, is located in Saint-Martin's church in Bayel in the Aube and is thought to have been carved in the same era as the Chaource "mise au tombeau". The work is 0.95 metres high and 1.27 metres long and is carved from limestone then polychromed. Originally it was located in the Benedictine priory of Belroy. Altarpiece in Marigny-le-Chatel

The altarpiece in the church of Saint Maurice in Marigny-le-Châtel depicts the six apostles and is attributed to the Maître <mask>urce by most scholars.The church dates back to the 12th century and was originally called St-Pierre-ès-Liens. Statue of Saint Martha in the church of Saint <mask>laine in Troyes
Some art historians have claimed that this statue is a depiction of Mary Magdalene rather than of Saint Martha but a study of what the woman holds in her hands does seem to favour it being of Martha. Legend was that after Christ's death, Martha carried out missionary work in the Rhône Valley area and would go about her work carrying amongst other things a pot holding holy water, an aspergillum and a cross. In the same church there is a statue of Saint Sébastien which has been attributed by some to the Maître Chaource's atelier. In this depiction he wears the collar of the "Order of Saint Michel" founded in 1469 by Louis XI. In his thesis, Arnhold dates the work as having been executed between 1515 and 1520. A photograph of the statue is shown above courtesy Yvette Gauthier.Other works possibly by the <mask> <mask>urce, his atelier or the École de Troyes

Whilst most scholars attribute the above six works to the Maître de Chaource, there are other works of the 16th century and in the Troyes region that some attribute to the Maître de Chaource and others do not. Of course the anonymity of the title "Maître de Chaource" does not help so it may be better to put these under the name "The École de Troyes" or the "École du Maître de Chaource"

The work "Ecce Homo" in Troyes Cathedral
Depictions of Christ at the time of the crucifixion were much favoured by the sculptors or imagiers of the 16th century and particularly in the Champagne-Ardennes region. Some were entitled "Christ aux liens", others " Christ de pitié". These depict Christ sitting on a rock, this rock often covered by his discarded robe. Often, and to underline the association with the sequence of the "Passion", a skull is put at Christ's feet, reminding us of Golgotha. In these studies Christ is in all probability sitting at Golgotha awaiting his crucifixion and watching the executioners prepare the cross. All these works exude pathos and an overwhelming feeling of despair and hopelessness.The flagellation and the effort of carrying the Cross to Golgatha is over and the agony of the crucifixion itself is to come. The works entitled "Ecce homo" or "Christ au roseau" refer to one specific episode and that is the episode described in John 19-1 to 19.5. Jesus holds a Roseau, a palm or wears the crown of thorns and a robe. The work " Ecce Homo" in Troyes Cathedral came originally from an altarpiece in the chapel of the  "Cordeliers" in Troyes. It comprises a life-size depiction of Christ. Arnhold attributes the work to the Maître <mask>urce and dates it to 1518 to 1520 and compares the style of the work to the depiction of the apostles in Saint Pouange. The work "Christ de Pitié" in the église Saint-Julien-de-Brioude in Saint-Julien-les-Villas
Both Arnhold and Baudoin believe that the figure of Christ ("Christ de Pitié") in the church of  can be attributed to the Maître <mask>urce and was one of a series of such depictions of Christ which began with his "Ecce Homo" in Troyes Cathedral, undertaken around 1520.In the Saint-Julien-les-Villas work the Maître <mask>urce adds a skull at Christ's feet reminding us of Golgotha. The figure of Christ is carved from limestone and then polychromed. It is 1.37 metres high by 0.61 metres in width. Baudoin disagrees with Arnhold and dates the work to 1510. The church itself dates back to the second half of the 12th century and was rebuilt in the 16th century in the shape of a Latin cross. It is the oldest building in Saint-Julien-les-Villas. The church also has 16th century depictions of Saint Julian, Saint Syre (fr) and Saint Louis as well as a "Vierge de Pitié" attributed to Gentil.Gentil executed a "Christ de Pitié" for the parish church of Sainte-Savine. See Ch Fichot "Statistique monumentale du département de l'Aube, arrondissement de Troyes" published in 1884. "Christ de Pitié" in the Église de la Nativité-de-la-Vierge in Villy-le-Maréchal

"Christ de Pitié" in the parish church of Saint-Laurent in Bouilly

"Christ de Pitié" in the church of Saint Nizier in Troyes

Statues of Peter and Paul in Saint Pouange

In his thesis Arnhold addresses the possibility of these two life-size statues being by the Maître de Chaource, dates them between 1518 and 1520 and states that there is archival evidence that they were brought to Saint Pouange in 1861, and had previously stood on the west facade of Troyes Cathedral. The records of Troyes Cathedral show that in 1517/1518 a sculptor called Jehan Briaix prepared some drawings for sculptures of Christ and Peter and Paul, but there is no record as to who subsequently carried out the carving, although it could have been Nicolas Halins, the Flemish sculptor. Arnhold concludes that for stylistic reasons the work could have been by the Maître de Chaource but is a little more tentative than with other attributions. Another scholar C.Fichot, already mentioned above, in his 1884 work  " Statistique monumentale de l'Aube" states that these two statues could have come from the Troyes church Saint-Jacques-aux-Nonnains or the Cathedral of Troyes. The depictions of Saint John in the "Chapelle des Annonciades" in Langres

"La belle Croix" in the church of Saint-Symphorien in Neuvy-Sautour

The Pietà in Mailly-le-Camp

Depiction of "Christ falling under the weight of the Cross" in the St Nicolas church in Troyes

Christ on the Cross at Fueges

Arnhold attributes this work to the Maître de Chaource for stylistic reasons and sees similarities with the work in Mailly-le-Camp.He dates the work to 1520. He also writes that carvings of Christ on the Cross in the Musée des Beaux Arts
in Troyes could be by the Maître <mask>urce as well as works in churches in Avant-lès-Ramerupt and in Mussy-sur-Seine. The Annunciation

Gallery of images

Other reading

 R.Koechlin & M de Vasselot, "La Sculpture à Troyes et dans la Champagne méridionale au 16me siècle". Paris, 1900. Dom Éloi Devaux, "Le Maître de Chaource". Paris, Zodiaque, 1956 and Suite à Chaource – Cahiers de l'Atelier du Coeur-Meurtry – N° 40. Pierre Quarré, "Le Christ de Pitié en Brabant-Bourgogne autour de 1500"  (exhibition catalogue, Dijon, 1971)
 Jacques Baudoin, "La sculpture flamboyante en Champagne".Lorraine, Creer, 1990

References

External links
Die Skulpturen in Troyes und in der südlichen Champagne zwischen 1480 und 1540: stilkritische Beobachtungen zum Meister von Chaource und seinem Umkreis", Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Fribourg-en-Brigsau, septembre 1992
 Le beau XVIe. Chefs d'œuvre de la sculpture en Champagne

15th-century French sculptors
16th-century French sculptors

masks:
Matre de Chao
Matre de Chaour
de Chao
Nicodemus
del Sarto
de Vasselo
de Chao
Made
Maître
de Chao
de Chao
de Chao
de Chao
de Chao


title: John Gerard (Jesuit)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (4 October 1564 – 27 July 1637) was an English Jesuit priest who operated covertly in England during the Elizabethan era, during which the Catholic Church was subject to persecution. He was the second son of Sir <mask> of Bryn, in Ashton-in-Makerfield, Lancashire. <mask> notably not only successfully hid from the English authorities for eight years before his capture but also endured extensive torture, escaped from the Tower of London, recovered and continued with his covert mission. After his escape to the Continent, he was instructed by his Jesuit superiors to write a book about his life in Latin. An English translation, published in 1951 as The Autobiography of a Hunted Priest, is a rare first-hand account of the dangerous cloak-and-dagger world of a Catholic priest in Elizabethan England. Early life
<mask> was born 4 October 1564, the second son of Sir <mask> of Bryn Hall, and Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir <mask> of Derbyshire. In 1569, when <mask> was five years old, his father was imprisoned for plotting the rescue of Mary, Queen of Scots, from Tutbury Castle.His release in 1571 may have been influenced by his cousin Sir <mask> who was Attorney General at that time. During that time <mask> and his brother were placed with Protestant relatives, but his father obtained for them a Catholic tutor. In August 1577, at age 12, he was sent to the English College at Douai, which relocated the following March to Rheims. At the age of 15 he spent a year at Exeter College, Oxford. This was followed by about a year of home-study of Greek and Latin under a tutor, a Mr Leutner (Edmund Lewkenor, brother of Sir Lewes Lewknor Master of the Ceremonies to James I). He then went to the Jesuit Clermont College in Paris. After some months there, followed by an illness and convalescence, in the latter part of 1581 he went to Rouen to see Jesuit priest Robert Persons.First mission

As <mask> had left for Clermont without the requisite travel permit, upon his return to England, he was arrested by customs officials upon landing at Dover. While his companions were sent to London, he was released in the custody of a Protestant in-law. But after three months, having still not attended Anglican services, he was remanded to the Marshalsea prison. He spent a little over a year there in company with William Hartley, Stephen Rowsham, <mask>, and William Bishop. In the spring of 1585, Anthony Babington, who was later executed for treason for his involvement in a plot to free the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, posted bond to secure <mask>'s release. Second mission
<mask> then went to Rome and was given another mission on behalf of the Jesuits to England. In November 1588, three months after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, <mask> and Edward Oldcorne landed in Norfolk to begin their task of sustaining Catholics among the English people.Having made his way to Norwich he met there the Lord of the Manor of Grimston, a Recusant called Edward Yelverton. After a two days’ journey on horseback, <mask>—now Mr. Thompson—settled down quietly in the Manor House at Grimston, 8 miles East of King's Lynn, as an honoured guest. He was in great danger, but his retreat was believed as safe as any south of the Humber. <mask> was no ordinary man. He had indeed strange powers of attraction and fascination. He was introduced to the chief families of the neighbourhood, Walpoles and Woodhouses among others, and though only twenty-four he had extraordinary influence among them. His stay in Grimston lasted seven or eight months.After that he lived for some time at Lawshall, near Bury St. Edmunds. Eventually, <mask> was taken to the leader of the English Jesuits, Father Henry Garnet. <mask> soon became a very popular figure in the Catholic underground. To stay above suspicion, <mask> cultivated a respectable public image. By way of disguises, he appeared very secular, being versed in gambling and wearing fashionable clothes. <mask> wrote of many escapes from the law and of occasions when he hid in priest holes, which could often be as small as 1 meter tall and half a meter wide. In 1591 <mask> became the chaplain to the Wiseman household, Braddocks, led by William and Jane Wiseman.The household included Jane Wiseman who was William's widowed mother. <mask> persuaded her to create a new home for herself and a chaplain name Bullocks which would become as additional centre for Catholicism and priest harbouring. Capture and torture
<mask> was finally captured in London on 23 April 1594, together with Nicholas Owen. He was tried, found guilty and sent to the Compter in the Poultry. Later he was moved to the Clink prison where he was able to meet regularly with other imprisoned English Catholics. Due to his continuation of this work, he was sent to the Salt Tower in the Tower of London, where he was further questioned and tortured by being repeatedly suspended from chains on the dungeon wall. The main aim of <mask>'s torturers was to identify the London lodgings of Fr.Henry Garnet that they might arrest him. He would not answer any questions that involved others, or name them. He insisted that he never broke, a fact borne out by the files of the Tower. Henry Garnet wrote about <mask>:
Twice he has been hung up by the hands with great cruelty on the part of others and no less patience on his own. The examiners say he is exceedingly obstinate and a great friend either of God or of the devil, for they say they cannot extract a word from his lips, save that, amidst his torments, he speaks the word, "Jesus". Recently they took him to the rack, where the torturers and examiners stood ready for work. But when he entered the place, he at once threw himself on his knees and with a loud voice prayed to God that ... he would give him strength and courage to be rent to pieces before he might speak a word that would be injurious to any person or to the divine glory.And seeing him so resolved, they did not torture him. Escape from the Tower
<mask>'s most famous exploit is believed to have been masterminded by Nicholas Owen. With help from other members of the Catholic underground, <mask>, along with <mask>, escaped on a rope strung across the Tower moat during the night of 4 October 1597. Despite the fact that his hands were still mangled from the tortures he had undergone, he succeeded in climbing down. He even arranged for the escape of his gaoler (jailer), with whom he had become friendly, and who he knew would be held responsible for the jailbreak. It is speculated that he befriended the jailer so that if circumstance favored an escape, it could be turned to his advantage. Immediately following his escape, he joined Henry Garnet and Robert Catesby in Uxbridge.Later, <mask> moved to the house of Dowager Elizabeth Vaux at Harrowden, near Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. From this base of operations, he continued his priestly ministry, and reconciled many to the Catholic Church, including Sir Everard Digby (one of the future conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot). Later life
For the next eight years he continued his ministry among the English people before he was recalled to the continent to train Jesuits for the English Mission. He was implicated by Robert Catesby's servant Thomas Bates in the Gunpowder Plot although he denied any involvement. He stayed at Harrowden again, hiding in a priest hole. During a nine-day search of the house he wrote an open letter protesting his innocence, and contrived to have copies scattered about the streets of London, denying the charges allegedly made by Bates. He eventually escaped from there to London.He left the country with financial aid from Elizabeth Vaux, slipping away disguised as a footman in the retinue of the Spanish Ambassador, on the very day of Henry Garnet's execution. <mask> went on to continue the work of the Jesuits in Europe, where he wrote his autobiography on the orders of his superiors. He died in 1637, aged 73, at the English College seminary, Rome. Writings
 The Autobiography of a hunted priest (trans. from Latin to English by Philip Caraman), San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 2012,

Bibliography
Bernard Basset: The English Jesuits, London, 1967. Philip Caraman: <mask>; the autobiography of an Elizabethan, London, 1951. Francis Edwards (ed.): The Elizabethan Jesuits, London, 1981. References

External links
Sketches of Chivalry From the Early Society

1564 births
1637 deaths
People associated with the Gunpowder Plot
English torture victims
16th-century English Jesuits
17th-century English Jesuits
Inmates of the Marshalsea
English autobiographers
English expatriates in Italy

masks:
John Gerard
Thomas Gerard
Gerard
John Gerard
Thomas Gerard
John Port
John Gerard
Gilbert Gerard
John
Gerard
John Adams
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
John Arden
Gerard
Gerard
John Gerard


title: George Freeman Bragg

texts:
<mask> (January 25, 1863 – March 12, 1940) was an African-American priest, journalist, social activist and historian. The twelfth African American ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church of the United States, he worked against racial discrimination and for interracial harmony, both within and outside of his church. Early and family life
<mask> was born into slavery in Warrenton, North Carolina, in 1863, during the American Civil War, and baptised at Emmanuel Episcopal Church. As the war ended, his carpenter father (also <mask>) and seamstress mother (Mary) moved their family to Petersburg, Virginia to live with his grandmother <mask>, a devout Episcopalian and former slave of an Episcopal priest. Even before the war, Petersburg had been known for its prosperous free black community, and the city's Episcopal churches soon established Sunday schools for black children, to prepare them for the responsibilities of citizenship. In 1867, Major Giles Buckner Cooke (a Virginia Military Institute graduate and former Confederate army officer on the staff of General Robert E. Lee who after the war began studying to become an Episcopal priest) had started a Sunday school for freed slaves at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Petersburg. Two other Confederate veterans, Alexander W. Weddell and future bishop Robert Atkinson Gibson had done likewise at Grace Episcopal Church the previous year.The following year <mask> was among the founding members of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, Petersburg's first black Episcopalian church, and her extended family formed much of the congregation. In 1869, with financial support of the Freedmen's Bureau and the Peabody fund, Petersburg became the first city in Virginia to begin establishing public schools for black children, and Cooke became principal of the new Elementary School Number 1 (which later became Peabody High School). He later formed Big Oak Private School for the same purpose. In 1872, when the first priest associated with St. Stephens, the Rev. J.S. Atwell, an African-American missionary from Kentucky who had also been trying to revive St. Philip's African-American congregation in Richmond, resigned and moved to Georgia, Cooke (who had been ordained deacon the previous year) became St. Stephens' second rector. He soon merged his Big Oak school with the others to form a normal school, then added a divinity school to train African American clergy.<mask> became one of the first students at Saint Stephen's Normal and Industrial School, which in November 1884 Virginia chartered as the Bishop Payne Divinity and Industrial School (ultimately merged into the Virginia Theological Seminary). Another early student and success story was James Solomon Russell, who founded Saint Paul's Normal and Industrial School, in Lawrenceville, Virginia after in 1869 founding the Methodist-leaning Zion Union Apostolic Church for African Americans with the support of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society. On September 20, 1887, <mask> married the daughter of another prominent Petersburg black family, Nellie Hill. The couple ultimately had two sons and two daughters. Journalism and politics
As a child young <mask> delivered newspapers and established relationships with the city's white leaders, including John Hampden Chamberlayne, editor of the Petersburg Index, and political ally of William Mahone, who had founded the Readjuster Party and appealed for the support of black voters. Six months after <mask> began his theological studies, Cooke expelled him for "insufficient humility". <mask> then turned his attention to politics, working at Mahone's headquarters.For his efforts, he was appointed a page in the House of Delegates in Richmond in 1881–82. On July 1, 1882, <mask> founded the weekly Petersburg Lancet, dedicated to civil rights issues. However, after the Readjuster Party losses in the 1883 elections, <mask> supported a black candidate for U.S. Congress, who lost to Mahone's white candidate, James Dennis Brady. The campaign disillusioned <mask>, who decided Mahone did not care about the civil rights of black voters, only their votes. Thus on September 12, 1885, he announced that the Lancet would eschew politics, but concentrate on moral, educational and commercial matters. The following February, he changed the paper's name to the Afro-American Churchman and later it became The Church Advocate. A change in the rector at St. Stephens also allowed <mask> to resume his theological studies at the Bishop Payne Divinity School, from which he graduated in 1886.Ministry
<mask> was ordained a deacon on January 12, 1887, and assigned as vicar to Holy Innocents Episcopal Church, a mission in Norfolk. He successfully challenged a rule that black deacons wait at least five years before ordination as priests. Thus, on December 19, 1888, Bishop Francis McNeece Whittle ordained <mask> as a priest at Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Norfolk; thus <mask> became the twelfth black Episcopal priest. During next five years, <mask> expanded his congregation into the fully self-supporting Grace Episcopal Church. He also established the Industrial School for Colored Girls, and served from 1887 through 1890 on the board of Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. However, Virginia increased its discrimination against black clergy in 1899, restricting their votes in the diocesan council to the Convocation of the Missionary Jurisdiction, over the objections of <mask> and others. In 1891, <mask> accepted a call and became rector of the oldest black Episcopal congregation in the South, Baltimore's St. James Episcopal Church (founded 1824), where he served for 49 years, until his death.Under <mask>'s leadership, the struggling congregation of 63 again became self-supporting, tripling in size and building a new structure on Park Avenue and Preston Streets by 1901. By 1924, it was among the largest black Episcopal parishes in the country, with over 500 parishioners. During the Great Depression, it sold that building, which had become cramped, and bought a larger church on Lafayette Square from a white congregation (Church of the Ascension) which moved out of the city to rapidly developing Middle River, Maryland. On Easter Sunday 1932, <mask> led the congregation's first service in what remains its current church building  On March 26, 1933, the congregation presented its largest-ever class for confirmation by the bishop, who had supported the move despite considerable opposition within the parish. <mask> continued his social activism fighting racism and Jim Crow laws, both within and outside the church. In 1899, he helped establish a black orphanage in Baltimore (the Maryland Home for Friendless Colored Children), which became known for its placement of teenagers in foster homes. Three years later he helped Booker T. Washington found the Committee of Twelve, which fought to prevent disenfranchisement of blacks in Maryland.He also advocated the hiring of African-American teachers to educate African-American children in Baltimore's schools. <mask> later joined W. E. B. DuBois as one of the founders of the Niagara Movement, a precursor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. <mask> also continued publishing the monthly Church Advocate, wrote several books as listed below, and worked to develop black ministers (fostering more than 20 vocations, including the Rev. Tollie Caution, who worked on the national level). <mask> fought against restricting the church's mission work to overseas activities, arguing that the denomination also needed to foster African American congregations. He served as secretary and historiographer of the Conference of Church Workers among Colored People—which lobbied, among other things, for the election and consecration of black bishops. <mask> himself was twice interviewed, but never selected for that promotion.Nonetheless, Wilberforce University awarded him an honorary degree in 1902. Death and legacy
<mask> died on March 12, 1940, after a short hospitalization at Baltimore's Providence Hospital. The Baltimore Sun eulogized his quiet manner, dignity and work for interracial harmony. Four years after his death, his congregation purchased and dedicated an altar in his memory. The Episcopal Church remembers him annually on August 3 (together with W.E.B. DuBois) with a feast day on its calendar of saints. His papers are held by the New York Public Library, and by Howard University's Moorland-Springarm Research Center.Major works
The Colored Harvest in the Old Virginia Diocese (1901)
Afro-American Church Work and Workers (1904)
The attitude of the Conference of Church Workers Among Colored People, towards the adaptation of the Episcopate to the needs of the race : with a list of ordinations of colored men to the ministry of (1904)
The Story of Old St. Stephen's, Petersburg, Va. (1906)
The First Negro Priest on Southern Soil (1909)
A Bond-Slave of Christ: Entering the Ministry Under Great Difficulties (1912)
The "Whittingham Canon" : the birth and history of the missionary district plan (1913)
Men of Maryland (1914), (1925)
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones: in Honor of the Centennial of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Which Occurs in the Year 1916 (1915)
The Episcopal Church and the black man (1918)
History of the Afro-American Group of the Episcopal Church (1922)
The story of the first of the Blacks, the pathfinder Absalom Jones, 1746-1818 (1929)

See also

List of slaves

Sources
 Hartzell, Lawrence L. "The Exploration of Freedom in Black Petersburg, Virginia, 1865–1902." in The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia, edited by Edward L. Ayers and John C. Willis (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991) at pp. 134–156. Henderson, William D. Gilded Age City: Politics, Life and Labor in Petersburg, Virginia, 1874–1889. (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1980). References

External links
 <mask><mask> (<mask> Freeman), 1863-1940 History of the Afro-American Group of the Episcopal Church at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 The first negro priest on southern soil at the Internet Archive

1863 births
1940 deaths
African-American Christian clergy
American Christian clergy
American Episcopal priests
19th-century American slaves
People from Warrenton, North Carolina
People from Petersburg, Virginia
20th-century African-American people

masks:
George Freeman Bragg
Bragg
George Freeman Bragg
Caroline Wiley Cain Bragg
Caroline Bragg
Young Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
George F
. Bragg
George


title: Paul Chapman (Australian footballer)

texts:
<mask> (born 5 November 1981) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Early playing career
<mask> played with North Coburg Saints Football Club which merged with Fawkner Park to become Northern Saints Football Club in the EDFL, he also played with the Calder Cannons in the TAC Cup. AFL career

Early career: 2000–2003
<mask> was selected by Geelong Football Club with pick 31 in the 1999 AFL Draft. He played 4 games, making his debut in round 12, 2000 against , and kicked his first goal in the Elimination Final against , he finished 3rd in the Carji Greeves Medal. <mask> continued his improvement in the 2001 season where he would play 9 games for the season and kick two goals in Geelong's round 9 clash with Richmond. <mask>'s 2002 season was his breakout season he would go on to play 16 games for the season 15 of those games were the last 15 of the season. In round 9 <mask> would collect 26 disposals and also kick three goals this was <mask>'s first ever 20+ possession game.At the end of the 2002 season <mask> was named Geelong's most improved player he would also finish 8th in Geelong's best and fairest award. <mask> was also a member of Geelong's VFL premiership team. Building the Geelong premiership team: 2003–2006
In 2003 <mask> officially joined the Geelong senior team playing all 22 games of the season. <mask> played his best game for the season in round 7 against the West Coast Eagles where he kicked 4 goals, <mask> also kicked a last minute game-winning goal against Richmond in Round 15. <mask> would play his 50th career game in round 21 against the Brisbane Lions. At the end of the 2003 season <mask> would be named best team and constructive player, he would also finish 8th in Geelong's Best and Fairest. 2004 would be <mask>'s first AFL finals experience with Geelong making it all the way to the Preliminary Final only to be defeated by 9 points against the Brisbane lions, <mask> would play all 22 games of the season including all 3 finals.<mask> had double figure possessions in every game except one, he also kicked 38 goals for the season with multiple goals in 12 games. <mask> would finish the season 9th in Geelongs Best and Fairest award. <mask> would only play 19 games in the 2005 season after he suffered an injury in round 19, <mask> would go on to miss the remaining 3 games and the finals series. Even though he was injured late in the season <mask> still booted 29 goals for the season kicking a goal in every game except one, <mask> would go on to finish 6th in Geelong's Best and Fairest award. His 2006 season started well, winning the AFL Pre-Season Premiership defeating  by 8 points, he played his 100th game in round 5 against , losing by 22 points. At the end of the year <mask> won the Carji Greeves Medal polling 462 votes, ahead of Jimmy Bartel and Gary Ablett, Jr. and he polled 14 votes in the Brownlow Medal. Norm Smith Medal, All Australian team and multiple premierships: 2007–2011
<mask> picked up double figure possessions in every game he played he also booted 30 goals for the season, in round 12 he would boot his 100th career goal against the Brisbane Lions.Geelong finished first at the end of the season winning the McClelland Trophy. In Geelongs first qualifying final <mask> would kick 5 goals leading Geelong to a record-breaking 106-point victory. <mask> capped off his season by kicking 4 goals and taking an all-time great mark on the members flank in the 2007 AFL Grand Final helping his team claim a record 119-point victory over <mask> Smith Medal count. <mask> played his 150th game in round 16, 2008 against the  and kicked his 200th career goal in round 21 against . <mask> played 19 games for the season and kicked 33 goals, a quarter of the way through <mask> played for the Victorian state team in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match, the Victoria team won by 17 points. Geelong won the McClelland Trophy for the second year in a row, <mask> had 22 possessions and 1 goal, in the 2008 AFL Grand Final loss to Hawthorn by 26 points.At the start of the 2009 season, Geelong won the AFL Pre-Season Premiership defeating Collingwood by 76 points. <mask> played 20 games for the season and kicked 31 goals for the year, <mask> also had a career high 41 disposals in round 6 and a career high 6 goals in round 18. <mask> went on to poll 12 votes in the Brownlow Medal, and made the All-Australian team for the first time. Geelong finished 2nd on the ladder and <mask> had a dominant finals series kicking 5 goals in the Preliminary final and 3 goals in the grand final. Geelong defeated the  by 12 points in the 2009 AFL Grand Final, <mask> kicked the winning goal, and was also the winner of the Norm Smith Medal. <mask> would make the All-Australian team for the second year in a row in 2010 where he played 21 games for the season booting 23 goals. <mask> also had 7 games with 30+ disposals.Geelong would finish 2nd on the ladder and go all the way to the Preliminary Final but were eliminated by Collingwood after losing by 41 points. <mask> would have 21 disposals and 1 goal in the game. <mask> played all 23 games of the 2011 season including 3 finals, he played his 200th game in Round 2 against . Geelong finished 2nd on the ladder for the 3rd year in a row, they defeated Hawthorn in the Qualifying Final by 31 points, after a one-week break they went on to defeat  in the Preliminary Final, they won by 48 points. For the fourth time in five years they made the Grand Final, where <mask> capped off his season with his third Premiership defeating Collingwood by 38 points. Final years at Geelong: 2012–2013
<mask> played 20 games in the 2012 season kicking 36 goals. Geelong would finish 6th on the AFL ladder only to be eliminated in the first week losing to Fremantle by 16 points.<mask> wasn't very effective in this game only collecting 11 disposals. In 2013, <mask> only played eight games due to a hamstring injury, he kicked 12 goals for the season. Returning from injury as a sub in Round 22, he made an impact off the bench. Geelong finished 2nd on the ladder and he played his 250th game in the Qualifying Final against Fremantle where they lost by 15 points, the next week Geelong defeated Port Adelaide by 16 points in the Semi Finals advancing to the Preliminary Finals, only to lose to Hawthorn by 5 points. <mask> missed the game due to suspension. <mask> was delisted by Geelong on 2 October 2013, after strongly suggesting he wanted to play on, but Geelong's final thoughts were that he couldn't compete at top-level football anymore due to age. Move to Essendon: 2014–2015
On 18 October 2013, <mask> joined  after being traded for pick 84.The Geelong champion couldn't have started his career at the Bombers any better, kicking four goals to lead Essendon to a round 1 win over North Melbourne. He continued to have a presence around goals for the Bombers, booting 22 goals from 20 games. He finished the season well after a quieter patch. <mask> would play in Essendon's first week elimination final against North Melbourne he booted 2 goals and collected 22 disposals despite Essendon losing by 12 points and being eliminated from the finals. The 33-year-old signed a one-year contract extension to play on in 2015. <mask>'s 2015 season was plagued with injuries as he would only play 8 games. On 25 August 2015, <mask> announced that he would retire after the club's round 22 home match against .After the round 22 game <mask> was carried off the field by his teammates to a standing ovation by the crowd. Statistics

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 14 || 7 || 21 || 4 || 8 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 3.5 || 1.8 || 5.3 || 1.0 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 9 || 4 || 4 || 56 || 22 || 78 || 18 || 23 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 6.2 || 2.4 || 8.7 || 2.0 || 2.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 16 || 16 || 5 || 178 || 79 || 257 || 46 || 52 || 1.0 || 0.3 || 11.1 || 4.9 || 16.1 || 2.9 || 3.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 22 || 22 || 15 || 239 || 103 || 342 || 85 || 58 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 10.9 || 4.7 || 15.5 || 3.9 || 2.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 25 || 38 || 19 || 240 || 113 || 353 || 96 || 80 || 1.5 || 0.8 || 9.6 || 4.5 || 14.1 || 3.8 || 3.2
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 19 || 29 || 17 || 222 || 97 || 319 || 76 || 49 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 11.7 || 5.1 || 16.8 || 4.0 || 2.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 22 || 31 || 19 || 331 || 153 || 484 || 134 || 89 || 1.4 || 0.9 || 15.0 || 7.0 || 22.0 || 6.1 || 4.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 19 || 30 || 15 || 289 || 127 || 416 || 112 || 75 || 1.6 || 0.8 || 15.2 || 6.7 || 21.9 || 5.9 || 3.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 19 || 33 || 13 || 253 || 131 || 384 || 102 || 54 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 13.3 || 6.9 || 20.2 || 5.4 || 2.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 20 || 37 || 17 || 342 || 194 || 536 || 130 || 53 || 1.9 || 0.9 || 17.1 || 9.7 || 26.8 || 6.5 || 2.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 24 || 23 || 16 || 412 || 264 || 676 || 133 || 99 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 17.2 || 11.0 || 28.2 || 5.5 || 4.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 23 || 24 || 14 || 312 || 228 || 540 || 122 || 104 || 1.0 || 0.6 || 13.6 || 9.9 || 23.5 || 5.3 || 4.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 21 || 36 || 15 || 292 || 136 || 428 || 107 || 94 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 13.9 || 6.5 || 20.4 || 5.1 || 4.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 35 || 8 || 12 || 7 || 91 || 71 || 162 || 27 || 34 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 11.4 || 8.9 || 20.3 || 3.4 || 4.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 3 || 20 || 22 || 16 || 250 || 148 || 398 || 112 || 83 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 12.5 || 7.4 || 19.9 || 5.6 || 4.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 3 || 9 || 8 || 4 || 74 || 51 || 125 || 23 || 31 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 8.2 || 5.7 || 13.9 || 2.6 || 3.4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 280
! 366
!196
! 3595
! 1924
! 5519
! 1327
! 986
! 1.3
!0.7
! 12.8
! 6.9
! 19.7
! 4.7
! 3.5
|}

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club Premiership players
Essendon Football Club players
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Norm Smith Medal winners
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Calder Cannons players
Three-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
Paul Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
. Chapmanm
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman


title: Christoph Voll

texts:
<mask> (27 April 1897 in Munich – 16 June 1939 in Karlsruhe) was a German sculptor and graphic artist associated with Expressionism. He was a member of the politically active avant-garde group of Dresden artists known as the Dresdner Sezession. Beginnings
<mask> was born in Munich in April 1897, as the son of sculptor <mask> and painter Augusta Felicitas. His father died shortly after his son's birth, and his mother decided to leave him and his sisters for extended periods in orphanages run by nuns. A childhood characterised by the stern and cold authority of the sisters, and a distant mother figure, impacted Voll profoundly. This is evident in his early works in particular, which see the nun and orphan as recurring themes. His childhood also seems to have prompted a degree of social indignation.Voll felt closely affiliated with ‘ordinary’ people, and often made them models for his work. According to Voll himself, he already began expressing himself artistically in the orphanages, where he would make drawings and even small sculptures of dried bread. In 1911, <mask>'s mother moved from Munich to Dresden after having remarried. Here, Voll gained apprenticeship with the sculptor Albert Starke, from whom he learned the basic techniques of sculpting. In 1915, he joined the army and spent four years fighting in WW1 (including at the French and Russian fronts). He was awarded the Iron Cross (2nd degree) and subsequently produced a few works with war themes (e.g. Soldat mit verwundetem Kameraden from 1927 to 1928).<mask> never spoke publicly about his war experiences, but remained an ardent pacifist for the rest of his life. Career

After the war, Voll returned to Dresden, where he enrolled at the Kunstgewerbeschule and gradually entered Dresden's dynamic artistic milieu. In 1920, he joined the Dresdner Sezessionsgruppe 1919, a creative society of intellectuals and artists intent on recasting world orders according to a utopian form of socialism. The group included prominent contemporary artists such as Otto Dix, Conrad Felixmüller, Hugo Zehder (architect), Lasar Segall, Otto Schubert and Gela Forster. It was in the context of this group's exhibitions that Voll sold his first major works, and received important working grants. Oskar Kokoschka was an honorary member of the group, but never actually exhibited with them. Among Kokoschka's students was a young Danish painter, Erna Sørensen, and to his dismay, she and Voll fell in love and got married in May 1922.This initiated a period of artistic productivity and emotional calm in <mask>'s life; a combination that he very much attributed to the positive influence of his wife. <mask>'s participation in countless exhibitions (including those of Gruppe 1919) led to greater recognition as a major German artist, and in 1924 he won the professorial chair in plastic arts at the newly founded Schule für Kunst und Handwerk in Saarbrücken (at the recommendation of Sterl from the Dresdner Kunstakademie). This was an important period in his career and personal life. Saarland belonged to the poorest districts in Germany, and was predominantly inhabited by a working class population. After the end of WW1, the region came under French mandate as part of the Versailles accords. This status fostered a number of intense political ideologies, including a segregationist group intent on disassociating Saarland from both France and Germany. For a period, <mask> appears to have sympathized with this notion (according to later testimonies from some of his students), though he never expressed this unequivocally.Artistically, <mask> may have perceived Saarbrücken as a station in his career, but certainly not as the culmination. He continued to work in wood – especially oak – and was a dedicated teacher and instructor. Little is known about his personal life in this period, although his inclination to portray people in his life persisted. Consequently, we know that his social circle included the painter Oskar Trepte, who he knew from his years in Dresden, and the art critic Arthur Binz, whom he sculpted in 1925–26 (sold from the Hoh Collection to Germanisches Nationalmuseum in 2008). Also included in his social circle was the African-American painter William Johnson (artist), whom he and his wife Erna Krake met in Cagnes-sur Mer in 1928–29. During his time in Saarbrücken, Voll attained increasing recognition as an artist. In 1926, he participated in the International Art Fair of Dresden with three wooden sculptures, and this resonated with both the public and the artistic elite to such an extent that other major exhibitions followed; the most important of which was a solo exhibit at Galerie Neumann & Nierendorf in Berlin in 1927.As part of this wave of success, <mask> was appointed Professor of Sculpture at the Badischen Kunsthochschule in Karlsruhe in 1928. Here, Voll intensified his professional life, dedicating himself fully to his work and his best students. This came at the expense of the students he deemed unworthy. His demanding approach to apprenticeship caused dismay and bruised egos among those that in his opinion were not dedicated or talented enough, and some of them would harbor enough resentment to later become key figures to feeding the national-socialist denunciation of Voll. In Karlsruhe, <mask> engaged with his colleagues (Hubbuch, Schnarrenberger, and Scholz) to formulate and execute a new style, and the academy became a major center of Realism in Europe. It was not to last. By the late 1920s, Baden was marked by violent national-socialist tendencies.When the Nazis came to power in 1933, many of <mask>'s colleagues were forcefully entpflichtet from duty. While <mask> was declared ‘Kulturbolschewist’, was interrogated, and was the subject of major ideological critiques, he escaped the initial wave of persecution, and was allowed to retain his position and continue his work. In this period, he turned away from some of his traditional leitmotifs, and began dedicating himself to portraying the female body, and in particular the complexity of its movement. Among his masterpieces from this period are major works in stone such as Eva/Erwachen (1928–33) and Sitzender Akt mit Zopf (1932). In 1937, the tides turned against Voll as well. His sculpture ‘Schwangere’ was selected for the exhibition of ‘Entartete Kunst’ in Munich. While the exhibit included many artists and works, <mask>'s sculpture was selected from more than 17,000 works that the Nazis has confiscated; reflecting the societal impact of his art.The exhibit sought to generate funds by selling so-called degenerate art to foreign collectors and institutions. Among the four agents charged with selling the confiscated art was Hildebrand Gurlitt, whose son, Cornelius Gurlitt, kept at least two of <mask>'s works in his private collection that was discovered in 2012. Before 1937 had ended, some of <mask>'s works were also denounced as degenerate in the Nazi publication SA-Mann. <mask>'s anno terribilis culminated in the de facto dismissal from the academy in Karlsruhe, when his contract was not extended. While Voll seems to have been painfully aware of the consequences of his beliefs and actions, in the end, both his art and his person were simply too expressive to be tolerated by the Nazi regime. Following his dismissal in 1937, Voll became increasingly affected by the toxic political milieu, and the propaganda launched against him. Over the following two years he tried dedicating himself to his work, but was far from as productive as during his time in Saarbrücken and Karlsruhe.He became ill – most likely of intestinal cancer, though Professor Dietrich Schubert of Heidelberg University has attributed his illness to the "psychological disruptions" he faced. In June 1939, <mask> died at 42 years old. By then, his wife and daughter had sought refuge in Erna's native Denmark, and so his body was taken to Oksby, on the west coast of Denmark, where he was buried. The Nachlass Collection
At <mask>'s death in 1939, his art had already been declared ‘entartet’ and unwanted, and several of his major works appear to have been destroyed by the Nazis. It would require a dose of good fortune and the involvement of one of <mask>'s old acquaintances, Edvard Munch, to save most of his æuvre. Voll had visited Munch unannounced in Norway in 1925, and was at first dismissed at the door. But when he showed Munch photographs of his works, he was invited in and the two artists became friends.Munch subsequently expressed admiration for what he described as <mask>'s "…primordial force and deep inner calm". During the 1930s, Munch had repeatedly expressed interest in organizing a solo exhibit of Voll's works at the National Gallery in Oslo, but with Voll's diminishing status and the growing regional power of Germany, this became increasingly politicized and difficult.At Voll's death, his status had deteriorated into a formal prohibition against exhibition issued by the Ministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda in Berlin. The political pressures on Oslo lead to the abandonment of the project, but by then a sealed train wagon containing his works had reached Denmark, where it was seized, opened, and the works brought to safety. Northern Europe's cultural elites had through the past years witnessed the destruction of unwanted art and literature in Germany with great apprehension. Many of Voll's works had suffered similar fates, and it is likely that it was this concrete threat, which caused the Danish authorities to act. For the duration of the war, Voll's æuvre was stored in the cellars of Christiansborg (the Danish Parliament) in Copenhagen, and in 1948 a formal exhibit of the collection was set up in the same place. After the war, Voll's widow tried to retrieve what was left of her husband's work in Germany, but from friends and colleagues she learned that the works remaining in Karlsruhe were so damaged – both through deliberate destruction and because of the war – that nothing of real value remained.During the 1950s, Erna <mask> gradually returned much of the collection to Karlsruhe, due to the better options for professional storage, exhibition and sale. The new director of the Kunsthalle, Dr Kurt Martin, was eager to redeem Voll in Germany's eyes, and several of the large stone sculptures were placed in public spaces such as the Botanical Garden. Voll's sensual female figures were nevertheless met with dire reactions from more conservative segments of society; reactions that at times were expressed through vandalism. This reactionary view of the art was nevertheless temporary, and between 1960 and 1964 a federally organized memorial exhibition of Voll toured German museums (Baden-Baden, Bremen, Kaiserslautern, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Munich, Pforzheim and Saarbrücken). This led to a number of museum purchases from the collection, but not much more. References

Anne-Marie Kassay-Friedländer (1994). Der Bildhauer Christoph Voll 1897–1939.(Manuskripte zur Kunstwissenschaft 39) Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms. 1897 births
1939 deaths
Expressionist painters
20th-century German painters
German male painters
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century male artists
German male sculptors
Realist artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe faculty
German military personnel of World War I

masks:
Christoph Voll
Christoph Voll
Roman Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll
Voll


title: Jimmy Barrett (baseball)

texts:
<mask> (March 28, 1875 – October 24, 1921) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder. A native of Athol, Massachusetts, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed. <mask> played 10 seasons in the major leagues with the Cincinnati Reds (1899–1900, 1906), Detroit Tigers (1901–05), and Boston Red Sox (1907–08). <mask> was the first star for the Tigers, playing for the Tigers in the first five years of their existence. He left the Tigers with the arrival of a new center fielder Ty Cobb. <mask> had a career batting average of .291 (21 points higher than the league average during the deadball years in which he played). He also had a career on-base percentage of .379.In 1903 and 1904, he led the American League in times on base and walks. Despite <mask>'s having played in only 866 major league games, baseball historian, Bill James, ranks <mask> as the 72nd best center fielder of all time. Early years
Born in Athol, Massachusetts, <mask> served in the U.S. Army from 1894 to 1896. <mask> joined the company baseball team, playing shortstop for three years. In 1899, <mask> played for the Detroit team in the Western Association before being sold to the Cincinnati Reds in August 1899. In one month with the Reds in 1899, <mask> hit for a .370 batting average, .477 on-base percentage, and .478 slugging percentage. <mask> never matched those numbers again, but continued to be one of the better hitters of his time.In 1900, he hit .316, with a .400 on-base percentage and had career highs with 172 hits, 114 runs and 44 stolen bases (both 3rd best in the National League). Detroit Tigers (1901–1905)
In 1901, <mask> jumped to the new American League, signing with the Detroit Tigers. <mask> was the star of the Tigers team in the first five years of the franchise's history from 1901 to 1905. In 1901, <mask> was among the league leaders in the American League's inaugural season in runs scored with 110 (fifth), bases on balls with 76 (third), on-base percentage at .385 (ninth), times on base with 240 (fourth), and plate appearances with 630 (fourth). <mask> continued to rank among the best batters in the American League each year from 1901 to 1904. His .397 on-base percentage in 1902 was fourth highest in the league. In 1903, arguably his best season, <mask> led the league with a .407 on-base percentage, 74 bases on balls, and 243 times on base.In the 1904 season, despite a 154-game schedule, <mask> became the first major league player to appear in 162 games after Detroit set a season record with 10 tie games. His record for games played was unmatched until the schedules increased to 162 games in 1961. In 1904, <mask> also led the American League with 79 bases on balls and 249 times on base. <mask> was also an excellent fielder. He had a strong arm and led all American League outfielders in assists in three of the first four American League seasons. From 1900 to 1904, <mask> racked up an impressive total of 126 assists, including 31 in 1901 and 29 in 1904. He also led American League outfielders in putouts in 1902 (326) and 1904 (339).His range factor score was markedly above the league average from 1900 to 1904, including 1902 when his 2.56 range factor score was 0.52 points above the league average. During the 1903 and 1904 seasons, <mask> clashed with Detroit manager, Ed Barrow. In his autobiography, "My Fifty Years in Baseball", Barrow wrote that he never got along with <mask>. When Detroit owner, Frank Navin, blocked Barrow's efforts to trade the star center fielder, Barrow quit. Barrow wrote that, on one occasion, <mask> complained to Barrow that "your methods take all the individuality away from a ballplayer." Barrow responded, "Young man, if you ever speak to me that way again I will take more than your individuality away from you. I will knock your block off."In 1905, Barrow was gone as the Tigers' manager, but a leg injury slowed <mask> and resulted in his appearing in only 20 games. When Ty Cobb joined the Tigers in August, <mask> faced a new threat. Detroit's new manager Bill Armour introduced Cobb to <mask>. He told Cobb that <mask>'s "knee was on the bum, and I'm using you in his place in center field. <mask> was given the task of teaching Cobb the team's signs, which included a system <mask> had developed in 1905 for stealing the opponents' signs. Cobb wrote in his autobiography that the injured <mask> would sit in the center field stands with a pair of spyglasses "strong enough to pick out the fillings in the opposition catcher's teeth." <mask> would then relay the signs to the batter using markings on a fence sign advertising The Detroit News.As Cobb proved his potential in 1905, <mask> became expendable. <mask> began to resent the young Cobb, who was a clear threat to his job. In early 1906, the Tigers sold <mask> back to the Cincinnati Reds, where he played in only five games. Later years
<mask> spent his final two seasons in the major leagues playing for the Boston Red Sox in 1907 and 1908. However, he was never the same either as a batter or a fielder. He hit .244 in 1907 and dropped to .125 in 1908. He played his final major league game on May 13, 1908.A knee injury ended his career prematurely. He became a senior partner in the real estate firm of Barrett & Walsh in Detroit. <mask> died from "a stroke of apoplexy" (for the avoidance of doubt, apoplexy is an outdated medical term) at his office in October 1921 at age 46. He was buried in Detroit's Mount Olivet Cemetery. Notes

External links

BR Bullpen

1875 births
1921 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Boston Americans players
Boston Red Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baseball players from Massachusetts
Oswego Grays players
Detroit Tigers (Western League) players
Rochester Bronchos players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) managers
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
People from Athol, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts

masks:
James Erigena Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
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Barrett
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title: Keith Schiller

texts:
<mask> (born c. 1959) is an American former law enforcement official and security consultant who served as Deputy Assistant to U.S. President Donald Trump and Director of Oval Office Operations. Prior to his appointment in the Trump administration, Schiller served as the Director of Security for The Trump Organization. In this capacity, he was the personal bodyguard to Trump. He has been described as "one of Trump's most loyal and trusted aides" and "a constant presence at Trump's side for nearly two decades." Early life
Born in the Bronx, the middle child of five, Schiller was raised in the Hudson Valley region, attending New Paltz High School and graduating in 1977. United States Navy
Schiller joined the United States Navy after graduating from high school. He served primarily at the Little Creek base in Norfolk, Virginia, and also spent time as a boarding team leader on the USS Plymouth Rock, a landing ship for amphibious vehicles.After serving on the Special Boat Teams, he left active duty in 1982 and spent another two years in the reserve, serving until 1984. Career

Plattekill Police Department and New York State Division for Youth
After leaving the Navy in 1984, Schiller returned to New York. That same year, he found work as a counselor in the New York State Division for Youth (after volunteering as a counselor through his church) and concurrently served as a police officer at the Plattekill Police Department, holding these two jobs until 1992. New York City Police Department
In 1992, Schiller was hired by the New York City Police Department (NYPD). He graduated from the New York City Police Academy, and served as a patrol officer in northern Manhattan, at that time the epicenter of the cocaine trade. After a brief stint as an undercover officer, Schiller then joined the Street Narcotics Enforcement Unit, where he was the rammer (charged with breaking the door during raids), describing his job as "busting into drug houses up to three times a night". Schiller also spent time in the high-intensity drug-trafficking area, where he worked under then-Lieutenant David E. Chong, who describes Schiller as a "devoted, physical and loyal officer" who "always had his boss's back".Schiller regularly handled wiretaps, search warrants and large-scale seizures of drugs. Trump Organization and White House
In 1999, Schiller saw Marla Maples, Donald Trump's then-wife, at the Manhattan District Attorney's office, accompanied by a bodyguard, whom Schiller judged as not being particularly imposing. Seeking side work to supplement his NYPD salary, Schiller asked the assistant district attorney to put in a good word with Trump, so that he could be employed as a bodyguard. The Trump Organization eventually brought him on for a one-month trial and later that year hired him officially. Schiller remained a part-time bodyguard until he retired from the NYPD in 2002. In 2004, Trump named him his director of security. Schiller made headlines in 2015 when he hit a protester outside Trump Tower.He was appointed Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Oval Office Operations after Trump assumed the office of the president in January 2017. In this role, he accompanied Jared Kushner to Iraq and sat in on meetings, and became known as a Trump fixer. Schiller was selected by Trump to personally deliver to FBI headquarters the letter telling FBI director James Comey that he was being dismissed "effective immediately"; Comey was not present at the time, learning of his firing from television reports while in Los Angeles. The following week, Schiller unintentionally exposed Secretary of Defense James Mattis' cell phone number when a photograph of Schiller carrying papers with the handwritten number on a sticky note was published in The Washington Post. On September 1, 2017, it was reported by CNN that Schiller intended to leave his White House position in late September or early October due to financial considerations. Although White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders dismissed the story as "not true", the next day, CBS News correspondent Major Garrett cited "two White House sources" as confirming that Schiller indeed planned to leave the White House and relocate to Florida for financial and professional reasons. Three people close to Schiller, speaking on background, also confirmed reports of his impending departure to The New York Times White House correspondent Maggie Haberman.Schiller refused to comment on the accuracy of the report, in keeping with his policy of declining interviews with journalists. <mask> left his White House position on September 20, 2017, reportedly after White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly told him he needed permission to speak to the president and to provide written reports of those conversations. Previously, Bloomberg had reported that Schiller would return to private security when he left the Trump Administration. On November 1, 2017, Schiller was named as one of several high-profile witnesses to be privately interviewed by the House Intelligence Committee as part of its Russia investigations. The interview took place on November 7, where he reportedly told the committee that the salacious allegations in the Donald Trump-Russia dossier were not true, and that he could not recall or was not aware of connections between Russia and Trump associates. He also testified that a Russian offered to send five women to Trump's hotel room during their 2013 trip to Moscow for the Miss Universe pageant but he rejected the offer. "One source noted that Schiller testified he eventually left Trump's hotel room door and could not say for sure what happened during the remainder of the night."Republican National Committee
When Schiller left the White House in October 2017, his security company, KS Global Group LLC, was hired by the Republican National Committee to provide security consultation relating to the committee's 2020 convention. References

External links
Twitter

1959 births
Living people
American police detectives
Bodyguards
New York City Police Department officers
Trump administration personnel
United States Navy sailors
United States Navy reservists
People from the Bronx

masks:
Keith Schiller
Schiller


title: Henrietta Stewart

texts:
<mask> (1573–1642), was a Scottish courtier. She was the influential favourite of the queen of Scotland, Anne of Denmark. Life
<mask> was the daughter of <mask>, 1st Duke of Lennox, favourite of James VI of Scotland, and Catherine de Balsac. On 16 June 1581 the king gave <mask> the right to award the marriage of the Earl of Huntly, which was forfeited to the crown. Their marriage contract was made in 1586, while she was in France, and James VI granted the Duke of Lennox 5000 merks to organise her transport from France. <mask>, her sister Marie and her brother Ludovic came back to Scotland from France in November 1583 with their mother to see James VI. The two sisters returned in June 1588 and were lodged in Edinburgh at the town's expense.Marriage and masque
On 21 July 1588, <mask> married George Gordon, Earl of Huntly, at Holyroodhouse. Before the wedding the couple were made to declare their (Protestant) faith, without which the minister John Craig would not declare the banns. James VI of Scotland wrote a masque to be performed at the wedding celebrations. The king sent requests to lairds, like Robert Murray of Abercairny, for "venison, wild fowls, fed capons" for the feasts. The celebrations involving "plays and masquerades" lasted two or three days. <mask>, 5th Earl of Bothwell gave her a chain of pearls and hair garnishings. There was "great triumph, mirth, and pastime."<mask> became a lady-in-waiting in the household of Anne of Denmark in December 1590 at <mask>'s request, which increased <mask>'s access at court. She married the Earl of Mar in December 1592. Their younger sister Gabrielle was a nun in France at Glatigny, but a scheme for her to marry Hugh Montgomerie, 5th Earl of Eglinton in 1598 came to nothing. After the murder of the Earl of Moray by the Clan Gordon at Donibristle in February 1592, James VI allowed her to stay at court, and gave her and her followers legal protection. In February 1593 King James came north to punish and subdue the earls of Huntly, Angus, and Erroll for plotting on behalf of the Catholic faith but they went into hiding. <mask> and Elizabeth Douglas, Countess of Erroll came to him at Aberdeen and he allowed them to keep their houses and estates. She was at court in May 1593 with a "greater train and busier heads than are thought fit" according to the English diplomat Robert Bowes.He and some of the Privy Council tried to persuade James VI to send her away. On 31 May she accompanied the queen and her sister the Countess of Mar to Leith to inspect the ship of the Danish ambassadors Niels Krag and Steen Bille at Leith. In June 1593 Robert Bowes argued the king should send her from court. A Scottish ambassador Sir Robert Melville sent to London would be able report this action to Queen Elizabeth, who would approve of it. <mask> went to Leith and intended to go north to Carneborough near Strathbogie. However, she came back to court in September 1593 at the invitation of the queen, and it was supposed Anna of Denmark had invited her to please the king. <mask> came to be a favourite of the queen, Anna of Denmark, and exerted an influence over her which became controversial.<mask> was known to be a fervent Catholic, and the friendship between her and Anne was politically sensitive and developed into a cause for conflict between the king and the queen. It also brought Queen Anne negative publicity and exposed her to criticism from the Scottish church. <mask> is speculated to have played a part in Queen Anne's rumoured secret Catholic conversion. When she parted from the court in April 1594, the disapproving English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote that the queen gave her gifts that were "liberal and exceeding the common order and proportion used here." Seeking audience at court
<mask> was able to further her husband's cause at court even when he was forfeited, except in June 1594 when James expressly forbade her attendance. She defied his order, and came to Leith and visited Anne of Denmark at Holyroodhouse in "base array", disguised as a servant, on a day when the king had gone to Stirling Castle to see the building work on the new Chapel Royal. James VI told the English ambassador Robert Bowes that "by evil advice the Queen was drawn lately to give over-great countenance to the Countess of Huntly".The king suggested that problems were partly caused by friction between some members of his Privy Council and the council appointed to manage the queen's estates. Bowes realised that Huntly and his factions depended on the Countess interceding for them. She was able to give the king and Privy Council a petition for the restoration of the Huntly lands. The Queen helped, and when it was refused asked for the lands to be given to her. Bowes was able to search the registers to check that such a document had not been issued. James VI comes to Huntly Castle
On 6 July 1594 James VI ordered Robert Melville to tell her to leave Edinburgh, and she went to Seton Palace and took a ship to Aberdeen. At Huntly Castle, the Earl was confidently building a new hall and gallery.At the end of October 1594 James VI came to Huntly Castle to demolish or slight the building. David Foulis wrote to Anthony Bacon that the Countess of Huntly watched the demolition and was not allowed to have an audience with the king to plead her case. The kirk minister Andrew Melville was present and urged James VI to blow the castle up. The king placed the castle and estates in the hands of Sir John Gordon of Pitlurg, but on 9 November 1594 he requested that Pitlurg should not take up her rental incomes. Her brother, the Duke of Lennox, was the left as the king's lieutenant at Elgin, declared that she was his enemy because her husband had not left Scotland, and she would not get her "living" or landed income unless she came south. Lord Gordon at Court
The ministers of the Kirk of Scotland petitioned the king in March 1595 that she and the Countess of Erroll should be forced to live in or near Edinburgh. They also requested that her son, Lord Gordon, should be kept by the king.In October 1596 pressure was exerted on her and her husband to convert from Catholicism by taking away her eldest son Lord Gordon. He was delivered to Anna of Denmark to be brought up at court and sent to the University of Edinburgh as a pupil of Robert Rollock. Anna of Denmark bought him clothes including a velvet coat and a belt with a little dagger. David Moysie wrote that <mask>'s representations to a Convention of the Estates were twice rejected. On 19 October 1596 <mask>'s representatives presented her signed seven-point offer to the Synod of the Presbyteries of Moray at Elgin on behalf of her husband, undertaking to assist the Protestant ministry and to eject Jesuits from his company. In favour again
She was a godmother to Princess Elizabeth at her christening on 28 November 1596, attended the birth of Princess Margaret at Dalkeith Palace in December 1598, and held Prince Charles at his christening in 1600. It was noted in November 1600 that she was "chiefest" in favour with Anna of Denmark.At the ceremony of the Riding of the Parliament in Edinburgh in January 1598, she and Anna of Denmark and the Countess of Erroll rode to Mercat Cross and watched the symbolic restoration of the forfeited earls of Angus, Erroll and Huntly, by the Lyon King of Arms to the sound of trumpets. It was said that the queen had so much favour to <mask> and the Countess of Erroll that sometimes she shared a bed with one or the other. In April 1601 two male servants of the Marquess of Huntly were banished from Edinburgh for life for hearing the mass, and <mask> was requested to remove from her company two female servants Margaret Wood and Barclay who had heard mass. She was at Stirling Castle on 24 December 1602 seeing Prince Henry and her sister, the Countess of Mar, and both sisters travelled to Holyrood Palace the next day. In March 1609 the Venetian ambassador in London, Marc' Antonio Correr heard that she had written to Anne of Denmark to intercede with King James for her husband, who was imprisoned in Scotland as a Catholic. James replied to <mask> that Anne would not interfere with royal orders. She died on 2 September 1642 in Paris.She was buried at Lyon where her mother was buried. Her name is carved in stone across the upper storey of Huntly Castle in 20-inch letters, in equal prominence to her husband's. Surgundo and Cherina
An anonymous author of the late 1590s composed an epic poem 'Surgundo: The Valiant Christian' which features George Gordon and <mask> as Surgundo and Cherina. Many names in the poem are simple anagrams, her father, the Duke of Lennox, was Prince Exonill, Thulyne is Huntly, and so on. Verses in praise of <mask> include:But O Cherina, dare I be so boldTo aim at thy perfections yet untoldWhen as Apollo, father of the artsUpon a time to try his daughter's partsSets the nine maids of memory at strifeTo paint pure virtue's picture to the life...Cherina, O, Cherina is my theme. Family
It was reported that she had a son in February 1590. Her children included:
 Anne Gordon, who married James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray.Elizabeth Gordon, who married Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow in 1611. Mary Gordon, who married William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas. George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly, and Earl of Enzie. Francis Gordon (d. 1620)
 Adam Gordon of Aboyne, and later of Auchindoun
 Laurence Gordon, died at Huntly aged 20
 Jean Gordon, who married Claud Hamilton, 2nd Baron Hamilton of Strabane
 John Gordon, Viscount of Melgum, who married Sophia Hay, a daughter of Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth Douglas. He died in the fire at Frendraught Castle in 1630. References

 Ruth Grant, in Elizabeth L. Ewan, Sue Innes, Sian Reynolds, Rose Pipes, Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women (Edinburgh, 2018), pp. 411–412.Susan Dunn-Hensley, Anna of Denmark and <mask>: Virgins, Witches, and Catholic Queens
 Ruth Grant, 'Friendship, politics and religion: George Gordon, Sixth Earl of Huntly and King James VI, 1581–1595', Miles Kerr-Peterson & Steven Reid, James VI and Noble Power (Abingdon, 2017), pp. 57–90. 1573 births
1642 deaths
Scottish ladies-in-waiting
Scottish royal favourites
Huntly
16th-century Scottish women
17th-century Scottish women
Scottish Roman Catholics
Daughters of British dukes
Household of Anne of Denmark

masks:
Henrietta Stewart
Henrietta Stewart
Esmé Stewart
Henrietta
Henrietta
Henrietta
Francis Stewart
Marie Stewart
Henrietta
Henrietta
Henrietta
Henrietta Stewart
Henrietta
Henrietta
Henrietta Stewart
Henrietta
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Henrietta Stewart
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Henrietta Maria


title: Chap Petersen

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born March 27, 1968) is an American politician. A Democrat, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates 2002–06, was elected to the Virginia State Senate in November 2007, and was reelected in 2011. He  the state's 34th district, made up of the city of Fairfax and large parts of Fairfax County. Early life
<mask> graduated from Fairfax High School in 1986. He received a B.A. degree from Williams College in 1990 and a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1994, when he began practicing law.He  a partner with the law firm of Surovell, Markle, Isaacs & Levy, PLC. <mask>'s wife Sharon Kim (born September 10, 1970, Daegu, South Korea), is a practicing attorney; the couple have four children. Political career
<mask> served on the  Fairfax city council 1998–2001. He was elected to two terms in the House of Delegates, both times (2001 and 2003) defeating his predecessor, Republican Jack Rust. In 2005, <mask> ran for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He was defeated in the Democratic primary, finishing third  with 22% of the vote in a four-way race, behind State Senator Leslie L. Byrne and State Delegate Viola Baskerville, but ahead of State Senator Phil Puckett. In 2006, <mask> was a senior advisor to Democratic Senate candidate Jim Webb, who defeated incumbent Republican Senator George Allen.2007 State Senate election
<mask> announced his candidacy for the 34th district seat in the State Senate, Wednesday, January 3, 2007. He defeated incumbent Republican Jeannemarie Devolites-Davis, wife of Congressman Thomas M. Davis, in the November 2007 election, taking 55% of the vote. The district had been the most Democratic state senate district held by a Republican. Campaign flyer flap
During the week of October 22, 2007, the Devolites-Davis campaign sent out 60,000 campaign flyers accusing <mask> of not disclosing that his former law firm was working on issues that <mask> voted on while in the House of Delegates. The flyer included a copy of a section of <mask>'s Statement of Economic Interest, which he filed while serving in the House. It includes <mask>'s home address, telephone number, and the names of his wife and children, which were not redacted. <mask> held a press conference on October 26 in front of Devolites-Davis' headquarters in Fairfax.He said that "words cannot describe the anger I feel" about the flyer, and called it "shocking" that Devolites-Davis would use his personal information in such a manner. <mask> said that advertising his personal information was not in and of itself a problem, but using it in an attack ad went too far. Such tactics, <mask> said, endangered his family. Devolites-Davis said in her own press conference that <mask> himself published the names and pictures of his family, and showed a mailer from the <mask> campaign showing pictures of his children. The mailer identifies the children by name. She claimed the <mask> campaign uploaded a video to YouTube which brought up her daughter's armed robbery conviction of several years ago. According to WUSA, there is no evidence that anyone from the Petersen camp uploaded the video.Political positions

Gun control
<mask> has voted multiple times against Castle Doctrine bills. In January 2011, <mask> voted against Senate Bill 876 (Castle Doctrine) which would have allowed “a lawful occupant use of physical force, including deadly force, against an intruder in his dwelling who has committed an overt act against him, without civil liability.” In February 2011, <mask> was one of eight senators on the Senate Courts of Justice Committee who “passed by indefinitely” House Bill 1573, defeating the bill by an 8 to 4 margin. In February 2020, <mask> was one of four Democrats in the Virginia State Senate who broke party ranks to defeat an assault weapons ban. Controversy over voting record
In mid-October 2007, Devolites-Davis, <mask>'s opponent, began running television ads showing a photo of her opponent <mask> <mask> with text stating "Supports Increasing the Estate Tax", "Supports a 38 cent gas tax increase", and "Voted for Concealed Weapons on School Property" superimposed. The voiceover attributed these allegations to <mask>'s prior votes in the Virginia House of Delegates. Davis's website contains references to past <mask> votes. He responded that he never voted to increase the Virginia estate tax.<mask> co-sponsored bills, including SB 1309, intending to preserve the tax for Virginians in higher income brackets. <mask> also denied ever supporting a 38 cent gas tax increase. He recently explained that he supported the current law which makes it a felony to possess a gun on school grounds, but voted for a bipartisan bill, HB 2535, which gave a limited exception to parents with licensed concealed carry permits who pick up their children at school, for just school driveways. That bill was signed into law in 2005. Defense of Washington Redskins name

As controversy has grown over the name of the Washington Redskins, <mask> has become a vocal defender of his local sports team. In 2014, he initiated a "Redskins Pride Caucus" in the Virginia Legislature. Although <mask>'s position is unconventional for his political party, he has said that several other Virginia Democrats have privately supported him on this issue.Citing support that he has received from individual Native Americans, <mask> has said, "I get it from all points. And listen - if somebody is offended, I'm not going to deny that that's a sincere feeling. But you can't just take that and scrub out the feelings of 100,000 other people." When the Daily Show produced an episode that aired September 25, 2014 featuring local Redskins fans confronted by Native Americans, <mask> contacted the producers in an attempt to withdraw the fans' consent to appear. According <mask>, these fans had been misled about the nature of the segment, prior to signing their releases. Although the segment was not pulled, Jon Stewart, host of The Daily Show, acknowledged on air that the fans were upset with the situation. <mask> has also given legal representation to the Native American Tribal Association, a nation-wide group of Native Americans who are opposed to the removal of Native American mascots.COVID-19 School Closures
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> has come under fire for what critics have called extreme stances on school closures. In June 2020, <mask> said on "The John Fredericks Show" when discussing Jim Crow laws "Look, there were some bad decisions made, but at least they had a school system, ok, at least they had a functioning school system." This statement quickly drew controversy from Virginia Democrats who noted the history of massive resistance in Virginia where school systems refused to integrate. The Prince Edward County School Board even shut down schools for nearly five years rather than desegregate. In January 2021, <mask> announced he would propose an amendment to the Virginia state budget to require schools receiving state funding to allow in-person learning. <mask> proposed the amendment in spite of the Fairfax County Democratic Committee voting with 98% support of a resolution asking "state legislators to refrain from coercing the FCPS school board to change their school reopening plan by threatening to cut their budget." Personal career

Defense Attorney for Advanced Towing

On June 25, 2020, Attorney General Mark R. Herring filed a lawsuit against Advanced Towing Company, LLC, a towing and recovery operator based in Arlington, Virginia.The Complaint alleges that Advanced Towing has violated Virginia and Arlington County towing code provisions, resulting in towing conduct that is “frequently predatory, aggressive, overreaching and illegal.”  <mask> represented Advanced Towing in the case. Advanced Towing had been known in Arlington Virginia for being extremely aggressive with their towing procedures and had been accused of illegal practices for many years, including towing cars with children inside and damaging towed vehicles. In 2015 they made the news for an incident involving ESPN's Britt McHenry. The outcome of the case resulted in $750 in civil penalties and did not award restitution to consumers. The prosecution had depended on "the victims of Advanced’s dangerous towing practices who voluntarily testified in court to tell their story. Advanced Towing has employed predatory and illegal towing practices for years, costing Virginia consumers hundreds, if not thousands of dollars, and it deserves to be held accountable for its actions." In the ruling, the Judge William Newman, “Although the Defendant’s conduct is sanctionable, the Court is constrained by the remedies available in both the Virginia and Arlington County Code."The court found there were “deficiencies” in Advanced Towing’s business practices and record keeping, the court “does not find evidence to issue a permanent injunction against Defendant.”

<mask> argued that “the office of the Attorney General wants to put my client out of business.” and said the ruling largely vindicates the company and owner John O’Neill. <mask> said the AG’s office did not provide enough evidence that Advanced Towing did anything illegal and called the lawsuit “overkill.”

References

Sources

 (Constituent/campaign website)

External links

 <mask> <mask> blog at OxRoadSouth.com
 Project Vote Smart - <mask> '<mask>' <mask> profile
Follow the Money - <mask> <mask>
2005 2003 2001 campaign contributions
Washington Post - Senate District 34 Race

Virginia state senators
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia city council members
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Democrats
1968 births
Living people
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Williams College alumni
Politicians from Fairfax, Virginia
21st-century American politicians

masks:
John Chapman
Chap
Petersen
Petersen
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John Chapman
Chap
Petersen
J Chapman
Petersen


title: Karl Band

texts:
<mask> (8 November 1900 – 6 October 1995) was a German architect. Origin
Born in Cologne, <mask> was the son of the architect <mask> (1855–1919), a long-time associate of the building councillor Hermann Otto Pflaume, whose office he also headed for a time. He was also related to the painter Michael Welter (1808–1892), who, among other things, painted the Cologne parish church Basilica of St. Cunibert, Cologne after the tower was rebuilt in the 19th century, and with <mask>, the inventor of the bandoneon, a brother of his grandfather. <mask> was married to <mask>ffler and had children Michaela and Gero († 1983) with her, who was his junior partner from 1965. In 1988, he married <mask>-Neyses. Professional career
<mask> attended the  and then studied art history in Bonn (1918–1921) and later architecture in Karlsruhe (1921–1924) under Hermann Billing and Otto Gruber. Since 1919 he was a member of the Catholic student fraternity .After his studies, he worked in various studios in Cologne, such as Hans Schumacher (1925–1927), Heinrich Renard and Eugen Fabricius, before opening his own office in 1928. In September 1929 <mask> became an employee of the church architect Eduard Endler, and from December 1930 he was his partner. In the same year he also passed the second state examination with subsequent appointment as government master builder. According to an agreement, after Endler's death (1932), his son Clemens joined the studio as a partner (Band und Endler firm); however, Endler did not continue this partnership after the war and his imprisonment. Conscripted into military service, <mask> was commissioned in the early 1940s to plan and build accommodation for the V 1 production in Peenemünde-West and other work. As far as he was able, he and like-minded people tried to save the substance of the war-damaged Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln. Shortly after the end of the war, he was commissioned by the occupying powers to draw up expert reports on the condition of the church monuments.In 1950/1951, <mask> built his private house next to the church of Basilica of St. Cunibert, Cologne. Until 1965 and again from 1983, after the death of his son Gero, <mask> ran the studio alone, from which the designs for approximately 140 completed commercial buildings, 100 residential and commercial buildings and over 100 churches as well as church renovations and reconstructions emerged. Aftermath
<mask> died on 6 October 1995 at the age of 94 and was buried in the Melaten Cemetery (Lit.C, between Lit.V and Lit.W). <mask> belonged to a circle of artists and architects also titled "", which included Rudolf Schwarz, Dominikus Böhm and Gottfried Böhm, Josef Bernard and his former student . Since 2007, <mask>'s estate has been processed in the Historical Archive of the City of Cologne to enable its later use for scientific purposes. In 2014, the green space between Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer and Kunibertsgasse – near his house – was named <mask>-Band-Platz. Work

Buildings

Cologne

 1929: Mitwirkung bei dem Umbau des Rheinlandhauses in Deutz
 1938–1940: Pfarrkirche St. Norbert in Dellbrück
 from 1943 (after 1945): Reconstruction of the building of the St. Marien-Hospital
 after 1945: Reconstruction of the Deutz Abbey in Cologne
 1945–1955/1968: Wiederaufbau der Kirche Basilica of St. Cunibert, Cologne
 1950: Laden- und Ausstellungsgebäude für das Möbelhaus Gustav Schirmer, Cäcilienstr.25 (2007 abgebrochen)
 1950–1951: Wohn- und Geschäftshaus Markmannsgasse 3–5 (collaboration with Hans Schilling)
 1950–1951: Wohnhaus und Atelier Band, Kunibertsklostergasse 1 (früher 3)
 1951: Geschäftshaus Hohenzollernring 14
 1951–1952 Kath. Pfarrkirche "St. Elisabeth" in Mülheim
 1951–1954 Kath. Pfarrkirche "St. Dreifaltigkeit" in Poll
 1952–1955: Wiederaufbau des  (together with Rudolf Schwarz)
 1952/1953–1967 Wiederaufbau der Kirche
 1953–1955: neue Krypta und Grabkapelle für den Heiligen Albertus Magnus in the St. Andrew's Church, Cologne church
 1953–1957: Anbau für Bibliothek und Verwaltung des Museum Schnütgen und Wiederaufbau der Kirche St. Cäcilien, Cäcilienstraße 29
 1954–1958: Humboldt-Gymnasium, Karthäuserwall 40
 1954: Dompropstei, Margarethenkloster 5
 1955: Pfarrhaus der Kirche St. Kunibert, Kunibertsklostergasse 2
 1956: „Haus der Begegnung“ des katholischen Männerwerks, Jabachstraße 4–8
 1956–1957: Wohn- und Geschäftshaus des Wilhelm Wefers „Paramente Wefers“, Komödienstr. 97–103 / Burgmauer 60
 1956–1957: Expansion of the church and construction of the new rectory "Zum Heiligen Geist" in Zollstock
 1957: Rectory of St. Andrew
 1960–1972: Reconstruction of the Cologne City Hall (with Eugen Weiler, 1961 competition, Einweihung 1972)
 1961–1963: Reconstruction of the parish church St. Johann Baptist
 1962–1964: New construction of the parish church St. Clemens in Niehl

Outside Cologne

 1932: Erweiterung der Kapelle St. Mariä Himmelfahrt in
1936/1937: Umbau der St.-Nikolaus-Kirche in Wipperfürth
 1936/1937: St. Brictius in Stotzheim
 ca. 1942: Planung und Ausführung von Belegschaftsunterkünften für die V1-Fabrik in Peenemünde
1953–1955: Reconstruction of St. Peter in Zülpich
 1956: Umbau der Kirche St. Johann Baptist in (Hürth-)Kendenich
 1957: Erweiterung und Umbau der Kirche St. Severin Frechen Chronik des Frechener Geschichtsvereins (PDF-Dokument)
 June 1959–1960: Gelsenkirchen-Hassel, St. Theresia
 1960–1962: Bonn, Nordstadt, katholische Pfarrkirche St. Franziskus (with Werner Fritzen)
 1963: Erweiterung der Kirche St. Johann Baptist in Refrath
 1966–1968: Kirchenerweiterung St. Severin, Hürth-Hermülheim
 1969: Erweiterung der romanischen Kirche St. Clemens (Drolshagen) durch einen Anbau an der Südseite. 1969–1970: St. Johannes der Evangelist (Köln-Stammheim) (with Gero Band)
 1970–1971: Umbau und Erweiterung der Kirche St. Mariä Geburt in Hürth-Efferen
 1971–1973 mit Sohn Gero (Oktober 71 Grundsteinlegung) Sebastianusstift, Altenwohnheim der St.-Dionysius-Gemeinde in Gleuel (jetzt Caritas)
 1975: Bad Honnef, Ortsteil Rhöndorf, Museumsgebäude der Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus

Competitions
 1925–1926: Kath. Kirche in Bickendorf
 1935: "Altstadtsanierung Köln" (Martinsviertel), Erster Preis

References

Further reading
 Wolfram Hagspiel: Köln.Marienburg Stadtspuren, Denkmäler in Köln 2. J. P. Bachem, Cologne 1996. , pp. 790f., pp. 823f. Birgit Kastner: Die Sakralbauten des Kölner Architekten Karl Band (1900–1995) Arbeitsheft der rheinischen Denkmalpflege 80. , Worms 2013. Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Bonn, 2012. Arno M. Lennartz: Der Architekt Eduard Endler 1860–1932.Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, 1984. Hans Schilling: Hans Schilling Architektur 1945–2000. Walter König, Köln 2001. External links

 Gudrun Escher: <mask> (1900–1995) – Der Wiederaufbau Kölns Bei Architektenkammer NRW

20th-century German architects
Cartellverband members
1900 births
1995 deaths
People from Cologne

masks:
Karl Friedrich Heinrich Band
Band
Heinrich Band
Heinrich Band
Band
Annegret Band Lö
Gertrud Band
Band
Band
Band
Band
Karl Band
Band
Band
Band
Karl
Karl Band