title: William Stern (psychologist)

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<mask> (April 29, 1871 – March 27, 1938), born <mask>, was a German psychologist and philosopher. He is known for the development of personalistic psychology, which placed emphasis on the individual by examining measurable personality traits as well as the interaction of those traits within each person to create the self. <mask> also coined the term intelligence quotient, or IQ, and invented the tone variator as a new way to study human perception of sound. <mask> studied psychology and philosophy under Hermann Ebbinghaus at the University of Berlin, and quickly moved on to teach at the University of Breslau. Later he was appointed to the position of professor at the University of Hamburg. Over the course of his career, <mask> wrote many books pioneering new fields in psychology such as differential psychology, critical personalism, forensic psychology, and intelligence testing. <mask> was also a pioneer in the field of child psychology.Working with his wife, Clara Joseephy <mask>, the couple kept meticulous diaries detailing the lives of their 3 children for 18 years. He used these journals to write several books that offered an unprecedented look into the psychological development of children over time. Biography

Personal life

<mask> was born on April 29, 1871 in Berlin, Germany to Rosa and <mask> (1837-1890). The couple named their only child <mask>, but he later dropped his first name and was known simply as <mask>. <mask>'s father owned a small design studio in Berlin, although the business was not very successful. When Joseph died in 1890, he left his family very little money, and <mask>, who was studying at university, had to take up tutoring to support his sickly mother until her death in 1896. <mask> met his future wife, Clara Joseephy, while on a bicycle ride through Berlin.Joseephy's parents were unhappy with the match, as <mask> had little money, but Clara persisted despite her parents’ disapproval and the two married early in 1899. They had their first daughter, Hilde, on April 7, 1900, which began the Stern's 18-year long project in child development. The couple also had a son, Günther, in 1902 and another daughter, Eva, in 1904. <mask> spent the final five years of his life in exile due to the increased antisemitism in Germany. He spent one year in Holland before moving to America to accept a job as a professor at Duke University, despite knowing little English. <mask> died suddenly on March 27, 1938 of coronary occlusion. Academic career
<mask> studied at the University of Berlin under the guidance of Hermann Ebbinghaus.He received his PhD in 1893. He then taught at the University of Breslau for 19 years, from 1897 to 1916. From 1916 to 1933 he was appointed Professor of Psychology at University of Hamburg. After the rise of the Nazi power he left to teach at Duke University, where he was appointed Lecturer and Professor until he died of a heart attack in 1938. Major contributions

Work in Child Development
<mask> greatly influenced the area of child development with the work he did with his wife, Clara. They used his three children, Hilde, Gunther, and Eva, as subjects, studying the development of language as well as other aspects of child development that they observed. His children were born in 1900, 1902, and 1904 respectively, and <mask> and his wife started the journaling from the day each were born up until they were 12, 10, and 7, respectively.The data that they recorded included reactions, babbling, the ability to recall events, lying, moral judgement, and even systematic recording sessions where the child would elicit story narratives and descriptions with one parent while the other jotted down the notes. Through their observations <mask> found what is called "game theory", which is that child's play is necessary for the personal development of a child. Intelligence Quotient

During <mask>'s time, many other psychologists were working on ways to qualitatively assess individual differences. Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon, for instance, were developing tests to assess the mental age of children in order to identify learning disabilities, but lacked a standardized way to compare these scores across populations of children. <mask> suggested a change in the formula for intelligence, which has previously been calculated using the difference between an individual's mental age and chronological age. Instead, <mask> proposed dividing an individual's mental age by their chronological age to obtain a single ratio. This formula was later improved by Lewis Terman, who multiplied the intelligence quotient by 100 to obtain a whole number.<mask>, however, cautioned against the use of this formula as the sole way to categorize intelligence. He believed individual differences, such as intelligence, are very complex in nature and there is no easy way to qualitatively compare individuals to each other. Concepts such as feeble mindedness cannot be defined using a single intelligence test, as there are many factors that the test does not examine, such as volitional and emotional variables. Tone Variator

<mask> invented the tone variator in 1897, which allowed him to study human sensitivity to changes in sound. Whereas his predecessors had limited themselves to studying thresholds and noticeable differences using constant, discrete stimuli, <mask> studied the continuous change of one stimulus into the next. Forensic Psychology
<mask> was a pioneer in the field that would become forensic psychology. Like Hugo Münsterberg, <mask> explored the psychology of eyewitness testimony with particular attention to its accuracy.A student of memory research pioneer, Hermann Ebbinghaus, <mask> had participants look at photographs and later asked them to recall details. He collaborated with criminologist, Franz v. Liszt, and in 1901 conducted a study in which law students witnessed a staged classroom argument in which one protagonist drew a revolver at which point the professor stopped the mock fight. Students were then asked to give written and oral reports of the event. <mask> and Franz found that, in such demonstrations, the subsequent recall was poor when tension was high, leading them to conclude that emotional states could affect eyewitness testimony. Other studies investigated the impact of questioning techniques, differences between children and adult witnesses, differences between male and female witnesses, and the way events occurring between the time of an event and the time of recall can affect the accuracy of testimony. <mask> noted that memory was fallible and sought ways to differentiate between intentional and unintentional falsification of testimony. These findings had the potential to improve the criminal justice system and illustrated practical applications of psychological research.<mask> also noted the effects that the courtroom could have on children and advocated for the consultation of a professional psychologist whenever child testimony was used. <mask> also hypothesized that men were more reliable witnesses than women  but subsequent work has challenged this suggestion. The study found there to be no significant sex differences among the participants concerning recall accuracy and resistance to false information. <mask>'s early work in forensic psychology has allowed for follow-up and scrutiny. Publications

 <mask>, W. (1900). Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen: Ideen zu einer 'differentiellen Psychologie’ (On the psychology of individual differences: Toward a ‘differential psychology’). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1906). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Erster Band: Ableitung und Grundlehre (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview (Rationale and basic tenets, Vol. one). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1907). Die Kindersprache (Children's speech).Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1909). Erinnerung, Aussage und Lüge in der ersten Kindheit (Recollection, testimony, and lying in early childhood). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1911). Die Differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen (Methodological foundations of differential psychology). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1914). Psychologie der frühen Kindheit bis zum sechsten Lebensjahr (The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. <mask>, W. (1916). Der Intelligenzquotient als Maß der kindlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere der Unternormalen (The intelligence quotient as measure of intelligence in children, with special reference to the subnormal). Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie. <mask>, W. (1917).Die Psychologie und der Personalismus (Psychology and Personalism). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1918). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Zweiter Band: Die menschliche Persönlichkeit (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview. Volume two: The human personality). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1924). Person und Sache: System der kritischen Personalismus. Dritter Band: Wertphilosophie (Person and thing: The system of critical personalism. Volume three: Philosophy of value). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1924). The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age (trans: Barwell, A.).London: Allen & Unwin. <mask>, W. (1927). Selbstdarstellung (Self-portrait). In R. Schmidt (Ed. ), Philosophie der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellung (Vol. 6, pp. 128–184).Barth: Leipzig. <mask>, W. (1930). Eindrücke von der amerikanischen Psychologie: Bericht über eine Kongreßreise (Impressions of American psychology: Report on travel to a conference). Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, experimentelle Pädagogik und jugendkundliche Forschung. <mask>, W. (1938). General psychology from a personalistic standpoint (idem) (trans: Spoerl, H. D.). New York: Macmillan.References

Bibliography
 Werner Deutsch (1991), "Über die verbogene Aktualität W. <mask>s"

 Lamiell, J. T. (2012). Introducing <mask> (1871–1938). History of Psychology, 15(4), 379–384. Kreppner, K. (1992). <mask><mask>, 1871-1938: A neglected founder of developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 539–547. Lamiell, James T. (2012)."6". In Wertheimer, Michael; Kimble, Gregory A.; Boneau, Alan. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume 2. Psychology Press. pp. 73–85. .

"Tone variator". Brass Instrument Psychology.University of Toronto. URL accessed 2018-10-12. External links
Biography from Indiana University
Profile at Museum of the Jewish Diaspora
Biography at Radical Academy

1871 births
1938 deaths
German psychologists
Intelligence researchers
People from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Hamburg faculty
Duke University faculty

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title: Winfield Scott (chaplain)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (February 26, 1837 – October 19, 1910) was an American Baptist minister, military officer, and politician. Shortly after graduating from seminary and taking his first job as a pastor, he left his church to lead a company during the American Civil War. Injuries sustained on the battlefield eventually led to his discharge from the military. Following the war, <mask> moved to Kansas where he grew one church and established several others. He continued in ministerial and evangelical efforts in Colorado and California before becoming an U.S. Army chaplain. After retiring from the army, <mask> moved to the Salt River Valley where he founded and was active in the early promotion of Scottsdale, Arizona. Despite being an ordained minister, <mask> preferred the style "Chaplain, U.S.A." to "Reverend".Biography
<mask> was born to James Burt and Margaret E. (Covert) <mask> in West Novi, Michigan, on February 26, 1837. His family moved to Interlaken, New York when he was a child. <mask> was baptized into the Baptist church in February 1853. He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1859 and Rochester Theological Seminary in 1861. <mask> married Helen Louise Brown on July 13, 1859. The union produced four daughters. <mask>'s daughter Minnie was the wife of brigadier general Frank Herman Albright.A Baptist church in Syracuse, New York called <mask> as their pastor following his graduation from seminary. He left this position in 1862 to raise a company to fight in the American Civil War and was commissioned a captain in the U.S. Volunteers. <mask> became known as the "Fighting Parson" while he commanded Company C, 126th New York Volunteers. He was wounded during Battle of Harpers Ferry and twice each during the battles at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania Court House. As a result of his injuries, <mask> was medically discharged from the military on September 23, 1864. Following the war, <mask> became pastor for the First Baptist Church of Leavenworth, Kansas.During his 6 years in Leavenworth, his church grew from 19 to 250 members and he organized churches in three nearby communities. The city of Winfield, Kansas, was named in <mask>'s honor after he promised to build a church there. <mask> moved to Denver, Colorado, where he served as a pastor January 1872 to September 1875. He moved to California in late 1875 and was editor of Evangel from February through October 1876. <mask> was called to the pastorate of a church in Los Angeles in 1877. In 1878 he was Associate Pastor Metropolitan Church in San Francisco. The year he was in San Francisco also saw him receive a Doctor of Divinity from a California university.<mask> served at churches in Petaluma and Oakland before becoming pastor of a church in San Jose, California, in February 1880. <mask> became an U.S. Army Chaplain in 1882, a position he held til 1893. He was initially served at Fort Canby and Fort Stevens before transferring to Angel Island in 1885. In February 1888, <mask> visited the Salt River Valley. Valley leaders hoped the chaplain would help promote the area. <mask> was so impressed he purchased  of land in the valley for US$2.50/acre. The plot he chose was abutted the soon to be completed Arizona Canal.<mask> transferred to Fort Huachuca in 1893 and made frequent visits to his property. His brother, George Washington <mask>, meanwhile moved to Arizona Territory. There he cleared the land of brush and began planted citrus orchards. <mask> moved to his homestead in 1893 on terminal leave. Health problems caused by his old war wounds prompted his retirement. Formal retirement occurred on March 26, 1889. As the first person to grow peanuts, citrus trees, and grapes in the Salt River Valley, <mask> advocated the area's potential as a health resort as well as its agricultural potential.A couple years after <mask>'s arrival there were a number of families living near his ranch. <mask> and his wife founded the Arizona Baptist Foundation and became part of the area's local leadership. In 1896 the area added a school and the settlement around <mask>'s ranch was officially named Scottsdale. <mask>'s influence extended beyond just Scottsdale. In 1897, Governor Myron H. McCord appointed him  Chaplain of the Arizona National Guard. He was elected to represent Maricopa County in the lower house during the 1899 session of the territorial legislature. During the session, he was a leader in efforts to limit gambling and the liquor trade but was unsuccessful in efforts to pass legislation limiting either.As part of his efforts, he announced his intentions to give a three-hour speech on the evils of gambling before the legislature but the session adjourned for the day five minutes after he began his speech. Ministerially, <mask> was pastor of the Lone Star Baptist Church (now First Baptist Church) in Prescott from September 1899 till August 1900. He organized churches in Naco, Arizona and Douglas, Arizona in 1902 and was named Chaplain in chief of Grand Army of the Republic in 1903. <mask> was appointed to the Arizona Board of Regents in 1902 and served as Chancellor (board chairman) the next year. In 1906, <mask> made an unsuccessful run to the Arizona Territorial Legislature. In 1909, <mask> moved to San Diego, California. While in Phoenix, Arizona, he became ill and underwent surgery to treat a strangulated hernia shortly before his death on October 19, 1910.<mask> was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego. San Diego's Scott Memorial Baptist Church (now Shadow Mountain Community Church) is named in his honor. References

1837 births
1910 deaths
People from Oakland County, Michigan
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
University of Rochester alumni
Members of the Arizona Territorial Legislature
American city founders
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
United States Army chaplains
Union Army officers
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni
19th-century American politicians
Baptists from Michigan
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (San Diego)
Grand Army of the Republic officials
19th-century American clergy
Military personnel from Michigan

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title: Adam Curle

texts:
<mask> (4 July 1916 – 28 September 2006), better known as <mask>, was a British academic, known for his work in social psychology, pedagogy, development studies and peace studies. After holding posts at the University of Oxford, University of Exeter, University of Ghana and Harvard University, in 1973 he became the inaugural Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, following the establishment of the University's Department of Peace Studies. <mask>'s works included several books on education, including Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963), and a number of books on peace and peacemaking, including Making Peace (1971). He was also, throughout his career and after his retirement in 1978, active in peacemaking and mediation, and visited Nigeria and Biafra several times as part of a Quaker contingent during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70. Early life and education
<mask> was born in L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise, France, on 4 July 1916, as the Battle of the Somme raged nearby. His father was the British author, critic and journalist Richard Curle. His mother was Cordelia Curle (née Fisher), whose siblings included the historian H. A. L. Fisher, the cricketer and academic Charles Dennis Fisher, the naval officer William Wordsworth Fisher, the banker Edwin Fisher, and Adeline Vaughan Williams, the wife of the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams.Their other relatives included the historian Frederic William Maitland, the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, the author Virginia Woolf and the painter Vanessa Bell. He was named after three of his mother's brothers, and took the name <mask>, after his birthplace, after returning to France in 1919. He grew up in Wheatfield, Oxfordshire, where he developed an affection for animals and a sensitivity to landscape. <mask> was not a frequent presence in his son's childhood; <mask> did not meet his father until he was three years old. Curle later described how they became closer in Richard's later life, however, "on a man-to-man basis," having "somehow missed the father–son phase". Curle attributed his pacifism to the influence of his mother, who lost three of her brothers to war and instilled a hatred of war in her son. Woodhouse argued that Curle's mother was also responsible for the "self-confidence which was to enable him later to make a series of unconventional moves at critical turning points in his life".His "inclination to kick against convention", however, was identified by Woodhouse as closer to that of Richard Curle. Curle attended Charterhouse School, where he was unhappy, later recalling having "survived a dreadful conventional schooling ... by playing the flute (mainly Bach), writing poems and reading the mystics". From 1935 he attended New College, Oxford, at first studying history with the intention of becoming a civil servant, then switching to anthropology. He continued his studies at Exeter College, Oxford and the Oxford Institute of Social Anthropology, and in 1938 travelled to Sápmi and the Sahara Desert on field trips. Career

Britain and Pakistan
Curle served in the British Army for six years during World War II, rising to the rank of Major and becoming a research officer in the Civil Resettlement Units (CRUs). In this role he was involved in the development of a residential rehabilitation programme which provided counselling, skills training, medical and recreational facilities, and opportunities for social contact, and was tasked with evaluating the effectiveness of the CRUs' work. In this period he developed an interest in psychology, in particular the integration of psychological and anthropological approaches to society, and the psychological effects of traumatic experiences.He received a postgraduate degree in anthropology in 1947, having drawn on his experiences with the CRUs in his work. He began his academic career with a series of journal articles also drawing on those experiences, the first of which was a paper in Human Relations on the experiences of prisoners of war in returning to their communities and the relationship between individual and community. In 1947 <mask> took up a position at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, where he researched rural decay in South West England. This work led to his appointment, in 1950, as a lecturer in social psychology at the University of Oxford. While at Oxford in the early 1950s he developed an interest in the connections between social psychology and education policy. While he remained interested in the social psychiatry approach that Tavistock Institute emphasised, he also came to believe in the necessity of education for individuals' psychological stability and positive relationships with others, and published several articles on education policy. His work at Oxford led to his appointment in 1952 to the Chair in Education and Psychology at the University of Exeter, where he remained until 1956.While at Exeter he became involved in a project focused on development in Europe, and his work took on an international dimension. In 1956 he was invited, via Harvard University, to advise on education policy in Pakistan. Initially planning to stay in Pakistan for a year, he later decided to remain for two additional years, and resigned from his position at Exeter in order to do so. From 1956 to 1959 he was an advisor to the Pakistan Planning Board, in which capacity he travelled in Pakistan (including present-day Bangladesh), including in the Hindu Kush. In addition to education policy, his work in Pakistan concerned health care, housing, labour relations, welfare and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, where he worked among the Pashtun and Kho peoples. He would later frequently refer to his experiences in Pakistan in his lectures and books. Ghana and Harvard
In 1959 Curle was appointed Professor of Education at the University of Ghana.While in Ghana he became a Quaker, which, like his pacifism, he attributed to his mother's influence. He also travelled widely in Africa during this time, and advised the Ghanaian government on education and development. His inaugural lecture, entitled The Role of Education in Developing Societies, was published in 1961. He resigned from the University in 1961, having reached the conclusion that the institution, which was then predominantly white, was "out of place" in a political context marked by the growth of African nationalism. That year he travelled to South Africa with the intention of establishing a college for Black Africans, but was arrested. Also in 1961 he was appointed director of Harvard University's Centre for Studies in Education and Development, a position he would hold until 1971. While at Harvard he participated in field projects in Barbados, Central America, Nigeria and Tunisia, and returned to Pakistan in 1963 and 1964 as a consultant on education, contributing to Pakistan's third five-year plan.The fieldwork he conducted at Harvard led him to see education policy as vital in achieving and maintaining peace. In 1964 he also became an advisor to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Indo-Pakistani War
<mask> visited India and Pakistan as part of a Quaker contingent in the wake of the Tashkent Declaration, the January 1966 agreement which ended the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The team's roles included gathering information, facilitating communication between the Indian and Pakistani sides, offering assessments of the situation, and proposing possible measures for achieving peace. <mask> was selected for the role due to his knowledge and experience of Pakistan. His role involved presenting the case for conciliation to the younger people involved in the conflict and those sceptical of possibilities for peace. The Quakers played only a minor role in maintaining peace in India and Pakistan and did not facilitate a breakthrough in relations, but did help to maintain the less tense relations that had developed.Their report described the history of Quaker activity in the region, outlined Indian and Pakistani viewpoints, and described their own work, and concluded that the onus was on India to take conciliatory measures towards Pakistan. Nigerian Civil War
Known by this time for his work in the fields of pedagogy and development studies, <mask> was consulted by governments and charities, and provided mediation in the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70 as part of a group of three Quakers alongside John Volkmar and Walter Martin. Prior to becoming a mediator in Nigeria Curle had been involved in establishing a model school in Ayetoro, Nigeria. On their initial trip in 1967, their intention was to listen to the parties in conflict and to aid them through conciliation or relief. Arriving before the war began, <mask>, Martin and Volkmar met with C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Hamzat Ahmadu and Okoi Arikpo, and remained hopeful that peace could be maintained; a week after the team left, however, Ojukwu declared the secession of the Republic of Biafra. In early 1968 Curle and Volkmar hosted initial informal talks and met with Yakubu Gowon. In March 1967 <mask> and Martin visited Biafra, where they met with Louis Mbanefo and again with Ojukwu and Gowon.When the Commonwealth Secretariat arranged for public talks to be held in Kampala, Uganda, in May, <mask> and his wife Anne were selected to attend as a Quaker delegation. The Curles' role in the Kampala talks involved mediating between Commonwealth Secretary-General Arnold Smith and the Biafrans and proposing possible terms of settlement. In Making Peace <mask> described his and Anne's role as involving "persuasion, clarification, message carrying, listening, defusing, honest brokering, encouraging, and liaison with the Commonwealth Secretariat". The Curles then returned to Nigeria, where <mask> met again with Gowon. In August 1967 <mask> and Volkmar attended the continuing negotiations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. When Gowon announced a "final push" against Biafra, the Quakers turned their attention to relief operations. <mask>, Volkmar and Martin embarked on another series of trips in September and October 1968.In the continuing impasse, the proposal made by Hamani Diori, the president of Niger, for a Quaker-sponsored meeting was taken up. Ojukwu's representatives expressed interest in Diori's proposal, and <mask> discussed the proposal with Smith and a representative of the British government. The stalemate that continued through 1969, however, led the Quakers to once again turn their attention to providing relief. In October 1969, <mask> met again with Gowon alongside Volkmar and Kale Williams. In London, Curle and Williams met with Smith and a Biafran representative to discuss issues including the possibility of the Commonwealth Secretariat again becoming involved in negotiations. In January 1970, however, the war ended with the Biafrans' surrender. <mask> and Volkmar rejoined Williams on Nigeria days after the surrender, in order to observe the post-war climate and offer conciliation.C. H. Mike Yarrow, in his study of Quaker reconciliation efforts, argues that the personal qualities and personalities of the Quaker contingent played a pivotal role in their success in building connections with Nigerian and Biafran leaders, though from mid-1968 Yarrow argues the Quaker organisation and the faith it engendered came to play a similar role. While Yarrow argues their listening process was a success, he describes their effectiveness at changing the parties' perceptions of one another in more ambivalent terms. In concluding, Yarrow argued that while the negotiated peace the Quakers sought was not achieved, Yarrow argues that "the peace terms resulting after the military solution were imbued with the spirit of conciliation." <mask>'s experiences of the Indo–Pakistani and Nigerian conflicts contributed to his interest in the causes of war and informed his research on the relationships between violence, social transformation, and the goals of development. At Harvard he responded to the 1968 student protests and the emergence of the New Left by teaching history to schoolchildren in a working-class neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was struck by similarities to the "underdeveloped world". Professor of Peace Studies
In 1973 <mask> became the United Kingdom's first Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford. Robert A. McKinlay, who was involved in the selection of the new Department of Peace Studies's inaugural professor, recalled contacting Curle after a fellow Quaker suggested <mask> would disabuse him of the viability of position, after which <mask> expressed an interest in the post.As Professor of Peace Studies he was responsible for both the department's administration and its academic development. His first year at Bradford was spent recruiting staff, seeking especially those with experience in peacemaking, and developing a postgraduate programme. Among those he appointed were Tom Stonier, who would later head Bradford's School of Science and Society; Aleksandras Štromas, a Russian lawyer and Soviet dissident; David Bleakley, a former Minister of Community Relations in the Government of Northern Ireland; Michael Harbottle, a former chief of staff of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus; Uri Davis, who had been involved in peacemaking among Jews and Arabs in the Middle East; Vithal Rajan, a Gandhian who had worked in India; Nigel Young, a political scientist formerly based at the University of Birmingham; and Tom Woodhouse, who became Curle's research assistant. While at Bradford, Curle contributed to the development of peace studies and drew on his own experiences of mediation. In his 1975 inaugural lecture, entitled "The Scope and Dilemmas of Peace Studies", he argued for the necessity not only of resolving individual conflicts but also of addressing the underlying causes of war, which he identified as injustice and inequality. Departments of peace studies, he argued, should thus seek to create fair, just and open societies that would not foster the resentments that ultimately lead to war. Accordingly, he sought to operate his department in a democratic, participatory and non-hierarchical manner, and saw his own role as that of a co-ordinator rather than a leader.Retirement
Towards the end of his tenure at Bradford, <mask> began to feel the need to return to more direct involvement in international reconciliation, and so left the university in 1978, after five years. After his retirement, <mask> continued to practice peacemaking and track two diplomacy, and worked with Quaker Peace and Service as a mediator in Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, the Balkans and elsewhere. In 1983 a proposal formulated by <mask> and others to assess the teaching of conflict resolution in schools was taken up by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe as part of a plan to ensure compulsory education contain a focus on non-violent behaviour. <mask> and his wife Anne visited the former Yugoslavia several times during the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–2001. In 1992 <mask> co-founded the Centre for Peace, Human Rights and Non-Violence in Osijek, Croatia, a contested area that was the site of significant violence. The organisation sought to cultivate a culture of non-violence through education, and provided civil rights education, community mediation, groups for parents, legal and practical support, peace education programmes, self-help groups, and programmes for survivors of domestic violence. In Županja, Croatia, a multi-ethnic community which had similarly seen conflict and dispossession, <mask> co-founded Mir i dobro (Peace and Good), which sought to aid the local community in adjusting to the war's aftermath and to build peace.In his work in Croatia, <mask> emphasised the necessity for aid workers to respond to the needs of communities and encouraged dialogue to discern what those needs were. As part of this emphasis, in 1996 he convened a workshop to explore ways to mitigate the effects of the war on Županja's children. A further workshop in 1997 sought to explore ways to develop a culture of non-violence and to facilitate reintegration as refugees returned to their homes. Barbara Mitchels has argued that these workshops combined peacemaking with aspects of counselling. <mask> continued to visit Županja into the 2000s. In his later years he was also influenced by Tibetan

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Charles Thomas William Curle
Adam Curle
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Charles Thomas William Curle
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Richard Curle
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title: Adam Curle

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 Buddhism and the 14th Dalai Lama. In the 1990s and 2000s he worked with the Oxford Research Group as an advisor and a patron.Later in his career he also revisited his earlier work with prisoners of war and reaffirmed his argument that efforts to heal the psychological wounds of war ought to form part of a holistic programme of interventions. In 2000 he was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award. Thought

Overview
In the 1960s Curle published work on education and development that reflected conventional views about the relationship between economic modernisation and social progress. In this work he did, however, emphasise the role of the social and cultural, and in particular the concept of human potential, in development, rather than identifying development as a solely economic phenomenon. In this period he also sought to develop new teaching methods drawing on social psychology. From the late 1960s he came to question development per se, and questions relating to violence and conflict, informed by his experiences of the Indo-Pakistani War and the Nigerian Civil War, came to play a greater role in his work. Around this time, informed by the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and the 1960s counterculture, he also looked to the roots of conflict that lay in developed countries.<mask>'s turn to peace studies was the result of these experiences, which instilled a desire to understand the causes of conflict. Peace studies
In his work in peace studies, <mask> developed an approach in which peace has both negative dimensions, relating to the prevention of violence, and positive dimensions, relating to the fulfilment of human needs and the freeing of human potential. Curle viewed peace in terms of human development rather than in terms of organisations or rules that would enforce peace. Finding the word "conflict" to be too ambiguous, Curle preferred to speak of "peaceful" and "unpeaceful" relationships, defining the former as relationships in which "the various parties did each other more good than harm", and the latter as those "doing  more harm than good" to those involved. The development of peaceful relationships, rather than the containment of conflict, was at the core of Curle's conception of peace. While other peace researchers have tended to analyse social, political, and military systems, Curle's work focused on the values and attitudes of individuals within those systems. Curle played an important role in the emergence of peace studies as a separate field from international relations, and in the incorporation of insights from psychology, especially humanistic psychology, into the field.Curle's work also addressed the problems of occupational burnout and apathy among peace studies scholars and practitioners. <mask> saw peace studies as an interdisciplinary endeavour benefiting from a variety of backgrounds and skills. From the late 1960s he was aware of the work of Johan Galtung and Kenneth Boulding, whose work he saw as sharing a common goal with his own. Curle's work in peace studies was also influenced by the Russian esotericist P. D. Ouspensky and the Russian philosopher George Gurdjieff; by Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism), Sufism and his involvement with the Quakers; and by the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, who was his colleague at Harvard. In keeping with Quaker thought, Curle saw the Inner Light as a force in each human akin to a universal mind. Drawing on Buddhist philosophy, he argued that the three poisons (ignorance, greed and hatred) caused social alienation and formed the basis of most violence. Drawing on Vajrayana and Quakerism, he viewed all living things as connected, and believed that every human action has effects on humans' environment.He also emphasised the artistic and creative aspects of peacemaking and of writing on the subject. Mediation and reconciliation
Mediation was, in <mask>'s view, the foremost tool of peacemaking. Its purpose, in Curle's account, was to eliminate misperceptions between parties in conflict and to allay violent emotions. <mask>'s proposed mediation process has four parts: first, mediators develop and improve communications; second, they provide information to, and between, the parties; third, they "befriend" the parties; and fourth, they encourage a willingness to engage in negotiations. <mask> criticised "top down" forms of mediation as ineffectual, though, and argued mediation ought to be accompanied by the transformation of attitudes and of economic and social conditions. He saw this form of mediation as applicable on conflicts at all scales, from wars between nations to disputes within families. His theory of mediation draws on Quaker practices, on humanistic psychology, and on his own experiences in the field.It is distinct from John Burton's approach to conflict resolution, but shares with Burton several commitments: both saw the role of the mediator as one of structuring discussions and providing information, both thought mediation involved exploring and analysing the conflict in question, both used psychological principles to mitigate against misperceptions and misunderstandings, and both envisioned new understandings resulting that feed into the development of policy. In his later works, published in the 1990s and 2000s, <mask> continued to revise his theory of reconciliation and its role in peacemaking. His work with the Osijek Centre for Peace led to the realisation that the model of peacemaking by neutral parties that he had advanced in In the Middle (1986) was insufficiently nuanced to resolve the Yugoslav Wars, and that affected communities themselves ought to play a greater role in the process. He came to favour a form of conflict resolution in which outsiders' involvement would focus on training and supporting local peacemakers, and argued that effective peacemaking processes ought not to focus on the proliferation of peace treaties by elites, but rather ought to empower communities affected by war to construct peace "from below". Works

Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963)

Curle's Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963) is a review of the role of education in economic growth and social and political transformation. Planning for Education in Pakistan (1966)
Planning for Education in Pakistan: A Personal Case Study (1966) is an account of <mask>'s experiences as an advisor to the Planning Commission of Pakistan in 1963 and 1964. In it, he assesses problems with education in Pakistan and discusses the role of foreign advisors to governments.Drawing on his experiences with the Planning Commission and with educational bodies, <mask> shows significant differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan in education and literacy. Curle presents those involved in educational planning as complex, conflicted figures rather than aloof arbiters of objective facts. Richard S. Wheeler, reviewing the book in The Journal of Asian Studies, described <mask>'s assessment of Pakistan's educational problems as "authoritative" and the insight provided into the role of foreign advisors as "rewarding". J. A. Keats and Daphne M. Keats, writing in the Australian Journal of Education, characterised the book as "an unusual and in some ways courageous approach to a serious examination of the problems of  educational planning in a newly developing country", but argued that <mask>'s subjective approach was not wholly successful and queried the omission of certain important individuals from his account. Keats and Keats concluded that while Curle "has succeeded in showing the interaction between persons and action, he has achieved this at the expense of an objectivity which might well have led to an even more valuable exposition." Educational Problems of Developing Societies (1969)
Educational Problems of Developing Societies: With Case Studies of Ghana, Pakistan, and Nigeria was first published in 1969, then in a revised and expanded edition in 1973.The book comprises 12 essays on various topics. After introducing the educational problems faced by developing societies, <mask> describes background conditions in these societies and factors in educational development in Pakistan. As in Educational Strategy for Developing Societies, <mask> here understands development in social psychological terms. Drawing on his experiences in Pakistan, he argues that development requires flexibility and an appreciation of cultural differences, and that solely economic approaches to development risk fomenting conflict. Woodhouse describes the book as the best illustration of "the progress of <mask>'s intellectual development toward the distinct field of peace research". Philip Foster, in his review in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology, argued that the essays show only limited awareness of broader debates in the field, and questioned <mask>'s methodology in some of the essays, but concluded "that the good far outweighs the less than satisfactory." Joseph Kivlin, meanwhile, reviewing the book in Social Forces, argued that it "does not contribute much that is new to the understanding" of developing societies' educational problems, and noted that several of its chapters are only tangentially connected to the topic of education.Making Peace (1971)

<mask>'s Making Peace (1971) applies ideas from peace studies to his own experiences, explores the definition of peacemaking and considers what constitute peaceful and non-peaceful relationships and what cause them. Education for Liberation (1973)
<mask>'s Education for Liberation was published in 1973. Drawing on his personal experiences and responding to the educational environment of the 1970s, and dealing with similar topics to Making Peace, <mask> considers how education can contribute to the achievement of peace and social change. More so than in his previous works, Curle is critical of existing forms of education, which he sees as contributing to authoritarianism, social hierarchy and economic materialism. He identifies this as especially problematic in developing countries, where education is "attuned to the competitive and materialistic ideologies of the rich nations". The book was strongly influenced by Paulo Freire's thought, and contains an appendix contrasting Curle's views with those of B. F. Skinner. Richard D'Aeth, reviewing the book in the British Journal of Educational Studies, described <mask>'s analysis as "humane and warmly personal" and the book as "a pleasure to study, despite its pessimism".In his review in the British Journal of Educational Psychology, Ken Pease expressed enthusiasm for the book but argued its use of the concept of awareness was too insubstantial to form "the cornerstone of an educational system". The Fragile Voice of Love (2006)
<mask>'s final book, The Fragile Voice of Love (2006), was published shortly before he died. The book, which includes aspects of memoir and travelogue, offers a personal account of the human condition and human despair at the beginning of the 21st century. Curle comments on alienation, greed, and commercialism as causes of conflict, and proposes ways to combat certain damaging illusions, such as the idea that material wealth results in happiness. Drawing on the insights of the Buddha on the ultimate emptiness of reality, denial of which he identifies as the cause of suffering, Curle proposes that suffering can be overcome first by cultivating and applying virtue, and second by acquiring wisdom. <mask> concludes by discussing globalisation, which he argues is driven by the desire for power and profit. Reviewing the book in Peace and Conflict, William H. Long described the book as "straight from the heart", and suggested "like your grandfather's advice, it's best to pay it some mind."Other works
Mystics and Militants: A Study of Awareness, Identity and Social Action (1972) deals with similar themes to Making Peace and examines the personal beliefs, qualities and skills of peace makers. It also considers the psychological aspects of social action, social awareness and identity, and the inner and outer, or private and public, aspects of peacemaking. <mask>'s interest in the concepts of awareness and identity was based on his observation of people in conflict situations. Like Making Peace, Mystics and Militants contributed to <mask>'s reputation as an influential figure in the field of peace research. Both books contributed to the emergence of peace studies. Peacemaking Public and Private (1978) continued to explore the question of the inner and outer aspects of peacemaking first taken up in Mystics and Militants. True Justice (1981) draws on Quaker theology and <mask>'s own experiences as a peacemaker, and focuses on personal solutions rather than structural ones.It explores the question of human nature in relation to religion, and continues to consider public and private levels of peacemaking. <mask> argues here that feelings of hatred, anger, jealousy and the like are not unchangeable features of any individual, but rather the result of failures to understand and develop their own potential. Michael Hare Duke, in his review for the New Internationalist, acknowledged the importance of the interpersonal phenomena on which Curle focuses, but argued that the book lacked "a clear recognition of the economic realities which lie behind any justice in the distribution of the world's resources." In the Middle (1986) argues for the importance of mediation and reconciliation in both peace research and peacemaking practice. In it, <mask> introduces his account of mediation as a four-part process, and identifies three types of activity as central to peacemaking: the development of co-operative economic and social systems, nonviolent opposition to violent and oppressive regimes, and the achievement of reconciliation between conflicting parties, including through mediation. In concluding, Curle proposes the creation of an international organisation within the United Nations dedicated to mediation, which would conduct research and provide mediation, training and resources. Tools for Transformation (1990), like Making Peace and Mystics and Militants, frames conflict as a dynamic force capable of effecting changes in individuals and social structures.Barbara Mitchels and Tom Woodhouse argue that this perspective influenced the development of peace studies by providing a holistic account of conflict that goes beyond merely ending or preventing wars. In To Tame the Hydra (1999), <mask> describes a global situation in which violence, successfully subdued, immediately flares up elsewhere, akin to the Hydra, a mythological monster which grew a new head each time one was cut off. Curle saw these outbreaks of violence as fuelled by the pursuit of money and power, and argued for the continuing necessity of peacemaking techniques. <mask> also wrote poetry and fiction. His collection Recognition and Reality: Reflections & Prose Poems was published in 1987. Norbert Koppensteiner described the volume as "a poetic transrationality." His poem "Indra's Net" (1999), named for the metaphor used in Buddhist philosophy, reflects on the ideas of human interconnection that also formed part of his work on peace.Personal life
<mask> married Pamela Hobson in 1939. They had two daughters and divorced after the end of <mask>'s military service. In 1958 he married Anne Edie, a New Zealander who he had met in Dhaka during his travels. They had one daughter. Later in life he lived with Anne in London. Death and legacy
<mask> died from acute leukaemia on 28 September 2006 in Wimbledon, London. Barbara Mitchels' study of <mask>, Love in Danger, was published in 2006.It was followed in 2016 by <mask>: Radical Peacemaker, a collection of <mask>'s writings edited by Tom Woodhouse and John Paul Lederach. In a 2003 article Mitchels described <mask> as "one of the pioneers of the academic study of peace". In his obituary in The Guardian, Tom Woodhouse wrote that "the legitimacy and growth of peace studies" would be <mask>'s "greatest and enduring legacy". Mitchels and Woodhouse argue <mask>'s works "were instrumental in establishing the legitimacy of peace studies in universities worldwide and in advancing the scholarly agenda of peace research." Lederach described <mask> as "a beacon of orientation" for his own work and "one of the most important influences relevant to many of our contemporary debates" in peace

masks:
Curle
Curle
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title: Pierre-René Rogue

texts:
Pierre-<mask> (11 June 1758 – 3 March 1796) was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Congregation of the Mission – also known as the "Vincentians". <mask> exercised his pastoral duties in his hometown of Vannes and was known for his short stature and devotion to the faith. He was killed after he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new French government. The townsfolk of Vannes nicknamed him "the wee priest" due to his short stature. His death at the guillotine as being in hatred of the faith allowed for Pope Pius XI to preside over the late priest's beatification in 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. Life
Pierre-<mask> was born on 11 June 1758 as the sole child to <mask> (d. c. 1758) and Francisca Loisea (d. 1812). His mother nicknamed him as "Renotte".He was born at the same time his father was absent on a business trip and died before he could return home. <mask> was baptized on 12 June and suffered from six bouts of pneumonia before the age of twelve. After he completed his studies at the age of seventeen in Saint-Yves college in 1775 he moved to Bourges with maternal relatives and then returned home before he decided to commence his studies for the priesthood. He commenced his studies in 1776. The Congregation of the Mission staffed it and oversaw the education of the prospective priests. He received tonsure and the minor orders in 1779 while receiving the subdiaconate in 1780 and the diaconate in 1781. <mask> received his ordination on 21 September 1782 from the Bishop of Vannes Sébastien-Michel Amelot.He celebrated his first Mass the following 22 September. <mask> entered the Vincentians and after he spent time at the Paris mother-house was professed as a member on 25 October 1786. He became a professor of theological studies in 1787. The French Revolution saw the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the Kingdom of France after its outbreak in 1789. The oath of allegiance that the new government proposed caused consternation for the Catholic Church for it required priests to pledge themselves to the government rather than to the church itself. <mask> was one of the priests who rallied in 1791 to the call of Pope Pius VI to refuse the oath despite Bishop Amelot fleeing to Switzerland. Monsignor Le Masne – Amelot's successor – was appointed on 27 March 1791 but dispersed seminaries in the area and fled to Spain despite high hopes he would promote the call of the pope.The parish he exercised his duties in was abolished on 30 April 1791. It was around this time he sought refuge with his mother on 2 January 1792 though soon fled and continued moving from place to place while changing clothes to continue his pastoral mission without being noticed. His mother's home was monitored at all times in order to see if <mask> would return so that the authorities could arrest him. His refusal to take the oath came on 14 August 1792 and <mask> went unnoticed for the most part during the Terror. Vannes authorities granted a full pardon to all priests who hid after refusing to take the oath in March 1795. This also halted the monitoring of his mother's home. It also allowed him to resume his pastoral duties.A man named Le Meut who found work due to <mask>'s mother – and still received financial aid from her – alerted the authorities to <mask> and his "opposition" to the new French government which would result in <mask>'s arrest. On the evening of 24 December 1795 he went to give the Viaticum to a sick man but was arrested and jailed in Vannes. He comforted other inmates and fellow jailed priests for two months. His first interrogation was held on 29 February 1796 despite the reluctance of officials who did not want to interrogate nor list him in a future trial. <mask>'s mother was present at the tribunal of 2 March 1796 that condemned him to death while a citizen said to her: "You reared a monster!" upon her responding to his question of whether or not the priest was her son. The trial was conducted in the church that <mask> was ordained in.On 3 March 1796 at 3:00pm he and another priest were led out of the prison with their collars cut and their hair shaved from the neck with their hands tied behind their back. The pair were to be taken to the guillotine in the market square and he sang a song he wrote in prison on the path to the scaffold. He arrived at the scaffolding and noticed Le Meut there and so gave him his watch. The executioner was in fact one of <mask>'s former pupils and was unsure of what he should do – but he nevertheless followed his orders. After he died a soldier present said: "He was not a man: he was an angel!" His mother was present at his death. Believers rushed to the guillotine to collect his blood on cloth brought forward.He was exhumed in 1934 and reinterred under the altar of the Vannes Cathedral. Appearance
<mask> stood at four feet ten inches tall in his lifetime. He had brown hair around a bald pate with brown brows above weak-sighted blue eyes. He also had dimpled chin with a beard. Beatification

The beatification proceedings commenced in an informative process that started on 22 February 1908 and closed after the conclusion of its business on 9 January 1912. The process was tasked with collecting available evidence on <mask>'s life and attesting to his potential saintliness. The process was conducted in the Diocese of Vannes where <mask> lived and worked.Theologians garnered all of his writings and issued their approval in a decree dated 22 March 1922. The role of the theologians was to compile a dossier on all of his letters and other writings in order to ascertain whether or not such texts remained inline with the magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church. The approval of <mask>'s works allowed for the cause to continue to the next stage despite the fact that an apostolic process was dispensed. These processes occurred despite the fact that the formal introduction of the cause did not come until 12 June 1929 in a move that bestowed the title of Servant of God on the late priest. The processes that had occurred were ratified before it could proceed to the Congregation of Rites for further assessments and received the approval of the historical commission on 1 June 1933 in a move that clarified no obstacles existed to the cause. Pope Pius XI approved the beatification of <mask> on 22 April 1934 and beatified him on 10 May 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

1758 births
1796 deaths
18th-century venerated Christians
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI
Congregation of the Mission
French beatified people
People executed for treason against France
Publicly executed people
Religion and the French Revolution
Vincentians
Breton beatified people

masks:
René Rogue
Rogue
René Rogue
Claudio Rogue
Rogue
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title: Sylvia Day

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<mask> (born March 11, 1973) is a Japanese American writer of romance novels. She also writes under the pseudonyms S.J<mask> and Livia Dare. She is a number one bestselling author in 28 countries. Career
<mask> writes romance novels, speculative/paranormal fiction, historical fiction, and futuristic fiction (under the pseudonym Livia Dare). She has also published fiction under the pseudonym S. J<mask>, and non-fiction.She is the co-founder of Passionate Ink, a special interest chapter of Romance Writers of America (RWA), and served on RWA's Board of Directors from 2009-13. She was the 22nd President of RWA. <mask> presently serves on the Authors Guild Board of Directors. She presents workshops for writing groups and has been a speaker at events such as the RT Booklovers Convention, Romance Writers of America's National Convention, and Comic-Con. In March 2013, Harlequin Enterprises and Hearst Corporation announced the signing of <mask> to a seven-figure contract to write two novellas to launch "Cosmo Red Hot Reads from Harlequin," a new collaboration between the publisher and communications giant. In June 2013, Penguin USA agreed on an eight-figure deal for two more "Crossfire" books, with Penguin UK acquiring UK and Commonwealth rights for an additional seven-figures. In January 2014, Macmillan's St. Martin's Press announced a two-book, eight-figure agreement with <mask> for a new "Blacklist" series.Penguin UK acquired UK and Commonwealth rights to the series for an additional seven-figures. In April 2019, Amazon Publishing announced a deal for a new novella from <mask> for seven figures. Crossfire

Day's Crossfire series has 13 million English-language copies in print and international rights licensed in over 40 territories as of January 2014. Bared to You was #4 on the Amazon.com's list of top 10 best-selling books of 2012, #5 on iTunes' Top Ten Books of the Year, and #7 on Bookscan's Top 10 Print Book Sales of 2012 – Adult Fiction. Bared to You spent forty-five weeks on The New York Times trade paperback bestseller list and sixty-seven weeks on the USA Today bestseller list. The Crossfire series was acquired by Lionsgate Television Group for television adaptation, but <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. Beyond Words
In September 2015, <mask> launched the digital lifestyle magazine Beyond Words, which publishes daily articles covering travel, entertainment, style, wellness, and philanthropy.Honors

<mask> has been honored with the Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Award, the EPPIE Award, the National Readers' Choice Award, and several nominations for Romance Writers of America's RITA Award. 2007 RITA Award nominee ("Her Mad Grace")
 2007 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award nominee (Passion for the Game)
 2008 RITA Award nominee ("Mischief and the Marquess")
 2008 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Winner (Don't Tempt Me)
 2008 National Readers' Choice Award Winner (Heat of the Night)
 2009 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Nominee (In the Flesh)
 2009 National Readers Choice Award Winner (In the Flesh)
 2010 Readers' Crown Award Winner (In the Flesh and Eve of Darkness)
 2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Bared to You)
 2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Goodreads Author Nominee
 2012 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (Bared to You)
 2013 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Entwined with You)
 2014 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (The Stranger I Married)
 2015 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Captivated by You)

Bibliography

Novels
 Bad Boys Ahoy! (2006)
 Ask For It (2006)
 The Stranger I Married (2007)
 Eve of Darkness (2009)
 Eve of Destruction (2009)
 Eve of Chaos (2009)
 In the Flesh (2009)
 Pride and Pleasure (2011)
 Seven Years to Sin (2011)
 A Touch of Crimson (2011)
 Bared to You (2012)
 A Hunger So Wild (2012)
 Reflected in You (2012)
 Entwined with You (2013)
 Spellbound (2013)
 Captivated by You (2014)
 One with You (2016)
 Butterfly in Frost (2019)

Novellas
 "Magic Fingers" in Wicked Words: Sex on Holiday (2005) and Black Lace Quickies 7 (2007) and Wicked (2012)
 "Catching Caroline" (2005)
 "Misled" (2005)
 "Kiss of the Night" (2005)
 "Snaring The Huntress" (2005)
 "Wish List" (2005) in White Hot Holidays, Vol. II (2006)
 "Treasure Hunters" in Ellora's Cavemen: Dreams of the Oasis II (2006)
 "A Familiar Kind of Magic" in Alluring Tales: Awaken the Fantasy (2007)
 "Salacious Robinson" in Got a Minute? (2007)
 "Magic and Mayhem" (2007)
 "Mischief and the Marquess" in Perfect Kisses (2007)
 "That Old Black Magic" in Alluring Tales: Hot Holiday Nights (2008)
 "Eve of Sin City" (2010)
 "Eve of Warfare" (2010) in The Mammoth Book of Paranormal Romance 2 (2010)
 "Lucien's Gamble" (2011) in Bad Boys Ahoy! Day)
 Eve of Darkness (2009)
 Eve of Destruction (2009)
 Eve of Chaos (2009)
 Eve of Sin City (2010)
 Eve of Warfare (2010) in The Mammoth Book of Paranormal Romance 2 (2010)

Renegade Angels
 A Dark Kiss of Rapture (2011)
 A Touch of Crimson (2011)
 A Caress of Wings (2012)
 A Hunger So Wild (2012)
 A Lush Kiss of Surrender
 A Taste of Seduction

Sapphire Series (w/a Livia Dare)
 In the Flesh (2009)

Non-Fiction
 Perfectly Plum: Unauthorized Essays on the Life, Loves and Other Disasters of Stephanie Plum, Trenton Bounty Hunter (2007)
 The Write Ingredients: Recipes from Your Favorite Authors (2007)
 Lustfully Ever After: Fairy Tale Erotic Romance (Foreword - 2011)
 Fifty Writers on Fifty Shades of Grey (2012)
 Story of O (Introduction - 2013)
 Writing New Adult Fiction (Foreword - 2014)

Media

In April 2013, HeroesAndHeartbreakers.com broke the news that Day's Crossfire series had been optioned for television adaptation. Lions Gate Entertainment secured the rights.Kevin Beggs, President of the Lionsgate Television Group, confirmed the acquisition on August 5, 2013 in a press release. Lionsgate TV Executive Vice President Chris Selak, who was to oversee development for the studio, said, "The Crossfire series is an incredible property and it is a thrill to bring it to Lionsgate. <mask> has created an enduring, sexy and edgy story, and we're looking forward to working with her to create a show that both excites and connects with audiences as her books have done." However, <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. In June 2017, startup streaming entertainment company Passionflix began production of <mask>'s Afterburn/Aftershock film adaptation. Principal photography concluded on July 29, 2017. The film debuted in November 2017.Beyond Words: <mask>, a documentary covering the world tour supporting the release of <mask>’s One with You, was released on October 9, 2018. References

External links
 <mask> Official website
 Tor Books Press Release for Eve of Darkness
 Berkley Books Press Release for Bared to You

 <mask>'s lifestyle magazine, Beyond Words

1973 births
Living people
Writers from California
American romantic fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American women bloggers
American bloggers
<mask>, S.J. Defense Language Institute alumni
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers

masks:
Sylvia June Day
. Day
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. Day
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Sylvia
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title: Tyrone Nash

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<mask> Vechta of the German ProA. He played college basketball for the University of Notre Dame before playing professionally in Germany, France, Dominican Republic, Israel, Turkey and Lithuania. Early life and college career
<mask> attended Lawrence Woodmere Academy in Woodmere, New York, where he averaged 17 points, 14 rebounds, 5 assists and 3 blocks during his senior season. <mask> helped lead his team to three consecutive regional championships during his sophomore, junior and senior campaigns and earned All-Long Island first-team honors. <mask> played college basketball for University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish, where he averaged 9.5 points and 5.9 rebounds and 2.6 assists per game in his senior year. Professional career

Tübingen (2011–2014)
<mask> went undrafted in the 2011 NBA Draft. On July 6, 2011, <mask> signed with the German team Walter Tigers Tübingen for the 2011–2012 season.That season, on March 21, 2012, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with Tübingen. In his second season with the team, <mask> participated in the 2013 BBL Slam Dunk Contest. Rouen (2014–2015)
On June 22, 2014, <mask> signed with the French team SPO Rouen Basket for the 2014–2015 season, alongside his former teammate Daequan Cook. However, on August 24, 2014, he parted ways with Rouen due to a leg injury that occurred while playing for the New Orleans Pelicans in the 2014 NBA Summer League. On January 19, 2015, <mask> returned to Rouen for the remainder of the season. Braunschweig (2015–2016)
On August 10, 2015, <mask> returned to Germany for a second stint, signing with Löwen Braunschweig for the 2015–2016 season. On December 6, 2015, <mask> recorded a season-high 26 points, shooting 9-of-12 from the field, along with eight rebounds in 90–83 win over Mitteldeutscher.Ironi Nahariya (2016–2017)
On September 15, 2016, <mask> signed with the Israeli team Ironi Nahariya for the 2016–17 season. On April 9, 2017, <mask> recorded a career-high 28 points, shooting 12-of-13 from the field, along with seven rebounds, four assists and two steals in a 105–80 blowout win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. <mask> helped Nahariya reach the 2017 FIBA Europe Cup Quarterfinals, as well as reaching the 2017 Israeli League Quarterfinals, where they eventually lost to Hapoel Jerusalem 2–3 in a playoff series. Akhisar Belediyespor (2017)
On July 4, 2017, <mask> signed with the Turkish team Akhisar Belediyespor for the 2017–18 season. In November 2017, he parted ways with the team after appearing in five league games. Return to Nahariya (2017–2018)
On November 10, 2017, <mask> returned to Ironi Nahariya for a second stint, signing for the rest of the 2017–18 season. Prienai (2018)
On October 29, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with BC Prienai of the Lithuanian Basketball League.In December 2018, he parted ways with Prienai after appearing in two league games. Rasta Vechta (2018–2019)
On December 8, 2019, <mask> Vechta, he finished the season as the league third-leading in field goal percentage (70.8), along with 10 points and 5.1 rebounds per game. <mask> helped Rasta Vechta reach the 2019 BBL Playoffs as the fourth seed, but they eventually were eliminated by Bayern Munich in the Semifinals. CD Valdivia (2021)
On January 9, 2021, he has signed with CD Valdivia of the LNB Chile. Return to Rasta Vechta (2021–present)
On October 14, 2021, he has signed second time with Rasta Vechta of the German ProA. The Basketball Tournament
<mask> was a member of the Notre Dame Fighting Alumni team that competed in the inaugural The Basketball Tournament, a winner-take-all competition, winning the 2014 tournament, with <mask> being named MVP.In TBT 2018, <mask> suited up for Team Sons of Westwood. In three games, he averaged 11.0 points per game and 5.7 rebounds per game on 83 percent shooting. Team Sons of Westwood ALS made it to the Super 16 before falling to Team Challenge ALS.

masks:
Tyrone Sidney Nashsta
Nash
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title: William Wasbrough Foster

texts:
Major-General <mask> CMG VD (1 October 1875 – 2 December 1954) was a noted mountaineer, Conservative Party politician, businessman, and chief constable in British Columbia, Canada, in addition to his distinguished military career. Early life
Known as Billy to friends and family, <mask> was born in Bristol, England. He studied engineering at Wycliffe College before he emigrated to British Columbia in 1894, where he became involved in the lucrative lumber business. He served with the Canadian Pacific Railway as a superintendent and police magistrate in Revelstoke, manager for the Globe Lumber Company on Vancouver Island, President of the Conservative Party of British Columbia, provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly, and Minister of Public Works prior to the Great War. <mask> was an avid mountaineer and was on the first expeditions to climb Mount Robson and Canada's highest peak, Mount Logan. <mask> served as the president of the Alpine Club of Canada and has a mountain on Vancouver Island named in his honour, Mount <mask>, as well as Foster Peak in the Canadian Rockies. He was also an honorary initiate of the BC Alpha chapter of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity at the University of British Columbia.In World War I, he fought in the Somme and Vimy Ridge battles and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the DSO. He was twice wounded and mentioned in dispatches five times. Industrial relations
<mask> worked as the managing director of Evans, Coleman and Evans, a timber exporting company on Vancouver's waterfront after the war that was a constituent member of the Shipping Federation of British Columbia, established by railway, stevedoring, and storage companies to manage commercial operations on the Port of Vancouver. In 1923, <mask> headed the Shipping Federation's Protection Committee, and organised a group of 144 special constables, who were sworn in and given badges and guns by the Vancouver Police Department. Their job was to protect over 1000 strikebreakers, composed mainly of high school and University of British Columbia students to break a longshoremen's strike and crush the Vancouver local of the International Longshoremen's Association. The strike and the union were broken, and the longshoremen were organised into a new company union, the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association. Within a decade, however, communist organisers would transform the union into a militant union, which again would come into conflict with Colonel <mask>.Chief Constable
<mask> probably gained his greatest local notoriety in Vancouver when he was appointed Chief Constable of the Vancouver Police Department on 3 January 1935. He came in during a shake-up and purge of the police to prepare the civic government forces for a showdown with the local communist movement. The Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, the Workers' Unity League, was planning a general strike for May 1935, and the local big business interests claimed that it was to be the beginning of a Bolshevik revolution in Canada. The general strike and revolution never happened, but the city was flooded in the spring of 1935 with striking relief camp workers, which metamorphosed into the On-to-Ottawa Trek that left Vancouver atop boxcars in early June. <mask> restructured the police department significantly, and led an effort to eradicate crime and vice from the city. He initiated the first training of Vancouver police officers, updated police uniforms, added tear gas to the police arsenal, and established a "Communist Activities Branch" to gather intelligence. On one occasion, he used his influence to have a bylaw passed banning white women from working in Chinatown restaurants on the assumption that they were being lured into prostitution, or "white slavery" as it was known at the time, with Chinese clients.The move sparked a backlash from Chinese businessmen and from women who had lost their jobs from restaurants, which had their business licences revoked. Business licences were restored only when the owners agreed not longer employ white women any longer, and at least thirty women were forced to seek other employment. Battle of Ballantyne Pier
<mask> had somewhat of a showdown with communism during the Battle of Ballantyne Pier on 18 June 1935 when a group of about 1000 longshoremen and supporters marched behind a contingent of war veterans carrying the Union Jack headed towards the waterfront, where strikebreakers were unloading ships. <mask> and contingents from the city, provincial, and federal police forces drove the protesters back with truncheons and tear gas. Protestors fought back, and for three hours, police and demonstrators clashed in the streets of Vancouver's East End. One youth was shot in the back of his legs by a police shot gun, and many protesters and police required hospital treatment after the riot. Later life
<mask> remained active in veteran affairs during peacetime and was the president of the Royal Canadian Legion from 1938 to 1940.His career as chief constable was cut short when he was called off to war in 1939. During the Second World War, he was promoted to major general. In April 1943, <mask> was enlisted by Prime Minister Mackenzie King to serve as Commissioner of Defense Projects in Canada's northwest. King described him in his diary as "A very fine fellow with lots of tact. I think he will be an ideal man for the position; also an ex-President of the war veterans. He has knowledge and carries with him authority and has fine organizing ability." Canada was then co-operating with the United States on infrastructure projects in the Northwest that would have implications on postwar bilateral relations.<mask>'s role was to make sure "that no commitments are made and no situation allowed to develop as a result of which the full Canadian control of the area would be in any way prejudiced or endangered." After the war, <mask> was appointed the head of BC Hydro, where he again attempted to fight off the forces of unionisation. References

S. M. Carter, Who's Who in British Columbia: 1937-38-39: A Record of British Columbia Men and Women of Today.''' Vancouver: S. M. Carter, 1939. Lindsay Elms, "<mask> (Billy) Wasbrough <mask>, 1875–1954", http://members.shaw.ca/beyondnootka/biographies/w_foster.html

Victor Howard, We Were the Salt of the Earth: A Narrative of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, 1985. Andrew Parnaby, "On the Hook: Welfare Capitalism on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939," PhD thesis, Memorial University, 2001.John Stanton, Never Say Die! : The Life and Times of a Pioneer Labour Lawyer, Vancouver, Steel Rail Publishing, 1987. Joe Swan, A Century of Service: The Vancouver Police 1886–1986,'' Vancouver: Vancouver Police Historical Society and Centennial Museum, 1986. British Columbia Conservative Party MLAs
1875 births
1954 deaths
Canadian anti-communists
Vancouver police chiefs
Canadian generals
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Legion of Frontiersmen members
Canadian mountain climbers
People educated at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire
English emigrants to Canada

masks:
William Wasbrough Foster DSO
Foster
Foster
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Colonel Foster
Foster
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William
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title: Nam In-soon

texts:
<mask> (Korean: 남인순, born 5 November 1958) is a South Korean activist and feminist politician, currently a member of National Assembly representing Songpa C constituency. In August 2018, she was elected as one of the Vice Presidents of Democratic Party of Korea. Known as a notable feminist activist in South Korea, <mask> began her involvement the late 1980s. She has been a member of the National Assembly since 2012. She also served as a Vice President of the Democratic Unionist Party and deputy parliamentary leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy, parties which were predecessors of the Democratic Party. Early life
Born in Incheon, <mask> attended for Songlim Primary School, Soongduck Women Secondary School, and Inil Women High School. She studied Korean language at Capital Women College of Education (currently Sejong University) in the late 1970s.During this time, her dream career changed from a Korean lecturer to a labour activist after she saw serious suppression of women's trade unions. She joined a protest against the university's management, after which her education was suspended. For a while, she learned to sew and temporarily worked at a factory before she was readmitted to university, finally earning her bachelor's degree. She also earned a master's degree in Social Welfare from Anglican Church University in Seoul. Activist career
<mask> began her activist career in the Korean labour and feminist movement in 1988, when she joined and became the assistant administrator for the House of Sharing for Working Women in Incheon. Then, she became a co-founder of the Women Labour Committee of Incheon and served as the secretary-general and vice president. Since 1994, she also held roles of secretary-general and executive director in Korean Women's Associations United, where she worked for 17 years.As a feminist activist, she contributed in various establishments, including the enactment of Anti-Domestic Violence Act and Anti-Prostitution Act, amendment of Infant Care Act and Maternity Protection Act, introduction of gender quota system, establishment of Ministry of Women, and the abolition of patriarchal family system. Organizations that she has worked for include: Citizens' Solidarity for General Election, Solidarity Congress of Civil Society Organisations, Seoul Metropolitan Government, The Ombudsman of Korea, the Supreme Court of South Korea, National Human Rights Commission, Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), and the Ministry of Women. Political career

19th Parliament (2012-2016)
<mask> began her political involvement in 2011, while she was a Co-President of Innovation and Unity. The organisation then merged with the Democratic Party and reorganised as the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP; then Democratic Party), therefore she automatically became a member of the newly formed DUP. Before the election, she briefly served as one of the party's Vice Presidents. In 2012 election, she ran 9th in the DUP list and was elected for the National Assembly. As a member of the Assembly, <mask> was a member of several parliamentary committees, such as the Committee of Women and Family, the Health and Welfare Committee (including Subcommittee for Improvement of Childcare Services), and the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts.She was also a co-leader of the Gender Equality Policy Research Forum and the Civil Politics Forum within the National Assembly. Outside of parliament, she also held party positions within Democratic Party and its successors, the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD) and the Democratic Party of Korea. The positions include the President of Foreign Cooperation Committee, National Women Committee, and Special Committee on Childcare. She was also the deputy parliamentary leader of NPAD from May 2014 to 2015. <mask> was also a member of the Special Committee for the Enhancement of Military Human Rights and Army Life in the National Assembly from October 2014 to July 2015. As a committee member, she contributed to enrich human rights of soldiers including the prohibition of sexual harassment and the improvement of medical treatment system within military camps. Before this, she was also the President of Committee for Fact Finding and System Improvement of Lee Seo-hyun Incident.20th Parliament (2016-present)
In 2016 election, <mask> ran for the Songpa District 3rd constituency. She received 44.88% and narrowly defeated the incumbent, Kim Eul-dong of Saenuri Party (then Liberty Korea Party). After the opening of the 20th Parliament, she was elected as the President of Committee of Women and Family, but also worked for Health and Welfare Committee, and Special Committee on Budget and Accounts. During the presidential election in 2017, <mask> was appointed as the women chief for the Democratic presidential candidate Moon Jae-in. After Moon was elected and inaugurated as the President, she was one of the possible figure to be the Minister of Women and Family, although Chung Hyun-back was actually selected for the position. <mask> ran as a vice presidential candidate for the Democratic Party leadership election in 2018. She received 8.42% and came to 6th, just behind of Park Jung.As the party has 5 Vice Presidents, she couldn't actually be elected for the position. However, according to the party constitution, since no female was within the top 5, <mask> was subsequently elected, instead of Park. Personal life
<mask> is married to Seo Joo-won, who is the President of Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation. They have a daughter named Seo Ha-nui. <mask> used an unofficial name, <mask>on In-soon (Korean: 남윤인순), for her activist career. This was a part of double-barrelled name (similar to Spanish naming customs) campaign from the late 1990s, but she also used this name during the 2012 election. She reverted to her original name in 2015, because of systems issues and to relate more closely to people.References

External links
 <mask>-soon on Twitter
 Nam In-soon on Facebook
 <mask>-soon on Instagram
 Nam In-soon on YouTube

1958 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean women politicians
South Korean feminists
South Korean activists
20th-century South Korean women politicians

masks:
Nam In soon
Nam
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title: Boyce Richardson

texts:
<mask>, CM (born March 21, 1928 in Wyndham, Southland, New Zealand) was a Canadian journalist, author and filmmaker. While he was a boy his family moved to Invercargill, New Zealand. <mask> died two weeks shy of his 92nd birthday on March 7th, 2020. He leaves behind 4 children. Journalistic career
It was in Invercargill that <mask> began his career in journalism at the Southland Times and later the Southland Daily News. After a brief stint as a reporter in Australia, he went to India to live and work at Nilokheri, a co-operative community north of New Delhi. In 1951 he moved to Britain, where he had great difficulty finding any kind of employment as a result of the depressed, still rationed, postwar economy.Of this period in his life he subsequently wrote in his autobiography:

"I suppose this experience of unemployment was valuable for me. I discovered that it is almost the most debilitating experience a person can have in life, totally sapping one's self-esteem, and plunging one into a maelstrom of depressive thoughts and feelings from which, eventually, one despairs of ever emerging. It certainly gave me a respect for the problems of laid-off workers, so airily dismissed by the media and their consulting economists, during times of what they nowadays call 'economic downturn'. Full employment should be the first social good of any decent government." He answered an ad in the New Statesman that landed him at Newbattle Abbey College where he studied writing under the Scottish poet, Edwin Muir. In 1954 <mask> emigrated to Canada, first joining the Winnipeg Free Press then the Montreal Star . From 1960 to 1968 he was the newspaper's correspondent in London.He returned to Montreal but as noted in his Memoirs:

"I had also come to some conclusions about my profession. I had a strong distaste for the myths that most journalists seemed to believe about their importance. I had found journalists motivated more by vanity than by a lust for public service, and they tended to be childishly susceptible to flattery from men of power. So far as they believed they were free to write what they wanted, and that they were the first line among defenders of freedom of expression, I thought they were suffering from a massive occupational delusion. I had concluded that freedom lies only with the rich men who own the media, who hire sycophants to do their bidding. The idea of journalists being better informed than your average citizen is a big part of the myth. A daily newspaper, written by these supposedly super-informed people, gives at best a sketchy view of what is really happening; and that view is fatally deformed by the interests of the media owners, and by the intimate relationship that journalists maintain with men of power.In addition, I knew that journalists do not have the influence they pretend to have. The media at large do have a huge influence in setting the political and social agenda, and they form one of the main barriers to improvements in the quality of human life. But individual workers within the media have limited influence on anything, in my experience. My opinion of the profession I practiced had become, then, slightly anarchistic." He returned with "an attitude of cheerful insouciance towards those who owned and ran the newspaper. I had seen in London that the publisher was a hopeless alcoholic, although his alcoholism didn't make him any worse as a publisher. When asked by George Ferguson [editor],... to prepare an obituary of John McConnell's [publisher] mother, Lilian, against the day when she might die, I slipped the following into his tray:

     Mrs. John Wilson McConnell, known as Lil, is dead.Mrs. McConnell lived for eighty years and did singularly little with them. She spent a lot of money. She had four children, and they had children who had children. Mrs. McConnell became the friend of the highest in the land. Indeed, she didn't have any friends except Lords, Ladies, Earls, Princes, Dukes, Marquises or millionaires. Mrs. McConnell entertained Royalty. Surrounded by her pompous tapestries, expensive plates, and tasteless furniture, Royalty felt right at home.Mrs. McConnell gave away a lot of her husband's money to Good Causes. No one, including Mrs. McConnell, knew how much she gave, or quite who she gave it to. Mrs. McConnell did no one any harm, and no discernible good. Let that be her epitaph." Freelance career
His outrage at the Star'''s failure to support civil liberties and journalists harassed and arrested during the October Crisis, as well as his increasing disenchantment with corporate media in general eventually caused him to resign and become a freelancer in 1971. <mask> supported aboriginal peoples seeking justice in their struggle against the massive James Bay Project. In films made with the National Film Board of Canada (Cree Hunters of Mistassini, 1974 ) and books (Strangers Devour the Land, 1976) he created "a chronicle of the assault upon the last coherent hunting culture in North America, the Cree Indians of Quebec, and their vast primeval homelands".He did prescient work on anti-globalization like the NFB documentary Super-Companies in 1987. This explored the role of multinational corporations such as Alcan; scooping films like The Corporation by more than a decade. When an article he wrote: Corporations: How Do We Curb Their Obscene Power? was rejected by a "progressive" periodical he posted it to the Internet in 1996, to worldwide interest. It was an early instance of distributing writing which might not otherwise see the light of day in mass media. Indeed, in that same year <mask> began what he described as his "sounding off pages": Boyce'sPaper as an alternative means of publishing his views. Decades later it may be one of the oldest continuing examples of what has become the ubiquitous Blog.In the words of Catherine Dunphy, journalist and author:
"Before there was a Naomi Klein and before there was an international anti-globalization movement, filmmaker and journalist <mask> <mask> was taking on the multinationals, his own bosses in the media, and the culture of greed and hypocrisy. He still is..."

Later life
Prior to his death, he lived in Montreal. His wife of 56 years, Shirley (née Norton) teacher and poet who "kept the home fires burning and the wolf from the door" died in 2007. His Memoirs are dedicated to her. He was the father of three boys and a girl. Recognition
His work has won a number of awards, including co-winning a 1961 National Newspaper Award for a series of articles on Canada and the European Economic Community, published by the Montreal Star. Cree Hunters of Mistassini won the Flaherty Award for 1974, from the British Society for Film and Television Arts, for the best documentary in the tradition of Robert Flaherty, and a special Award from the Melbourne Film Festival, 1975.Super-Companies'' won the Golden Apple Award at the 1990 National Educational Film and Video festival in the US; and the Red Ribbon Award at the American Film and Video Festival in 1990. "I am with the Indian novelist Arundhati Roy (the finest polemicist in the English language), who wrote recently: "What we need to search for and find... is the politics of resistance. The politics of opposition. The politics of forcing accountability. The politics of slowing things down. The politics of joining hands across the world and preventing certain destruction. In the present circumstances, I'd say that the only thing worth globalizing is dissent!"<mask> <mask> was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2002, his adopted country's highest civilian honour. References

External links
Boyce'sPaper Provocative progressive Weblog (one of the oldest continuously published blogs, since 1996). Boyce'sPaper Internet Archive. Memoirs of a Media Maverick Autobiography
National Film Board of Canada NFB filmography
Internet Movie Database Complete filmography
'Cree Hunters of Mistassini' Film online at the NFB
'For Future Generations' Film online at the NFB
 Boyce's books available on Amazon.ca & at your local library. A classic of Internet Samizdat! An appreciation of Bubbles & The Boys. Official Citation: Order of Canada Governor General of Canada

1928 births
2020 deaths
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian male journalists
Canadian documentary filmmakers
Canadian bloggers
Film directors from Montreal
Journalists from Montreal
New Zealand emigrants to Canada
People from Wyndham, New Zealand
Writers from Montreal
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Documentary Film

masks:
Boyce Richardson
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Richardson
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Richardson


title: Stephan Hanna Stephan

texts:
<mask> (1894–1949), also <mask>, was a Palestinian writer, translator and radio broadcaster of history and folklore in Palestine. Besides publishing original articles, travel guides and phrasebooks in English and German, and broadcasting in Arabic, <mask> also produced several translations of books and inscriptions, utilizing his fluency in all these languages, as well as Ottoman Turkish and Syriac. Educated at the Schneller School, a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem, he worked for the Mandatory Palestine authorities, first in the Treasury, and then in the Department of Antiquities. Early life
<mask> was born in Beit Jala in 1894, during the rule of the Ottoman empire in Palestine. His family was part of the Syriac Orthodox Christian community there, but he studied at the Lutheran Schneller School in Lifta, Jerusalem, where he was baptized/confirmed by the school founder's son, Theodor Schneller, in 1908. Little is securely known of his early life, but it is believed he served in the Ottoman army in some capacity in World War I, based on his mention of having heard Kurdish folk songs while in Manbij and Jarabulus in his 1922 article on Palestinian folk songs. Career

Songs of songs
One of the earliest of <mask>'s works, "The Palestinian Parallels to the Song of Songs" (1922) documented lyrics of folk songs in Palestine and compared them to biblical, Mesopotamian and Canaanite precursors.It was featured in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (JPOS), and the biblical scholar and philologist William Foxwell Albright called <mask> "a young man of promise". <mask> was part of an informal school of "nativist" ethnographers, most prominent among them Tawfiq Canaan, who published their works at JPOS. The research and contributions of these mostly Jerusalemite Palestinians was motivated by their belief that the "native culture of Palestine", best represented in the ancient "living heritage" and traditions of the fellaheen, had to be urgently documented in the face of encroaching "colonialism and modernity". In this ethnographic work, <mask> collected and transcribed thirty-two pages of every day Palestinian folk songs centering around themes of love, and the beauty of the beloved, in the colloquial Palestinian Arabic dialect. The next fifty-three pages transcribe the songs in romanized transliteration and English translation with annotations. It is in this section that the colloquial pronunciation is most faithfully recorded (e.g. dropping the 'qaf', such that قامت becomes 'amat).In the final twenty-five pages, <mask> reviews the selected folk songs, comparing them to the main themes and motifs of "the Canticles" (the Song of Songs), as well as to Arabic literature and poetry. Another important early article <mask> published in January 1922 was in Arabic, directed at a completely different audience and topic. Mara'a ("Woman"), published by Cairo-based Sarkis magazine, named after the Lebanese family who founded it, was addressed to the Arab world and a contribution to the debates generated by the Nahda, where <mask> argued for gender equality as a means to national development in all fields. Translations
While working at the Department of Antiquities, he co-authored papers with Dimitri Baramki and published other articles and translations of Ottoman documents and inscriptions from Jerusalem in their Quarterly. The American Journal of Archaeology noted his work translating Mamluk and Ottoman documents in 1934 as an important contribution. The biases of the colonial administration against advancing the situation of Palestinian Arab scholars likely hindered his advancement. His signing of articles under the European sounding name of "St H <mask>" may have been a deliberate reaction to those circumstances, and is the source of misattributions of some his works to other authors.In 1934–1935, <mask> gave input to its composition, and the vocabulary included indicates it was aimed at visiting archaeological students, as well as foreign officials, tourists, and merchants. From the 17th-century ten-volume Ottoman travelogue of the Seyahatname (Book of Travels) by Evliya Çelebi, <mask> translated the rare Palestine section. This was published in six parts from 1935 to 1942 in The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities, as "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine (1648–50)". Leo Aryeh Mayer, his colleague at the department, also contributed annotations and translations for the first four parts, though <mask> completed the translation of the last two sections alone. Irving suggests that perhaps the 1936 revolt made collaboration with Mayer, a Zionist, increasingly untenable for <mask>.<mask> engaged in many other collaborations and correspondences with Palestinian, Arab and European writers. In correspondences with Hilma Granqvist, there is familiarity and respect expressed, passing on greetings from 'Sitt Louisa' (Louise Baldensperger, 1862–1938), and offering critiques of Arabic translations and transliterations in Granqvist's work. In a letter from 1932, he describes Granqvist's work as an "important work on Palestine", implying the importance of both Palestine and ethnography to himself. Radio & museum work
Beginning in 1936, <mask> was also a broadcaster for the Palestine Broadcasting Service, Mandatory Palestine's government owned radio station. On its Arab Hour, he shared much of his interest in ethnography and history with the Arabic-speaking population of Palestine. Radios were not widely available at the time, but locals would hear broadcasts in village coffeehouses, and <mask>'s broadcasts celebrated and valued Palestinian folk traditions and culture, bringing the nation's rich history to the attention of the audience. After attending the founding of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in the 1930s, with his Armenian wife, Arasky Keshishian, he went on to work as assistant librarian at the Museum.Throughout the 1940s, he worked on a project to make handwritten and photostatic copies of manuscripts in private libraries in Jerusalem, including the Khalidi Library from 1941 to 1948, that are some of the only remaining copies of these works (now at Rockefeller Museum). He was promoted from Assistant Librarian to Archeological Officer in 1945. <mask> also produced two travel guides with photographer Boulos 'Afif, a fellow Jerusalemite, entitled This is Palestine and Palestine by Road and Rail, published in 1942, and the first of the two books was published as a second edition in 1947. Later life and death
In 1947, <mask> was still working for the Department of Antiquities, this time on missions to Cyprus, deciphering early Islamic inscriptions. With the Nakba of 1948, he, his wife and two sons, Arthur and Angelo, ended up as Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. His work in Cyprus, at the time a British colony, was to be continued, but he died in 1949. His widow and sons left thereafter to Brazil.Published & broadcast works

Journals & academic translations

 "Al-Mar'a (Woman)" (January 1922). Sarkis. "Post-war Bibliographies of Near Eastern Mandates" Stuart C. Dodd, ed. (1930s). Collection of publications on social sciences in the Middle East.

masks:
Stephan Hanna Stephan
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Stephanbright
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