title: Vlad the Impaler

texts:
<mask>, commonly known as <mask> Impaler ( ) or <mask> (;  ; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania. He was the second son of <mask>, who became the ruler of Wallachia in 1436. <mask> and his younger brother, Radu, were held as hostages in the Ottoman Empire in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. <mask>'s father and eldest brother, Mircea, were murdered after John Hunyadi, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed <mask>'s second cousin, <mask>II, as the new voivode. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and <mask> accompanied him.<mask> broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but <mask> returned and <mask> sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. <mask> went to Moldavia in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. Relations between Hungary and <mask> later deteriorated, and in 1456 <mask> invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support. <mask> died fighting against him. <mask> began a purge among the Wallachian boyars to strengthen his position. He came into conflict with the Transylvanian Saxons, who supported his opponents, Dan and Basarab Laiotă (who were <mask>'s brothers), and <mask>'s illegitimate half-brother, <mask> the Monk. <mask> plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them impaled (which inspired his cognomen).Peace was restored in 1460. The Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, ordered <mask> to pay homage to him personally, but <mask> had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled. In February 1462, he attacked Ottoman territory, massacring tens of thousands of Turks and Bulgarians. Mehmed launched a campaign against Wallachia to replace <mask> with <mask>'s younger brother, Radu. <mask> attempted to capture the sultan at Târgoviște during the night of 1617June 1462. The sultan and the main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. <mask> went to Transylvania to seek assistance from Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in late 1462, but Corvinus had him imprisoned.<mask> was held in captivity in Visegrád from 1463 to 1475. During this period, anecdotes about his cruelty started to spread in Germany and Italy. He was released at the request of Stephen III of Moldavia in the summer of 1475. He fought in Corvinus's army against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. Hungarian and Moldavian troops helped him to force Basarab Laiotă (who had dethroned <mask>'s brother, Radu) to flee from Wallachia in November. Basarab returned with Ottoman support before the end of the year. <mask> was killed in battle before 10January 1477.Books describing <mask>'s cruel acts were among the first bestsellers in the German-speaking territories. In Russia, popular stories suggested that <mask> was able to strengthen his central government only through applying brutal punishments, and a similar view was adopted by most Romanian historians in the 19th century. <mask>'s patronymic inspired the name of Bram Stoker's literary vampire, Count Dracula. Name

The name Dracula, which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional vampire, was for centuries known as the sobriquet of VladIII. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as Dracula, Dracuglia, or Drakula already in the 15thcentury. He himself signed his two letters as "Dragulya" or "Drakulya" in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the sobriquet of his father, <mask> ("<mask> the Dragon" in medieval Romanian), who received it after he became a member of the Order of the Dragon.Dracula is the Slavonic genitive form of Dracul, meaning "[the son] of Dracul (or the Dragon)". In modern Romanian, dracul means "the devil", which contributed to <mask>'s reputation. <mask> is known as <mask> (or <mask> the Impaler) in Romanian historiography. This sobriquet is connected to the impalement that was his favorite method of execution. The Ottoman writer Tursun Beg referred to him as  (Impaler Lord) around 1500. Mircea the Shepherd, Voivode of Wallachia, used this sobriquet when referring to <mask> in a letter of grant on 1April 1551. Early life

<mask> was the second legitimate son of <mask> Dracul, who was himself an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia.<mask> had won the moniker "Dracul" for his membership in the Order of the Dragon, a militant fraternity founded by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. The Order of the Dragon was dedicated to halting the Ottoman advance into Europe. Since he was old enough to be a candidate to the throne of Wallachia in 1448, <mask>'s time of birth would have been between 1428 and 1431. <mask> was most probably born after his father settled in Transylvania in 1429. Historian Radu Florescu writes that <mask> was born in the Transylvanian Saxon town of Sighișoara (then in the Kingdom of Hungary), where his father lived in a three-story stone house from 1431 to 1435. Modern historians identify <mask>'s mother either as a daughter or kinswoman of Alexander I of Moldavia or as his father's unknown first wife. <mask> Dracul seized Wallachia after the death of his half-brother Alexander I Aldea in 1436.One of his charters (which was issued on 20January 1437) preserves the first reference to <mask> and his elder brother, Mircea, mentioning them as their father's "first born sons". They were mentioned in four further documents between 1437 and 1439. The last of the four charters also referres to their younger brother, Radu. After a meeting with John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, <mask> Dracul did not support an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania in March 1442. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, ordered him to come to Gallipoli to demonstrate his loyalty. <mask> and Radu accompanied their father to the Ottoman Empire, where they were all imprisoned. <mask> was released before the end of the year, but <mask> and Radu remained hostages to secure his loyalty.They were held imprisoned in the fortress of Eğrigöz (now Doğrugöz), according to contemporaneous Ottoman chronicles. Their lives were especially in danger after their father supported <mask>, King of Poland and Hungary, against the Ottoman Empire during the Crusade of Varna in 1444. <mask> Dracul was convinced that his two sons would be "butchered for the sake of Christian peace," but neither <mask> nor Radu was murdered or mutilated after their father's rebellion. <mask> again acknowledged the sultan's suzerainty and promised to pay a yearly tribute to him in 1446 or 1447. John Hunyadi (who had by then become the regent-governor of Hungary in 1446), invaded Wallachia in November 1447. The Byzantine historian Michael Critobulus wrote that <mask> and Radu fled to the Ottoman Empire, which suggests that the sultan had allowed them to return to Wallachia after their father paid homage to him. <mask> and his eldest son, Mircea, were murdered.Hunyadi made <mask> II (son of <mask>'s cousin, Dan II) the ruler of Wallachia. Reigns

First rule

Upon the death of his father and elder brother, <mask> became a potential claimant to Wallachia. <mask> of Wallachia accompanied John Hunyadi, who launched a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in September 1448. Taking advantage of his opponent's absence, <mask> broke into Wallachia at the head of an Ottoman army in early October. He had to accept that the Ottomans had captured the fortress of Giurgiu on the Danube and strengthened it. The Ottomans defeated Hunyadi's army in the Battle of Kosovo between 17and 18October. Hunyadi's deputy, Nicholas Vízaknai, urged <mask> to come to meet him in Transylvania, but <mask> refused him.<mask> returned to Wallachia at the head of the remnants of his army. <mask> was forced to flee to the Ottoman Empire by 7December 1448. In exile

<mask> first settled in Edirne in the Ottoman Empire after his fall. Not long after, he moved to Moldavia, where BogdanII (his father's brother-in-law and possibly his maternal uncle) had mounted the throne with John Hunyadi's support in the autumn of 1449. After Bogdan was murdered by Peter III Aaron in October 1451, Bogdan's son, Stephen, fled to Transylvania with <mask> to seek assistance from Hunyadi. However, Hunyadi concluded a three-year truce with the Ottoman Empire on 20November 1451, acknowledging the Wallachian boyars' right to elect the successor of <mask> if he died. <mask> allegedly wanted to settle in Brașov (which was a center of the Wallachian boyars expelled by <mask>II), but Hunyadi forbade the burghers to give shelter to him on 6February 1452.<mask> returned to Moldavia where Alexăndrel had dethroned Peter Aaron. The events of his life during the years that followed are unknown. He must have returned to Hungary before 3July 1456, because, on that day, Hunyadi informed the townspeople of Brașov that he had tasked <mask> with the defense of the Transylvanian border. Second rule

Consolidation

The circumstances and the date of <mask>'s return to Wallachia are uncertain. He invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support either in April, July or August 1456. <mask> died during the invasion. <mask> sent his first extant letter as voivode of Wallachia to the burghers of Brașov on 10September.He promised to protect them in case of an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania, but he also sought their assistance if the Ottomans occupied Wallachia. In the same letter, he stated that "when a man or a prince is strong and powerful he can make peace as he wants to; but when he is weak, a stronger one will come and do what he wants to him", showing his authoritarian personality. Multiple sources (including Laonikos Chalkokondyles's chronicle) recorded that hundreds or thousands of people were executed at <mask>'s order at the beginning of his reign. He began a purge against the boyars who had participated in the murder of his father and elder brother, or whom he suspected of plotting against him. Chalkokondyles stated that <mask> "quickly effected a great change and utterly revolutionized the affairs of Wallachia" through granting the "money, property, and other goods" of his victims to his retainers. The lists of the members of the princely council during <mask>'s reign also show that only two of them (Voico Dobrița and Iova) were able to retain their positions between 1457 and 1461. Conflict with the Saxons

<mask> sent the customary tribute to the sultan.After John Hunyadi died on 11August 1456, his elder son, Ladislaus Hunyadi became the captain-general of Hungary. He accused <mask> of having "no intention of remaining faithful" to the king of Hungary in a letter to the burghers of Brașov, also ordering them to support <mask>II's brother, DanIII, against <mask>. The burghers of Sibiu supported another pretender, "a priest of the Romanians who calls himself a Prince's son". The latter (identified as <mask>'s illegitimate brother, <mask> the Monk) took possession of Amlaș, which had customarily been held by the rulers of Wallachia in Transylvania. Ladislaus V of Hungary had Ladislaus Hunyadi executed on 16March 1457. Hunyadi's mother, Erzsébet Szilágyi, and her brother, Michael Szilágyi, stirred up a rebellion against the king. Taking advantage of the civil war in Hungary, <mask> assisted Stephen, son of BogdanII of Moldavia, in his move to seize Moldavia in June 1457.<mask> also broke into Transylvania and plundered the villages around Brașov and Sibiu. The earliest German stories about <mask> recounted that he had carried "men, women, children" from a Saxon village to Wallachia and had them impaled. Since the Transylvanian Saxons remained loyal to the king, <mask>'s attack against them strengthened the position of the Szilágyis. <mask>'s representatives participated in the peace negotiations between Michael Szilágyi and the Saxons. According to their treaty, the burghers of Brașov agreed that they would expel Dan from their town. <mask> promised that the merchants of Sibiu could freely "buy and sell" goods in Wallachia in exchange for the "same treatment" of the Wallachian merchants in Transylvania. <mask> referred to Michael Szilágyi as "his Lord and elder brother" in a letter on 1December 1457.Ladislaus Hunyadi's younger brother, Matthias Corvinus, was elected king of Hungary on 24January 1458. He ordered the burghers of Sibiu to keep the peace with <mask> on 3March. <mask> styled himself "Lord and ruler over all of Wallachia, and the duchies of Amlaș and Făgăraș" on 20September 1459, showing that he had taken possession of both of these traditional Transylvanian fiefs of the rulers of Wallachia. Michael Szilágyi allowed the boyar Michael (an official of <mask>II of Wallachia) and other Wallachian boyars to settle in Transylvania in late March 1458. Before long, <mask> had the boyar Michael killed. In May, <mask> asked the burghers of Brașov to send craftsmen to Wallachia, but his relationship with the Saxons deteriorated before the end of the year. According to a scholarly theory, the conflict emerged after <mask> forbade the Saxons to enter Wallachia, forcing them to sell their goods to Wallachian merchants at compulsory border fairs.<mask>'s protectionist tendencies or border fairs are not documented. Instead, in 1476 <mask> emphasized that he had always promoted free trade during his reign. The Saxons confiscated the steel that a Wallachian merchant had bought in Brașov without repaying the price to him. In response, <mask> "ransacked and tortured" some Saxon merchants, according to a letter that Basarab Laiotă (a son of DanII of Wallachia) wrote on 21January 1459. Basarab had settled in Sighișoara and

masks:
Vlad III
Vlad the
Vlad Dracula
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vladislav
Vladislav
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vladislav
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Vlad III
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VladII
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Vlad III
Vlad II
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Vladislaus
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Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
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Vlad Dracul
Vlad
VladislavII
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
VladislavII
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Vladislaus
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Vladislaus
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Vlad
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title: Vlad the Impaler

type: original

texts:
 laid claim to Wallachia. However, Matthias Corvinus supported DanIII (who was again in Brașov) against <mask>. DanIII stated that <mask> had Saxon merchants and their children impaled or burnt alive in Wallachia.Dan III broke into Wallachia, but <mask> defeated and executed him before 22April 1460. <mask> invaded southern Transylvania and destroyed the suburbs of Brașov, ordering the impalement of all men and women who had been captured. During the ensuing negotiations, <mask> demanded the expulsion or punishment of all Wallachian refugees from Brașov. Peace had been restored before 26July 1460, when <mask> addressed the burghers of Brașov as his "brothers and friends". <mask> invaded the region around Amlaș and Făgăraș on 24August to punish the local inhabitants who had supported DanIII. Ottoman war

Konstantin Mihailović (who served as a janissary in the sultan's army) recorded that <mask> refused to pay homage to the sultan in an unspecified year. The Renaissance historian Giovanni Maria degli Angiolelli likewise wrote that <mask> had failed to pay tribute to the sultan for three years.Both records suggest that <mask> ignored the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, already in 1459, but both works were written decades after the events. Tursun Beg (a secretary in the sultan's court) stated that <mask> only turned against the Ottoman Empire when the sultan "was away on the long expedition in Trebizon" in 1461. According to Tursun Beg, <mask> started new negotiations with Matthias Corvinus, but the sultan was soon informed by his spies. Mehmed sent his envoy, the Greek Thomas Katabolinos (also known as Yunus bey), to Wallachia, ordering <mask> to come to Constantinople. He also sent secret instructions to Hamza, bey of Nicopolis, to capture <mask> after he crossed the Danube. <mask> found out the sultan's "deceit and trickery", captured Hamza and Katabolinos, and had them executed. After the execution of the Ottoman officials, <mask> gave orders in fluent Turkish to the commander of the fortress of Giurgiu to open the gates, enabling the Wallachian soldiers to break in the fortress and capture it.He invaded the Ottoman Empire, devastating the villages along the Danube. He informed Matthias Corvinus about the military action in a letter on 11February 1462. He stated that more than "23,884 Turks and Bulgarians" had been killed at his order during the campaign. He sought military assistance from Corvinus, declaring that he had broken the peace with the sultan "for the honor" of the king and the Holy Crown of Hungary and "for the preservation of Christianity and the strengthening of the Catholic faith". The relationship between Moldavia and Wallachia had become tense by 1462, according to a letter of the Genoese governor of Kaffa. Having learnt of <mask>'s invasion, Mehmed II raised an army of more than 150,000 strong, that was said to be "second in size only to the one" that occupied Constantinople in 1453, according to Chalkokondyles. The size of the army suggests that the sultan wanted to occupy Wallachia, according to a number of historians (including Franz Babinger, Radu Florescu, and Nicolae Stoicescu).On the other hand, Mehmed had granted Wallachia to <mask>'s brother, Radu, before the invasion of Wallachia, showing that the sultan's principal purpose was only the change of the ruler of Wallachia. The Ottoman fleet landed at Brăila (which was the only Wallachian port on the Danube) in May. The main Ottoman army crossed the Danube under the command of the sultan at Nicoplis on 4June 1462. Outnumbered by the enemy, <mask> adopted a scorched earth policy and retreated towards Târgoviște. During the night of 1617 June, <mask> broke into the Ottoman camp in an attempt to capture or kill the sultan. Either the imprisonment or the death of the sultan would have caused a panic among the Ottomans, which could have enabled <mask> to defeat the Ottoman army. However, the Wallachians "missed the court of the sultan himself" and attacked the tents of the viziers Mahmut Pasha and Isaac.Having failed to attack the sultan's camp, <mask> and his retainers left the Ottoman camp at dawn. Mehmed entered Târgoviște at the end of June. The town had been deserted, but the Ottomans were horrified to discover a "forest of the impaled" (thousands of stakes with the carcasses of executed people), according to Chalkokondyles. Tursun Beg recorded that the Ottomans suffered from summer heat and thirst during the campaign. The sultan decided to retreat from Wallachia and marched towards Brăila. StephenIII of Moldavia hurried to Chilia (now Kiliya in Ukraine) to seize the important fortress where a Hungarian garrison had been placed. <mask> also departed for Chilia, but left behind a troop of 6,000 strong to try to hinder the march of the sultan's army, but the Ottomans defeated the Wallachians.Stephen of Moldavia was wounded during the siege of Chilia and returned to Moldavia before <mask> came to the fortress. The main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but <mask>'s brother Radu and his Ottoman troops stayed behind in the Bărăgan Plain. Radu sent messengers to the Wallachians, reminding them that the sultan could again invade their country. Although <mask> defeated Radu and his Ottoman allies in two battles during the following months, more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. <mask> withdrew to the Carpathian Mountains, hoping that Matthias Corvinus would help him regain his throne. However, Albert of Istenmező, the deputy of the Count of the Székelys, had recommended in mid-August that the Saxons recognize Radu. Radu also made an offer to the burghers of Brașov to confirm their commercial privileges and pay them a compensation of 15,000 ducats.Imprisonment in Hungary

Matthias Corvinus came to Transylvania in November 1462. The negotiations between Corvinus and <mask> lasted for weeks, but Corvinus did not want to wage war against the Ottoman Empire. At the king's order, his Czech mercenary commander, John Jiskra of Brandýs, captured <mask> near Rucăr in Wallachia. To provide an explanation for <mask>'s imprisonment to Pope Pius II and the Venetians (who had sent money to finance a campaign against the Ottoman Empire), Corvinus presented three letters, allegedly written by <mask> on 7November 1462, to MehmedII, Mahmud Pasha, and Stephen of Moldavia. According to the letters, <mask> offered to join his forces with the sultan's army against Hungary if the sultan restored him to his throne. Most historians agree that the documents were forged to give grounds for <mask>'s imprisonment. Corvinus's court historian, Antonio Bonfini, admitted that the reason for <mask>'s imprisonment was never clarified.Florescu writes, "[T]he style of writing, the rhetoric of meek submission (hardly compatible with what we know of Dracula's character), clumsy wording, and poor Latin" are all evidence that the letters could not be written on <mask>'s order. He associates the author of the forgery with a Saxon priest of Brașov. <mask> was first imprisoned "in the city of Belgrade" (now Alba Iulia in Romania), according to Chalkokondyles. Before long, he was taken to Visegrád, where he was held for fourteen years. No documents referring to <mask> between 1462 and 1475 have been preserved. In the summer of 1475, StephenIII of Moldavia sent his envoys to Matthias Corvinus, asking him to send <mask> to Wallachia against Basarab Laiotă, who had submitted himself to the Ottomans. Stephen wanted to secure Wallachia for a ruler who had been an enemy of the Ottoman Empire, because "the Wallachians [were] like the Turks" to the Moldavians, according to his letter.According to the Slavic stories about <mask>, he was only released after he converted to Catholicism. Third rule and death

Matthias Corvinus recognized <mask> as the lawful prince of Wallachia, but he did not provide him military assistance to regain his principality. <mask> settled in a house in Pest. When a group of soldiers broke into the house while pursuing a thief who had tried to hide there, <mask> had their commander executed because they had not asked his permission before entering his home, according to the Slavic stories about his life. <mask> moved to Transylvania in June 1475. He wanted to settle in Sibiu and sent his envoy to the town in early June to arrange a house for him. MehmedII acknowledged Basarab Laiotă as the lawful ruler of Wallachia.Corvinus ordered the burghers of Sibiu to give 200 golden florins to <mask> from the royal revenues on 21September, but <mask> left Transylvania for Buda in October. <mask> bought a house in Pécs that became known as Drakula háza ("Dracula's house" in Hungarian). In January 1476 John Pongrác of Dengeleg, Voivode of Transylvania, urged the people of Brașov to send to <mask> all those of his supporters who had settled in the town, because Corvinus and Basarab Laiotă had concluded a treaty. The relationship between the Transylvanian Saxons and Basarab remained tense, and the Saxons gave shelter to Basarab's opponents during the following months. Corvinus dispatched <mask> and the Serbian Vuk Grgurević to fight against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. They captured Srebrenica and other fortresses in February and March 1476. In the Bosnian campaign, <mask> once again resorted to his terror tactics, mass impaling captured Turkish soldiers and massacring civilians in conquered settlements.His troops mostly destroyed Srebrenica, Kuslat, and Zvornik. Mehmed II invaded Moldavia and defeated StephenIII in the Battle of Valea Albă on 26July 1476. Stephen Báthory and <mask> entered Moldavia, forcing the sultan to lift the siege of the fortress at Târgu Neamț in late August, according to a letter of Matthias Corvinus. The contemporaneous Jakob Unrest added that Vuk Grgurević and a member of the noble Jakšić family also participated in the struggle against the Ottomans in Moldavia. Matthias Corvinus ordered the Transylvanian Saxons to support Báthory's planned invasion of Wallachia on 6September 1476, also informing them that Stephen of Moldavia would also invade Wallachia. <mask> stayed in Brașov and confirmed the commercial privileges of the local burghers in Wallachia on 7October 1476. Báthory's forces captured Târgoviște on 8November.Stephen of Moldavia and <mask> ceremoniously confirmed their alliance, and they occupied Bucharest, forcing Basarab Laiotă to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire on 16November. <mask> informed the merchants of Brașov about his victory, urging them to come to Wallachia. He was crowned before 26November. Basarab Laiotă returned to Wallachia with Ottoman support, and <mask> died fighting against them in late December 1476 or early January 1477. In a letter written on 10January 1477, StephenIII of Moldavia related that <mask>'s Moldavian retinue had also been massacred. According to the "most reliable sources", <mask>'s army of about 2,000 was cornered and destroyed by a Turkish-Basarab force of 4,000 near Snagov. The exact circumstances of his death are unclear.The Austrian chronicler Jacob Unrest stated that a disguised Turkish assassin murdered <mask> in his camp. In contrast, Russian statesman Fyodor Kuritsyn –who interviewed <mask>'s family after his demise– reported that the voivode was mistaken for a Turk by his own troops during battle, causing them to attack and kill him. Florescu and Raymond T. McNally commented this account by noting that <mask> had often disguised himself as a Turkish soldier as part of military ruses. According to Leonardo Botta, the Milanese ambassador to Buda, the Ottomans cut <mask>'s corpse into pieces. Bonfini wrote that <mask>'s head was sent to MehmedII; it was eventually placed on a high stake in Constantinople. Local peasant traditions maintain that what was left of <mask>'s corpse was later discovered in the marshes of Snagov by monks from the nearby monastery. The place of his burial is unknown.According to popular tradition (which was first recorded in the late 19th century), <mask> was buried in the Monastery of Snagov. However, the excavations carried out by Dinu V. Rosetti in 1933 found no tomb below the supposed "unmarked tombstone" of <mask> in the monastery church. Rosetti reported: "Under the tombstone attributed to <mask> there was no tomb. Only many bones and jaws of horses." Historian Constantin Rezachevici said <mask> was most probably buried in the first church of the Comana Monastery, which had been established by <mask> and was near the battlefield where he was killed. Family

<mask> had two wives, according to modern specialists. His first wife may have been an illegitimate daughter of John Hunyadi, according to historian Alexandru Simon.<mask>'s second wife was Jusztina Szilágyi, who was a cousin of Matthias Corvinus. She was the widow of Vencel Pongrác of Szentmiklós when "Ladislaus Dragwlya" married her, most probably in 1475. She survived <mask>, and married thirdly Pál Suki, then János Erdélyi. <mask>'s eldest son, Mihnea, was born in 1462. <mask>'s unnamed second son was killed before 1486. <mask>'s third son, <mask>a family.Legacy

Reputation for cruelty

First records

Stories about <mask>'s brutal acts began circulating during his lifetime. After his arrest, courtiers of Matthias Corvinus promoted their spread. The papal legate, Niccolo Modrussiense, had already written about such stories to Pope PiusII in 1462. Two years later, the pope included them in his Commentaries. Meistersinger Michael Beheim wrote a lengthy poem about <mask>'s deeds, allegedly based on his conversation with a Catholic monk who had managed to escape from <mask>'s prison. The poem, called  ("Story of a Despot Called Dracula, Voievod of

masks:
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
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Vlad
Vlad
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Vlad
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Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad Drakwlyaakwl
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Vlad
Vlad


title: Vlad the Impaler

texts:
 Wallachia"), was performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in Wiener Neustadt during the winter of 1463. According to one of Beheim's stories, <mask> had two monks impaled to assist them to go to heaven, also ordering the impalement of their donkey because it began braying after its masters' death.Beheim also accused <mask> of duplicity, stating that <mask> had promised support to both Matthias Corvinus and MehmedII but did not keep the promise. In 1475, Gabriele Rangoni, Bishop of Eger (and a former papal legate), understood that <mask> had been imprisoned because of his cruelty. Rangoni also recorded the rumour that while in prison <mask> caught rats to cut them up into pieces or stuck them on small pieces of wood, because he was unable to "forget his wickedness". Antonio Bonfini also recorded anecdotes about <mask> in his Historia Pannonica around 1495. Bonfini wanted to justify both the removal and the restoration of <mask> by Matthias. He described <mask> as "a man of unheard cruelty and justice". Bonfini's stories about <mask> were repeated in Sebastian Münster's Cosmography.Münster also recorded <mask>'s "reputation for tyrannical justice". German stories

Works containing the stories about <mask>'s cruelty were published in Low German in the Holy Roman Empire before 1480. The stories were allegedly written in the early 1460s, because they describe <mask>'s campaign across the Danube in early 1462, but they do not refer to MehmedII's invasion of Wallachia in June of the same year. They provide a detailed narration of the conflicts between <mask> and the Transylvanian Saxons, showing that they originated "in the literary minds of the Saxons". The stories about <mask>'s plundering raids in Transylvania were clearly based on an eyewitness account, because they contain accurate details (including the lists of the churches destroyed by <mask> and the dates of the raids). They describe <mask> as a "demented psychopath, a sadist, a gruesome murderer, a masochist", worse than Caligula and Nero. However, the stories emphasizing <mask>'s cruelty are to be treated with caution because his brutal acts were very probably exaggerated (or even invented) by the Saxons.The invention of movable type printing contributed to the popularity of the stories about <mask>, making them one of the first "bestsellers" in Europe. To enhance sales, they were published in books with woodcuts on their title pages that depicted horrific scenes. For instance, the editions published in Nuremberg in 1499 and in Strasbourg in 1500 depict <mask> dining at a table surrounded by dead or dying people on poles. Slavic stories

There are more than twenty manuscripts (written between the 15th and 18th centuries) which preserved the text of the Skazanie o Drakule voievode (The Tale about Voivode Dracula). The manuscripts were written in Russian, but they copied a text that had originally been recorded in a South Slavic language, because they contain expressions alien to the Russian language but used in South Slavic idioms (such as diavol for "evil"). The original text was written in Buda between 1482 and 1486. The nineteen anecdotes in the Skazanie are longer than the German stories about <mask>.They are a mixture of fact and fiction, according to historian Raymond T. McNally. Almost half of the anecdotes emphasize, like the German stories, <mask>'s brutality, but they also underline that his cruelty enabled him to strengthen the central government in Wallachia. For instance, the Skazanie writes of a golden cup that nobody dared to steal at a fountain because <mask> "hated stealing so violently ... that anybody who caused any evil or robbery ... did not live long", thereby promoting public order, and the German story about <mask>'s campaign against Ottoman territory underlined his cruel acts while the Skazanie emphasized his successful diplomacy calling him "zlomudry" or "evil-wise". On the other hand, the Skazanie sharply criticized <mask> for his conversion to Catholicism, attributing his death to this apostasy. Some elements of the anecdotes were later added to Russian stories about <mask> Terrible of Russia. Assertion by modern standards
The mass murders that <mask> carried out indiscriminately and brutally would most likely amount to acts of genocide and war crimes by current standards. Romanian defense minister Ioan Mircea Pașcu asserted that <mask> would have been condemned for crimes against humanity had he been put on trial at Nuremberg.National hero

The Cantacuzino Chronicle was the first Romanian historical work to record a tale about <mask> the Impaler, narrating the impalement of the old boyars of Târgoviște for the murder of his brother, Dan. The chronicle added that <mask> forced the young boyars and their wives and children to build the Poenari Castle. The legend of the Poenari Castle was mentioned in 1747 by NeofitI, Metropolitan of Ungro–Wallachia, who complemented it with the story of Meșterul Manole, who allegedly walled in his bride to prevent the crumbling of the walls of the castle during the building project. In the early 20th century, Constantin Rădulescu-Codin, a teacher in Muscel County where the castle was situated, published a local legend about <mask>'s letter of grant "written on rabbit skin" for the villagers who had helped him to escape from Poenari Castle to Transylvania during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia. In other villages of the region, the donation is attributed to the legendary Radu Negru. Rădulescu-Codin recorded further local legends, some of which are also known from the German and Slavic stories about <mask>, suggesting that the latter stories preserved oral tradition. For instance, the tales about the burning of the lazy, the poor, and the lame at <mask>'s order and the execution of the woman who had made her husband too short a shirt can also be found among the German and Slavic anecdotes.The peasants telling the tales knew that <mask>'s sobriquet was connected to the frequent impalements during his reign, but they said only such cruel acts could secure public order in Wallachia. Most Romanian artists have regarded <mask> as a just ruler and a realistic tyrant who punished criminals and executed unpatriotic boyars to strengthen the central government. Ion Budai-Deleanu wrote the first Romanian epic poem focusing on him. Deleanu's Țiganiada (Gypsy Epic) (which was published only in 1875, almost a century after its composition) presented <mask> as a hero fighting against the boyars, Ottomans, strigoi (or vampires), and other evil spirits at the head of an army of gypsies and angels. The poet Dimitrie Bolintineanu emphasized <mask>'s triumphs in his Battles of the Romanians in the middle of the 19thcentury. He regarded <mask> as a reformer whose acts of violence were necessary to prevent the despotism of the boyars. One of the greatest Romanian poets, Mihai Eminescu, dedicated a historic ballad, The Third Letter, to the valiant princes of Wallachia, including <mask>.He urges <mask> to return from the grave and to annihilate the enemies of the Romanian nation:

In the early 1860s, the painter Theodor Aman depicted the meeting of <mask> and the Ottoman envoys, showing the envoys' fear of the Wallachian ruler. Since the middle of the 19th century, Romanian historians have treated <mask> as one of the greatest Romanian rulers, emphasizing his fight for the independence of the Romanian lands. Even <mask>'s acts of cruelty were often represented as rational acts serving national interest. Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol was one of the first historians to emphasize that <mask> could only stop the internal fights of the boyar parties through his acts of terror. Constantin C. Giurescu remarked, "The tortures and executions which [<mask>] ordered were not out of caprice, but always had a reason, and very often a reason of state." Ioan Bogdan was one of the few Romanian historians who did not accept this heroic image. In his work published in 1896, <mask> and the German and Russian Narratives, he concluded that the Romanians should be ashamed of <mask>, instead of presenting him as "a model of courage and patriotism".According to an opinion poll conducted in 1999, 4.1% of the participants chose <mask> the Impaler as one of "the most important historical personalities who have influenced the destiny of the Romanians for the better". Vampire mythology

The stories about <mask> made him the best-known medieval ruler of the Romanian lands in Europe. However, Bram Stoker's Dracula, which was published in 1897, was the first book to make a connection between Dracula and vampirism. Stoker had his attention drawn to the blood-sucking vampires of Romanian folklore by Emily Gerard's article about Transylvanian superstitions (published in 1885). His limited knowledge about the medieval history of Wallachia came from William Wilkinson's book entitled Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them, published in 1820. Stoker "apparently did not know much about" <mask> the Impaler, "certainly not enough for us to say that <mask> was the inspiration for" Count Dracula, according to Elizabeth Miller. For instance, Stoker wrote that Dracula had been of Székely origin only because he knew about both Attila the Hun's destructive campaigns and the alleged Hunnic origin of the Székelys.Stoker's main source, Wilkinson, who accepted the reliability of the German stories, described <mask> as a wicked man. Actually, Stoker's working papers for his book contain no references to the historical figure, the name of the character being named in all drafts but the later ones 'Count Wampyr'. Consequently, Stoker borrowed the name and "scraps of miscellaneous information" about the history of Wallachia when writing his book about Count Dracula. Appearance and representations

Pope Pius II's legate, Niccolò Modrussa, painted the only extant description of <mask>, whom he had met in Buda. A copy of <mask>'s portrait has been featured in the "monster portrait gallery" in the Ambras Castle at Innsbruck. The picture depicts "a strong, cruel, and somehow tortured man" with "large, deep-set, dark green, and penetrating eyes", according to Florescu. The color of <mask>'s hair cannot be determined, because Modrussa mentions that <mask> was black-haired, while the portrait seems to show that he had fair hair.The picture depicts <mask> with a large lower lip. <mask>'s bad reputation in the German-speaking territories can be detected in a number of Renaissance paintings. He was portrayed among the witnesses of Saint Andrew's martyrdom in a 15th-century painting, displayed in the Belvedere in Vienna. A figure similar to <mask> is one of the witnesses of Christ in the Calvary in a chapel of the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. In popular culture

Historical representations
 The play about <mask> the Impaler A Treia țeapă (The Third Stake) (1978) was written by Marin Sorescu and staged at the height of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s totalitarian regime. The play focused on cruelty and ultimate failure of the absolute power of the historical <mask>. It was translated into English in 1987 as <mask> the Impaler.<mask> (1979), Romanian historical drama film directed by Doru Năstase with Ștefan Sileanu as <mask>. It portrayed <mask> in positive light. Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000), American horror-war television film, which premiered on Halloween. Rudolf Martin played <mask>. <mask>pes Dracula, a Swedish video game in 1997. In Assassin's Creed: Revelations (2011), the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze has to find <mask>' tomb, with his skull and sword inside. The video game Age of Empires II: The Forgotten (2013) contains a five-chapter campaign depicting Dracula, starting with his conflict with <mask> II, and concluding with a battle against Basarab Laiotă and other Ottoman forces.<mask> (played by Paul Rhys) appears in TV series Da Vinci's Demons (2013–2015), a historical fantasy drama series that presents a fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life. In the light novel and anime series Fate/Apocrypha, <mask> appears under the title of "Lancer of Black". In this incaration, he is a "Heroic Spirit" or "Servant" summoned to fight in an event called the "Great Holy Grail War" alongside and against other summoned heroes. He has the ability to recreate and summon the "forest of the impaled", but also the ability to transform into a vampire from his name being associated with Bram Stoker's Dracula of which he despises. See also

 Curtea Veche
 Dracula (Castlevania)

References

Sources

Primary sources

 Thomas M. Bohn, Adrian Gheorghe, Albert Weber (Hrsg. ): Corpus Draculianum. Dokumente und Chroniken zum walachischen Fürsten Vlad dem Pfähler 1448–1650.Band 3: Die Überlieferung aus dem Osmanischen Reich. Postbyzantinische und osmanische Autoren. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2013, . Laonikos Chalkokondyles: The Histories, Volume II, Books 6–10'' (Translated by Anthony Kaldellis) (2014). Harvard University Press. . Secondary sources

Further reading

External links

 Count Dracula's War on Islam, a geopolitical context to the military campaigns of <mask> the Impaler
 The Tale of DraculaRussian manuscript c. 1490, with English translation
 Original coins issued by <mask> III the Impaler

Dracula
1420s births
1470s deaths
15th-century Romanian people
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Romanian Orthodox Christians
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
House of Drăculești
Monarchs killed in action
Roman Catholic monarchs
Romanian expatriates in Hungary
Romanian Roman Catholics
Rulers of

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Vlad Dracula
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title: Eleanor Catton

texts:
<mask>  (born 24 September 1985) is a New Zealand novelist and screenwriter. Born in Canada, <mask> moved to New Zealand as a child and grew up in Christchurch. She completed a Master's degree in creative writing at the International Institute of Modern Letters. Her award-winning debut novel, The Rehearsal, written as her Master's thesis, was published in 2008, and has been adapted into a 2016 film of the same name. Her second novel, The Luminaries, won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, making <mask> the youngest author ever to win the prize (at age 28) and only the second New Zealander. It was subsequently adapted into a television miniseries, with <mask> as screenwriter. Early life
<mask> was born in Canada, where her father was a graduate student completing his doctorate at the University of Western Ontario on a Commonwealth scholarship.Her mother Judith is a New Zealander from Canterbury, while her father, philosopher <mask>, comes from Washington State. Her family returned to New Zealand when she was six years old, and Catton grew up in Christchurch. Her mother was a children's librarian at the time, and the family had no TV; <mask> was an avid reader and writer from an early age. At age 13 the family spent a year living in Leeds while her father was on a sabbatical at the university, and Catton attended local comprehensive Lawnswood School which she referred to as "amazing" and "gloriously rough". Back in Christchurch she attended Burnside High School, studied English at the University of Canterbury, and completed a Master's degree in Creative Writing at the International Institute of Modern Letters, Victoria University of Wellington. She is related to historian <mask>. Literary career

The Rehearsal
<mask>'s debut novel, The Rehearsal, was published in 2008 when she was 22.Written as her Master's thesis, it deals with reactions to an affair between a male teacher and a girl at his secondary school. The Rehearsal won the 2009 Betty Trask Award in the UK, and was longlisted for the Orange Prize and on the shortlist of the Guardian First Book Award. That year <mask> was awarded a fellowship to the Iowa Writers' Workshop, where she completed her MFA and taught creative writing until 2011. In 2011, she was the Ursula Bethell Writer in Residence at the University of Canterbury, and in 2012 a writer in residence at the Michael King Writers' Centre in Auckland. In 2016, The Rehearsal was adapted into a film of the same name directed by Alison Maclean. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The Luminaries

Catton's second novel The Luminaries was begun at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, when she was 25, and published in 2013.The novel is set on the goldfields of New Zealand in 1866. It was shortlisted for and subsequently won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, making <mask> at the age of 28 the youngest author ever to win the Booker, beating more established names like Jhumpa Lahiri and Colm Tóibín. <mask> was previously, at the age of 27, the youngest author ever to be shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. At 832 pages, The Luminaries is the longest work to win the prize in its 45-year history. The chair of the judges, Robert Macfarlane commented, "It's a dazzling work. It's a luminous work. It is vast without being sprawling."Jonathan Ruppin of Foyles said: "I'm confident that she is destined to be one of the most important and influential writers of her generation." <mask> was presented with the prize by the Duchess of Cornwall on 15 October 2013 at Guildhall. In November 2013 <mask> was awarded the Canadian Governor General's Literary Award for fiction for The Luminaries. In January 2014 it was announced that <mask> would be awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature in May at Victoria University of Wellington, where she has studied. In the 2014 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to literature. Screenwriting
<mask> made zombie movies with her friends as a teenager and participated in the 48Hours film challenge, but never studied screenwriting. When Luminaries was adapted into a television miniseries <mask> was screenwriter, an "unusual if not entirely unheard-of" arrangement.<mask> wrote hundreds of drafts of the pilot episode, but in late 2015 BBC Two declined the series; she then shifted the focus to make the protagonist Anna Wetherell, a minor character in the book, and rewrote the series, which was commissioned by the BBC in mid-2016. She served as showrunner with director Claire McCarthy during filming. The six-episode TVNZ and BBC series debuted on 17 May 2020. <mask> also wrote the screenplay for the 2020 film version of Emma, adapted from Jane Austen's novel. She admitted she had never actually read the novel when approached to write the screenplay, but was familiar with more recent adaptations, including the film Clueless. Politics

In an interview at the Jaipur Literary Festival in January 2015, <mask> said that the governments of Australia, Canada and New Zealand were led by "neo-liberal, profit-obsessed, very shallow, very money-hungry politicians who do not care about culture... They care about short-term gains.They would destroy the planet in order to be able to have the life they want. I feel very angry with my Government". Prime Minister John Key said he was disappointed at Catton's lack of respect for his Government and claimed she was aligned with the Green Party. The next day he said her views should not be given any more credence than those of the Peter "The Mad Butcher" Leitch or Richie McCaw. In January 2015, on air RadioLive host Sean Plunket called Catton a traitor and an "ungrateful hua", a Māori slang word which some listeners mistook for "whore". The Taxpayers' Union also released a media statement showing <mask> had received around $50,000 in Creative New Zealand support over her career, and argued that "if Ms Catton isn't thankful for the support by the New Zealand Government while she wrote The Luminaries, maybe she should use some of the substantial royalties to pay the money back". In a blog post responding to the affair, <mask> commented that her reported remarks were a condensed part of a larger interview, and she was puzzled why her comment at the Jaipur festival had generated such controversy: "I’ve been speaking freely to foreign journalists ever since I was first published overseas, and have criticised the Key government, neo-liberal values, and our culture of anti-intellectualism many times."She continued:

The criticism of Catton caused a media storm, including the publication of numerous cartoons, and was termed "Cattongate" by political commentator Bryce Edwards. Edwards quoted numerous other commentators who supported <mask>'s right to express her views, and said the controversy reflected the hollowness of public debate in New Zealand and of the media and politics. Personal life
<mask> met Chicago-born poet Steven Toussaint at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and Toussaint moved to New Zealand in 2011 to begin a PhD in US avant-garde poetry at Victoria University of Wellington. The couple later lived in Mount Eden with their two cats (Laura Palmer and Isis) while <mask> taught creative writing part-time at the Manukau Institute of Technology. <mask> describes Toussaint as the first reader of her drafts, and he prevailed in an argument over whether one character in The Luminaries should be killed off. They married on 3 January 2016.  the couple lived in Cambridge, England with their daughter. Philanthropy
In 2014 <mask> used her winnings from the New Zealand Post Book Awards to establish the Lancewood/Horoeka Grant.The grant offers a stipend to emerging writers with the aim of providing "the means and opportunity not to write, but to read, and to share what they learn through their reading with their colleagues in the arts". Recipients have included Amy Brown, Craig Cliff and Richard Meros. Awards and honours
2007
Adam Foundation Prize in Creative Writing for The Rehearsal
The Sunday Star-Times (NZ) Short Story Competition for Necropolis
2008
Glenn Schaeffer Fellowship at the Iowa Writers' Workshop
Louis Johnson New Writers' Bursary
2009
Betty Trask Award for The Rehearsal
New Zealand Society of Authors Hubert Church (Montana) Best First Book Award for Fiction for The Rehearsal
Guardian First Book Award shortlist for The Rehearsal
Orange Prize longlist for The Rehearsal
2010
Amazon.ca First Novel Award for The Rehearsal
2013
Man Booker Prize for The Luminaries
Governor General's Award for English-language fiction for The Luminaries
2014
New Zealand Post Book Awards Fiction Award and People's Choice Award for The Luminaries
Walter Scott Prize shortlist for The Luminaries
DLitt, an honorary doctorate awarded by the Victoria University of Wellington

Works

Novels

Short stories
 Various short stories published in Best New Zealand Fiction Vol. 5 (2008); the Penguin Book of Contemporary New Zealand Short Stories (2009), and Granta issue 106 (Summer 2009). Further reading

 Wolfe, Graham. (2016). "<mask>’s The Rehearsal: Theatrical Fantasy and the Gaze."Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 49.3: 91–108. References

External links

Horoeka Reading grant
Sunday Times, July 2009 (paywall)
Excerpts from <mask>'s Reading Journal, Turbine, 2007

Interviews
"Interview with <mask>", The New Zealand Herald, September 2013
Radio interview on The Bat Segundo Show, 71 minutes, 2013
A collection of interviews with <mask>, on the Radio New Zealand National website

Biographies
Profile of <mask> on the New Zealand Book Council website
<mask>'s author profile on the Granta website
<mask>'s author profile on the Victoria University Press website

1985 births
Booker Prize winners
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Living people
New Zealand women short story writers
New Zealand women novelists
New Zealand crime fiction writers
Canadian emigrants to New Zealand
People educated at Burnside High School
People from Christchurch
Writers from London, Ontario
University of Canterbury alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
21st-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
Women crime fiction writers
21st-century New Zealand short story writers
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Canadian women novelists
Manukau Institute of Technology faculty
People educated at Lawnswood School
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers

masks:
Eleanor Catton
Catton
Catton
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Philip Catton
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Bruce Catton
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Eleanor Catton
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title: Ali Parvin

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 September 1946) is a retired Iranian football player and coach. He is regarded as one of the most prominent Iranian footballers. During his career, he has been associated mainly with Persepolis, played for the team for eighteen years, managed the club for seventeen years in three occasions and was also the club's president. He was selected as one of the seventeen Asian football elites by AFC and received a statue from this confederation. He was named as one of the members of Persepolis Hall of Fame and the club thanked him for his great performance during his senior career at Persepolis. The club gave him a statue of his face and named him as one of the twelve great players of Persepolis in the 1970s. Early life
<mask> has three children named Laden, Lida and Mohammad.<mask> was one of the former football players of Persepolis team who said goodbye to the world of football very soon. Playing career

Club career
He was discovered whilst playing street football with neighbourhood club Aref. After being scouted he joined Alborz FC, the reserve team of Kayan FC, where he would be called up very quickly. Eventually he made his way to Paykan F.C. and was one of the star players in the team in its short run in Iranian football. He moved to Persepolis FC as many other Paykan players did after the club was dissolved in 1970. After the Iranian Revolution and during the Iran–Iraq War <mask> was instrumental in helping the Persepolis club survive.By the end of his playing career he was operating in a player/manager position. He retired from competitive football in 1988.

International career

He played for the Iran national football team and was part of the Iranian Asian Cup winning squads of 1972 and 1976. <mask> participated in the 1972 Munich Olympics and played in all three of Iran's matches. He also participated at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, again playing in all three of Iran's matches, and he scored in the group game against Poland. He retired from international football after Iran's exit from the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, accumulating 76 caps and 11 goals. International goals

Career statistics

International goals

Managerial career
In late 1989 <mask> became the Iranian national team manager. He had already gained experience managing Tehran powerhouse, Persepolis FC.At first his popularity grew even more as the team won the 1990 Asian Games football gold medal, but early elimination from the 1992 Asian Cup and failure to qualify for World Cup 1994 cost him his job. He was fired in 1993 and replaced by Stanko Poklepovic. He later became the manager of Persepolis FC and helped the team to a number of league titles. He left the team briefly in the 2003–04 season but returned the year after as the technical director of the team. After a poor start for Persepolis in the 2005–06 season he again became the manager, only to leave at the end of the season due to the club's poor form. Statistics

List of seasons
ACW = Asian Cup Winners' Cup
TPL = Tehran Provincial League
THC = Tehran Hazfi Cup
TSC = Tehran Super Cup

Administrative roles

On 30 April 2007, <mask> led the takeover of Azadegan League club Ekbatan which was renamed Steel Azin. He also became one of the members of the board of directors.He was elected as Chairman of Steel Azin on 1 December 2010 but resigned after the team was Relegated to the Azadegan League on 15 June 2011. He was also acting chairman of Persepolis from May to October 2001. As of 19 September 2011, <mask> is one of the members of board of directors of Persepolis, serving for second time. On 22 January 2014, and after the resignation of Mohammad Rouyanian as the club's chairman, <mask> was appointed as the club's interim chairman. He was named as one of the members of Persepolis Hall of Fame and the club thanked him for his great performance during his senior career at Persepolis. The club gave him a statue of his face and named him as one of the twelve great players of Persepolis in the 1970s. Personal life
<mask> married in 1976.He has two daughters and one son. His son, <mask> is a former footballer who played for Persepolis and Paykan. He along with his wife, and the family of his children lives in house that he built in the Lavasan area, near Tehran. References

External links

Iranian footballers
Iranian football managers
Iran national football team managers
1972 AFC Asian Cup players
1976 AFC Asian Cup players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
1992 AFC Asian Cup managers
Olympic footballers of Iran
Persepolis F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. managers
1946 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tehran
Iranian football chairmen and investors
Iran international footballers
Asian Games gold medalists for Iran
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1970 Asian Games
Footballers at the 1974 Asian Games
Association football midfielders
Persepolis F.C. non-playing staff
Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games

masks:
Ali Parvin
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Mohammad Parvin
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Mohammad Parvin


title: Ruth B. Bottigheimer

texts:
<mask><mask> is a literary scholar, folklorist, and author. She is currently Research Professor in the department of English at Stony Brook University, State University of New York where she specializes in European fairy tales and British children’s literature. She is also interested in the history of illustration and the religious socialization of children through edited Bible narratives. She “has been hailed as one of America’s foremost Grimm scholars”. Education
<mask>er earned her D.A. in German Literature and Language in 1981 through Stony Brook University, State University of New York. She earned a B.A.(Honors) in German Literature and Medieval History and an M.A. in German Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. She also attended Wellesley College, the University of Munich, and the University College London. Career
In addition to her current position at Stony Brook University, <mask>eimer has also taught at Hollins University, the University of Innsbruck,  the University of Vienna, Göttingen University, Princeton University, the University of California, and others. She is a member of numerous professional organizations including the International Society for Folk Narrative Research, Bruder Grimm Gesellschaft, and the Children’s Literature Association. <mask>eimer has  researched “the history of early British children’s literature and the seventeenth-century Port-Royalist Nicolas Fontaine. The Stony Brook University website states that “[<mask>gheimer’s] work crosses disciplinary boundaries, contextualizing genres in their socio-historical cultures of origin, assessing them in terms of publishing history parameters, and utilizing linguistics in discourse analysis”.She is currently researching   Hannâ Diyâb's contributions to Antoine Galland's 'Mille et Une Nuits', which made their way into the 'Arabian Nights'. <mask>ttigheimer’s languages of research include English, German, French, and occasionally Italian and Spanish. Publications

Books

"Magic Tales and Fairy Tale Magic from Ancient Egypt to the Italian Renaissance". (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
 Fairy Tales: A New History (Excelsior Editions: State University of New York, 2009)
 Gender and Story in South India, Ed. with Lalita Handoo and Leela Prasad (State University of New York Press, 2007)
 Fairy Godfather: Straparola, Venice, and the Fairy Tale Tradition (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002)
 The Bible for Children: From the Age of Gutenberg to the Present (Yale University Press, 1996)
 Grimm’s Bad Girls and Bold Boys: The Moral and Social Vision of the Tales (Yale University Press, 1987)
"Fairy Tales Framed. Early Forewords, Afterwords, and Critical Words" Ed. (State University of New York, 2012)
 Fairy Tales, Printed Texts, and Oral Tellings: The Other History [=Marvels & Tales 21.1 (2007)]
 Gender and Story in South India, ed.with Leela Prasad. Albany NY: SUNY Press, 2006. (reworking and expansion of Folklore and Folklore and Gender, see below)
 Folklore and Gender, Ed. with Lalita Handoo (Zooni Publications, 1999)
 Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion and Paradigm, Ed. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)

Articles
<mask>eimer has written numerous articles including:

 “As diferenças entre a mídia manuscrita e a impressa: formas dos (proto-)contos de fadas Liombruno de Cirino d’Ancona e Lionbruno de Vindalino da Spira, dos anos de 1470” (Manuscript and Print Media Differences: Shapers of the 1470s (Proto) Fairy Tales Cirino d’Ancona’s Liombruno and Vindalino da Spira’s Lionbruno). LiterArtes 1.12 (2020) 260–274. “Das Alter in Grimms Kinder- und Hausmärchen.” Alter im Märchen.Eds. Harm-Peer Zimmermann and Simone Stiefbold. Volkach: Märchenstiftung Walter Kahn, 2020. 29–40. (=Schriftenreihe RINGVORLESUNGEN der Märchenstiftung Walter Kahn 18 UNI Zürich.) “Hannâ Diyâb, Antoine Galland, and Hannâ Diyâb’s Tales: I. On-the-Spot Recordings, Later Summaries, and One Translation; II. Western Sources in Eastern Texts.” In Mémoires de l’Association pour la Promotion de l’Histoire et de l’Archéologie Orientales.Liège: Peeters, 2020. 51–72. "Antikes Numinoses und moderner Zauber: Das Schaudern, das Glück auf Erden und Jenseitseigenschaften als abgrenzenden Kennzeichen des Numinosen." In: Karthrin Pöge-Alder und Harm-Peer Zimmermann (Eds. ), Numinoses Erzählen: Das Andere - Das Jenseitige - Das Zauberische. Beiträge zu Volkskunde in Sachsen-Anhalt 5 (2019): 83–93. "Reading for Fun in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo.The Hanna Dyâb Tales of Galland’s Mille et Une Nuits." Book History 22 (2019): 133–160. "'Eigentliche Märchen und biblische Geschichten: Ein Zusammenhang?" Märchenspiegel. 30.2 (2019): 44–49. "Straparola’s Piacevoli Notti and Fairy-Tale Poetics." Kreuz- und Querzüge: Beiträge zu einer literarischen Anthropologie.Festschrift for Alfred Messerli. Eds Harm-Peer Zimmermann, Peter O<mask>, and <mask>en. Hannover: Wehrhahn, 2019. 289–304. "Vliegende tapijten in Duizend-en-een-nacht: Disney, Dyâb ... en d'Aulnoy?" Volkskunde 2017 3:255-272. Translated into English as Flying Carpets in the Arabian Nights: Disney, Dyâb ... and d'Aulnoy?"Gramarye 13 (2018): 18-34. "Hanna Dyâb's Witch and the Great Witch Shift." In Cultures of Witchcraft in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, eds. <mask>, Owen Davies, and Cornelie Usborne. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Springer, 2017. 53–77. (=Festschrift for Willem de <mask>)."Gurimu Kyodai, Gehte, Casan do Pahsival: Arabian Naito to Ibunka Riron," (The Grimms, Goethe, and Caussin de Perceval: The Arabian Nights and Theories of Cultural Difference), trans. Ritsuko Inage and Yoshiko Noguchi. 161–176  in Gurimu Kenkyu no atarashii Chihei—Densho, Gender, Shakai (A New Horizon in Grimm Research: Tradition, Gender, and Society. =Festschrift for Yoshiko Noguchi), ed. Hisako Ohno. Osaka: Bensei-shuppan, 2017. “Cinderella: The People’s Princess.” 27–51 in Cinderella, ed.Gillian Lathey et al. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2016. “Stimmen aus der Vergangenheit.” 1: 133–141 in Märchen, Mythen und Moderne. 200 Jahre Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm. Kongressband, 2 vols. eds. <mask>-von der Heyde, Holger Ehrhardt, Hans-Heino Ewers, Annekatrin Inder.Frankfurt a. M. u.a. : Peter Lang Verlag, 2015. “Storytelling in Amerika und die frühesten Märchen als städisches Phänomen.” 34–42 in Erzählen im Prozess des gesellschaftlichen und medialen Wandels. Märchen, Mythen, klassische und modern Kinderliteratur: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, 2015 (=Schriftenreihre der DeutschenAkademie für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur 43). “The Case of ‘The Ebony Horse. Part II Hanna Diyab’s Creation of a Third Tradition.’” Gramarye  6 (2014): 6-16.“The Case of ‘The Ebony Horse. Part I’” With Claudia Ott. Gramarye  5 (2014): 8-20. “East Meets West in Thousand and One Nights.” Marvels and Tales 28.2 (2014): 302–324. “A Career That Wasn’t.” In Tema y variaciones de Literatura número 41 (Literatura infantil y juvenil: reflexiones, análisis y testimonios) [Theme and Variations of Literature Number 41 (Children's Literature: Reflections, Analysis and Testimonies)]. ed. Alejandra Sánchez Valencia.2013: 251–268.“Skeptics and Enthusiasts: Nineteenth-Century Prefaces to the Grimms’ Tales in English Translation.” In Grimms' Tales around the Globe: The Dynamics of Their International Reception, eds. Vanessa Joosen and Gillian Lathey. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2014. 199-218. “Children’s Bibles: An Overview and a History of their Scholarship,” in Retelling the Bible: Literary Historical, and Social Contexts, eds. Lucie Dolžalová and Tamás Visi. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011.359–365. “Fairy Tale Illustrations and Real World Gender: Function, Conceptualization, and Publication.” RELIEF 2010 (electronic publication). “Upward and Outward: Fairy Tales and Popular, Print, and Proletarian Culture, 1550-1850.” Elore (ISSN 1456-3010) 17.2 (2010): 104–120. Joensu (Finland): The Finnish Folklore Society . “Les contes médievaux et les contes de fées moderns” in Féeries 7 (2010): 21–43. “Fairy Godfather, Fairy-Tale History, and Fairy-Tale Scholarship: A Response to <mask>-Amos, Jan Ziolkowski, and Francisco Vaz da Silva” in Fairy-Tale Traditions between Orality and Literacy, ed. <mask>-Amos [= Journal of American Folklore 123.490 (Fall 2010):] 447–496.“A New History for Fairy Tales.” 53–70 in The Conte: Oral and Written Dynamics, eds. Maeve M. McCusker and Janice Carruthers. London: Lang, 2010. “Murdering mothers in Bible stories and fairy tales.” In Representations of Women Victims and Perpetrators in German Culture 1500–2000. Rochester NY: Camden House, 2008. 28–42. "Children's Bibles: Sacralized and Problematic," 97–110 in Expectations and Experiences: Children, Childhood, and Children’s Literature, eds.Valerie Coughlan and <mask>. Lichfield: Pied Piper Press, 2007. “Semiliterate and Semi-Oral Processes” with Rudolf Schenda in Marvels and Tales 21 (1) (2007)
 “France’s First Fairy Tales: The Restoration and Rise Narratives of Les facetieuses nuictz du Seigneur Francois Straparole” in Marvels and Tales 19 (1) (2005)
 “Misperceived Perceptions: Perrault’s Fairy Tales and English Children’s Literature” in Children’s Literature 30 (2002)
 "Les Bibles pour enfants et leurs lecteurs aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles en France et en Allemagne" in La Bible Imprimée dans l'Europe moderne (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 1999)
 "Männlich - Weiblich: Sexualität und Geschlechterrollen” in Männlch - Weiblich: Zur Bedeutung der Kategorie Geschlecht in der Kultur (Waxmann Verlag, 1999)
 "Illustration and Imagination" in Fellowship Program Researchers' Report, International Institute for Children's Literature Osaka 1999: 71–106 (English), 42–70 (Japanese). "Cultural History and the Meanings of Children's Literature" in Signal 87 (September 1998)
 "'An Important System of its Own': Defining Children's Literature" in Princeton University Library Chronicle 69.2 (1998)
 "Children's Bibles 1690–1750 and the Emergence of Fictions for Children" in Compar(a)ison 2 (1995)
 "Children's Bibles as a Form of Folk Narrative" (182-190) in Folk Narrative and Cultural Identity. 9th Congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research. Budapest 1989 Ed. Vilmos Voigt (Budapest 1995)
 "The Child-Reader of Children's Bibles 1656–1753" (44-56) in Infant Tongues: The Voice of the Child in Literature Ed.Elizabeth Goodenough, Mark Heberle, and Naomi Sokoloff  (Wayne State University Press, 1994)
 "The Bible for Children: The Emergence and Development of the Genre 1550–1990" (347-62) in The Church and Childhood: Studies in Church History 31 Ed. Diana Woods and Janet Nelson (Blackwell, 1994)
 "Fairy Tales and Children's Literature: A Feminist Perspective" (101-108) in Options for the Teaching of Children's Literature (Modern Language Association, 1992)
 "<mask>'s Fairy Tales: Nineteenth Century Bestsellers and Bürgerlichkeit" in Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 15.2 (1990)
 "One Hundred and Fifty Years of German at Princeton: A Descriptive Account" in Teaching German in America: Prolegomena to a History Ed. <mask>, Walter F. W. Lohnes, & Valters Nollendorfs (University of Wisconsin Press, 1988)
 "Studies in Silence: Speech Patterns in Grimm's Fairy Tales" in Fairy Tales and Society (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986)
 "Iconographic Continuity: A Study of the Illustration History of 'The Goosegirl' (KHM 89)" in Children's Literature 13 (1985)
 "The Transformed Queen: A Search for the Origins of Negative Female Archetypes in the Grimms' Fairy Tales" in Amsterdamer Beiträge 10 (1980)

In addition to the above works, <mask>eimer has also written numerous reviews, encyclopedia articles, and published several translations. Controversy
<mask>eimer’s recent conclusions about the literary history of fairy tales, published in her book Fairy Tales: A New History, have created a great deal of controversy among folklore scholars. At both the 2005 congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research in Estonia and the 2006 meeting of the American Folklore Society in Milwaukee, <mask>ttigheimer’s claims – particularly the claim that the  rise fairy tale “template” was originally conceived of by the 16th-century Italian writer Giovan Francesco Straparola – were repeatedly and “uproar[iously]” questioned by “unpersuaded” folklorists. Folklorists Dan Ben-Amos, Francisco Vaz da Silva, and Jan M. Ziolkowski each produced papers responding to Bottigheimer’s claims that appeared in the Journal of American Folklore. A response from Bottigheimer was published in the same issue.References

External links

 Stony Brook University Website

20th-century births
American folklorists
Women folklorists
Living people
Fairy tale scholars
21st-century American writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Stony Brook University faculty
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics

masks:
Ruth B
. Bottigheimer
Bottigheim
Bottigh
Bottigh
Botti
Bo
Bogh
. Büner
Bernhard Tschof
Jonathan Barry
Blécourt
Claudia Brinker
Dan Ben
Dan Ben
Clare Bradford
Ludwig Bechstein
David Benseler
Bottigh
Bogh
Bo


title: Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg

texts:
<mask> (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist. Life
He was born at Eutin, near Lübeck. He was placed in a gymnasium in Eutin, which was under the direction of , a philologist influenced by Immanuel Kant. He was educated at the universities of Kiel, Leipzig, Berlin. He became more and more attracted to the study of Plato and Aristotle, and his 1826 doctoral dissertation, Platonis de ideis et numeris doctrina ex Aristotele illustrata (On Plato's Doctrine of Ideas and Numbers as Illustrated by Aristotle), was an attempt to reach through Aristotle's criticisms a more accurate knowledge of the Platonic philosophy. He declined the offer of a classical chair at Kiel, and accepted a post as tutor to the son of an intimate friend of Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, the Prussian minister of education. He held this position for seven years (1826–1833), occupying his leisure time with the preparation of a critical edition of Aristotle's De anima (1833; 2nd ed.by Christian Belger, 1877). In 1833 Altenstein appointed Trendelenburg extraordinary professor in Berlin, and four years later he was advanced to an ordinary professorship. Teaching
For nearly 40 years, he proved himself markedly successful as a teacher, during the greater part of which time he had to examine in philosophy and pedagogics all candidates for the scholastic profession in Prussia. His teaching method was highly regarded by Søren Kierkegaard who called him "one of the most sober philosophical philologists I know." He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861. Two of his prominent students were Franz Brentano and Wilhelm Dilthey. Philosophical work

Defense of teleology
Trendelenburg's philosophizing is conditioned throughout by his loving study of Plato and Aristotle, whom he regards not as opponents but as building jointly on the broad basis of idealism.His own standpoint may be called a modern version of Aristotelianism. While denying the possibility of an absolute method and an absolute philosophy, as contended for by Hegel and others, Trendelenburg was emphatically an idealist in the ancient or Platonic sense; his whole work was devoted to the demonstration of the ideal in the real. But he maintained that the procedure of philosophy must be analytic, rising from the particular facts to the universal in which we find them explained. We divine the system of the whole from the part we know, but the process of reconstruction must remain approximative. Our position forbids the possibility of a final system. Instead, therefore, of constantly beginning afresh in speculation, it should be our duty to attach ourselves to what may be considered the permanent results of historic developments. The classical expression of these results Trendelenburg finds mainly in the Platonico-Aristotelian system.The philosophical question is stated thus: How are thought and being united in knowledge? How does thought get at being? And how does being enter into thought? Proceeding on the principle that like can only be known by like, Trendelenburg next reaches a doctrine peculiar to himself (though based upon Aristotle) that plays a central part in his speculations. Motion is the fundamental fact common to being and thought; the actual motion of the external world has its counterpart in the constructive motion involved in every instance of perception or thought. From motion he proceeds to deduce time, space and the categories of mechanics and natural science. These, being thus derived, are at once subjective and objective in their scope.It is true that matter can never be completely resolved into motion, but the irreducible remainder may be treated, like Aristotle, as an abstraction we asymptotically approach but never reach. The facts of existence, however, are not adequately explained by the mechanical categories. The ultimate interpretation of the universe can only be found in the higher category of End or final cause. Here Trendelenburg finds the dividing line, between philosophical systems. On the one side stand those that acknowledge none but efficient causes, which make force prior to thought, and explain the universe, as it were, a tergo ("from the back"). This may be called, typically, Democritism. On the other side stands the organic or teleological view of the world, which interprets the parts through the idea of the whole, and sees in the efficient causes only the vehicle of ideal ends.This may be called in a wide sense Platonism. Systems like Spinozism, which seem to form a third class, neither sacrificing force to thought nor thought to force, yet by their denial of final causes inevitably fall back into the Democritic or essentially materialistic standpoint, leaving us with the great antagonism of the mechanical and the organic systems of philosophy. The latter view, which receives its first support in the facts of life, or organic nature as such, finds its culmination and ultimate verification in the ethical world, which essentially consists in the realization of ends. Trendelenburg's Naturrecht [the right of nature] may, therefore, be taken as in a manner the completion of his system, his working out of the ideal as present in the real. The ethical end is taken to be the idea of humanity, not in the abstract as formulated by Immanuel Kant, but in the context of the state and of history. Law is treated throughout as the vehicle of ethical requirements. In Trendelenburg's treatment of the state, as the ethical organism in which the individual (the potential man) may be said first to emerge into actuality, we may trace his nurture on the best ideas of Hellenic antiquity.Fischer–Trendelenburg debate
In 1865 he became involved in an acrimonious controversy on the interpretation of Kant's doctrine of space with Kuno Fischer, whom he attacked in Kuno Fischer und sein Kant (1869), which drew forth the reply Anti-Trendelenburg (1870). The controversy became known in the history of philosophy as the Fischer–Trendelenburg debate. Trendelenburg's position on the debate (the position that "Kant may establish that space and time are a priori and intuitive conditions for experience in the "Transcendental Aesthetic," but this in no way entails that space and time have nothing to do with the objects outside of possible experience") has been variously dubbed as "Neglected Alternative," "Trendelenburg's gap" [die trendelenburgische Lücke], "Pistorius's gap [die pistorische Lücke]" (named after Hermann Andreas Pistorius), or "third possibility" [die dritte Möglichkeit]. Family
His son, <mask>rendelenburg, was a prominent surgeon; several medical techniques and matters are named for him. Works (selection)
Trendelenburg was also the author of the following:

Elementa Logices Aristotelicae (1836; 9th ed., 1892; Eng. trans. 1881), a selection of passages from the Organon with Latin translation and notes, containing the substance of Aristotle's logical doctrine, supplemented by Erlauterungen zu den Elementen der Aristotelischen Logik (1842; 3rd ed., 1876).Logische Untersuchungen (Logical Investigations), 2 vols. (1840; 3rd ed. 1870), and Die logische Frage in Hegels System (1843), important factors in the reaction against Hegel. Historische Beitrage zur Philosophie (1846–1867), in three volumes, the first of which (Geschichte der Kategorienlehre) contains a history of the doctrine of the Categories. Geschichte der Kategorienlehre I: Aristotle Kategorienlehre; II: Die Kategorienlehre in der Geschichte der Philosophie (1846, reprint: Hildesheim, Olms, 1979). Des Naturrecht aufdem Grunde der Ethik (1860). Lücken im Völkerrecht (1870), a treatise on the defects of international law, occasioned by the war of 1870.Kleine Schriften (1871), papers dealing with non-philosophical, chiefly national and educational subjects. Zur Geschichte des Wortes Person, Kant-Studien, Bd. 13, Berlin 1908

Translations
 A Contribution to the History of the Word Person: A Posthumous Treatise, Open Court Pub. Co., 1910. Outlines of Logic: An English Translation of Trendelenburg's Elementa, 1898. Notes

Attribution:

References
 Frederick Beiser, Late German Idealism: Trendelenburg and Lotze, Oxford University Press, 2013 [Currently the most complete discussion of Trendelenburg's philosophy.] Graham Bird, A Companion to Kant, John Wiley and Sons, 2009 p. 486ff has an article about Trendelenburg's dispute with Fisher over Kant's definition of space
 Hermann Bonitz, Zur Erinnering an <mask> Trendelenburg (Berlin, 1872)

 Ernst Bratuschek, <mask>rendelenburg (Berlin, 1873) [The first complete intellectual biography of Trendelenburg.]George Sylvester Morris, <mask> Trendelenburg (1874). Paul Kleinert, Grabrede (Berlin, 1872)
 Carl von Prantl, Gedächtnisrede (Munich, 1873)

External links

1802 births
1872 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German non-fiction writers
19th-century German people
19th-century German philosophers
19th-century essayists
19th-century philologists
19th-century philosophers
Aristotelian philosophers
Continental philosophers
Epistemologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
German essayists
German ethicists
German logicians
German male non-fiction writers
German philologists
Hegel scholars
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Idealists
Kant scholars
Lecturers
Leipzig University alumni
Metaphysicians
Moral philosophers
Ontologists
People from Eutin
People from Oldenburg (state)
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of law
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of war
Philosophy academics
Philosophy teachers
Philosophy writers
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Spinoza scholars
University of Kiel alumni

masks:
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg
Friedrich T
Friedrich Adolf
Adolf T
Friedrich Adolf


title: Christina Kessler

texts:
<mask> (born May 28, 1988) has competed for the Canadian National women's ice hockey team. Her debut with Team Canada was at the 2010 Four Nations Cup where she was part of the gold medal-winning squadron. She played for the Burlington Barracudas in the Canadian Women's Hockey League before being claimed by the Brampton Thunder in the dispersal section of the 2012 CWHL Draft. With the Toronto Furies, she was recognized as the Most Valuable Player of the 2014 Clarkson Cup. Playing career
<mask> participated in the PWHL for the Toronto Jr. Aeros. During the 2005–06 season, she led the squad to an undefeated regular season. In addition, she helped the team claim league and provincial titles.Harvard
<mask> joined the Harvard Crimson in the autumn of 2006 and appeared in 12 games with 11 starts. As a rookie, she logged eight wins, while earning shutouts against the Princeton Tigers (on Nov. 25 and Jan. 5), and against nationally ranked Minnesota Duluth (Dec. 2). The shutouts that she registered on November 25 and December 2 came in her second and third collegiate games of her career. This was part of a period in which she went 150 minutes without allowing a goal. She would only give up one goal during her first three NCAA contests. On December 8, she made a then career high 33 saves in a tie against nationally ranked New Hampshire. During the 2007-08 campaign, <mask> set the NCAA single-season record with 12 shutouts.In addition, she led all NCAA goaltenders with a .952 save percentage (679 of 713) and winning percentage (30-2-0, .938). With <mask> in net, the Crimson set the all-time record for fewest goals allowed in a season. In a January 27, 2008 win versus Dartmouth (a 4–0 shutout), she surpassed Ali Boe for the Crimson single-season shutout record by notching her eighth. Boe set the previous mark with seven shutouts in 2003–04. In the 2008 women's Beanpot, <mask> blocked 41 of 43 shots during the tournament to win the Joe Bertagna Award. On February 1, <mask> earned her first NCAA assist. In a match against Brown, <mask> assisted on a goal logged by Kathryn Farni.A February 23 victory over Cornell (by a 4-2 tally) gave <mask> her 25th victory of the season. Her junior season (2008–09) resulted in her being named to the ECAC Hockey preseason all-league team. Statistically, she ranked first in the ECAC with a 1.55 goals-against average in conference play. In the Beanpot semifinal (from February 3, 2009), she stopped 17 shots against Boston University as the Crimson prevailed. A February 20 win over the St. Lawrence Skating Saints resulted in <mask>'s fourth shutout of the season. During the ECAC Quarterfinals (on February 27 and 28), <mask> logged back-to-back shutouts against Cornell (by tallies of 3–0, 4–0), respectively. As a senior (2009–10), <mask> was fifth in the NCAA with a .944 save percentage.She would also rank fifth with a 1.39 goals-against average. In the Crimson's season opening match versus Colgate (contested on October 30, 2009), <mask> registered 29 saves. On November 14, she would set a career high by blocking 37 shots versus Princeton. On December 4 and 5, 2010, <mask> had one of the best performances of her NCAA career. She recorded 24 saves against Minnesota on Dec. 4, as the Crimson prevailed by a 1–0 mark. She followed up her performance with 29 saves to guide Harvard to a 0–0 tie the following day. Entering the weekend, Minnesota had not been shut out since the 2006–07 season.A December 8 victory versus the Connecticut Huskies (in which the Crimson earned a 2–1 win) resulted in <mask> tying Ali Boe for the Harvard career win record of 63. Win number 64 came on January 16, 2010, in a 21 save effort that resulted in a 5–1 victory over the Colgate Raiders. Her career save percentage of .9414 (1,863 of 1,979 shots) is the all-time best in NCAA history. Hockey Canada
She was in attendance for the first ever IIHF development camp (held in Vierumaki, Finland). <mask> represented the OWHA and Hockey Canada. In 2006, she was selected to Canada's under-22 national team but did not compete due to injury. <mask> was part of the Canadian Under 22 squad that participated in a three-game series versus the US Under 22 team in August 2009.<mask> accumulated 40 saves in two games for Canada's Under-22 Team. In January 2009, she was part of the silver medal-winning team at the MLP Cup in January 2009. In two games played, she logged two shutouts and 35 saves. She was the backstop for the Canadian Under-22 Team which won a gold medal at 2010 MLP Cup. She would log a shutout with 15 saves in gold-medal game against Switzerland. She made her debut for the Canadian National women's hockey team at the 2010 Four Nations Cup. <mask> won a gold medal as she was one of the backup goaltenders to Shannon Szabados.She travelled to Bratislava, Slovakia to participate in the 2011 IIHF High Performance Women's Camp from July 4–12. In the first game of the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, <mask> earned the shutout in a 16–0 victory over Switzerland. On October 3, 2011, she was named to the Team Canada roster that participated in the 2011 4 Nations Cup. CWHL
On November 18, 2011, she was one of several Burlington Barracudas players that competed in the first ever Hockey Helps The Homeless Women's Tournament. Said tournament was held at the Magna Centre in Newmarket, Ontario. Along with Barracudas teammate Shannon Moulson, she was part of an event at Power Play Sports in Niagara Falls, Ontario on December 20, 2011, to promote the 2012 Clarkson Cup (to be held in Niagara Falls). After the event, they met players from the NFGHA (Niagara Falls Girls' Hockey League) for photographs and autographs.Awards and honours
ECAC Rookie of the Week (Week of November 27, 2006)
ECAC Goaltender of the Week (Week of December 5. 2006)
 ECAC Rookie of the Week (Week of January 8, 2007)
2007 ECAC Hockey League All-Academic Team
2008 ECAC Goaltender of the Year
2008 Joe Bertagna Award as the best goaltender in the Beanpot
2007-08 RBK Hockey/AHCA All-America Second Team
2007-08 First Team All-ECAC
2007-08 First Team All-Ivy League
2007-08 New England Hockey Writers Division I Women's All-Star Team
NCAA single season record, Most Shutouts in one season (12), accomplished in 2007-08
2008 ECAC Tournament Team
ECAC Goaltender of the week (Week of December 1, 2009)
ECAC Goaltender of the week (Week of December 8, 2009)
2008-09 All-Ivy League first team
2008-09 All-ECAC Hockey second team
2008-09 New England Hockey Writers Division I All-Star Team
2009-10 ECAC Hockey preseason all-league team
2009-10 All-Ivy League honorable mention
2009-10 Academic All-Ivy League
2010 nominee for Patty Kazmaier Award
 NCAA record holder for career save percentage (1,863 of 1,979, .9414)

References

1988 births
Burlington Barracudas players
Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders
Clarkson Cup champions
Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Mississauga

masks:
Christina Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler
Kessler