title: James William Troup

texts:
<mask> (February 5, 1855 – November 30, 1931) was an American steamship captain, Canadian Pacific Railway administrator and shipping pioneer. Family
Captain <mask> was born in Portland, Oregon in February, 1855. He was the son of Capt. Willam H<mask>, a prominent early steamboatman in the Pacific Northwest. His maternal grandfather was sailing ship Capt. John Turnball. <mask> had a younger brother, <mask> (1865–1896) who was also an accomplished steamboat captain.<mask> also had a son, <mask>, who became a steamboat captain. Early career
Together with his father, Captain <mask> built many of the early steamboats of the Columbia River and he went to work on the steamer Vancouver in 1872 at the age of 17. By the age of 20 he was captain of the small propeller steamer Wasp, having served in every position from deckhand on up. <mask> went to work on the Columbia river above the Cascades, for the Oregon Steam Navigation Company holding first a position as a purser and later as master. When the first Harvest Queen, a big new steamer was built in 1878, <mask> was appointed her master, even though he was only 23 years of age. In the early 1880s, as railways started to be completed along the Columbia River, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, which had bought out the O.S.N., started taking its boats off of the river to find employment for them elsewhere. This required running the rapids either at Celilo Falls, the Cascades, or both.In 1881, <mask> ran Harvest Queen over Celilo Falls, where she was nearly wrecked, and then through the Cascades. In 1881, he also took Idaho through the Cascades. First work in British Columbia

In 1883 Troup began working in British Columbia for J. A. Mara, owner of the Peerless and Spallumcheen, two steamboats running on Kamloops and Shuswap lakes and the Thompson River. He also won the trust of Captain John Irving as a skilled steamboat captain, and was placed in charge of Irving's main steamer <mask>, named after Captain Irving's father. Irving also gave <mask> command of the huge and difficult to manage sidewheeler Yosemite on the route from Victoria to New Westminster. Return to Oregon
He worked with John Irving and the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company until 1886, when he returned to Oregon to assume charge of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company which was then owned by the Union Pacific.He worked in Oregon until 1892, and during this time he supervised construction of many steamboats, including the famous T.J. Potter. In 1891, Victorian was launched at Portland, Oregon. This ship was an extremely large vessel for one built entirely of wood. She was also underpowered, and became one of <mask>'s few design failures. Run of the Hassalo through the Cascades

On May 26, 1888, <mask> took the sternwheeler Hassalo through the Cascades of the Columbia, covering the six miles of whitewater in just seven minutes. Other captains had come through the Cascades, and even bested <mask>'s time in doing so, as had notably Captain John McNulty (steamboat captain) in the R.R. Thompson over a half decade earlier and with a speed of steamboat passage through the rapids never again attained.Unlike the record run of the Thompson, though, the famous run of the Hassalo was witnessed by 3,000 people and made the subject of a well-known photograph. Steamboat operations in inland British Columbia

While <mask> was in Oregon, his old Canadian colleagues John Irving and J.A. Mara had joined with Frank S. Barnard and two others to form the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company. Mara persuaded <mask> to return to Canada and supervise his company's operations on the large inland lakes of British Columbia. <mask> arrived back in Canada in March 1892 to take up his new post at Nelson, BC. He designed many of the inland steamboats used on the lakes, and each boat was specifically built for a particular task, such as towing or passenger work. As Professor Turner, a leading historian of British Columbia, states:

One of <mask>'s most successful designs was the steamer Rossland, which Professor Turner described as the most beautiful vessel ever to run on the Arrow Lakes.Like many prestigious steamers in the Pacific Northwest, such as the Wide West and the Bailey Gatzert, Rossland'''s saloon deck extended clear forward to her bow, and her pilot house was placed high above the water on top of the Texas. When Mara's company was bought out by the Canadian Pacific Railway, <mask> continued in charge. Sternwheelers for the Klondike
When the Klondike Gold Rush generated a huge demand for shipping in 1898, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) put <mask> in charge of supervising steamboat construction. <mask> went to Port Blakeley, Washington to supervise construction of four sternwheelers. These vessels were intended for service on the Yukon and Stikine rivers and were named Constantine, Walsh, Dalton, and Schwatka. Of these boats, only Schwatka made it to Alaska, and this was only in 1904. Constantine sank on the way while under tow, and Walsh and Dalton remained in Puget Sound and the Columbia River.Troup also supervised sternwheeler construction at False Creek, BC and Vancouver, BC. Only three of the Vancouver boats actually operated on the Stikine River, which was being boomed as the "All-Canadian" route to the Klondike gold fields. <mask> then returned to the Kootenay district, where in 1901, he was made superintendent of both steamboat and rail lines. Superintendent of Canadian Pacific Steamships
In 1901, when the CPR bought John Irving's company, the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company, <mask> was transferred to Victoria, B.C. to assume charge of the operation that his former employer John Irving had established:

Around this time, Five Mile Point (east of Nelson) on the Nelson and Fort Sheppard Railway was renamed Troup Junction in his honour. <mask>'s long career was closely linked with the CPR from then onwards. In 1903, he was appointed Superintendent of the British Columbia Coast service of Canadian Pacific Railway.The company was engaged in many struggles over the years, such as a bitter rate war in 1909 with the Puget Sound Navigation Company, headed by his friend Joshua Green. Both <mask> and Green agreed never to discuss the rate war so that they would not become personally involved in the dispute between their companies. <mask> is credited with conceiving and building CPR's Princess fleet. In 1913, 10 of the 12 Princess ships in the coastal fleet had been built to the orders of Capt. <mask>. The worst blow for Captain <mask> during his career with the CPR was the tragic sinking of the Princess Sophia. That ship had run ashore on Vanderbilt Reef in Lynn Canal on October 23, 1918 Though rescue vessels were at hand, it was too rough to take anyone off the Sophia, and she remained on the reef.During the night of October 25, the storm increased, and the Sophia was blown off the reef and sank, taking down with her all 343 people. The loss of the Sophia with so many people was the worst disaster in the history of the Canadian west coast and Inside Passage shipping. It deeply affected Captain <mask>, causing him a breakdown in health which took him a long time to recover from. Last years
Captain <mask> retired in August 1928. He was 73 years old, eight years past the CPR's mandatory retirement age. By this time the CPR had a fleet of profitable modern steamers serving the west coast of Canada, Alaska, and running down Puget Sound, all due in great part to the work of Captain <mask>. In 1929, when he was 74 years old Captain <mask> made his last whitewater run when the captain of the Lewiston showed <mask> the high honor of asking him to pilot her through the lower Cascades.Captain <mask> died on November 30, 1931. No other man contributed more to the maritime commerce of the Pacific Northwest. Loyalty to Captain Irving
Perhaps Captain <mask>'s only equal in achievement and esteem was his good friend and old employer, John Irving, who lived on until 1936. Like <mask>, Captain Irving had led a life of adventure and challenge, but he was an improvident man who gave away or gambled through his fortune. His only son had been killed in World War I, and the broken-hearted Irving, well over military age, had offered to take his up place in Canada's armed forces. In later years Captain Irving was so destitute that he seemed to have no home. CPR had granted Irving the right of free travel on its ships in 1901 when he sold his firm to them.With no real residence onshore, Captain Irving used his right of travel constantly, so much so that he was practically living on CPR's ships. There might have been some question as to whether the right of travel extended so far as Captain Irving was taking it, but for so long as Captain <mask> was superintendent of the CPR, steamships, he made sure that Captain Irving was always welcome on every ship in the fleet. After <mask> retired, his successor tried to curtail Captain Irving's travels by decreeing that passage might be free, but Irving would have to pay for meals and a berth. This edict was always ignored by the line's captains, and Captain Irving always had a cabin and was welcome at every captain's table, as Captain <mask> had wished it.Downs, Art, Paddlewheels on the Frontier – The Story of British Columbia and Yukon Sternwheel Steamers, at 47, Superior Publishing, Seattle, WA 1972

Notes

References
 Hacking, Norman and W. Kaye Lamb. (1974). The Princess Story: a century and a half of West Coast shipping. Vancouver : Mitchell Press.OCLC 2973754
 Musk, George. (1981). Canadian Pacific: The Story of the Famous Shipping Line. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada. ; OCLC 7540915
 Turner, Robert D. (1974). The Pacific Princesses: an illustrated history of Canadian Pacific Railway's Princess fleet on the Northwest Coast. Winlaw, British Columbia: Sono Nis Press.OCLC 254451187
 Wright, E.W. (1895) Lewis & Dryden's marine history of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated review of the growth and development of the maritime industry, from the advent of the earliest navigators to the present time, with sketches and portraits of a number of well known marine men.'' Portland, Oregon: Lewis & Dryden Printing Co. OCLC 10298452

External links
 Captain <mask><mask> blog
 Gravesite

1855 births
1931 deaths
History of British Columbia
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Steamship captains
American sailors

masks:
James William Troup
James William Troup
. Troup
James
Claud Troup
James Troup
Roy Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
William Irving
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
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Troup
Troup
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Troup
Troup
Troup
Troup
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Troup
Troup
James W
. Troup


title: William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst

type: original

texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask>, GCH, PC (14 January 177313 March 1857) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor-General of India between 1823 and 1828. Background and education
Born at Bath, Somerset, <mask> was the son of <mask> and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Paterson. He was the grand-nephew of <mask>, 1st Baron <mask>, and succeeded to his title in 1797 according to a special remainder in the letters patent. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Ambassador extraordinary to China

In 1816 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court of China's Qing dynasty, with a view of establishing more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. On arriving at Pei Ho (Baihe, today's Haihe), he was given to understand that he could only be admitted to the Jiaqing Emperor's presence on condition of performing the kowtow.To this, <mask>, following the advice of Sir George Thomas Staunton, who accompanied him as second commissioner, refused to consent, as Macartney had done in 1793, unless the admission was made that his sovereign was entitled to the same show of reverence from a mandarin of his rank. In consequence of this, he was refused entry into Peking (Beijing), and the object of his mission was frustrated. His ship, the Alceste, after a cruise along the coast of Korea and to the Ryukyu Islands on proceeding homewards, was totally wrecked on a submerged rock in Gaspar Strait. <mask> and part of his shipwrecked companions escaped in the ship's boats to Batavia, whence relief was sent to the rest. The ship in which he returned to England in 1817 touched at St Helena and, as a consequence, he had several interviews with the emperor Napoleon (see Ellis's Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China, 1817; McLeod's Narrative of a Voyage in H.M.S. Alceste, 1817). There is undocumented speculation that in one of the interviews, Napoleon said, "China is a sleeping giant.Let her sleep. For when she wakes, she will shake the world." Governor-General in India
<mask> was Governor-General of India from August 1823 to February 1828. The principal events of his government were annexation of Assam leading to the first Burmese war of 1824, resulting in the cession of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British Empire. <mask>'s appointment came on the heels of the removal of Governor-General Lord Hastings in 1823. Hastings had clashed with London over the issue of lowering the field pay of officers in the Bengal Army, a measure that he was able to avoid through successive wars against Nepal and the Marathan Confederacy. However, his refusal in the early 1820s during peacetime to lower field pay,  resulted in the appointment of <mask>, who was expected to carry out the demands from London.However, <mask> was an inexperienced governor who was, at least in the early days of his tenure in Calcutta, influenced heavily by senior military officers in Bengal such as Sir Edward Paget. He inherited a territorial dispute from John Adam, the  acting Governor-General prior to his arrival, which involved  the Anglo-Burmese border on the Naaf River and this spilled over into violence on 24 September 1823. Unwilling to lose face in a time of Burmese territorial aggression, <mask> ordered the troops in. The war was to last two years, with a price tag of 13 million pounds, contributing to an economic crisis in India. It was only due to the efforts of powerful friends such as George Canning and the Duke of Wellington that  <mask> was not recalled in disgrace at the end of the war. The war significantly changed <mask>'s stance on Burma, and he now adamantly refused to annexe Lower Burma, but he did not succeed in repairing his reputation entirely, and he was replaced in 1828. He was created <mask>, of Arracan in the East Indies, and Viscount Holmesdale, in the County of Kent, in 1826.On his return to England he lived in retirement till his death in March 1857. Family
Lord <mask> married twice, and remarkably, both his wives were dowager countesses of Plymouth. His first wife was Sarah, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1762–1838), daughter of Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer and widow of Other Windsor, 5th Earl of Plymouth (died 1799). She was more than ten years older than him, and the mother of several children. They were married in 1800 and were blessed with two sons as well as a daughter Lady Sarah Elizabeth <mask>. Sarah died in May 1838, aged 76, after about 38 years of marriage. Lady <mask>'s pheasant was named after Sarah; it was at her instigation that the species was introduced from Asia to Bedfordshire.The genus <mask>ia, a Burmese flowering tree, is also named after her. In 1839, a year after the death of his first wife, <mask>, aged 66, married the widowed daughter-in-law of his first wife. This was Mary, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1792–1864), elder daughter and co-heiress of John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, and widow of his stepson Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789–1833). Although this was an unusual marriage, it was not forbidden by either Church law or civil law. His second wife had no children, from either of her marriages. <mask> died in March 1857, aged 84 at Knole House in Kent, the seat of the Dukes of Dorset, a property which his second wife had inherited. He was survived by his second wife, <mask>, heiress of Knole, who died in July 1864, aged 71.<mask> was succeeded in his titles by his second and only surviving son, <mask>. See also
 Barrackpore mutiny of 1824

Notes

References

A. Thackeray and R. Evans, Amherst (Rulers of India series), 1894. Webster, Anthony. (1998) Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia, Tauris Academic Studies, New York, . External links

1773 births
1857 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China
British people of the First Anglo-Burmese War
Diplomatic peers
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Governors-General of India
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Sevenoaks
People from Bath, Somerset
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV

masks:
William Pitt Amherst
Earl Amherst
Amherst
William Amherst
Jeffrey Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Earl Amherst
Amherst
Pitt Amherst
Amherst
Amherst
Lord Amherst
Lord Amherst
Lady Amherst
Lord Amherst
William


title: Dick Ebersol

texts:
Duncan "<mask><mask> (; born July 28, 1947) is an American television executive and a senior adviser for NBC Universal Sports & Olympics. He had previously been the chairman of NBC Sports, producing large-scale television events such as the Olympic Games and National Football League (NFL) broadcasts. Early life
Ebersol was born in Torrington, Connecticut, the son of Mary (née Duncan) and <mask>, a former chairman of the American Cancer Society. He and Josiah Bunting III are half-brothers. In 1967, at the age of twenty, Ebersol began his long history with the Olympics when he temporarily dropped out of Yale University to join Roone Arledge and ABC Sports as television's first-ever Olympic researcher. Career

Move to NBC
In 1974, he joined NBC as Director of Weekend Late Night Programming. In 1975, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Ebersol and NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached Lorne Michaels for help in creating a show to fill the Saturday night time slot.Michaels' idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire, and music performances eventually became Saturday Night Live. Named as Vice President of Late Night Programming at age 28, Ebersol became NBC's first vice president under the age of 30. After a brief departure, he returned to SNL in 1981 as executive producer and remained until 1985, spanning the Eddie Murphy and Billy Crystal eras. In 1983, Ebersol formed No Sleep Productions, an independent production company that created Emmy Award-winning NBC shows Friday Night Videos and Later with Bob Costas. Together with Vince McMahon, Ebersol produced Saturday Night's Main Event. When Ebersol left SNL in 1985, he devoted his time to his production company until rejoining NBC in 1989. He served as senior vice president of NBC News.NBC Sports
Ebersol became president of NBC Sports in 1989, and was promoted to Chairman, NBC Sports & Olympics in June 1998. He served as executive producer for the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, his first Olympics since Munich in 1972 for ABC. <mask>'s early tenure at NBC Sports was highlighted by a string of sports-property acquisitions and renewals, including the NFL, NBA, Notre Dame football and MLB, through the formation of the joint-venture Baseball Network. During the 1995–96 television season, for the only time in history, the World Series, Super Bowl, NBA Finals and Summer Olympics were telecast by the same network. It was following this run in 1996 that The Sporting News named Ebersol the "Most Powerful Person in Sports." By January 1998, NBC had become the home of four Super Bowls in six years. In 1993, he secured the rights to the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics.In August 1995, he acquired the rights for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. It marked the first time that rights for consecutive Olympics were awarded at the same time. Later that same year, he spearheaded NBC Sports' acquisition of the exclusive media rights for the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2006 Winter Olympics. The agreements marked the first time that the same network had been awarded the rights to five consecutive Olympics. In 2003, Ebersol led NBC to acquire the exclusive U.S. media rights to the 2010 Winter Games and the 2012 Summer Olympics. In December 2003, Ebersol agreed to a nine-year contract to continue running NBC Sports & Olympics through 2012. He assumed the title as Chairman of NBC Universal Sports & Olympics in May 2004 when NBC and Universal merged.Ebersol produced:
 the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 (the most-watched event in U.S. television history with a record 215 million viewers)
 the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games in 2010 (second-most watched Winter Olympics in history with 190 million viewers)
 Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009 produced, at the time, the largest-single audience in U.S. television history with a record 152 million viewers. It is currently the second-most viewed program of all time. The Super Bowl milestone was made possible in 2005 when Ebersol spearheaded the effort to return the NFL to NBC by negotiating a six-year agreement that included moving the NFL primetime broadcast package from Monday night to Sunday night, flexible scheduling for the first time ever, and Super Bowls in 2009 and 2012.<ref>"Scorecard: Healer Dealer", Sports Illustrated, April 27, 2005</ref>

On May 19, 2011, Ebersol resigned from NBC Sports. The New York Times stated that he intended to stay at NBC through the end of June 2011. It was later reported that Ebersol would return to NBC Sports in time for the beginning of the 2011 NFL season to serve in a senior adviser role. Alliance of American Football
Ebersol served on the Board of Directors of the Alliance of American Football, a professional American football league co-founded by his son Charlie and Bill Polian. Ebersol and his son were both ousted from the board of directors when Thomas Dundon purchased the league.Awards and honors
<mask> has often been in the top 10 honorees on The Sporting News annual list of the 100 most powerful sports figures, including in 1996 when he was named the Most Powerful Person in Sports. In 1992, Ebersol was awarded the Olympic Order, an honor periodically bestowed by the International Olympic Committee to recognize remarkable contributions to the Olympic Movement. In 2005, Ebersol was inducted into both the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame and the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame. "B&C Picks 10 for Hall of Fame", NextTV, July 17, 2005

In 2008, NBC won the Peabody Award for its coverage of the Beijing Opening Ceremony along with Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who served as the event's creative director. At the 2009 SportsBusiness Journal awards ceremony, Ebersol won Sports Executive of the Year and NBC Sports won Best in Sports Television. On April 27, 2009, the six "Commissioners of American Sport" – Roger Goodell (NFL), David Stern (NBA), Bud Selig (MLB), Gary Bettman (NHL), Tim Finchem (PGA Tour) and Brian France (NASCAR) – were part of a presentation that concluded with Muhammad Ali awarding Ebersol the Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. In May 2010, Ebersol was the commencement speaker at Sacred Heart University for its graduating class of 2010.He was presented with a Doctor of Humane Letters by University President Anthony J. Cernera. Ebersol is the 2014 recipient of the Paul White Award, the highest award presented by the Radio Television Digital News Association. Personal life
Ebersol was previously married to former Wheel of Fortune hostess Susan Stafford from 1976 to 1981. They had no children. He has been married to actress Susan Saint James since 1981. They have three sons together, Charlie, Willie, and Teddy, who died in a plane crash in 2004. Saint James has two children from a previous marriage.2004 plane crash
On November 28, 2004, a private charter jet, a Bombardier Challenger CL-600, carrying <mask> and two of his sons, Charlie and Teddy, crashed during an attempted takeoff from Montrose Regional Airport in Colorado. The jet's captain, Luis Polanco, flight attendant Warren T. Richardson III, and <mask> were killed. <mask> and his older son, Charlie, along with the first officer, survived, though seriously injured. Charlie was thrown clear of the plane and rushed back inside and managed to pull his father to safety. On June 10, 2006, Teddy Ebersol Field was dedicated along the Charles River in Boston. Selected list of shows produced by Ebersol
 Football Night in America Friday Night Videos Midnight Special Later with Bob Costas Saturday Night Live History of Saturday Night Live (1980–1985)
 Saturday Night's Main Event 2008 Summer Olympics''

References

External links
 Museum of Broadcast Communications: <mask>, museum.tv; accessed August 20, 2017. NBC Executive Biographies: <mask>, nbcuni.com; accessed August 20, 2017.NBC's Ebersol Puts His Games Face On, Comes Up a Winner, washingtonpost.com; accessed August 20, 2017. PEACOCK POWER, sportsillustrated.cnn.com; accessed August 20, 2017. 1947 births
Living people
Alliance of American Football executives
American television executives
Businesspeople from New York City
NBC executives
People from Torrington, Connecticut
Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award recipients
Presidents of NBC Sports
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
Television producers from New York City
Yale University alumni
Television producers from Connecticut

masks:
Dick
" Ebersol
Charles Roberts Ebersol
Ebersol
Ebersol
Ebersol
Teddy Ebersol
Dick
Dick Ebersol
Dick Ebersol


title: Chandrarathna Bandara

texts:
<mask> is a prominent novelist in Sri Lanka who won the National Literary award for his work in 1991. His passion during his earlier work was to investigate the social, cultural and political dimensions of Sri Lanka. He went to Dharmaraja College, Kandy. Literary career
He won the National Literary award for his novel Meru in the State Literary Festival in Sri Lanka in 1991. His most discussed work so far Wanasapumala (Hostage City) came out in 1993. It dealt with the complicated issues faced by a politically motivated young man in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 1980s. The narrative method of his work can be characterized as a re-creation of the style introduced in the 60's by such stalwarts as Gunadasa Amarasekara and Siri Gunasinghe.Wanasapumala won the D. R. Wijewardena Award for the Best novel in 1993. This book has already been translated to English (Hostage City) by Vijitha Fernando and to Tamil (Udayagal Pukkal) by S.Sivagurunathan, under the patronage of "Canada-Sri Lanka Education Foundation". Vijitha Fernando is one of the most senior translators in Sri Lanka and won the Best Translator National Award for her works in 2004 and 2005 years. A tele-drama was also made in Sri Lanka based on his novel Wiman Dorakoda in the latter part of 1990s and serialized in national television, Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation. <mask> <mask> is also an acclaimed Short story writer and Poet, known for his unorthodox style in the latter. His 5th novel "Walakulu Bamma" (Wall of Clouds), published by Sarasavi Publishers - Sri Lanka, was launched in Toronto on 3 April 2016. Key Talk was delivered by Dr. Jayalath Manorathne.HandaDooraya is Chandrarathne <mask>’s fourth work of fiction revolving around the caste problem. The novel portrays the life struggle of a generation of artisans hailing from the upcountry untouchable caste. Published by Pinidiya Publications, the novel was unveiled in 1996. After a gap of about a decade he wrote WalakuluBemma (The Wall of Clouds) in 2015. Based on Sri Lanka and Canada his fifth book became a best-selling novel in recent years and was shortlisted for the prestigious annual literary award Swarna Pushthaka. His latest work of fiction, Premanishansa, is scheduled to be released in 2021. This novel revolves around a love saga of two families hailing from aristocratic backgrounds in the north and south of Sri Lanka.Caught up in the tumultuous changes in the Facebook age, Premanishansa portrays the uphill struggle of the two families destined to climb to the top of the social hierarchy and how their rivalry affects society. Short stories:
<mask>’s first collection of short stories titled Kanimadala Ginigathda was published in 1990. Tempered in the neo realist tradition, the collection featuring Ee Apoorwa Woo Sanskruthika Geethaya, Puwathpath Kalawediyekuge Maranaya, Bangoorayo, Golgothawe Awanaduwa, Theweni Handa, Kanimadala Ginigathda, Aroopachchara Puthraya and Sansarika Geethaya, the controversial collection received critical acclaim, and he was described as an emerging young voice. Prabha Prakashana published the book that contained an introduction by Professor KulathilakaKumarasinghe. Sthupaya Binda wateema followed in 1994, containing eight acclaimed short stories. His third collection of short stories was LendoraPupunaPremaya, published in 2007 after the writer migrated to Canada in 2004, based on his life-changing experiences both in his adopted country and Sri Lanka. The collection contained eight short stories titled Lendora Pipuna Premaya, Gama Madin Gamanak, Me Mage Rusiyawayi, Nagarajini, Saradiyalge Anthima Dawas, Upasaka Mahaththaya, Wanaspathi and Digeli Kala Kaviya.Undercurrent is the English translation of Lendora Pipuna Premaya done by Vijitha Fernando. In 2008 the English version of the collection was listed as one of the best four translations of 2008 at the Sri Lankan Literary Awards Festival. His next short story collection, Ee Langata Thanagath Lokaya was unveiled in 2017 containing six critically-acclaimed stories titled Ee Langata Thanagath Lokaya, Sanka Kalapaya, Kal Akal Wahi walataThemunu Thun Denek, Sudu Sivura, 457 Union Place, Bawaduka – Bawasepa and Mahagiri Dambe. PoetryItalic text
Chandrarathne started his literary career as a poet by writing poems to provincial and national newspapers and magazines. In 1982 he got together with Choolabhaya Shantha Kumara, Kapila M. Gamage and Sirisumana Krishnarathne and published a collection of poetry titled Asikkithayage Sihinaya. In 1993 <mask> unveiled his own collection of poetry titled Murtha Ranganaya (Dance of Death), earning critical praise. It was published by PinidiyaPrakashkayo.Salitha (1990) is a leaflet containing his poetry, reviving a disappearing literary tool that was popular a few decades ago. Dumbara Lathoniya (1993) is a collection of narrative poems described as the laments of the people displaced by the massive Mahaveli River Development Project- Sri Lanka  in the 70s. The poems earned rave reviews from critics. Keta Kirilli (2007) is his first collection of poetry after migrating to Canada, containing his personal experiences in his native land and the adopted country. It was published by Godage Brothers. Pinkampola (2017) is a collection that treads new paths in poetry. The poems attempt to break life into particles trying to interpret the personal experiences in a convincing manner.The book was published by Santhawa Prakashakayo. Bibliography

Novels
 Meru (The winged Ants)
 Wanasapumala (The Wild Champaka Flower)
 Hostage City
 Udayagal Pukkal
 Viman Dorakada (The Entrance of the Mansion)

Short Story Collections
 Kenimandala Ginigath da (The Day the Roof caught fire)
 Stupaya Binda Vetima (The downfall of the Dagoba)
 Lenadora Pipuna Premaya

Poetry
 Salithe (The Shaken)
 Asikkitayage Sihinaya (The Dream of the Vulgar Fellow)
 Mrutha Ranganaya (The Dance of Death)
 Dumbara Latoniya (The Lamentation of Dumbara)
 Ketakirilli

See also

 Sri Lankan literature

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Sri Lankan novelists
Alumni of Dharmaraja College
Sinhalese writers
Sri Lankan poets
Sinhala-language poets

masks:
Chandrarathna Bandara
Chandrarathna
Bandara
Bandara
Bandara
Bandara


title: Christopher Ehret

texts:
<mask> (born 27 July 1941), who currently holds the position of Distinguished Research Professor at UCLA, is an American scholar of African history and African historical linguistics particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record. He has published ten books, most recently History and the Testimony of Language (2011) and A Dictionary of Sandawe (2012), the latter co-edited with his wife, <mask>. He has written around seventy scholarly articles on a wide range of historical, linguistic, and anthropological subjects. These works include monographic articles on Bantu subclassification; on internal reconstruction in Semitic; on the reconstruction of proto-Cushitic and proto-Eastern Cushitic; and, with Mohamed Nuuh Ali, on the classification of the Soomaali languages. He has also contributed to a number of encyclopedias on African topics and on world history. <mask>'s historical books emphasize early African history. In An African Classical Age (1998) he argues for a conception of the period from 1000 BC to 400 AD in East Africa as a "classical age" during which a variety of major technologies and social structures first took shape.His Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 (2002), brings together the whole of African history from the close of the last ice age down to the end of the eighteenth century. With the archaeologist Merrick Posnansky, he also edited The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (1982), at that time a state-of-the-field survey of the correlation of linguistic and archaeological findings in the different major regions of the continent. In reviewing An African Classical Age for the Annuals of the American Academy, Ronald Atkinson calls it "not easy or light reading", but concludes that "the result is a remarkably rich, evocative social and cultural history…” and that it "will itself become a classic and shape future scholarship in early African history for many years to come". The late Kennell Jackson of Stanford, writing in The Historian, says that "by the book’s midpoint, the immensity of his synthesis becomes apparent, as well as Ehret’s achievement as a historical conceptualizer. He repeatedly challenges formulaic ideas about causality, linearity as a model of change, and the cultural factors affecting innovation…. Ehret has written a fabulous African history book, furthering a genre far from the seemingly ubiquitous slavery studies and trendy colonial social history". Peter Robertshaw in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, offers a more measured conclusion:  "Ehret has produced a remarkably coherent and detailed history which should spur further research".The historian Esperanza Brizuela-Garcia, in her review of The Civilizations of Africa for the African Studies Review, calls this book "challenging and innovative" for presenting "the early history of Africa within the context of wide historical processes such as the development of agriculture, the emergence of metalwork, and the evolution of trade…. It gives these themes a thorough and masterful treatment…. By looking at broad themes of the history of human experience, Ehret is able to explain what makes Africa unique and what makes it comparable to other continents". She concludes: "The most important achievement of Ehret’s book is that finally the early history of the continent is taken seriously and is presented in detail and form that do justice to its complexity and depth. One hopes that <mask> has initiated a new trend in the writing of African history textbooks, one that challenges previously accepted chronologies and ideas and presents us with an interpretation that connects social, economic, political, and cultural history". Scott MacEachern's review of the same book for the Journal of Africa History adds an archaeologist's perspective:  "The book is well written and comprehensive and abundantly illustrates the richness and complexity of African societies over many thousands of years. More discussion of methodologies and data compatibility, and a more complete reference list, would have been useful.It will make a fine introductory text for courses in African history, especially if supplemented by books and papers that reflect other research methods and their results". <mask>'s linguistic tome, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (1995), is the subject of a detailed review article in Afrika und Übersee by the distinguished scholar of Afroasiatic languages, Ekkehard Wolff. Wolff writes:  "Ehrets opus magnum ist ein Parforce-Ritt durch schwierigstes Terrain, bei dem sich der Reiter auch an die steilsten Hindernissen überraschend gut in Sattel hält und an nur einer einzigen Hürde nach Meinung des Rez. scheitert (…Tonalität). Es ist ein nahezu unmöglisches, ein sehr mutiges und ein möglicherweise epochales Buch". ("Ehret’s opus magnum is a steeplechase ride through the most difficult terrain, in which the rider stays in the saddle astonishingly well even at the steepest obstacles and, in the opinion of the reviewer, crashes at only a single hurdle (…tone). It is a nearly impossible, a very courageous, and a possibly epochal book".)After an extensive and thorough critical commentary on the contents of the book, Wolff concludes:  "Ehret hat nichts weniger versucht als einen zukünftigen "Klassiker" zu schreiben....” ("Ehret has sought to write nothing less than a future "Classic"....)

This particular book appeared in the same year as another comparative work on the same language family, Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova's Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction. Two reviewers have given comparative assessments of the two books, John Greppin in the Times Literary Supplement, 1 November 1996, and Robert Ratcliffe in a paper, "Afroasiatic Comparative Lexica: Implications for Long (and Medium) Range Language Comparison". Greppin writes a strongly positive review; Ratcliffe takes a more negative stance toward both books. <mask>'s 2001 book, A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan, has had a mixed reception. Václav Blažek, in a review article originally prepared for Afrikanische Arbeitspapiere, presents additional data, most of which, in his words, "confirm Ehret’s cognate sets". He continues, "The weakest point in the…monograph consists in semantics. <mask>’s approach is rather benevolent ….But in any case, in the present time <mask>’s work signifies big progress". The sociologist and linguist Gerard Philippson in his review in the Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, also raises questions on some of the semantic connections, and he has doubts about the environments of certain sound changes proposed in the book. He has issues as well with <mask>'s use of evidence from the Central Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family, but he finds his arguments relating to the Eastern Sahelian (Eastern Sudanic) branch convincing and "solid". He avers in conclusion: "Même les chercheurs s'opposant à cette reconstruction disposeront, en tous cas, d'une somme de matériaux, clairement présentés dans l'ensemble, sur lesquels ils pourront s'appuyer pour mettre en cause ou rebâtir l'ensemble proposé. Il s'agit de toutes façons d'un travail qui ne saurait être ignoré." ("Even the researchers who are opposed to this reconstruction will have, in any case, an amount of material, clearly presented throughout, which they can rely on to either challenge or rebuild what is proposed. As a whole, it constitutes a work which cannot be ignored".)Roger Blench, a development anthropologist, published a critical comparison of <mask>'s and M. L. Bender's comparative work on the Nilo-Saharan family in Africa und Übersee in 2000—from its date, seemingly written before the book came out. It may be based, in part, on a preliminary manuscript by <mask> from the early 1990s. Recent years
In recent years <mask> has carried his work in several new directions. One of these has been the history and evolution of early human kinship systems. A second interest has been to apply the methods of historical reconstruction from linguistic evidence to issues in anthropological theory and in world history. He has also collaborated with geneticists in seeking to correlate linguistic with genetic findings (e.g., Sarah A. Tishkoff, Floyd A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, <mask>, Alessia Ranciaro, et al., "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", Science 324, 22 May 2009) and in developing mathematical tools for dating linguistic history (e.g., Andrew Kitchen, <mask>, Shiferew Assefa, and Connie Mulligan, "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, July 2009). Books
 The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800.Second Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016. A Dictionary of Sandawe: The Lexicon and Culture of a Khoesan People of Tanzania. (C. <mask> and <mask>, eds.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2012. History and the Testimony of Language. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2011.The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2002. A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001. An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. (C<mask> and M. Posnansky, eds.) Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. Berlin: Reimer, 1980.Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974. Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1971. References

External links
 His works
 A Conversation with <mask>, World History Connected Vol. 2 No. 1 (November 2004)
 Reviews of An African Classical Age, 2007

University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Linguists of Khoisan languages
Historians of Africa
Living people
21st-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Paleolinguists
Linguists of Nilo-Saharan languages
Linguists of Afroasiatic languages
1941 births
Historical linguists
Historians from California
21st-century American male writers

masks:
Christopher Ehret
Patricia Ehret
Career Ehret
Christopher Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Ehret
Christopher Ehret
Christopher Ehret
Ehret
Patricia Ehret
. Ehret
Christopher Ehret


title: George Clancy (rugby union)

texts:
<mask> is an Irish rugby union referee. <mask> refereed at the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cups. He has also refereed in the Pro14, the European Rugby Champions Cup, the Six Nations Championship and the Rugby Championship. <mask> refereed the 2007 Churchill Cup final and the 2009 and 2011 European Challenge Cup finals. Between 2013 and 2017 <mask> also served as a touch judge/assistant referee at five consecutive European Rugby Champions Cup finals. Early life
<mask> is the son of Seoirse and <mask>. He was raised in Bruff and he is the great grandnephew of <mask>, a former Mayor of Limerick killed during the Irish War of Independence.<mask> was educated at St Munchin's College, where his fellow pupils included Marcus Horan and Jerry Flannery. He played rugby union for both St Munchin's and Bruff R.F.C. He also played both gaelic football and hurling for Bruff GAA. <mask> also represented Limerick at hurling. <mask> only gave up playing hurling when he was offered an IRFU refereeing contract which prohibited him playing sports that might result in an injury. He remains a hurling fan and he was attending a match between Bruff GAA and Ballybrown GAA when he received a phone call from Paddy O'Brien inviting him to referee the opening match of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. <mask> has a master's degree in international relations and worked as a tax official with the Revenue Commissioners before becoming a full-time referee.<mask> has also lived with type 1 diabetes for over twenty years. Refereeing career

Early years
<mask> was encouraged to become a rugby union referee by his father. Seoirse <mask> was involved with Bruff R.F.C. and had refereed at a local level. He encouraged his son to take up refereeing after injuries, including a broken leg, prevented him from playing rugby union at a top level. In October 2000 <mask> refereed his first match, an U15s league match between Richmond and Garryowen which ended in a 0–0 draw. He subsequently began refereeing games in the All-Ireland League before making his Celtic League debut on 15 October 2004 when he took charge of a match between Borders and Gwent Dragons.European competitions
On 15 January 2005 <mask> made his Heineken Cup debut when he took charge of a 2004–05 pool stage match between Bourgoin and Bath. He was originally supposed to be the touch judge for this match but after the original referee went sick, <mask> was called upon to replace him. On 22 May 2009 <mask> refereed the 2008–09 European Challenge Cup final between Northampton Saints and Bourgoin. He also refereed the 2010–11 European Challenge Cup final between Harlequins and
Stade Français. Between 2013 and 2017 <mask> also served as a touch judge/assistant referee at five consecutive European Rugby Champions Cup finals. Early internationals
<mask> refereed at the 2004 FIRA Women's European Championship and at the 2005 and 2006 Under 21 Rugby World Championships. He made his senior international debut on 30 September 2006 when he took charge of a 2007 Rugby World Cup qualifier between Uruguay and the United States.He also refereed the 2007 Churchill Cup final. In 2008 <mask> refereed his first top level internationals. On 1 June he took charge of a match between England and the Barbarians and on 21 June he refereed a match between South Africa and Italy. <mask> made his Six Nations Championship debut on 14 February 2009 when he took charge of a match between France and the Scotland. <mask> made his Rugby Championship debut on 24 July 2010 when he took charge of a match between Australia and South Africa. Rugby World Cup
<mask> refereed the opening game of the 2011 Rugby World Cup, a pool stage game between New Zealand and Tonga. <mask> subsequently refereed three more pool stage matches during the tournament.<mask> was also selected to referee at the 2015 Rugby World Cup. <mask> refereed three pool stage matches at the 2015 tournament. Controversies and incidents
During his refereeing career <mask> has been involved in several controversies and incidents. On his Six Nations Championship debut on 14 February 2009, <mask> awarded a try to France's Fulgence Ouedraogo against Scotland. Replays showed the final pass from  Maxime Médard was forward. However, <mask> had been knocked to the ground in the move building up to the score. He consulted with his assistant before confirming the try.On 5 December 2009, after refereeing an All-Ireland League match between Shannon and Cork Constitution, <mask> was verbally abused by Shannon supporters and club officials. Among the alleged abusers was Gerry McLoughlin. After the match had finished <mask>, the Shannon president, entered the referees dressing room and continued to verbally abuse the referee. He was eventually removed by the two touch judges. Shannon were subsequently fined €25,000. On 13 February 2010 during a match between Wales and Scotland, <mask> sin-binned Scotland's Phil Godman for an alleged off-the-ball trip on Lee Byrne. Byrne was later accused of deliberately diving to help Wales win.On 10 April 2010, during a 2009–10 Heineken Cup quarter-final, between Biarritz and Ospreys, <mask> refused to award Ospreys a penalty towards the end of the match after an alleged knock-on by Biarritz's scrum-half, Dimitri Yachvili. The decision denied Ospreys a potential victory. On 6 September 2014 <mask> refereed a match between Australia and South Africa. <mask> yellow carded South Africa's Bryan Habana for a high tackle on Adam Ashley-Cooper in the 65th minute. According to Paul Cully of The Sydney Morning Herald
the decision was incorrect and was "the defining moment" of the match, costing South Africa a potential victory. On 16 September 2017 <mask> was serving as a touch judge during a 2017–18 Pro14 match between Cardiff Blues and Glasgow Warriors. A disgruntled Cardiff Blues fan threw his pint of beer at <mask> because he allegedly was unhappy with a decision made by the officials.The act was caught on camera and the fan was quickly escorted from the ground. Honours
Individual
Munster Rugby Referee of the Year
 2007

References

Living people
1977 births
Irish rugby union players
Rugby union players from County Limerick
Irish rugby union referees
IRFU referees
Rugby World Cup referees
Six Nations Championship referees
The Rugby Championship referees
European Rugby Champions Cup referees
European Rugby Challenge Cup referees
United Rugby Championship referees
Bruff hurlers
Limerick inter-county hurlers
Limerick Gaelic footballers
People educated at St Munchin's College
1872 Cup referees

masks:
George Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
George Clancy
Helen Clancy
George Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Martin Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy
Clancy


title: Simon Girty

texts:
<mask> (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (sometimes referred to as Katepacomen), was an American colonial of Irish descent from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century fiction from the United States. As children, <mask> and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but retained a sympathy for the Indians. Early life
<mask> was born to <mask> the Elder and Mary Newton near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> the Elder arrived in North America in 1730 from Ireland.The accepted spelling of <mask>'s name was most likely a "colonial derivation of McGearty, Gearty, Garrity, Garrarghty, Geraghty or Girtee" and a corruption and Anglicization of an older native Irish surname Mag Oireachtach. After establishing a trading post, <mask> the Elder and Mary Newton had four sons: Thomas, <mask>, James, and George, in 1739–1746. In May 1750, the Sheriff arrested the entire Girty family, along with other squatters, for building a home on Sherman's Creek on the Susquehanna River, before the British authorities allowed any settlers to build there. The British authorities—specifically, George Croghan—also burned down the Girty home, shed, barn, and corral. All squatters were forced to post bonds of £500 each, and were bound for trial at Cumberland County, Pennsylvania Court. <mask>'s father killed
In December 1750, <mask> the Elder and Samuel Sanders (or Saunders) fought, or dueled, which ended with Girty's death. After both men fired a shot and missed, they pulled out their swords."Girty made a misstep and fell. Sanders treacherously ran him through with his sword, which caused his death". Saunders was either a "convict, an escaped bond servant, a soldier, or a rival trader who competed with Girty and murdered him to steal his trade goods". Samuel Saunders was subsequently arrested, tried in Philadelphia, convicted of manslaughter, and imprisoned. One source says that <mask> the Elder's head was split with a tomahawk by an Indian called "The Fish", and that John Turner, his half-brother, avenged Girty by killing "The Fish". Thomas McKee and George Gibson applied for <mask> the Elder's estate (his house and land) and persuaded William Plumsted, the mayor of Philadelphia, to backdate their application by a full year to make it appear legal. McKee claimed Girty owed him £300 for trade goods he sold to Girty on credit.Plumsted went along with Gibson and McKee's scheme, and McKee was subsequently awarded Girty's estate. Three years after <mask> the Elder was killed, his wife Mary married John Turner, his half-brother (and in some versions of the story, her husband's avenger). They settled near to the land once owned by <mask> the Elder. In 1754, John Turner Jr. was born. During the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the area where they had their farm became too dangerous, with numerous war parties attacking settlers, so John Turner took his new family to  Fort Granville on the Juniata River in western Pennsylvania, along with dozens of other English families looking for safety. At Fort Granville, John Turner joined the local militia under Captain Edward Ward and was promoted to Sergeant, Ward's third in command. On August 2, 1756, Captain Ward had taken the majority of the militia out on patrol, which was known to the local Lenape tribe.Captain François Coulon de Villiers attacked Fort Granville with 55 French soldiers and about 100 Lenape Indians. Villiers' force snuck along Juniata River and set the stockade on fire. This made a large hole, through which they killed an officer and an enlisted man, and wounded several men who were fighting the fire. Villiers then offered quarter if the fort surrendered, so John Turner, as the ranking living officer, opened the gate. After marching the prisoners away from the fort, the French and Lenape plundered the fort and burned it to the ground. The Lenape then took the prisoners to Kittanning, their village on the Allegheny River. The torture and death of John Turner
The Lenape had previously traded with <mask> the Elder, and they recognized his wife and children.One tradition says the Lenape sincerely believed that John Turner was the man who had killed <mask> the Elder in order to take his house, land, and family. Other traditions say that the Lenape recognized him as Girty's avenger and killer of "The Fish", or that they thought that John Turner had badly beaten an Indian. For whichever reason, Chief Jacobs (Toweah) of the Lenape and his council condemned John Turner to be burned at the stake. The Muncey Lenape pushed red-hot gun barrels into and through John Turner's body. John Turner endured three hours of ritualistic torture before he was scalped, and a young Lenape struck a tomahawk into his brain, killing him, all in front of his wife, stepchildren, and newborn baby. <mask> escaped his Lenape captivity during the British-led Kittanning Expedition on September 8, 1756. After the Kittanning Expedition, the Indians split the <mask> family up; they were sent to live with different tribes.Thirteen-year-old <mask> was taken by Shawnee warriors, as were Mary and baby John Turner. The Lenape kept 10-year-old George Girty. Fifteen-year-old <mask> was given to Guyasuta, Chief of the Ohio Seneca (Mingoes), and lived in a village near Lake Erie's east shore in northwestern Pennsylvania. Guyasuta, <mask>y's mentor
After he gained the respect of the Mingoes by running the gauntlet successfully, the Mingo pulled out all of <mask>'s hair, leaving just a scalplock on his crown. Later, <mask> was given "breechcoth and leggings, a deerskin shirt, and moccasins". <mask> lived with Guyasuta for seven years. He was returned to the British in November 1764, during a prisoner exchange after the end of Pontiac's War.During the period when <mask> lived with them (1756–1764), Guyasuta and the Ohio Seneca  fought in many battles against the British in the French and Indian War. Guyasuta was instrumental in defeat of Major James Grant at the Battle of Fort Duquesne on September 14, 1758. The French and Indian War officially ended in 1763, but  hostilities between the Indians and the British continued in Pontiac's War. Guyasuta and the Ohio Seneca were allied with Pontiac, and fought the British alongside his warriors at the July 1763 Siege of Fort Pitt, the July 31, 1763 Battle of Bloody Run, the August 5–6, 1763 Battle of Bushy Run, and the September 14, 1763 Devil's Hole Massacre (the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war). It's unclear if <mask> fought along with Guyasuta in this war. On October 17, 1764, British commander Henry Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Indians return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Chief Guyasuta and other native leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Indian families.On November 14, 1764, <mask> returned to the British after a prisoner exchange, and resurfaced near Fort Pitt. <mask>y knew 11 languages, had become fully assimilated with the Seneca, and preferred their way of life. <mask> was the principal interpreter at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the Iroquois and the British. Role in American Revolution
During the American Revolution, Girty first sided with the colonial revolutionaries. He later served with the Loyalists and their Indian allies, including many Seneca and three other Iroquois nations. American rebel frontiersmen considered him a renegade and turncoat. Lord Dunmore's War
Simon served alongside, with and for George Rogers Clark, <mask>, Thomas and Edward Cunningham (Rangers), Daniel Boone (Ranger), Colonel William Crawford, Daniel Morgan and William Caldwell, fighting for the British during Lord Dunmore's War.<mask> served in the capacity of a spy, scout and intermediary for Lord Dunmore with the Shawnees. The war began with the Yellow Creek Massacre on April 30, 1774, when Virginia frontiersmen led by Daniel Greathouse killed the family of Mingo war-leader Johnny Logan, who had been friendly to Americans. The Indians were defeated at the Battle of Point Pleasant. After Chief Cornstalk signed the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, Dunmore sent Girty to bring Johnny Logan to the capitulation proceedings. <mask> found Logan, but Logan wouldn't come. He told Girty his thoughts and feelings regarding the entire ordeal in Logan's Lament, which Girty repeated to the British officers. At the conclusion of the war, <mask> was a commissioned Lieutenant in the Virginia Militia.This unit was disbanded the following year. <mask> was among the early Virginia Frontiersmen to draft up the Original First Declaration of Independence. They had just returned from a successful campaign under Lord Dunmore and discovered the passage of the Intolerable Acts. This meant they could find themselves under orders to stop an uprising of their own countrymen. If they were to raise any objection, this could be seen as treason. Instead of keeping quiet, they took matters into their own hands and many settled amid the great danger west of the Alleghenies in open defiance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Among their number were many famous as intrepid frontiersmen and others who were soon to gain fame as officers in the Revolution: <mask>,  the notorious <mask>, Michael Cresap, Colonel William Crawford, George Rogers Clark, Adam Stephen and Daniel Morgan.These men were not easily intimidated. The Squaw Campaign
During the American Revolution, Girty initially served with American forces against Indian allies of the British. In early 1778, the Americans sent an expedition to destroy Indian stores and supplies along the Cuyahoga River in northeastern Ohio. The force of 500 American volunteers was led by General Edward Hand, Colonel William Crawford (a land speculator and close friend of George Washington), and Colonel Providence Mounts, and included Girty. They set out on February 8, 1778. They marched out of Fort Pitt, crossed

masks:
Simon Girty
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Thomas Girty
Girty
James Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girt
Simon Girty
Simon
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girt
Simon Girty
Simon Kenton
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon Girty
Simon Kenton
Simon Girty


title: Simon Girty

texts:
 the Allegheny River, and went 22 miles down the Ohio River over the ancient Indian trails called the "Great Path", to the mouth of the Beaver River. One morning Major James Brenton asked <mask> to help him find his horse.After finding the horse, Brenton and <mask> were returning to camp, when they heard gunfire near the forks of the Beaver River (the confluence of the Mahoning and Shenango). The Americans had come across Kuskuskee, an old, nearly abandoned Lenape village, and attacked before inquiring about who was residing there. An old man, who was digging up stored corn behind his house, shot one round from his musket at the Americans, wounding Captain David Scott and breaking his arm. Reasin Virgin killed the old man with his tomahawk. A woman ran out of the cabin with her hands up, and she leaned against a tree. Several American volunteers "ran up, fell upon, shot and killed her". Another woman and a group of children ran from a cabin and disappeared into the woods.An old Indian woman came out of a cabin with her hands up, and the Americans fired many shots at her, only being able to shoot one of her fingers off, before Hand and Crawford ordered the troops to cease firing. The old woman confirmed that the old man that they had shot was her husband, Bull. Bull's brother was Hopocan ("Captain Pipe"), the principal Lenape chief. The dead woman was Captain Pipe's mother. The old woman also mentioned that there were 10 Muncie warriors at a nearby saltlick 10 miles up the Mahoning River (at present day Niles, Ohio). General Hand sent <mask> and a dozen American volunteers to scout for these warriors, but they only found five Lenape women (one of whom they kept as a hostage), and a young Indian boy. The Lenape boy, who was hunting birds in a tree by himself with a bow and arrow, was killed.Americans Zach Connell and Squire Forman argued over who got the boy's scalp

On March 3, Hand returned to Fort Pitt with "a few Indian muskets, pots and pans, two Indian women captives, and a pair of scalps". George Morgan apologized to the Lenapes, who at the time were neutral. Defection, Not Desertion

<mask>y talked to <mask> the night before he defected. In early 1778, when Edward Hand was the Commander of Fort Pitt, <mask>y discovered the North-Western tribes were uniting against the Americans. This would involve the entire frontier and this was the turning point that would allow the seductive promises of Elliot and McKee to succeed in turning <mask>. On March 28, 1778, Alexander McKee (Scots-Irish Loyalist), Matthew Elliott, and <mask>y all defected on the same night. Along with them was Robert Surphlit (McKee's cousin), a man named Higgins (an employee), and two of McKee's black slaves.Seven men left McKee's house in Pittsburgh, and absconded west into the Ohio country, and towards the British stronghold in Detroit. A few hours later, a party of American soldiers arrived at the house to take McKee to the Pittsburgh prison. The seven defectors stopped by Coshocton, the capital of the Lenape. After the murders of Captain Pipe's mother and brother, the Lenape's loyalties were split. Captain Pipe wanted war on the Americans, and White Eyes wanted peace. <mask>y made a pledge for war, and the Lenape agreed. While in Coshocton, <mask> met his brother <mask>, who joined <mask> in his defection.<mask> eventually followed in his brothers' footsteps, and also defected. A Pennsylvania court declared <mask>, James, and <mask>, along with Alexander McKee and Matthew Elliot, to be outlaws, guilty of treason, and placed an $800 bounty on <mask>'s head. On April 20, 1778, <mask>, along with Edward Hazel, a British Indian agent, and Leatherlips, a Wyandot chief, reached Detroit, where Henry Hamilton employed <mask> at sixteen shillings a day. On October 1, 1779, <mask> and Alexander McKee, leading a large force of Indians, ambushed American forces in present-day Northern Kentucky. The Americans were returning from an expedition to New Orleans. The ambush occurred near Dayton, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. Only a handful of the Americans survived, among them Colonel John Campbell and Captain Robert Benham.In August 1782, <mask>, under the command at William Caldwell, along with about 300 Shawnee natives and British Canadians, attacked Bryan Station. Three days later, they ambushed Daniel Boone at the Battle of Blue Licks. Girty is credited with saving the lives of many American prisoners of the Indians during the war, often by buying their freedom at his own expense. Role in Northwest Indian War
<mask> was hired by George Morgan who was serving as the Patriot Commissioner of Indian Affairs Middle District. <mask> was to serve as an interpreter and intermediary to the Six Nations. It was <mask> that negotiated the first treaty with the Indians. He was sent to represent the United American States and addressed the Grand Council of the Iroquois League at Onondaga, New York.He successfully returned to Pittsburgh. Words were exchanged and <mask> was fired. During the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), Girty fought alongside the Wyandots and other Indians. He fought the Americans at St. Clair's Defeat in 1791, the greatest defeat the United States Army has ever known. Resettlement in Upper Canada
After the end of the war, <mask>y settled in Upper Canada (now Ontario) along with other Loyalists and Indian allies of the British, such as nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. They were granted land by the British Crown in recognition of their service during the war. He retired to his farm near Fort Malden (present-day Amherstburg, Ontario) prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812.<mask>'s son was killed in that conflict, reportedly while trying to rescue a wounded British officer from the battlefield. Despite popular myths to the contrary, <mask> had no part in that war, except as a refugee when the British retreated from Fort Malden; nor was he killed with Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames, as was widely reported. Then more than sixty years old, he was increasingly infirm with arthritis and failing eyesight. Girty returned to his farm in Canada after the war and died in 1818, completely blind. Representation in culture
<mask>, the Outlaw. An Historical Romance (1846), was a novel by Uriah James Jones portraying him as a renegade. <mask>y: "The White Savage" A Romance of the Border (1880) was a novel by Charles McKnight.<mask> is a pivotal figure, objectively represented in the Allan Eckert historical novel The Frontiersmen. <mask>, along with his brothers, is vilified in Zane Grey's frontier trilogy series, Betty Zane, The Spirit of the Border and The Last Trail. Joseph Altsheler features <mask> as a turncoat and villain in several of his "Young Trailer Series" of eight juvenile fiction books, published from 1907–1911. <mask> is played by John Carradine in the 1936 film Daniel Boone. <mask> was featured as one of the jury members in Stephen Vincent Benet's short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster" and in the 1941 movie of the same title. In that story, he is described as "the renegade, who saw white men burned at the stake and whooped with the Indians to see them burn". <mask> is played by Kem Dibbs and portrayed as a French/Cherokee renegade, working with a fictional Shawnee chief against Daniel Boone in the 1956 film Daniel Boone, Trailblazer.Hugh Henry Brackenridge edited the detailed recollections of a witness to Crawford's execution. Published as Dr. Knight's Narrative, this account influenced <mask>'s reputation as a renegade. 20th-century historians have researched the account and questioned the bias of Brackenridge in his version. <mask> is featured as a character in Julius de Gruyter's novel Drum Beats on the Sandusky (1969). This novel portrays one of Crawford's young volunteer soldiers' reprieve from Indian capture and his subsequent adventures in Girty's custody. Canadian playwright Ed Butts wrote a play entitled, The Fame of <mask>. Girty: Historical Fiction in Prose and Poetry, by Richard Taylor.Girty appears as a character in the fictional novel The Dakota Cipher by William Dietrich. At the beginning of Episode 12, Season 2, airing December 12, 1966, "The Night of the Man Eating House", of the CBS TV show The Wild Wild West, the title character, James West (Robert Conrad), mentions Girty, along with Benedict Arnold as he describes the escaped prisoner he, his partner Artemus Gordon (Ross Martin) and the Sheriff (William Talman)  have been assigned to return to prison: Liston Day (Hurd Hatfield). Thirty years earlier, in the Anglos' struggle with the Mexicans for Texas, Day was charged with and convicted of being a renegade and a traitor, guilty of the deaths of many Americans—like Girty. Like <mask>, Day grows old and feeble—at least by the beginning of the episode. He is featured as an ambiguous renegade character in Hugo Pratt's graphic novel Fort Wheeling (1962). Girty is featured in the Deerfoot novels by Edward S. Ellis. He is the main character in Indian Lover by Lewis Owen.He is the main character in the graphic novel, Wilderness: The True Story of <mask>, The Renegade by Timothy Truman, published from 1989–1990. His choosing to fight on the side of the Native Americans is the inspiration for the 2002 song "Simon Girty's Decision" by Todd Tamanend Clark. He is mentioned in Flood Tides Along the Allegheny. <mask> is the main antagonist/central character of historical drama The White Savage at Trumpet in the Land in New Philadelphia, Ohio. <mask> the historical figure is portrayed as clever yet sadistic in Harlan Hatcher's book Lake Erie. Girty appears in Ann Finlayson's historical young adult novel Greenhorn on the Frontier

Notes

References

Further reading

{{citation|ref=none |last=Butterfield |first=Consul Willshire |title=History of the Girtys. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1890}}

Leighton, Douglas."<mask>". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'', 1983. 1741 births
1818 deaths
British Indian Department
Loyalist military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
People from Amherstburg, Ontario
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
American people of the Northwest Indian War
Loyalists in the American Revolution from Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Captives of Native

masks:
Simon
Simon
Simon Girty
Simon Girt
Simon Kenton
Simon Girt
Simon
Simon Girt
Simon Girt
Simon
James Girty
Simon
George Girty
Simon
George Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon Girt
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girt
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty
Simon Girty


title: Jüri Reinvere

texts:
<mask> (born December 2, 1971 in Tallinn) is an Estonian composer, poet and essayist who has been living in Germany since 2005. His compositions often consist of original poetry set to music and are based on cosmopolitan life experience. His art combines diversity of style with psychological observation. Life
<mask> grew up in Tallinn. He attended the Tallinn Music High School from 1979 to 1990. His first composition teacher was Lepo Sumera. The pianistic training he received in Tallinn took him as far as the concert exam, which enabled him to subsequently work as a pianist and organist.Life in Soviet Estonia at this time was characterized by strong pressure towards Russification. <mask>’s open interest in Russian culture, however, familiar to him from an early age, remained unaffected. From 1990 to 1992 <mask> studied composition at the Fryderyk-Chopin-Music-Academy in Warsaw. From 1992 to 2005 he lived in Finland. From 1994 onwards, he studied composition with Veli-Matti Puumala and Tapio Nevanlinna at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, earning a master's degree in 2004. In addition, he worked as an organist at the Church of the Cross in Lahti and as a radio essayist for Finnish and Estonian radio stations, wrote occasional scripts for documentary films and was also employed as a TV producer. In 1993 he met the Estonian-Swedish pianist and writer Käbi Laretei, who <mask> himself calls his most important mentor.For a decade and a half, he remained in close contact with her and her former husband, the Swedish film and theatre director Ingmar Bergman. Bergman introduced <mask> to the tradition of Ibsen’s and Strindberg’s Northern-European drama and to the psychological characterization of dramatic figures. <mask>’s first prose works were soon followed by poetry written in English. This paved the way for writing his own libretti for his operas Puhdistus (Purge) in Finnish and Peer Gynt in German. In 2000 he won the International Rostrum of Composers, the composition award of the UNESCO’s International Music Council; the same body honored him again in 2006. From 2000 to 2001 he held a fellowship at the Berlin Academy of Arts. In 2005 <mask> moved to Berlin, Germany, and since 2017 he has been living in Frankfurt am Main.<mask> is a Finnish citizen. Works
<mask>’s aesthetics have two aspects: on the one hand, decided modernism with all its attendant harshness of sound, and a steadfastly courageous romanticism on the other. Thus, his music takes on many different sound guises. His large-scale works, especially the operas, take a middle path between the two aspects. They adhere to a psychological understanding of drama, but expand the means of expression beyond the tradition familiar today. <mask> often combines advanced methods of sound production with classical narrative structures. The stringent development of the work’s form goes hand-in-hand with a thematic opening toward other art forms, questions of theology, politics, general history and everyday life.The main focus, however, remains on the immediate, sensual presence of art. Stage works: ballets and operas
<mask> first worked in Germany in 2000 and 2001, mainly in cooperation with the choreographer Michaela Fünfhausen. The ballets Dialog I, Luft-Wasser-Erde-Feuer-Luft and his radio opera The Opposite Shore merge structural thinking as it was taught at the Sibelius Academy with influences of sound art, some of them employing electronically processed sounds of nature. Ten years after the ballets, <mask> independently reworked the bestseller novel "Puhdistus" by Sofi Oksanen into an opera with his own libretto: this is <mask>’s first dramatic work as a poet and also a political work, and its importance was registered internationally. The world premiere took place in 2012 at the Finnish National Opera in Helsinki. Peer Gynt was subsequently commissioned by the Norwegian National Opera in Oslo and its artistic director Per Boye Hansen. Tracing Henrik Ibsen’s drama, which became a national symbol of Norway due to Edvard Grieg's music, <mask> questions the importance of national symbols today.At the same time, he sets the story within the horizon of a theology of grace following Søren Kierkegaard. The world premiere took place on November 29, 2014. The opera was met with large media response, partly because of its connotation of the 2011 Norway attacks committed by Anders Behring Breivik, partly because of its dealing with topics such as euthanasia and the lassitude of Western culture. <mask> received the Estonian State Award for “Peer Gynt” in 2015. Works based on <mask>’s own poetry
Since the creation of t.i.m.e for solo flute and narrators (2005), <mask>’s non-theatrical works have often also been settings of his own poetry, mostly written originally in English. His writing most often takes the form of free verse, but also features complex meters and rhyme forms. His language employs symbols with several layers of meaning and allusions to literary history, especially in a series of poems based on English Romantic authors.Thus, Norilsk, the Daffodils (for orchestra and narrator) makes reference to William Wordsworth, The Empire of May (for chamber ensemble and voice) to John Keats and The Arrival at the Ligurian Sea (for solo flute and chamber ensemble) to Percy Bysshe Shelley. His 2009 Requiem (for chamber choir, solo flute and narrator) deals with death and dying in today’s world. Although <mask> does not use religious terms and forms, his Requiem remains open to an interpretation of death as found in Christian faith. The cycle Four Quartets combines his own poems with string quartets and follows T. S. Eliot’s work of the same title. Like Eliot, <mask> sets out to turn concrete life places into symbols of human existence. In the pre-recorded tape for the first of the Four Quartets, <mask> uses original sound documents from the maternity ward’s delivery room at the Central Hospital in Tallinn. Further works
In <mask>’s other works, one often finds genre borders crossed and various techniques combined, for example the incorporation of documentary material into aesthetically through-composed music by means of Musique concrète.Thus, his Livonian Lament (2003) uses sound recordings from the Livonian Coast, commemorating the slow death of the Livonian language, long marginalized. Harmonically, his early Double Quartet with Solo Piano of 1994 still offers clear references. Later works maintain such tonal conceptions, but they are less obvious. Often, Reinvere does entirely without the links of tonality, relying on instrumental and vocal sounds and the sound of narration, closer to noise than to precisely defined pitch. Clearly arranged textures are used according to a classical understanding of polyphony. Time, shaped dramaturgically, enables the listener to develop listening expectations while simultaneously confronting him with the unforeseen. Essays
Reinvere’s essays deal with the verbal and non-verbal transmission of thoughts and feelings, as well as the manipulation or even destruction of cultural memory.These topics mainly reflect his own biography and the life of <mask>’s Estonian forebears, but he also discusses the general condition of Europe and the USA. Drawing upon his experiences in Finnish parish life and his life in cities such as Berlin, Moscow, London, Florence and Warsaw, <mask> also investigates phenomena such as consolation, grace or beauty – which people experience without being able to produce or fabricate them. The proximity of squalor and sublimity, similar to the themes of Fyodor Dostoyevsky writings, appears in <mask>’s essays and in his poetry. Since November 2013, <mask> has occasionally contributed opinion pieces on current events to the daily German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. There, he questioned in principle whether Western strategies were likely to improve the situation of sexual minorities in Russia. In another article, <mask> described the fears of Russian intervention in the Baltic States after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 as based on the yet-unresolved experiences of 1939/40 and the period after 1990. Lately, his articles for the FAZ have been about strategies of the Soviet and post-Soviet factionalism in the interplay between inner political conflicts and Western attention.Since 2015 he has been part of the staff of the Finnish Music Magazine “RondoClassic”, since 2016 he has also commented cultural-analytical and political issues for the national leading daily paper “Postimees” as well as for the Estonian weekly paper “Sirp”. For his annotations in the latter, he received the annual Enn Soosaar Award, now known as the Ethical Essayists Award, in Tallinn in 2017. Musical works (selection)
 Peer Gynt, opera based on  play by Henrik Ibsen (2014)
 Puhdistus („Purge“), opera based on the novel of the same title by Sofi Oksanen
 Requiem (for Solo Flute and four Male Voices, with video, 2009)
 Norilsk, the Daffodils (for Symphony Orchestra and spoken word from the tape, 2012)
 Lieder bei schwindendem Licht. Five poems for soprano and orchestra (2016)
 Double Concerto for two German flutes, string orchestra and drums (2016)
 Four Quartets I-III (for string quartet and narrator from tape, 2012-2016)
 Frost at Midnight (for Bass Flute and Chorus, 2008)
 The Empire of May (for Chamber Ensemble, 2010)
 Written in the Sand (for Symphony Orchestra, 2001)
 Luft-Wasser-Erde-Feuer-Luft (for the Michaela Fünfhausen's Ballet “The Feathered Serpent”, 2003)
 Double Quartet with Piano Solo (1994)
 Northwest Bow (for Chamber Ensemble, 1998)
 The Opposite Shore (Radio-Opera, 2003)
 Livonian Lament (Tape, 2003)
 t.i.m.e. (for Solo Flute and Electronics, with video, 2005)
 Causerie des confiseurs. Miniatures for eight pianos and sixteen hands (2016)
 Under progress: Works for orchestra for the Göteborgs Symfoniker (2018)

Discography
 2009 a second...a century
 2010 Requiem (CD+DVD)

References

External links
 Official Website
 Sofi Oksanen about Jüri Reinvere
 Full list of works  (Eesti Muusika Infokeskus)
 Jüri Reinvere on YouTube and Soundcloud

1971 births
Living people
People from Tallinn
Musicians from Tallinn
Tallinn Music High School alumni
International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners
20th-century Estonian composers
21st-century Estonian composers
Estonian expatriates in Finland
Finnish people of Estonian descent
Naturalized citizens of Finland

masks:
Jüri Reinvere
Jüri Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere
Reinvere


title: Noel Fielding

texts:
<mask> (; born 21 May 1973) is an English actor, artist, comedian, musician, presenter, and writer. He is best known for his work with The Mighty Boosh comedy troupe alongside Julian Barratt in the 2000s, and more recently as a co-presenter of The Great British Bake Off since 2017. He is known for his dark and surreal comedic style. In the 1990s, <mask> began performing stand-up comedy and met Barratt on the comedy circuit. Together, they produced a 2001 radio series called The Boosh for BBC Radio London. This was followed by the television show The Mighty Boosh, which ran for three series on BBC Three from 2004 to 2007. The show generated a cult following and won a variety of awards.During the 2000s, <mask> also had smaller roles in a number of comedy shows for Channel 4 including Nathan Barley, The IT Crowd, AD/BC: A Rock Opera, and Garth Marenghi's Darkplace. After The Mighty Boosh, he wrote and starred in two series of a solo show for Channel 4 called <mask>'s Luxury Comedy, which ran between 2012 and 2014. He also appeared as himself as a team captain on the BBC Two comedy panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks from 2009 to 2015 and as a guest on Richard Ayoade's Travel Man series. <mask> has also exhibited his paintings in London and collaborated with Fendi for their autumn/winter 2021 menswear collection. He is the founder of the band Loose Tapestries, which he formed with Kasabian guitarist Sergio Pizzorno. Early life
<mask> was born in the Westminster area of London on 21 May 1973, the son of Royal Mail manager <mask> (born 1953) and Yvonne Fagan (1953–1990) , and grew up in Pollards Hill near Croydon. He is of French descent through his grandmother.His parents, still teenagers upon his birth, separated some time after he was born. His comedic partner Julian Barratt described <mask>’s upbringing as “feral”; according to an article in The Sunday Times, <mask>'s parents "had lots of parties" during his childhood, and <mask> has described how they would party through the night and that he would have to step over the bodies of their sleeping friends in the mornings as he got up. When <mask> was three years old, his father remarried, and <mask> was mostly raised by his grandmother. He describes his grandmother as someone he had a lot of respect for, saying in 2011 to The Guardian, “My grandma is really strong. I like strong women. That's what I respond to." His father and stepmother Diane would later become more involved in parenting during <mask>’s mother’s illness in the 1980s.His mother had two more children before dying in 1990 aged 37 years old, from complications caused by liver damage. His younger paternal half-brother, Michael, later played various characters in <mask>'s television comedy shows, and his father and stepmother would also appear. <mask> had several cameos as a Chris de Burgh on The Mighty Boosh. <mask> was educated at Croydon School of Art, then studied for a BA in Graphic Design and Advertising at Buckinghamshire New University, then called Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College in High Wycombe, where he lived with friends and future collaborators Dave Brown and Nigel Coan. He graduated in 1995. He also shared an apartment in Edinburgh with fellow comedians Julian Barratt, Simon Evans, and Lee Mack. Career

Stand-up comedy
In 2010, <mask> was supposed to perform a solo tour across the country.It was cancelled, however, so he could concentrate on writing The Mighty Boosh film with Julian Barratt and creating an album. <mask> announced via Twitter that he was too busy to do the tour. In 2015, he told The Guardian that the film was something he talked about writing with Barratt. His album was released in June 2016. In 2010 and 2014, he took part in Channel 4's Comedy Gala, a benefit show held in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital. The Mighty Boosh

The Mighty Boosh has won the Shockwaves NME Best TV Award three times: in 2007, 2008, and 2010. Television

At Bill Bailey's request, <mask> stood in as a team captain for three episodes during series 21 of Never Mind the Buzzcocks.He also achieved a record for the highest team score ever on the show. When Bailey returned, presenter Simon Amstell made various jokes about <mask>'s departure. In 2009, Bailey left the show and <mask> became one of the regular team captains. According to Neil Gaiman's blog, <mask> was scheduled to appear in the film Stardust, but had to drop out due to ill health. He also participated twice with Russell Brand in 2006 and 2007 on the annual quiz show The Big Fat Quiz of the Year. He participated again in 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018 and 2019, with Richard Ayoade. In 2011, he took part in Catherine Tate's TV movie Laughing at the Noughties in which he and other British comedians discussed the comedy highlights of the noughties.<mask> produced his first solo series for Channel 4 network's E4 channel in 2011, as the broadcaster invested an additional £5 million in its comedy budget following the cancellation of reality show Big Brother. <mask> said of the project, tentatively titled <mask>: Boopus: "I want to make something in the spirit of Spike Milligan or the Kenny Everett Show but using modern techniques. Blending filmed comedy with animation. Television needs a madman! I want the show to be psychedelic and beautiful but have charm and personality. If Dalí made a show hopefully it would look like this." The show began broadcasting in January 2012, titled <mask>'s Luxury Comedy.The show's second series, titled <mask>'s Luxury Comedy 2: Tales From Painted Hawaii, was first broadcast on E4 in 2014. Also in 2011, <mask> performed Kate Bush's "Wuthering Heights" dance routine for Series 3 of Let's Dance For Comic Relief, and reached the grand final. In March 2017 it was revealed that <mask> would co-host the upcoming series of The Great British Bake Off alongside Sandi Toksvig. <mask> appeared as a contestant on Series 4 of the Dave comedy panel game Taskmaster in 2017, hosted by Greg Davies and Alex Horne: he was the overall series winner. In January 2018, he was a panellist on QI alongside Russell Brand and Aisling Bea. Radio
In November 2007, <mask> starred in five episodes of BBC Radio 2 show Vic Reeves' House Arrest as a local vagrant who knocks on Reeves' door once a week to ask for work. Music
<mask> has appeared in several music videos, including Mint Royale's "Blue Song", alongside Julian Barratt, Nick Frost and Michael Smiley.The video was directed by Edgar Wright and served as the inspiration for the opening sequence of his film Baby Driver (2017). He also made a brief appearance in the video for Razorlight's "In the Morning". He appeared in music videos for the Robots in Disguise songs "Girl" (alongside Chris Corner who was, at the time, boyfriend to Sue Denim), "The Tears", and "Turn It Up". In 2009, <mask> was involved in the Kasabian video "Vlad the Impaler", in which he plays the titular character, and reprised the role at the 2014 Glastonbury Festival. The music video was directed by Richard Ayoade. He was referenced in Kasabian's "La Fée Verte", a track on their Velociraptor! album (his friend Sergio Pizzorno said "The line, 'I met Dalí in the street.'Dalí is <mask>. And he is the modern-day Dalí"). <mask> also makes a brief appearance as Vlad in the video for another Kasabian song, "Re-Wired", riding a five-seater bicycle with the band, and appears as a patient in a psychiatric hospital in "You're In Love With a Psycho", in which he re-enacts the broken mirror routine from the Marx Brothers film Duck Soup with Pizzorno and Tom Meighan. He has also appeared in Kate Bush's music video "Deeper Understanding" as a means of thanks for the Let's Dance For Comic Relief performance. Art

He held his first exhibition, entitled Psychedelic Dreams of the Jelly Fox, at Maison Bertaux, a patisserie in Greek Street, Soho in early 2008. There <mask> listed some of his inspirations as Henri Rousseau, René Magritte, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, and Dexter Dalwood. He has stated that he has been heavily influenced by the works of Salvador Dalí.A second exhibition entitled Bryan Ferry vs the Jelly Fox took place at Maison Bertaux, from 5 July 2010 through to 5 January 2011. On 6 September 2011, <mask> received an honorary master's degree from Buckinghamshire New University for his ongoing interest in the graphics area and support for many art organisations. In October 2011, <mask> released an art book called Scribblings of a Madcap Shambleton, which he produced along with The Mighty Boosh cast member Dave Brown. It features many of his old and new paintings, drawings and photography. <mask>'s video installation of The Jelly Fox was shown at the Saatchi Gallery, and in 2012 he created a unique piece inspired by The Beatles for Liverpool Love at the Museum of Liverpool. In March 2015, his exhibition He Wore Dreams Around Unkind Faces was shown at the Royal Albert Hall. In January 2021, the luxury fashion house Fendi unveiled a collection featuring abstract takes on the brand's logo, created by <mask>.Personal life
<mask> was formerly in a relationship with Robots in Disguise lead vocalist Dee Plume, who made minor appearances in The Mighty Boosh and in its live adaptations. He began dating radio DJ Lliana Bird sometime around 2010. They reside in the Highgate area of London. Their first child, a daughter named Dali (after artist Salvador Dalí), was born in 2018. The couple's second daughter, Iggy, was born in August 2020. In 2009, a Sunday Times article revealed that <mask> had contracted hepatitis during his college years; he said that he was helped through this time by his friend and collaborator Nigel Coan. This forced him not to drink alcohol for six months, which led him to become teetotal for a couple of years.He said, "I used to be able to enjoy myself with just nothing. I'd stay up till four in the morning, with everyone else being drunk. Just make a bit of effort and you can get used to it." <mask> was named one of GQs 50 best dressed British men in 2015. Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

References

External links

Official website

PBJ Artist Page
<mask>: a brush with comic genius

1973 births
Living people
20th-century English comedians
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English comedians
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of Buckinghamshire New University
Alumni of Croydon College
British surrealist artists
Comedians from London
English comedy writers
English male comedians
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of French descent
English satirists
English writers
NME Awards winners
People from Westminster

masks:
Noel Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Noel Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Ray Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Ray Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Noel Fielding
Noel Fielding
Noel Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Noel
Noel Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
Fielding
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Fielding
Fielding
Noel Fielding